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Tod Kar Dil Mera

2026-05-08T11:35:58Z

Serzccd: put up entry.

{{Short description|2026 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Betrayal]]
| based_on =
| writer =
| director = Amit Kumar Jha
| starring = {{ubl|Anurima Chakraborty|Ashish Raghav}}
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 109
| list_episodes =
| producer = Sachin Pandey
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 20-21 minutes
| company = Bombay Shows Studio
| budget =
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|1|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Thukra Ke Mera Pyaar ]]''
}}
'''''Tod Kar Dil Mera''''' ({{Translation|Breaking My Heart}}) is an Indian Hindi-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series which premiered on 19 January 2026 on [[StarPlus]] and streams digitally on [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A Grand Beginning in Lucknow: Tod Kar Dil Mera Season 1 Launches with Its Lead Pair and Cast |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/press-releases/a-grand-beginning-in-lucknow-tod-kar-dil-mera-season-1-launches-with-its-lead-pair-and-cast |website=First India |date=19 January 2026}}</ref> Produced under Bombay Shows Studio, it stars Anurima Chakraborty and Ashish Raghav.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anurima Chakraborty on Playing Raushni in Tod Kar Dil Mera season 1: The experience was lovely, we shot many scenes with non-actors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anurima-chakraborty-on-playing-raushni-in-tod-kar-dil-mera-season-1-the-experience-was-lovely-we-shot-many-scenes-with-real-people-not-actors/articleshow/126677016.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ashish Raghav on Tod Kar Dil Mera Season 1: I spent a lot of time understanding my character's silences, his sense of responsibility, and the emotional conditioning |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashish-raghav-on-tod-kar-dil-mera-season-1-i-spent-a-lot-of-time-understanding-my-characters-silences-his-sense-of-responsibility-and-the-emotional-conditioning/articleshow/126738449.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 January 2026}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in Lucknow, the series follows Raj Ranjan, a middle-class clerk who marries Advocate Raushni in an arranged marriage. Despite the circumstances, the two quickly fall in love. Raj lives with his conservative family, which includes his mother Amma, his sister Ritika, and his younger brother Mayank. After marriage, Raushni chooses to prioritize her married life and becomes a homemaker.

Raushni learns about Raj's unfulfilled dream of becoming an IAS officer, a wish once held by his late father. Raj had been an IAS aspirant but was forced to abandon his plans after his father suffered a fatal heart attack, after which he took up his father's job to support the family. When Mayank is framed in a violent case, Raushni represents him as an advocate with Amma's permission but is threatened into deliberately losing the case to prevent him from being falsely accused of a more serious crime involving a woman named Keerti. Unaware of the truth, Mayank begins to resent Raushni. Around the same time, Amma is diagnosed with cancer but hides her illness. Impressed by Raushni's dedication, Amma allows Raj to leave his job and prepare for the UPSC examination.

While Raj studies, Raushni manages the household and helps Ritika gain confidence. Raushni and Amma develop a close bond before Amma eventually passes away. On the same day, Raj receives the news that he has cleared the UPSC examination and is appointed as an IAS officer. Raj then leaves for a three-year training program, where he meets fellow trainee Meghna. Over time, Raj grows close to Meghna. Meanwhile, Raushni becomes pregnant with Raj's child, but his reaction causes her severe stress, resulting in a miscarriage and the possibility of her never conceiving again. During Raj's training, the couple's relationship gradually weakens.

Upon completing his training, Raj sends Raushni divorce papers. After initially refusing to respond, she eventually learns about his affair with Meghna and agrees to the divorce. Following several counseling sessions and court proceedings, Raj and Raushni separate, and Raj later marries Meghna. Meanwhile, Mayank receives political backing from a businessman named Vikrant, who is supported by Meghna's father, and becomes a corporator after murdering his political opponent.
Raushni purchases Ranjan Niwas from its owner despite opposition from Raj and Mayank. Mayank marries Keerti, who is later revealed to be involved in criminal activities such as honey-trapping and money extortion. Ritika supports Raushni and eventually becomes a lawyer like her. Honoring the promise she made to Amma, Raushni accepts Meghna as the new daughter-in-law of the Ranjan family and performs the rituals welcoming her into the household. Over time, Raushni and Meghna develop a friendship.

Raushni's law firm is later assigned to handle pending cases under Raj's jurisdiction. Along with her friend Isha, she investigates a bridge collapse that caused multiple deaths. The investigation reveals that Mayank, Vikrant, Rammoorthy, the contractor, and Raj were involved due to corruption. During the investigation, Isha is murdered, leaving Raushni devastated. Determined to seek justice for her friend, she resolves to uncover the truth and hold those responsible accountable.
With the help of Ritika and Kartik, and with Meghna’s support, Raushni begins investigating Isha’s murder. Following the clues Isha left behind, she uncovers that Isha had gathered strong evidence in the bridge collapse case—evidence that ultimately led to her being killed.
Ujjwal, once Mayank’s trusted aide but now Raushni’s confidant, steps forward and testifies against Mayank, exposing his crimes. Additionally, a recording of Rammoorthy’s final words implicates Mayank, Raj, and Vikrant, further strengthening the case. As a result, Mayank is convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Raj is dismissed from his position and faces a departmental investigation for his involvement.
Meanwhile, Raushni is promoted to the position of a judge and is appointed to the District Court. In a twist of fate, Raj’s case is reassigned, with Raushni presiding as the main judge. Ritika, deeply shaken by Mayank’s arrest and Raj’s downfall, struggles emotionally but still hopes for Raj’s redemption.
Around the same time, Meghna is revealed to be pregnant. However, she chooses to leave Raj and moves into the Ranjan house, where she begins living with Raushni and her family. Over time, the two women develop a deep bond and become best friends. Meghna gives birth to a daughter, Jr. Sumitra, but tragically passes away soon after childbirth. Before her death, she entrusts all parental rights of her child to Raushni and asks Raj to stay away from her. Raushni honors Meghna’s final wish.
Weeks later, Raj files for custody of Jr. Sumitra. Due to Ritika’s inability to testify in Raushni’s favor, Raj ultimately wins custody of the child. Meanwhile, as investigations into corruption deepen, Vikrant and K.K. Gupta—Meghna’s father—shift the blame onto Raj, framing him for their own crimes as well. Raj is subsequently sentenced to three years in prison as punishment for his actions.
Three years later, both Raj and Mayank, having endured the consequences of their deeds, undergo a transformation. They sincerely apologize to Raushni for their past behavior. After completing his sentence, Raj is released from prison and returns to the Ranjan house.
During this time, Sid—who had been held captive by sea pirates for several months—is finally rescued and reunites with Ritika. With Raushni and Raj’s approval, Ritika and Sid decide to get married.
Having changed as a person, Raj once again asks Raushni for her companionship and a chance to rebuild their relationship. However, Raushni refuses, choosing instead to stand firm in her own path.
Over Ritika's wedding preparations, Raj tries to persuade Raushni with the seven vows given to her. Raushni before the wedding night firmly refuses, heartbroken Raj, leaves the house. Over the night, Raushni realises Raj's changed behaviour and decides to reconcile but he had already left. Ritika's wedding gets postponed and Raj was presumed to be dead and his final rites are performed. Raushni feuled by Ritika and Mayank decide to punish KK Gupta and Vikrant for their crimes and provides evidence against them with Ritika as the lawyer.

Seven years later, life has moved on. Ritika and Sid are married and live in the Ranjan house. Jr. Sumitra yearns for her father. Keerti returns to Ranjan house with her and Mayank's son Vishesh. Mayank is too released from jailed for his changed behavior and is accepted by the Ranjans. Raj is revealed to be alive near Kanpur who has given up his leisurely life and teaches UPSC aspirants for free.

== Cast ==
* Anurima Chakraborty as Judge Raushni Srivastava(formerly Ranjan): Raj's ex-wife, Jr. Sumitra's adoptive mother, Anita's daughter; Rimjhim's sister (2026-present)
* Ashish Raghav as IAS Raj S. Ranjan: Raushni's former husband, Meghna's widower, Sumitra's elder son, Mayank and Ritika's elder brother, Jr. Sumitra's father (2026-present)
* Sakshi Parihar as IAS Meghna Raj Ranjan(née Gupta): Raj's second wife, Jr. Sumitra's mother (Dead) (2026)
* Aashvi Bisht as Advocate Ritika S. Ranjan: Raj and Mayank's younger sister, Raushni's sister-in-law ,Jr.Sumitra and Vishesh's paternal aunt and Sid's wife (2026-present)
* Vibhav Mishra as Corporater Mayank Ranjan: Raj and Ritika's brother, Raushni"s brother-in-law,Jr.Sumitra's paternal uncle. Keerti's husband; Vishesh's father (2026-present)
* Garima Kapoor as Keerti Ranjan: Mayank's wife; Vishesh's mother (2026-present)
* Sushant Chandra Pandey as Advocate Shashwat: Raushni's friend and colleague and one sided lover (2026-present))
* Farhana Fatema as Anita Srivastava: Raushni and Rimjhim's mother (2026-present)
* Annu Awasthi as Mamaji: Sumitra's brother and Raj,Mayank and Rithika's maternal uncle (2026-present)
* Krishi Pandya as Tanvi: Raushni's friend (2026)
* Anshi Yadav as Ritika's friend in the college (2026)<ref>{{cite web |title=Anshi Yadav Opens Up About Her Role in Star Plus' Tod Kar Dil Mera' |url=https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/bollywood/anshi-yadav-opens-up-about-her-role-in-star-plus%E2%80%99/article-12943 |website=Dainik Jagran |date=24 January 2026}}</ref>

== Production ==
The series was announced by Bombay Shows Studio on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=जल्द ही रिलीज होने वाले हैं ये 6 टीवी शो, नागिन 7, तोड़कर दिल मेरा...से लेकर लाफ्टर शेफ्स 3 तक, देखें पूरी लिस्ट |url=https://ndtv.in/television/upcoming-tv-shows-set-to-release-soon-naagin-7-todkar-dil-mera-to-laughter-chefs-3-see-list-9601810 |website=NDTV India |language=hi |date=9 November 2025}}</ref> It was initially titled ''Tod Kar Dil Mera... Hua Sab Tera''.<ref name=":1" /> Anurima Chakraborty and Ashish Raghav were signed as the lead.<ref name=":1" /> Later on, Sakshi Parihar joined the cast.<ref name=":1" >{{cite web |title='Jubilee Talkies' fame Sakshi Parihar to join upcoming show 'Tod Kar Dil Mera... Hua Sab Tera' as parallel lead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jubilee-talkies-fame-sakshi-parihar-to-join-upcoming-show-tod-kar-dil-mera-hua-sab-tera-as-parallel-lead/articleshow/124529502.cms |website=The Times of India |date=13 October 2025}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the series commenced in October 2025<ref name=":1" /> and wrapped up in February 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Plus' Tod Kar Dil Mera wraps up season one |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/star-plus-tod-kar-dil-mera-wraps-up-season-one_231719 |website=India Forums |date=10 February 2026}}</ref> The filming took place in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Mumbai: Lucknow becomes a new hub for shooting TV shows to give authentic flavours and showcase real locations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/beyond-mumbai-lucknow-becomes-a-new-hub-for-shooting-tv-shows-from-tod-kar-dil-mera-to-thukra-ke-mera-pyar-101769365675696.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series is set against the backdrop of [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web |title=तोड़ कर दिल मेरा में दिखेगी लखनवी संस्कृति और रोजमर्रा की जिन्दगी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-star-plus-launches-new-fiction-show-tod-kar-dil-mera-set-in-lucknow-201768837814639.html |website=Hindustan |language=hi |date=19 January 2026}}</ref> The promo featuring the leads was released on 8 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Tod Kar Dil Mera Promo Offers A Real Look At Marriage, Love And The Cracks Beneath It |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/new-tod-kar-dil-mera-promo-offers-a-real-look-at-marriage-love-and-the-cracks-beneath-it-aa-ws-l-9820339.html |website=News18 |date=9 January 2026}}</ref> The cast promoted the series [[Mohanlalganj]] and [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web |title=अन्नू अवस्थी मोहनलालगंज पहुंचे: नए धारावाहिक 'दिल तोड़कर मेरा' का किया प्रमोशन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/mohanlalganj/news/promotion-of-the-new-serial-39dil-todkar-mera39-136926963.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=12 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='तोड़कर दिल मेरा' टीम लखनऊ पहुंची: शादी और परिवार के इर्द-गिर्द घूमती है कहानी, अनुरीमा बोलीं- इस शहर के लोग बहुत मददगार |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/news/break-heart-my-show-lucknow-press-meet-anurima-chakraborty-136989294.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=19 January 2026}}</ref>

The series was made available for streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tod Kar Dil Mera release date, streaming platform, plot, cast and more about Anurima Chakraborty's family drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tod-kar-dil-mera-release-date-streaming-platform-plot-cast-and-more-about-anurima-chakrabortys-family-drama/d8731bc60e664 |website=OTTPlay |date=3 January 2026}}</ref> and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Plus' Tod Kar Dil Mera' Has The Internet Divided: Who Breaks Hearts First – Men Or Women? |url=https://www.missmalini.com/star-plus-tod-kar-dil-mera-has-the-internet-divided-who-breaks-hearts-first-men-or-women |website=MissMalini |date=26 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Here's Why 'Tod Kar Dil Mera' Might Be Star Plus' Next Big Hit |url=https://www.missmalini.com/heres-why-tod-kar-dil-mera-might-be-star-plus-next-big-hit |website=MissMalini |date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/tod-kar-dil-mera/1271519305 ''Tod Kar Dil Mera''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]

{{SP Shows}}
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[[Category:2026 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]

Pandori Dham

2026-05-07T19:07:52Z

Serzccd: Made first stub w/ infobox...

{{short description|Ramanandi Hindu temple in Gurdaspur district, Punjab, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji|image=File:Ram Panchayat Pandori Dham.jpg|image_size=|alt=Pandori Dham|caption=''Shri Ram panchayat'' painting at ''Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji''|map_type=India Punjab #India|map_caption=Location in Gurdaspur, Punjab, India|coordinates={{coord|32.0571|75.5023|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|country=[[India]]|state=[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]|district=[[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]|location=[[Gurdaspur]]|elevation_m=|deity=[[Rama|Shri Raghunath ji]]|festivals=[[Rama Navami]] and [[Baisakhi]]|architecture=[[Rajput architecture|Rajputana]]|temple_quantity=|monument_quantity=|inscriptions=|year_completed=|website=}}

'''Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji''' (popularly known as '''Pandori Dham'''{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'Pindori Dham'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysMUAQAAMAAJ&q=Pindori+dham |title=Census of India, 1991: Gurdaspur |date=1996 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=en |quote=Pindori known as ''Darbar Pindori Dham'' has a large establishment of Vaishnava sect which constitutes as one of 52 Vaishnava Dvars into which Bairagi establishments are organised.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewosAQAAIAAJ&q=bhagwan-narainji |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |date=1971 |publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society |pages=157 |language=en |quote=The Dhyanpur gaddi is known as “Lāldvārā” much as the Pindori gaddi, also in the Gurdaspur district, is known as the ''dvārā of Bhagwan-Narain ji''. }}</ref>) is a historical [[Hindu temple]] belonging to [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaitanya |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&dq=pindori+Ramanandi&pg=PA18 |title=A History of Indian Painting |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-310-6 |language=en |quote=The seat of the hieratic head or Mahant of the Ramanandi sect was Pindori, seven miles east of Gurdaspur.}}</ref> located in the village Pandori Mahantan<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XG8mJN-CgwoC&dq=Baisakhi+Pandori&pg=RA7-PA28 |title=Darshan |date=1982 |publisher=Consulate-General of India |language=en |quote=The most spectacular Baisakhi gathering can be seen at Pandori mahantan in the village of Tallpur (Gurdaspur district)}}</ref> in [[Gurdaspur district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in [[India]]. It constitutes one of the fifty-two [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]] ''dvaras'' of [[Indian subcontinent]] into which [[Bairagi Brahmin (caste)|Bairagis]] have been organized.<ref name=":0" /> The shrine was founded by Ramanandi saint ''Shri Bhagwanji''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-MDAAAAMAAJ&q=Pindori+dham |title=Indian Sadhus |date=1964 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-605-3 |language=en |quote=The centre at Pindori in Gurdaspur district of Punjab, for example, is recorded to have been founded by one Bhagawan who was born in A.D. 1449.}}</ref> and his disciple ''Shri'' ''Narainji''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Charak |first1=Sukh Dev Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kugq3wEh-W4C&dq=Bhagwan+Narainji&pg=PA120 |title=Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals |last2=Billawaria |first2=Anita K. |date=1998 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-356-4 |language=en |quote=Among the converts of Bhagwanji was a devotee, named Narainji who was afterwards known as Bhagwan-Nārāinji and whose miracles find illustration in the murals of the shrine }}</ref> after whom the shrine has been name. The temple is known for its [[Baisakhi]] fair.<ref name=":1" />

== History and tradition ==
[[File:Mural depicting four mahants of Pindori Dham located in Pindori, Gurdaspur district, Punjab.jpg|thumb|Mural depicting four mahants of Pindori Dham located in Pindori, Gurdaspur district, Punjab]]
The Vaishnav establishment at Pandori Dham was founded by local Ramanandi saint Shri Bhagwanji who was a [[Dogras|Dogra]] Khajuria [[Brahmin]] born at [[Kahnuwan]] town in Gurdaspur. As per local tradition, Shri Bhagwanji during his early years had met Ramanandi saint [[Krishnadas Payahari]] of [[Galtaji|Galta Dham]] in [[Rajasthan]] who had brought him into order of Ramanandi Vaishnavism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burchett |first=Patton E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASd2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Pindori&pg=PT162 |title=A Genealogy of Devotion: Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga, and Sufism in North India |date=2019-05-28 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54883-0 |language=en |quote=According to the tradition of Pindori Dhām, a major Rāmānandī center in the Gurdaspur district of Panjab, the young Bhagvān-jī met Kṛṣṇadās Payahārī at Galta while on a pilgrimage. Payahārī is said to have converted him to Vaiṣṇavism}}</ref> Payahari had been a disciple of [[Nabha Dass|Nabhadas]].<ref>Fenech, L. E. (2020). The Image of Guru Nanak in Dadu-Panthi Sources. Religions, 11(10), 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11100518. Retrieved on 7 May 2026 from: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/11/10/518</ref> The shrine is also said to have won the allegiance of Hindu princely states of hills of [[Jammu division|Jammu]] & [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]]. The [[Rajput]] rulers of princely states especially [[Nurpur kingdom|Nurpur]], Jammu, [[Ramkot, Jammu and Kashmir|Mankot]], [[Guler State|Guler]], [[Basohli (town)|Basohli]], [[Chamba State|Chamba]], [[Bandralta State|Bandralta]], [[Jasrota]], [[Jaswan]] were particularly devoted to the Pandori dham.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVnrAAAAMAAJ&q=pindori+mankot |title=Roopa-Lekhā |date=1971 |publisher=All-India Fine Arts and Crafts Society |language=en |quote=The Mahants of Pindori stood in a similar relationship with the Rajput chiefs of the hill States. There is evidence at Pindori that the rulers of Nurpur, Chamba, Guler, Jaswan, Jammu, Bandralta and Mankot, among others, offered...}}</ref> The second [[Mahant]] of Pandori dham, ''Shri Narainji'' is said to have survived the ordeal inflicted to him by Muslim Emperor [[Jahangir]] who had poisoned him to test his miraculous powers. ''Shri Narainji'' survived which left Jahangir feel ashamed and ultimately led him to accept the supremacy of the shrine.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgRDAAAAYAAJ&q=Pindori+Jahangir |title=Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society |date=1971 |publisher=The Society |language=en |quote=...dates back to the days of Emperor Jahangir. Narainji, the second Mahant, according to traditional accounts, survived an ordeal by poison in the presence of Jahangir who bequeathed to}}</ref> The shrine of Pandori also received royal patronage during the reign of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] who often journeyed the shrine for happiness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharamā |first=Rādhā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SnwMAQAAMAAJ&q=Pindori+Ranjit |title=Contemporary and Later Perspectives on Maharaja Ranjit Singh |date=2007 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |isbn=978-81-7770-141-8 |pages=9 |language=en |quote=According to Indu Banga, the Bairagi establishment of Pindori near Batala was 'more affluent in the Sikh times than ever before or perhaps even after'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Suri (lala) |first=Sohan Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se0CAAAAMAAJ&q=Pindori+Ranjit |title=pts.1-5.Chronicle of the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1831-1839 A.D |date=1961 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=34 |language=en |quote=Secondly, it stated as to how he journeyed from Kapurthala to Talibpur Pindori and became a source of happiness for the Mahararja }}</ref>
[[File:Pandori Narainji painting.jpg|thumb|Dogra wall painting on walls of temple at Pandori dham depicts incident when ''Shri Narainji'' was poisoned by Emperor Jahangir]]

== Festivals and cultural events ==
The Baisakhi fair is at ''Thakurdwara'' of Bhagwan Narainji at Pandori Mahatan village in [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] district of Punjab where the fair lasts for three days from 1st [[Vaisakha]] to 3rd Vaisakha.<ref name=":1" /> The celebrations start in form of procession on morning of 1st Vaisakha, carrying ''Mahant'' in a palanquin by ''Brahmacharis'' and devotees. After that [[Navagraha|Navgraha]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] is held and charities in money, grains and cows are done.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KAKAQAAIAAJ&q=Baisakhi+pindori |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Supplement |date=1992 |publisher=Controller of Print. and Stationery |language=en}}</ref> At evening, [[Kirtan|Sankirtan]] is held in which ''Mahant'' delivers religious discourses and concludes it by distributing [[Prasāda|prasad]] of ''Patashas'' (candy drops). Pilgrims also take ritual bathings at sacred tank in the shrine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=R.L. |title=Fairs and Festivals, Part VII-B, Vol-XIII, Punjab, Census of India 1961 |year=1962 |pages=60}}</ref>

== Branches ==
The Thakurdwara at Pandori dham extended its influence not only on neighboring Hindu hill states but also spread its branches in the form of daughter shrines, spreading all over Indian subcontinent, from Jammu in the North, Chinapattan ([[Chennai]]) in South India, [[Girnar]] ([[Gujarat]]) in the West and [[Ayodhya]] & [[Varanasi|Kashi]] in the east.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aglDAAAAYAAJ&q=chinapattan+pindori |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |date=1988 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. |language=en |quote=but also spread its branches from Jammu in the north to Chinapattan in the South, Girnar in the west and Ajodhya in the east }}</ref> As per the genealogy published by the Pandori dham itself, there are a total of 39 maths associated with dham which are established all over India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Surajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nHXAAAAMAAJ&dq=pindoridham+bhagwanji&pg=PA120 |title=Ascetics of Kashi: An Anthropological Exploration |last2=Saraswati |first2=Baidyanath |date=1978 |publisher=N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation |language=en |quote=From a genealogy published by Pindoridham in 2018 VS, it appears that there are at least 39 important gaddis (or mathas), belonging to Bhagwanji Dwara, spread all over in different parts of the country}}</ref> Apart from this, numerous minor branches are established in the towns of North Punjab, Jammu and Himachal.

Some important historical daughter shrines are that of '''''Damtal''''' in Kangra, '''''Bathu''''' in erstwhile Guler state and '''''Lehal''''' in [[Dhariwal, India|Dhariwal]] of Gurdaspur.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goswamy |first1=B. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etA3AQAAIAAJ&q=pindori+bathu |title=Pahari Masters: Court Painters of Northern India |last2=Fischer |first2=Eberhard |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564014-4 |language=en |quote=The early years of the seventeenth century saw a concerted effort towards taking the message of Vaishnavism into the hills through the founding of monasteries like Pindori and its offshoots at Damtal and Bathu}}</ref> The list of 39 mathas spread across various Indian states and towns are as follow: 7 shrines in [[Hoshiarpur district]] (Punjab), 2 in [[Jalandhar district]] (Punjab), 1 in [[Amritsar district]] (Punjab), 2 in [[Kangra district]] (Himachal), 1 in [[Mandi district]] (Himachal), 2 in [[Ambala district]] (Haryana), 1 in [[Thanesar]] (Haryana), 1 in [[Saharanpur]] (Uttar Pradesh), 5 in Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh), 1 in Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), 1 in Girnar (Gujarat), 1 in [[Nagpur]] (Maharashtra), 1 each in [[Hyderabad]], Parshottam & Chinnapattan in South India. There are 2 mathas in Jammu and 3 were there in [[Lahore]].<ref name=":2" />

== Mahants ==

=== List of religious heads ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of mahant leaders of Pindori
!No.
!Name
!Portrait
!Tenure
!Reference
|-
|1
|Bhagwanji{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'Bhagvan'.|group=note}}
|[[File:Painting of mahant Bhagwanji of the Pindori Dham complex seated against a bolster on a terrace.jpg|177x177px]]
|1493–1622
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Goswamy |first1=B. N. |title=The Mughal and Sikh Rulers and the Vaishnavas of Pindori: A Historical Interpretation of 52 Persian Documents |last2=Grewal |first2=J. S. |date=July 1969 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |location=Calcutta |pages=12 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Home |url=http://pindoridham.org/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210210902/http://pindoridham.org/index.htm |archive-date=10 February 2010 |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=Pindori Dham}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Narainji{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'Narayan'.|group=note}}
|[[File:Detail of Narainji, from a painting of mahants Bhagwanji and Narainji of the Pindori Dham complex seated together on a terrace, ca.1790.jpg|218x218px]]
|1621–1659
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|3
|Anandghan
|
|1659–1676
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|4
|Hari Ram
|[[File:Painting of mahant Hari Ram of the Pindori Dham complex, attributed to the Master at the court of Mankot State, ca.1730.jpg|220x220px]]
|1676–1708
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|5
|Sukh Nidhan
|
|1708–1727
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|6
|Ram Das{{Efn|Not to be confused with the later mahant with the same name.|group=note}}
|
|1727–1761
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|7
|Ram Krishan Das
|
|1761–1778
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|8
|Keshav Das
|
|1778–1807
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|9
|Narotam Das
|
|1807–1843
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|10
|Ganga Das
|
|1843–1861
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|11
|Radhika Das
|
|1861–1887
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|12
|Brahm Das
|
|1887–1908
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|13
|Ram Das{{Efn|Not to be confused with the earlier mahant with the same name.|group=note}}
|
|1908–1980
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|14
|Gobind Das{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'Govind'.|group=note}}
|
|1980–2004
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|15
|Raghubir Das
|
|2004–present
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu temples in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rama temples]]

Paal Dabba

2026-05-07T07:47:37Z

Serzccd:

{{Short description|Indian rapper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Paal Dabba
| birth_name = Anish
| alias = Paal Dabba
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|01|17}}
| genre = [[Hip-hop]], [[Pop music|Pop]]
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Songwriter]], [[Dancer]], [[Choreographer]]
| label = [[Think Music India]]
}}

'''Anish''' (born 17 January 2000), better known by his stage name '''Paal Dabba''', is an Indian [[Rapping|rapper]], singer, [[songwriter]] and [[Choreography|choreographer]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyengar |first=Mahalaxmi |date=2019-06-03 |title=From Chennai streets to World of Dance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/from-chennai-streets-to-world-of-dance/article27414750.ece |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> from [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu. He is best known for his singles "170CM", "Galatta" (from ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]''), and "Kaathu Mela".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paal Dabba – Future of Music |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/future-of-music-2024/paal-dabba-future-of-music-2024/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Anish was born in [[Pulianthope]], Tamil Nadu and later shifted to [[Vyasarpadi]]. He was a professional dancer before transitioning to the music industry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyengar |first=Mahalaxmi |date=2019-06-03 |title=From Chennai streets to World of Dance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/from-chennai-streets-to-world-of-dance/article27414750.ece |access-date=2024-08-24 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> As a member of the Bfab dance crew, he participated in various reality shows and won national competitions like Breezer Vivid Shuffle 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudeep |first=Theres |title=Popular dance crew wins hiphop event |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/popular-dance-crew-wins-hiphop-event-768897.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Later, he ventured into rapping, adopting the stage name "Paal Dabba", inspired by his love for cold milk.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Sanjana |date=2024-05-15 |title=Tamil rapper Paal Dabba on his Chennai roots, camp costumes and cryptic clues in songs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/tamil-rapper-paal-dabba-on-his-chennai-roots-camp-costumes-and-cryptic-clues-in-songs/article68174310.ece |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Career ==
Anish (Paal Dabba) started his career professionally in 2022 with his single "3SHA" while he was a part of Bfab Dance Crew.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNHtCxxSFTY |title=PAAL DABBA – 3SHA {{!}} (Official Music video) |date=2022-06-11 |last=Bfab Dance Crew |access-date=2024-08-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The track gained recognition. In 2023, he performed the song "His Name Is John" from the unreleased movie ''[[Dhruva Natchathiram (unreleased film)|Dhruva Natchathiram]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title='Dhruva Natchathiram': 'His Name Is John' song from Gautham Menon-Vikram's film out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhruva-natchathiram-his-name-is-john-song-from-gautham-menon-vikrams-film-out/article67097152.ece |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The same year, he released "170CM" through [[Think Music]] Indie, which was featured in [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s 'Work is worth it' campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple launches 'Work is worth it' Mac campaign in India |url=https://www.fonearena.com/blog/426426/apple-work-is-worth-it-mac-campaign-india.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=FoneArena}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=Apple India's latest campaign for Mac highlights tenacity of college students |url=https://campaignbriefasia.com/2024/06/10/apple-indias-latest-campaign-for-mac-highlights-tenacity-of-college-students/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Campaign Brief Asia}}</ref> The track received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-20 |title=Tamil Rapper Paal Dabba's New Music Video Is An Inspired, Pop Culture-Laced Acid Trip |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/tamil-rapper-paal-dabbas-new-music-video-is-an-inspired-pop-culture-laced-acid-trip |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Homegrown}}</ref>

In 2024, he sang "Galatta", featuring [[Sushin Shyam]] and Vinayak Sasikumar, from the Malayalam film ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Second single 'Galatta' from Fahadh Faasil's Aavesham out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/12/second-single-galatta-from-fahadh-faasils-aavesham-out |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The track received over 30 million streams, charting in the Top 100 in India & UAE on [[Spotify]] Charts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sushin Shyam – Galatta – Spotify Chart History |url=https://kworb.net/spotify/track/28x6WpVq1ty4dPDeqK0zPO.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Kworb}}</ref>

His release "Kaathu Mela" with OfRo came out in 2024 and went viral on Instagram. The track ranked in the Top 100 [[Spotify]] India Charts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paal Dabba – Spotify Chart History |url=https://chartstats.com/spotify/artist/0cQJg3qKYiogK9Qj1H0Qpx |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=ChartStats |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823183621/https://chartstats.com/spotify/artist/0cQJg3qKYiogK9Qj1H0Qpx |url-status=dead}}</ref> The music video for the song was filmed on a police station set, highlighting the current state of law and order.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-08-22 |title=Paal Dabba on Directing and Dancing His Way Through 'Kaathu Mela' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/paal-dabba-kaathu-mela-new-song-video/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>

He performed the promo song "Makkamishi" from the 2024 Tamil film ''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=Brother first single promo OUT: Jayam Ravi shakes a leg to peppy beats of Makkamishi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/brother-first-single-promo-out-jayam-ravi-shakes-a-leg-to-peppy-beats-of-makkamishi-makers-announce-release-date-1329572 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> Anish was featured in ''[[Rolling Stone India]]'s'' "Future Top 25 Artists 2024" and in ''[[Amazon Prime|Prime Music]]'s'' "Future Artists of the Generation"''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Future of Music 2024 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/future-of-music-2024 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Rolling Stone India's Future of Music Campaign |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-rolling-stone-indias-future-of-music/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Music Reveals the Breakthrough Artists to Watch India 2024 |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/240113-amazon-music-reveals-the-breakthrough |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Radio and Music}}</ref>''

== Discography ==
=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of singles by Paal Dabba
|-
! Year !! Song !! Language !! Composer !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || "3SHA" || rowspan="11" |Tamil || Saish Bharadwaj || <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNHtCxxSFTY |title=PAAL DABBA – 3SHA (Official Music Video) |date=2022-06-11 |access-date=2024-08-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| "Ai" || phenomenalprod ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || "170CM" || Flameboi || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple launches 'Work is worth it' Mac campaign in India |url=https://www.fonearena.com/blog/426426/apple-work-is-worth-it-mac-campaign-india.html |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
|-
| "SAB" || Himself ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024 || "Binge and Cringe" || [[Darbuka Siva]] ||
|-
| "OCB" || Shiv Paul ||
|-
| "Kaathu Mela" || [[ofRo]] || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-08-22 |title=Paal Dabba on Directing and Dancing His Way Through 'Kaathu Mela' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/paal-dabba-kaathu-mela-new-song-video/ |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
|-
|"Torrie Wilson- [[Red Bull]] 64 Bars"
|Sez on the Beat
|
|-
|"D.A.T.N." with [[Brodha V]]
|[[Brodha V]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji |first=Alwin Benjamin |date=February 8, 2025 |title=‘Hengaithe Maige’ by Brodha V is that one Kannada single that his fans have been eagerly waiting for! |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2025/Feb/08/hengaithe-maige-by-brodha-v-is-that-one-kannada-single-that-his-fans-have-been-eagerly-waiting-for |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=Indulgexpress}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|"X"
|SHIV PAUL
|
|-
|"Vibe"
|Sickflip
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=April 13, 2025 |title=Paal Dabba and Sickflip Match Dancefloor Energies on ‘Vibe’ |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/paal-dabba-sickflip-vibe-song-video/ |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref>
|-
|"United by Hip Hop" with [[Reble]], Vichaar and 99side
|Hindi, Tamil, English
|Adil
|
|-
|2026
|Psilovibin
|Tamil
|Foxn
|
|}

=== Film songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film songs by Paal Dabba
|-
! Year !! Song !! Language !! Film !! Composer !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || "His Name is John" || rowspan="2"|Tamil || ''[[Dhruva Natchathiram (unreleased film)|Dhruva Natchathiram]]'' || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title='Dhruva Natchathiram': 'His Name Is John' song out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhruva-natchathiram-his-name-is-john-song-from-gautham-menon-vikrams-film-out/article67097152.ece |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| "Kaattu Payapulla" || ''[[Let's Get Married (2023 film)|Let's Get Married]]'' || Ramesh Thamilmani || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Let's Get Married soundtrack |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/lets-get-married-songs |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || "Galatta" || Malayalam || ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' || [[Sushin Shyam]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Second single 'Galatta' from Fahadh Faasil's Aavesham out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/12/second-single-galatta-from-fahadh-faasils-aavesham-out |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
|-
|| "Makkamishi" || rowspan="6" |Tamil || ''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]'' || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=Brother first single promo OUT: Jayam Ravi shakes a leg to Makkamishi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/brother-first-single-promo-out-jayam-ravi-shakes-a-leg-to-peppy-beats-of-makkamishi-makers-announce-release-date-1329572 |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2025 || "God Bless U" || ''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Good Bad Ugly first single out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/good-bad-ugly-first-single-anirudh |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
|-
|| "O Maara" || ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=AR Rahman composes for Thug Life |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ar-rahman-thug-life-song-o-maara |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
|-
|| "Idi Mazhai" || ''[[3BHK]]'' || Amrit Ramnath ||
|-
|| "Oorum Blood" || ''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Sai Abhyankkar]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dude soundtrack announced |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/dude/dude-songs.html |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|"Raathu Raasan"
|''[[Karuppu (film)|Karuppu]]''
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
|-
| 2024
| Behindwoods Gold Mic Music Awards
| Independent Rap Singer – Tamil
| —
| Won<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behindwoods Gold Winners 2024 |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/behindwoods-gold-awards-2024.html |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dabba, Paal}}
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Indian rappers]]
[[Category:Tamil rappers]]
[[Category:Indian pop singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century rappers]]

Vrajlal Shastri

2026-05-06T15:34:21Z

Serzccd: put up info

{{Infobox writer
| name = Vrajlal Shastri
| image = Vrajlal Shastri.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Vrajlal Kalidas Shastri
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1825|11|26}}<ref name= "vs">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Shastri |first=Hariprasad |editor-last=Topiwala |editor-first=Chandrakant |encyclopedia=Gujarati Sahityakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature) |title=Shastri Vrajlal Kalidas |language= Gujarati |year=1990 |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |volume=2 |location=Ahmedabad |pages=57}}</ref>

| birth_place = Malataj, [[Petlad]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1892|11|14|1825|11|26}}<ref name= "vs"/>
| death_place =
| occupation = philologist, poet, scholar, translator
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genres =
| movement =
| notableworks =
* ''Gujarati Bhashano Itihas'' (1866)
* ''Utsargmala'' (1870)
* ''Dhatusangrah'' (1870)
* ''Gurjar Bhasha Prakash'' (1892)
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| years_active =
}}

'''Vrajlal Kalidas Shastri''' (26 November 1825 – 14 November 1892) was a pioneer of [[philology]] in [[Gujarati language]] and writer who wrote books on Gujarati language.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|last=Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3967|access-date=27 July 2016|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=3997}}</ref><ref name="Sebeok1972">{{cite book|author=Thomas Albert Sebeok|title=Current Trends in Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYMTdBws40C&pg=PA111|year=1972|publisher=Mouton|page=111}}</ref>

==Life==
He was born on 26 November 1825 in Malataj, a village in [[Petlad]], [[Gujarat]]. He took his primary education in his village Malataj.<ref name= "vs"/> He had studied Sanskrit poetry and grammar in Sanskrit ''pathshala''s. He also studied [[Prakrit language|Prakrit]] grammar and literature. He taught Sanskrit at Jain Mandir, [[Ahmedabad]]. Due to Jain religious books, he became familiar with Prakrit-[[Pali]], [[Apabhramsa]], [[Magadhi Prakrit|Ardha Magadhi]] so he wrote books on philology of Gujarati. He worked with [[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha|Gujarat Vernacular Society]] and Dharma Sabha and edited their two journals, ''[[Buddhiprakash]]'' and ''Dharmaprakash''. He had a long career of twenty five years as a researcher and scholar.<ref name="Lal1992"/><ref name="Mukherjee1998">{{cite book|author=Sujit Mukherjee|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA425|year=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1453-9|page=425}}</ref>

He died on 14 November 1892.<ref name= "vs"/>

==Works==
He had written fifteen books. His books on Gujarati language include ''Gujarati Bhashano Itihas'' (1866),<ref name="(India)1971">{{cite book|author=Maharashtra (India)|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: General Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0FuAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications|page=340}}</ref> ''Utsargmala'' (1870), ''Gurjar Bhasha Prakash'' (1892). His ''Utsargama'' is a pioneer work in philology of Gujarati.<ref name="Narasimhan1958">{{cite book|author=V. K. Narasimhan|title=The languages of India: a kaleidoscopic survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQCBAAAAIAAJ|year=1958|publisher=Our India Directories & Publications Private Ltd.|page=30}}</ref><ref name="JhaveriAkademi1978">{{cite book|author=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|author-link=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|title=History of Gujarati Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=108}}</ref> He also compiled, with [[J. V. S. Taylor]], ''Dhatusangraha'' (1870), an etymological dictionary of Gujarati roots.<ref name="Lal1992"/><ref name="Mukherjee1998"/><ref name="Jhaveri1956">{{cite book|author=Krishnalal Mohanlal Jhaveri|title=Further milestones in Gujarāti literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqxHAAAAMAAJ|year=1956|publisher=N.M. Tripathi|page=18}}</ref>

His ''Rasganga'' is a work on poetics. ''Chandrahas Akhyana'' and ''Muktamala'' are his other creative works. ''Yagnavalkyacharit'' is a biography of sage [[Yajnavalkya]] in a dialogue form which is an only biography in such form in Gujarati.<ref name="Lal1992"/> ''Hitopadesh Shabdartha'' (1870) and ''Vaisheshik Tarksaar'' (1898; posthumously) are also his significant works.<ref name= "vs"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Vrajlal}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian philologists]]
[[Category:People from Anand district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]
[[Category:19th-century philologists]]

Makkal Nalla Kottani

2026-05-04T15:36:43Z

Serzccd: starting a info

{{Short description|Indian political alliance}}
{{update|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Makkal Nala Kottani Political Alliance
|colorcode = #CAE00D
| membership = [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] [[Communist Party of India]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|234|hex=#DD1100}}
|foundation=2015|dissolution=2017}}
'''Makkal Nalla Kootani (MNK)''', formerly People's Welfare Front (PWF) was a Tamil-Nadu political alliance formed in October 2015. It consisted of six political parties: Leading the alliance, the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] (DMDK), [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (VCK), [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC-(M))[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI-(M)). The alliance contested the 2016 [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]] and [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]] legislative assembly elections as one unit.<ref name="pwf_formation" /> The alliance rejected potential alliance with [[Indian National Congress]], [[BJP]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] or [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]], while was hopeful of enlisting [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] and [[Puthiya Tamilagam]].<ref name="pwf_formation" />

In early November 2015, the alliance led movements against price rise, atrocities against minorities and Dalits and efforts to curtail freedom of speech.<ref name="pwf_protest_nov_4" /> It has taken a strong position in favour of liquor [[prohibition]] in Tamil Nadu. Later it made an electoral alliance with [[DMDK]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tamil-nadu-polls-joining-the-third-front-the-captain-worries-dmk-and-aiadmk/ | title = TN polls: Joining the Third Front | publisher = The Indian Express}}</ref> and [[Tamil Maanila Congress]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tamil-nadu-polls-2016-vasan-led-tmc-joins-dmdk-pwf-combine-2200069 | title = Tamil Nadu polls 2016: Vasan-led TMC joins DMDK-PWF combine | publisher = dna}}</ref>

== Policies ==
The alliance consists of two Dravidian parties (DMDK and MDMK), Two Tamil Parties (TMC(M) and VCK) and two leftist parties (CPI and CPI(M)). People's Welfare Front released a Common Minimum Program which all parties agreed to.<ref name="pwf_common_minimum" /> The major features of the program are as below.

* Oppose [[globalisation]], [[liberalisation]] economic policies and stop the [[privatisation]] of state programmes and industries
* Oppose [[Hindutva]], religious extremism and religious prosecution
* Oppose powers exploiting [[caste]] – work to pass stricter laws preventing violence and discrimination against Dalits
* Oppose corruption – implement [[Lokayukta]]
* Implement [[transparent government]] – information about laws and programs will be released online
* Increase funding and support for local governance units – implement [[Right to Public Services legislation]] in Tamil Nadu
* Stop the stealing of minerals
* Promote social justice – [[Reservation in India|preserve 69% reservation]], expand reservation in the private sector
* Mother tongue development – make [[Multilingual Education|multilingual education]] ("first-language-first") mandatory
* Promote [[Tamil folk culture|folk arts]] – establish a university to develop folk arts
* Work for increase powers and funding for [[Indian States|states]]
* Work to resolve river water issues
* Support [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] in pursuit of justice and rights
* Law and order – prevent [[police brutality]]
* Protect democratic rights – fully protect [[freedom of expression]]
* [[Prohibition]] – fully implement liquor prohibition in Tamil Nadu
* Development of agriculture and villages – provide funding and infrastructure services for farmers
* Land – protect [[arable land]]
* Irrigation – maintain and modernise major [[irrigation]] systems
* Homes and [[homelessness]] – provide homes for all without homes
* Promote crafts and small businesses
* Electricity – make Tamil Nadu self-sufficient in producing electricity
* Labour rights – introduce [[minimum wage]] of {{Indian Rupee}} 15,000 per month
* Education – prevent privatisation of education and develop competitive public educational systems
* Health – allocate 6% to health; create a multi-purpose public medical training facility in each district
* Environment – implement stricter environmental standards
* Employment – fill the two lakhs vacancies without corruption
* Elimination of [[poverty]] – correctly identify people below poverty line (BPL) and deliver welfare services to them
* [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005|Rural employment scheme]] – increase wages given under rural employment guarantee
* City people – provide safe [[drinking water]], develop underground [[sewage]] system
* Women welfare – ensure that the state women commission works effectively and reports the results in the state assembly
* Fishing communities welfare – stop multi-national companies (MNCs) from using sea resources; provide pensions to fishers
* Minority rights – take strong actions against Hindutva religious violence and hate speech
* Civil service and teachers – make part-time and shift workers permanent
* Democratic reform – recommend proportional representation; work for 50% reservation for women in elected offices
* Inflation – stop online and future trading activities
* Public distribution – provide basic necessities including fruits and vegetables at subsidised prices
* Science and Technology – build a central science and technology advanced research centre in southern Tamil Nadu
* Sports – Make exercise mandatory for all levels until class 12
* Transportation – Increase number of buses to reduce congestion
* Road accidents – Separate traffic by building dividers

==Electoral Performance==

<section begin=Results />{{election table|title=[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly Trends & Results 2016|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS22.htm?st=S22|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124073713/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS22.htm?st=S22|url-status=dead}}</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|-style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align: center;" rowspan=2 colspan=4|Party/Alliance
!! style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" width="60" rowspan=2|Votes !! style="vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;" rowspan=2|% !! style="text-align:center;" colspan=3|Seats
|-style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! style="text-align:center;"|Contested !! style="text-align:left;"|Won !! style="text-align:center;"|+/-
|-
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#CAE00D" |
| rowspan="7" |People's Welfare Front (PWF)
| style="background-color:{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] || 1,037,431 || 2.41% || 105 || '''0''' || {{Decrease}}29
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] || 373,713 || 0.87% || 28 || '''0''' || {{Steady}}
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Communist Party of India]] || 340,290 || 0.79% || 25 || '''0''' || {{Decrease}}9
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] ||331,849 || 0.77% || 25 || '''0''' || {{Steady}}
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || 307,303 || 0.72% || 25 || '''0''' || {{Decrease}}10
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}"|  || style="text-align:left;"|[[Tamil Maanila Congress]] || 230,711 || 0.54% || 26 || '''0''' || {{Steady}}
|-
|colspan="2" style="background: #FFFF99;text-align:left"|Total
|style="background: #FFFF99"|2,621,297
|style="background: #FFFF99"|6.1
|style="background: #FFFF99"|234
|style="background: #FFFF99"|0
|style="background: #FFFF99"|{{Decrease}}48
|-
|}

==Withdrawals==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!colspan=2|Political Party
!ECI Status
!Date
!Reason for Withdrawal
|-
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|{{party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[List of recognised political parties in India#Unrecognised parties|Unrecognised Party]]
|20 June 2016
|rowspan=2|Quit and later Aligned with the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]]
|-
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[List of recognised political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]
|22 June 2016
|-
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[List of recognised political parties in India#Unrecognised parties|Unrecognised Party]]
|27 December 2016
|Quit the front over the differences and later Aligned with the [[Democratic Progressive Alliance|DMK Alliance]]
|-
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
|{{party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[List of recognised political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]
|25 November 2017
|rowspan=3|Aligned with the [[Democratic Progressive Alliance|DMK Alliance]] ahead of [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|R.K. Nagar]] Byelection
|-
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[List of recognised political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]
|27 November 2017
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[List of recognised political parties in India#National parties|National Party]]
|30 November 2017
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="pwf_formation">{{Cite news | title = People's Welfare Front Formally Gets Political Stamp | newspaper = The New Indian Express | date = 3 November 2015 |access-date = 2020-08-04 | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/nov/03/peoples-welfare-front-formally-gets-political-stamp-837956.html }}</ref>
<ref name="pwf_protest_nov_4">{{Cite web | title = PWF Demo on Rising Prices, Intolerance | website=newindianexpress.com| publisher = The Indian Express | year = 2015 |accessdate = 2015-11-07 | url =http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/PWF-Demo-on-Rising-Prices-Intolerance/2015/11/04/article3112909.ece| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100609/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/PWF-Demo-on-Rising-Prices-Intolerance/2015/11/04/article3112909.ece| url-status =dead| archive-date =7 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="pwf_common_minimum">{{Cite web | title = மக்கள் நலக் கூட்டு இயக்கம் குறைந்தபட்ச செயல்திட்டம் வரைவு அறிக்கை | website=mdmk.org.in| publisher = MDMK.org | year = 2015 |accessdate = 2015-11-08 | url =http://mdmk.org.in/article/nov15/arikai-0}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Defunct political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2015]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2019]]

Kharaut

2026-05-01T14:00:19Z

Serzccd: Added basic info w/ sources

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kharaut
| other_name = Kharauth
| nickname = Kharot
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.832|N|77.452|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 189
| population_total = 5294
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=123594 |title=Census of India |access-date=2022-03-27 |archive-date=2022-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327194836/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=123594 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2022|shows a village in Rajasthan}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 281403
| registration_plate = UP-85
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05662
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kharaut''' is a large village and a gram panchayat in Nandgaon block of [[Chhata Tehsil]] of Mathura district in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The village is about 4 kilometres from [[Kosi Kalan]] town and 3 km for from NH19 Delhi Agra Highway nearby [[Kotwan]] Village and connect with Hasanpur Kosi Kalan Road.<ref>{{cite news |title=दिनभर शांति के बाद खरौट में खूनी खेल |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura-12947135.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327194816/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura-12947135.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhidauni}}

{{Portal|India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Mathura district}}
{{Villages in Mathura district}}
{{Local government in India}}

[[Category:Villages in Mathura district]]

{{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}

Mamangam (film)

2026-05-01T11:15:10Z

Serzccd: starting info

{{short description|2019 Indian Malayalam-language period drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mamangam
| image = Mamangam Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. Padmakumar]]
| producer = Venu Kunnampalli
| writer =
| screenplay = Sajeev Pillai [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]]
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Unni Mukundan]] [[Anu Sithara]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[M. Jayachandran]] '''Score:''' [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| studio = Kavya Film Company
| distributor = Kavya Film Company
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|12|12|India|ref1=<ref name="news 18-2019" />}}
| runtime = 160 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/7D299F40005A0E2F|title=Mamangam (2019)|website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]]|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212151704/http://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/7D299F40005A0E2F|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|55 crore}}<ref name="web team-2019" />
| gross =
}}

'''''Mamangam''''' ({{Translation|Festival}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language period action film directed by [[M. Padmakumar]], and produced by Kavya Film Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/mamangam-mammootty-talks-about-preparing-character-no-reference-point|title=Mamangam: Mammootty(വല്യമ്മായി )talks about preparing for a character with no reference point|date=25 June 2019|website=Box Office India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905125631/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/mamangam-mammootty-talks-about-preparing-character-no-reference-point|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sajeev Pillai was the director in the first schedule, but was replaced by [[M. Padmakumar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Maamaankam Controversy |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maamaankam-controversy-ousted-malayalam-director-sajeev-pillai-explains-his-side-96127|access-date=2 February 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref> It stars [[Mammootty]] in the lead role, with [[Unni Mukundan]], Achuthan and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith |title=Anu Sithara: The naadan characters I have played are not of the same kind but varied |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anu-sithara-the-naadan-characters-i-have-played-are-not-of-the-same-kind-but-varied/articleshow/67955501.cms |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The film is about the [[Mamankam festival]] of the 18th century on the banks of the [[Bharathappuzha]] at [[Tirunavaya]], in the [[Malabar region]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Final schedule begins for Mammunni's Maamaankam|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/may/10/final-schedule-begins-for-mammootty-is-maamaankam-1974864.html|date=10 May 2019|work=New Indian Express|access-date=14 May 2019}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Another wonder on screen|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/maamaankam-final-schedule-to-begin-tomorrow-pr4kp8|website=Asianet News|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> The film follows [[Mamankam festival#Tradition of chavers|Chaaverukal]] who plots to overthrow the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Samoothiri]].

Songs are composed by [[M. Jayachandran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jun/24/25-years-of-tunes-and-trebles-1994571.html|title=I have responsibility to satisfy contemporary audience with my music: Jayachandran|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 June 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mammootty-starrer-mamangam-to-hit-the-screens-soon/articleshow/70605566.cms|title=Mammootty starrer 'Mamangam' to hit the screens soon? - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> Originally shot in [[Malayalam]], it was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] and simultaneously released worldwide on 12 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/06/11/Mammootty-opens-up-about-his-role-in-Mamangam.html|title=Mammootty opens up about his role in 'Mamangam'|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/Mammootty-s-maamaankam-release-multiple-languages-103418|title=Mammootty's Maamaankam release in multiple languages|date=11 June 2019|work=The News Minute|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="outlookindia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/i-have-no-political-aspirations-mammunni/1577115|title=I have no political aspirations: Mammootty|website=Outlookindia|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="news 18-2019" /> The film became a [[box-office bomb]].

== Synopsis ==
During the medieval fair of Mamangam, twelve-year-old warrior Chandroth Chanthunni becomes a legend after putting up a brave fight against the Zamorin.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=February 2021}}
The film begins with a Mamangam festival (conducted every 12 years) which is conducted by the present [[Zamorin]] several years after the ownership of the festival was handed over forcefully from Valluvakkonathiri to the Zamorin. From that time onwards Valluvakkonathiri used to send his best Warriors from [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]] to confront the Zamorin and kill him. But the warriors would usually die by the hands of Zamorin's 30000 men even before they could reach the Nilapaduthara where the Zamorin used to sit. The eyes of such dead warriors are pulled out and their body is dropped into a well named Manikkinar with the help of elephants. During this Mamangam too, the Chaverukal led by Chandroth Valiya Panikkar has arrived to confront the Zamorin. They fight the Zamorin's army and everyone except Valiya Panikkar dies. But finally, Valiya Panikkar reaches the Nilapaduthara by his skills.

The story then shifts to 24 years later where 2 of the latest warriors in Chandroth Tharavaadu are preparing to leave to Mamangam festival or Mamangappattanam as Chaverukal after they had visions from Thirumanthankunnu Devi to do so. They are Chandroth Panikkar and a young boy of 12 years named Chanthunni. It is then revealed that Valiya Panikkar actually didn't kill the Zamorin or die during the festival, he escaped the place. So the people of his family consider him a traitor (As due to ancient customs, he had to kill or be killed there, not return without finishing the goal) and he hadn't returned ever since. So some people think that he died including Panikkar and Chanthunni.

As Zamorin's men are hunting down Chaverukal who are setting of to the festival, Panikkar and Chanthunni decides to leave secretly after completing all the customs they had to do in their Tharavaadu and saying a sorrowful goodbye to their relatives. They are guided to the festival by a lower caste man called Kungan and they leave. The story then shifts to the perception of Zamorin's right-hand man Thalachennor who has arrived at a brothel owned by the dancer and Unnimaya to investigate the death of a foreigner named Zamar Koya who is a very important man to the Zamorin. He used to go to the brothel regularly and got killed near the place. During the investigation Thalachennor receives different versions of stories on the death of Koya from Unnimaya, her lover Rarichan and her sister Unni Neeli. Due to his wisdom he understands that all these versions are fake. He then notices a painting in the brothel which shows all the areas of Mamangappattanam and understands that someone who had visited the festival had drawn this. During the following investigation it is understood that it was drawn by a transgender named Kuruppu, who is an artist, who helped these women to make such a brothel and who used to visit the brothel at times. An informer to the Zamorin is also found wounded in the woods.

Later, it is known from the informer that he saw Panikkar and Chanthunni in the woods and he reported it to Zamorin after finding out they were Chaverukal, who sent troopes to take them down. During subsequent fight the two are able to take down all the men with the help of Muslim merchant Pokkar and his men who had earlier promised to help the duo during their quest. But Pokkar dies during the fight and Panikkar is bitten by a snake. Suddenly the informer was wounded by an unknown warrior. Unimmaya recalls that a wounded man and a kid had earlier arrived at the place and was treated by Kuruppu who is a doctor too. Kuruppu seemed to know much about the Mamangam festival. Thalachennor forces Unnimaya to say more about the mysterious Kuruppu. Finally he learns that Kuruppu was none other than disguised Chandroth Valiya Panikkar. During flashbacks it is revealed that after escaping the festival, Valiya Panikkar couldn't return to his village as they would consider him a traitor and he wouldn't be welcomed there. So he was forced to disguise himself and live away from them for 24 years.

While Valiya Panikkar was staying at the brothel, he heard about the news of Chaverukal which had somehow leaked. So he left searching for them and found them fighting a bunch of soldiers and it was him who neutralised the gunman, wounded the informer and took wounded Panikkar and Chanthunni to the brothel. He treated him there and finally revealed to them that he was actually Valiya Panikkar. It is further revealed that as Valiya Panikkar reached the Nilapaduthara to kill the Zamorin, he was surprised to find the place empty. Earlier during the fight, Thalachennor had advised the Zamorin to leave the seat and hide in the Nilavara fearing Valiya Panikkar's skills, which he agreed to. After reaching the Nilapaduthara, Valiya Panikkar had only 2 choices, one was to die by the hands of the men simply and attain fame by his death or to escape the fest. Panikkar chose the latter after knowing that death was useless. After this incident he understands that being a Chaver was useless and the death of all these men for these many years was a waste as the Zamorin who took the procession by force had died centuries before. He tells all these to Panikkar and Chanthunni and is finally able to convince them that he is neither a traitor nor afraid. He tries to convince them not to go to the festival as it will only take their lives but fails to do so. So he promises to accompany them to the festival.

Zamar Koya who was at the place for all these time feels suspicious about the two as he is assigned to prevent Chaverukal from reaching the fest. Under Valiya Panikkar's command Panikkar and Chanthunni leaves the place midnight in between the dance performance. Seeing this Zamar Koya follows them but gets killed by Valiya Panikkar after a fight. Thalachennor decides not to follow them and returns to the festival with his men. Panikkar and Chanthunni who had left with Valiya Panikkar after the previous events reunites with Kungan who takes them to a secret shelter where Valiya Panikkar trains Chanthunni and tells them all about Mamangam and the place. After some days, they continue their journey. They move through many places and finally reach the Mamangam festival. Valiya Panikkar is forced to leave them on their own as it is their destiny. They disguise themselves and enter the Mamangappattanam. As they try to escape a checking gate by the soldiers, they meet Moyin who is the son of Pokkar. He had arrived there to help the duo after his father's death. The three of them confront the Zamorin, and a huge battle begins between the 3 and the 30000 soldiers. They are able to kill many soldiers, but in course Moyin and Panikkar are killed. Without fearing after seeing their death, Chanthunni continues his feat.

After remembering Valiya Panikkar's lessons he uses the light staffs (jumping from one to another) to reach the Nilapaduthara, but the soldiers pull down the last staff. But this doesn't prevent Chanthunni reaching the Nilapaduthara. He is able to wound the scared Zamorin. But as he tries to kill the Zamorin, he is stabbed to death by Thalachennor from the back, and his body falls down. In the aftermath, while searching for the body of Chanthunni, the soldiers realise that it is missing. Thalachennor finds out that it was the work of Valiya Panikkar who had earlier promised Chanthunni that he would bring his body back to the village in case he died. He hears the words from Kungan too. As no one has ever seen or retrieved the body of a dead chaver till then, he decides to prevent this. He along with his men chase Valiya Panikkar to a valley side where they confront each other. But they are no match for Valiya Panikkar. Valiya Panikkar kills these men and finally Thalachennor. He brings back the body of Chanthunni to his village. After seeing his body and hearing the advice of Valiya Panikkar, the villagers and the family members learn about their mistakes and decide that no more Chaverukal will be sent. As he cannot stay in a village who treated him as a traitor, he leaves the village never to be seen again, and a monument is erected for Chanthunni who is the only chaver whose body has been ever retrieved.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mammootty]] as Chandroth Valiya Panicker / Kurup
* [[Unni Mukundan]] as Chandroth Panicker
* Achuthan B Nair as Chandroth Chanthunni
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Thalachennor
* [[Prachi Tehlan]] as Unnimaya
* [[Anu Sithara]] as Manikyam, Chandroth Panicker's wife
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Pokkar
* [[Manikuttan]] as Moyin, Pokkar's son
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Rarichan
* [[Kaniha]] as Chirudevi, Chanthunni's mother
* [[Ineya|Iniya]] as Unni Neeli, Unnimaya's sister
* [[Tarun Arora]] as Zamar Koya
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Puthumana Thampuratti, Chandroth Valiya Panicker's mother
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Chandroth family member
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Zamorin
* [[Maala Parvathi]] as Chandroth Panicker's and Chirudevi's mother
* [[Meghanathan]] as Chandroth Pothuvaal
* [[Manikandan Achari]] as Kungan
* [[G. Suresh Kumar]] as Mamangam announcer
* Romanch as Keloth Panicker
* [[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Konthi Nair
* [[Jayan Cherthala]] as Mamangam visitor
* [[Sajitha Madathil]] as Karumari
* Sudheer Sukumaran as Thalachennor's henchmen
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Zamorin's soldier
* [[Malavika Menon]] as Dancer (cameo)
* Nandan Unni as Mamangam visitor
* Shafique Rahman as Zamorin's soldier
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Archer
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Chandroth family member
* Sharanya Anand as a woman in brothel
* [[Nilambur Ayisha]] as Chandroth family member
* Rithu Manthra
}}

==Accolades==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|rowspan="2"|[[Asianet Film Awards|22nd Asianet Film Awards]]
|Best Playback Singer (Female)
|[[Bombay Jayashri]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Youth Icon
|[[Unni Mukundan]]
|{{Won}}
|along ''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]''
|-
|}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Mamangam'' was originally planned by director Sajeev Pillai who has written the script, which is based on [[Mamankam festival]] that was celebrated during the 17th century. The film features [[Mammootty]] in the role of a warrior.<ref name="manoramaonline">{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/10/17/mammunni-mamankam-sajeev-pillai-movie.html|title=ഇതെന്റെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ ചിത്രം; മെഗാ പ്രോജക്ടുമായി മെഗാസ്റ്റാർ|website=ManoramaOnline|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> The makers got permission from [[Navodaya Studio|Navodaya]] to reuse the title of their 1979 film.<ref name="manoramaonline" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/10/23/mammootty-to-play-chaver-in-period-drama-on-mamankam.html|title=Mammunni to play 'chaver' in period drama on Mamankam|website=OnManorama|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> According to sources from the production team, as of January 2019, the budget of the film was ₹45 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Sanjith Sidhardhan|title=Dhruvan out, M Padmakumar and Unni Mukundan in|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dhruvan-out-m-padmakumar-and-unni-mukundan-in/articleshow/67404518.cms|access-date=11 June 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 January 2019|quote=The budget is 45 crore and after 35 days of shoot, we felt a few things were not up to the mark}}</ref> In November 2019, producer Venu Kunnapilly revealed the final budget to be ₹55 crore.<ref name="web team-2019">{{cite news |author1=Web team |title='മാമാങ്കത്തെ തകര്‍ക്കാന്‍ സംഘടിത നീക്കം'; ഡിഐജിക്ക് പരാതിയുമായി എക്‌സിക്യൂട്ടീവ് പ്രൊഡ്യൂസര്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/move-to-tarnish-mamangam-alleges-executive-producer-q1bqav |access-date=10 December 2019 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=21 November 2019 |language=ml}}</ref> The film is the [[List of most expensive Indian films#Most expensive films by language|4th most expensive Malayalam film]] ever.

[[Neeraj Madhav]] and [[Dhruvan]] were hired for major roles. Later Dhruvan was replaced by Unni Mukundan who play Chandroth Paniker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/maamaankam-controversy-ousted-malayalam-director-sajeev-pillai-explains-his-side-96127|title='Maamaankam' controversy: Ousted Malayalam director Sajeev Pillai explains his side|date=2 February 2019|work=The News Minute|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> [[Prachi Tehlan]], [[Anu Sithara]] and Hindi film actress [[Prachi Desai|Pranchi Desai]] were hired for the female lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/a-dream-come-true-prachi-tehlan-opens-up-about-her-experiance-on-working-with-mammootty-in-mamangam/437931|title=A dream come true: Prachi Tehlan opens up about her {{sic|nolink=y|exper|iance}} on working with Mammootty in Mamangam|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=16 June 2019 |language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/prachi-desai-killing-latest-saree-look-photos-167613/|title=Prachi Desai killing it in THIS latest Saree look: PHOTOS|date=30 August 2019|website=The Indian Wire|language=en-GB|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> Achuthan who is trained Kalaripayattu was cast as Chandroth Chanthunni Menon, a 15-year kid who is the youngest fighter in the history of Mamankam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meet-achuthan-the-young-hero-from-mamangam/articleshow/69724759.cms|title=Meet Achuthan, the young hero from 'Mamangam'! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> [[Kaniha]], [[Ineya|Iniya]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Sudev Nair]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] and [[Manikuttan|Manikkuttan]] were also hired for pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern_cinema/malayalam-cinema-superstar-mammootty-says-not-happy-1502767961.html|title=Malayalam cinema superstar Mammootty says he is not happy with what he is doing|date=20 June 2019|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="the times of india-2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-new-look-from-mamangam-unveiled/articleshow/69740355.cms|title=Mammootty's new look from 'Mamangam' unveiled – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actress-ineya-life-has-taken-a-turn-for-the-better-after-changing-my-name-to-ineya/articleshow/70245437.cms|title=Actress Ineya: Life has taken a turn for the better after changing my name to Ineya – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019 |last1=Jayaram |first1=Deepika }}</ref> [[Tarun Arora]] made his Malayalam cinema debut with the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/bollywood/laxmmi-bomb-jab-we-met-fame-tarun-arora-to-play-the-antagonist-in-akshay-kumars-film-481867.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716134249/https://www.in.com/entertainment/bollywood/laxmmi-bomb-jab-we-met-fame-tarun-arora-to-play-the-antagonist-in-akshay-kumars-film-481867.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2019|title=Laxmmi Bomb: Jab We Met fame Tarun Arora to play the antagonist in Akshay Kumar's film|website=in.com|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> On 29 January 2019, it was confirmed that [[M. Padmakumar]] will replace Sajeev Pillai as the director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mammootty-s-magnum-opus-mamangam-is-underway-news-malayalam-tfvkusbecdaab.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521093316/http://www.sify.com/movies/mammootty-s-magnum-opus-mamangam-is-underway-news-malayalam-tfvkusbecdaab.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2019|title=Mammootty's magnum opus 'Mamangam' is underway|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> The producer announced that Padmakumar will be assisted by some of the renowned technicians in completing the movie. Cinematographer Manoj Pillai replaced cinematographer Ganesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jan/29/m-padmakumar-will-helm-mamankam-1931242.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203163245/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jan/29/m-padmakumar-will-helm-mamankam-1931242.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2019|title=M Padmakumar will helm Mamankam|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscoopz.com/mammoottys-mamankam-to-start-rolling-soon/|title=Mammootty's Mamankam to start rolling soon; M Padmakumar in the team|date=7 January 2019|website=Newscoopz.com|language=en-US|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>

The film showcases the martial art of [[Kalaripayattu]]<ref name="outlookindia" /> and the actors have undergone training for Kalaripayattu and [[Horse Riding|horse riding]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/neeraj-madhav-reveals-his-kalarippayattu-skills/articleshow/70114159.cms|title=Neeraj Madhav reveals his kalarippayattu skills – Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-practices-horse-riding-for-the-upcoming-film-mamangam/articleshow/69737633.cms|title=Unni Mukundan practices horse riding for the upcoming film 'Mamangam' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> The actors including Mammootty, Unni Mukundan and Manikuttan have undergone physical transformation for the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-not-a-month-goes-by-without-someone-advising-me-to-lose-my-muscles/articleshow/69755010.cms|title=Unni Mukundan: Not a month goes by without someone advising me to lose my muscles – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019 |last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith }}</ref><ref name="the week">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/06/12/Mammootty-hopes-Mamangam-will-be-game-changer-for-Malayalam-cinema.html|title=Mammootty hopes 'Mamangam' will be game changer for Malayalam cinema|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-reveals-his-diet-for-mamangam/articleshow/69787030.cms|title=Unni Mukundan reveals his diet for Mamangam – Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/manikuttans-makeover-for-mamankam-movie/articleshow/69348926.cms|title='മാമാങ്ക'ത്തിനുവേണ്ടി അടിമുടി മാറി മണികുട്ടൻ|date=15 May 2019|website=Malayalam|language=ml|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> Sham Kaushal is the action choreographer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sham-kaushal-malayali-filmmakers-are-the-reason-i-do-action-for-bollywood-period-films/articleshow/68136884.cms|title=Sham Kaushal: Malayali filmmakers are the reason I do action for Bollywood period films – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/shyam-kaushal-interview-stunt-director-of-mammootty-mamangam-movie-bollywood-mohanlal-indrajalam-1.3894193|title= പാവപ്പെട്ട കുടുംബത്തില്‍നിന്നാണ് ഞാന്‍ വരുന്നത്; ഇതൊന്നും സ്വപ്‌നം കണ്ടിരുന്നില്ല|last=നായര്‍|first=അനീഷ് ആര്‍|website=Mathrubhumi|date= 22 June 2019|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> Director [[Ram (director)|Ram]] is supervising the dubbing of the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/11/mamangam-has-realistic-battle-sequences-producer-venu-kunnappilly-2031925.html|title='Mamangam has realistic battle sequences': Producer Venu Kunnappilly|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 September 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref> The visual effects for the film is done by Kamalakannan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/sep/10/producer-venu-kunnappillymamangam-has-realistic-battle-sequences-14204.html|title=Producer Venu Kunnappilly: Mamangam has realistic battle sequences|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=10 September 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in February 2018 at [[Mangalapuram]] and completed the first schedule in the same month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2018/02/14/venu-kunnapally-talking-about-mamangam-movie.html|title=മമ്മൂട്ടി നാല് ഗെറ്റപ്പിൽ; ബ്രഹ്മാണ്ഡ ചിത്രം മാമാങ്കത്തിന്റെ വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി നിർമാതാവ്|website=Manoramanews|date=14 February 2018 |language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> After [[M. Padmakumar]] was hired as the director in January 2019, the film shooting restarted from scratch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/m-padmakumar-mammootty-maamankam-5558284/|title=Mammootty's Maamankam: M Padmakumar in, Sanjeev Pillai out|date=28 January 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> The sets are created in an 18-acres of plot in [[Maradu]] where the old era is recreated and was erected by close to thousand labourers and cost around 5 crores.<ref name="the times of india-2" /> The war sequence of the film were shot in 20 acre land in [[Nettoor]], which was built by around 2000 workers and costing 10 crore was constructed with 10 tonnes of steel and 2000 cubic metre of wood. Big sets were erected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammootty-on-his-upcoming-film-mamangam-the-new-generation-should-know-about-keralas-unsung-heroes-6812671.html|title=Mammootty on his upcoming film Mamangam: The new generation should know about Kerala's unsung heroes|date=14 June 2019|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="the times of india">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/what-went-into-creating-the-epic-film-mamangam/articleshow/69738989.cms|title=What went into creating the epic film Mamangam – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mammootty-on-mamangam-we-cannot-touch-baahubali-s-scale-but-we-re-trying-1548866-2019-06-14|title=Mammootty on Mamangam: We cannot touch Baahubali's scale, but we're trying|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=5 September 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref><ref name="the week" />

As of 10 May 2019, the film completed 80 days of the planned 120-day shoot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/may/10/final-schedule-begins-for-mammoottys-maamaankam-1974864.html|title=Final schedule begins for Mammootty's Maamaankam|website=The New Indian Express|date=14 May 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> The climax sequence was shot in over 40 days. During the final days of production in Nettoor, there were scenes that had nearly 3000 artistes, dozens of elephants and horses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/grand-sets-erected-final-schedule-mammootty-s-maamaankam-101989|title=Grand sets erected for final schedule of Mammootty's 'Maamaankam'|date=18 May 2019|work=The News Minute|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="the times of india" /> The film was completed in 4-5 schedules in different locations and on different sets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2019/07/10/i-visited-the-sets-of-southern-superstar-mammoottys-film-mamangam-and-heres-all-about-my-experience/|title=I Visited The Sets Of Southern Superstar Mammootty's Film 'Mamangam' And Here's All About My Experiencei|date=10 July 2019|website=MissMalin|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mamangam
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 October 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = Muzik Lounge, [[Chennai]] Aravind Audio Garage, [[Mumbai]] K7 Studios, [[Kochi]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = {{Flatlist|
* [[Malayalam]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| prev_title = [[Pattabhiraman (film)|Pattabhiraman]]
| prev_year = 2018
| year = 2019
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. Jayachandran]], while the film score is composed by [[Sanchit Balhara]] and Ankit Balhara.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammooty-movie-mamangam-will-have-m-jayachandrans-music/articleshow/62133579.cms|title=Mammootty movie Mamangam will have M Jayachandran's music|date=19 December 2017|publisher=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/east+coast+daily+eng-epaper-eeastco/mamangam+bollywood+composer+sanchit+balhara+will+compose+background+music-newsid-116608901 |title='Mamangam': Bollywood composer Sanchit Balhara will compose background music|website=Daily Hunt|date=18 May 2019}}</ref> [[Lahari Music]] released the soundtrack in Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu, while the Hindi version was done by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. The audio launch event for the film was held on 19 October 2019 at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/a-grand-audio-launch-for-mammoottys-epic-film-mamangam/articleshow/71681810.cms|title=A grand audio launch for Mammootty's epic film, Mamangam – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref> The lyrics for the Malayalam version were written by Rafeeq Ahmed and Ajay Gopal. The Hindi, Tamil and Telugu versions were by Manoj Yadav, Palani Bharathi and [[Bhuvana Chandra|Bhuvanachandra]] respectively. The album features three tracks in both the versions.

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| headline = Malayalam
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mukkuthi
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics1 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| length1 = 4:10
| title2 = Thaaraattu
| extra2 = [[Bombay Jayashri]]
| lyrics2 = Ajay Gopal
| length2 = 3:41
| title3 = Mamangam Theme
| extra3 = Unni Elayaraja, [[Yazin Nizar]]
| lyrics3 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| length3 = 3:00
| title4 = Peelithirumudi
| extra4 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| lyrics4 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| length4 = 2:00
| title5 = Khanasangam
| extra5 = [[Vidyadharan Master]], [[Sangeethaa-Sangeetha Sajith]]
| lyrics5 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| length5 = 2:00
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Boondon Si
| extra1 = [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 4:06
| title2 = Lori
| extra2 = [[Bombay Jayashri]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 3:42
| title3 = Mamangam Theme
| extra3 = Unni Elayaraja, [[Yazin Nizar]]
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 3:00
| all_lyrics = Manoj Yadav
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mukkuthi
| extra1 = [[Mridula Warrier]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Thaalaattu
| extra2 = [[Bombay Jayashri]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 3:41
| title3 = Mamangam Theme
| extra3 = Unni Elayaraja, Deepak Blue
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 3:00
| all_lyrics = Palani Bharathi
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mukkhera
| extra1 = [[Mridula Warrier]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 4:11
| title2 = Laali Paata
| extra2 = [[Bombay Jayashri]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 3:40
| title3 = Mamangam Theme
| extra3 = Unni Elayaraja, Deepak Blue
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 3:00
| all_lyrics = [[Bhuvana Chandra|Bhuvanachandra]]
}}

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release worldwide on 21 November 2019 but has been postponed to 12 December 2019.<ref name="news 18-2019">{{Cite news|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-mammootty-movie-mamankam-gets-a-new-release-date-mm-171647.html |title= മമ്മൂട്ടിയുടെ 'മാമാങ്കം' റിലീസ് മാറ്റിവച്ചു|date= 8 November 2019|work= News 18|language=ml |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mamangam-teaser-mammootty-makes-a-brief-appearance-in-period-drama-film-to-release-on-21-november-7450211.html |title= Mamangam teaser: Mammootty makes a brief appearance in period drama; film to release on 21 November|date=4 October 2019|website= First Post|language=en|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> The film was released along with dubbed versions in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamangam gets new allies in Telugu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/091119/mamangam-gets-new-allies-in-telugu.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=9 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
[[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote that music and background score are good, "however, the drama does feel like a lost opportunity, considering the talent that was on offer, the stories they could have mined and fictional elements they could have inculcated,".<ref>{{Citation|title=Mamangam Movie Review : A period action-drama that feels like a lost opportunity|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/mamangam/movie-review/72488339.cms|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' said the film "tries to tell the fictionalised story of chaverukal (suicide squad). While it manages to achieve it to an extent, the film is not a wholesome experience" and "the stunt sequences are hard to believe" and the "VFX is tacky".<ref>{{cite news|author=Janani K.|title=Mamangam Movie Review: Mammootty's film is decent, not extraordinary|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mamangam-movie-review-mammootty-s-film-is-decent-not-extraordinary-1627777-2019-12-12|access-date=15 December 2019|work=[[India Today]]|date=12 December 2019}}</ref> ''[[Manorama Online]]'' rated 3.5 stars out of 5, called it "an epic tale of feud and bloodshed", and appreciated the cinematography but said the stunts could have been better choreographed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Prem Udayabhanu|title=Mammootty's Mamangam review: An epic tale of feud and bloodshed|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2019/12/12/mamangam-mammootty-prachi-unni-malayalam-movie-review-rating.html|access-date=12 December 2019}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote that "Mamangam may not be trying to impress with too much heroism but is a genuine and emotional tale from the past that is engaging."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mamangam-review-an-emotional-tale-that-is-engaging-review-tamil-tmnmWObeiiegg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214002542/https://www.sify.com/movies/mamangam-review-an-emotional-tale-that-is-engaging-review-tamil-tmnmWObeiiegg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2019|title=Review : Mamangam review: An emotional tale that is engaging (2019)|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "A movie that could have narrated an intriguing story of suicidal warriors from Malabar region during the 18th century has turned out to be a collage of old school Malayalam stunt scenes, and cringe-inducing situations and dialogues which make you feel like you are watching a Malayalam [[Soap opera|serial]] ... the movie fails to live up to viewers' expectations as it is let down by the amateurish approach to the screenplay and direction".<ref>{{cite news|author=Gautham V. S.|title=Mamangam movie review: Mammootty shines in lacklustre period drama|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mamangam-movie-review-mammootty-6163831/|access-date=15 December 2019|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 December 2019}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "Thematic relevance, courage and sensitivity are not enough to hold up an entire film though when the writing is shallow and the storytelling style [is] dull. These twin problem areas combined with action scenes and visual effects that are a mixed bag end up pulling down Mamangam".<ref>{{cite news |author1=Anna MM Vetticad |title=Mamangam movie review: Mammootty's much-needed call to peace falls victim to shallow writing |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mamangam-movie-review-mammoottys-much-needed-call-to-peace-falls-victim-to-shallow-writing-7777641.html |access-date=15 December 2019 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=13 December 2019}}</ref>

''[[HuffPost]]'' wrote "The making is distinctly old school, with stagey production, wordy dialogues and tediously framed action scenes ... While there are moments that hold our interest (the narrative is familiar), one wishes the characters were more well-written. Mammootty's character—Chandroth Valiya Panicker— is the most underwhelming period hero ever", also criticised the "bad writing", inorganic stunts and amateur VFX.<ref>{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Neelima|title=Mamangam Review: Bad Writing And Shoddy Characters Let Down This Mammootty Film|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/mamangam-movie-review-mammootty_in_5df230dbe4b06a50a2eb1071|access-date=15 December 2019 |work=[[HuffPost]]|date=12 December 2019}}</ref> Rating 1.5 out of 5, ''[[The News Minute]]'' called it a dull and "tedious underwhelming film", writing that "Mamangam gives the distinct feel of watching a [[Soap opera|mega serial]]. The stunts don't look realistic at all, with the warriors flying in the air as if they were playing a [[quidditch]] match on invisible broomsticks" and "Mammootty has a faintly regretful expression on his face, as if he's realised that he's walked into yet another bad film".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajendran |first1=Sowmya |title='Mamangam' review: A dull film which does no justice to Mammootty |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mamangam-review-dull-film-which-does-no-justice-mammootty-113994 |access-date=15 December 2019 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221075531/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mamangam-review-dull-film-which-does-no-justice-mammootty-113994|archive-date=21 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' said it has good script, but bad acting and direction, stating "Mamangam is so bad that it looks like a [[satire]] on the period drama genre ... The film brings out the worst in Mammootty. It is as if the director picked out his worst facets and strung them together into a sequence".<ref>{{cite news|author=Arun Antony|title=Mamangam review: Good script, bad acting, bad direction|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mamangam-review-good-script-bad-acting-bad-direction-785339.html|access-date=15 December 2019|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221074454/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mamangam-review-good-script-bad-acting-bad-direction-785339.html|archive-date=21 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film collected {{INR|23 crore}} on its first day and {{INR|60 crore}} in its first weekend.<ref name="the indian express-2019">{{cite news |title=Mammootty starrer Mamangam earns Rs 60 crore in opening weekend |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mamangam-mammootty-box-office-opening-weekend-collection-worldwide-6170093/ |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In the overseas opening weekend, it grossed US$44,352 (₹31.49 lakh) in the United States, A$37,827 (₹18.41 lakh) in Australia, £16,417 (₹15.56 lakh) in the United Kingdom, and US$5,854 (₹4.16 lakh) in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mardaani 2 collects approx. 820k USD [Rs. 5.81 cr.] in overseas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/mardaani-2-collects-approx-820k-usd-rs-5-81-cr-in-overseas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 December 2019 |date=17 December 2019}}</ref> It grossed US$57,648 (₹41.55 lakh) in the US in four weeks,<ref>{{cite news |title=Good Newwz collects approx. 8.34 mil. USD [Rs. 59.97 cr.] in overseas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/good-newwz-collects-approx-8-34-mil-usd-rs-59-97-cr-in-overseas/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=6 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> US$789,218 in the United Arab Emirates in three weeks,<ref>{{cite web |title=Emirati 2019 Weekend 52 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/2019W52/?area=AE&ref_=bo_rl_table_3 |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> and A$50,184 (₹24.7 lakh) in Australia in two weeks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dabangg 3 collects approx. 3.8 mil. USD [Rs. 27.05 cr.] in overseas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/dabangg-3-collects-approx-3-8-mil-usd-rs-27-05-cr-in-overseas/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=24 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7537738}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|mamangam}}

{{M. Padmakumar}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:History of Kerala on film]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Padmakumar]]
[[Category:2019 action drama films]]
[[Category:2010s historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Films about festivals]]
[[Category:Films about rebellions]]
[[Category:Films set in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Films set in temples]]
[[Category:Films set on rivers]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Mumbai CSMT–Nagercoil Express

2026-04-30T17:23:00Z

Serzccd: starting new stub

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
|name = Mumbai LTT–Nagercoil Express
|image =
|caption =
|type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
|locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]
|first =
|last =
|operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
|ridership =
|start =[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] (CSMT)
|stops = 33
|end = {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} (NCJ)
|distance = {{convert|1880|km|0|abbr=on}}
|journeytime = 37 hours 15 minutes
|frequency = 4 days per week
|class = General, Sleeper, AC 3-tier, AC 2-tier
|seating = Yes
|sleeping = Yes
|autorack =
|catering = Available
|observation = Large windows
|entertainment =
|baggage = Available
|otherfacilities =
|stock = [[LHB coach]]
|gauge = 1676 mm Broad Gauge
|el =
|trainnumber = 16339 / 16340
|speed = {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
|map = [[File:(Nagercoil - Mumbai) Express route map.png|250px|(Nagercoil–Mumbai) Express route map]]
|map_state =
| maintenance = {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}}
| sharing =
*[[Mumbai CSMT–Nagercoil Balaji Express]]
}}

The 16339 / 16340 '''Mumbai CSMT–Nagercoil Express''' runs between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (CSMT) railway station at [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], and {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} in [[Nagercoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=16339 Mumbai Csmt Nagercoil Express Train Schedule & Route Details - RailYatri |url=http://www.railyatri.in/app |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.railyatri.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=16339/Mumbai CSMT - Nagercoil Express (via Katpadi) (PT) - Mumbai CSM Terminus to Nagercoil SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-csmt-nagercoil-express-via-katpadi-16339/1138/12282/801 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

The main cities on the way are [[Tirunelveli]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Madurai]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Katpadi]], [[Pakala, Chittoor district|Pakala]], [[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]] [[Anantapur]], [[Guntakal]], [[Adoni]], [[Solapur]], [[Pune]], [[Lonavala]], and [[Thane]]. Additional stoppages were approved by the Railway Board in March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anbuselvan |first=B. |date=2026-01-17 |title=Railway board approves additional stoppages for 35 trains across Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Jan/17/railway-board-approves-additional-stoppages-for-35-trains-across-tamil-nadu |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

This train covers a distance of 1880 km. Prior to COVID 19 lockdown, this train ran via [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]], [[Yelahanka Junction railway station|Yelhanka]]. Still, after COVID, it was rerouted via Katpadi, Pakala there by completely skipping Bangalore, due to which Bangalore lost Mumbai Connection and Southern Tamil Nadu Connection simultaneously.

==Route==

This train departs Nagercoil at early morning and travels through [[Tirunelveli]], [[Madurai]], [[Dindigul]], [[Karur]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Katpadi]], [[Pakala, Chittoor district|Pakala]], [[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]], [[Guntakal]], [[Wadi]], [[Solapur]], [[Pune]], and reaches its destination Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (Mumbai CSMT) on next late evening.
[[File:Nagercoil - Mumbai CSMT Express.jpg|thumb|Nagercoil–Mumbai Express arriving at Valliyur railway station]]

==Traction==

A [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]]/ [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]]-based [[WAP-7]] hauls this train from [[Nagercoil]] till [[Katpadi]].

From [[Katpadi]] it is hauled by [[Diesel Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan]]-based [[WDP-4]] / [[WDM-3D]] twins till its destination [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (Mumbai CSMT). This train will get reversed at [[Pakala, Chittoor district|Pakala]] in both directions. 

==Coach composition==

It has [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] with a maximum speed of 130 km/h.
Maximum permissible speed: 110 km/h.

This train will be reversed at [[Pakala, Chittoor district|Pakala]] in both the directions.

It consist of 20 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 7 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Pantry car
* 2 EOG Generator Cars

==See also==
* [[Nagercoil Junction railway station]]
* [[Daund Junction railway station]]
* [[Renigunta Junction railway station]]
* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station]]
* [[Indian Railways]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai CSMT-Nagercoil Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]

Bhawani Sankar Biswas

2026-04-24T23:15:52Z

Serzccd: Adding new info

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (1918–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| native_name = ভবানী শংকর বিশ্বাস
| native_name_lang = bn
| image =
| office = Provincial Minister of [[East Pakistan]]
| governor = {{ubl|[[Ghulam Faruque Khan]]|[[Abdul Monem Khan]]}}
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1965
| 1blankname = Portfolio
| 1namedata = Health, Labour and Social Welfare
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Sultan Ahmed (Bangladeshi politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
| office1 = Member of the [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1965
| leader1 = {{ubl|[[A. T. M. Mustafa]]|[[Abdul Jabbar Khan (speaker)|Abdul Jabbar Khan]]}}
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| term_start2 = 1954
| term_end2 = 1958
| leader2 = {{ubl|[[Abu Hussain Sarkar]]|[[Ataur Rahman Khan]]}}
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = Faridpur South-West
| birth_date = 1918
| birth_place = [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|1|27|1918|||df=y}}
| party = Independent
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
}}
'''Bhawani Sankar Biswas''' (1918 - 2011) was a Bangladeshi politician who advocated for the introduction of separate electorates for [[Hindus]] and a quota system for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]]. He served as a provincial minister of [[East Pakistan]] prior to the [[independence of Bangladesh]].

== Biography ==
Biswas was born in 1918 in Majhigati village, [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] (in present-day [[Muksudpur Upazila]], [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh]]). He earned a bachelor's degree from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1944.<ref name=ds>{{cite web |title=Death anniversary |date=27 January 2012 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-220038 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Following the [[partition of India]] in 1947, he was involved in efforts aimed at preventing the migration of religious minorities from Pakistan and mitigating communal violence.

In the [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1954 provincial election]], Biswas contested as an independent candidate and was elected to the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. He was re-elected as an independent member to the [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]] in the [[1962 East Pakistan Provincial Assembly election|1962 provincial election]].<ref name=i/> Later that year, he became an associate member of the [[Convention Muslim League]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Convention Muslim League, 1962–1969: An Appraisal |first=M. Rafique |last=Afzal |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=1985 |journal=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research |place=Islamabad |page=4 |url=https://pjhc.nihcr.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/1-Convention-Muslim-League1962-69-An-AppraisalM.Rafique-Afzal.pdf}}</ref> From 1962 to 1965, Biswas served as East Pakistan's Minister for Health, Labour and Social Welfare in the cabinets of [[Faruque ministry|Faruque]] and [[First Monem ministry|First Monem]].<ref name=i>{{cite web |title=সাবেক মন্ত্রী ভবানী শংকর বিশ্বাসের ১১তম মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী কাল |language=bn |url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/456856/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2 |date=26 January 2022 |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=[[Daily Inqilab]]}}</ref>

He also contested the [[1970 Pakistani general election]] from the NE-98 Faridpur-V constituency.<ref>{{cite news|title=List of NA candidates|date=16 October 1970|page=12|newspaper=[[The Bangladesh Observer|The Pakistan Observer]]}}</ref> Bhawani Sankar Biswas died on 27 January 2011.<ref name=i/>

==Personal life==
His elder son, Dulal Biswas, served as president of the National Federation of Youth Organisations in Bangladesh and was a member of the board of directors of the Youth Welfare Fund under the [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Youth and Sports]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/print/discussion-on-bhabani-sankar-biswas-held-in-city |title=Discussion on Bhabani Sankar Biswas held in city |date=21 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref> His younger son, Subhash Chandra Biswas, a social worker, died childless in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdmetronews24.com/archives/100989 |title=সাবেক মন্ত্রী ভবানী শংকর বিশ্বাসের ছোট ছেলের মৃত্যু |language=bn |date=30 December 2024 |newspaper=Metro News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi activists]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Provincial ministers of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:East Pakistan MLAs 1962–1965]]
[[Category:East Pakistan MLAs 1954–1958]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Gopalganj District, Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]

Thoyaka Jagadeeswari

2026-04-23T08:36:34Z

Serzccd: put up new data.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Thoyaka Jagadeeswari
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Pamula Pushpa Sreevani]]
| constituency = [[Kurupam Assembly constituency|Kurupam]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Thoyaka Jagadeeswari''' (born 1985)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagadeeswari Thoyaka, TDP Candidate from Kurupam Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/jagadeeswari-thoyaka-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a011e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> She is a member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-14 |title=Jagadeeswari Thoyaka: Biodata, Family, Criminal Cases |url=https://aboutthepeople.in/news/2025/02/14/jagadeeswari-thoyaka-biodata-family-criminal-cases/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> She was elected from the [[Kurupam Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for the Scheduled Tribe community in [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]] in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kurupam Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kurupam-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917052.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jagadeeswari is from Kurupam, [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]] district, Andhra Pradesh, India. She is married to Addukula Sanyasi Naidu, a teacher in the government upper primary school.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jagadeeswari Thoyaka(TDP):Constituency- KURUPAM (ST)(VIZIANAGARAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=334 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She completed her B.Sc. (BZC) at DBK College, Parvathipuram in 2013, She declared assets worth Rs.32 lakhs in the affidavit filed with the [[Election Commission of India]] before the elections.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Jagadeeswari was first elected as an MLA from Kurupam Assembly constituency representing the Telugu Desam Party in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kurupam, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Jagadeeswari Thoyaka defeats YSRCP's Pamula Pushpa Sreevani with 23500 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kurupam-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548193-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She polled 83,355 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Pamula Pushpa Sreevani]] of the YSR Congress Party, by a margin of 23,500 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurupam (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024: Kurupam (ST) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kurupam |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> After getting elected as an MLA, she became a government whip.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-07 |title=Thotapalli reservoir opens for kharif, to irrigate 84,000 acres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/thotapalli-reservoir-opens-for-kharif-to-irrigate-84000-acres/articleshow/122282941.cms |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Before the election, election commission sent a notice to her husband Addukula Sanyasi Naidu requesting clarification regarding the use of his official residence for party activities. Later, the district collector issued suspension orders to Naidu, after an inquiry where photos of new members joining TDP at his premises were produced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-24 |title=కురుపాం టీడీపీ అభ్యర్థి తోయక జగదీశ్వరి భర్తపై ఈసీ వేటు..ఎందుకంటే..? |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/andhra-pradesh/kurupam-tdp-candidate-thoyaka-jagadeeswari-husband-who-is-a-govt-employ-suspended-for-ec-violations-380085.html |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Telugu One India |language=te}}</ref>

In January 2025, she visited Gummidi Gedda water project in Kurupam mandal along with district collector A Shyam Prasad to revive proposals to upgrade the mini reservoir to provide water to about 5,000 acre of ayacut. The project is also expected to provide drinking water to Kurupam village. A 3,500 acre ayacut was constructed way back to 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-01-28 |title=Collector visits Gummidi Gedda on bike |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/collector-visits-gummidi-gedda-on-bike-940301 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thoyaka, Jagadeeswari}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]

Santragachi–Mangaluru Central Vivek Express

2026-04-22T10:40:02Z

Serzccd:

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Superfast Express train belonging to Indian Railways South Eastern Zone}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Mangaluru Central – Santragachi Junction ''Vivek Superfast Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Vivek Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|02|19}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Santragachi}}
| stops = 38
| end = {{stnlnk|Mangaluru Central}}
| distance = {{convert|2487|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 41 hours 55 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = first Class AC, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, sleeper class, general unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = yes
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Wide windows
| entertainment = yes
| baggage = Yes
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB Coaches]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| trainnumber = 22851 / 22852
| speed = {{convert|69|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[{{Not a typo|File:(Santragachi - Mangalore) Vivek Express Route map.jpg}}|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22851/52 '''Santragachi – Mangaluru Central – Santragachi''' '''Vivek Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Weekly Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Santragachi}} , West Bengal and {{stnlnk|Mangaluru Central}} , Karnataka in [[India]].

It operates as train number 22851 from Santragachi to Mangalore Central and as train number 22852 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] & [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Days-of-service-of-Mangalore-Central-Santragatchi-weekly-express-revised/articleshow/38746323.cms? | title=Days of service of Mangalore Central – Santragatchi weekly express revised | first=Jaideep | last=Shenoy | date=20 July 2014 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=10 June 2018 }}</ref>

== Coaches ==
The 22851/52 Santragachi–Mangalore Central Vivek Express has One AC 1-tier, Three AC 2-tier, Four AC 3-tier, 12 sleeper class, Two General Unreserved and Two End on Generation (EOG) Coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Vivek-Express-gets-extra-AC-coach/article15001300.ece Vivek Express Gets Extra AC Coach], ''thehindu.com'', 27 September 2016</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

== Service ==
The 22851 Santragachi–Mangalore Central Vivek Express covers the distance of {{convert|2487|km|0|abbr=on}} in 41 hours 55 mins (59 km/h) and in 42 hours 15 mins as the 22852 Mangalore Central–Santragachi Vivek Express (59 km/h).<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/weekly-superfast-special-trains/article5403439.ece], ''thehindu.com'', 29 November 2013</ref>

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.
This would be the only Vivek Express with Superfast tag hence the fastest Vivek Express.

== Routing ==
The 22851 / 52 Santragachi–Mangalore Central Vivek Express important stops are:-
{{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jaleswar}}, {{stnlnk|Balasore}}, {{stnlnk|Jajpur Keonjhar Road}}, {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}, {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Brahmapur}}, {{stnlnk|Sompeta}}, {{stnlnk|Palasa}}, {{stnlnk|Srikakulam Road}}, {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}, {{stnlnk|Samalkot Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}, {{stnlnk|Eluru}}, {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ongole}}, {{stnlnk|Nellore}}, {{stnlnk|Gudur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Tirupati}}, {{stnlnk|Chittoor}}, {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Tiruppur}}, {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Palakkad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Tirur}}, {{stnlnk|Kozhikode}}, {{stnlnk|Vadakara}}, [[Thalassery]], {{stnlnk|Kannur}}, {{stnlnk|Payyanur}}, {{stnlnk|Kanhangad}}, {{stnlnk|Kasaragod}} & {{stnlnk|Mangalore Central}}.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/train-timings-to-be-revised-from-september-1/article6358782.ece], ''thehindu.com'', 28 August 2014</ref>

== Traction ==
earlier they run by diesel locomotives [[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4/4D]] and [[WDM-3A]]. As the entire route is electrified, a {{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}}-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] and [[WAP-5]] or [[WAP-4]] electric locomotives pulls the train up to {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}, then a [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] and [[WAP-5]] or [[WAP-4]] electric locomotives takes reverse direction and pulls the train up to {{stnlnk|Mangalore Central}}.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Trains-from-various-parts-of-the-country-cancelled-diverted-due-to-heavy-rains-in-coastal-Andhra-Pradesh/articleshow/24674422.cms Some trains cancelled and diverted due to heavy flood rains in Andhra Pradesh], ''indiatimes.com'', 24 October 2013</ref>

== Reverse ==
The train is reversed in [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]].

== Rake composition ==
earlier was [[ICF coach]]es now this train received [[LHB coach]]es
* 1 AC I Tier
* 3 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 12 Sleeper Coaches
* 2 EOG &SLR
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 End on Generation (EOG) Coaches
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | Loco-WAP 7 (GOMO, VISAKHAPATNAM, VIJAYAWADA, HOWRAH, SANTRAGACHI, ROYAPURAM, PUNE LOCO SHEDS )
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 1
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 2
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 3
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 4
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 5
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 6
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 7
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 8
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 9
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 10
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 11
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 12
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 13
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 14
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 15
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 16
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 17
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 18
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 19
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 20
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 21
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 22
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 23
! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 24
|-
| [[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] | WAP 7 I |EOG||GEN||GEN||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||S11||S12||B1||B2||B3||B4|B 5|H1|B 6|A1|A 3||A2||A3||EOG
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/santragachi-mangaluru-vivek-express-22851/16941/1724/1470 22851 Vivek Express] at India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mangaluru-central-santragachi-vivek-express-22852/16971/1470/1724 22852 Vivek Express] at India Rail Info
{{Vivek Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santragachi-Mangalore Central Vivek Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Vivek Express trains]]

Rau Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:09Z

Serzccd: Made the page and citations...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rau
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 210
| map_image = 210-Rau.svg
| mla = [[Madhu Verma (politician)|Madhu Verma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Jitu Patwari]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Indore district|Indore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Madhu (Mahadev Verma).jpg
}}

'''Rau Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=9 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Overview ==

Rau Assembly constituency is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Indore district]] which comes under [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Constituency includes [[Rau]], Ralamandal, Piplya Patwari, [[Palda]], [[Bicholi Hapsi]] and suburb of [[Indore]] city.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Jitu Jirati]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan=2|[[Jitu Patwari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Madhu Verma (Politician)|Madhu Verma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rau<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Madhu Verma (politician)|Madhu Verma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:151672}}
|percentage = 55.42
|change = +8.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jitu Patwari]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:116150}}
|percentage = 42.44
|change = -7.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2104}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35522}}
|percentage = 12.98
|change = +10.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:273657}}
|percentage = 76.71
|change = +2.18
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rau<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2018 Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jitu Patwari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:107740}}
|percentage = 49.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Madhu Verma (Politician)|Madhu Verma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:102037}}
|percentage = 47.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2475}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5703}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215687}}
|percentage = 74.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rau<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf |website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jitu Patwari]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 91885
|percentage = 54.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Madhu Verma (Politician)|Madhu Verma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 73,326
|percentage = 43.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Prem Singh Gurjar (Captain)
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1908
|percentage = 1.20
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anand Omprakash Bhatia
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 486
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anil Jitu Jiratee
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 431
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sanny
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 247
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2697
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 169848
|percentage = 73.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Indore]]
* [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.64|75.80|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Indore]]
[[Category:Indore district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Valpoi Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:40:34Z

Serzccd: put up details.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Valpoi
| mla = [[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 1989
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:31958}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =19
| map_image = File:Valpoi constitution.svg
}}
'''Valpoi Assembly constituency''' is one of 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern India, and one of 20 constituencies under [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Balkrishna Prabhu]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[Narahari Haldankar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Venkatesh Desai]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Narahari Haldankar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || rowspan=5 | [[Vishwajit Rane]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2017 elections in India#Goa|2017 By-election]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Valpoi<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vishwajit Rane]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,462 |percentage=53.62% |change={{decrease}}16.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manoj Parab]] |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=6,377 |percentage=23.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyavijay Naik |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=2,599 |percentage=9.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manisha Shenvi Usgaonkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,101 |percentage=7.79% |change={{decrease}}18.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=411 |percentage=1.52% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudesh Madhukar Parab |party=Jai Maha Bharath Party |votes=354 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishvesh Prabhu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=346 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devidas Gaonkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=183 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,085 |percentage=29.98% |change= {{decrease}}13.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,970 |percentage=84.41% |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,950 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 elections in India#Goa|2017 GoaLegislative Assembly by-election]] : Valpoi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/category/102-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-2017/|title=उप-निर्वाचन के परिणाम 2017|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vishwajit Rane]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,188 |percentage=70.19% |change={{increase}}39.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roy Naik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,101 |percentage=26.45% |change={{decrease}}26.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=458 |percentage=1.99% |change={{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohidas Gaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes=316 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,087 |percentage=43.74% |change= {{increase}}21.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,063 |percentage=78.29% |change= {{decrease}}7.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,874 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Valpoi<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vishwajit Rane]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,493 |percentage=53.28% |change={{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyavijay Naik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,815 |percentage=30.86% |change={{decrease}}9.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Atmaram Gaonkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,246 |percentage=12.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashish V. Kanekar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=410 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=362 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,678 |percentage=22.42% |change= {{increase}}9.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,326 |percentage=87.83% |change= {{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,835 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Valpoi<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vishwajit Rane]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,412 |percentage=53.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyavijay Naik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,473 |percentage=40.79% |change={{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Venkatesh Desai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=805 |percentage=3.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravindra Talaulikar |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajendranath Ramkrishna Usgaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes=184 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,939 |percentage=12.66% |change= {{decrease}}12.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,223 |percentage=88.64% |change= {{increase}}9.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,094 |ref = |change= {{increase}}47.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}7.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Valpoi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vishwajit Rane]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,590 |percentage=60.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Puti |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,041 |percentage=35.72% |change={{decrease}}13.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adv. Rohidas Sada Gaonkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=371 |percentage=2.63% |change={{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,549 |percentage=25.15% |change= {{increase}}22.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,113 |percentage=79.25% |change= {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,669 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Valpoi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narahari Haldankar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,137 |percentage=49.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Venkatesh Desai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,785 |percentage=46.62% |change={{increase}}8.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Katker Suresh Harischandra |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=466 |percentage=3.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=352 |percentage=2.84% |change= {{decrease}}4.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,409 |percentage=77.04% |change= {{increase}}6.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,079 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Valpoi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Venkatesh Desai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,177 |percentage=38.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narahari Haldankar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,323 |percentage=30.24% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balkrishna Prabhu]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,958 |percentage=17.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pednekar Devidas Krishna |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,092 |percentage=9.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahalshekar Ankush Mahadev |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=280 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khan Shaukatali Adam |party=Independent politician |votes=158 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=854 |percentage=7.77% |change= {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,988 |percentage=71.12% |change= {{decrease}}8.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,449 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Valpoi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narahari Haldankar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,853 |percentage=42.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balkrishna Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,895 |percentage=34.34% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rane Ranjit Jaisingrao |party=Janata Dal |votes=961 |percentage=8.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Teli Anant Krishna |party=Independent politician |votes=911 |percentage=8.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vincy Gonsalves |party=Communist Party of India |votes=288 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khan Abdul Razak |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=91 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=958 |percentage=8.45% |change= {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,343 |percentage=77.25% |change= {{increase}}0.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,324 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Valpoi<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balkrishna Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,436 |percentage=53.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desai Baburao Harijirao |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,306 |percentage=42.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khan Abdul Razak |party=Gomantak Bahujan Samaj Parishad |votes=118 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,130 |percentage=11.05% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,223 |percentage=76.19% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,993 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.53|74.14|display=title}}

[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Goa]]

Talat Aziz

2026-04-16T16:47:50Z

Serzccd: put up article.

{{Short description|Musical artist (b. 1956)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2016}}
{{Fan POV|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Talat Aziz in 2017.jpg
| caption = Talat Aziz in 2017
| image_size =
| birth_name = Talat Abdul Aziz
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| instrument = Harmonium
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[playback singing]], actor
| occupation = Singer, composer
| years_active = 1979–present
| website =
}}

'''Talat Abdul Aziz''' (born 11 November 1956) is an Indian [[ghazal]] singer and actor.

==Early life==
Talat Abdul Aziz was born in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]] to Abdul Azeem Khan and Sajida Abid, a famous [[Urdu]] writer and poet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AR |first=Reshmi |date=2023-10-30 |title=Talat Aziz in Hyderabad: Nothing like evocative memories |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/301023/happy-to-be-back-in-my-hometown-and-school-talat-aziz.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AR |first=Reshmi |date=2023-11-06 |title=Happy to be back in my hometown: Talat Aziz |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/061123/happy-to-be-back-in-my-hometown-talat-aziz.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> He attended [[Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-29 |title=Talat Aziz serenades audience at HPS centenary celebration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/talat-aziz-serenades-audience-at-hps-centenary-celebration/articleshow/104791445.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

His family organized [[Mehfil]]s, inviting artists and poets such as [[Jagjit Singh]] and [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]]. This greatly influenced him to learn music from an early age.

==Personal life==
[[File:Talat Aziz at Mika's birthday bash hosted by Kiran Bawa 09.jpg|thumb|right|Bina and Talat Aziz in 2012]]
Aziz is married to Bina Aziz, a painter and art curator. They have two sons, Adnan Aziz and Shayaan Aziz.

== Musical career ==
Aziz took his initial training in music from [[Kirana Gharana]]. He was trained primarily by Ustad Samad Khan and later by [[Faiyaz Khan|Ustad Faiyyaz Ahmed Khan]].

After his initial training, Aziz learnt music from the Ghazal singer [[Mehdi Hassan]]. He appeared with him in many concerts in India and worldwide.

He released his first album in 1980, under [[Jagjit Singh]] titled ''Jagjit Singh presents Talat Aziz''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-04 |title=Talat Aziz: Jagjit Singh was like an elder brother to me, he used to always tell me to act - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/talat-aziz-jagjit-singh-was-like-an-elder-brother-to-me-he-used-to-always-tell-me-to-act-exclusive/articleshow/98410645.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 1981, he sang in the film [[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|''Umrao Jaan'']] where he sang alongside [[Lata Mangeshkar]].

He has sung many songs for composers [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and [[Rajesh Roshan]].

Aziz has also composed music for various TV serials. He composed music for serials such as [[Deewar (TV series)|''Deewar'']], ''Baaz'', ''Adhikaar'', [[Ghutan (TV series)|''Ghutan'']], [[Sailaab (TV series)|''Sailaab'']], [[Aashirwad (TV series)|''Aashirwad'']] and [[Noorjahan (TV series)|''Noorjahan'']]. He composed music and sung for a feature film titled ''[[Majaz: Ae Gham-e-Dil Kya Karun]]''. This film was produced by Shakeel Akhtar and was a biography on the poet [[Majaz]]. He has released many albums and has collaborated with singers such as [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] and [[Pankaj Udhas]].

== Award ==

* [[Lokmat]] [[Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards|Sur Jyotsna National Music Award]] - 2025 '''Icon Award''' for him contribution to Indian music<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis presents Sur Jyotsna National Music Award |url=https://voiceofmaharashtra.in/Chief-Minister-Devendra-Fadnavis-presents-Sur-Jyotsna-National-Music-Award-6191.html?lang=%3Cbr%20/%3E%3Cb%3ENotice%3C/b%3E:%20%20Undefined%20index:%20lang%20in%20%3Cb%3E/home/u457512262/domains/voiceofmaharashtra.in/public_html/includes/header.php%3C/b%3E%20on%20line%20%3Cb%3E164%3C/b%3E%3Cbr%20/%3E |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Voice of Maharashtra |language=en}}</ref>

===Acting===
Besides composing music for various TV serials, he also acted in them. Aziz was supposed to play the lead role in the film ''Dhun'', directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]], however the film got shelved. In 2015, he appeared in the film ''[[Fitoor]]'' where he played a brief role. In 2023, he appeared in the family-drama [[Gulmohar (2023 film)|''Gulmohar'']]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-04 |title=EXCLUSIVE {{!}} Talat Aziz on working with Sharmila Tagore: 'I also had a connection with her husband Tiger Pataudi' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-talat-aziz-on-working-with-sharmila-tagore-i-also-had-a-connection-with-her-husband-tiger-pataudi-12240862.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> and the following year he starred in the film ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-02 |title=Ghazal singer Talat Aziz to play Hrithik Roshan's father in Fighter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ghazal-singer-talat-aziz-to-play-hrithik-roshans-father-in-fighter/articleshow/104108193.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=Talat Aziz: People will love the father-son chemistry between me and Hrithik in Fighter |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/talat-aziz-people-will-love-the-father-son-chemistry-between-me-and-hrithik-in-fighter-101696234143110.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==

* ''Jagjit Singh Presents Talat Aziz''
* ''Talat Aziz Live''
* ''Best of Talat Aziz''
* ''Images''
* ''A Dream Come True''
* ''Lehren''
* ''Ehsaas''
* ''Suroor''
* ''Saughaat''
* ''Tasavvur''
* ''Manzli''
* ''Dhadkan''
* ''Shahkaar''
* ''Mehboob''
* ''Irshaad''
* ''Khubsoorat''
* ''Khushnuma''
* ''Silver Anniversary Concert''
* ''Caravan E Ghazal''
* ''A Tribute to the Master Medhi Hasan''
* ''Parchaaiyan Volume 1 and 2''
* ''Hardil Aziz''
* ''Betaabiyaan''
* ''Jazbaat''
* ''The Ghazal Maestro''
* ''Wo Shaam''

==Popular film songs==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song !! Movie !! Year
|-
||Zindagi Jab Bhi Teri Bazm Mein || [[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]] || 1981
|-
||Phir Chhidi Raat Baat Phoolon Ki||[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]] || 1982
|-
|| Tumhin Se Roshan Hai Raat Meri || Lorie|| 1982
|-
||Aaina Mujhse Meri||[[Daddy (1989 film)|Daddy]] || 1989
|-
||Yaad Aane Wale Kyun || rowspan="3" |Dhun || 1991
|-
||Main Aatma Tu Parmaatma || 1991
|-
||Lagi Prem Dhun Laagi || 1991
|-
||Na Kisi Ki Aankh Ka||[[Shararat (2002 film)|Shararat]] || 2002
|-
||Saaz e Dil Naghmae Jaan||[[Yatra (2006 film)|Yatra]] || 2006
|}

==Television==
===As actor===

*''[[Sailaab (TV series)|Sailaab]]''
*''Sahil''
* ''Junoon''
*''[[Ghutan (TV series)|Ghutan]]'' (1997-1998)
*''Dil Apna Aur Preet Parayee''
*''[[Noorjahan (TV Series)|Noorjahan]]'' (2000-2001)
*''[[Modern Love: Mumbai]] Episode 2 - Baai'' (2022)
*''[[Scam 2003]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talat Aziz opens up about being part of Scam 2003, his scenes being cut from Hansal Mehta's show {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-talat-aziz-opens-up-about-being-part-of-scam-2003-his-scenes-being-cut-from-hansal-mehta-s-show-3060950 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

* ''[[Chand Sa Roshan Chehra]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Fitoor]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Gulmohar (2023 film)|Gulmohar]]'' (2023)
* [[Fighter (2024 film)|''Fighter'']] (2024) as Mr. Pathania
* ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]'' (2024)

===As contestant===
*''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]'' (2012), Eliminated

{{authority control}}

== References ==

<references />

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aziz, Talat}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Hyderabad, India]]

Duvvada Srinivas

2026-04-15T02:39:45Z

Serzccd: Created First Info Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Duvvada Srinivas
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 30 March 2021
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor =
| constituency =
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| other_party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|11|04}}
}}
'''Duvvada Srinivas''' (born 4 November 1966){{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} is an [[India]]n politician. As of August 2024, he serves as the Member of Legislative Council in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]. He belongs to the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duvvada Srinivas, YSRCP candidate bio : Assets, Total Income, Liabilities, Criminal Cases and other details. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/AndhraPradesh2024/duvvada-srinivas-132/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

Srinivas is the proprietor of D Srinivas Granite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duvvada Srinivas(YSRCP):Constituency- TEKKALI(SRIKAKULAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=132 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He has been married, but has left his family in 2024 and is now living with Duvvada Madhuri. In August 2024 Srinivas alleged to Police that his wife, Vani, made an attempt on his life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa |date=Aug 11, 2024 |title=YSRCP MLC alleges attempt on life by wife |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ysrcpmlc-alleges-attempt-on-life-by-wife-101723316609923.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In April 2025, the YSR Congress Party suspended him from the party as a disciplinary action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఎమ్మెల్సీ దువ్వాడ శ్రీనివాస్ పై సస్పెన్షన్ వేటు {{!}} MLC Duvvada Srinivas Suspended From YSRCP Following Complaints Of Disciplinary Violations, Watch News Video Inside {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/video/news-videos/mlc-duvvada-srinivas-suspended-ysrcp-2430872 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, Duvvada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]

UP Yoddhas

2026-04-04T18:40:46Z

Serzccd: put up stub

{{Short description|Professional kabaddi team in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox sports team
| name = UP Yoddhas
| logo = UP_Yoddhas_logo.png
| logo_size = 240px
| full_name = UP Yoddhas
| short_name = UPY
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| founded = 2017
| first_season = [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|2017]]
| last_season = [[2024 Pro Kabaddi League|2024]]
| current = 2025 Pro Kabaddi League
| league = [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| city = [[Lucknow]]
| location = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| arena = Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex
| ballpark =
| stadium =
| colours = {{color box|#0000FF}}{{color box|#FF0000}}
| anthem = Hum Hai Yoddha (We are warriors)
| owner = [[GMR Group]]
| coach = Jasveer Singh (Resigned)
| blank_label2 = Assistant coach
| blank_data2 = Upendra Malik
| gm =
| captain = {{flagicon|IND}} Sumit Sangwan
| playoff_berths = 4
| website = https://upyoddhas.com/
}}

'''UP Yoddhas''' (Previously known as UP Yoddha) is a professional [[kabbadi]] team of [[Pro Kabaddi League]], based in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is owned by the [[GMR Group]]. It was founded in 2017.

The Yoddhas play their home matches at [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]. The team made it to the playoffs in every season since its inception in 2017 until 2023-24 PKL.

==Current squad==

Full Squad of [[UP Yoddha]] for [[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|Pro Kabaddi League Session 12,2025.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| {{Abbr|No|Jersey No}}
! style="text-align:center;"| Name
! style="text-align:center;"| {{Abbr|Nat|Nationality}}
! style="text-align:center;"| Position

|-
| 10|| Sumit Sangwan (c) || {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Left Corner
|-
| 44|| Ashu Singh (vc) || {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Right Cover
|-
| 9|| Bhavani Rajput || {{flagicon|IND}} || Raider

|-
| 11|| Surender Gill || {{flagicon|IND}}|| Raider
|-
| 7|| Gagana Gowda || {{flagicon|IND}}|| Right Raider
|-
| || Keshav Kumar || {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Raider

|-
| || Shivam Chaudhary || {{flagicon|IND}} || Left Raider

|-
| 25|| Guman Singh|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Raider
|-
| ||Jatin Singh|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Right Raider
|-
| ||Pranay Vinay Rane||{{flagicon|IND}} || Raider
|-
| 22|| Dong Lee || {{flagicon|KOR}}|| Raider
|-
| || Sachin Manipal || {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Right Cover
|-
| 1|| Sahul Kumar|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Right Corner
|-
| 4|| Mahender Singh|| {{flagicon|IND}} || Defender - Left Cover
|-
| || Gangaram || {{flagicon|IND}} || Left Cover
|-
| 79|| Hitesh || {{flagicon|IND}}|| Right Corner
|-
| || Jayesh Mahajan || {{flagicon|IND}}|| Defender - Left Corner
|-
| || Mahommadreza Kaboudrahangi || {{flagicon|IRN}}|| Defender - Left Corner
|-
| || Ronak Nain || {{flagicon|IND}}|| Left Cover
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source: Pro Kabaddi<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Yoddhas {{!}} Season 12 players list, stats, records {{!}} Pro Kabaddi 2025 |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/up-yoddhas-profile-30/players |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=Pro Kabaddi League |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Head coach record===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!Win%
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Jasvir Singh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upyoddha.co.in/yoddhas|title = Player Listing}}</ref>
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|2017
|align=left|present
{{WDL|
1|1|0|0}}
|}

==Seasons==
===Season V===
{{main|2017 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
{{2017_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

===Season VI===
{{main article|2018_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season}}
{{2018_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

===Season VII===
{{main|2019 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
{{2019_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season_points_table}}

===Season VIII===
{{main|2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{2021-22 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

===Season IX===
{{main|2022 Pro Kabaddi League season}}
{{2022 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

===Season X===
{{main|2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

==Records==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"
|-
! Seasons
! Total
! Wins
! Losses
! Tied
! % Win
! Position
|-
| [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 5]] || 23 || '''8''' || 15 || 11 || 43.48% || 3
|-
| [[2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 6]] || 25 || '''10''' || 15 || 11 || 48.00% || 3
|-
| [[2019 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 7]] || 23 || '''13''' || 10 || 8 || 60.87% || 3
|-
| [[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 8]] || 22 ||'''10'''||9|| 3 || 45.00%||3
|-
| [[2022 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 9]] ||22||12||8||2|| 54.54%||4
|-
| [[2023–24 Pro Kabaddi League|Season 10]] || 22|| 4|| 17|| 1|| 18.18%|| 11
|}

===By opposition===
:''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"
|-
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Opposition
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Played
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Won
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Lost
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Drawn
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|% Win
|-
|[[Bengal Warriors]] || 14 || 4 || 5 || 5 || 28.6%
|-
|[[Bengaluru Bulls]] || 15 || 6 || 9 || 0 || 40.0%
|-
|[[Dabang Delhi]] || 10 || 6 || 4 || 0 || 60.0%
|-
|[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] || 10 || 2 || 6 || 2 || 20.0%
|-
|[[Haryana Steelers]] || 9 || 4 || 3 || 2 || 44.4%
|-
|[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] || 10 || 5 || 5 || 0 || 50.0%
|-
|[[Patna Pirates]] || 14 || 5 || 8 || 1 || 35.7%
|-
|[[Puneri Paltan]] || 11 || 6 || 5 || 0 || 54.5%
|-
|[[Tamil Thalaivas]] || 14 || 5 || 6 || 3 || 35.7%
|-
|[[Telugu Titans]] || 13 || 9 || 2 || 2 || 69.2%
|-
|[[U Mumba]] || 11 || 5 || 5 || 1 || 45.5%
|-
! Total || 131 || 57 || 58 || 16 || 43.5%
|}

==Sponsors==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"
|+
!Year
!Season
!Kit manufacturer
!Main sponsor
!Back sponsor
!Sleeve sponsor
|-
|2017
|[[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|V]]
|rowspan="3"|T10 Sports
|rowspan="3"|[[Tata Motors|Tata Yodha]]<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/tata-yodha-associates-with-up-yoddha/59755998|title=Tata Yodha associates with UP Yoddha|date=25 July 2017|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|[[Karbonn Mobiles]]
|[[GMR Group|GMR]]
|-
|2018
|[[2018 Pro Kabaddi League season|VI]]
|[[Suzuki Access 125]]
|[[Captain Morgan|Captain Morgan Cola]]
|-
|2019
|[[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|VII]]
|[[Valvoline]]
|rowspan="3"|[[GMR Group|GMR]]
|-
|2021
|[[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League season|VIII]]
|Sqad Gear
|[[ABP News]]
|[[GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd|Iodex]]
|-
|2022
|[[2022 Pro Kabaddi League season|IX]]
|rowspan="3"|Shiv-Naresh
|Fantasy Akhada
|Batwinner
|-
|2023
|[[2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League|X]]
|Vision11
|Citykart
|rowspan="2"|[[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]]
|-
|2024
|[[2024 Pro Kabaddi League|XI]]
|[[Dafabet|DafaNews]]
|Ananda
|-
|2025
|[[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|XII]]
|PlayR
|[[Hero FinCorp]]
|Encalm Lounge
|Ofis Square
|}

==See also==
* [[Delhi Capitals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pro Kabaddi League}}

[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sport in Noida]]
[[Category:GMR Group]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Uttar Pradesh]]

Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi

2026-04-02T06:46:23Z

Serzccd: Added first stub more to come

{{Short description|2022 Netflix Indian docuseries}}
{{Over-quotation|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Indian_Predator_-_The_Butcher_of_Delhi.jpg
| genre = [[True crime]] [[docuseries]]
| creator = Ayesha Sood
| based_on =
| director = Ayesha Sood
| creative_director = Nandita Gupta Tushar Jain Arun Bhatia
| starring = Altaf Hussain Bunny Adhikari Mukesh Pandey Ankit Sharma Manjit Singh Sanjay Bansal
| theme_music_composer = Salvage Audio Collective Ayush Abuja
| composer = Salvage Audio Collective
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 3
| executive_producer = Srusti Jain Nandita Gupta
| producer = Sanmira Kanwar Ashwin Rai Shetty Vatsala Aron Niharika Kotwal
| cinematography = Linesh Desai
| editor = Anupama Chabukswar
| runtime = 41– 44 minutes
| company = [[Vice Media|Vice]] [[India Today]]
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2022|07|20}}
}}

'''''Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi''''' is an Indian [[Netflix]] [[true crime]] docuseries which premiered on 20 July 2022. Produced by [[Vice Media|VICE India]] and directed by Ayesha Sood, ''The Butcher of Delhi'' explores both the police investigation and the motives of [[Chandrakant Jha]], a serial killer who, in 2006–2007, left three decapitated victims outside the [[Tihar Jail]] accompanied by mocking notes.

The first installment of a proposed ''Indian Predator'' series, ''The Butcher of Delhi'' received mixed reviews. Although some critics[''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported attributions|who?]]''] praised the mystery, pacing and departure from the [[whodunit]] format, others criticized its perceived [[cliché]] representation of Jha and overrepresentation of police accounts, lack of depth, poor flow and excessive exposition.

== Premise ==
''Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi'' is a three-episode true crime docuseries. The first episode follows officer Sunder Singh's investigation and arrest of [[Chandrakant Jha]], a serial killer who, in 2006–2007, left three decapitated victims outside the [[Tihar Jail]] in [[Delhi]], [[India]] accompanied by mocking notes challenging the police to catch him before his next murder.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachdeva |first=Maanya |date=26 July 2022 |title=Butcher of Delhi: The chilling story of an Indian serial killer in Netflix's new true-crime series |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/indian-predator-butcher-of-delhi-chandrakant-jha-b2131161.html |url-access=limited |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Later episodes explore Jha's life, backstory and motives, much of which was told by Jha during the police interview after his arrest. ''The Butcher of Delhi'' features interviews of people involved or close to the case, such as officers and journalists, interspersed with dramatizations of police exchanges, archival photographs and recreations.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Suchin |date=23 July 2022 |title=Indian Predator The Butcher of Delhi director Ayesha Sood on the notorious CC Killer: 'He knows how to play the system' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-director-ayesha-sood-talks-about-serial-killer-chandrakant-jha-101658538644488.html |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Actors ===
* Altaf Hussain as [[Chandrakant Jha]]
** Mukesh Pandy as Jha's voice
**Jitendra Sharma as a young Jha
*Manjit Singh as Sunder Singh
*Sanjay Bansal as Pandit
*Bunny Adhikari as Anil Mandal
*Meenu as Mamta
*Ankit Sharma as Dalip Kaushik
*Joginder Sharma as Hoshiyar Singh
*Pankaj Sharma as Narendra Kumar
*Shivam as Jarnil Singh

=== Interviewees ===
{{Expand section|Needs non-character members (the interviewees)|date=July 2022}}

* Surinder Singh Yadav, investigating officer of the case<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Tikader |first=Agrima |date=22 July 2022 |title=Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi: What to expect from this true crime Netflix spine-chiller |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-what-to-expect-from-this-true-crime-netflix-spine-chiller/cid/1875943 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
* S.L. Vaya, a clinical forensic scientist<ref name=":6" /> and psychologist<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Trehan |first=Tanvi |date=23 July 2022 |title=Cliched, exaggerated—Netflix's serial killer in 'Indian Predator' is only an archetype |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/cliched-exaggerated-netflixs-serial-killer-in-indian-predator-is-only-an-archetype/1051742/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Expand section|add synopsis for all episodes|date=July 2022}}{{Episode table
| episodes = {{Episode list|Draft:Indian Predator
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Episode 1
| DirectedBy = Ayesha Sood
| OriginalAirDate = 20 July 2022
| ShortSummary = In 2006, a stranger leaves a beheaded body outside a Delhi jail with a note challenging the police to catch him. It isn't his first — or last — murder.
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
}}
{{Episode list|Draft:Indian Predator
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Episode 2
| DirectedBy = Ayesha Sood
| OriginalAirDate = 20 July 2022
| ShortSummary = During interrogations, Chandrakant shares his fraught history with the police. Investigators face a challenging search for conclusive evidence.
}}
{{Episode list|Draft:Indian Predator
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Episode 3
| DirectedBy = Ayesha Sood
| ShortSummary = Ghosai residents offer powerful accounts and photos from Chandrakant's past. Experts discuss the case's mental health and social implications.
| OriginalAirDate = 20 July 2090

}}

|background = #B30E0E
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "[''Indian Predator''] was a collaboration between [[Vice Media|Vice]] and [[Netflix]], it was an umbrella series. They had come up with a pool of stories and one of them was [[Chandrakant Jha|this]]. It wasn’t picked because it was gruesome or grotesque, it was picked because the nature of the crime was audacious and something so audacious, gruesome, or brutal was not really heard or talked about. The fact that it was unseen was one of the key reasons."
| source = Ayesha Sood, interviewed by ''[[News18]]''<ref name=":9" />
| width = 25em
}}The ''Indian Predator'' series was first announced in March 2021 in a press release by Netflix and Vice Studios, which also reported three additional directors for later installments alongside Ayesha Sood: [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni|Umesh Kulkarni]], [[Ashwin Shetty]] and Dheeraj Jindal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=HT Entertainment Desk |date=3 March 2021 |title=Netflix India 2021 slate announced: From Fabulous Lives season 2 and Kapil Sharma to Abbas-Mustan's next, see full list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/netflix-india-2021-slate-announced-from-fabulous-lives-season-2-and-kapil-sharma-to-abbas-mustan-s-next-see-full-list-101614760233353.html |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote='''Director:''' Ayesha Sood, Umesh Kulkarni, Ashwin Shetty, Dheeraj Jindal}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mehtab |first=Omar |date=8 April 2021 |title=Vice Studios: At the cutting edge |url=https://rts.org.uk/article/vice-studios-cutting-edge |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=[[Royal Television Society]] |quote=Vice Studios recently announced that it was making a true-crime series, Indian Predator, for Netflix in India, “a super-premium” documentary with the potential to become a global suc- cess, it believes, that attempts to get into the minds of serial killers.}}</ref> ''The Butcher of Delhi'' is the first of this series, which will also follow other Indian true crime cases.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mahorta |first=Rahul |date=28 June 2022 |title='Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi' Trailer Teases Netflix's Chilling True Crime Series |url=https://collider.com/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-trailer-documentary-netflix/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> ''Indian Predator'' was among over forty Indian productions that Netflix India announced that year, and follows several previous Indian true crime series for Netflix such as ''[[House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths]]'' (2021).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Meek |first=Andy |date=19 July 2022 |title=Don't miss this twisted new Netflix docuseries that tracks a serial killer from India |url=https://bgr.com/entertainment/dont-miss-this-twisted-new-netflix-docuseries-that-tracks-a-serial-killer-from-india/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=[[Boy Genius Report]]}}</ref> In an interview for the [[Royal Television Society]], Vice Studios' president Kate Ward characterized such documentaries as a "big opportunity" for Vice.<ref name=":3" />

Director Ayesha Sood<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=19 July 2022 |title=Ayesha Sood opens up on 'Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/ayesha-sood-opens-indian-predator-butcher-delhi-1503091627.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref> stated that, around May 2020, Vice approached her to direct ''Indian Predator'' and presented her with potential cases to adapt.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |date=20 July 2022 |title=Sometimes sources backed out at the last minute: Ayesha Sood on making Netflix's Indian Predator |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/interviews/2022/jul/20/sometimes-sources-backed-out-at-the-last-minute-ayesha-sood-on-making-netflixs-indian-predator-32903.html |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] ([[The New Indian Express]])}}</ref> She chose the case of Chandrakant Jha as she found it "very intriguing"<ref name=":8" /> and was surprised that she did not know of it despite living in Delhi.<ref name=":5" /> She later elaborated that she picked it because it was "something so audacious, gruesome, or brutal [that it was not] really heard or talked about".<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ranjini |date=23 July 2022 |title=Indian Predator Director Ayesha Sood on Making Netflix Docu-series: 'Delhi Police Was Very Cooperative' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/indian-predator-director-ayesha-sood-on-making-netflix-docu-series-delhi-police-was-very-cooperative-exclusive-5605855.html |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

=== Research and filming ===
The development team, led by Nandita Gupta,<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arman |date=23 July 2022 |title=The 'Butcher of Delhi' Was One of the Most Savage Serial Killers in History. A New Netflix Series Dives Into His Twisted Mind. |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/watch-netflix-series-indian-predator-butcher-of-delhi-made-by-vice/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> went through a long phase of research and interviews, guided by Vice and Netflix's legal team.<ref name=":9" /> Sood said that it "led [her] to discover a lot about human psychology and the justice system".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Entertainment Desk |date=29 June 2022 |title=Indian Predator The Butcher of Delhi: A chilling docu-series on serial killer who terrorised India's capital |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-a-chilling-docu-series-on-serial-killer-who-beheaded-his-victims-challenged-police-7995467/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The research team gradually contacted all persons involved with Jha or the case known from the case files.<ref name=":10" /> During interviews, Sood found it "tough" to discern factual information from interviewees and was the production team were careful to cut various material.<ref name=":5" /> In an interview for ''[[News18]]'', she noted that the interviewees were "very cooperative"<ref name=":9" /> and the [[Delhi Police]] shared various files and materials with them.<ref name=":8" /> She told ''[[Cinema Express]]'' that some sources backed out of being recorded "at the last moment",<ref name=":8" /> but many villagers would instead give her details in person.<ref name=":9" /> Sood attempted to interview Jha, but could speak only to his lawyer as cameras are unable to be brought into [[Tihar Jail]].<ref name=":5" /> The team also visited Jha's residence in Delhi, but were not allowed to shoot there by the landlord; this experience was described by Sood as "haunting".<ref name=":10" />

''The Butcher of Delhi'' features dramatizations of police exchanges and investigations with Jha that, according to Sood, were all completely based on archival material.<ref name=":5" /> Interspersed in between the interviews are both archival photographs of crime scenes and recreations and reenactments of the events being described.<ref name=":6" />

=== Marketing ===
The producers refrained in revealing the actual case ''The Butcher of Delhi'' is based on prior to its release.<ref name=":0" /> The trailer for the series was released on 28 June 2022 on Netflix India's official [[YouTube]] channel<ref name=":1" /> and now has over three million views.<ref name=":4" /> The channel also released other short teasers prior to the release date.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

== Release ==
The three episodes of ''Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi'' premiered on Netflix on 20 July 2022.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
The miniseries received mixed reviews. Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised ''The Butcher of Delhi'' and compared it above other Netflix Indian true crime series, noting that it builds mystery around Jha's motives and actions instead of following a typical [[whodunit]] format.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=20 July 2022 |title=Indian Predator The Butcher of Delhi review: Netflix's spine-chilling serial killer show with a lesson in class divide |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-review-a-spine-chilling-serial-killer-show-101658324525761.html |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Joel Keller of ''[[Decider (website)|Decider]]'' noted that "The show gets to the point... [it] doesn’t pad its runtime with off-topic examinations of the time period or unnecessary biographical sketches".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keller |first=Joel |date=20 July 2022 |title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Indian Predator: The Butcher Of Delhi' On Netflix, A Docuseries About A Serial Killer Taunting Delhi Law Enforcement With Dismembered Bodies |url=https://decider.com/2022/07/20/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-netflix-review/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=[[Decider (website)|Decider]]}}</ref> M.N. Miller of ''Ready Steady Cut'' praised Sood's direction and how ''The Butcher of Delhi'' "gets into the head of the killer",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=M.N. |date=21 July 2022 |title=Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi review – a brutal and fascinating watch |url=https://readysteadycut.com/2022/07/21/review-indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-netflix-series/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=Ready Steady Cut}}</ref> as did Bhavya Sadhwani of ''India Times'', who noted the impartial narration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadhwani |first=Bhavya |date=23 July 2022 |title=Just Like Burari Series, Indian Predator: The Butcher Of Delhi Will Make You Feel Uncomfortable |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/just-like-burari-series-indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-will-make-you-feel-uncomfortable-575516.html |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=India Times}}</ref>

Veronica Loop of ''Martin Cid Magazine'' praised its style and pacing, saying ''The Butcher of Delhi'' was "hefty, truculent, and provocative".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loop |first=Veronica |date=20 July 2022 |title=Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi – Series Review – On Netflix |url=https://martincid.com/en/2022/07/20/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-series-review-netflix/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Martin Cid Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Ameen of ''Leisurebyte'' drew attention to how it "puts forward the reality of the lower strata of the society who are so beaten down by the people above them and how even justice is not on their side in most cases, even neglects them".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameen |date=20 July 2022 |title=Indian Predator The Butcher of Delhi Review: Story of an Unnoticed Serial Killer |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-review/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Leisurebyte |language=en-US}}</ref>

In contrast, Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' found the show to be [[cliché]], describing its exploration of both the events and Jha's motives and life as "shallow and unconvincing". Chandar concludes that ''The Butcher of Delhi'' "clearly stays away from Chandrakant's accusations of police brutality" and that "[ultimately] milking the shock value of a criminal case only gets you so far".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=22 July 2022 |title='Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi' review: Despite the potent material, only a shallow exploration persists |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-review-a-shallow-exploration/article65669880.ece |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Tanvi Trehan of ''[[ThePrint]]'' echoed Chandar's complaints, saying that the series "fails to question the police", but praised Singh's recount.<ref name=":7" /> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' also reflected Trehan's sentiments,<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=20 July 2022 |title='Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi' review: A sensationalised recreation of a gruesome crime |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1028158/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-review-a-sensationalised-recreation-of-a-gruesome-crime |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> and Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' felt that ''The Butcher of Delhi'' was "derailed by its [sensationalist] approach", somewhat addressing the need for police reform but "immediately countering it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratikshya |first=Mishra |date=20 July 2022 |title=Review: 'Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi' is Derailed by Its Approach |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/review-indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-is-derailed-by-its-approach#read-more |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>

Although ultimately recommending ''The Butcher of Delhi'', praising it as "intriguing" and depicting a "brutality and disrespect of life that is very hard to relate to", Karina Adelgaard of ''Heaven in Horror'' said that the first episode was "messy" and questioned the reliability of the police accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adelgaard |first=Karina "ScreamQueen" |date=20 July 2022 |title=Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi – Netflix Review |url=https://www.heavenofhorror.com/reviews/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-netflix-true-crime/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Heaven of Horror |language=en-US}}</ref> Poulomi Das of ''[[Firstpost]]'' said that the show followed the same "frustrating template" as Netflix's other Indian true crime series—"[building] itself around a gruesome, headline-grabbing case [then proceeding] to use the police investigation to paint a selective portrait of the societal inequalities that breeds criminals... [In] their attempt to cover multiple vantage points of one single crime, these documentaries overcrowd their own narratives, often rushing through points instead of making any." Das also criticized the pacing, "unimaginative" filmmaking and exposition. He concludes "that the series is content with endorsing the official version of events couldn’t be any more obvious. It’s exactly why ''Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi'' lacks the thrills."<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Poulomi |date=20 July 2022 |title=Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi: Frustrating Netflix true crime series retells a chilling case without any purpose |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/indian-predator-the-butcher-of-delhi-review-frustrating-netflix-true-crime-series-retells-a-chilling-case-without-any-purpose-10934321.html |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

Many critics compared it both favorably and unfavorably to ''[[House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths]]'' (2021), either as being similar to it or not being able to meet its standards.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11" />

== Franchise ==
''Indian Predator:'' ''The Butcher of Delhi'' is the first of a proposed ''Indian Predator'' series which follows other Indian true crime cases on the same title. It was followed by ''[[Indian Predator: The Diary of a Serial Killer]]'' and ''[[Indian Predator: Murder in a Courtroom]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Experience Real Content {{!}} Indian Matchmaking, Social Currency & More {{!}} Netflix India | date=8 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBw8rFThGd4 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> Later the series was revived for another instalment called ''Indian Predator: Beast of Bangalore''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|description=}}
*{{Netflix title}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix original documentary television series]]
[[Category:True crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television series]]
[[Category:Television series about real serial killers]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]

Tharangambadi

2026-03-26T23:48:44Z

Serzccd: adjusted formatting and added references based on references

{{Short description|Town in Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tharangambadi
| other_name = Tranquebar
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Fort Dansborg.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Fort Dansborg, built by the 17th century as seen in 2007; part of the wall is now under the sea.
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|1|45|N|79|50|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 23,191
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=693549 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145521/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=693549 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index 609304|PIN]]
| postal_code = 609313
| registration_plate = TN 82-Z
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tharangambadi''' ({{IPA|ta|t̪aɾaŋgambaːɖi|lang}}), formerly '''Tranquebar'''<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tranquebar |volume=27 |page=169}}</ref> ({{langx|da|Trankebar}}, {{IPA|da|ˈtsʰʁɑŋkəˌpɑˀ|pron}}), is a [[town]] in the [[Mayiladuthurai district]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] on the [[Coromandel Coast]]. It lies {{convert|15|km}} north of [[Karaikal]], near the mouth of a [[distributary]] named [[Uppanar River|Uppanar]] of the [[Kaveri]] River. It was established on 19 November 1620<ref>{{cite web|url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/grundlaeggelsen-af-kolonien-tranquebar-1620-1630/|title=Grundlæggelsen af kolonien Tranquebar, 1620-1630}}</ref> as the first Danish trading post in India.<ref name="CNN 2023 s185">{{cite web | title=A visit to Tranquebar, Denmark's forgotten outpost in India | website=CNN | date=14 Sep 2023 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/tranquebar-denmark-outpost-india-tharangambadi | access-date=14 Sep 2023}}</ref> King [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]] had sent his envoy [[Ove Gjedde]] who established contact with [[Raghunatha Nayak]] of [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur]]. An annual [[tribute]] was paid by the [[Denmark|Danes]] to the [[Rajah of Tanjore]] until the colony was sold to the [[British East India Company]] in 1845.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tranquebar {{!}} lex.dk|url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Tranquebar|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Den Store Danske|language=da}}</ref>

Tharangambadi is the headquarters of [[Tharangambadi taluk]]. Its name means "place of the singing waves"; the old designation ''Trankebar'' remains current in modern [[Danish language|Danish]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Trankebar {{!}} lex.dk|url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Trankebar|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Den Store Danske|language=da}}</ref> Tharangambadi is located at the distance of 285 km from [[Chennai]]. The nearest airport is [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]], 172 km away and the nearest port is at [[Karaikal port|Karaikal]] at 26 km. It is served by [[Tharangambadi railway station]].

==History==
The place dates back to the 14th century. [[Masilamaninathar Temple, Tharangambadi|Masilamani nathar]] (Shiva) temple was built in 1306, in a land given by [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]]. As of now, this temple is the oldest monument.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tryst with the coast|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/309426/tryst-coastshyshy.html|author=Lakshmi Sharath|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=2 February 2013|location=India|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160304205020/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/309426/tryst-coastshyshy.html|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> Until 1620, when the [[Danes]] came,<ref name="Datta">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Tranquebar — A piece of Denmark on the coast of the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-the-danish-history-and-coastal-charms-of-tharangambadi-or-tranquebar-near-puducherry-in-tamil-nadu/cid/1870111 |access-date=4 February 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |issue=The Telegraph |date=15 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=EB1911/> the place was under [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]]. Danish admiral [[Ove Gjedde]] felt the place would be a potential trading centre, [[Tranquebar Treaty of 1620|made a deal with Raghunatha Nayak]] and built a fort, which is known as [[Fort Dansborg]].<ref name="Frontline">{{cite news|title=Danish flavour|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=Frontline|date=6 November 2009|location=India}}</ref> In 1644, [[Siege of Dansborg (1644)|Dansborg was besieged]], yet the siege became inconclusive.

A Jesuit Catholic congregation in Tranquebar predated the arrival of the Danes by several decades. This congregation descended from Tamil fishermen converted by Portuguese missionaries. There was also a sizable population<ref>{{Cite book|title="A Little Piece of Denmark in India", The Space and Places of a South Indian Town, and a Narrative of its Peoples|last=Grønseth|first=Kristian|publisher=University of Oslo|year=2007|location=Oslo|page=29}}</ref> of [[Portuguese Empire|Indo-Portuguese]] due to their presence nearby in [[Nagapattinam]]. The Catholic church was probably demolished to build the fort.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} This fort was the residence and headquarters of [[Governor of Tranquebar|the governor]] and other officials for about 150 years. It is now a museum hosting a collection of artifacts from the colonial era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/danish-fort-site-museum-tranquebar# |title=Danish Fort Site Museum - Tranquebar | Department Of Archaeology |publisher=Tnarch.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref>

In 1639, experienced seafarer, Willem Leyel, was sent to Tranquebar on the order of Christian IV of Denmark to inspect the Danish East India Company's troublesome financial conditions. The [[Tranquebar Rebellion]] in 1648 may have started as a response to Leyel making a treaty with the Mughals to stop local Danish piracy. It was followed by a show trial that returned him to Denmark, and thus ending commercial oversight by the Crown. Two years later, [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III]] abolished the company.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feldboek|first=Ole|year=1991|title=The Danish Asia trade 1620–1807|journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review|volume=39|issue=1|pages=3–27|doi=10.1080/03585522.1991.10408197|doi-access=free}}</ref> Although the company had been abolished, the colony was a royal property and still held by a garrison unaware of court developments back at home. As the number of Danes-Norwegians declined through desertions and illness, an illiterate commoner, Eskild Anderson Kongsbakke was loyal to his country and successfully held the fort until May of 1669; when the Crown dispatched the frigate Færø to re-establish an official outpost.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Rasmussen|first=Peter Ravn|title=Tranquebar: The Danish East India Company 1616–1669|url=http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html|publisher=University of Copenhagen|year=1996|access-date=18 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202120144/http://scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Tranquebar - Skoklosters slott - 86273.tif|thumb|left|200px|A view of the Danish settlement in Tranquebar with the Dansborg fortress in south east India, 1658]]
[[File:Old trankebar map.gif|thumb|left|200px|17th-Century Danish map of Tranquebar]]
[[File:Colonial House.JPG|thumb|A restored colonial house in Tranquebar]]
[[File:Tranquebar Gate.jpg|thumb|Town Gate]]
Among the first Protestant missionaries to set foot in India were two [[Lutherans]] from Germany, [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg|Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] and Heinrich Pluetschau, who began work in 1705 in the Danish settlement of Tranquebar.<ref name=CE-Ind>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=India |volume=7 |first=Ernest Reginald |last=Hull}}</ref> Ziegenbalg translated the Old and New Testaments into Tamil, imported a printing press, and printed the New Testament in Tamil in 1714.<ref name="Indian">{{cite news|title=The Missionary's footprints|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-missionary-s-footprints/656934/0|author=Madhulika Liddle|newspaper=Indian Express|date=8 August 2010|location=India}}</ref>

{{main|Tranquebar Mission}}
Bible translations into the [[Tamil language]] started with the arrival of [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] at Tranquebar in 1706. He was a member of the [[Lutheran clergy]] who responded to the appeal of King [[Frederick IV of Denmark]] to establish a mission for the natives of Tranquebar. They also established a printing press, which within a hundred years of its establishment in 1712 had printed 300 books in Tamil.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011-05-28 |title=The Indo-Danish Cultural Encounter with Special Reference to Print in the Eigteenth Century |url=http://130.226.56.246/dk/Menu/Forskning/Nationalmuseets+Tranquebar+Initiativ/Forskningsprojekter/Indiens+f%C3%B8rste+bogtrykkeri |access-date=2022-02-02 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528223655/http://130.226.56.246/dk/Menu/Forskning/Nationalmuseets+Tranquebar+Initiativ/Forskningsprojekter/Indiens+f%C3%B8rste+bogtrykkeri |archive-date=28 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At first they only made little progress in their religious efforts, but gradually the [[Tranquebar Mission|mission]] spread to [[Madras]], [[Cuddalore]] and [[Tanjore]].<ref name=CE-Ind/> Today ''[[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church#Presidents of TELC and Bishops of Tranquebar|Bishop of Tranquebar]]'' is the official title of a bishop in the [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church]] (TELC) in South India which was founded in 1919 as a result of the German Lutheran [[Leipzig Mission]] and [[Church of Sweden]] Mission. The seat of the Bishop, the Cathedral and its Church House ("Tranquebar House") is in [[Tiruchirappalli]].

The [[Zion Church, Tharangambadi|Zion church]] was consecrated in 1701, which is the oldest Protestant church in India. In 1718, The [[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar|New Jerusalem Church]] was constructed.<ref name="Frontline"/> [[Moravian Brethren]] missionaries from [[Herrnhut]], [[Saxony]] established the Brethren's Garden at [[Porayar]] near Tranquebar and operated it as a missionary centre for a number of years. An Italian Catholic Father [[Constanzo Beschi]], who worked in the colony from 1711 to 1740, found himself in conflict with the Lutheran pioneers at Tranquebar, against whom he wrote several polemical works.<ref name=CE-MM>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Madura Mission |volume=9 |first=Ernest Reginald |last=Hull}}</ref>

Tranquebar was occupied by the British in February 1808 during the Napoleonic Wars but was restored to Denmark following the [[Treaty of Kiel]] in 1814.<ref name=EB1911/> Along with the Danish settlement of [[Serampore]] in Bengal, it was sold to the British in 1845.<ref name="Datta"/><ref name="Nagapattinam">{{cite web |url=http://www.nagapattinam.tn.nic.in/tara.html|title=Tharangampadi - Introduction|publisher=Nagapattinam district administration, State government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=5 August 2013|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090403072812/https://www.nagapattinam.tn.nic.in/tara.html|archive-date=2009-04-03}}</ref> Tranquebar was then still a busy port, but it later lost its importance after a railway was opened to [[Nagapattinam]].<ref name=EB1911/>

The [[Subrahmanya Temple, Perambur]], located in the outskirts of the town is one of the most prominent Murugan temples in the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2010|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|page=64}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Tharangambadi had a population of 20,841. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Tharangambadi has an average literacy rate of 74%, similar to the national average of 74.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 69%. In Tharangambadi, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Places and Monuments ==

===Tranquebar Museum===
{{main|Maritime Museum, Tranquebar}}
[[File:Antique objects in the Fort Dansborg museum.jpg|thumb|Antique items on display at the museum inside Fort Dansborg]]
The 17th and 18th century antiquities and relics from the [[Vijayanagara empire]] and [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]], which authorised, allowed, and sanctioned the aforementioned Danish port township connected with the colonial period and Danish settlement at Tharangampadi are exhibited.<ref name="Nagapattinam" /> The museum contains porcelain ware, Danish manuscripts, glass objects, Chinese tea jars, steatite lamps, decorated terracotta objects, figurines, lamps, stones, sculptures, swords, daggers, spears, sudai (stucco) figurines and wooden objects. There is also part of a whale skeleton, a giant sawfish rostrum and small cannonballs.<ref name="Indian" />

===New Jerusalem Church===
[[File:Danish Church, Tranquebar.jpg|right|thumb|[[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar]]]]
[[File:Tranquebar Zion Church 1.jpg|thumb|[[Zion Church, Tharangambadi|Zion Church]]]]
{{main|New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar}}

The New Jerusalem Church was built in 1718 by the Royal Danish missionary [[Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg]] in the coastal town of [[Tranquebar]], India which was at that time a [[Danish India]] colony.<ref name="Hindu-2006">{{cite news |date=10 July 2006 |title=New Jerusalem Church rededicated |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-jerusalem-church-rededicated/article3102831.ece |access-date=24 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |issue=Tamil Nadu}}</ref> The church is located on King Street,<ref name="TripAdvisor">{{cite web |date=24 July 2015 |title=New Jerusalem Church founded in 1718 AD |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g1119849-d601070-i31254583-The_Bungalow_on_the_Beach-Tharangambadi_Tamil_Nadu.html |access-date=24 August 2015 |website=Trip Advisor}}</ref> and church services are conducted every Sunday.<ref name="Jayanth">{{cite web |last1=Jayanth |first1=Joseph |date=2 November 2012 |title=1718 church in Tranquebar |url=http://www.potofthots.com/2012/11/1718-church-in-tranquebar.html |access-date=24 August 2015 |website=Pot of Thots|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20121108192952/http://www.potofthots.com/2012/11/1718-church-in-tranquebar.html|archive-date=2012-11-08}}</ref> The church, along with other buildings of the [[Tranquebar Mission]] was damaged during the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami of 2004]], and were renovated at a cost of {{INR}} 7 million, and re-consecrated in 2006.<ref name="Hindu-2006" /><ref name="Frank">{{cite news |last1=Imhoff |first1=Frank |date=19 July 2006 |title=Tamil Lutherans Rededicate Tranquebar Mission Church in India |url=http://archive.wfn.org/2006/07/msg00180.html |access-date=24 August 2015 |publisher=Worldwide Faith News}}</ref>

===Fort Dansborg===
{{main|Fort Dansborg}}

Construction of [[Fort Dansborg]] started in 1620.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02497 |title=A handbook for travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon : including all British India, the Portuguese and French possessions, and the Indian states |date=1926 |publisher=Johan Murray, London |pages=582}}</ref> Many parts of the fort have been reconstructed several times. Dansborg is the second largest Danish fort ever constructed, with [[Kronborg]] in [[Helsingør]] being the largest. The [[Defensive wall|rampart]] wall is a fairly large four sided structure, with [[bastion]]s at each [[Cardinal direction|cardinal point]]. A single storied building was constructed along three inner sides of the rampart, with barracks, warehouse, kitchen, and jail. The rooms on the southern side remain in good condition, but the rooms on the western and northern sides have been substantially damaged. On the eastern side of the fort, there was a two storied building facing the sea. It was the main building of the fort. The vaulted lower storey served as a magazine and a warehouse, while the vaulted upper storey contained the church and the lodgings of the governor, the senior merchants, and the chaplain. The sea on the eastern and western side protected the fort. The fort was surrounded by a moat, access to the fort being over a drawbridge. The moat has completely disappeared. Today none of the fort's door openings and windows have doors in them. It is believed that during the end of their colonisation period, the Danish ran into financial issues. To make ends meet, they pulled out the metal doors, molded them into weapons and sold them.<ref>{{cite web |last=Abraham |first=Sharon |date=2021-08-10 |title=Tharangambadi - Tranquebar, the land where dancing waves sing eternally |url=https://mittaistories.com/2021/08/tharangambadi/ |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=Mittai Stories |language=en-GB|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210810133859/https://mittaistories.com/2021/08/tharangambadi/|archive-date=2021-08-10}}</ref>

==Notable people==


*[[Kavignar Meenavan]] (1933–2012), Tamil poet, writer and activist
*[[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]], reformer, credited with bringing out the first printed literature in Tamil

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg monument in Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu, South India.jpg|Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg monument
File:Dansborg Fort.jpg|Fort Dansborg. Established in 1620 and partially renovated during 2002 by the Tranquebar Association. View from the governor's bungalow.
File:Goldsmith Street.JPG|Goldsmith Street, now restored.
File:Zion Church in tranquebar.JPG|Zion Church
File:Ziegenbalg Landing Plaque, Tranquebar 3.jpg|Ziegenbalg Landing Plaque
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]]
* [[Danish East India Company]]
* [[Danish India]]
* [[European colonies in India]]
* [[History of Denmark]]
* [[Kulasekharapatnam]]
* [[Poompuhar]]
* [[Tiruchirappalli Fort]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal inline|India}}
{{Portal inline|Denmark}}
{{Portal inline|Norway}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tharangambadi}}
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India.htm#Danish%20India WorldStatesmen – India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071224195809/http://orientalquest.typepad.com/expositionpermanente/2007/04/la_colonie_dano.html Photos of Tranquebar]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050210100642/http://www.nio.org/projects/vora/project_vora_5.jsp National Institute of Oceanography: Mahabalipuram and Poompuhar]
*[http://www.trankebar.net/ trankebar.net]
*[http://www.scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html Tranquebar: The Danish East India Company 1616–1669] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011223300/http://www.scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html |date=11 October 2007 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040409125044/http://home3.inet.tele.dk/ujensen/indeks.html Coins of Danish India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050529014426/http://www.cssaame.ilstu.edu/issues/23/31.pdf "Conversations in Tarangambadi: Caring for the Self in Early Eighteenth Century South India" von Eugene F. Irschick]
*[http://www.indianchristianity.com 'Sepoy Mutiny'-article by Maggy G. Menachery in St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, 1982] & passim
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203141016/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/trankebar.html Tranquebar at colonialvoyage.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203140546/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/remainO.html Danish Colonial Remains] at colonialvoyage.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210730172707/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2019/05/13014854/1117993/Tharangambadi-A-tourists-delight.vpf dtnext.in]

{{Danish overseas empire}}

{{Forts in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Former Danish colonies]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1620]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:1620 establishments in India]]
[[Category:17th-century establishments in Danish India]]
[[Category:Beaches of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Kudmi Mahato

2026-03-26T10:19:53Z

Serzccd: Added basic details v1!

{{Short description|Tribal community in India, Nepal and Bangladesh}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kudmi Mahato
| regions = [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bangladesh]]
| languages = '''Native language –''' [[Kurmali language|Kudmali/Kurmali]] '''Secondary language –''' [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| religions = Hinduism<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.katwacollegejournal.com/issues/J%20Islam-Sociology-Social%20Mobility%20Movement%20of%20Kudmi-Mahato.pdf|publisher=International Journal of Research on Social and Natural Sciences |title=Social Mobility Movement of Kudmi-Mahato in Jhargram District of West Bengal: A Sociological Case Study|access-date=2025-03-18}}</ref> Sarna Dharam<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-11 |title=Kudmis relax road blockade, to meet chief secretary today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kudmis-relax-road-blockade-to-meet-chief-secretary-today-8549524/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The '''Kudmi Mahato''' are a tribal community in the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]] of [[India]]. They are primarily agriculturalist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bandh-in-jharkhand-as-kurmi-outfits-seek-inclusion-in-st-list-5149067/|title=Bandh in Jharkhand as Kurmi outfits seek inclusion in ST list|website=Indian express|date=24 April 2018 |accessdate=29 August 2023}}</ref>

==Classification ==
Kudmi were classified as a [[Criminal Tribes Act|Notified Tribe]] by the [[British Raj]] under the terms of the Indian Succession Act introduced in 1865 as they have customary rules of succession.<ref name="Bera">{{cite book |last1=Bera |first1=Gautam Kumar |title=The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India |date=2008 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-145-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|110}} Kudmi of Chotanagpur are different from [[Kurmi]] of Gangetic plain.<ref name="Bera" /> According to Mahanta (2003) kudmi follow [[totemism]] which stamps them as [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] descent and resembles to Dravidian tribe around them according to book ''[[The Tribes and Castes of Bengal]]'' (1891) written by [[Herbert Hope Risley]].{{r|Bera|p=113}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Māhāta |first=Paśupati Prasāda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXhuAAAAMAAJ&q=kudmis+in+Dravidian |title=Sanskritization Vs Nirbakization |date=2000 |publisher=Sujan Publications |isbn=978-81-85549-29-3 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, in 1913, they were classified as a Primitive tribe. Then they were omitted from the list of communities listed as tribes in the 1931 census.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1nqYqBBf_IC&pg=PA340 |title=Issues in Indian Politics |author=Lalan Tiwari |publisher=Mittal |year=1995 |isbn=9788170996187 |page=340 }}</ref>

They were not in the list of [[Scheduled Tribe]]s drawn up in 1950. They are included in the list of [[Other Backward Class]]es in the States of Jharkhand,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central List of Castes under Category OBC for Jharkhand |url=https://jharsewa.jharkhand.gov.in/resources/pdf/20/OBC.pdf |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref> West Bengal<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Other Backward Classes in West Bengal |url=https://www.wbcbc.gov.in/html/obc-list.html |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=wbcbc.gov.in}}</ref> and Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OBC List (Central) |url=https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-09/OBC_List_Central_Web-upload_.pdf |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=stsc.odisha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/kurmis-in-tribal-status-cry/cid/807085|title=Kurmis in tribal status cry|website=telegraphindia}}</ref> In 2004, the [[Government of Jharkhand]] recommended that they should be listed as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] rather than [[Other Backward Class]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cabinet-recommends-inclusion-of-Kurmis-in-ST-list/articleshow/935673.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Cabinet recommends inclusion of Kudmis in ST list |first=Jaideep |last=Deogharia |date=25 November 2004 |accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> The Tribal Research Institute of [[Government of India]] recommended against this proposal, claiming they are a sub-caste of the [[Kunbi]] and thus different to tribal people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdqoIVgN7YgC |title=Tribal Movements in India |date=2006 |publisher=Ajay Kumar Jain |isbn=978-81-7304-704-6 |pages=116 |language=en |quote=Another remarkable thing is that the Kurmis of Chota nagpur have no sub-division, no sub-caste or even no sub groups. This singleness of the unity of the community totally differentiates it from the Kurmis of Bihar who are divided into sub-castes, e.g., the Awadhia, Ghamaila, Kochaisa, Dhanuk, Joshwar, Sindriya, etc. This lack of division singularly confirms that the Kurmis of Chotanagpur have migrated somewhere from central part of India, where they have their original kinsmen, Kunbis. .. The totemistic organization of the Kurmis further indicate that Kurmis of Chotanagpur are distinct and different from the Kurmis of North Bihar who have titular gotras.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ronit Kumar |date=2022-09-22 |title=Kurmi Community Continues 'Rail Roko' Protest Over Demand For ST Status, Train Services Affected |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/kurmi-community-stages-rail-roko-protest-over-demand-for-st-status-37528 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="bhaskar"/> Therefore, In 2015, the [[Government of India]] refused to approve the recommendation of Jharkhand government to list the Kudmi Mahato as Schedule Tribe.<ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/jha-ran-hmu-lcl-issue-of-status-of-kurmi-caste-5815355-pho.html|title=कुरमी को ST का दर्जा तभी, जब TRI अनुशंसा करे, लेकिन रिसर्च वाला ही कोई नहीं है|website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref>

The language of Kudmi is [[Kurmali language|Kudmali/Kurmali]]. But according to study, Kurmali language have vocabulary which is neither [[Dravidian language|Dravidian]] nor [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]. The Kudmi people once spoke a distinct language, neither [[Munda languages|Munda]] nor [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] but also not [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], and at some point switched to the regional [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] ''[[lingua franca]]'' of that time, leaving a distinct substrate in their new language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paudyal |first1=Netra P. |last2=Peterson |first2=John |date=2020-09-01 |title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand |journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=327–358 |doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028 |s2cid=233732014 |issn=2196-0771|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In April 2023, a Kudmi organization of West Bengal and Jharkhand engaged in rail blockages and demanded Scheduled Tribe status,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/demand-for-st-status-state-puts-ball-in-the-centres-court-kudmis-plan-bigger-stir-8551436/|title=Demand for ST status: State puts ball in the Centre's court, Kudmis plan bigger stir|publisher=Indian express|date=12 April 2023|access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref> a demand which was opposed by some scheduled tribes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/tribals-oppose-parties-supporting-kurmis-demand-for-st-status/articleshow/98465184.cms|title=Tribals oppose parties supporting Kurmi's demand for ST status in Jharkhand|publisher=TimesofIndia|date=7 March 2023|access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lagatar24.com/kudmi-stir-for-st-status-angers-tribals-in-jharkhand/123093/|title=Kudmi stir for ST status angers tribals in Jharkhand |publisher=Lagatar24|date=26 September 2022|access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref>

==Religion and culture ==
Social organisations of this tribal community have agitated for scheduled tribe status and recognition of their traditional [[Sarna (religion)|Sarna]] religion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=Behind the Kudmis' agitation in Bengal and Jharkhand for Scheduled Tribe status |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-are-kudmis-and-why-they-are-protesting-in-bengal-8553035/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> During the 20th century, some Kudmis of [[Chhotanagpur]] underwent a social change of [[Kshatriyaization]] along with the [[Kurmi]] of North India<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pinch |url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc/page/89/mode/1up?q=kurmi&view=theater |title=Peasants and monks in British India |last2=R. |first2=William |date=1996 |publisher=Berkeley : University of California Press |pages=89 |quote=A striking feature of these peasant based social movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is the quality of their leadership. A new educated elite, which had begun to penetrate the lower and middle rungs of government service, provided the organizational frame for the status claims among communities formerly identified as servile. This is most evident among Kurmis, the first peasant community to organize a campaign for Kshatriya identity. By the 1890s the Kurmi-Kshatriya movement was being coordinated on a broad, transregional level.}}</ref>

Historically, the Kudmi Mahatos have been a noble class{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} who were landowning zamindars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mahato |first=Lakshmi Kanta |date=December 2022 |title=Socio-Political Mobilization of Kudmis in Junglemahal Region of West Bengal |url=https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2022/6/1682.pdf |journal=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=3 |quote=The major community of this region is Kudmi community and it is historically proven that they are rebellious in nature and are reluctant to be a slave, in other words they like to be independent and non-interference of outsiders, preferring the profession of cultivation. As they are one of the major community and are cultivators, owned a vast track of land. It is widely believed that if the said community was being included in the Schedule Tribe list, it was impossible to acquire their land to establish major industrial city like Bokaro, Dhanbad, and Jamshedpur.}}</ref> They exhibit upper-caste status<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Soma |title=Indigenous People and Nature |chapter=Bhumij in a heterogeneous society: Negotiating hierarchies and access to water in the Jungle Mahals of West Bengal |date=2022 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323916035000191 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-91603-5.00019-1 |pages=241–256 |isbn=978-0-323-91603-5 |quote=The Kurmi Mahato people exhibit an upper-caste status in the Pargela village and in lieu of that treat the Bhumij and scheduled castes in an inferior way.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Soma |title=Indigenous People and Nature |chapter=Bhumij in a heterogeneous society: Negotiating hierarchies and access to water in the Jungle Mahals of West Bengal |date=2022 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323916035000191 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-91603-5.00019-1 |pages=241–256 |isbn=978-0-323-91603-5 |quote=In the villages in the Jungle Mahal area of Purulia district, most of the villages do not have Brahmins. The Mahatos and Kshatriyas are the upper castes there.}}</ref> and performed priestly functions in the temples situated in western [[Rarh region]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Prabhat Ranjan |date=1981 |title=Ráŕh -The Cradle of Civilization, Part 1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/44381706 |journal=Academia.edu |pages=13 |quote=The Kurmi Mahatos of western Ráŕh also performed priestly functions in many such temples.}}</ref>

The traditional occupation of Kudmi is agriculture. Kudmi are divided into 81 clans or gushti including Keshria, Hindowar, Bagh Banwar, Nagwar, Punoriar, Bangsoar, Sankhwar, Kanbindha, Katiar, Dumriar, Karwar etc.<ref name="bhaskar" /><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFsVOKk7AqcC&q=katiar+kudmi | title=Man in Biosphere: A Case Study of Similipal Biosphere Reserve | year=2013 | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | isbn=9788121211635 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Paty |first=Chittaranjan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlAgRweCUoUC&dq=kudmi+totem&pg=PA38 |title=Forest, Government, and Tribe |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-406-6 |language=en}}</ref>

They are nature worshipers.{{r|Bera|p=107}} Bari Puja, [[Karam festival|Karam]], Chait Parab, [[Jitiya]], [[Bandna]], [[Tusu Festival|Tusu Parab]] are some of the major festivals of Kudmis. They worship Budha Baba in Madapthan and Garam at garamthan. [[Jhumair]] and [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] are their folk dance.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlAgRweCUoUC&pg=PA36|title=Forest, Government, and Tribe|isbn=9788180694066|last1=Paty|first1=Chittaranjan Kumar|year=2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref><ref name="etribaltribune">{{Cite web|url=http://www.etribaltribune.com/index.php/volume-2/mv2i11/bandana-festival-of-kudmis-of-eastern-india|title=Bandana Festival Of Kudmis Of Eastern India|website=etribaltribune}}</ref>

== Genetics ==
According to National Institute of Biomedical Genomics(NIBMG), the Kudmi Mahatos genetically cluster together with other [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] speaking populations of Bengal & Orissa region<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Analabha |title=National Institute of Biomedical Genomics |url=https://www.nibmg.ac.in/uploads/file-sharing/NIBMG_AR_2022-23_English.pdf |access-date=19 April 2024 |pages=12–15}}</ref> indicating less genetic distance between both the populations. The study also identifies the Kudmi population as Indo-European speaking who have a geographic proximity with the [[Mundari language|Mundari]] speaking populations, also mentioned by [[Genome India Project]] (GIP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Initial English Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://dbtindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20Annual%20Report%20English%202022-23.pdf |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Department of Biotechnology |pages=67–68}}</ref>

Although clustered together with other Indo-European populations such as Rahri Brahmins, [[Kayastha]], [[Mahishya]] and Oriya Brahmin, they show a considerable affinity with the Austroasiatic populations.<ref name=":4" />

== Roles in Indian's freedom struggle ==
The Kudmi Mahato community played a role in various rebellions in [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom struggle]]. In the [[Quit India Movement]], many Kudmi Mahatos were martyred. Kudmis also actively participated in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]]. Five Kudmi Mahato youths were martyred in this movement. These are Gokul Mahato, Mohan Mahato, Sahadeb Mahato, Ganesh Mahato.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Anis Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3puAAAAMAAJ&q=mohan+mahato |title=Regionalism in Indian Politics |last2=Singh |first2=Bhanwar |date=1997 |publisher=Radha Publications |isbn=978-81-7487-094-0 |language=en |pages=133}}</ref> Many were also jailed. Girish Mahato, Nanku Chandra Mahato, Govinda Mahato, Dasharath Mahato, Chunaram Mahato, Mathan Mahato and others were imprisoned in [[Hazaribagh]] Jail during [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's]] [[civil disobedience movement]]. Padak Mahato was also imprisoned in [[Bhagalpur]] Jail. Sagar Mahato, [[Bhajahari Mahato]], Bhim Mahato, Satyakinkar Mahato, Mohini Mahato were imprisoned for doing satyagraha in 1941. Then in 1942, Satyakinkar Mahato was imprisoned from [[Manbazar]] during the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India movement]]. Chunaram Mahato and Govinda Mahato were martyred during the siege of [[Manbazar|Manbazar police station]] in 1942. Among the women Bhavini Mahato played a prominent role. Jagadish Mahato of [[Dhanbad district|(Dhanbad-Parabasnia)]] also took an active part in the [[Quit India Movement|Quit India movement]]. Many others are also involved.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxUOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kaliya+Mahato&pg=PA184|title=The Coolie's Great War: Indian Labour in a Global Conflict, 1914-1921|last=Singha|first=Radhika|date=2020-12-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-756690-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdf_JXMklV0C&q=chanku+mahato|title=People of India: Bihar (2 pts.)|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=2008|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-85579-09-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urqvDQAAQBAJ&dq=Gokul+Mahato&pg=RA1-PA1917|title=WHO'S WHO OF INDIAN MARTYRS VOL.I|last=CHOPRA|first=P. N.|date=1969|publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India|isbn=978-81-230-2180-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXhuAAAAMAAJ&q=chunaram+mahato|title=Sanskritization Vs Nirbakization|last=Māhāta|first=Paśupati Prasāda|date=2000|publisher=Sujan Publications|isbn=978-81-85549-29-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul6fWJQOfzwC&dq=raghunath+mahato&pg=PA46|title=Tribal Movements in Jharkhand, 1857-2007|last1=Mishra|first1=Asha|last2=Paty|first2=Chittaranjan Kumar|date=2010|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-686-2|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==
===King===
*[[Damodar Sekhar]], 1st Raja of Panchkot Raj{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

===Freedom Fighters===
*[[Raghunath Mahato]] (1738 – 1778), freedom fighter
*[[Buli Mahato]] (? - 1834), freedom fighter
*[[Chanku Mahato]] (1816 – 1856), freedom fighter
*[[Bhajahari Mahato]], (1911 - 2003), freedom fighter and later become member of parliament from Purilia
*[[Nirmal Mahato]], (1950–1987), Jharkhand freedom fighter

===Politicians===
*[[Abha Mahato]], member of parliament to the [[12th Lok Sabha]] from [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Jharkhand
*[[Amit Mahto]], member of legislative assembly to the [[4th Jharkhand Assembly]] from [[Silli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]], member of parliament to the [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Jharkhand
*[[Binod Bihari Mahato]] (1923–1991), Lawyer and politician
*[[Dhananjay Mahato]] (1919–2014), freedom fighter, social activist and politician
*[[Jagarnath Mahto]] (1967–2023) Former Education Minister of Jharkhand
*[[Anand Mahato]], member of legislative assembly [[Sindri Assembly constituency]] Jharkhand
*[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]], member of legislative assembly to the [[6th Jharkhand Assembly]] from [[Dumri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato]], member of parliament to the [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)]], West Bengal
*[[Mathura Prasad Mahto]], member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
*[[Mriganko Mahato]], member of parliament to the [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)]], West Bengal
*[[Narahari Mahato]], member of parliament to the [[15th Lok Sabha]] from [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)]], West Bengal
*[[Nirmal Mahato]] (1950–1987), political activist, Founder of [[AJSU]]
*[[Raj Kishore Mahato]], former member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Sabita Mahato]], member of legislative assembly to the [[5th Jharkhand Assembly]] from [[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Shailendra Mahato]], member of parliament to the [[9th Lok Sabha]] from [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Jharkhand
*[[Srikanta Mahata]], member of legislative assembly to the 15th West Bengal Assembly from [[Salboni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Shiva Mahto]], Member of legislative assembly Bihar (Dumari)
*[[Sudesh Mahto]], former Deputy Chief Minister of Jharkhand
*[[Sudhir Mahato]] (1961–2014) Former Deputy Chief Minister of Jharkhand, JMM
*[[Suman Mahato]], member of parliament to the [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Jharkhand
*[[Sunil Kumar Mahato]] (1966–2007), member of parliament to the [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Jharkhand
*[[Bablu Mahato]], member of legislative assembly [[6th Jharkhand Assembly]] [[Sindri Assembly constituency]] Jharkhand
*[[Baby Devi]] member of legislative assembly [[Dumri Assembly constituency]]

===Athletes===
*[[Deepika Kumari]], 4 times Olympian Archer
*[[Purnima Mahato]], Achery coach Jamshedpur

== See also ==
*[[Sadan peoples|Sadan people]]
*[[Mahto]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===

{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Islam |first=Joheb |date=13 June 2020 |title=Social Mobility Movement of Kudmi-Mahato in Jhargram District of West Bengal: A Sociological Case Study |url=http://www.katwacollegejournal.com/issues/J%2520Islam-Sociology-Social%2520Mobility%2520Movement%2520of%2520Kudmi-Mahato.pdf |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Research on Social and Natural Sciences |volume=V |issue=1 |issn=2455-5916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024224017/http://www.katwacollegejournal.com/issues/J%20Islam-Sociology-Social%20Mobility%20Movement%20of%20Kudmi-Mahato.pdf |archive-date=24 Oct 2020 }}
* {{Multiref2|{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIIiAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribal movements in India |publisher=Manohar Publication |year=1983 |isbn=81-7304-702-2 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=K. S. |location=New Delhi |pages=112 |chapter=The Mahato-Kurmi Mahasabha Movement in Chotanagpur |oclc=9360465 }}
|{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_t1iPwAACAAJ |title=Tribal movements in India |volume=II|publisher=Manohar Publication |year=2006 |edition=Reprint |isbn=9788173047084 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=K. S. |location=New Delhi |pages=109–117 |chapter=The Mahato-Kurmi Mahasabha Movement in Chotanagpur |oclc=489099980 }} [https://archive.org/details/tmi.singh_vol.ii Alt URL]}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kudumi Mahato}}
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Tribes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tribes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Tribes of India]]

Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2009

2026-03-25T18:28:01Z

Serzccd:

{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}

{{use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| status = in force
}}
The '''Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2009''' is a law passed by the [[Gujarat]] Assembly in December 2009. The act provides for reservation of 50% seat in local government and makes [[voting compulsory]]. The act amended the [[Bombay]] Provincial Municipal Corp Act 1949, the Gujarat Municipalities Act 1963, and the Gujarat Panchayat's Act 1993.

The new rule applies to the elections to all seven municipal corporations, 159 municipalities, 26 district panchayats, 223 taluka panchayats and in 13,713 village panchayats of the state.
The Governor of Gujarat OP Kohli in first week of November 2014 signed the Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Act 2009 and gave his sanction for implementation.

According to the act, voters will have to compulsorily vote in local body elections. The act also provides 50 percent reservation for women in all local body's elections.
With passage of this act, Gujarat became the first state of the country to make compulsorily voting in local body elections. The act was passed by the legislative assembly twice in 2009 and 2011 when [[Narendra Modi]] was Chief Minister of the state.

Provisions of the act says that any person who fails to vote during the local body elections is liable for punishment and will be penalised, however, the nature of penalty that would be taken against defaulters has not be disclosed.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gujarat-first-state-to-make-voting-must-in-local-body-elections/articleshow/45092866.cms Gujarat first state to make voting must in local body elections]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/42164/voting-mandatory-gujarat-local-polls.html Voting mandatory in Gujarat local polls]
* [http://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/?tag=gujarat]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gujarat-first-state-to-make-voting-must-in-local-body-elections/articleshow/45092866.cms Gujarat first state to make voting must in local body elections]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2009}}
[[Category:Proposed laws of India]]
[[Category:2009 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Local government in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Election law in India]]
[[Category:Gujarat state legislation]]

{{India-law-stub}}

Pipasar

2026-03-25T17:57:40Z

Serzccd: Made a info from scratch...

{{orphan|date=July 2024}}
{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pipasar
| native_name = पीपासर
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name = Pimpasar
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|27|32|26|N|73|40|18|E|type:city_region:IN}}
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name =
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaur District]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 341029
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pipasar''' is a village in the [[Nagaur district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Pipasar Pin Code - 341029, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search nagaur Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/nagaur/pipasar-pincode-341029.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पिन कोड of Pipasar BO: Pipasar BO Pin Code and Nagaur Post Office Address - NDTV.in |url=https://ndtv.in/tools/pincodes-india/rajasthan/nagaur/pipasar-bo |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pipasar BO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Pipasar BO locality of Rajasthan - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/rajasthan/nagaur/pipasar-bo |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Historical Significance ==
[[Guru Jambheshwar|Guru Jambheswar Ji]], also known as Jambhoji, was born to a [[Parmar (clan)]] in Pipasar village of Nagaur district of Rajasthan in the [[1451|year 1451]], [[Vikram Samvat|Vikrami Samvat]] 1508, on Krishna (black) 8th day of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadarpad month]] (same day of [[Krishna|Krishna's birth]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-23 |title=Guru Jambheshwar Mandir Pipasar {{!}} गुरु जम्भेश्वर मंदिर पीपासर |url=https://www.temple.bishnoism.org/2021/01/guru-jambheshwar-mandir-pipasar.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Guru Jambheshwar temple : गुरु जम्भेश्वर मंदिर}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=Pipasar Dham : Guru Jambheshwar Temple |url=https://www.temple.bishnoism.org/2021/03/pipasar-dham.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Guru Jambheshwar temple : गुरु जम्भेश्वर मंदिर}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पीपासर: गुरु जम्भेश्वर का जन्मस्थान और अवतार स्थल |url=https://www.bishnoi.co.in/2021/01/pipasar-mandir.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Bishnoi - Wikipedia of Bishnoi Caste and Bishnoi Movement |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-24 |title=पैनोरमा में गुरु जंभेश्वर, 29 नियमों को रंगीन और कलात्मक डिजाइन के साथ दर्शाया |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/panorama-you-will-get-information-related-to-lord-guru-jambheshwar-7994900.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nagaur district]]

Construction industry in India

2026-03-22T22:15:28Z

Serzccd: Created First Pg W/ Sources

{{Short description|Secondary sector}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2012}}
The '''[[construction industry]] of India''' is an important indicator of the development as it creates investment opportunities across various related sectors. With a share of around 8.2%, the construction industry has contributed an estimated ₹670,778 [[crore]]s ({{USD}} 131 billion)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=16589|title=Reserve Bank of India - Publications|website=www.rbi.org.in|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> to the national GDP at factor cost in 2011–12.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/indian-industries/2012/construction-2012.html|title=Indian Construction Industry at a Glance in 2011-2012}}</ref> In 2011, there were slightly over 500 construction equipment manufacturing companies in all of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anythingresearch.in/Mining-Quarrying-Construction-Machinery-Manufacturing.html |title=India's Construction Equipment Manufacturing Industry Report |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311181146/http://www.anythingresearch.in/Mining-Quarrying-Construction-Machinery-Manufacturing.html |archive-date=11 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The sector is [[labor-intensive]] and, including [[indirect jobs]], provides employment to more than 49.5 million people.

The construction sector is visualized to play a powerful role in economic growth, in addition to producing structures that add to productivity and quality of life. economic development is a term that economic politicians and others have used frequently in the 20th century, modernization westernization, and especially industrialization are other terms people have used while discussing economic development. economic development has a direct relationship with the environment. government undertaking to meet go abroad economic objectives such as price stability, high employment, and [[sustainable growth]], such efforts include financial and economic policies, regulations of financial industry trade, and tax policies.<ref name="centroesteroveneto">{{cite web|title=Construction Becomes a Key Industry in India|url=http://www.centroesteroveneto.com/pdf/Osservatorio%20Mercati/India/Ricerche%20di%20Mercato/2009/Construction%20Sector.pdf|access-date=14 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212004453/http://www.centroesteroveneto.com/pdf/Osservatorio%20Mercati/India/Ricerche%20di%20Mercato/2009/Construction%20Sector.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Future challenges==
India's population is expected to increase to 1.7 billion by 2050, and the results show that this will put a lot of pressure on people. India is facing a problem of inefficiency, which may pose a major problem, the future of the construction industry and world and the development of its infrastructure. However, India's efficiency is very serious, which may be due to the underdeveloped labor force and the time and cost overruns faced by each project.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY STRUCTURE IN INDIA|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280923884|journal=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>

== Top Construction Leaders in India ==

* Raviraj Realty, Pune

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Economy of India topics}}
{{Construction overview}}

[[Category:Construction industry in India| ]]

Parudeesa

2026-03-19T18:07:01Z

Serzccd: Made first entry with sources...

{{short description|2012 Indian film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parudeesa
| image = File:Parudeesa_2012_Movie_Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Sarath]]
| producer = Thampi Antony
| writer = Vinu Abraham
| starring = [[Sreenivasan]] Thampy Antony [[Swetha Menon]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]] (songs) [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]] (score)
| cinematography = Sajan Kalathil
| editing = [[B. Ajithkumar]]
| studio = Kayal Films
| distributor = Remya Movies
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|10|26}}
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
| country = India
}}
'''''Parudeesa''''' ({{Translation|Paradise}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language drama film directed by [[R. Sarath]] and written by Vinu Abraham. The film stars [[Sreenivasan]], Thampy Antony, and [[Swetha Menon]]. It explores the conflict between orthodox and unorthodox religious beliefs.<ref name="A question of faith">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/a-question-of-faith/article4030564.ece|title=A question of faith|first=Nita|last=Satyendran|date=25 October 2012|accessdate=26 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=[[Kochi, India]]}}</ref> Set in a remote hillside hamlet, the story revolves around a priest who adheres to tradition, and a verger, who holds a more liberated view of religion and life.

''Parudeesa'' was the last film [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] completed before his accident. The film was released on 26 October 2012.

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=September 2024}}
It tells the story of a [[Catholic]] parish in a hillside village in [[Kerala]]. Set in two milieus – Kerala of the sixties and seventies and that of the eighties and nineties – the film unfolds through the conflict of ideals between Bishop Aanjalithanam, an orthodox Bishop, who is the last word in the parish, and a firebrand Priest named Jose, who believes that Christ was the original revolutionary. Both of them believe that their way to God is the true path, the only path.

As he sets out to bring a change in society, increasingly Father Jose finds himself facing opposition at every turn, and that's not only from Bishop Aanjalithanam but from within the parish and the extended village community too. The catalyst for the conflict is feisty Theresia, an umarried maid who works in the kitchen of a nearby convent. Jagathy Sreekumar also has an important role in the film, as the powerful secretary of the church committee.

==Cast==
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Bishop Aanjalithanam
* [[Thampy Antony]] as Father Jose<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/all-rounders/one-actor-many-roles-956|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806113633/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/all-rounders/one-actor-many-roles-956|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2012|title=One actor, many roles|first=Deepa|last=Soman|date=6 August 2012|accessdate=26 October 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|location=[[Kozhikode]]}}</ref>
* [[Swetha Menon]] as Theresia
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Antochan
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Mammachan, the rubber tapper
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Authachan's wife
* [[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]]

==Production==
''Parudeesa'' was produced by Thampy Antony under the banner of Kayal Films. It was mainly shot in Erumapra near [[Erattupetta]] and Vinu Abraham says it was more like a miracle to find the exact locale he visualised for the film. "We wanted a church that stands high on a mountainous terrain and got this ancient church that was established more than a century back by the missionaries. It was the first time a movie camera entered its premises," he says.<ref name=NIE/> The film's background score is by Issac Thomas Kottukapally while the songs are composed by [[Ouseppachan]]. Thampi Antony who is acting in as well as producing the film pens a song in the film. The song starting with the lines, "Yathra Chodikkunnu", is sung by [[Vijay Yesudas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/thambi-antony-wields-pen-576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216133816/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/thambi-antony-wields-pen-576|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2012|title=Thambi Antony wields the pen|first=Priya|last=Sreekumar|date=15 February 2012|accessdate=26 October 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|location=[[Kochi, India]]}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was released on 26 October 2012.

===Critical reception===
The critic of [[Sify.com]] rated the film "Below Average" and wrote, "There is a decent storyline here but the problem is the way it has been narrated. . The usual cliches of the offbeat films are there and the efforts to commercialise the presentation have ended up as a rather half-baked one." The reviewer also criticised Thampi Antony's performance stating that the actor is "evidently struggling to fit in to the role".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/parudeesa-review-malayalam-15011639.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191349/http://www.sify.com/movies/parudeesa-review-malayalam-15011639.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Movie Review: Parudeesa|first=|last=|date=29 October 2012|accessdate=30 October 2012|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film became controversial for inciting the clergymen in the film. In reply to the controversies created, Sarath said: "It's a baseless allegation that the film instigates an anti-religious propaganda. In fact ''Parudeesa'' is a film that glorifies Christ. It makes a jibe at the situation where religion supersedes everything else, even god. From the progressive ideologies of 60s and 70s we are going back to the perils of theocracy. The film attacks superstitions and regression from a pointblank position."<ref name=NIE>Navamy Sudhish (28 October 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130413193720/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1313788.ece "We are going back to theocracy"]. ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</ref> Vinu Abraham Vinu Abraham says in a sense ''Parudeesa'' attempts to define faith. "We are trying to tell that despite all its external rigidity, religion, at its core, should be a progressive forum," says Vinu.<ref name=NIE/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2012 drama films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films about Christianity]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Sarath]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]

V. P. Ramalingam

2026-03-19T09:10:21Z

Serzccd: rework layout as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[V. P. Ramalingame]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Department of Co-operation (Kerala)

2026-03-16T18:19:28Z

Serzccd:

{{Short description|Co-operative sector administrative department in Kerala}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Co-operation
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| jurisdiction = Kerala, India
| headquarters = Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| minister1_name = [[V. N. Vasavan]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Co-operation
| chief1_name = Dr. Veena N Madhavan IAS
| chief1_position = Special Secretary to Government (Co-operation)
| chief2_name = Dr. D. Sajith Babu IAS
| chief2_position = Registrar of Co-operative Societies
| parent_department = [[Government of Kerala]]
| website = {{URL|https://cooperation.kerala.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Department of Co-operation''' is an administrative department of the [[Government of Kerala]], responsible for the development, regulation, and supervision of the [[Cooperative|co-operative sector]] in the state. The department oversees all registered co-operative societies, including co-operative banks, credit societies, marketing societies, and sector-specific cooperative institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Co-operation – Government of Kerala |url=https://cooperation.kerala.gov.in |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=cooperation.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-20 |title=Minister on Kerala tour to study co-operative society model |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/minister-on-kerala-tour-to-study-co-operative-society-model/articleshow/120460826.cms |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Cooperation; Co-operative Expo at Kanakakkunnu |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/deshabhimani-english-/kerala-news/co-operative-expo-at-kanakakkunnu-thiruvananthapuram-70053 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref>

The department ensures implementation of cooperative policies, facilitates financial assistance, regulates registration of societies, and enforces the provisions of the [[Kerala Co-operative Societies Act, 1969]]. It plays a significant role in rural development, agricultural credit, and the [[cooperative banking]] structure in [[Kerala]].

== Leadership ==
The department is headed by a [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] of the [[Government of Kerala]], and the current Minister for Co-operation is '''[[V. N. Vasavan]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Council of Ministers – Kerala Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/chief_minister/ministers |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref>

The administrative head of the department is the '''Special Secretary to Government (Co-operation)''', an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. The Secretary oversees policy formulation, administrative decisions, and coordination with field agencies.

The operational authority for co-operative administration and regulation lies with the Registrar of Co-operative Societies, who is responsible for supervision of all registered cooperative societies in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Registrar of Co-operative Societies – Department of Co-operation |url=https://cooperation.kerala.gov.in/registrar |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref> The current Registrar of Co-operative Societies is Dr. D.Sajith Babu IAS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. D.Sajith Babu IAS (Registrar of Co-operative Societies) – KERALA CO-OPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT & WELFARE FUND BOARD |url=https://kcdwfb.com/cpo_team/dr-p-b-nooh-ias-registrar-of-co-operative-society/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Functional Structure ==

=== Registrar of Co-operative Societies (RCS) ===
The Registrar of Co-operative Societies exercises statutory powers for:
* Registration and regulation of co-operative societies.
* Conduct of elections to society governing bodies.
* Audit and inspection of co-operative institutions.
* Supervision and enforcement under the Kerala Co-operative Societies Act, 1969 and Rules, 1969.

District-level cooperative administration is carried out by District Co-operative Officers, Joint Registrars, and Assistant Registrars.

== Functions ==
The major functions of the Department include:
* Registration, supervision, and inspection of co-operative societies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Co-operative Societies Act, 1969 – Government of Kerala |url=https://cooperation.kerala.gov.in/acts |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref>
* Promotion and development of co-operative institutions across various sectors (agriculture, dairy, banking, consumer, housing, etc.).
* Implementation of cooperative development policies and welfare schemes.
* Ensuring transparency and accountability in co-operative institutions.
* Financial support and credit facilitation through cooperative banks and apex agencies.

== Subordinate Institutions ==

=== Directorates / Field Offices ===
* Office of the Registrar of Co-operative Societies (RCS)
* District Co-operative Offices (14 districts)

== Apex and Allied Institutions ==

The organisations under the Co-operative Department are classified into:
* Apex co-operative institutions under the administrative control of the Registrar of Co-operative Societies
* Apex institutions under Functional Registrars (sector-specific co-operative institutions)
* Other Regional and State-wide co-operative institutions

=== Apex Institutions under the Administrative Control of Registrar of Co-operative Societies ===
# [[Kerala Bank|Kerala State Cooperative Bank]] (Kerala Bank) – {{URL|https://keralabank.co.in/}}
# [[Kerala State Cooperative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank]] – {{URL|https://keralalandbank.in/}}
# [[Kerala State Co-operative Consumers Federation Limited|Kerala State Cooperative Consumer Federation]] (Consumerfed) – {{URL|https://consumerfed.net/}}
# [[Kerala State Cooperative Marketing Federation]] (Marketfed) – {{URL|http://marketfed.com/2019/}}
# [[Kerala State Cooperative Rubber Marketing Federation]] (Rubbermark) – {{URL|https://www.rubbermark.com/}}
# Kerala State Cooperative Housing Federation (Housefed)
# Kerala State Cooperative Hospital Federation (Hospitalfed)
# [[Kerala State SC/ST Development Federation]] (SC/ST Fed) – {{URL|https://sctfed.com/}}
# Kerala Women Cooperative Federation (Vanithafed) – {{URL|http://www.vanithafedkerala.com/}}
# Kerala State Cooperative Labour Cooperative Federation (Labourfed)
# Kerala State Cooperative Tourism Federation (Tourfed) – {{URL|https://tourfed.org/}}

=== Apex Institutions under Functional Registrars ===
# Kerala State Handloom Weavers Co-operative Society (Hantex)
# Kerala State Co-operative Coir Marketing Federation (Coirfed) – {{URL|https://coirfed.com/}}
# Kerala Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (MILMA) – {{URL|https://www.milma.com/}}
# Kerala State Cooperative Fish Marketing Federation (Matsyafed) – {{URL|https://matsyafed.in/}}
# Kerala State Textile Co-operative Federation (Texfed) – {{URL|https://texfed.kerala.gov.in/}}
# Kerala State Cashew Workers Apex Industrial Cooperative Society (CAPEX) – {{URL|http://www.cashewcapex.com/}}
# Kerala Handicrafts Apex Co-operative Society (SURABHI)
# Kerala State Rural Women's Electronics Industrial Co-operative Federation (RUTRONIX) – {{URL|https://keralastaterutronix.com/}}
# Kerala Coconut Farmers Co-operative Federation (Kerafed) – {{URL|https://www.kerafed.com/}}

=== Regional and State-wide Co-operative Institutions ===
# Regional Agro Industrial Development Corporation (RAIDCO) – {{URL|http://www.raidco.in/}}
# Kerala State Rubber Co-operative Ltd (RUBCO) – {{URL|https://www.rubcogroup.com/}}
# Kerala Dinesh Beedi Central Co-operative Society – {{URL|https://www.keraladinesh.com/}}
# Kerala State Co-operative Institute of Information Technology (COSTECH) – {{URL|http://www.costech.in/}}
# Kerala State Engineering & Transport Development Co-operative Society (KETCO)
# Artisans Development Corporation (ARTCO)
# Co-operative Insurance Society (COINS) – {{URL|http://coinskerala.com/}}
# Kerala State Engineering and Infrastructure Service Co-operative Society (KEISCO)
# Kerala State Legal Metrology Licensees and Technicians Co-operative Society
# Kerala State Pravasi Welfare Development Co-operative Society (PRAVASIS Ltd) – {{URL|http://pravasisltd.com/}}
# Kerala State Pravasi Welfare and Development Co-operative Society – {{URL|https://pravasicoop.com/}}
# Kerala Tourism Development Co-operative Society

=== Regional and State-wide Institutions under Functional Registrars ===
# Thiruvananthapuram Regional Co-operative Milk Producers Union (TRCMPU) – {{URL|http://milmatrcmpu.com/}}
# Ernakulam Regional Co-operative Milk Producers Union (ERCMPU) – {{URL|http://ercmpu.in/}}
# Malabar Regional Co-operative Milk Producers Union (MRCMPU) – {{URL|https://www.mrcmpu.com/}}
# Kerala State Agro Co-operative Ltd (AGREENCO)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]
[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]
[[Category:Cooperatives in India]]

Manoj Jarange

2026-03-14T22:20:51Z

Serzccd: starting article

{{Short description|Indian activist (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manoj Jarange
| image = Manoj jarange patil.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Manoj Raosaheb Jarange
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|08|01}}
| birth_place = Matori, [[Beed district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| occupation = {{hlist|Social activist}}
| yearsactive = 2012–present
| alma mater =
| spouse = Sumitra Patil
| domesticpartner =
| children = One son and 3 daughters
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Manoj Raosaheb Jarange''' (born 1 August 1982),<ref>{{Cite web |title=मनोज जरांगे पाटील, मराठा आरक्षणाचे आंदोलक:शेती विकली, घर तारण ठेवले, तरीही मराठा समाजाचा सेवायज्ञ ठेवला तेवत|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/local/maharashtra/aurangabad/jalna/news/manoj-jarange-patil-profile-maratha-reservation-jalna-struggle-story-and-life-journey-of-jarange-patil-131816964.html|access-date=29 January 2024|website=[[Divya Marathi]]}}</ref> also known as '''Manoj Jarange Patil''', is an Indian activist fighting for the [[Maratha reservation agitation|Marathas to be recognized as an OBC group]]. He is based in the state of [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-23 |title=Jarange-Patil announces another hunger strike next month in Mumbai; Maharashtra CM says SC to take up hearing on Maratha quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jarange-patil-announces-another-hunger-strike-next-month-in-mumbai-maharashtra-cm-says-sc-to-take-up-hearing-on-maratha-quota/article67669760.ece |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Jarange, born in [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha caste]], is originally from the Matori village of [[Shirur Kasar]] (previously in Gevrai TQ.) tehsil in [[Beed district]], settled in Shahagad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Antarwali Sarathi: Centre of Maratha reservation movement |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/antarwali-sarathi-centre-of-maratha-reservation-movement/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Lokmat Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Jarange Patil and his wife Sumitra are parents to 3 daughters and a son. He is the youngest of four brothers and lives with his mother and father.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maratha Reservation activist Manoj Jarange Patil: Inspiring Journey and Achievements |url=https://votermood.com/biography/Manoj-Jarange-Patil |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Maratha Reservation activist Manoj Jarange Patil: Inspiring Journey and Achievements |language=en}}</ref> He joined the Maratha reservation movement 15 years ago. Later, he founded the ''Shivba Sanghatana'' (English translation: Shivaji organisation) to organize protests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=Who is Manoj Jarange Patil ? Leader Of Maratha Quota Protest |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/who-is-manoj-jarange-patil-leader-of-maratha-quota-protest-article-107177047 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Mrityunjay |title=Manoj Jarange-Patil breaks new ground in Maharashtra |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/manoj-jarange-patil-breaks-new-ground-in-maharashtra-2866651 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Activism ==
{{see also|Maratha reservation agitation}}
Jarange gained attention during a hunger strike in September 2023 at Antarwali-Sarathi village.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-24 |title=Who is Manoj Jarange-Patil, man at forefront of Maratha quota agitation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-manoj-jarange-patil-man-at-forefront-of-maratha-quota-agitation-101706079959099.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He led a protest march, part of the [[Maratha Kranti Morcha]] and Sakal Maratha Samaj, from his hometown in [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]], originally intended for [[Azad Maidan]] in [[South Mumbai]] starting 26 January 2024. The aim was to advocate for expanding [[Kunbi]] [[Other Backward Class]] certification to Marathas, enabling them to access OBC benefits, including a 27 percent reservation in government jobs and education in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=Mumbai News Highlights: As Shinde govt expands Kunbi status for Marathas, OBCs ready to take fight to court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-news-live-updates-maratha-quota-activist-manoj-jarange-patil-9129856/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In continuation of the protest, Jarange-Patil began fasting in [[Vashi]], [[Navi Mumbai]]. But it ended on 27 January 2024, when [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] [[Eknath Shinde]] assured that the Maratha community would receive OBC benefits until securing a reservation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Abhinay |date=2024-01-27 |title=Maratha quota stir {{!}} Jarange Patil ends protest in the presence of Chief Minister Shinde |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maratha-quota-stir-jarange-patil-to-end-protest-meet-chief-minister-shinde/article67782210.ece |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 29 August 2025, he led another protest march across [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maratha quota stir {{!}} Manoj Jarange Mumbai Morcha|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mumbai-news/manoj-jarange-mumbai-morcha-traffic-advisory-road-closures-and-route-diversions/articleshow/123576610.cms |access-date=2025-08-29 |work=The Economic Times |language=en-IN }}</ref> Multiple road closures brought traffic to a standstill, leaving residents to bear the brunt of the chaos. He ended his protest on 2 September 2025 when the [[Maharashtra government]] finally agreed to his demand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2025 |title=Maratha Morcha: Protesters disperse as Manoj Jarange ends hunger strike. |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/maratha-morcha-protesters-disperse-as-manoj-jarange-ends-hunger-strike-south-mumbai-roads-cleared-23592213 |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=Midday}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2025 |title=Maratha Protest Latest Update: 'We Have Won..Will Leave Azad Maidan By 9 PM If Demands Met', Says Manoj Jarange. |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maratha-protest-latest-update-manoj-jaranges-2-month-ultimatum-for-govt-says-include-marathas-in-obc-drop-cases-against-agitators |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* ''[[Sangharsh Yoddha Manoj Jarange Patil]]'', a 2024 Marathi-language film directed by Shivaji Doltade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Sangharsh Yoddha Teaser Out: A Biopic on Maratha Quota Activist Manoj Jarange Patil |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/sangharsh-yoddha-teaser-out-a-biopic-on-maratha-quota-activist-manoj-jarange-patil-a507/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[Lokmat Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Aamhi Jarange'', a 2024 Marathi-language film starred [[Makarand Deshpande]] in the leading role.<ref>{{Cite news|title=EXCLUSIVE: Makarand Deshpande to play Manoj Jarange-Patil in a biopic|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/exclusive-makarand-deshpande-to-play-manoj-jarange-patil-in-a-biopic/articleshow/110077309.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2024-05-13|access-date=2025-11-29|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.newindianexpress.com/topic/manoj-jarange-patil Manoj Jarange Patil] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Indian Express]]''
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/jarange-patil Manoj Jarange Patil] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]''

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Manoj Jarange}}
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Beed district]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

K. Satchidananda Murty

2026-03-13T15:52:56Z

Serzccd: Added first post first draft!

{{Short description|Indian philosopher (1924–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region = [[Hinduism]]
| era = 20th Century
| name = Kotha Satchidananda Murty
| image = KothaSatchidanandaMurthyPic.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1924|9|25}}
| birth_place = [[Sangam Jagarlamudi, Guntur district]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|01|25|1924|09|25}}
| death_place = [[Guntur, Andhra Pradesh]]
| school_tradition =
| main_interests = [[Indian philosophy]]
| notable_works = Evolution of Indian Philosophy
| alma_mater = [[Andhra University]]
| institutions = {{ubl|Andhra University|[[Sri Venkateswara University]]|[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|[[Central University for Tibetan Studies]]}}
| notable_ideas =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Bhushan]]|[[Padma Vibhushan]]}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
}}

'''Kotha Satchidananda Murty''' (1924-2011) was an Indian [[philosopher]] and professor. Murty served as the Professor of Philosophy, [[Andhra University]], [[Visakhapatnam]] and Vice-Chancellor of [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[South India]]. He specialized in Buddhist philosophy and contributed extensively to Mahayana Buddhism. His treatise on the teachings of Nagarjuna is well acclaimed.<ref name="Murty1971">{{cite book|author=K. Satchidananda Murty|title=Nagarjuna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DwhAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=13 June 2021|year=1971|publisher=National Book Trust, India; [chief stockists in India: India Book House, Bombay}}</ref>

==Education==
Murty was born in 1924 in a small village [[Sangam Jagarlamudi]], [[Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] to Kotha Veerabhadraiah and Ratnamamba. He completed the school study in the village and Intermediate education from [[Hindu College (Guntur)|Hindu College]], [[Guntur]]. He graduated from [[Andhra University]], [[Visakhapatnam]] and carried out Ph.D. research in philosophy from the same university.

==Career ==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
Murty served as [[professor]] of [[philosophy]] at [[Princeton University]] in 1959. In 1960, he joined [[Andhra University]] as a professor. 1963 saw Murty join the [[Renmin University of China|Peoples University, Beijing, China]] in the same capacity as before, additionally also serving as a professor at [[University of Hyderabad]]. He was then appointed special officer at the Centre for Post Graduate Studies, [[Guntur]] in 1971. Murty has also served as vice-chancellor of [[Sri Venkateswara University]], Tirupati(1975) & [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies|Central Institute of Tibetan Studies]], Sarnath(1989), whilst also being appointed as vice-chairman of The University Grants Commission, New Delhi, in 1986.

==Works==
* His lectures on Philosophy of Religion - "The Realm of Between" has gained wide acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|last1=J. De Marneffe|title=Reviews|url=http://unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/ipq/english/IPQ/1-5%20volumes/03-4/3-4-8.pdf|website=Unipune.ac|access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> It was published by [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], Simla in 1973. It was based on three of his lectures delivered in Oxford and in London in 1963. They are based on the various themes like "Suffering", "Salvation", "Religious Action", "Transcendental Philosophy" etc., Subsequently, a group of professors in Andhra University published his lectures in a volume entitled ''Collected Criticism of K. Satchidananda Murty'' in 1975.
* Revelation and reason in [[Advaita Vedanta]], Ph.D. thesis submitted to Andhra University and subsequently published by [[Motilal Banarsidass]], Delhi in 1974.
* Life, thought, and culture in India, c. AD 300–1000, as a [[Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture]] and published by [[Centre for Studies in Civilizations]], New Delhi.
* Ethics, education, Indian unity, and culture : addresses in universities from Kashi to Kashmir, 1980–89, some excerpts, 1991.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ethics, education, Indian unity, and culture: addresses in universities from Kashi to Kashmir, 1980-89, some excerpts|first=K. Satchidananda|last=Murty|date=13 June 1991|publisher=Ajanta Publications|oclc=27173036 }}</ref>
* Readings in Indian history, politics and philosophy, published by [[Allen & Unwin]], London in 1967.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Readings in Indian history, politics and philosophy|first=K. Satchidananda|last=Murty|date=13 June 1967|publisher=Allen & Unwin|oclc=458430 }}</ref>
* Current trends in Indian philosophy, published by Andhra University, Waltair in 1972.
* Radhakrishnan : his life and ideas, published by State University of New York, 1990
* Philosophy in India : traditions, teaching, and research, 1985.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Philosophy in India: traditions, teaching, and research|first=K. Satchidananda|last=Murty|date=13 June 1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass; Indian Council of Philosophical Research|oclc=12977773 }}</ref>
* Studies in the problems of peace, published by Asia Publishing House, 1960.
* The Indian spirit, published by Andhra University press, 1965.
* Metaphysics, man and freedom, published by Asia Publishing House, 1963.

==Works based on his philosophy==
* The philosophy of K. Satchidananda Murty by Sibajiban Bhattacharyya and Ashok Vohra, Published by [[Indian Council of Philosophical Research]], New Delhi, 1995.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The philosophy of K. Satchidananda Murty|date=13 June 1995|publisher=Indian Council of Philosophical Research : Distributed by Indian Book Centre|oclc=35263116 }}</ref>
* Philosophical perspectives of K. Satchidananda Murty by P. Boaz, 2013.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Philosophical perspectives of K. Satchidananda Murty|first=P|last=Boaz|date=13 June 2013|oclc=856989075 }}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* President — Indian Philosophical Congress
* Honorary Doctorate — Russian Academy of Sciences - 1989
* Honorary Doctorate — Beijing University - 1988
* [[Padma Bhushan]], Government of India - 1984
* [[Padma Vibhushan]], Government of India - 2001

==Death==
He died after a brief respiratory illness at [[Guntur]] on Monday 25 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Satchidananda Murthy passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/satchidananda-murthy-passes-away/article1122727.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://kottasatchidanandamurthy.blogspot.in/ Unofficial blogspot about Kotta Satchidananda Murty.]

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Kotha Satchidananda}}
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University]]

15th Lok Sabha

2026-03-11T04:07:47Z

Serzccd: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Lower House members elected in 2009}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 15th Lok Sabha
| image = New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]], Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India
| body = [[Indian Parliament]]
| election = [[2009 Indian general election]]
| before = [[14th Lok Sabha]]
| after = [[16th Lok Sabha]]
|term=1 June 2009 - 18 May 2014|government=[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry]]|chamber1_leader1_type=[[President of India|President]]|chamber1_leader1=[[Pratibha Patil]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]]|chamber1_leader2_type=[[Vice President of India|Vice President]]|chamber1_leader2=[[Hamid Ansari]]|chamber2=[[Lok Sabha|House of the People]]|chamber2_image=File:House of the People, India, 2012.svg|chamber2_image_size=350px|membership2=545|chamber2_leader1_type=[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of the House]]|chamber2_leader1=[[Meira Kumar]]|chamber2_leader2_type=[[Leader of the House (Lok Sabha)|Leader of the House]]|chamber2_leader2=[[Pranab Mukherjee]] [[Sushil Kumar Shinde]]|chamber2_leader3_type=[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]|chamber2_leader3=[[Manmohan Singh]]|chamber2_leader4_type=[[Leader of the Opposition (Lok Sabha)|Leader of the Opposition]]|chamber2_leader4= [[Sushma Swaraj]]|chamber1=Sovereign|control2=[[United Progressive Alliance]]}}
Members of the '''15th [[Lok Sabha]]''' were elected during the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] in India. It was dissolved on 18 May 2014 by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-pranab-mukherjee-dissolves-15th-lok-sabha/articleshow/35311247.cms|title = President Pranab Mukherjee dissolves 15th Lok Sabha|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>{{Politics of India}}Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance won 44 more seats than the previous [[14th Lok Sabha]]. The next [[16th Lok Sabha]] was convened after [[2014 Indian general election]].

The [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry]] introduced a total of 222 Bills (apart from Finance and Appropriations Bills) in the 15th Lok Sabha. A total of 165 Bills were passed by the House, including bills introduced in previous Lok Sabhas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-legislative-history-of-the-15th-lok-sabha/article5677499.ece|title = A legislative history of the 15th Lok Sabha|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 11 February 2014|last1 = S|first1 = Rukmini|last2 = Mukunth|first2 = Vasudevan}}</ref>

14 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 15th Lok Sabha after the [[2009 Indian general election]].<ref name="rs">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA STATISTICAL INFORMATION (1952-2013)|url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/rsstatis_inf52-03.pdf |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date= 29 August 2017|page=12 |date=2014}}</ref>

{{image frame
|border=no
|content={{#chart:14th-17th Lok Sabha referred bills.chart}}
}}

==Bills==
During the tenure of the 15th Lok Sabha, 71% of the bills introduced were referred to Parliamentary committees for examination.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Importance of Parliamentary Committees |url=https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/importance-parliamentary-committees |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Only one bill in monsoon session sent to parliamentary committee |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/mJHsZeWro8S3X7c0aDRzhK/Only-one-bill-in-monsoon-session-sent-to-parliamentary-commi.html |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=mint |date=13 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== Members ==

{{See also|List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha}}

* '''Speaker:''' [[Meira Kumar]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]], [[Bihar]]
* '''Deputy Speaker:''' [[Kariya Munda]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]], [[Jharkhand]]
* '''Leader of the House:''' [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]], [[West Bengal]] (May, 2009 - 2012) (He went on to become the [[List of presidents of India|13th]] [[President of India]] in 2012)
[[Sushil Kumar Shinde]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]] (2012 - May, 2014)
* '''Leader of the Opposition:''' [[Sushma Swaraj]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] (December, 2009 - May 2014)
* '''Deputy Leader of the Opposition:''' [[Sushma Swaraj]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] (June, 2009 - December 2009) (She went on to become the 11th leader of opposition in lok sabha in 2009)
[[Gopinath Munde]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]], [[Maharashtra]] (December 2009 - May, 2014)
*'''Secretary General:'''
**[[P.D.T. Achary]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=14 |title=Fourteenth Lok Sabha |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214329/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=14 |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
**[[T. K. Viswanathan]]

===Number of members by the alliance in Lok Sabha===
Members of the 15th Lok Sabha by political party and alliance:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/partywiselist.aspx |title=Fifteenth Lok Sabha – Party wise |publisher=Lok Sabha |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018225726/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/partywiselist.aspx |archive-date=18 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/FrmPartyWiseTrendsAndResults.aspx|title=Election Commission of India|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516183200/http://www.eciresults.nic.in/FrmPartyWiseTrendsAndResults.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/loksabhafinal/plist.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519182925/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/loksabhafinal/plist.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2009 |title=Elections Results by party |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=1 January 1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=BP Reporter|title=More Congress, less UPA|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/more-congress-less-upa/358357/|work=Business Standard|date=17 May 2009|access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/BJP-leading-in-Gujarat-bypolls-for-2-Lok-Sabha-4-assembly-seats/Article1-1071211.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605094124/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/BJP-leading-in-Gujarat-bypolls-for-2-Lok-Sabha-4-assembly-seats/Article1-1071211.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 June 2013 | title=BJP leading in Gujarat bypolls for 2 Lok Sabha, 4 assembly seats | work=Hindustan Times | access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/west-bengal-tmcs-prasun-banerjee-wins-howrah-bypoll-by-27000-votes/396384-3-231.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605215858/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/west-bengal-tmcs-prasun-banerjee-wins-howrah-bypoll-by-27000-votes/396384-3-231.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 June 2013 | title=West Bengal: TMC's Prasun Banerjee wins Howrah by-poll | publisher=IBN-Live | access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bihar-rjd-wins-maharajganj-bypoll-by-over-136-lakh-votes/396396-37-64.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109214753/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bihar-rjd-wins-maharajganj-bypoll-by-over-136-lakh-votes/396396-37-64.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 January 2014 | title=Bihar: RJD wins Maharajganj by-poll by over 1.36 lakh votes | access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9; vertical-align:top;" |Alliances
! style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9; vertical-align:top;"|Party
! style="text-align:center; background:#e9e9e9; vertical-align:middle;"|Seats
!Leader
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" |'''<big>[[United Progressive Alliance]]</big>'''
'''<big>262</big>'''
|
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|'''206'''
|[[Sushil Kumar Shinde]]
|-
|
|align=left| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|19
|[[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 18
|[[T R Balu]]
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 9
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| 3
|
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
|1
|
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| 2
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] '''Seats:''' 167 
|
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 117
|[[Sushma Swaraj]]
|-
|
|align=left| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 20
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 11
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (supported)
| 9
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 4
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (supported)
| 2
|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|-
|
|align=left| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 1
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Haryana Janhit Congress]]
| 1
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| 1
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| 1
|
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|[[United National Progressive Alliance|Third Front]] '''Seats:''' 75
|
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|15
|[[Basudev Acharia]]
|-
|
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 4
|[[Gurudas Dasgupta]]
|-
|
|align=left| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 2
|[[Prasanta Kumar Majumdar]]
|-
|
|align=left| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 2
|[[Narahari Mahato]]
|-
|
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 21
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 14
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 6
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|-
|
|align=left| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 1
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 1
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Fourth Front '''Seats:''' 26 
|
|align=left| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 22
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4
|
|-
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Other Parties and Independents '''Seats:''' 21 
|-
|
|align=left| Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
| 2
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[YSR Congress Party]]
| 2
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|-
|
|align=left| [[Swabhimani Paksha]]
| 1
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]
| 1
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[All India United Democratic Front]]
| 1
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| 1
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
| 1
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| 1
|
|-
|
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 9
|
|-
|
| align=left|Nominated
| 2
|
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;" |'''Total'''
| '''545'''
|
|}

===List of members by political party===
Members by political party in 15th Lok Sabha are given below<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/partywiselist.aspx |title=Fifteenth Lok Sabha Party wise |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018225726/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/partywiselist.aspx |archive-date=18 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.No.
!Party name
!Party flag
!Number of MPs
!Leader in Loksabha
|-
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[File: INC Flag Official.jpg|75px]]
|222
|[[Sushil Kumar Shinde]]

|-
|2
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|75px]]
|112
|[[Sushma Swaraj]]
|-
|3
|[[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
|
|21
|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|-
|4
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|75px]]
|21
|[[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
|-
|5
|[[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U))
|[[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|75px]]
|19
|[[Ram Sundar Das]]
|-
|6
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag.svg|75px]]
|18
|[[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
|7
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)
|[[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px]]
|18
|[[T R Balu]]
|-
|8
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
|[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|75px]]
|16
|[[Basudeb Acharia]]
|-
|9
|[[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD)
|[[File:Biju Janata Dal.jpg|75px]]
|14
|[[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
|-
|10
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SS)
|[[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|75px]]
|10
|[[Anant Geete]]
|-
|11
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK)
|[[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|75px]]

|9
|[[M. Thambidurai]]
|-
|12
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|[[Image:NCP-flag.svg|75px]]
|8
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|13
|Independent (Ind.)
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|7
|
|-
|14
|[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP)
|[[Image:TDPFlag.PNG|75px]]
|6
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|-
|15
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD)
|
|5
|
|-
|16
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|75px]]
|4
|[[Gurudas Dasgupta]]
|-
|17
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD)
|[[File:SAD flag.svg|75px]]
|4
|[[Rattan Singh Ajnala]]
|-
|18
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (J&KNC)
|[[Image:JKNC-flag.svg|75px]]
|3
|
|-
|19
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD)
|[[Image:RJD Flag.svg|75px]]
|3
|
|-
|20
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|

|2
|[[Narahari Mahato]]
|-
|21
|[[Muslim League Kerala State Committee]] (MLKSC)
|[[Image:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|75px]]
|2
|[[E Ahamed]]
|-
|22
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] (JMM)
|[[File:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha flag.svg|75px]]

|2
|
|-
|23
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]] (JVM(P))
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Comb.png|50px|Comb|left]]
|2
|[[Babu Lal Marandi]]
|-
|24
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]] (RSP)
|[[Image:RSP-flag.svg|75px]]
|2
|
|-
|25
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS)
|[[File:Flag of Bharat Rashtra Samithi (India Nation Council).svg|75px]]
|2
|[[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]
|-
|26
|[[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP)
|

|2
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|-
|27
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|75px]]
|1
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|-
|28
|[[All India United Democratic Front]] (AIUDF)
|
|1
|[[Badruddin Ajmal]]
|-
|29
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]] (AGP)
|

|1
|[[Joseph Toppo]]
|-
|30
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]] (BVA)
|
|1
|[[Baliram Sukur Jadhav]]
|-
|31
|[[Bodoland People's Front]] (BPF)
|[[File:BPF-Flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|[[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]]
|-
|32
|[[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)]] (HJC(BL))
|
|1
|[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
|-
|33
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S))
|
|1
|
|-
|34
|[[Kerala Congress (Mani)]] (KC(M))
|[[File:Kerala Congress(m) Flag.gif|65px|left]]
|1
|[[Jose K Mani]]
|-
|35
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK)
|[[File:MDMK.svg|75px]]
|1
|[[A. Ganeshamurthi]]
|-
|36
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front]] (SDF)
|[[Image:Sikkim-Democratic-Front-flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|[[Prem Das Rai]]
|-
|37
|[[Swabhimani Paksha]] (SWP)
|
|1
|[[Raju Shetti]]
|-
|38
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]] (SUCI(C))
|[[Image:SUCI flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|[[Tarun Mandal]]
|-
|39
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (VCK)
|[[Image:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi banner.png|75px]]
|1
|[[Thirumavalavan|Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|-
| -
|''Vacant Constituencies''
|
|22<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/vacant.aspx |title=Fifteenth Lok Sabha Vacant Constituencies |access-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327095756/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/vacant.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| -
|}

=== Cabinet ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|2009–2014
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ministry
! Minister
! Term
|-
|[[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Agriculture and Food processing industries]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Coal (India)|Coal]]
|[[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]]
|[[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
|[[M.K. Azhagiri]]
|2009–2013 (resigned after [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] withdrew support)
|-
|[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]]
|[[Anand Sharma]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Communications and Information Technology]]
|[[Kapil Sibal]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)|Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]]
|[[A.K. Antony]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)|Earth Sciences]]
|[[Jaipal Reddy]]

|2012–2014

2011 – 2012

2011 – 2011(Due to his demise)

2009 – 2011
|-
|[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Environment and Forests]]
|[[Veerappa Moily]]

[[Jayanthi Natarajan]]

[[Jairam Ramesh]]
|2013-2014
2011–2013

2009 – 2011
|-
|[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]
|[[Salman Khurshid]]

[[S.M. Krishna]]
|2012–2014

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]]
|[[P. Chidambaram]]

[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|2012–2014

2009 – 2012 (He was elected President of India in JULY 2012)
|-
|[[Ministry of Food Processing Industries (India)|Food Processing industries]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Health and Family Welfare]]
|[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]
|[[Praful Patel]]
|2011–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]]
|[[Sushil Kumar Shinde]]

[[P. Chidambaram]]
|2012–2014

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting]]
|[[Ambika Soni]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Labour and Employment]]
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice]]
|[[Kapil Sibal]]

[[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]

[[Salman Khurshid]]
|2013–2014

2012 – 2013 (resigned after allegations in [[Indian coal allocation scam|Coalgate]])

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]]
|[[Dinsha Patel]]

[[Bijoy Krishna Handique|B.K. Handique]]
|2012–2014

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (India)|New and Renewable Energy]]
|[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]

[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|2012–2014

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (India)|Overseas Indian Affairs]]
|[[Vayalar Ravi]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
|[[Kamal Nath]]

[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
|2012–2014

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
|[[Veerappa Moily]]

[[Jaipal Reddy]]
|2012–2014

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]]
|[[Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia]]

[[Veerappa Moily]]

[[Sushil Kumar Shinde]]
|2012–2014

July 2012 – Oct. 2012

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways]]
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
[[C.P. Joshi]]

[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]

[[C.P. Joshi]]

[[Mukul Roy]]

[[Dinesh Trivedi]]

[[Manmohan Singh]] (Additional Charge)

[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|17 June 2013 – 2014
2013-2013

2012 – 2013 (resigned after allegations of bribery)

Sept. 2012 – Oct. 2012

Mar. 2012 – Sept. 2012

2011 – 2012

May 2011 – July 2011

2009 – 2011
|-
|[[Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (India)|Road Transport and Highways]]
|[[C.P. Joshi]]

[[G.K. Vasan]]

|2012–2014

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]]
|[[Jairam Ramesh]]

[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|2011–2014

2009 – 2011
|-
|[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Science and Technology]]
|[[Jaipal Reddy]]

[[Vayalar Ravi]]

[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|2012–2014

2011 – 2012

2009 – 2011
|-
|[[Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (India)|Shipping]]
|[[G.K. Vasan]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (India)|Social Justice and Empowerment]]
|[[Kumari Selja]]

[[Mukul Wasnik]]

|2012–2014

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Textiles]]
|[[Anand Sharma]]
|2009–2014
|-
|[[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]]
|[[Chiranjeevi]]

[[Kumari Selja]]

|2012–2014

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)|Tribal Affairs]]
|[[V. Kishore Chandra Deo]]

[[Kantilal Bhuria]]

|2012–2014

2009 – 2012
|-
|[[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Water Resources]]
|[[Harish Rawat]]
|2012–2014
|}
{{See also|Council of Ministers of the Republic of India}}

===United Progressive Alliance Cabinet by party===
Source: Various news organisations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2009/05/27/manmohan-list-78-member-council-of-ministers-upa.html |title=List of the 78-member council of ministers – Oneindia News |publisher=Oneindia |date=27 May 2009 |access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=59 new ministers inducted in Manmohan's cabinet, gone up to 79 | GroundReport |url=http://www.groundreport.com/World/59-new-ministers-inducted-in-Manmohan-s-cabinet-go_3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724150109/http://www.groundreport.com/World/59-new-ministers-inducted-in-Manmohan-s-cabinet-go_3 |archive-date=24 July 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/southasia/news/article_1480123.php/59_ministers_sworn_in_to_complete_Indias_new_government |title=59 ministers sworn in to complete India's new government |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=28 May 2009 |access-date=23 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727010502/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/southasia/news/article_1480123.php/59_ministers_sworn_in_to_complete_Indias_new_government |archive-date=27 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Antonia Laguía |url=http://harpagofitoo.blogspot.com.es/ |title=Harpagofito y plantas medicinales |publisher=Harpagofitoo.blogspot.com.es |date= |accessdate=2022-06-24}}</ref> 
The new [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) included 79 members, 78 members in the cabinet plus Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The first 20 cabinet ministers including Manmohan Singh, swore in on 22 May 2009, while the other 59 cabinet members swore in on 27 May 2009. The 5 non-Congress cabinet ministers, include [[M.K. Azhagiri]] from the DMK. [[Mukul Roy]] from Trinamool Congress, [[Sharad Pawar]] from Nationalist Congress Party, and [[Farooq Abdullah]] from National Conference represent the other non-Congress cabinet ministers.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Party
! Cabinet Ministers
! Ministers of State
! Total
|-
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|27
|32
|59
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|1
|4
|5

|-
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|1
|2
|3
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
|1
|0
|1
|-
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|0
|1
|1
|-
|'''Total'''
|33
|45
|78
|}

===United Progressive Alliance cabinet by states===
Source: [[The Hindu]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/29/stories/2009052955061100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531093816/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/29/stories/2009052955061100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 May 2009 |title=Southern States get a big share |date=29 May 2009 |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Naveen-ups-the-ante-over-states-share-in-PM-team/articleshow/4590533.cms | work=The Times of India | first1=Sandeep | last1=Mishra | title=Naveen ups the ante over state's share in PM team | date=28 May 2009}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State
! Cabinet Ministers
! Ministers of State (I)
! Ministers of State
! Total
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2
|
|
|
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|5
|2
|2
|9
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|5
|0
|4
|9
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|1
|—
|6
|7
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|2
|0
|4
|6
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|3
|0
|4
|7
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|—
|—
|—
|4
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|3
|0
|1
|4
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|—
|—
|—
|3
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|2
|—
|—
|2
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|—
|—
|—
|2
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|1
|–
|–
|1
|}
* MoS (I) – Ministers of State with Independent charge
*
*

==Subsequent vacancies and by-elections==
The below list only covers seats whose vacancies were filled through by-elections. Conventionally, vacancies occurring with less than a year to go for the conclusion of the term, are generally left vacant for the remainder of the term. In the case of the 15th Lok Sabha, this means that by-elections would not have been held for vacancies post June 2013, with less than a year to go for the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 election]]. Only vacancies for which by-elections were held, i.e, occurring prior to May 2013, are mentioned here.

* A total of 19 by-elections across seats in 11 different states were held through the duration of the 15th Lok Sabha, with the first in November 2009 and the last in August 2013.
* 6 of these by-elections were necessitated by the death of the incumbent MP, and 13 due to resignation.
* Of the 13 resignations, 1 was for vacating a second seat, 6 for becoming Chief Ministers of different states, 1 for becoming President, 2 for becoming MLAs and 3 due to party defections.
* In May 2009, [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]] fell vacant due to the resignation of [[Samajwadi Party]] MP [[Akhilesh Yadav]] as he preferred to retain [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]] after winning two seats in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 election]]. [[Raj Babbar]] of [[Indian National Congress]] won the seat in the by-election.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://expressbuzz.com/nation/congress-bsp-score-big-left-routed/120079.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511224008/http://expressbuzz.com/nation/congress-bsp-score-big-left-routed/120079.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2012|title=Raj Babbar wins in Firozabad, blow to Mulayam|date=10 November 2009|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 November 2009}}</ref>
* In June 2010, [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]] fell vacant due to the death of [[Independent (politician)|independent]] MP [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]. His widow [[Putul Kumari]] won the seat as an independent in the by-election.
* In November 2010, [[Kadapa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kadapa]] fell vacant due to the resignation of Congress MP [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], who also resigned his party membership. He contested the seat again in the by-elections on a [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket and won.
* In February 2011, [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]] fell vacant due to the resignation of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] MP [[Arjun Munda]], as he became [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]. [[Ajoy Kumar]] of [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]] won the seat in the by-election.
* In March 2011, [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]] fell vacant due to the death of BJP MP [[Baliram Kashyap]]. His son [[Dinesh Kashyap]] of BJP won the seat in the by-election.
* In June 2011, [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]] fell vacant due to the death of [[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)|Haryana Janhit Congress]] MP [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi]]. His son [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]] of HJC won the seat in the by-election.
* In October 2011, [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]] fell vacant due to the resignation of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] MP [[Mamata Banerjee]], as she became [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], after the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. [[Subrata Bakshi]] of Trinamool Congress won the seat in the by-election.
* In November 2011, [[Udupi-Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi-Chikkamagaluru]] fell vacant due to the resignation of BJP MP [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]], as he became [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]. [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]] of Congress won the seat in the by-election.
* In February 2012, [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]] fell vacant due to the resignation of Congress MP [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]], who also resigned his party membership. He contested the seat again in the by-elections on a [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket and won.
* In May 2012, [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]] fell vacant due to the resignation of SP MP Akhilesh Yadav, as he became [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], after the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=UP CM Akhilesh Yadav resigns as Lok Sabha MP|url=http://post.jagran.com/UP-CM-Akhilesh-Yadav-resigns-as-Lok-Sabha-MP-1336015686|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062330/http://post.jagran.com/UP-CM-Akhilesh-Yadav-resigns-as-Lok-Sabha-MP-1336015686|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|newspaper=Jagran Post}}</ref> His wife, [[Dimple Yadav]] of SP was elected unopposed from the seat in the by-elections.<ref>{{cite news|title=Akhilesh's wife Dimple Yadav elected unopposed from Kannauj Lok Sabha seat|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/akhileshs-wife-dimple-yadav-elected-unopposed-from-kannauj-lok-sabha-seat-105122-2012-06-08|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>
* In July 2012, [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]] fell vacant due to the resignation of Congress MP [[Pranab Mukherjee]], who also resigned his party membership, as he became [[President of India]], after his victory in the [[2012 Indian presidential election]]. His son [[Abhijit Mukherjee]] of Congress won the seat in the by-election.
* In July 2012, [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] fell vacant due to the resignation of Congress MP [[Vijay Bahuguna]], as he became [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]], after the [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]. [[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]] of BJP won the seat in the by-election.
* In January 2013, [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]] fell vacant due to the resignation of Congress MP [[Virbhadra Singh]], as he became [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]], after the [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. His wife [[Pratibha Singh]] of Congress won the seat in the by-election.
* In January 2013, [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]] fell vacant due the resignation of Congress MP [[Vitthalbhai Radadiya]], as he became an MLA in the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]], after his victory from [[Dhoraji Assembly constituency|Dhoraji]] in the [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]. However, he soon after resigned as MLA too, as well as his party membership. He contested the Lok Sabha seat again in the by-election on a BJP ticket and won.
* In January 2013, [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj, Bihar]] fell vacant due to the death of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] MP [[Uma Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Umashankar Singh]]. [[Prabhunath Singh]] of RJD won the seat in the by-election.
* In March 2013, [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]] fell vacant due to the death of Congress MP [[Mukesh Gadhvi]]. [[Haribhai Chaudhary]] of BJP won the seat in the by-election.
* In April 2013, [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]] fell vacant due to the death of Trinamool Congress MP [[Ambica Banerjee]]. [[Prasun Banerjee]] of Trinamool Congress, a retired football player-turned-politician, won the seat in the by-election.
* In May 2013, [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]] fell vacant due to the resignation of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] MP [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]], as he became an MLA in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]], after his victory from [[Nagamangala Assembly constituency|Nagamangala]] in the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. [[Divya Spandana]] of Congress won the Lok Sabha seat in the by-election.
* In May 2013, [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bengaluru Rural]] fell vacant due to the resignation of JDS MP [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], as he became an MLA in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, after his victory from [[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]] in the 2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. [[D. K. Suresh]] of Congress won the Lok Sabha seat in the by-election.

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!State
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
! colspan="2" | Party affiliation
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kadapa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kadapa]]
| [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
{{small|''(resigned on 29 November 2010)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
{{small|''(elected on 13 May 2011)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]]
| [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
{{small|''(resigned on 28 February 2012)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
{{small|''(elected on 15 June 2012)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Bihar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]
| [[Uma Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Umashankar Singh]]
{{small|''(died on 24 January 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[Prabhunath Singh]]
{{small|''(elected on 5 June 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]]
| [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
{{small|''(died on 24 June 2010)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[Putul Kumari]]
{{small|''(elected on 24 November 2010)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Chhattisgarh]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]] (ST)
| [[Baliram Kashyap]]
{{small|''(died on 10 March 2011)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Dinesh Kashyap]]
{{small|''(elected on 13 May 2011)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Gujarat]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]]
| [[Mukesh Gadhvi]]
{{small|''(died on 1 March 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Haribhai Chaudhary]]
{{small|''(elected on 5 June 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]]
| [[Vitthalbhai Radadiya]]
{{small|''(resigned on 3 January 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Vitthalbhai Radadiya]]
{{small|''(elected on 5 June 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Haryana]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]]
| [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi]]
{{small|''(died on 3 June 2011)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)}}
|-
| [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
{{small|''(elected on 17 October 2011)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]]
| [[Virbhadra Singh]]
{{small|''(resigned on 1 January 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pratibha Singh]]
{{small|''(elected on 30 June 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Jharkhand]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| [[Arjun Munda]]
{{small|''(resigned on 26 February 2011)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Ajoy Kumar]]
{{small|''(elected on 4 July 2011)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
|-
! rowspan="6" | [[Karnataka]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Udupi-Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi-Chikkamagaluru]]
| [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]
{{small|''(resigned on 29 December 2011)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]]
{{small|''(elected on 21 March 2012)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]
| [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]]
{{small|''(resigned on 21 May 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[Ramya (actress)|Divya Spandana]]
{{small|''(elected on 24 August 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bengaluru Rural]]
| [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
{{small|''(resigned on 21 May 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[D. K. Suresh]]
{{small|''(elected on 24 August 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]]
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
{{small|''(resigned on 26 May 2009)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[Raj Babbar]]
{{small|''(elected on 10 November 2009)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]]
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
{{small|''(resigned on 2 May 2012)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[Dimple Yadav]]
{{small|''(elected on 9 June 2012)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Uttarakhand]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]]
| [[Vijay Bahuguna]]
{{small|''(resigned on 23 July 2012)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]
{{small|''(elected on 13 October 2012)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! rowspan="6" | [[West Bengal]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
{{small|''(resigned on 25 July 2012)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Abhijit Mukherjee]]
{{small|''(elected on 13 October 2012)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
{{small|''(resigned on 9 October 2011)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[Subrata Bakshi]]
{{small|''(elected on 4 December 2011)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| [[Ambica Banerjee]]
{{small|''(died on 25 April 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[Prasun Banerjee]]
{{small|''(elected on 5 June 2013)''}}
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://loksabha.nic.in/ Lok Sabha website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090521000007/http://www.eciresults.nic.in/ListofWinningCandidated.pdf List of winning candidates] published by [http://eci.nic.in/ election commission of india] on 17 May 2009.
* [http://prsindia.org/index.php?name=mptracklok Tracking activity of MPs in Parliament]

==Further reading==
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-legislative-history-of-the-15th-lok-sabha/article5677499.ece "A legislative history of the 15th Lok Sabha" – ''The Hindu'' (April 8, 2015)]

{{Lok Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:15th Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2014 disestablishments in India]]

Maryam Afifa Ansari

2026-03-08T20:57:13Z

Serzccd: starting a post

{{Short description|Indian neurosurgeon}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox doctor
|name=Maryam Afifa
|image=
|birth_place=[[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|occupation=[[Neurosurgeon]]
|alma mater=[[Osmania Medical College]]
|education=[[MBBS, MS-General surgery, DNB-General surgery, MRCS(Ed), Mch- Neurosurgery, DrNB-Neurosurgery]]
|field=[[Surgery]]
|specialism=[[Neurosurgery]]
|known_for= First female muslim neurosurgeon India
|birth_date={{birth year and age|1993}}
}}
'''Maryam Afifa''' (born 1993, [[Hindi]]: मरियम अफीफा अंसारी, [[Urdu]]: مریم عفیفہ, [[Romanized]]: ''Maryam 'Afīfa'') is an Indian neurosurgeon who is the first Muslim Female neurosurgeon from India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पहली मुस्लिम महिला न्यूरोसर्जन बनी डाॅ. मरियम अफीफा अंसारी, बताई अपनी जिंदगी की प्रेरक कहानी |trans-title=Dr. Maryam Afifa, who became the first Muslim woman neurosurgeon, |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-dr-became-the-first-muslim-woman-neurosurgeon-maryam-afifa-ansari-batai-apni-zindagi-ki-prak-kahani-23219338.html |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Dr Maryam Afifa Ansari? All Set To Be The First Muslim Female Neurosurgeon Of India - SheThePeople TV |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/who-is-dr-maryam-afifa-ansari-all-set-to-be-the-first-muslim-female-neurosurgeon-if-india/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भारत की पहली मुस्लिम महिला न्यूरोसर्जन बनीं मरियम अफीफा, डॉक्टर बनने का सपना हुआ पूरा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shakti/dr-mariyam-afifa-ansari-become-first-muslim-female-neurosurgeon |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=Meet Dr Mariam Afifa Ansari, India's first female Muslim neurosurgeon from Hyderabad |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/meet-dr-afifa-indias-first-muslim-female-muslim-neurosurgeon-from-hyderabad-article-95668552 |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Asian News |date=2022-11-21 |title=MBBS pass out from Hyderabad becomes India's 1st female Muslim neurosurgeon |url=https://www.siasat.com/mbbs-pass-out-from-hyderabad-becomes-indias-1st-female-muslim-neurosurgeon-2462293/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Success story of First female neurosurgeon from Muslim community |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/success-story-of-first-female-neurosurgeon-from-muslim-community20221121150834/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MuslimMirror |date=2021-01-11 |title=Dr. Maryam Afifa Ansari to become the youngest neurosurgeon from Muslim community |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/maryam-afifa-ansari-to-become-youngest-neurosurgeon-from-muslim-community/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Muslim Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Education ==
She secured 137th rank in the All India [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|Neet]] SS exam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=Success story of first Muslim female neurosurgeon in India - Asian News from UK |url=https://asianlite.com/2022/woman/success-story-of-first-muslim-female-neurosurgeon-in-india/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129072453/https://asianlite.com/2022/woman/success-story-of-first-muslim-female-neurosurgeon-in-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She completed her [[MBBS]] from [[Osmania University]], then pursued her post-graduation in General surgery from the same.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=Meet Dr Mariam Afifa Ansari, India's first female Muslim neurosurgeon from Hyderabad |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/meet-dr-afifa-indias-first-muslim-female-muslim-neurosurgeon-from-hyderabad-article-95668552 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> She went on to train at the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]], and then passed the boards in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Juber |date=2022-11-26 |title=Dr Mariam Afifa Ansari - India's First Female Muslim Neurosurgeon |url=https://www.britishmuslim-magazine.com/2022/11/dr-mariam-afifa-ansari-indias-first-female-muslim-neurosurgeon/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=British Muslim Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Mariyam Afifa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Indian neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women surgeons]]
[[Category:Women neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century surgeons]]

Gregorian calendar

2026-03-08T17:21:27Z

Serzccd: refine information additionally and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Internationally accepted civil calendar}}
{{About||the calendar of religious holidays and periods|Liturgical year|this year's Gregorian calendar|{{Current calendar}}}}
{{distinguish|Georgian calendar}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox calendar date today}}
The '''Gregorian calendar''' is the [[calendar]] used in most parts of the world.{{sfnp|Dershowitz|Reingold|2008|loc=p. 45. "The calendar in use today in most of the world is the Gregorian or ''new-style'' calendar designed by a commission assembled by Pope Gregory XIII in the sixteenth century."}}{{efn|Many countries that use other calendars for religious purposes use the Gregorian calendar as their [[civil calendar]]. [[Iran]] is a notable exception, in that it uses the [[solar Hijri calendar]].}} It went into effect in October 1582 following the [[papal bull]] {{Lang|la|[[Inter gravissimas]]}} issued by [[Pope Gregory XIII]], which introduced it as a modification of, and replacement for, the [[Julian calendar]]. The principal change was to space [[leap year]]s slightly differently to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long rather than the Julian calendar's 365.25 days, thus more closely approximating the 365.2422-day [[tropical year|"tropical" or "solar" year]] that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun.

The rule for leap years is that every year divisible by four is a leap year, except for years that are divisible by 100, except in turn for years also divisible by 400. For example, 1800 and 1900 were not leap years, but 1600 and 2000 were leap years.<ref>{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Introduction to Calendars |url=https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/calendars |accessdate=9 May 2022 |publisher=[[United States Naval Observatory]]}}</ref>

There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar. First, the Julian calendar was based on the estimate that the average solar year is exactly 365.25 days long, an overestimate of a little under one day per century, and thus has a leap year every four years without exception. The Gregorian reform shortened the average (calendar) year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the [[equinox]]es.{{sfnp|Gregory XIII|1582}} Second, in the years since the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in AD 325,{{efn|Rather than 45 BC when the Roman Empire adopted the Julian calendar.}} the excess leap days introduced by the Julian algorithm had caused the calendar to drift such that the [[March equinox]] was occurring well before its nominal 21 March date. This date was important to the Christian churches, because it is fundamental to the [[date of Easter|calculation of the date of Easter]]. To reinstate the association, the reform advanced the date by 10 days:{{efn|By the time Great Britain and its possessions adopted the reform [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750|with effect from 1752]], the gap had increased to 11 days; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country]].}} Thursday 4 October 1582 was followed by Friday 15 October 1582.{{sfnp|Gregory XIII|1582}} In addition, the reform also altered the lunar cycle used by the Church to calculate the date for Easter, because astronomical new moons were occurring four days before the calculated dates.

The reform was adopted initially by the [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] countries of Europe and their overseas possessions. Over the next three centuries, the [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] countries also gradually moved to what they called the "'''Improved calendar'''",{{efn|called such to avoid any suggestion of recognising the authority of Rome. The British [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] restates the algorithm from first principles without any reference to Gregory.}} with Greece being the last European country to adopt the calendar (for civil use only) in 1923.{{sfnp|Blegen|2013}} However, many Orthodox churches continue to use the Julian calendar for religious rites and the dating of major feasts. To unambiguously specify a date during the transition period (in contemporary documents or in history texts), [[dual dating|both notations were given]], tagged as [[Old Style and New Style|"Old Style" or "New Style"]] as appropriate. During the 20th century, most non-[[Western world|Western]] countries also adopted the calendar, at least for [[Civil calendar|civil purposes]].

==Description==
The Gregorian calendar, like the [[Julian calendar]], is a [[solar calendar]] with 12 months of 28–31 days each. The year in both calendars consists of 365 days, with a [[leap day]] being added to February in the [[leap year]]s. The months and length of months in the Gregorian calendar are the same as for the Julian calendar. The only difference is that the Gregorian calendar omits a leap day in ''three'' centurial years every 400 years and leaves the leap day unchanged in the fourth.

A leap year normally occurs every four years: the leap day, historically, was inserted by doubling 24 February{{snd}}there were indeed [[bissextus|two days dated 24 February]]. However, for many years it has been customary to put the extra day at the end of the month of February, adding a [[29 February]] for the leap day. Before the [[Mysterii Paschalis|1969 revision]] of its [[General Roman Calendar]], the Catholic Church delayed February feasts after the 23rd by one day in leap years; masses celebrated according to the previous calendar still reflect this delay.{{sfnp|Richards|1998|page=101}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+A year is divided into twelve [[month]]s
! {{abbr|No.|Number}} !! Name !! Length in days
|-
| 1 || January || 31
|-
| 2 || February || 28 (29 in [[leap year]]s)
|-
| 3 || March || 31
|-
| 4 || April || 30
|-
| 5 || May || 31
|-
| 6 || June || 30
|-
| 7 || July || 31
|-
| 8 || August || 31
|-
| 9 || September || 30
|-
| 10 || October || 31
|-
| 11 || November || 30
|-
| 12 || December || 31
|}

Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers.<ref>Clause 3.2.1 [[ISO 8601]]</ref> A calendar date is fully specified by the year (numbered according to a [[calendar era]], in this case ''[[Anno Domini]]'' or [[Common Era]]), the month (identified by name or number), and the day of the month (numbered sequentially starting from 1). Although the calendar year currently runs from 1 January to 31 December, at previous times year numbers were based on a different starting point within the calendar {{xref|(see: {{slink||Beginning of the year}}, below)}}.
{{clear}}

Calendar cycles (ignoring lunar and Easter calculations) repeat completely every 400 years, which equals 146,097 days.{{efn|The cycle described applies to the solar, or civil, calendar. If one also considers the ecclesiastical lunar rules, the lunisolar Easter ''computus'' cycle repeats only after 5,700,000 years of 2,081,882,250 days in 70,499,183 lunar months, based on an assumed mean lunar month of 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes {{sfrac|2|49928114|70499183}} seconds. (Seidelmann (1992), p. 582) [To properly function as an Easter ''[[computus]]'', this lunisolar cycle must have the same mean year as the Gregorian solar cycle, and indeed that is exactly the case.]}}{{efn|The extreme length of the Gregorian Easter ''computus'' is due to its being the product of the 19-year [[Metonic cycle]], the thirty different possible values of the [[epact]], and the least common multiple (10,000) of the 400-year and 2,500-year solar and lunar correction cycles.{{sfnp|Walker|1945|page=218}}}} Of these 400 years, 303 are regular years of 365 days and 97 are leap years of 366 days. A mean calendar year is {{sfrac|365|97|400}} days = 365.2425 days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds.{{efn|The same result is obtained by summing the fractional parts implied by the rule: {{nowrap|1= 365 + {{sfrac|1|4}} − {{sfrac|1|100}} + {{sfrac|1|400}} = 365 + 0.25 − 0.01 + 0.0025 = 365.2425}}}} The cycle contains exactly 20,871 weeks (146,097 = 7 × 20,871).

==Gregorian reform==
{{gallery | height=140 | width=200
|File:Christopher Clavius.jpg| alt1= a portrait of [[Christopher Clavius]] (1538–1612), one of the main authors of the reform |[[Christopher Clavius]] (1538–1612), one of the main authors of the reform
|File:Gregory XIII.jpg|alt2 = a portrait of Pope Gregory XIII by [[Lavinia Fontana]], sixteenth century |Pope Gregory XIII, portrait by [[Lavinia Fontana]], 16th century
|File:Inter-grav.jpg|alt3= an image of the first page of the papal bull {{lang|la|[[Inter gravissimas]]}} | First page of the papal bull {{lang|la|[[Inter gravissimas]]}}
|File:Gregorianscher Kalender Petersdom.jpg| alt4 = a picture of Gregory's tomb showing Antonio Lilio presenting his printed calendar |Detail of the pope's tomb by [[Camillo Rusconi]] (completed 1723); Antonio Lilio is genuflecting before the pope, presenting his printed calendar.
}}

The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar. It was instituted by the papal bull ''[[Inter gravissimas]]'' dated 24 February 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII,{{sfnp|Gregory XIII|1582}} after whom the calendar is named. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. The error in the Julian calendar (its assumption that there are exactly 365.25 days in a year) had led to the date of the equinox according to the calendar drifting from the observed reality, and thus an error had been introduced into the [[Computus|calculation of the date of Easter]]. Although a recommendation of the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see [[Easter#Controversies over the date|Easter]] for the issues which arose).{{efn|The last major Christian region to accept the Alexandrian rules was the [[Carolingian Empire]] (most of Western Europe) during 780–800. The last monastery in England to accept the Alexandrian rules did so in 931, and a few churches in southwest Asia beyond the eastern border of the [[Byzantine Empire]] continued to use rules that differed slightly, causing four dates for Easter to differ every 532 years.}}

===Background===
Because the [[date of Easter]] is a function{{snd}}the ''[[computus]]''{{snd}}of the date of the [[march equinox|spring equinox]] in the northern hemisphere, the [[Catholic Church]] considered the increasing divergence between the [[Canon law of the Catholic Church|canonical date]] of the equinox and observed reality to be unacceptable. Easter is celebrated on the Sunday after the [[ecclesiastical full moon]] on or after 21 March, which was adopted as an approximation to the March equinox.{{sfnp|Richards|2013|page=599}} European scholars had been well aware of the calendar drift since the early medieval period.

[[Bede]], writing in the 8th century, showed that the accumulated error in his time was more than three days. [[Roger Bacon]], {{Circa|1200}}, estimated the error at seven or eight days. [[Dante]], writing {{Circa|1300}}, was aware of the need for calendar reform. An attempt to go forward with such a reform was undertaken by [[Pope Sixtus IV]], who in 1475 invited [[Regiomontanus]] to the Vatican for this purpose. However, the project was interrupted by the death of Regiomontanus shortly after his arrival in Rome.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Ari |last1=Ben-Menahem |title= Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences | volume=1 |year=2009| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9tUrarQYhKMC&pg=PA863 | page= 863|publisher=Springer |isbn=9783540688310 }}</ref> The increase of astronomical knowledge and the precision of observations towards the end of the 15th century made the question more pressing. Numerous publications over the following decades called for a calendar reform, among them two papers sent to the Vatican by the [[University of Salamanca]] in 1515 and 1578,{{sfnp|Carabias Torres|2012|page=241}} but the project was not taken up again until the 1540s, and implemented only under Pope Gregory XIII (r. 1572–1585).

===Preparation===
In 1545, the [[Council of Trent]] authorised [[Pope Paul III]] to reform the calendar, requiring that the date of the [[March equinox|vernal equinox]] be restored to that which it held at the time of the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift. This would allow for more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter.

In 1577, a {{lang|la|Compendium}} was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments. Some of these experts, including [[Giambattista Benedetti]] and [[Giuseppe Moletti|Giuseppe Moleto]], believed [[Easter]] should be computed from the true motions of the Sun and Moon, rather than using a tabular method, but these recommendations were not adopted.{{sfnp|Ziggelaar|1983|pages=211, 214}} The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the [[Calabria]]n doctor [[Aloysius Lilius]] (or Lilio).{{sfnp|Moyer|1983}}

Lilius's proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97, by making three out of four centurial years common instead of leap years. He also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the [[Epact|epacts of the Moon]] when calculating the annual date of Easter, solving a long-standing obstacle to calendar reform.

Ancient tables provided the Sun's mean longitude.{{efn|See, for example, {{lang|la|Tabule illustrissimi principis regis alfonsii}} (Prague 1401−4). A full set of Alphonsine Tables (including tables for mean motions, conjunctions of Sun and Moon, equation of time, spherical astronomy, longitudes and latitudes of cities, star tables, eclipse tables).<ref>{{cite book |title=Tabule illustrissimi principis regis alfonsii |trans-title=The tablet of the most illustrious prince King Alphonsus |last=John of Saxony |url=https://archive.org/details/ljs174/page/n3/mode/2up |date=1401 |language=la}}</ref> For an example of the information provided see Jacques Cassini, {{lang|fr|Tables astronomiques du soleil, de la lune, des planètes, des étoiles fixes, et des satellites de Jupiter et de Saturne}}, Table III.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tables astronomiques du soleil, de la lune, des planètes, des étoiles fixes, et des satellites de Jupiter et de Saturne |language=fr |trans-title=Astronomical tables of the sun, the moon, the planets, the fixed stars, and the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn |first=Jacques |last=Cassini |date=1740 |location=Paris |publisher=Imprimerie Royale |page=T10 |url=https://archive.org/details/s2id11854200/page/10/mode/1up}}</ref>}} The German mathematician [[Christopher Clavius]], the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the Sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. [[Tycho Brahe]] also noticed discrepancies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dreyer |first=J L E |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdzSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |title=Tycho Brahe |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-06871-0 |location=Cambridge |page=52 |quote=He remarks that both the Alphonsine and the Prutenic Tables are several hours wrong with regard to the time of the equinoxes and solstices.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2xxatst4OQC&pg=PA29 |last=North |first=J |title=The Universal frame: historical essays in astronomy, natural philosophy and scientific method |publisher=Hambledon |location=London |date=1989 |page=29 |isbn=978-0-907628-95-8 |quote=He noted on one occasion that the ''Alphonsine tables'' differed from the ''Prutenic'' by nineteen hours as to the time of the vernal equinox of 1588.}}</ref> The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by [[Petrus Pitatus]] of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the [[Alfonsine tables]] and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (''[[De revolutionibus]]'') and [[Erasmus Reinhold]] (''[[Prutenic tables]]''). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian [[sexagesimal]]s as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 0;14,33,9,57 (Alfonsine), 0;14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 0;14,33,9,24 (Reinhold).{{efn|For an explanation of this notation, see [[Sexagesimal#Notations]].}} In decimal notation, these are equal to 0.24254606, 0.24255185, and 0.24254352, respectively. All values are the same to two sexagesimal places (0;14,33, equal to decimal 0.2425) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus's solution would have commended itself to the astronomers.{{sfnp|Swerdlow|1986}}

Lilius's proposals had two components. First, he proposed a correction to the length of the year. The mean [[tropical year]] is 365.24219 days long.{{sfnp|Meeus|Savoie|1992}} A commonly used value in Lilius's time, from the Alfonsine tables, is 365.2425463 days.{{sfnp|Moyer|1983}} As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days, the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year. The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years. Lilius's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days {{xref|(see: {{slink||Accuracy}})}}. At the time of Gregory's reform, there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea, resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March, and if unreformed it would have drifted further. Lilius proposed that the 10-day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years, thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March.

Lilius's work was expanded upon by Christopher Clavius in a closely argued, 800-page volume. He would later defend his and Lilius's work against detractors. Clavius's opinion was that the correction should take place in one move, and it was this advice that prevailed with Gregory.

The second component consisted of an approximation that would provide an accurate yet simple, rule-based calendar. Lilius's formula was a 10-day correction to revert the drift since the Council of Nicaea, and the imposition of a leap day in only 97 years in 400 rather than in 1 year in 4. The proposed rule was that "years divisible by 100 would be leap years only if they were divisible by 400 as well".

The 19-year cycle used for the lunar calendar required revision because the astronomical new moon was, at the time of the reform, four days before the calculated new moon.{{sfnp|Richards|2013|page=599}} It was to be corrected by one day every 300 or 400 years (8 times in 2,500 years) along with corrections for the years that were no longer leap years (i.e. 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, etc.) In fact, a new method for computing the date of Easter was introduced. The method proposed by Lilius was revised somewhat in the final reform.{{sfnp|Ziggelaar|1983|page = 220}}

When the new calendar was put in use, the error accumulated in the 13 centuries since the Council of Nicaea was corrected by a deletion of 10 days. The Julian calendar day Thursday, 4 October 1582 was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582 (the cycle of weekdays was not affected).
{{clear}}

====First printed Gregorian calendar====
[[File:Reforma Gregoriana del Calendario Juliano.jpg|thumb|
''Lunario Novo, Secondo la Nuova Riforma della Correttione del l'Anno Riformato da N.S. Gregorio XIII'',{{efn|name=Lunario|"New Almanac according to the new reform for the correction of the year, [as] reformed by His Holiness Gregory XIII".}} printed in [[Rome]] by Vincenzo Accolti in 1582, one of the first printed editions of the new calendar]]
A month after decreeing the reform, the pope (with a brief of 3 April 1582) granted to one Antoni Lilio the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years. The {{lang|it|Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma}}{{efn|name=Lunario}} was printed by Vincenzo Accolti, one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform, notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio (''Con licentia delli Superiori... et permissu Ant(onii) Lilij''). The papal brief was revoked on 20 September 1582, because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Mezzi |first1=E. |last2= Vizza | first2=F. | title= Luigi Lilio Medico Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò | publisher= Laruffa Editore |location = Reggio Calabria | year=2010 |pages=14, 52 |isbn=9788872214817 }} citing as primary references: {{lang|it|Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze}}, Magl. 5.10.5/a, [[Vatican Apostolic Archive]] A.A., Arm. I‑XVIII, 5506, f. 362r.</ref>

===Adoption ===
{{main|Adoption of the Gregorian calendar}}

Although Gregory's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church, the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church (of which he was the supreme religious authority) and the [[Papal States]] (which he personally ruled). The changes that he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar, which required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect.

The bull {{lang|la|Inter gravissimas}} became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582, but it was not recognised by [[Protestantism|Protestant churches]], [[Eastern Orthodox churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox churches]], and a few others. Consequently, the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian churches again diverged.

On 29 September 1582, [[Philip II of Spain]] decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |date=1998 |title=Philip of Spain |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&q=gregorian%20calendar|publisher=Yale University Press |page=248 |isbn=978-0300078008}}</ref> This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over [[Iberian Union|Spain and Portugal]] as well as [[History of early modern Italy|much of Italy]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jennie|title=6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar|url=https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar|access-date=23 July 2021|website=HISTORY|date=23 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In these territories, as well as in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.mhp-a1bcb8a2-65d9-4031-be3c-fb9bfb5ff460/c/SzDPiPP_2011_03_Szulc.pdf |title=Wprowadzenie kalendarza gregoriańskiego w Rzeczpospolitej szlacheckiej |author=Tadeusz Szulc |journal=Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego |volume=tom 14 |pages=32–33 |date=2011 |language=pl }}</ref> and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October. The [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonies]] followed somewhat later {{lang|la|de facto}} because of delay in communication.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://archive.org/details/pragmaticasobrel00spai/page/n15/mode/2up |title ="Pragmatica" on the Ten Days of the Year |year =1584 | publisher= [[John Carter Brown Library]]}}: the first known South American imprint, produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo, of a four-page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582, decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar.</ref> The other major Catholic power of Western Europe, France, adopted the change a few months later: 9 December was followed by 20 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php|publisher=Tondering.dk|title=The Calendar FAQ: The Gregorian Calendar|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref>

Many [[Protestant]] countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold. For example, the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly: the Annexe to their [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]] established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory's rules, without actually referring to him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apgb/Geo2/24/23/section/3 |title=Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Section 3|publisher = Parliament of Great Britain | via=National Archives}}</ref>

[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] and the [[British Empire]] (including the eastern part of what is now the United States) adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752. [[Swedish calendar|Sweden]] followed in 1753.

Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar [[Islamic calendar]] with the [[Hijri year|Hijri era]] for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the [[Hijri year]] (see [[Rumi calendar]]). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year, this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917, the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926, the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in most other countries.

====Adoption by country====
{{hatnote|This is a brief summary. For a comprehensive table, see [[List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country]]}}
[[File:Calendars world map.svg|thumb|372x372px|{{legend|#008000;|Countries which have adopted the Gregorian calendar}}
{{Nbsp separated entries}}
{{legend|#008080;|Countries which use a modified version of the Gregorian calendar}}
{{Nbsp separated entries}}
{{legend|#ff8000;|Countries which use the Gregorian calendar alongside other calendars}}
{{Nbsp separated entries}}
{{legend|#ff0000;|Countries which have not adopted the Gregorian calendar}}
{{Nbsp separated entries}}]]
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Countries / Areas
|-
| 1582
| [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]], [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], [[France in the early modern period|France]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], [[Italy (geographical region)|Italy]], Catholic [[Low Countries]], [[Duchy of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], and colonies thereof
|-
| 1584
| [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], some Catholic [[Swiss cantons]]{{efn|name="CH"|In the [[Old Swiss Confederacy]], [[Helvetic Republic]], or [[Switzerland]], adoptions were made between 1584 and 1811. Some Catholic cantons switched in 1584, some Protestant in 1700/1701. For a complete list see [[List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar per country]].}}
|-
| 1610
| [[Duchy of Prussia|Prussia]]
|-
| 1648
| [[Alsace]]
|-
| 1682
| [[Strasbourg]]
|-
| 1700
| Protestant [[Low Countries]], [[Denmark–Norway]], some Protestant [[Swiss cantons]]{{efn| name="CH"}}
|-
| 1752
| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], and the [[British Empire#British Empire (1707–1783)|"First" British Empire (1707–1783)]]
|-
| 1753
| [[Age of Liberty|Sweden]], including [[Finland under Swedish rule|Finland]]
|-
| 1873
| [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
|-
| 1875
| [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]]
|-
| 1896
| [[Joseon|Korea]]
|-
| 1912
| [[Qing dynasty|China]], [[Independent Albania|Albania]]
|-
| 1915
| [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]]
|-
| 1916
| [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|-
| 1917
| [[Ottoman Empire]]
|-
| 1918
| [[Ukrainian People's Republic|Ukraine]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]], [[Governorate of Estonia|Estonia]]
|-
| 1919
| [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]{{efn|The regions comprising the former Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro (present-day Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia and North Macedonia) adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1919. The western and northern regions of what became Yugoslavia were already using the Gregorian calendar. For example, most of [[Slovenia]] adopted the Gregorian calendar at the same time as [[Austria]] in 1583. Coastal [[Croatia]], which was at the time ruled by [[Venice]], adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582. Inland [[Croatia]], ruled by the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]], adopted it in 1587 along with Hungary. The Gregorian calendar was used in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] since the 16th century by the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] population and was formally adopted for government use in 1878 following occupation by [[Austria-Hungary]].}}
|-
| 1923
| [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]
|-
| 1926
| [[Turkey]] ([[common era]] years; Gregorian dates in use since 1917 Ottoman adoption)
|-
| 2016
| [[Saudi Arabia]]
|}

==Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="white-space:nowrap"
|+Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates.<ref>A more extensive list is available at [[Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars]]</ref>
! Gregorian range || Julian range || Difference
|- align=right
|From 15 October 1582 to 28 February 1700
|From 5 October 1582 to 18 February 1700
| align=center |10 days
|- align=right
|From 1 March 1700 to 28 February 1800
|From 19 February 1700 to 17 February 1800
| align=center |11 days
|- align=right
|From 1 March 1800 to 28 February 1900
|From 18 February 1800 to 16 February 1900
| align=center |12 days
|- align=right
|From 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100
|From 17 February 1900 to 15 February 2100
| align=center |13 days
|- align=right
|From 1 March 2100 to 28 February 2200
|From 16 February 2100 to 14 February 2200
| align=center |14 days
|}

This section always places the intercalary day on {{nowrap|29 February}} even though it was always obtained by doubling {{nowrap|24 February}} (the {{lang|la|bissextum}} (twice sixth) or bissextile day) until the late [[Middle Ages]]. The Gregorian calendar is [[Proleptic Gregorian calendar|proleptic]] before 1582 (calculated backwards on the same basis, for years before 1582), and the difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates increases by three days every four centuries (all date ranges are inclusive).

The following equation gives the number of days that the Gregorian calendar is ahead of the Julian calendar, called the "secular difference" between the two calendars. A negative difference means the Julian calendar is ahead of the Gregorian calendar.{{sfnp|Blackburn|Holford-Strevens|1999|page=788}}
<math display=block>D = \left\lfloor{Y/100}\right\rfloor - \left\lfloor{Y/400}\right\rfloor - 2,</math>
where <math>D</math> is the secular difference and <math>Y</math> is the year using [[astronomical year numbering]], that is, use {{nowrap|1 − (year BC)}} for BC years. <math>\left\lfloor{x}\right\rfloor</math> means that if the result of the division is not an integer it is rounded down to the nearest integer.

The general rule, in years which are leap years in the Julian calendar but not the Gregorian, is:

Up to 28 February in the calendar being converted {{em|from}}, add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar being converted {{em|into}}. When subtracting days to calculate the Gregorian equivalent of 29 February (Julian), 29 February is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is −4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is 24 February.<ref>{{cite book |first1=James | last1=Evans | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA169 |title= The history and practice of ancient astronomy |location= Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press | year=1998 |page=169|isbn=0-19-509539-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title= Explanatory Supplement to The Astronomical Ephemeris and The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac |location=London |publisher= Her Majesty's Stationery Office| year=1961| page=417 |url=https://archive.org/details/calendar-ephemeris/page/n7/mode/1up}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Beginning of the year==
{| class="sortable wikitable floatright"
|-
! Country || Start numbered year on 1 January || Adoption of Gregorian calendar
|-
| [[Roman Republic]], [[Roman Empire]] || 153 BC ||
|-
| Denmark || Gradual change from 13th to 16th centuries<ref>Herluf Nielsen: ''Kronologi'' (2nd ed., Dansk Historisk Fællesforening, Copenhagen 1967), pp. 48–50.</ref> || 1700
|-
| [[Republic of Venice]] || 1522  || 1582
|-
| [[Papal States]] || 1583 || 1582
|-
| [[Holy Roman Empire]] (Catholic states) || 1544 || 1583
|-
| Spain, Poland, Portugal || 1556{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=99{{ndash}}100}} || 1582
|-
| [[Holy Roman Empire]] (Protestant states) || 1559 || 1700{{efn|Protestant states in Germany used an astronomical Easter from 1700 to 1774, based on [[Kepler]]'s [[Rudolphine Tables]], differing from the Gregorian Easter twice, one week early in 1724 and 1744.<ref>{{citation |last=Lamont |first=Roscoe |year=1920 |title=The reform of the Julian calendar |url=http://adsbit.harvard.edu//full/1920PA.....28...18L/0000018.000.html |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=28 |pages=18–32|bibcode=1920PA.....28...18L }}</ref>}}
|-
| Sweden || 1559{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=98}} || 1753
|-
| France || 1564<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.henk-reints.nl/cal/audette/cgfrance.html|title=Calendrier grégorien en France|website=www.henk-reints.nl}}</ref> || 1582{{efn|In 1793 France abandoned the Gregorian calendar in favour of the [[French Republican Calendar]]. This change was reverted in 1805.}}
|-
| [[Southern Netherlands]] || 1576<ref>Per decree of 16 June 1575. Hermann Grotefend, "[http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/g_o.htm#Osteranfang Osteranfang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713092953/http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/Grotefend/g_o.htm#Osteranfang |date=13 July 2016 }}" (Easter beginning), ''[http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/grotefend.htm Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628120344/http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/grotefend.htm |date=28 June 2016 }}'' (Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times) (1891–1898)</ref> || 1582
|-
| [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]] || 1579{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=97}} || 1582{{efn|Lorraine reverted to Julian in 1735 and adopted Gregorian again in 1760.}}
|-
| [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] || 1583{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=94{{ndash}}95}} || 1582
|-
| [[Scotland]] || 1600<ref name=Blackburn>Blackburn & Holford-Strevens (1999), p. 784.</ref>{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=92}} || 1752
|-
| Russia || 1700<ref>Roscoe Lamont, [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1920PA.....28...18L The reform of the Julian calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230150923/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1920PA.....28...18L |date=30 December 2015 }}, ''Popular Astronomy'' '''28''' (1920) 18–32. Decree of Peter the Great is on pp. 23–24.</ref>||1918
|-
| [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]] || 1750<ref>*Alexandre Dumas, [https://archive.org/details/storiadelgoverno00duma/page/201  Storia del governo della Toscana: sotto La casa de'Medici].
*[https://www.florencewithguide.com/it/blog-it/il-calendario-fiorentino/ Il calendario fiorentino] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310154203/http://www.florencewithguide.com/it/blog-it/il-calendario-fiorentino/ |date=10 March 2017 }}.</ref> || 1582<ref>Lorenzo Cattini, [https://books.google.com/books?id=v--l2PRjuJQC Legislazione toscana raccolta e illustrata], vol. 10, p. 208.</ref>
|-
| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and the [[British Empire]] except Scotland || 1752<ref name=Blackburn/> || 1752
|-
|}
The year used in dates during the [[Roman Republic]] and the [[Roman Empire]] was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/chron_rom_cal.htm#eponymous |title=Roman Dates: Eponymous Years |publisher=Tyndalehouse.com |access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref> The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the [[new year]]. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.

During the Middle Ages, under the influence of the Catholic Church, many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals—25 December ([[Christmas]]), 25 March ([[Annunciation]]), or Easter,<ref name=MS>{{cite web| first1=Mike |last1= Spathaky |url=http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm | title= Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar: A summary for genealogists}}</ref> while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492, when the new year was moved to 1 September.<ref>S. I. Seleschnikow: ''Wieviel Monde hat ein Jahr?'' (Aulis-Verlag, Leipzig/Jena/Berlin 1981, p. 149), which is a German translation of С. И. Селешников: ''История календаря и хронология'' (Издательство "Наука", Moscow 1977). The relevant chapter is available online here: [http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm История календаря в России и в СССР (Calendar history in Russia and the USSR)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017163723/http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm |date=17 October 2009 }}. Anno Mundi 7000 lasted from {{nowrap|1 March 1492}} to {{nowrap|31 August 1492}}. {{in lang|ru}}</ref>

In common usage, 1 January was regarded as New Year's Day and celebrated as such,<ref>[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/31/index.php Tuesday 31 December 1661] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090731/http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/31/index.php |date=29 September 2007 }}, [http://www.pepysdiary.com The Diary of Samuel Pepys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301084423/http://www.pepysdiary.com/ |date=1 March 2021 }} "I sat down to end my journell for this year, ..."</ref> but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March ([[Lady Day]]).<ref>Nørby, Toke. [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html#England The Perpetual Calendar: What about England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830124531/http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html#England |date=30 August 2007 }} Version 29 February 2000</ref> So, for example, the Parliamentary record lists the execution of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] on 30 January as occurring in 1648 (as the year did not end until 24 March),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26211#s5|title= House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 9 June 1660 (Regicides)|publisher=British History Online|access-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/charles_warrant.htm |title=Death warrant of Charles I |publisher=National Archives}}</ref>

Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 (this meant that 1599 was a short year). England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 (so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days). Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies (see the section [[#Adoption|Adoption]]). These two reforms were implemented by the [[Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]].<ref name="NT-Perpetual-Calendar">Nørby, Toke. [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.php The Perpetual Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112032636/http://norbyhus.dk/calendar.php |date=12 November 2019 }}</ref>

In some countries, an official decree or law specifies that the start of the year should be 1 January. For such countries, a specific date when a "1 January year" became the norm, can be identified.{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=91{{ndash}}101}} In other countries, customs varied, and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs. Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date, though the latter states that the "[[Golden number (time)|Golden number]]" of 1752 ends in December and a new year (and new Golden number) begins in January 1753.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kalendarium Gregorianum perpetuum |trans-title=Perpetual Gregorian calendar |date=1752 |last=Chiesa Cattolica |language=la |pages=17, 18 |chapter=Canon I: De cyclo decennovenalli • aurei numeri |publisher=apud Ioannes Bapt. Sessam, & fratres |trans-chapter=Canon I: On the nineteenth yearly cycle • golden numbers |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xzHmKtG1_rgC/page/n17/mode/2up?q=1583 |quote=''Annus Cycli decennouennalis, qui dr Aureus numerus est 6. terminaturque simulcu ipso anno Domini 1582 in mése Decembri. In mense autem Ianuario initium sumit alius annus Domini , nempe 1583. & in eodem mense Ianuario aslumitur etiam alius annuis Aurei numeri, nimirum 7.'' |trans-quote=The year of the ten-year cycle, which is the golden number 6, ends at the same time in the year of the Lord 1582 in the month of December. And in the month of January begins another year of the Lord, that is, 1583. And in the same month of January also another year of the golden number is ushered in, namely 7. }}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Dual dating==
[[File:Memorial to John Etty (18373251064).jpg|thumb|Memorial plaque to John Etty in [[All Saints' Church, North Street, York]], recording his date of death as 28 January {{sfrac|170|8|9}}]]
{{Main|Dual dating}}

During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double-dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of [[John Dee (mathematician)|John Dee]] (1527–1608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers "customarily" used "two dates" on their letters, one OS and one NS.<ref>{{cite book| first1= Benjamin |last1= Woolley | title=The Queen's Conjurer: The science and magic of Dr. John Dee, adviser to Queen Elizabeth I |location= New York | publisher=Henry Holt | year= 2001 |page=173}}</ref>

===Old Style and New Style dates===
{{Main|Old Style and New Style dates|Calendar (New Style) Act 1750}}

"Old Style" (O.S.) and "New Style" (N.S.) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, this is the change from the [[Julian calendar]] to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 1582 and the early 20th century.

In [[England]], [[Wales]], [[Ireland]], and Britain's [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]], there were two calendar changes, both in 1752. The first adjusted the start of a new year from [[Lady Day]] (25 March) to 1 January (which [[Scotland]] had done from 1600), while the second discarded the Julian calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar, removing 11 days from the September 1752 calendar to do so.{{sfn|Poole|1995 |pages=95–139}}<ref name="MS2">{{cite web |last=Spathaky |first=Mike |url=http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm |title=Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar |url-status=live |date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060050/http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm |archive-date=11 October 2014 |quote=Before 1752, parish registers, in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing, for example '1733', had another heading at the end of the following December indicating '1733/4'. This showed where the Historical Year 1734 started even though the Civil Year 1733 continued until 24th March. ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms. It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745, for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Civil or the Historical Year. The date should either be written 20th January 1745 OS (if indeed it was Old Style) or as 20th January 1745/6. The hyphen {{notatypo|(1745-6)}} is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time.}}</ref> To accommodate the two calendar changes, writers used [[dual dating]] to identify a given day by giving its date according to both styles of dating.

For countries such as Russia where no start of year adjustment took place, O.S. and N.S. simply indicate the Julian and Gregorian dating systems. Many [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] countries continue to use the older Julian calendar for religious purposes.

==Proleptic Gregorian calendar==
{{Main|Proleptic Gregorian calendar}}

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction in a particular jurisdiction produces [[proleptic Gregorian calendar|a proleptic calendar]], which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to a putative Gregorian equivalents. For example, the [[Battle of Agincourt]] is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is [[Crispin|Saint Crispin]]'s Day.

But for the period between 15 October 1582 and 14 September 1752 (the date of [[Calendar Act 1750|its legal introduction]] in the British Empire), a significant risk of misunderstanding arises in English language texts. (The equivalent issue arises in Russian (until 1917) and Greek (until 1923) language texts.) This can happen when the same event has two different dates (which may even have a different year number): one as recorded using the Gregorian date in (some) [[continental Europe]]an histories and the other using the Julian date in English history sources. Even then, events that happened on the Continent are usually reported in English language histories according to the local convention where the event occurred, so usually the Gregorian calendar. For example, the [[Battle of Blenheim]] is always given as 13 August 1704. Confusion may occur when an event affects both. For example, [[William III of England]] set sail from the Netherlands on 11 November 1688 (Gregorian calendar) and arrived at [[Brixham]] in England on 5 November 1688 (Julian calendar).

== Months==
The Gregorian calendar continued to employ the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] months, which have Latinate names and irregular numbers of [[day]]s:

* [[January]] (31 days), from {{langx|la|mēnsis Iānuārius}}, "Month of [[Janus (mythology)|Janus]]",<ref name=janoed>{{citation |contribution=January, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/100755 |title=Oxford English Dictionary |url=http://www.oed.com/ |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press }}.</ref> the [[Roman mythology|Roman god]] of gates, doorways, beginnings and endings
* [[February]] (28 days in [[common year|common]] and 29 in [[leap year]]s), from {{lang|la|mēnsis Februārius}}, "Month of the [[Lupercalia|Februa]]", the [[Roman festivals|Roman festival]] of purgation and purification,<ref name=foed>{{citation |contribution=February, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/68878 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref><ref name=oe>{{citation |last=Liberman |first=Anatoly |date=7 March 2007 |contribution=On a Self-Congratulatory Note |contribution-url=http://blog.oup.com/2007/03/on_a_self_congr |title=Oxford Etymologist Archives |url=https://blog.oup.com/category/series-columns/oxford_etymologist/ |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford }}.</ref> [[cognate word|cognate]] with [[fever]],<ref name=foed/> the [[Etruscan mythology|Etruscan]] [[death god]] [[Februus]] ("Purifier"),{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} and the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] word for [[sulfur]]<ref name=foed/>
* [[March]] (31 days), from {{lang|la|mēnsis Mārtius}}, "Month of [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]",<ref name=maroed>{{citation |contribution=March, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/113951 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref> the Roman [[war god]]<ref name=oe/>
* [[April]] (30 days), from {{lang|la|mēnsis Aprīlis}}, of uncertain meaning<ref name=aproed>{{citation |contribution=April, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/9939 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref> but usually derived from some form of the verb ''{{lang|la|aperire}}'' ("to open"){{efn|It is not unusual for month names to be based on natural descriptions but this etymology is sometimes doubted since no other ''Roman'' months have such names.<ref name=oe/>}} or the name of the goddess [[Aphrodite]]<ref name=oe/>{{efn|This derivation was apparently a popular one in ancient Rome, given by [[Plutarch]]<ref>{{citation |author=[[Plutarch]] |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Numa*.html#Romulan_year |title=Life of Numa |at=Ch. xix }}.</ref> but rejected by [[Varro]] and [[Cincius]].{{where|date=February 2017}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Scullard |first=H H |title=Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic |series=Aspects of Greek and Roman Life |publisher=Cornell University Press |location= Ithaca |date= 1990 |page=96 |isbn=9780801414022}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |last=Forsythe |title=Time in Roman religion : one thousand years of religious history |page=10 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |date= 2014 |isbn=9781138802322}}.</ref>}}
* [[May]] (31 days), from {{lang|la|mēnsis Māius}}, "Month of [[Maia (Roman goddess)|Maia]]",<ref name=mayoed>{{citation |contribution=May, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115285 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref> a Roman [[vegetation goddess]]<ref name=oe/> whose name is cognate with Latin ''{{lang|la|magnus}}'' ("great")<ref name=mayoed/> and English ''major''
* [[June]] (30 days), from {{lang|la|mēnsis Iūnius}}, "Month of [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]]",<ref name=junoed>{{citation |contribution=June, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/102068 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref> the Roman goddess of [[marriage in ancient Rome|marriage]], [[childbirth goddess|childbirth]], and rule<ref name=oe/>
* [[July]] (31 days), from {{lang|la|mēnsis Iūlius}}', "Month of [[Julius Caesar]]", the month of Caesar's birth, instituted in 44{{nbsp}}BC<ref name=juloed>{{citation |contribution=July, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/102005 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref> as part of [[Julian calendar|his calendrical reforms]]<ref name=oe/>
* [[August]] (31 days), from {{lang|la|mēnsis Augustus}}, "Month of [[Augustus]]", instituted by Augustus in 8{{nbsp}}BC in agreement with July and from the occurrence during the month of several important events during his rise to power<ref name=augoed>{{citation |contribution=August, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13110 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref>
* [[September]] (30 days), from {{lang|la|mēnsis september}}, "seventh month", of the ten-month Roman year of [[Romulus]] {{circa|750}}{{nbsp}}BC<ref name=septoed>{{citation |contribution=September, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/176171 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref>
* [[October]] (31 days), from {{lang|la|mēnsis octōber}}, "eighth month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus {{circa|750}}{{nbsp}}BC<ref name=ooed>{{citation |contribution=October, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/130330 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref>
* [[November]] (30 days), from {{lang|la|mēnsis november}}, "ninth month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus {{circa|750}}{{nbsp}}BC<ref name=noed>{{citation |contribution=November, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/130330 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref>
* [[December]] (31 days), from {{lang|la|mēnsis december}}, "tenth month", of the ten-month Roman year of Romulus {{circa|750}}{{nbsp}}BC<ref name=doed>{{citation |contribution=December, ''n.'' |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/48106 |title=Oxford English Dictionary }}.</ref>

Europeans sometimes attempt to remember the number of days in each month by memorizing some form of the traditional verse "[[Thirty Days Hath September]]". It appears in Latin,<ref>{{cite book |last=de Dacia |title=Anianus: Computus Metricus Manualis |location=Odense |first=Petrus |editor-first=Fritz S. |editor-last=Pedersen| language=la |oclc=163382057}}</ref> Italian,<ref name=i4d>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek2LCwAAQBAJ |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek2LCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101 101–2] |title=Italian for Dummies |last=Onofri |first=Francesca Romana |author2=Karen Antje Moller |author3=Teresa L. Picarazzi |display-authors=1 |publisher=Berlitz |date=2012 |isbn=9781118258767 }}.</ref> French<ref>{{citation |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jWtIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11 11] |last=Bond |first=Otto Ferdinand |author2=Hilda Laura Norman |display-authors=1 |title=Military Manual of Elementary French |date=1918 |publisher=E.L. Steck |location=[[Austin, Texas|Austin]] }}.</ref> and Portuguese,<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqUvp_kWAAsC |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TqUvp_kWAAsC&dq=%22trinta+dias+tem+setembro%22&pg=PA121 121] |title=Cartapacio de syllaba, e figuras, conforme a ordem dos mais cartapacios de Grammatica... |last=Portella |first=Mathias Rodrigues |date=1738 |publisher=Officina de Antonio Pedrozo Galram |location=Western Lisbon}}.</ref> and belongs to a broad [[oral tradition]] but the earliest currently attested form of the poem is the English [[marginalia]] inserted into a [[calendar of saints]] {{c.|1425}}:<ref name=tto>{{cite news |last=Bryan |first=Roger |date=30 October 2011 |title=The Oldest Rhyme in the Book |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/the-oldest-rhyme-in-the-book-5smhvj32kxx |publisher=Times Newspapers |location=London |ref={{harvid|Bryan|2011b}} }}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Misstear |first=Rachael |title=Welsh Author Digs Deep to Find Medieval Origins of Thirty Days Hath Verse |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/need-to-read/2012/01/16/welsh-author-digs-deep-to-find-medieval-origins-of-thirty-days-hath-verse-91466-30128447 |date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Media Wales |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206080222/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/need-to-read/2012/01/16/welsh-author-digs-deep-to-find-medieval-origins-of-thirty-days-hath-verse-91466-30128447 |archive-date=6 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Memorable mnemonics |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9651000/9651594.stm |date=30 November 2011 }}.</ref>

{{verse translation | lang1 = enm |Thirti dayes hath novembir
April june and Septembir.
Of xxviij is but oon
And alle the remenaunt xxx and j.<ref name=tto/>
|Thirty days has November,
April, June, and September.
Of 28 is but one
And all the remnant 30 and 1.}}

[[File:Month - Knuckles (en).svg|thumb|The [[knuckle mnemonic]] for the days of the months of the year]]
Variations appeared in ''[[Mother Goose]]'' and continue to be taught at schools. The unhelpfulness of such involved [[mnemonic]]s has been parodied as "Thirty days hath September{{nbsp}}/ But all the rest I can't remember"<ref>{{cite news |work=The Cincinnati Enquirer |date=20 September 1924 |location=Cincinnati |page=6 |title=Thirty days hath September. But all the rest I can't remember}}.</ref> but it has also been called "probably the only sixteenth-century poem most ordinary citizens know by heart".<ref name=holly>{{citation |last=Holland |first=Norman N. |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |title=The Critical I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uOdAwAAQBAJ |date=1992 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7uOdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 64–5] |isbn=9780231076517 }}.</ref> A common nonverbal alternative is the [[knuckle mnemonic]], considering the [[knuckle]]s of one's [[hand]]s as months with 31 days and the lower spaces between them as months with fewer days. Using two hands, one may start from either [[pinkie finger|pinkie]] knuckle as January and count across, omitting the space between the [[index finger|index]] knuckles (July and August). The same procedure can be done using the knuckles of a single hand, returning from the last (July) to the first (August) and continuing through. A similar mnemonic is to move up a [[musical keyboard|piano keyboard]] in [[semitone]]s from an F key, taking the white keys as the longer months and the black keys as the shorter ones.

== Weeks==
{{Main|Seven-day week}}

In conjunction with the system of months, there is a system of [[week]]s. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the [[weekday]] and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. [[Calculating the day of the week]] is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar).

Opinions vary about the numbering of the days of the week. [[ISO 8601]], in common use worldwide, starts with Monday=1; printed monthly calendar grids often list Mondays in the first (left) column of dates and Sundays in the last. In North America, the week typically begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday.

==Accuracy==
The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years, giving an average year of 365.2425 [[solar time#Mean solar time|mean solar days]] long.{{sfnp|Seidelmann|1992|pages=580–581}} This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,030 years{{efn|Using value from Richards (2013, p. 587) for tropical year in mean solar days, the calculation is {{nowrap|1/(365.2425 − 365.24217).}}}} ([[NASA]]: 1 day every 3,333.3 years) with respect to the current value of the [[mean tropical year]]. However, because of the [[Axial precession (astronomy)|precession of the equinoxes]], which is not constant, and the movement of the [[perihelion]] (which affects the Earth's orbital speed) the error with respect to the ''astronomical'' vernal equinox is variable; using the average interval between vernal equinoxes near 2000 of 365.24237 days{{sfnp|Meeus|Savoie|1992|page=42}} implies an error closer to 1 day every 7,700 years. By any criterion, the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar (average year 365.25 days).

In the 19th century, Sir [[John Herschel]] proposed a modification to the Gregorian calendar with 969 leap days every 4,000 years, instead of 970 leap days that the Gregorian calendar would insert over the same period.<ref>{{cite book|first=John |last=Herschel |chapter=Part IV. Chapter XVIII. Gregorian Calendar. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/outlinesofastron00hersuoft/page/672/mode/2up?q=4000&view=theater |title=Outlines of Astronomy |year=1878 |publisher=[[Longman]] |orig-year=1849 | page=673 }}</ref> This would reduce the average year to 365.24225 days. Herschel's proposal would make the year 4000, and multiples thereof, common instead of leap. While this modification has often been proposed since, it has never been officially adopted.<ref>{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Duncan |title=Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-29827-4| page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxvVdXyr_hMC&pg=PA185 }}</ref>

On time scales of thousands of years, the Gregorian calendar falls behind the astronomical seasons. This is because [[Earth's rotation#Changes|the Earth's speed of rotation is gradually slowing down]], which makes each day slightly longer over time (see [[tidal acceleration]] and [[leap second]]) while the year maintains a more uniform duration.

===Calendar seasonal error===
[[File:Gregoriancalendarleap solstice.svg|frameless|upright=3.65|Gregorian calendar seasons difference]]

This image shows the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the astronomical seasons.

The ''y''-axis is the date of the solstice in June and the ''x''-axis is Gregorian calendar years.

Each point is the date and time of the [[Solstice|June solstice]] in that particular year. The error shifts by about a quarter of a day per year. Centurial years are ordinary years, unless they are divisible by 400, in which case they are leap years. This causes a correction in the years 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, and 2300.

For instance, these corrections cause 23 December 1903 to be the latest December solstice, and 20 December 2096 to be the earliest solstice—about 2.35 days of variation compared with the astronomical event.

==Proposed reforms==
The following are [[Calendar reform|proposed reforms]] of the Gregorian calendar:
* [[Holocene calendar]]
* [[International Fixed Calendar]] (also called the ''International Perpetual calendar'')
* [[World Calendar]]
* [[World Season Calendar]]
* [[Leap week calendar]]s
** [[Pax Calendar]]
** [[Symmetry454]]
** [[Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* {{Annotated link |Anno Domini}}
* {{Annotated link |Calendar (New Style) Act 1750}}
* {{Annotated link |Calendar reform}}
* {{Annotated link |Common Era}}
* {{Annotated link |Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars}}
* {{Annotated link |Doomsday rule}}
* {{Annotated link |French revolutionary calendar}}
* {{Annotated link |Dionysius Exiguus}}
*[[s:Translation:Inter gravissimas|Inter gravissimas in English]] – Wikisource
* {{Annotated link |Julian day}}
* {{Annotated link |History of calendars}}
* {{Annotated link |ISO 8601}}
* {{Annotated link |List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country}}
* {{Annotated link |List of calendars}}
* {{Annotated link |Old Calendarists}}
** {{Annotated link |Greek Old Calendarists}}
* {{Annotated link |Revised Julian calendar}}
'''Precursors of the Gregorian reform'''
* [[Johannes de Sacrobosco]], ''De Anni Ratione'' ("On reckoning the years"), {{Circa|1235}}
* [[Roger Bacon]], {{Lang|la|[[Opus Majus]]}} ("Greater Work"), {{Circa|1267}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin |indent=yes}}

*{{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1= Bonnie |last2= Holford-Strevens |first2= Leofranc |year =1999 | title= The Oxford Companion to the Year | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192142313|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00blac}}.
*{{cite web|last1=Blegen |first1= Carl W. |url=https://nataliavogeikoff.com/2013/12/25/an-odd-christmas-or-the-christmasless-year-of-1923-in-greece/ | title= An Odd Christmas |editor-first1= Natalia |editor-last1=Vogeikoff-Brogan |date= 25 December 2013 | series=From the Archivist's Notebook |access-date= 1 April 2018}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bond |first=John James |title=Handy Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying Dates With the Christian Era Giving an Account of the Chief Eras and Systems Used by Various Nations... |publisher=George Bell & Sons |year=1875 |location=London |author-link=John James Bond |chapter=Commencement of the Year, on the 1st of January or otherwise, and adoption of the Gregorian Calendar |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handybookofrules00inbond/page/91/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book|last1=Carabias Torres |first1= A. M |date=2012| title=Salamanca y la medida del tiempo | language=es| location= Salamanca |publisher= Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca}}
*{{cite book|author-link1=Nachum Dershowitz |last1= Dershowitz | first1= D. |author-link2=Edward Reingold | last2=Reingold |first2= E. M |year= 2008 | title= [[Calendrical Calculations]] | edition = 3rd |publisher= Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge}}
*{{cite book|author=Gregory XIII | author-link = Gregory XIII |year=1582 | url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Inter_gravissimas | title= Inter Gravissimas | translator= Wikisource | trans-title=Amongst the most serious tasks of our pastoral office}}
* {{cite journal|author-link1=Jean Meeus |last1=Meeus |first1= J. |last2= Savoie |first2= D. | year= 1992 | url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JBAA..102...40M |title= The history of the tropical year | journal= Journal of the British Astronomical Association |volume=102 |number=1 | pages= 40–42|bibcode=1992JBAA..102...40M }}
*{{cite conference|last1=Moyer |first1= Gordon | url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&page_ind=181 |title=Aloisius Lilius and the ''Compendium Novae Rationis Restituendi Kalendarium'' |editor1-last=Coyne |editor1-first= G. V. |editor2-last= Hoskin |editor2-first= M. A. |editor3-last= Pedersen |editor3-first= O. | year=1983 | conference= Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary |location= Vatican City |publisher= Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specolo Vaticano |pages=171–188}}
* {{Cite journal |date=1995 |title='Give us our eleven days!': calendar reform in eighteenth-century England |url=https://insight.cumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/684/1/Poole_GiveUsOurEleven.pdf |journal=Past & Present |publisher=[[Oxford Academic]] |pages=95–139 |doi=10.1093/past/149.1.95 |jstor=651100 |access-date=4 December 2020 |author-last1=Poole |author-first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Poole (historian) |issue=149}}
*{{cite book|last1=Richards |first1= E. G. | year= 1998 | title= Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History | publisher =Oxford University Press|bibcode= 1998mtch.book.....R }}
*{{cite book|last1=Richards |first1= E. G. | year=2013 | chapter= Calendars | editor-first1= S. E. | editor-last1= Urban | editor-first2= P. K. | editor-last2 = Seidelmann | title= Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac | edition = 3rd | pages= 585–624 | location= Mill Valley CA | publisher=University Science Books|isbn=978-1-891389-85-6}}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Seidelmann | editor-first1= P. K. |year=1992| title= Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac | edition= 2nd |location= Sausalito, CA |publisher= University Science Books| bibcode= 1992esaa.book.....S }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Swerdlow |first1= N. M. |year=1986 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JHA....17..109S |title= The Length of the Year in the Original Proposal for the Gregorian Calendar | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy| volume= 17 | number= 49 | pages= 109–118|doi= 10.1177/002182868601700204 |bibcode= 1986JHA....17..109S |s2cid= 118491152 }}
*{{cite magazine|last1=Walker | first1= G. W. | url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1945PA.....53..218W | title= Easter Intervals | magazine= Popular Astronomy | issue= 6 | date = June 1945 | volume=53 | pages=162–178, 218–232| bibcode= 1945PA.....53..218W }}
*{{cite conference |last1=Ziggelaar |first1= A. | year=1983 | url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&page_ind=209 | title=The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar |editor1-last=Coyne |editor1-first= G. V. |editor2-last= Hoskin |editor2-first= M. A. |editor3-last= Pedersen |editor3-first= O. | conference= Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary | location= Vatican City | publisher=Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specolo Vaticano | pages= 201–239}}

{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last1=Barsoum |first1=Ignatius A. |year=2003 |title=The Scattered Pearls: A History Of Syriac Literature And Sciences |location=Piscataway |publisher=Georgias Press |url=https://archive.org/details/EphremBarsoumMattiMoosaTheScatteredPearlsAHistoryOfSyriacLiteratureAndSciences/page/n13/mode/2up?q=Gregorian}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Borkowski |first1=K. M. |year=1991 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1991JRASC..85..121B/0000125.000.html |title=The tropical calendar and solar year |journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada |volume=85 |number=3 |pages=21–130 |bibcode=1991JRASC..85..121B}}
*{{cite conference |editor1-last=Coyne |editor1-first=G. V. |editor2-last=Hoskin |editor2-first=M. A. |editor3-last=Pedersen |editor3-first=O. |year=1983 |url=https://archive.org/details/GregorianReformOfTheCalendar |title=Gregorian Reform of the Calendar |conference=Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary, 1582–1982 |location=Vatican City |publisher=Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Vatican Observatory ({{lang|it|Pontificia Academia Scientarum, Specola Vaticana}})}}
*{{cite book |last1=Duncan |first1=D. E |year=1999 |title=Calendar: Humanity's Epic Struggle To Determine A True And Accurate Year |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9780380793242}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Morrison |first1=L. V. |last2=Stephenson |first2=F. R. |year=2004 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JHA....35..327M |title=Historical values of the Earth's clock error ΔT and the calculation of eclipses |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=35, part 3 |number=120 |pages=327–336 |doi=10.1177/002182860403500305 |bibcode=2004JHA....35..327M |s2cid=119021116}}
*{{cite magazine |last1=Moyer |first1=Gordon |issue=5 |volume=246 |date=May 1982 |title=The Gregorian Calendar |magazine=Scientific American |pages=144–152}}
*{{cite conference |last1=Pedersen |first1=O |year=1983 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&page_ind=34 |title=The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church |editor1-last=Coyne |editor1-first=G. V. |editor2-last=Hoskin |editor2-first=M. A. |editor3-last=Pedersen |editor3-first=O. |conference=Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary |location=Vatican City |publisher=Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specolo Vaticano |pages=17–74}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Translation:Inter gravissimas|''Inter gravissimas'' in English}}
* {{In Our Time|Gregorian calendar|p00548m9|Gregorian_calendar}}
* [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ Calendar Converter]
* [http://www.bluewaterarts.com/calendar/NewInterGravissimas.htm Inter Gravissimas] {{in lang|la|fr|en}}
* [http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-history.html History of Gregorian Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106001448/http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-history.html |date=6 January 2014 }}
* [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.php The Perpetual Calendar Gregorian Calendar adoption dates for many countries. ]
* [http://www.recordholders.org/en/records/dates.html World records for mentally calculating the day of the week in the Gregorian Calendar ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051228123115/http://www.tondering.dk/claus/calendar.html The Calendar FAQ] – Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars
* [http://curiousnotions.com/todays-date Today's date (Gregorian) in over 800 more-or-less obscure foreign languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031826/https://curiousnotions.com/todays-date/ |date=8 March 2023 }}

{{calendars}}
{{Time Topics}}
{{Time measurement and standards}}
{{Chronology}}
{{Time in religion and mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gregorian Calendar}}
[[Category:Gregorian calendar| ]]
[[Category:1580s introductions]]
[[Category:1582 establishments]]
[[Category:1582 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]

Shri Prakash Shukla

2026-03-06T20:06:03Z

Serzccd: fix citations also for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Sri Prakash Shukla]]

Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu

2026-03-06T01:31:21Z

Serzccd:

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu
| image = Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu Poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = Srinivasa Reddy
| producer = [[Vishnu Manchu]]
| screenplay = Srinivasa Reddy
| based_on = ''Be Dune Saade Chaar''
| starring = [[Mohan Babu]] [[Allari Naresh]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Ramya Krishna]] [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] [[Varun Sandesh]]
| music = [[Raghu Kunche]] [[Achu Rajamani]] [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = Adusumilli Vijaykumar B. Balamurugan
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[24 Frames Factory]] [[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2015|12|25|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy film|action comedy]] film written and directed by Srinivasa Reddy and produced by [[Vishnu Manchu]] under the [[24 Frames Factory]] banner. It features an [[ensemble cast]] comprising [[Mohan Babu]], [[Allari Naresh]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], and [[Varun Sandesh]].<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/mohan-babu-allari-nareshs-mama-manchu-alludu-kanchu-first-look-4621-slide-32834 "Mohan Babu and Allari Naresh's Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu first look"]. Ibtimes.co.in (2015-10-23). Retrieved on 2015-12-22.</ref> It is a remake of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''Be Dune Saade Chaar'' (2009) and shares continuity with the 1992 film ''[[Allari Mogudu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-16|title=All stories are just retellings of tales already told: Mohan Babu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/all-stories-are-just-retellings-of-tales-already-told-mohan-babu/articleshow/50312160.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2015|title=Interview with Allari Naresh about Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/allarinaresh-mmak.html|website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

The film was officially launched on 19 August 2015 and released on 25 December 2015.<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/mama-manchu-alludu-kanchu-movie-launched-telugu-news-140218.html "Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu" movie launched]. Indiaglitz.com (2015-08-19). Retrieved on 2015-12-22.</ref> The film received mixed reviews from the critics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IBTimes|date=2015-12-28|title=Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu review roundup: MMAK bags mixed verdict, poor ratings from critics|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mama-manchu-alludu-kanchu-review-roundup-mmak-bags-mixed-verdict-poor-ratings-critics-661176|website=IB Times}}</ref>

==Plot==
Bhaktavatsalam Naidu ([[Mohan Babu]]), who has married two women and has successfully managed to keep the secret of the other woman to both the ladies. His friend Ismail ([[Ali (actor)|Ali]]) helps him in protecting the secret. His first wife Suryakantham ([[Meena (actress)|Meena]]) has a daughter named Sruthi ([[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]) and second wife Priyamvada ([[Ramya Krishna]]) has a son Gautham Naidu ([[Varun Sandesh]]). Incidentally, the birthdays of both the boy and the girl fall on the same date and in a comedy of errors Naidu swaps the gifts. Gautham and Shruthi want to meet each other to exchange their gifts. Naidu doesn't want this to happen as his secret could be out. So, he requisitions the service of Balaraju ([[Allari Naresh]]). But Balaraju falls in love with Sruthi. The film is all about Naidu's plans to keep the secret, on one hand, to keep Balaraju away from Sruthi. Later, Naidu informs about Balaraju to his father. Actually, in Balaraju's village, there is a girl(sister of the village head) who loves Balaraju and her brother compels him to marry his sister. Naidu sends Ismail with a letter informing his father about Balraju. The girl falls in love with the first instance of Ismail. Naidu also tells Sruthi to go to Balraju house to know about Balraju. After much discussion, Sruthi accepts Balraju love. Also, balraju does not inform anything about Naidu to Sruthi. This also makes Naidu accept his love. Later series reveals why Naidu married two of them and also his wives knowing the truth.

==Cast==
* [[Allari Naresh]] as Balaraju / Gautham
* [[Mohan Babu]] as Bhakthavatsala Naidu
* [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] as Shruthi Naidu
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Suryakantham
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Priyamvada
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Ismail/Bhakthavatsala Naidu
* [[Varun Sandesh]] as Goutham Naidu
* Hridaya
* [[Sonia Deepti]] as Divya
* [[Krishna Bhagavan]] as Sanyasi Rao

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Achu Rajamani]] [[Raghu Kunche]] [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|28}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Junglee Music
| producer = [[Achu Rajamani]] [[Raghu Kunche]] Bappa Lahiri
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The audio launch of the film was held on 28 November 2015 at [[Hyderabad, India]].<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/mama-manchu-alludu-kanchu-audio-release-date-telugu-news-147431.html Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu Audio release date]. Indiaglitz.com (2015-11-24). Retrieved on 2015-12-22.</ref> The film's music is composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], [[Raghu Kunche]] and [[Achu Rajamani]].<ref>[http://www.teluguodu.com/mama-manchu-alludu-kanchu-audio-launch-today/ Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu Audio Launch Today]. Teluguodu.com. Retrieved on 2015-12-22.</ref>

===Track listing===

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thanaloni Sagabhaagaanni
| music1 = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Anitha
| title2 = Tingu Tingu Rangudu
| music2 = [[Raghu Kunche]]
| extra2 = [[Raghu Kunche]], Malavika
| title3 = Chamma Chakka
| music3 = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| extra3 = Kumari, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Priya Himesh]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| title4 = Kingulanti Singamanta
| music4 = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| extra4 = Shiva, Saicharan
| title5 = Title Theme
| music5 = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| extra5 = [[Anudeep Dev]], Shiva
}}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu'' grossed over ₹8 crore in its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 28, 2015 |title=Weekend box office collection: Bhale Manchi Roju turns big money spinner, beating Soukyam, MMAK |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/weekend-box-office-collection-bhale-manchi-roju-turns-big-money-spinner-beating-soukyam-mmak-661158 |access-date=March 5, 2026 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5295670}}
* [https://www.telugu360.com/mama-manchu-alludu-kanchu-censored-with-ua/ Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu censored with U/A]

{{Srinivasa Reddy}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Achu Rajamani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:2010s action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raghu Kunche]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Marathi films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]

Anjana Thamke

2026-03-05T10:05:49Z

Serzccd:

{{short description|Indian athlete (born 1997)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Anjana Thamke
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fullname =
| nicknames =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| sport = Athletics
| event = [[400 metres]], [[800 metres]] and [[1500 metres]]
| club =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|11|16}}
| birth_place = Ganeshgaon, [[Nashik]], Maharashtra, India
| residence =
| retired=
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| country = India
| pb = '''800m''': 2:11.47 sec (Nanjing 2013)
| medaltemplates=
}}

'''Anjana Thamke''' (born 16 November 1997) is an Indian [[Athletics (sport)|athlete]] who competes in the [[400 metres]], [[800 metres]] and [[1500 metres]] event.

Anjana Thamke is supported by [[Anglian Medal Hunt Company]]

==Early life==
Hailing from impoverishment in a remote village in [[Nashik]], Anjana's training began when she had to jog seven kilometres to school every day. Her passion for mid-distance running started when she started to take part in the village school athletics competitions. From there on Anjana started to impress her teachers who later on encouraged her to take part in district events. It was in 2011 that Anjana caught the eye of [[Vijender Singh]], a [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI) accredited coach. Under the dedicated tutelage of coach Vijender Singh, she has gone from strength to strength, over-achieving her way to success in the junior Indian athletics circuit.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anjana Thamke: One for the future|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/anjana-thamke-one-for-the-future/1168079/|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Career highlights==
The 15-year-old mid-distance runner has already notched up national records in the 400m, 800m and 1500m categories of the under-17 section. Anjana was adjudged 'Best Athlete' in the [[National Junior Athletics Championship]], 2012, under the U-16 category. Anjana also won three gold medals at the 24th All India Track and Field Juniors Tournament at [[Balewadi]] in [[Pune]] (2012).<ref>{{cite news|title=3 gold medals for Anjana at U-16 event|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/nashik/34060870_1_medals-govind-rai-gold-in-400m-medley|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131030094136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/nashik/34060870_1_medals-govind-rai-gold-in-400m-medley|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-10-30}}</ref> She won Gold in the 1500m and 400m run in the U-17 section of the National School Games.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anjana does it again, breaks 1500m national record|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-22/nashik/30652705_1_local-girl-nashik-u-14|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131030094008/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-22/nashik/30652705_1_local-girl-nashik-u-14|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-10-30}}</ref> In 2011, Anjana won Gold, meeting the record in the U-19 section of the 56th National School Games. Anjana Thamke collected a gold medal in the 800 metres event at the 2013 [[Asian Youth Games]] held in [[Nanjing]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Super Anjana claims 800M gold|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/352644/india039s-anjana-thamke-wins-800.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anjana Thamke wins gold in girl's 800 metres at Asian Youth Games|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2013/08/22/anjana-thamke-wins-gold-in-girls-800-metres-at-asian-youth-games/|newspaper=Sportskeeda}}</ref> She also won two gold medals at the Asian School Meet in [[Malaysia]] in the 800 metres event and the 4x400 relay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Golden treble for Chitra|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/golden-treble-for-chitra/article5157472.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India bags three more golds|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/india-bags-three-more-golds/article5151556.ece?homepage=true|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103051148/http://www.iaaf.net/athletes/biographies/country%3Dind/athcode%3D277501/index.html "IAAF", Anjana Thamke Profile]}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thamke, Anjana}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Nashik district]]

Lena Lowis

2026-03-05T06:56:59Z

Serzccd: starting new post

{{short description|British author and scientific illustrator}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lena Lowis
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Flower-argyreia-nervosa.png
| caption = ''[[Argyreia nervosa]]'' (Burm.f.) Bojer
| birth_name = Selina Caroline Shakespear
| birth_date = 3 November 1845
| birth_place= India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1919|11|18|1845|11|03|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| known_for = botanical paintings
| education =
| employer =
| occupation =
| title =
| awards =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse = Ninian Lowis
| partner =
| children = 5
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Lena Lowis''' (born ''Selina Caroline Shakespear''; 3 November 1845, in [[India]] – 18 November 1919, in [[London]]) was an Indian-born writer, scientific and botanical illustrator, noted for her 1878 publication ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104453#page/9/mode/1up Familiar Indian Flowers]''<ref name="plantillustrations">{{cite web|url=http://www.plantillustrations.org/artist.php?id_artist=1572&mobile=0&size=0|website=plantillustrations.org|title=L. Lowis [ botanical artist ]|accessdate=2019-12-11}}</ref><ref name="geni">{{cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Selina-Lowis/6000000015863974163|title=Selina Caroline Lowis (Shakespear) (1845 - 1919) - Genealogy|website=geni.com|date=3 November 1845 |accessdate=2019-12-11}}</ref><ref name="thepeerage">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p22494.htm#i224937|website=thepeerage.com|title=Person Page|accessdate=2019-12-11}}</ref> which was advertised in ''[[The Times]]'' (London) in April 1881 as "with 30 coloured plates, 31s. 6d."<ref name="Times1884Oct21">{{cite newspaper The Times|url=http://tinyurl.gale.com/tinyurl/CVcZR1|title=L. Reeve and Co.'s New Works|department=The Times column of New Books and New Editions|date=4 April 1881|page=12|issue=30159|accessdate=2019-12-11}}</ref>

==Family==
Lena Lowis was the daughter of Sir [[Richmond Campbell Shakespear]] (1812–1861), an Indian-born British Indian Army officer, who had married Marian Sophia Thompson at [[Agra]], India on 5 March 1844. Their children were
#Richmond Shakespear b. 5 Dec 1844, d. 12 Aug 1865
#Selina Caroline Shakespear b. 3 Nov 1845, d. 15 Nov 1919
#Talbot Powney Shakespear b. 29 Jan 1847, d. 1896
#Edith Shakespear b. 18 Mar 1849
#Sophy Shakespear b. 20 Jan 1851
#Annie Shakespear b. 10 Jan 1853, d. 22 Jul 1898
#Emily Shakespear b. c 1856
#John Shakespear b. 1 Sep 1861
#Richard Shakespear d. 12 Aug 1865
#Minna Shakespear

She was married to Lt.-Col. Ninian Lowis (1838–1914), son of John Lowis, on 30 July 1868 at [[Horsley, Gloucestershire]] and they had a family consisting of
#Richmond Shakespear Lowis b. 25 Jul 1869
#Lt.-Col. Penton Shakespear Lowis b. 17 Dec 1870, d. 10 Oct 1931
#Edith Shakespear Lowis b. 1873, d. 17 Jun 1874
#Ada Shakespear Lowis b. 1874
#Ninian Lowis b. 23 Aug 1878<ref name="rootsweb">{{cite web|url=http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~shakespeare/genealogy/biog/dict_nat_biog/sir_richmond_campbell_shakespear.htm|website=freepages.rootsweb.com|title=Sir Richmond Campbell Shakespeare|accessdate=2019-12-11}}</ref><ref name="thepeerage2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p22494.htm#i224934|website=thepeerage.com|title=Person Page|accessdate=2019-12-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowis, Lena}}
[[Category:British writers]]
[[Category:British illustrators]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British botanical illustrators]]
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1919 deaths]]

{{England-writer-stub}}
{{UK-illustrator-stub}}

Naughty Boy (film)

2026-03-04T03:59:26Z

Serzccd: starting new article

{{other uses|Naughty Boy (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Naughty Boy
| image = Naughty Boy 1962.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Shakti Samanta]]
| producer = Shakti Samanta
| starring = [[Kishore Kumar]] [[Kalpana Mohan]]
| music = [[S. D. Burman]]
| released = {{Film date|1962}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Naughty Boy''''' is a 1962 [[India]]n [[romantic comedy]] film, starring [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Kalpana Mohan]]. It was produced and directed by [[Shakti Samanta]]. The music was composed by [[S. D. Burman]] and he was assisted by his own son [[R. D. Burman]]. Dialogues were written by Vrajendra Gaur.

Due to the popularity of them as couple, [[Madhubala]] and Kishore Kumar were initially cast in the film. However, director Samanta replaced Madhubala with Mohan due to her illness and poor health condition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=17 October 2017 |title=Incomplete Films: Chalaak |url=https://upperstall.com/features/incomplete-films-chalaak/ |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=Upperstall.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Pritam works as a Book-keeper in an Export Import Firm and does not have a roof to live under. When he goes to search for accommodation, he runs into a friend, Jagdish, who takes him to a rooming house and lets him share one room with himself, Kavi Viyogi, and Hhimsen. The landlady has very strict rules for all her tenants to wit: No one is allowed to romance on her property. On a rainy day when Pritam goes to buy milk, he runs into a beautiful girl, Meena Sharma, and their umbrellas get entangled, and when freed get interchanged. He goes to look for her house and finds she lives with her maternal uncle, a music maestro of sorts, and Pritam enrolls himself in his class. Pritam and Meena continue meeting and fall in love with each other. When Meena's sister is about to get married, she travels to Poona and that's when Pritam finds out that her train had an accident and she has been listed as one of the dead. Heart-broken and devastated he is severely depressed, until his co-workers decide that he should go for a picnic and this does cheer him considerably. In this cheerful state he returns home and decides to carry on with life without Meena. It is then Meena returns back, quite very much alive, and finds that Pritam is not in a state of mourning but is enjoying life to the fullest. She decides to teach him a lesson that he will never forget. Watch what happens when the lesson commences and what impact this has on our care-free friend - who is currently wooing a dancer by the name of Edna Wong.
<ref>ref: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0268489/plotsummary/?ref_=tt_ov_pl</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Kishore Kumar]] as Pritam
* [[Kalpana Mohan|Kalpana]] as Meena Sharma / Edna Wong
* Bhattacharya
* [[Laxmi Chhaya]] as Bela
* Kamaldeep
* Tina Katkar
* Nand Kishore
* Krishnakant as Kavi Viyogi
* Kundan as Bhimsen
* Masood
* Uma Khosla as Veena (Meena friend)
* [[Moolchand]] as restaurant owner
* Pachhi as Punjabi speaker man in restaurant (He was brother of [[Om Prakash]] in real life)
* Praveen Paul as Landlady
* [[Om Prakash]] as Vaidraj Churandas "Jari-Bhuti" Chaturvedi
* [[Madan Puri]] as R.L. Mathur "Matur"
* Rafia
* Laxman Rao
* [[Kanu Roy]] as Doctor
* Shivraj as Mr. Sharma
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Jagdish
* Edwina as Dancer1 (uncredited)
* Marie as Dancer2 (uncredited)
* Shinde as Dancer3 (uncredited)

==Soundtrack==
For the first time, in this movie, [[Manna Dey]] sang for Kishore Kumar. Kishore Kumar, being extremely busy with acting at this point in his career, did not have time to record all his songs, hence other legendary Bollywood playback singers like Manna Dey, Mohammed Rafi and [[Mahendra Kapoor]] sang some songs filmed on him during this period.

Lyrics: [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]

===Tracklist===
{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = '''Ab Toh Batla Are Zalim'''
| lyrics1 = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length1 =
| title2 = '''Haye Haye Woh Matwali Ada'''
| lyrics2 = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar
| length2 =
| title3 = '''Jahan Bhi Gaye Hum O Mere Humdam'''
| lyrics3 = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle
| length3 =
| title4 = '''Nazren Milake Jo Duniya Ki'''
| lyrics4 = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| extra4 = Kishore Kumar
| length4 =
| title5 = '''Rang Yeh Duniya Badalti Hai'''
| lyrics5 = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| extra5 = Kishore Kumar
| length5 =
| title6 = '''Sa Sa Sa Sa Re'''
| lyrics6 = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| extra6 = Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle
| length6 =
| title7 = '''Ho Gayi Shyam Dil Badnam'''
| lyrics7 = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| extra7 = [[Manna Dey]] and Asha Bhosle
| length7 =
| title8 = '''Tum Mere Pehchane Phir Bhi'''
| lyrics8 = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| extra8 = Asha Bhosle
| length8 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0268489|Naughty Boy}}
* [http://www.funvills.com/movies/hindi/naughty-boy-1962.html Naughty Boy at Fun Vills]

[[Category:1962 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shakti Samanta]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1962 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]

Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin

2026-03-03T23:30:07Z

Serzccd: reworked section additionally and corrected details to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin
| image = Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = Y. Nageshwar Rao
| producer = Aji
| writer = M. Parvez
| starring = [[Aamir Khan]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] Jainendra
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| editing = K. A. Martano
| cinematography = Ashok Behal Nadeem Khan
| studio = Vandana Productions
| released = {{Film date|1990|07|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| language = Hindi
| gross = 
}}

'''''Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin''''' ({{Translation|''No One's As Crazy As Me''}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Romance film|romantic action film]] directed by Y. Nageshwar Rao and starring [[Aamir Khan]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] and Jainendra.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KxTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Deewana+Mujh+Sa+Nahin&pg=PA125 | isbn=9789354793875 | title=Beyond #MeToo: Ushering Women's Era or Just Noise? | date=29 November 2021 | publisher=SAGE Publishing India }}</ref>

It's a remake of the 1986 [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani]] movie ''Beyqaraar''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suhayb |first=Muhammad |date=19 November 2023 |title=IN MEMORIAM: THE LAST OF THE LEGENDS |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1790353 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117133432/https://www.dawn.com/news/1790353 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ajay Sharma ([[Aamir Khan]]) is a photographer, Anita ([[Madhuri Dixit]]) is a model, and both of them work for the same agency. Ajay has fallen in love with Anita, and thinks that she is also in love with him. But Anita only takes him for a friend. She gets engaged to Vikram (Jainendra), and the marriage is to take place soon. Ajay still believes that Anita loves him, and he also starts making preparations for his marriage to Anita. Anita must now take appropriate steps to stop Ajay's obsession with her before the matter gets out of hand. However, Anita realizes the person she is marrying does not love her, and through certain circumstances, also realizes Ajay's true love for her, and the film ends on a happy note.

==Cast==
* [[Aamir Khan]] as Ajay Sharma
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Anita
* Jainendra as Vikram
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Sonu
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Nandkishore Sharma
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Mrs. Sharma
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Bholaram Bokade
*[[Narendra Nath]] as Anita's uncle
* [[Deven Verma]] as Mamaji, Ajay's uncle
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Police Inspector
* Babbanlal Yadav as Sharma
* [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] as Anita's sister

==Soundtrack==
The music for ''Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin'' was composed by [[Anand–Milind]] with lyrics by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Main Sehra Bandh Ke"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 2
| "Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin"
| Udit Narayan
|-
| 3
| "Saare Ladkon Ki"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 4
| "Hum Tum Se Mohabat"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 5
| "Mehendi Mehendi"
| Aparna Mayekar
|-
| 6
| "Khadi Raho Baith Jao"
| Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0101742}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Indian remakes of Pakistani films]]

Dakota Picture

2026-03-03T21:22:37Z

Serzccd: Created Some Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|2012 Kannada film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dakota Picture
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Om Prakash Rao]]
| based_on = ''[[Malamaal Weekly]]'' (2006) by [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Sarigama Viji]] Gururaja Desai
}}
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = [[Priyadarshan]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Rockline Venkatesh
*[[Nikesha Patel]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Jagadish Vali
| editing = S Manohar
| studio = Rockline Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|01}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dakota Picture''''' ({{translation|Bad film}}{{efn|"Dakota" is a Kannada slang term denoting poor quality.}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[Om Prakash Rao]], starring [[Rockline Venkatesh]], [[Nikesha Patel]] and [[Doddanna]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/om-prakash-rao-ready-to-face-competition/articleshow/17046063.cms|title=Om Prakash Rao ready to face competition|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 November 2012|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925110414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/om-prakash-rao-ready-to-face-competition/articleshow/17046063.cms}}</ref> It is a remake of ''[[Malamaal Weekly]]'' (2006), itself an adaptation of ''[[Waking Ned]]'' (1998).

== Plot ==
Anthony dies of shock when he learns he has won the lottery. Chaos ensues when the lottery ticket seller and others associated with Anthony try to claim the prize money.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rockline Venkatesh]] as Krishna
* [[Nikesha Patel]] as Radha
* [[Doddanna]] as Lachchanna
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Halappa
* [[Shashi Kumar]]
* [[Om Prakash Rao]]
* [[Sundar Raj]]
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
* Malathi Sardeshpande
* [[Raju Talikote]] as Anthony
* Rockline Sudhakar
* [[Sarigama Viji]]
* Sneha Siyon
}}

== Reception ==

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Though there is no leading star as hero, Rockline Venkatesh and Omprakash have managed to keep the movie alive. But it is Doddanna as lottery agent and Mukhya Manthri Chandru who steal the show with their good performance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/dakota-picture/movie-review/17076259.cms?from=mdr|title=DAKOTA PICTURE MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925110415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/dakota-picture/movie-review/17076259.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Camerawork by Jagadish Wali and songs by Hamsalekha are well delivered with the right amount of energy and madness maintained throughout the film. Verdict: This comedy flick remains a winner inspite of a few mishaps".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/39499/male-billhe.html|title=Tickle your funny bones|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=17 November 2012|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828135337/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/39499/male-billhe.html}}</ref> B S S from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "The Rockline-Omprakash Rao combo fails to foist their no-brainer comedy on the viewer successfully this time. If only more time and attention were bestowed on the screenplay! Dakota Picture remains just that".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/289992/life-lottery-mechanics-humanity.html|title=Life, lottery and mechanics of humanity|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=9 November 2012|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925110415/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/289992/life-lottery-mechanics-humanity.html}}</ref> A critic from ''[[News18 India]]'' wrote "while Hamsalekha's background musical score is good. 'Dakota Picture' has nothing unusual to offer, but can be watched once for the efforts of veterans like Doddanna and Mukyamanthri Chandru".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/dakota-picture-review-this-film-fails-to-entertain-519934.html|title=Dakota Picture' Review: This film fails to entertain|work=[[News18 India]]|date=3 November 2012|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925110418/https://www.news18.com/news/india/dakota-picture-review-this-film-fails-to-entertain-519934.html}}</ref> Srikanth Srinivasa from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Hamsalekha's background score is praiseworthy. Dakota Picture is a watchable movie with a lot of funny moments. Only the title is a misnomer and may deter people from seeing this family entertainer. Just watch it and be entertained!".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-dakota-picture-is-entertaining/20121102.htm|title=Review: Dakota Picture is entertaining|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=2 November 2012|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925110421/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/south-review-dakota-picture-is-entertaining/20121102.htm}}</ref> VS Rajapur from ''[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]'' wrote "Veterans Mukyamanthri Chandru and Doddanna have delivered their best performance in the film. Rockline Venkatesh puts in good efforts, but the film's heroine Nikisha has a lot to learn. Shashi Kumar, Raju Thalikote and Mandip Rai shine in their respective roles".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-dakota-picture-kannada-not-an-extraordinary-remake-1759823/amp|title=Review: 'Dakota Picture' (Kannada) not an extraordinary remake|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=3 November 2012|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925110530/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-dakota-picture-kannada-not-an-extraordinary-remake-1759823/amp}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Hamsalekha, comes up with a couple of good compositions. For once, Omprakash has managed to copy from just one film and it has turned out good".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/dakota-picture-faithful-rendition/articleshow/21287486.cms|title=Dakota Picture: Faithful rendition|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=2 November 2012|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925110416/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/dakota-picture-faithful-rendition/articleshow/21287486.cms}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt12240640}}

[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of British films]]
[[Category:Indian films about gambling]]
[[Category:Films about lotteries]]
[[Category:Films about old age]]
[[Category:Fiction about lottery fraud]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films about identity theft]]

Battle of Sirhind (1555)

2026-03-02T02:16:51Z

Serzccd: small changes

{{Short description|1555 battle between the Mughal and Sur empires}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Sirhind (1555)
| partof = Delhi
| image =
| caption =
| date = 22 June 1555
| place = [[Sirhind]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Re-establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| result = Mughal victory
| status =
| combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Suri Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Humayun]] [[Bairam Khan]] Khazir khan
| commander2 = [[Sikandar Shah Suri]]
| strength1 = 50,000<ref name="gulbadan">{{cite book|author=Begum, Gulbadan|author-link=Gulbadan Begum|title=The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-nāmah)|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|year=1902|pages=260}}</ref>
| strength2 = 80,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tate |first=George P. |url=http://archive.org/details/kingdomofafghani00taterich |title=The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch |date=1911 |publisher=Bombay, Calcutta, "Times of India" offices |others=University of California Libraries |pages=22}}</ref>
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
}}
{{Not to be confused with|Battle of Chappar Chiri|Siege of Sirhind|Battle of Sirhind (1764)}}
The '''Battle of Sirhind''' was fought between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Sur Empire]] in 1555.

==Background==
Humayun had been in exile for 15 years after being forced to flee by [[Sher Shah Suri]], a Pashtun commander who had taken control of the Mughal territories. During his exile, Humayun spent time in Persia where he was exposed to Persian high culture and military technology. This exposure gave him valuable insight into administration, politics, and warfare, which would later serve him well in his quest to reclaim his empire. After defeating his brothers in Afghanistan and Uzbekistan, Humayun was able to solidify his hold over the region and return to India, where he successfully recaptured Babur's former capital of Delhi and reestablished the [[Mughal Empire]].{{cn|date=March 2026}}

After the death of [[Islam Shah Suri]], the [[Suri Empire]] had erupted in a civil war where various contenders to the throne fought each other for supremacy. [[Sikandar Shah Suri]] was occupied with his struggle against [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]] when [[Humayun]] mobilized an army from [[Kabul]]. He captured [[Rohtas Fort]] and [[Lahore]] in February 1555. Another detachment of his forces captured [[Dipalpur]], [[Gurdaspur]] and [[Jalandhar]]. Their advanced division proceeded towards [[Sirhind]]. Sikandar sent a force of 30,000 to intercept them but they were defeated by the [[Mughal Army]] in the [[Battle at Machhiwara|Battle of Machhiwara]] and Sirhind was occupied by the Mughals.<ref> Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughal Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{ISBN|81-7276-407-3}}, pp.94-6</ref>

==Battle ==
Sikandar led an army of 80,000 and met the Mughals in battle at [[Sirhind]] on 22 June 1555.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-18 |title=Battles for India at Sirhind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/shooting-straight/battles-for-india-at-sirhind/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330192043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/shooting-straight/battles-for-india-at-sirhind/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Humayun]] and [[Bairam Khan]] carried out a daring raid in a rainstorm like [[Sher Shah Suri]] had done at the [[Battle of Chausa]] to defeat [[Humayun]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Battle of Sirhind 1555 {{!}} Sikandar Shah Suri {{!}} Humayun {{!}} Mughal⚔️Afghan War | date=3 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_KILI-vvVI |language=en |access-date=2022-10-25 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026072903/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_KILI-vvVI&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref> Sikander was defeated by the [[Mughal Army]] and was compelled to retreat to the [[Sivalik Hills]] in northeastern [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarker |first=Sunil Kumar |title=Himu, the Hindu "Hero" of medieval India : against the background of Afghan-Mughal conflicts |date=1994 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |isbn=81-7156-483-6 |location=New Delhi |oclc=31010168 }}</ref> The victorious Mughals marched to [[Delhi]], occupied it and reestablished their empire in [[India]].<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Battles of Sirhind (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1555|Sirhind 1555]]
[[Category:1555 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Sirhind]]
[[Category:Sur Empire]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
[[Category:16th century in the Mughal Empire]]

<big>8</big>. The Battle of Sirhind and the defeat of the Afghans by Khizr Khan Hazara and Humayun are mentioned in the *Tazkira-Humayun and Akbar*, pages 191, 192, and 194.
{{India-battle-stub}}

Ian Dev Singh

2026-02-24T03:12:03Z

Serzccd:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ian Dev Singh
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Ian Dev Singh Chauhan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|03|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Gandhi Nagar, [[Jammu]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname = IC
| height_ft =
| height_inch =
| height_cm =
| height_m =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off-break]]
| role = Top order Batsman, wicketkeeper
| club1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2006/07–2023}}
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[North Zone cricket team|Duleep Trophy]]
| year2 = 2013/14
| club3=[[Seattle Thunderbolts]]
| year3=2023-2024|
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 93
| runs1 = 5558
| bat avg1 = 37.55
| 100s/50s1 = 17/24
| top score1 = 170
| deliveries1 = 294
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 = 87.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/16
| catches/stumpings1 = 84/1
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 72
| runs2 = 1627
| bat avg2 = 24.28
| 100s/50s2 = 2/9
| top score2 = 112
| deliveries2 = 149
| wickets2 = 2
| bowl avg2 = 77.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/44
| catches/stumpings2 = 30/3
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 48
| runs3 = 876
| bat avg3 = 19.90
| 100s/50s3 = 0/2
| top score3 = 75[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 25
| wickets3 = 1
| bowl avg3 = 38.00
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 1/14
| catches/stumpings3 = 26/2
| date = 28 April 2017
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/279566.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Ian Dev Singh Chauhan''' is an Indian cricketer who plays predominantly as a [[batsman]]. He was captain of the [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the [[Ranji Trophy]] in [[2013–14 Ranji Trophy|2013-14]]. Recently he moved to the United States and was made captain for the Seattle Thunderbolts for the [[Minor League Cricket|MiLC]] 2024 season.

== Early life ==
Ian Dev Singh was born in Gandhinagar, [[Jammu]] into a [[Rajput dynasty|Rajput]] family and named after [[Ian Botham]] and [[Kapil Dev]], his father's two favorite cricketers. He completed his [[Bachelor of Engineering]] degree at [[D. Y. Patil]] University in [[Navi Mumbai]] while simultaneously playing Ranji Trophy cricket, occasionally necessitating flying in to sit an exam directly between Jammu and Kashmir fixtures.<ref name=TOI>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/icc-world-cup-2015/top-stories/JK-skipper-Ian-Dev-is-another-talent-on-the-rise/articleshow/22606442.cms|title = J&K skipper Ian Dev is another talent on the rise. New Zealand in India 2016 News - Times of India}}</ref>

==Career==
Jammu and Kashmir's cricketing infrastructure remains somewhat underdeveloped, and Ian Dev Singh developed as a cricketer by playing club cricket in Mumbai. He noted in 2012 that, '[t]he competition even at the club level [in Mumbai] is very tough whereas back in our state, we get limited opportunities. We rarely get solid preparation before the Ranji season commences.'<ref name=Zeenews>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/bedi-has-changed-mindset-of-jandk-cricketers-says-ian-dev-singh_736353.html|title = Bedi has changed mindset of J&K cricketers, says Ian Dev Singh|date = 24 January 2012}}</ref>

Another major influence on the development of his game was former India captain [[Bishan Bedi]], coach of Jammu and Kashmir between 2011 and 2014. With Bedi's guidance helping him overhaul his mental approach to batting, Dev Singh scored 406 runs at 67.66 in first-class matches in 2011–12, and earned selection for North Zone in the [[Duleep Trophy]].<ref name=Zeenews /> For his part, Bedi described Dev Singh as 'a very good shorter version batsman and a brilliant fielder' who was 'definitely ready for a break', either in the form of an international call-up or an [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] contract.<ref name=TOI /> As of 2017, however, such honours have eluded him.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cricinfo|id=279566}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ian Dev}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Jammu]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:India Green cricketers]]
[[Category:Kandy Customs Sports Club cricketers]]

V. Jogeswara Rao

2026-02-23T15:10:21Z

Serzccd: put up a biography.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Jogeswara Rao
| birth_date = 1961
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2 June 2014
| term_end =
| predecessor = ''Andhra Pradesh Assembly created''
| successor =
| constituency = [[Mandapeta Assembly constituency|Mandapeta]]
| office1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, United Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2009
| term_end1 = 1 June 2014
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency established''
| successor1 = ''United Andhra Pradesh Assembly divided''
| constituency1 = [[Mandapeta Assembly constituency|Mandapeta]]
| footnotes =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}

'''Vegulla Jogeswara Rao''' is a politician from the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won thrice consecutively as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mandapeta Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-04 |title=Vegulla Jogeswara Rao {{!}} MLA {{!}} TDP {{!}} Mandapeta {{!}} East Godavari {{!}} A.P |url=https://theleaderspage.com/vegulla-jogeswara-rao/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early and personal life ==
Rao was born in 1961 in Mandapeta village, [[East Godavari district]] of Andhra Pradesh. He completed B.Com. from Andhra University.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== Political career ==
Rao entered politics through the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and first contested the Mandapeta Municipality elections and worked as the Municipal Chairman. He contested the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Alamur constituency on behalf of TDP and lost to his closest rival [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Bikkina Krishnarjuna Chaudhary.<ref name="election2004">{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

Rao contested from the newly formed Mandapeta constituency in [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] as part of the redistribution of constituencies and was elected as an MLA for the first time by defeating his nearest rival [[Praja Rajyam Party]] candidate V. V. S. S. Chowdhary. He defeated YCP candidate Girajala Venkataswamy Naidu in [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ విజేతలు">{{Cite news |last=Sakshi |date=16 May 2014 |title=ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ విజేతలు |url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/elections-2014/winners-in-andhra-pradesh-131007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106044818/https://m.sakshi.com/news/elections-2014/winners-in-andhra-pradesh-131007 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |work= |language=te}}</ref> In [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] he won for the third time against [[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]].<ref name="2019 ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ ఎన్నికల్లో గెలిచిన అభ్యర్థుల జాబితా">{{Cite news |last=Sakshi |date=2019 |title=2019 ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ ఎన్నికల్లో గెలిచిన అభ్యర్థుల జాబితా |url=https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/en/results/andhra_pradesh/mla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108163950/https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/en/results/andhra_pradesh/mla |archive-date=8 November 2021 |access-date=8 November 2021 |work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Oppn TDP seeks privilege notice against Jagan for 'misleading' state assembly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/oppn-tdp-seeks-privilege-notice-against-jagan-for-misleading-state-assembly-101647456810878.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, V. Jogeswara}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Asghari Begum

2026-02-23T12:15:54Z

Serzccd: Adding entry.

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter (1811–1857)}}
'''Asghari Begum''' (1811{{En dash}}1857) was an Indian freedom fighter who took part in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. She was burnt alive by the [[British Army|British army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The forgotten women of 1857 Azizun Bai, Asghari Begum, Habiba |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/Family-Kids/15010-the-forgotten-women-of-1857-azizun-bai-asghari-begum-habiba/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620012446/https://www.milligazette.com/news/Family-Kids/15010-the-forgotten-women-of-1857-azizun-bai-asghari-begum-habiba/ |archive-date=2025-06-20 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gardner |first=Chloë |title=Women Against the Raj: Female Freedom Fighters in the Struggle for India's Independence and Partition |date= |publisher=Pen and Sword History |year=2024 |isbn=9781399066211 |edition=1st |location=Barnsley |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born to Alim Shah Abdul Rahim in 1811 in Thana Bhawan, presently [[Muzaffarnagar]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1857 में अंग्रेजों ने असगरी बेगम को जिंदा क्यों जला दिया था? |url=https://www.hindi.awazthevoice.in/culture-news/why-was-asghuri-begum-burnt-alive-by-the-british-in-18120.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=awazthevoice.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Afroz |date=23 August 2025 |title=Asghari Begum, A Fearless Muslim Woman From Thana Bhawan: Unyielding Spirit Of The 1857 Rebellion {{!}} Afroz Khan, New Age Islam |url=https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-personalities/afroz-khan-new-age-islam/asghari-begum-fearless-muslim-woman-thana-bhawan-unyielding-spirit-1857-rebellion/d/136576 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=NewAgeIslam |language=en}}</ref>

== Role in 1857 ==
In October 1857, amidst the First War of Independence, the British forces led by Major Sawyer launched an assault on Thana Bhawan, a town in Muzaffarnagar that had been freed by Indian revolutionaries. They were taken aback to observe that,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dr Roopali |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/New_Paradigms_of_Sustainability_in_the_C/PjH9EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=asghari+begum&pg=PA90&printsec=frontcover |title=New Paradigms of Sustainability in the Contemporary Era |last2=Pareek |first2=Dr Ritu |date=2024-03-15 |publisher=CSMFL Publications |isbn=978-81-957322-8-9 |language=en}}</ref> in contrast to their European counterparts, women from the nearby villages were actively engaged in armed conflicts. To instill fear among the women, Sawyer apprehended Asghari Begum, who was organizing a group of women to resist the British, and she was subsequently burned alive in public by the Britishers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chugtai |first=Ismat |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Life_in_Words/PG5tAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=asghari+begum&pg=PT283&printsec=frontcover |title=A Life in Words: Memoirs |date=2013-07-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-940-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhushan |first=Braj |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Psychology_in_India/MyZiEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=asghari+begum&pg=PT241&printsec=frontcover |title=Psychology in India: Stories of Eminence |date=2025-06-12 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-36678-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samiuddin |first=Abida |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Muslim_Feminism_and_Feminist_Movement/NA5Y5eAS6c4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=asghari+begum&pg=PA52&printsec=frontcover |title=Muslim Feminism and Feminist Movement |last2=Khanam |first2=Rashida |date=2002 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-87746-29-4 |language=en}}</ref> Along with Ashgari, her associates; Asha Devi, Bibi, Bhagwani, Bhagwati, Habeeba, Inder Kaur, and Jamila were likewise subjected to execution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharda |first=Shailvee |date=2023-05-21 |title=When woman power took on British might |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/when-woman-power-took-on-british-might/articleshow/100399342.cms |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Asghari}}
[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1857 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]

Ishq FM

2026-02-19T18:08:14Z

Serzccd: corrected layout also and updated info as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}

{{Infobox radio station
| name = Ishq FM
| logo = ISHQ Logo.png
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt = ISHQ FM logo
| caption =
| city = [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]]
| country = IN
| frequency = {{Frequency|104.8|MHz}}
| translator =
| repeater =
| airdate = {{Start date|2007|05|30|df=yes}}<ref name="ex4">{{cite web |title=Radio Today launches Meow 104.8 FM, India's first radio station for women |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-radio/radio-today-launches-meow-1048-fm-indias-first-radio-station-for-women_26287.html |website=exchange4media.com |accessdate=19 July 2018 |date=31 May 2007}}</ref>
| last_airdate = 
| format = Pop/adult contemporary
| language = [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| erp =
| haat =
| class =
| coordinates = 
| callsign_meaning = Hindi word for love
| former_names = MEOW, OYE
| former_frequencies =
| affiliations =
| operator = Radio Today Broadcasting Ltd<ref name="ex4"/>
| owner = [[India Today Group]]
| licensee =
| sister_stations =
| webcast = [https://radioly.app/radio/ishq-fm/ Listen Live]
| website = {{URL|ishq.com}}
}}

'''Ishq FM''' (104.8 MHz) is a romantic music<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kolkata-gets-its-first-romantic-radio-fm-station-116112201564_1.html|title=Kolkata gets its first romantic radio FM station|date=22 November 2016|website=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> radio station broadcasting in [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Kolkata]], India.

It was initially launched by [[India Today Group]] on 30 May 2007 as Meow FM, which was a talk-based station and served [[Delhi]], [[Indore]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>[http://www.radioduniya.in/news/news-details.asp?News=Meow-FM-officially-launched-in-Kolkata&NewsID=11509&NewsCategeory=stations%20launched "Meow FM officially launched in Kolkata"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004210946/http://www.radioduniya.in/news/news-details.asp?News=Meow-FM-officially-launched-in-Kolkata&NewsID=11509&NewsCategeory=stations%20launched |date=4 October 2011 }}, 8 October 2007.</ref> Directed at a female audience, the station had its own social network, "Meri Meow".<ref>[http://www.radioduniya.in/news/news-details.asp?News=Meow-launches-social-networking-platform&NewsID=14415&NewsCategeory=mobile/internet%20radio "Meow launches social networking platform"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004211033/http://www.radioduniya.in/news/news-details.asp?News=Meow-launches-social-networking-platform&NewsID=14415&NewsCategeory=mobile/internet%20radio |date=4 October 2011 }}, 28 July 2008.</ref>

In September 2010, the station changed its name to Oye FM and its programming to a [[Filmi]] format. In December 2016, it was rebranded as Ishq FM, from the Hindi word for "love", broadcasting romantic music.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/radio/private-fm-stations/160908-oye-fm-turns-ishq-fm|title=Oye FM turns 'Ishq FM'|date=8 September 2016|work=radioandmusic.com|access-date=2018-07-19|publisher=Indiantelevision Dot Com Pvt. Ltd.|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[FM broadcasting in India]]
*[[List of FM radio stations in India]]
*[[India Today Group]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|ISHQ Official Website}}
*{{cite web |title=Meow FM's pussy talk station scratches new format ideas |url=https://radioinfo.com.au/news/meow-fm%E2%80%99s-pussy-talk-station-scratches-new-format-ideas |website=radioinfo.com.au |accessdate=19 July 2018 |language=en |date=14 June 2007 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719143020/https://radioinfo.com.au/news/meow-fm%E2%80%99s-pussy-talk-station-scratches-new-format-ideas |url-status=dead }}

{{coord missing|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meow Fm}}
[[Category:India Today Group]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Delhi]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Indore]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Kolkata]]

{{India-radio-station-stub}}

Dirang–Kalaktang Assembly constituency

2026-02-18T06:47:35Z

Serzccd: Created New Details More To Come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dirang–Kalaktang
| type= SLA
| state = Arunachal Pradesh
| established = 1978
| abolished = 1990<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 10,284
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Dirang–Kalaktang Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Prem Khandu Thungon || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Nima Tsering Rupa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || R. K. Khrimey || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Dirang–Kalaktang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Khrimey |party=Independent politician |votes=3,925 |percentage=49.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Tsering Khrime |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,444 |percentage=43.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tsering |party=Independent politician |votes=633 |percentage=7.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=481 |percentage=6.01% |change= {{decrease}}22.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,002 |percentage=81.64% |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,284 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}5.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Dirang–Kalaktang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Tsering Rupa |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,169 |percentage=54.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tsering Samphung |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=1,501 |percentage=25.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lei Kunju Dirang |party=Independent politician |votes=895 |percentage=15.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lobsang Tsering Dirang |party=Independent politician |votes=142 |percentage=2.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tseringh Bomdila |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=118 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,668 |percentage=28.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,825 |percentage=78.92% |change= {{increase}}74.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,812 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Dirang–Kalaktang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Prem Khandu Thungon |party=Janata Party |votes=7,232 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,232 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Tiruvarur district

2026-02-18T03:03:43Z

Serzccd:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thiruvarur district
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Thyagaraja Temple Western Gopuram, Thiruvarur.jpg
|photo1b = Vaduvoor Bird Sanctuary in April 2.jpg
|photo2a= Mannargudi temple.jpg
|photo2b = Cutn image 13.JPG
|photo3a = Fringing mangroves, mudflat and in Muthupet Lagoon.JPG
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagaraja Temple]] in [[Thiruvarur]], [[Vaduvoor Bird Sanctuary]], [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi]], Mangroves in [[Muthupet Lagoon]]
| image_map = Tiruvarur in Tamil Nadu (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=275 |frame-height=275 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Tiruvarur district'''
|type=shape |id=Q15197
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Tiruvarur district of Tamil Nadu
|type2=line|id2=Q1445|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Tamil Nadu
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|46|17.76|N|79|38|12.48|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = 
| subdivision_type3 = Municipal Corporations
| subdivision_name3 = Thiruvarur, Mannargudi, Tiruthuraipoondi, Koothanallur
| subdivision_type4 = Municipalities
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Town Panchayats
| subdivision_name5 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]], [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]], [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]], [[Needamangalam Taluk|Needamangalam]], [[Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk|Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Tiruvarur Taluk|Thiruvarur]], [[Valangaiman Taluk|Valangaiman]], [[Koothanallur Taluk|Koothanallur]].
[[Taluk | Muthupettai]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Thiruvarur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Collector
| leader_name1 = Charusri [[Indian Administrative Service|I.A.S]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,264,277
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 610xxx
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04366,04367
| iso_code =
| registration_plate = '''TN-50'''(6 Taluks),'''TN-68'''(Valangaiman Taluk)"" TN-49""(Mutupetai Taluk)""
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 
| blank2_name_sec1 = Central location:
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|http://tiruvarur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Thiruvarur district''' is one of the [[Districts of Tamil Nadu|38 districts]] in the [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]]. As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,264,277 with a sex-ratio of 1,017 females for every 1,000 males.

== Geography ==
The district occupies an [[area]] of 2,161 km2. The district is bounded by [[Nagapattinam district]] on the east, [[Mayiladuthurai district]] on the north, [[Thanjavur District]] on the west, [[Palk Strait]] on the south and a small border on the northeast with the [[Karaikal district]] of the union territory [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=5,15,656|13=1911|14=5,43,671|15=1921|16=5,32,715|17=1931|18=5,47,925|19=1941|20=5,88,632|21=1951|22=6,82,392|23=1961|24=7,45,666|25=1971|26=8,69,636|27=1981|28=9,80,972|29=1991|30=11,00,096|31=2001|32=11,69,474|33=2011|34=12,64,277|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Tiruvarur district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil Muslim|Islam]]|green|7.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|purple|2.63}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.17}}
}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Thiruvarur district had a population of 1,264,277 with a sex-ratio of 1,017 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. 20.39% of the population lived in urban areas.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 121,973 were under the age of six, constituting 62,280 males and 59,693 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 34.08% and 0.24% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 74.86%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The district had a total of 327,219 households. There were a total of 540,168 workers, comprising 60,508 cultivators, 200,126 main agricultural labourers, 7,264 in house hold industries, 144,527 other workers, 127,743 marginal workers, 9,375 marginal cultivators, 95,062 marginal agricultural labourers, 3,176 marginal workers in household industries and 20,130 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Thiruvarur district|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=695028|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

Tamil is the predominant language spoken by 99.40% of the population.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tiruvarur temple car festival 2010.jpg|thumb|right|Thiruvarur temple car]]
The Thiruvarur district, along with the Nagapattinam district was part of the Thanjavur District before 1991. After that, the present [[Taluk]]s of Thiruvarur district and Nagapattinam district were separated from the Thanjavur District, and formed the Nagapattinam district. The present Thiruvarur district was formed in 1997 by bifurcating the then Nagapattinam District and joined valangaiman taluk of thanjavur district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Survey Report of Thiruvarur District|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e46de7e1bcaaced9a54f1e9d0d2f800d/uploads/2019/06/2019061873.pdf|publisher=Department of Geology and Mining Thiruvarur District}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Mohan, Gopu|date=5 April 2011|title=Boyhood friend waits for CM to come home|newspaper=The Financial Express|page=[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/boyhood-friend-waits-for-cm-to-come-home/771531/3 3]|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/boyhood-friend-waits-for-cm-to-come-home/771531}}</ref> Major towns are:
*[[Thiruvarur]]
*[[Mannargudi]]
*[[Thiruthuraipoondi]]
*[[Koothanallur]]
*[[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
*[[Needamangalam]]
*[[Muthupet]]

==Administration==

Thiruvarur district is made up of Eight taluks:
*[[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
*[[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
*[[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
*[[Needamangalam Taluk|Needamangalam]]
*[[Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk|Thiruthuraipoondi]]
*[[Thiruvarur Taluk|Thiruvarur]]
*[[Valangaiman Taluk|Valangaiman]]
*[[Koothanallur Taluk|Koothanallur]]
*[[Muthupet Taluk |Muthupet]]

===Villages===
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Village
! !! [[Taluk]]
|-
| [[Abivirutheeswaram]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Vilamal]]
| || [[Thiruvarur Taluk|Thiruvarur]]
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| [[Kattur, Thiruvarur district|Kattur]]
| || [[Thiruvarur Taluk|Thiruvarur]]
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|-
| [[Manakkal Ayyempet|Manakkal]]
| || [[Thiruvarur Taluk|Thiruvarur]]
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| [[Thandalai]]
| || [[Thiruvarur Taluk|Thiruvarur]]
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| [[Achudamangalam]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
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| [[Adambar Ukkadai]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Adambar-I|Adambar]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
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| [[Adambar-II|Adambar]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
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| [[Adhanur, Tiruvarur|Adhanur]]
| || [[Needamangalam Taluk|Needamangalam]]
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| [[Adichapuram]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
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| [[Adippuliyur]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Adiyakkamangalam]]
| ||
|-
| [[Agarathirumalam]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
|-
| [[Agarathirunallur]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Agaravelukudi]]
| || [[Needamangalam Taluk|Needamangalam]]
|-
| [[Akkarai Kottagam]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
|-
| [[Aladikaruppur]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Alangottai]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
|-
| [[Alangudi, Nannilam|Alangudi]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
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| [[Alathur, Kudavasal|Alathur]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Alathur, Mannargudi|Alathur]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
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| [[Alivalam]]
| || [[Tiruvarur Taluk|Tiruvarur]]
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| [[Ammaiyappan]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Anaikuppam]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
|-
| [[Anaivadapathi]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Annadanapuram]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
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| [[Annavasal, Tiruvarur|Annavasal]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Anniyur, Tiruvarur|Anniyur]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Arasavanangadu]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Aravathur]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
|-
| [[Arpar]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Asesham]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
|-
| [[Athicholamangalam]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Athikkadai]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
|-
| [[Athikkottai (Thiruvarur)]]
| ||
|-
| [[Athikottai]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
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| [[Ayikkudi]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Ayyampettai, Tiruvarur|Ayyampettai]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
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| [[Deepangudi]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Devarkandanallur]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Elaiyur, Tiruvarur|Elaiyur]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Elangarkudi]]
| ||
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| [[Elavangargudi]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Engan, India|Engan]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Erukattur]]
| || [[Koothanullur Taluk|Koothanallur]]
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| [[Jambuvanodai]]
| || [[Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk|Thiruthuraipoondi]]
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| [[Kadalangudi]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Kamalapuram, Tiruvarur|Kamalapuram]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Kamugakudi]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
|-
| [[Kamukakudi]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Kandiramanickkam, Tiruvarur|Kandiramanickkam]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Kangalanchery]]
| ||
|-
| [[Kankoduthavanitham]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Kappanamangalam]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Karaiyappalaiyur]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Karuvakkurichi Colony|Karuvakkurichi]]
| ||
|-
| [[Karuvakkurichi]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
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| [[Kattimedu]]
| ||
|-
| [[Kattur, Thiruvarur district|Kattur]]
| ||
|-
| [[Keelaperumalai]]

|-
| [[Keerangudi]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
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| [[Killiyur, Tiruvarur|Killiyur]]
| ||
|-
| [[Kodikkalpalayam]]
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| [[Koothanur]]
| ||
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| [[Kunniyur]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
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| [[Lakshmangudi]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
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| [[Manjakkudi]]
| ||
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| [[Mela Amaravathi]]
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| [[Melamaravakkadu]]
| ||
|-
| [[Melathiruppalakudi]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
|-
| [[Munnavalkottai]]
| || [[Needamangalam Taluk|Needamangalam]]
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| [[Nachikulam]]
| ||
|-
| [[Nedumbalam]]
| ||
|-
| [[Pakkam Kottur]]
| ||
|-
| [[Palayakkottai]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
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| [[Paravakottai]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
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| [[Paruthiyur]]
| ||
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| [[Pillur]]
| ||
|-
| [[Podakkudi]]
| || [[Koothanallur Taluk|Koothanallur]]
|-
| [[Poongulam]]
| ||
|-
| Poonthottam
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
|-
| [[Rettakudi]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
|-
| [[Saliperi]]
| ||
|-
| [[Sannanallur]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
|-
| [[Semmangudi]]
| || [[Kodavasal Taluk|Kodavasal]]
|-
| [[Sengalipuram]]
| ||
|-
| [[Serugudi, Tiruvarur|Serugudi]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Sethanipuram]]
| ||
|-
| [[Sirupuliyur]]
| || [[Nannilam Taluk|Nannilam]]
|-
| [[Sithamalli]]
| ||
|-
| [[Solapandi]]
| ||
|-
| [[Someswarapuram, Thanjavur|Someswarapuram]]
| || [[Papanasam Taluk|Papanasam]]
|-
| [[Srivanchiyam]]
| ||
|-
| [[Thappalampuliyur]]
| ||
|-
| [[Thattathimoolai]]
| ||
|-
| [[Thediyur]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Thirumakkottai]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
|-
| [[Thirupampuram]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Thiruveezhimizhalai]]
| || [[Kudavasal Taluk|Kudavasal]]
|-
| [[Ullikkottai]]
| || [[Mannargudi Taluk|Mannargudi]]
|-
| [[Vadamattam]]
| ||
|-
| [[Vaduvur]]
| ||
|-
| [[Vangathangudi]]
| ||
|-
| [[Budamangalam]]
| || [[Koothanallur Taluk|Mannargudi]]
|-
| [[Nadappur]]
| || [[Thiruvarur Taluk]]
|-
| [[Keelathiruppalakudi]]
| || [[Mannargudi]]
|-
|}

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Tamil Nadu Assembly}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Nagapattinam district}}
|}

==Religion==
*[[Nellivananathar Temple]]
*[[Rathnapureeswarar Temple]]
*[[Muthupet Dargah]]

==See also==
*[[List of districts of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tiruvarur district}}
* [https://tiruvarur.nic.in/ Tiruvarur District]

{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tiruvarur district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiruvarur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Narhari Parikh

2026-02-16T15:22:02Z

Serzccd: brief corrected article as per guidelines also and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian writer and activist (1891–1957)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Narhari Parikh
| image =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Narhari Dwarkadas Parikh
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1891|10|7}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1957|7|15|1891|10|17}}
| death_place = Swaraj Ashram, [[Bardoli]]
| occupation = Writer, activist and social reformer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = * Bachelor of Arts
* Bachelor of Law
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genres =
| subject =
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| notableworks = * ''Manav Arthshastra'' (1945)
* ''Mahadevbhainu Purvacharit'' (1950)
| spouse = Maniben
| children = Vanmala (daughter) Mohan (son)
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| years_active =
}}
'''Narhari Dwarkadas Parikh''' was a [[writer]], [[Indian independence movement|independence activist]] and [[social reformer]] from [[Gujarat]], India. Influenced by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], he was associated with Gandhian institutes throughout his life. He wrote [[biographies]], edited works by associates and translated some works. His writing also reflected Gandhian influence.

==Biography==
Parikh was born on 17 October 1891 in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="GSP" /><ref name="AGSI2">{{cite book|last=Brahmabhatt|first=Prasad|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ (ગાંધીયુગ અને અનુગાંધી યુગ)|publisher=Parshwa Publication|year=2007|location=Ahmedabad|pages=63–64|language=gu|script-title=gu:Arvachin Gujarati Sahityano Itihas (Gandhiyug Ane Anugandhi Yug)|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature (Gandhi Era & Post-Gandhi Era)}}</ref> His family belonged to Kathlal (now in [[Kheda district]]). He studied in Ahmedabad and [[matriculated]] in 1906. He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] in History and Economics in 1911 and [[LL.B.]] in 1913. He started practicing law with his friend [[Mahadev Desai]] in 1914. In 1916, he left his practice and joined [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in social reform movements and later the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="GSP" /><ref name="AGSI2" /> He campaigned against [[untouchability]], alcoholism and illiteracy. He also worked for freedom for women, sanitation, health care and schools run by Indians. He was associated with Rashtriya Shala (National School) run by [[Satyagraha Ashram]] in 1917. He joined [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] in 1920. He also managed [[Harijan Ashram]] from 1935. He served as the president of Basic Education Board in 1937. He was also principal of Gramsevak Vidyalaya in 1940. He was secretary of Gandhi for some years.<ref name="GSP">{{cite web | title=નરહરિ પરીખ |trans-title= Narhari Parikh| website=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] | url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Narhari-Parikh.html | language=gu | access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="AGSI2" /><ref name="Natesan1957"/> He had also served as the Chairman of [[Navajivan Trust]].<ref name="Shah 2013">{{cite web | last=Shah | first=Jumana | title=Where's Mahatma Gandhi's final will? | website=dna | date=26 May 2013 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-where-s-mahatma-gandhi-s-final-will-1839539 | access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

He had stroke of paralysis in 1947 but survived. He died on 15 July 1957 at Swaraj Ashram in [[Bardoli]] following paralysis and cardiac arrest.<ref name="GSP"/><ref name="AGSI2" /><ref name="Natesan1957">{{cite book|author=G.A. Natesan|title=The Indian Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3fjAAAAMAAJ|volume=58|year=1957|publisher=G.A. Natesan & Company|page=384}}</ref>

After death of Gandhi, his ashes were kept at his [[Haveli]] in [[Ahmedabad]] before being immersed in [[Sabarmati River]].<ref name="O2012">{{cite web | title=Narhari Parikh's Haveli: Bapu's last link to walled city | website=The Times of India | date=30 January 2012 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Narhari-Parikhs-Haveli-Bapus-last-link-to-walled-city/articleshow/11679982.cms | access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

==Works==
Parikh wrote some biographies of his associates; ''Mahadevbhainu Purvacharit'' (1950) of [[Mahadev Desai]], ''Sardar Vallabhbhai'' Part 1-2 (1950, 1952) of [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and ''Shreyarthini Sadhana'' (1953) of [[Kishorlal Mashruwala]]. ''Manav Arthshastra'' (1945) is his work on human economics. His writings on education, politics and Gandhian thought include ''Samyavad and Sarvoday'' (1934), ''Vardha Kelvanino Prayog'' (1939), ''Yantrani Maryada'' (1940).<ref name="GSP"/><ref name="AGSI2" /> ''Atlu To Janjo'' (1922), ''Karandiyo'' (1928) and ''Kanyane Patro'' (1937, with Mahadev Desai) include his thoughts on education. ''Kautumbik Arthashastra'' (1926), ''Bardolina Kheduto'' (1927) and ''Sarvoday Samajni Zankhi'' discuss contemporary social issues.<ref name="AGSI2" />

He edited ''Namdar Gokhlena Bhashano'' (1918), ''Govindgaman'' (1923, with [[Ramnarayan V. Pathak]]), ''Navalgranthavali'' (1937), ''Mahadevbhaini Diary'' Part 1–7 (1948–50), ''Sardar Vallabhbhaina Bhashano'' (1949), ''Di. Ba. Ambalal Sakarlalna Bhashano'' (1949), ''Gandhijinu Geetashikshan'' (1956).<ref name="GSP"/><ref name="AGSI2" />

He co-translated some works of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] with [[Mahadev Desai]] such as ''Chitrangada'' (1916), ''Viday Abhishap'' (1920), ''Prachin Sahitya'' (1922). He also translated some works of [[Leo Tolstoy]]; ''Jate Majuri Karnaraone'' (1924) and ''Tyare Karishu Shu?'' (1925–26, with [[Rang Avadhoot]]).<ref name="GSP"/><ref name="AGSI2" />

==Personal life==
Parikh married Maniben and they had a daughter Vanmala and a son Mohan (born 24 August 1922).<ref name="The Hindu 2005">{{cite web | title=A Gandhi-intoxicated man | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=10 April 2005 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/10/stories/2005041000541400.htm | access-date=28 April 2017}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Vanmala Parikh wrote biography of [[Kasturba Gandhi]], ''Amara Ba'' (1945), with [[Sushila Nayyar]], an Indian physician, Gandhian and politician.

== See also ==

* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gandhi}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parikh, Narhari}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Translators of Rabindranath Tagore]]

Vishal Narain

2026-02-12T06:16:25Z

Serzccd: cleanup layout after review after review

{{BLP primary sources|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Vishal Narain
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Vishal Narain .jpg
| image_size = 
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| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi, India]]
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| citizenship = Indian
| education = (PhD) [[Wageningen University and Research Centre]], (Masters) [[Institute of Rural Management Anand]] and (Under Graduation) [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]]
| occupation = [[Academician]], Researcher
| years_active =
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| employer = [[Management Development Institute]], [[Gurgaon]]
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| spouse = Shilpa Mathur
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| children = Son, Gautam
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| awards = SR Sen Prize for the best book on Agricultural Economics and Rural Development
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'''Vishal Narain''' is an [[India]]n, inter-disciplinary water researcher.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mdi.ac.in/faculty/detail/60-vishal-narain/ | title=Sign in}}</ref> His work cuts across the frontiers of the natural and social sciences, with a specific interest in institutions, governance and policy. He is currently a professor in the School of Public Policy and Governance at the [[Management Development Institute]], [[Gurgaon]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Policy A View from the South |last=Narain |first=Vishal |year=2018 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-42958-0}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=April 2018}}
He started his schooling in [[New York City]], [[United States]], and later went on to study at Manav Sthali School in [[Delhi]]. He followed this up with a graduation in [[economics]] at [[Sri Ram College of Commerce]], [[University of Delhi]] and a postgraduate diploma in rural management at IRMA, [[Institute of Rural Management, Anand]], [[Gujarat]]. He earned a PhD from [[Wageningen University and Research Centre]], [[Netherlands]].

==Research work==
His teaching and academic interests are in the inter-disciplinary analyses of public policy processes and [[institutions]], water governance, [[gender]], [[rights]] and [[Equity (economics)|equity]] analyses in water management, [[peri-urban]] issues and [[vulnerability]] and [[adaptation]] to environmental change. In particular he is interested in the relationship between technologies and [[institutions]] in water management, and how they are impacted by each other. He explores these issues using [[qualitative research]] tools with a strong reliance on [[ethnography]].
Lately he has been working extensively on [[peri-urban]] issues, especially in the context of vulnerability and adaptation to environmental change and water insecurity. His research on these dynamics has been published in [[peer-reviewed journals]] like Geoforum, Land Use Policy, Environment and Urbanization, Water Policy and Water International. He has co-edited several books such as “Water Security in periurban South Asia: adapting to climate change and urbanization ([[Oxford University Press]], 2016), “Indian Water Policy at the cross-roads: resources, technology and reforms ([[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]], 2016)” and “Globalization of water governance in South Asia ([[Routledge]]: [[Taylor and Francis]], 2014).” In 2018 he published a book, Public Policy A View from the South in light of his research experience of policy processes in India.<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Policy A View from the South |last=Narain |first=Vishal |year=2018 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-42958-0}}</ref>

==Personal life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}
Narain comes from an academic family background. His mother taught economics in the [[University of Delhi]] for 41 years, and his father served [[Indian Airlines]] in various capacities throughout his career, retiring as a director at the headquarters in [[New Delhi]]. Narain has a thirteen-year-old son, Gautam. His wife, Shilpa, is a home-maker. Narain is fond of music, bird-watching and cooking.{{importance inline|date=March 2022}} He is also a [[philatelist]] and often spends time with his collection.

==Professional career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}
Prior to joining MDI, he was [[assistant professor]], Department of Policy Studies at TERI University. In his early career, he served TERI, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, as a research associate and fellow in their Policy Analysis Division.
He was a lead author for the chapter on human vulnerability to environmental change for GEO ([[Global Environment Outlook]])- 4, the flagship publication of [[UNEP]], [[the United Nations Environment Programme]]. He has completed consultancy assignments for a wide variety of international organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the [[United Nations]], [[Bangkok]], The International Water Management Institute, IWMI, [[Colombo]], The STEPS Center, [[University of Sussex]], [[UK]], [[The Asia Foundation]], New Delhi and SaciWATERs, the South Asian Consortium for Inter-disciplinary Water Resources Studies, Secunderabad, India.

Narain has been engaged in developing curricula and delivering MDPs (Management Development Programmes) around water and gender equity. He has conducted short training programmes around public policy analysis and inter-disciplinary water resources research for such organisations as [[TERI University]], New Delhi, GALVMed, Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicine, [[Edinburgh]] and SaciWATERs, the South Asian Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Water Resources Studies, [[Secunderabad]], [[India]].

==Awards and honours==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}
He received the SR Sen Prize for the best book on Agricultural Economics and Rural Development (2002–03) conferred by the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics for his book ‘’[[Institutions]], technology and water control: water users associations and irrigation management reform in two large scale systems in India ([[Orient Longman]], 2003).” He also received the award for excellence in research conferred by [[Management Development Institute]] (MDI), Gurgaon for the year 2016 and 2018.

==Bibliography ==
=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Narain | first1 = Vishal | title = Growing city, shrinking hinterland: land acquisition, transition and conflict in peri-urban Gurgaon, India | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 501–512 |date = 2009 | doi = 10.1177/0956247809339660 | doi-access = }}<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/0956247809339660|title = Growing city, shrinking hinterland: Land acquisition, transition and conflict in peri-urban Gurgaon, India| journal=Environment and Urbanization| volume=21| issue=2| pages=501–512|year = 2009|last1 = Narain|first1 = Vishal| doi-access=}}</ref>
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Narain | first1 = Vishal | last2 = Nischal | first2 = Shilpa | title = The peri-urban interface in Shahpur Khurd and Karnera, India | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 261–273 |date = April 2007 | doi = 10.1177/0956247807076905 | doi-access = }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Narain | first1 = Vishal|title = India's water crisis: the challenges of governance| journal = Water Policy| volume = 2 | issue = 6 | pages = 433–444 |date = Dec 2000 | doi = 10.1016/S1366-7017(00)00018-0}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Narain | first1 = Vishal | title = Towards a new groundwater institution for India | journal = Water Policy | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 357–365 |date = June 1998 | doi = 10.1016/S1366-7017(98)00029-4 }}

===Books===
* {{Citation | last = Narain | first = Vishal | contribution = Introduction: Towards a Discursive Analysis of Indian Water Policy | editor-last1 = Narain | editor-first1 = Vishal | editor-last2 = Narayanamoorthy | editor-first2 = Annasamy | title = Indian Water Policy at the Crossroads: Resources, Technology and Reforms | publisher = Springer | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-3-319-25184-4| postscript = .}}
* {{Citation | last = Narain | first = Vishal | contribution = Introduction: urbanization, Climate Change, and Peri-urban Water Security in South Asia - A framework for Analysis | editor-last1 = Narain | editor-first1 = Vishal | editor-last2 = Prakash | editor-first2 = Anjal | title = WATER SECURITY in PERI-URBAN SOUTH ASIA| publisher = Oxford University Press | location = India | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-0-19-946416-6| postscript = .}}
* {{cite book | last = Narain | first = Vishal | title = Institutions, Technology and Water Control | publisher = Orient Longman | location = India | year = 2003| isbn = 81-250-2498-0 }}
* {{Citation | last1 = Narain | first1 = Vishal | contribution = Urbanization and water: A conundrum and source of conflict? | editor-last1 = Narain | editor-first1 = Vishal | editor-last2 = Goodrich | editor-first2 = Chanda Gurung | editor-last3 = Chourey | editor-first3 = Jayati|editor-last4 = Prakash | editor-first4 = Anjal| title = Globalization of Water governance in South Asia | publisher = Routledge | location = India | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-415-71066-4| postscript = .}}
* {{cite book |last=Narain |first=Vishal |title=Public Policy A View from the South |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-108-42958-0}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narain, Vishal}}
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Shah Huzaib

2026-02-11T07:16:14Z

Serzccd: put up data.

{{Short description|Freestyle football trick-shots artist from Kashmir}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{excessive citations|date=January 2024}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=December 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name= Shah Huzaib
| image = Shah Huzaib.jpg
| caption = Shah Huzaib, trick-shots artist of Kashmir
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|2002}}
| birth_place = [[Charari Sharief]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]], India
| known_for = [[freestyle football|football trick-shots]]
| height =
| occupation =
| awards = Kashmiri Young Achievers' Award 2021<ref>{{Cite news|title=Famous trick-shots artist wins Kashmiri Young Achievers Award 2021|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/12/15/famous-trick-shots-artist-wins-kashmiri-young-achievers-award-2021/|date=15 December 2021|publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]|author=Anzer Ayoob|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="theprint-14dec"/>
}}

'''Shah Huzaib''' is a [[freestyle football]]er from Budgam district of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] known for his trick-shots.<ref name="abp-14-dec">{{Cite news|title=Trending News: अपने फुटबॉल ट्रिक शॉट से लोगों को दीवाना बना रहा है ये कश्मीरी युवा, वीडियो देख आप भी हो जाएंगे फैन|language=hi|trans-title=Trending News: This Kashmiri youth is making people crazy with his football trick shot, you too will become a fan after watching the video|url=https://www.abplive.com/trending/shah-huzaib-a-kashmiri-youth-making-people-crazy-with-his-football-trick-shot-2016876|date=14 December 2021|publisher=[[ABP News]]|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/trick-shots-make-valley-teenager-social-media-star-124408|title='Trick-shots' make Valley teenager social media star|date=10 August 2020|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/my-story/my-story-my-aim-is-to-make-football-popular-but-the-encouragement-i-get-is-confined-to-social-media-30848|title='My Aim Is To Make Football Popular But Encouragement I Get Is Confined To Social Media'|date=24 September 2021|publisher=The Logical Indian|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> He attracted media attention after former Indian footballer [[Bhaichung Bhutia]], actor [[Sunil Shetty]], and German soccer player [[Toni Kroos]] shared his videos on Instagram.

==Career==
Huzaib was born in 2002 in [[Charari Sharief]] in the [[Budgam district]]. In 2016, he started playing [[association football|football]], and in May 2018, he started practising football trick-shots.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Kashmir boy proposes football trick shots as a gateway to a safer future|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/kashmir-boy-proposes-football-trick-shots-gateway-safer-future/|date=3 May 2019|publisher=The Bridge|access-date=16 December 2021|author=Sohinee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kashmiri football trick-shot artist does India proud|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kashmiri-football-trick-shot-artist-does-india-proud20201017154557|date=17 October 2020|publisher=[[Asian News International]]|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mir|first=Mehraj|title=Trick Shots: An emerging field in Kashmir|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/others/article/trick-shots-an-emerging-field-in-kashmir/774041|date=22 June 2021|publisher=[[Times Now]]|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=SHAH HUZAIB: Rising Star of Indian Football|url=https://londondailydigital.com/2021/06/29/shah-huzaib-rising-star-of-indian-football/|date=29 June 2021|publisher=London Daily Digital|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kashmir Boy Aims To Make Football Trick Shot Popular|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/kashmir-boy-aims-to-make-football-trick-shot-popular-1838820-2021-08-09|date=9 August 2021|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> In 2020, Huzaib participated in and won an international football trick-shot competition, which has been organised by Cristiano Ronaldo Fragrances.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/sports-details/SN/12237/jammu-and-kashmir-footballer-impresses-people-with-his-skills-participates-in-international-trick-shot-competition.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir footballer impresses people with his skills, participates in international trick-shot competition|date=18 October 2020|publisher=India Blooms|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kashmiri football trick-shot artist makes India proud|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/kashmiri-football-trick-shot-artist-makes-india-proud/videoshow/78725745.cms|date=18 October 2020|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=इंटरनेशनल फुटबॉल ट्रिक-शॉट प्रतियोगिता का विनर बना कश्मीर का शाह हुजैब|trans-title=Shah Huzaib of Kashmir became the winner of the International Football Trick-shot Competition|language=hi|url=https://m.punjabkesari.in/jammu-kashmir/news/shah-huzaib-became-the-winner-of-football-trick-shot-competition-1263370|date=18 October 2020|publisher=[[Punjab Kesari]]|author=Seema Sharma|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, Huzaib attracted various news headlines when former Indian footballer [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] and Bollywood actor [[Sunil Shetty]] praised him on social media.<ref name="abp-14-dec"/>

As of 2021, Huzaib has recorded more than 400 trick shots. He learnt trick-shots from YouTube. He looks up to footballer [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] as an inspiration.<ref name="theprint-14dec">{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.theprint.in/india/how-this-kashmir-boy-is-popularizing-football-trickshots-in-india/256281/|title='कश्मीर के लोग भी कुछ कम नहीं': भारत में फुटबॉल ट्रिक शॉट्स को कैसे पॉपुलर कर रहा है ये लड़का|trans-title='People of Kashmir are nothing less': How this boy is popularizing football trick shots in India|language=hi|date=14 December 2021|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|author=Krishna Murari|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>

In January 2022, German soccer player [[Toni Kroos]] also shared Huzaib's trick-shots video.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2022/01/21/german-soccer-player-toni-kroos-shared-kashmirs-trick-shots-artist-video|title=German soccer player Toni Kroos shared Kashmir's trick-shots artist video|author= Anzer Ayoob|date=21 January 2022|publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>

He has been invited in several television shows including ''[[India's Got Talent]]'' Season 9.<ref>{{Cite news|title=कश्‍मीरी ट्रिक शाट मास्‍टर के इशारे पर नाचती है फुटबाल, सुनील शेट्टी और बाइचुंग भूटिया भी हैं मुरीद|trans-title=Kashmiri dances at the behest of trick shot master, Sunil Shetty and Bhaichung Bhutia are also admirers|language=hi-en|url=https://www.jagran.com/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar-kashmiri-boy-huzaib-shah-making-india-crazy-with-his-tricky-football-shots-22210164.html|date=16 November 2021|access-date=16 December 2021|author=Lokesh Chandra Mishra|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Shah Huzaib: 12वीं में पढ़ने वाला कश्मीर का लड़का, जिसके फुटबॉल ट्रिक शॉट्स दिल जीत रहे हैं!|trans-title=Shah Huzaib: 12th class boy from Kashmir whose football trick shots are winning hearts!|language=hi|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/hindi/india-news/shah-huzaib-kashmir-teenager-breaking-the-internet-with-his-crazy-football-trick-shots-551078.html|date=6 October 2021|publisher=[[India Times]]|access-date=18 December 2021|author=Sudhir Singh}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Huzaib, Shah}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Riyana Sukla

2026-02-10T03:06:07Z

Serzccd: Made the article first draft...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Riyana Sukla
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| mother =
| known_for =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Actress]] [[model (person)|model]]
| years_active =
}}
'''Riyana Sukla''' is an Indian actress who works in Odia, Hindi and Punjabi film industry.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} She is known for her portrayal in the Hindi movie [[Kaashi in Search of Ganga]]. She has also appeared in many Hindi, Odia and Punjabi films such as ''E Dil Tate Deli'', ''Life Ki Aisi Ki Taisi'', ''Mr MBA'', ''Lucknowi Ishq''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riyana Sukla is happy to be back home - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/riyana-sukla-is-happy-to-be-back-home/articleshow/77517395.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|date=13 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-11|title=Dress up, dress down|url=https://www.orissapost.com/dress-up-dress-down/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Sukla is from [[Cuttack]], [[India]]. She had played a major role in the Bollywood film ''Life Ki Aisi Ki Taisi'' in 2017. She had played an important role in the Bollywood film ''[[Kaashi in Search of Ganga]]'', where she played the role of a witness to a murderer. She also had played the lead roles in ''Lucknowi Ishq'' ''Mr MBA'' and ''I Know You''. She was the protagonist in the film ''E Dil Tate Deli'' where she played the role of a small town lady who had fallen in love with a boy who after resolving the family issues finally united. She also starred as a lead role in the web-series ''Fancy'' which was released on [[MX Player]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-06|title=Ring out the old, ring in the new|url=https://www.orissapost.com/ring-out-the-old-ring-in-the-new/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-30|title=Oriya girl spreads her wings|url=https://www.orissapost.com/oriya-girl-spreads-her-wings/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| 2014
| ''Mr MBA''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-04|title=Odia Beauty Riyana Sukla: Giving Wings To Her Acting Dreams|url=https://www.odishabytes.com/odia-beauty-riyana-shukla-giving-wings-to-her-acting-dreams/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Odisha Bytes|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728104241/https://www.odishabytes.com/odia-beauty-riyana-shukla-giving-wings-to-her-acting-dreams/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
| Hindi
|-
| 2015
| ''Lucknowi Ishq''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 2017
| ''Life Ki Aisi Ki Taisi''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Kaashi in Search of Ganga]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-27|title=Odia girl shines in Bollywood film 'Kaashi…'|url=https://kalingatv.com/entertainment/odia-girl-shines-in-bollywood-film-kaashi/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=KalingaTV|language=en-US}}</ref>
|
| Hindi
|-
| 2020
| ''I Know You''<ref>{{Cite web|title=''I Know You'' is a horror film with logic: Actor Mujahid Khan|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/i-know-you-is-a-horror-film-with-logic-actor-mujahid-khan/1642817|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Outlook (Magazine)}}</ref>
| Main Lead
| Hindi film
|-
| 2021
| ''E Dil Tate Deli''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Riyana Sukla joins E Dil Tate Deli cast|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/riyana-joins-e-dil-tate-deli-cast-241611|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
| Main Lead
| Odia film
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| 2021
| ''Fancy''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-17|title=Odisha Girl Riyana Sukla Rules OTT Platforms|url=https://odishabytes.com/odisha-girl-riyana-sukla-rules-ott-platforms/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Odisha Bytes|language=en-US}}</ref>
|
| Hindi
|-
| 2021
| ''The End''
|
| Hindi
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9894638}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Sunar

2026-02-08T02:17:57Z

Serzccd: basic fix details per sources and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Hindu and Sikh caste of goldsmiths in India}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Sunar/Sonar
| caste_name_in_local =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| kula_daivat =
| region = [[India]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Islam]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India's communities Volume 6 |author=KS Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=india%27s+communities+ks+singh+sunar |year=1998 |publisher=OUP|page=3336|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |quote=In most of the states the Sunar are Hindu. But in Punjab and Delhi, they follow either Sikhism or Hinduism. In Jammu and Kashmir, the Sunar are referred to as Sanur and are mostly Muslims.}}</ref>
}}
The '''Sunar''' (alternately''', Swarnkar, Soni, Sonar, Sonkar''') is a caste in India. The Sunar community works as traders of gold or as [[goldsmith]]s.<ref>''People of Tiben'': Lhasa (Volume XLII) edited by A Hasan & J C Das page 1500 to 150</ref> The community is primarily [[Hindu]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]], Muslim and found all over India. In the state of [[Haryana]], Muslim Sunars{{Clarify|reason=Muslim Sunar?|date=September 2025}} are on the [[Other Backward Class]] list and Hindu Sunars{{Clarify|reason=Hindu Sunar, right?|date=September 2025}} are [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Backward Classes {{!}} Directorate of Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes, Government of Haryana |url=http://haryanascbc.gov.in/reservation-in-haryana/list-of-backward-classes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424045832/http://haryanascbc.gov.in/reservation-in-haryana/list-of-backward-classes |archive-date=2025-04-24 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=haryanascbc.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term ''Swarnkar'' may derive from the [[Sanskrit]] ''suvarna kār'', "worker in gold".<ref>{{cite book|author=R.V. Russell|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India | volume=IV | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20668/20668-h/20668-h.htm#d0e3452|accessdate=6 July 2011|date=October 1995|publisher=Published Under the Orders of the Central Provinces Administration, Macmillan and Co., Limited St. Martin's Street, London. 1916 |pages=517}}</ref>

The Swarnkar are still involved in their traditional occupation, that is being [[goldsmith]]s. There is however a steady process in taking up other occupations, and the community in [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab]] as whole is fairly successful, having produced several professionals.<ref>''People of India'': Haryana (Volume XXIII) edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 475 to 479 Manohar Books</ref>

==Social status==
The Sunars are generally considered a part of [[Vaishya]] varna.<ref>
* {{Cite book|quote=The ''Swarnkars'', in that age of material splendour, enjoyed a higher social status in the stratified social set-up. Later on, when the professional guilds came to be identified as the sub-castes , the goldsmith community was inducted to the Vaishya caste|page=142|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFPnh9B5zncC&dq=sunars+are+accepted+as+vaishyas&pg=PA142 |title=Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya |author=Omacanda Hāṇḍā |isbn=8173870764 |year=1997 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company}}</ref>

==Factions==
The Sunars are divided into a large number of territorial and non-territorial groupings called alla. Some of the major alla are the Jhankhad, Santanpuriya, Lal sultaniya, Dekhalantiya, Mundaha, Bhigahiya, kulthiya, Parajiya, Samuhiya, Chilliya, Katiliya Kalidarwa, Naubastwal, Berehele, Gedehiya, Shahpuriya, Mathureke Paliya, Katkaria and Nimkheriya, Vaibhaha. Each lineage is associated with a particular area. To which its ancestors belonged to. The Sunars use Soni, Swarnkar, Verma, Wadichar, Saraf, Shah, Sonik, Singh etc. as their surnames. In [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]], the community is also known as [[Soni (caste)|Soni]].<ref>''People of India'': Uttar Pradesh (Volume XLII) edited by A Hasan & J C Das page 1500</ref> In Haryana, the Sunars are often known as Swarnkar, [[Soni (caste)|Soni]], Suri and [[Verma]], are their common surname.<ref>''People of India'': Haryana (Volume XXIII) edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia page 475 Manohar Books</ref> In [[Sindh]] they are called Sonaro, In Punjab, Haryana and [[Rajasthan]], [[Mair (caste)|Mair]] community work as goldsmiths.

==Sunar in Nepal==
Sunar (Sunar in the Nepal census) Sunar surname is used by [[Khas people|khas]] of Nepal . And also use by subgroup within the broader social group of [[Madheshi people|Madheshi]] Other Caste.<ref>[https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II]</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], 64,335 people (0.2% of the population of Nepal) were Sunar.

==Notable members==


* [[Raj Babbar]] Film Actor & Politician<ref>{{cite web | url=https://translate.google.com/translate?u=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/how-and-why-congress-chose-raj-babbar-to-head-up-fight/&hl=hi&sl=en&tl=hi&client=srp&prev=search | title=Why Congress chose Raj Babbar to lead party in UP elections | date=14 July 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Gurpreet Singh (artist)|Gurpreet Singh]], Artist is an internationally recognized painting artist.
* [[Parmish Verma]] Punjabi Singer & Performer

==See also==
* [[Mair (caste)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eKGhCWZs59oC&dq=sunar+rajput&pg=PA56 Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (set Of 5 Vols.)]. Sarup & Sons, 2008. {{ISBN|81-7625-841-5}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7625-841-8}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Goldsmith castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]

Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain

2026-02-02T07:23:29Z

Serzccd:

{{Short description|Kollywood film acting award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain''' is given by the state government as part of its annual [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] for [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[Kollywood]]) films. The award was first presented in 1997,<ref name=di>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Cinema Awards |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=2009-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101131515/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |archive-date=1 January 2008 }}</ref> with Prakash Raj being the first recipient and holding the record for the most number of wins with 5 awards.

[[File:Prakash Raj at KLF.jpg|thumb|[[Prakash Raj]] Latest winner ([[Viruman]])]]

==The list==
Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Actor
! Role
! Film
|-
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2022 || [[Prakash Raj]]<ref name="TN2016-22">{{Cite news |date=30 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards (2016-2022) winners list: Sai Pallavi’s Gargi, Dhanush’s Vada Chennai Suriya’s Jai Bhim win top honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-2016-2022-winners-list-sai-pallavi-dhanush-suriya-vijay-sethupathi-10502762/ |access-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> || P. Muniyandi Thevar || ''[[Viruman]]''
|-
| 2021 || Tamizh<ref name="TN2016-22" /> || Gurumoorthy ||''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]''
|-
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2020 || [[Nandha (actor)|Nandha]]<ref name="TN2016-22" /> || Bhaskaran & Natarayan || ''[[Vaanam Kottattum]]''
|-
| 2019 || [[Arjun Das]]<ref name="TN2016-22" /> || Anbu Das || ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
|-
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2018 || [[Samuthirakani]]<ref name="TN2016-22" /> || Guna || ''[[Vada Chennai]]''
|-
| 2017 || [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]<ref name="TN2016-22" /> || Balakrishnan (Balki) || ''[[Thiruttu Payale 2]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2016 || [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]<ref name="TN2016-22" /> || Dr. Sathyamoorthy Rathnavel || ''[[Oru Mugathirai]]''
|-
| 2015 || [[Aravind Swamy]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2024 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards announced for 2015 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Mar/05/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-announced-for-2015 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> || Siddharth Abhimanyu || ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''
|-
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2014 || [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]]<ref name=hi>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece|title=TN Govt announces Tamil film awards for six years|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2017-07-14|location=Chennai, India|date=2017-07-14|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231110140448/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece|archive-date=10 November 2023}}</ref>|| Melachivilberi Gomathinayagam Pillai || ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|-
| 2013 || Vidiyal Raj<ref name=hi />|| Unknown || ''[[Aal (film)|Aal]]''
|-
| 2012 || [[Vijay Sethupathi]]<ref name=hi />|| Jegan || ''[[Sundarapandian]]''
|-
| 2011 || [[Ponvannan]]<ref name=hi />|| JP || ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
|-
| 2010 || [[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]]<ref name=rk>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-01|title=Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-09-28|location=Chennai, India|date=2009-09-29}}</ref>|| Ilango || ''[[Kalavani]]''
|-
| 2009 || [[Prakash Raj]]<ref name=rk />|| J. D. || ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]''
|-
| 2008 || [[Rajendran]]<ref name=rk /> || Thandavan || ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''
|-
| 2007 || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]<ref name=rk />|| Adiseshan || ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2006 || [[Pasupathy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33425.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908230828/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33425.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2007|title=State Awards for the year 2006 - Govt. of Tamil Nadu|work=indiaglitz.com|access-date=2009-07-05}}</ref>|| Nellai Mani || ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]''
|-
| 2005 || [[Prakash Raj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml|title=Tamilnadu govt awards Rajini and Kamal|publisher=cinesouth.com|access-date=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911141539/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07092007-1.shtml|archive-date=2007-09-11}}</ref>|| [[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|DCP]] Prabhakar || ''[[Anniyan]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2004 || [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/13022006-1.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218164138/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/13022006-1.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2006|title=Tamilnadu State Film Awards – awards for Vikram, Jyotika|publisher=cinesouth.com|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref>|| Arun || ''[[Dancer (2004 film)|Dancer]]''
|-
| 2003 || [[Riyaz Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/13022006-1.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218164138/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/13022006-1.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2006|title=Tamilnadu State Film Awards – awards for Vikram, Jyotika|publisher=cinesouth.com|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref>|| Shyam || ''[[Power of Women (film)|Power of Women]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2002 || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]<ref name=in>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2004|title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years|work=indiaglitz.com|access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref>|| Rathnam || ''[[Thamizh]]''
|-
| 2001 || [[Alex (Tamil actor)|Alex]]<ref name=in />|| Masilamani || ''[[Mitta Miraasu]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2000 || [[Prakash Raj]]<ref name=in />|| Prakash Raj || ''[[Vaanavil]]''
|-
| 1999 || [[Raghuvaran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards -1999 |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622010121/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |archive-date=22 June 2008 }}</ref> || {{•}} Aranganathar {{•}} Aande || {{•}}''[[Mudhalvan]]'' {{•}}''[[Iraniyan (film)|Iraniyan]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1998 || [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html|title=BULLETIN ON FILM|access-date=8 November 2023|work=Research, Reference and Training Division|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803044643/http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html|archive-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> || Manimaran || ''[[Maru Malarchi|Marumalarchi]]''
|-
| 1997 || [[Anandaraj]]<ref name=di /> || Dharmalingam Gounder || ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1996 || [[Prakash Raj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |title=1996 State Awards |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=2009-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522211531/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |archive-date=22 May 2008 }}</ref> || Prakash || ''[[Kalki (1996 film)|Kalki]]''
|}

==See also==
* [[Tamil cinema]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Actor]]