Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

The Hitlist

2026-05-07T17:14:29Z

Sergzrr: Creating Basic Data More To Come...

{{short description|2012 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Hitlist
| image = The Hitlist film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bala (actor)|Bala]]
| producer = Bala
| screenplay = Bala
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = U. Harish Subhod Cherthala
}}
| starring = Bala [[Dhruv Sharma]] [[Aishwarya Devan]]
| narrator = [[Mohanlal]] {{small|(Malayalam)}} [[Sudeepa]] {{small|(Kannada)}}
| music = [[Alphons Joseph]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Neelakandan]]
| editing = Samjith Mohammed
| studio = Arunachalam Pictures
| distributor = Celebs & Red Carpet
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|12|7}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Malayalam|Kannada}}
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''The Hitlist''''' is a 2012 Indian [[action thriller]] film written, directed and produced by [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] (in his directorial debut). It was simultaneously shot in [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] languages. The film stars Bala, [[Dhruv Sharma]] (in his Malayalam debut), and [[Aishwarya Devan]], while [[Samudrakani]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Riyaz Khan]], [[Tini Tom]], and [[Sasi Kalinga]] plays supporting roles. The film's music was composed by [[Alphons Joseph]]. The plot follows [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Vikram Rathod, who is assigned to catch a serial killer who has been murdering police officers.

The film completed production in late-June 2012. ''The Hitlist'' was released in theatres on 7 December 2012.

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=August 2022}}

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Vikram Rathore [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Dhruv Sharma]] as Dhruv
* [[Aishwarya Devan]] as Avanthika
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Simon
* [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] as Anand
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as [[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]] Robert [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Peter
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Madhavan
* [[Tini Tom]] as Stephen
* [[Riza Bava]] as [[Director General of Police#India|DGP]]
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as [[Commissioner of Police#India|Commissioner]]
* Kiran Raj as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]]
* [[Samudrakani]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] Anapazhakan
* [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] as Gouri
* [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Herself
* [[Unni Mukundan]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Ajai Kumar (Cameo appearance)
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Dr. Lewis (Cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

==Production==
''The Hitlist'' marks the directorial debut of actor [[Bala (actor)|Bala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news-and-interviews/31920180_1_bala-new-avatar-mollywood |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103145603/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news-and-interviews/31920180_1_bala-new-avatar-mollywood |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |title=Bala turns director now |date= 2012-05-31|work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2012-09-05}}</ref> Screenplay was also written by him. He also played the lead role, while [[Kannada people|Kannada]] actor [[Dhruv Sharma]] and [[Aishwarya Devan]] portrayed other two principal characters. Filming began in [[Kochi]]. Initially, [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Unni Mukundan]] were supposed to make cameo appearances.<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530051544/http://mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/124224/|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/124224/ |title=Bala to make directorial debut with Hitlist |publisher=Mathrubhumi.com |date=2012-05-29 |accessdate=2012-09-05}}</ref> In the film, Mukundan and [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] appeared in cameo roles. Bala also produced the film. The film was simultaneously shot in [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] languages. [[Mohanlal]] and [[Sudeepa]] did voice-over in Malayalam and Kannada versions, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last=K.|first=Aswathy|title='Direction is pure destiny'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2012/oct/13/direction-is-pure-destiny-414975.html|access-date=30 August 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=13 October 2012}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack features three songs composed by [[Alphons Joseph]] . The lyrics were written by Santhosh Varma & Jophy Tharakan.

; Track listing
{{track listing
| headline=
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:84

| title1 = Kadhakalumezhuthi
| extra1 = [[Alphons Joseph]], [[San Jaimt]]
| lyrics1 = Santhosh Varma
| length1 = 2:53

| title2 =Kannake
| extra2 = [[Alphons Joseph]], [[Amrutha Suresh]]
| lyrics2 = Santhosh Varma, Jophy Tharakan
| length2 = 4:52

| title3 = Manathe Vellikinnathil
| extra3 = [[Sayanora Philip]]
| lyrics3 = Jophy tharakan
| length3 = 4:48

| title4 = Akalaminnarikilalle
| extra4 = [[Amritha Suresh]]
| lyrics4 = Santhosh Varma
| length4 = 4:31
}}

==Release ==
The Malayalam version ''The Hitlist'' was released in theatres on 7 December 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=G.|first=Vijay|title=Four Malayalam releases this Friday!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-four-malayalam-films-open-today/20121207.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> The Kannada version remains unreleased.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/the-hit-list?type=0&id=e150d710f56e11e99f7adf1a1f9d1813 ''The Hitlist'' at JioCinema]
* {{IMDb title|tt2779656}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hit List, The}}
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Kannada-language films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{2010s-action-film-stub}}

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Memorial PG college

2026-05-07T02:32:49Z

Sergzrr: new new data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Memorial Government College
| image = Nscbmgovtcollegehamirpur.jpg
| caption = Govt College Hamirpur Building
| former_name = Government College Hamirpur
| motto = "Bravery and Sacrifice"
| type = Government college
| established = {{start date and age|1965}}
| founder = [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]
| affiliation = [[Himachal Pradesh University]]
| principal = Dr. Satish Soni
| total_staff = 50
| students = 3500
| undergrad = 3000
| postgrad = 500
| address = Anu, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| city = Hamirpur
| state = India
| postalcode = 177001
| country = Himachal Pradesh
| campus_type = rural
| campus_size = {{Convert |22| acre}}
| colors = {{ Color box|#800080}}
| sporting_affiliations = 
| logo = Logonscbmcollegehamirpur.jpg
| website = {{URL|gdchamirpur.org}}
}}
'''Government Degree College Hamirpur''' better known as '''Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Memorial PG College''' is a government college located in Anu [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh]], India. The college is affiliated with [[Himachal Pradesh University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=gchamirpur.org at WI. NSCBM – Govt College Hamirpur |url=https://website.informer.com/gchamirpur.org |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=website.informer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt. Degree College - GDC, Hamirpur-Himachal Pradesh DRAFTSMAN MECHANIC Admission Procedure, Courses, Fees,Ranking, Placement 2022 |url=https://www.universitydunia.com/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=universitydunia.com/ |language=en-gb |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923135247/http://universitydunia.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=N.S.C.B.M. Government College Hamirpur {{!}} District Hamirpur-The Veerbhumi {{!}} India |url=https://hphamirpur.nic.in/public-utility/n-s-c-b-m-government-college-hamirpur/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NSCBM Government PG College, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh » PunjabColleges.com |url=https://www.punjabcolleges.com/HP/Degree/Hamirpur/NSCBM-Govt-11455/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.punjabcolleges.com}}</ref>

== Background ==
Government College Anu Hamirpur is located in the district headquarter of Hamirpur. The college was originally named Government Degree College, but in 1995 it changed its name to Neta Ji Subash Chandera Bose Memorial College Hamirpur.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.gchamirpur.org/ Official website]

[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in India]]

Battle of Sualkuchi (1636)

2026-05-05T23:46:47Z

Sergzrr: Put up

{{Short description|Conflict in Assam, northeastern India}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Sualkuchi
| place = [[Sualkuchi]], [[Assam]]
| partof = [[Ahom–Mughal wars]]
| strength1 = 10,000 men 60 ships
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties3 = The [[Ahoms]] seized hundreds of ships, firearms, and treasures from the [[Mughals]].
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 300 ships 160 swords 200 hand grenades
| date = 1636
| map_type = South Asia#India Assam
| map_relief = yes
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| map_label = Battle of Sualkuchi
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| map_marksize = 15
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1703|N|91.5703|E|}}
| result = [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|25px]] [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|23px]] [[Pratap Singha]]
| territory = [[Kamarupa]] is captured by the [[Ahoms]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|23px]] Abdus Salam
| image = Sunset at Sualkuchi.jpg
| caption = Sunset at Sualkuchi
| image_upright = 0.9
}}
The '''Battle of Sualkuchi''' was a crucial conflict in the [[Ahom–Mughal wars|Ahom-Mughal wars]] of 1636, marking the resumption of hostilities after a 21-year hiatus. This renewed conflict saw the [[Ahom kingdom]], under King [[Susenghphaa|Pratap Singha]], intensify efforts to reclaim [[Kamarupa]] from [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] control. Following a decisive naval victory at Srighat, where the Ahoms dealt a crushing blow to the Mughal fleet, the Ahoms shifted their focus to [[Sualkuchi]], a strategic Mughal stronghold.

With a reinforced army of 10,000 archers and matchlock men supported by a fleet of sixty large ships, the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] launched a concerted attack on [[Sualkuchi]]. Despite initial resistance, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] suffered heavy losses, including warships, transport boats, and significant casualties. The victory at Sualkuchi allowed the Ahoms to secure substantial spoils, including hundreds of ships, firearms, and valuable treasures.

This triumph set the stage for further [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] advances, including the capture of [[Hajo]] and key fortified outposts along the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]. The battle underscored the effectiveness of Ahom military strategy and their ability to reclaim territories from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], consolidating Ahom sovereignty over [[Kamarupa]].

== Background ==
The conflict between the [[Ahom kingdom]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] reignited in 1636 after a break of twenty-one years. In the intervening period, the Ahom rulers had extended support to groups opposed to Mughal rule, offering refuge to dissidents and backing rebellious chieftains and hill rulers in [[Kamarupa|Kamrupa]]. This assistance included military aid, financial backing, and supplies, allowing the Ahoms to influence the ongoing power struggle in the region without engaging in direct confrontation.{{sfn|Nag|2023|p=454}} Hostilities intensified when Mughal subjects were killed within Ahom territory, and [[Susenghphaa|Pratap Singha]] declined to hand over Harikesh, a former Mughal revenue officer who had defected. In response, the Mughals sent troops to apprehend him, but their attempt ended in failure. This setback led Pratap Singha to launch a military campaign into areas under Mughal control.{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=32}}
[[File:Kamarupa-inscriptions-findspots.png|thumb|right|261px|{{center|The findspots of inscriptions{{sfnp|Lahiri|1991|pp=26–28}} associated with the Kamarupa kingdom give an estimate of its geographical location and extent.]]}}
Seeking to strengthen his position, [[Susenghphaa|Pratap Singha]] aligned himself with frontier leaders from [[Dimaruguri|Dimarua]], [[Hojai]], and Barduar. Together, they launched assaults on Mughal outposts, including the strategic fort at [[Hajo]]. The Ahom forces triumphed in several battles, capturing a considerable amount of weaponry, including 360 cannons and firearms. To counter the Ahom advances, Abdus Salam, the Mughal governor of [[Hajo]], sought reinforcements from [[Dhaka|Dacca]]. In response, a contingent arrived consisting of 1,000 cavalry, 1,000 musketeers, and 210 war sloops. With these additional troops, the Mughals managed to push back the Ahoms at Pandu and Srighat, forcing them into a brief withdrawal.{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=33}}
[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|Woman draped in muslin and holding a [[hookah]] in Dhaka in 1789.]]
During the Battle of Srighat, the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] turned the tide by launching an unexpected nighttime assault with a fleet of 500 vessels. The surprise attack caught the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] navy off guard, leading to a crushing defeat. The loss of Mughal officer [[Muhammad Saleh Kamboh|Muhammad Salih]] and the capture of Majlis Bayazid further weakened the Mughal forces.{{sfn|Nag|2023|p=454}} The Ahoms seized seven ''ghrabs'', thirty ''bachharis'', and extensive war supplies, forcing the Mughals to retreat to [[Sualkuchi]]. The victory allowed the Ahoms to reclaim their stronghold at Agiathuti.{{sfn|Basu|1970|p=33}}

== Battle ==
With the Mughal forces weakened after their defeat at Srighat, [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] ruler [[Susenghphaa|Pratap Singha]] saw an opportunity to reclaim [[Kamarupa]]. Setting his focus on [[Sualkuchi]], he gathered a formidable army of 10,000 soldiers skilled in archery and matchlock firearms, supported by a fleet of sixty large warships, to launch the next offensive.{{sfn|Nag|2023|p=454}}
[[File:Weapons and firearms of Ahom kingdom.jpg|thumb|{{center|Weapons of Ahom era.]]}}
Unable to withstand the Ahom offensive, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] suffered a devastating defeat, losing a large number of warships, transport boats, and troops. The [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] claimed an immense haul of war spoils, seizing 300 ships, 160 swords, various firearms, 200 hand grenades, and a substantial amount of gold and silver.{{sfn|Nag|2023|p=454}}

== Aftermath ==
Building on their success at [[Sualkuchi]], the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] forces, led by [[Borphukan|Barphukan]] and supported by [[Koch dynasty|Koch]] King [[Balinarayan|Bali Narayan]], set their sights on [[Hajo]]. Surrounding the city, they launched a siege that ultimately compelled Abdus Salam, the governor of [[Bengal]], to surrender. With Hajo under their control, the Ahoms secured a wealth of spoils, including 200 firearms, nearly 5,000 swords, 700 horses, and an array of pearls and exquisite ornaments.{{sfn|Nag|2023|p=454}}
[[File:Map of Bengal, Behar, Orissa 1813.jpg|thumb|{{center|Dhaka was the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.]]}}

Subsequently, [[Balinarayan|Bali Narayan]], supported by 300 [[Koch dynasty|Koch]] and [[Assamese people|Assamese]] troops, captured [[Baranagar|Barnagar]], a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-aligned vassal state. He proceeded to attack Mughal outposts in the northwestern region of modern [[Kamarupa]] district, successfully occupying most of them.{{sfn|Nag|2023|p=455}}
[[File:Sunset in Dibrugarh.jpg|right|160px|thumb|{{center|A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh.]]}}
Between March and December 1636, the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] and [[Kamarupa]] rebels engaged in prolonged conflict, securing a series of major victories. While they encountered minor defeats near Pandu and Srighat, they ultimately overran all significant Mughal strongholds along both sides of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], including [[Hajo]], Pandu, and Srighat. These successes reinforced Ahom control over most of Kamarupa. Their coordination with the [[Koch kingdom]] proved instrumental in turning the tide against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].{{sfn|Nag|2023|p=455}}

== See also ==

* [[Battle of Bharali]]
* [[Battle of Samdhara]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEa8EAAAQBAJ |title=The Mughals and the North-East: Encounter and Assimilation in Medieval India |date=2023-07-17 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-90525-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Nirmal Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8UBAAAAMAAJ |title=Assam in the Ahom Age, 1228-1826: Being Politico-economic and Socio-cultural Studies |date=1970 |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NINAAAAAMAAJ |title=Pre-Ahom Assam: Studies in the Inscriptions of Assam Between the Fifth and the Thirteenth Centuries AD |date=1991 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-0463-8 |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Sualkuchi}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1630s conflicts]]
[[Category:1636 in Asia]]
[[Category:17th century in the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:1630s in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Bengal Subah]]

Sidhu Kanu Indoor Stadium

2026-05-05T06:54:55Z

Sergzrr: Creating New Article And Citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Sidhu Kanhu Indoor Stadium
| address = Recol Park, Durgapur, West Bengal 713216
| location_town = Durgapur
| location_country = India
| owner = Durgapur Municipal Corporation
| status = Complete
| seating_capacity = 20000
| completion_date = 1973
| renovation_date = 2018
| parking = Available beside the stadium
| building_type = Indoor Stadium
| groundbreaking_date = 1970
| floor_count = 1
| awards = Best indoor stadium in Eastern India
| roof = Tin sloping roof
| seating_type = Plastic fixed base seats
| image = This is the picture of the Sidhu Kanhu Indoor Satdium in Durgapur.jpg
| image_alt = Sidhu Kanhu Indoor Stadium
| caption = Exterior of the stadium at night in 2019
| coordinates = {{coord|23|32|25|N|87|17|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| pushpin_label = '''Sidhu Kanu Indoor Stadium '''
}}
'''Sidhu Kanhu Indoor Stadium''' is an indoor stadium in [[Durgapur]], [[West Bengal]], India. It was built by [[Durgapur Municipal Corporation]], and has hosted matches of [[badminton]], [[table tennis]], and other sports. Various district and state level matches are often conducted here. It is also a favorable venue for national level games.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/field/865729/junior-national-table-tennis-championships-gujarat-dig-deep-against-mizoram-to-reach-quarters|title=Junior National Table Tennis Championships: Gujarat dig deep against Mizoram to reach quarters |date=19 January 2018 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-boys-and-girls-clinch-bronze-in-table-tennis-championship |title=Telangana boys and girls clinch bronze in Table Tennis Championship |date=20 January 2018 |work=Telangana Today }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aqicn.org/city/india/durgapur/sidhu-kanhu-indoor-stadium/ |title=Sidhu Kanhu Indoor Stadium, Durgapur Air Pollution |website=aqicn.org |publisher=Air Quality Index China}}</ref> Regular badminton coaching sessions are also held here. Table tennis is a very popular game in Durgapur; both boys and girls players of Durgapur have excelled in this game. Many players from Durgapur have represented the state. It is played and practiced in the Sidhu-Kanhu indoor stadium and many state level tournament has been played here.

This stadium houses many sporting organisation and sporting association of Burdwan district, including Durgapur Sub-divisional Women's Sports Association, School Sports Association-Durgapur Sub-division, Burdwan District Badminton Association, Burdwan District Table Tennis Association and Burdwan District Physical Culture Association

[[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu|Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu]] were the leaders of the Santhal rebellion (1855–1856), the native rebellion in present-day [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bengal]] (Purulia and Bankura) in eastern India against both the [[British Indian Empire|British colonial authority]] and the corrupt [[zamindari system]]. The stadium is named after them.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Stadiums]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Durgapur]]

Bahadur Khan (musician)

2026-04-29T23:32:08Z

Sergzrr: New

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{distinguish|Bahadur Hussain Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{infobox person
|name=Bahadur Khan

|father=[[Ayet Ali Khan]]
|mother=Umarunnesa
|children=[[Kirit Khan]], Bidyut Khan
|relatives={{ubl|[[Mobarak Hossain Khan]] (brother)|[[Sheikh Sadi Khan]] (brother)|[[Abed Hossain Khan]] (brother)}}
|birth_name=Bahadur Hossain Khan
|birth_date={{birth date|1931|01|19|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|death_date={{death date and age|1989|10|03|1931|01|19|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Kolkata]], India
}}

[[Ustad]] '''Bahadur Khan''' (19 January 1931 – 3 October 1989) was an Indian [[sarod]] player and film score composer.

==Early life and family==
Ustad<ref>The title [[ustad]] refers to the titular prefix ''master'' in the article and is only used at the beginning of this article.</ref> Bahadur Khan was born on 19 January 1931 to [[Ayet Ali Khan]] and Umarunnesa in Shibpur village, [[Nabinagar Upazila|Nabinagar]], [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]], in the then [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]. From a musical family, he was related to sitar player [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pandit-Ravi-Shankar-was-unhappy-as-I-was-drawing-more-applause-Annapurna-Devi/articleshow/41379379.cms|title = Pandit Ravi Shankar was unhappy as I was drawing more applause: Annapurna Devi|date = 1 September 2014|website = indiatimes.com|publisher = Times of India|last = Chowdhury|first = Tathagata Ray}}</ref> Khan first learnt to play the [[sarode]] from his father and his uncle [[Ustad Alauddin Khan|Alauddin Khan]] in [[Maihar]], before he finally settled in [[Calcutta]]. He also practiced vocal music and later collaborated with his cousins [[Ustad Ali Akbar Khan|Ali Akbar Khan]] and [[Annapurna Devi]].

Khan's brothers [[Abed Hossain Khan]] and [[Mobarak Hossain Khan]] were also musicians and based in Bangladesh,<ref>Brahmanbaria, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080307070339/http://www.thedailystar.net/starinsight/2006/12/01/cover.htm Great Ustad Ayet Ali Khan]", The Daily Star Insight, 2006, (archived, 23 November 2014)</ref> and were the recipients from the [[Government of Bangladesh]] for their contributions to classical music.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/04/27/d604271401101.htm|title = Upholding a legacy in music|date = 27 April 2006|website = thedailystar.net|publisher = The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|last = Charanji|first = Kavita|access-date = 23 November 2014|archive-date = 13 March 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140313194052/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/04/27/d604271401101.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Khan was a regular performer at the [[All India Radio]], [[Radio Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh Betar]]. He composed and directed music for many films by Indian filmmaker [[Ritwik Ghatak]] and featured in the following:<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ritwik Ghatak |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b9f3e8ec0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924210615/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b9f3e8ec0 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=BFI |language=en}}</ref>

*''[[Subarnarekha (1962 film)|Subarnarekha]] (The Golden Line)''.<ref>Listing of the film ''Subarnarekha'' (accessed 23 November 2014).</ref>
*''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]] (The Cloud-clapped Star)''
*''[[Komal Gandhar]] (E Flat)''
*''[[Jukti Takko Aar Gappo]] (Reason, Debate and A Story)''
*''[[Titash Ekti Nadir Naam]] (A River Named Titash)''
*''Nagarik (The Citizen)''
*''Shwet Mayur (White Peacock)''
*''Yekhane Dariye (Where I Am Standing)''
*''Trisandhyay (Three Twilights)''
*''Notun Pata (New Leaf)''
*''[[Garm Hava]]'' (Hot Winds, 1973)

==Teaching==
Khan taught [[Indian classical music]] as a faculty member for six months at the [[Ali Akbar College of Music]] in [[California]], United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty {{!}} Ali Akbar College of Music|url=https://aacm.org/faculty-ali-akbar-college-of-music-indian-music-school-2/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Ali Akbar College of Music |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Jan Haag, [http://janhaag.com/MUaakaa.html Ali Akbar Khan, an appreciation], 2000 (accessed 23 November 2014).</ref> His students include his son Bidyut Khan, nephew [[Shahadat Hossain Khan]], [[Tejendra Majumdar]],<ref name=vintage/> [[Kalyan Mukherjea]], Monoj Shankar and his nephew [[Khurshid Khan (musician)|Khurshid Khan]].{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

==Personal life and death==
Khan had sons [[Kirit Khan]] (d. 2006) and Bidyut Khan.<ref name=vintage>{{Cite web |title=A revival of vintage music : - Bahadur Khan |url=http://www.itcsra.org/treasures/treasure_past.asp?id=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226104416/http://www.itcsra.org/treasures/treasure_past.asp?id=10 |archive-date=2012-02-26 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.itcsra.org}}</ref>

Khan died on 3 October 1989 in [[Calcutta]], India.<ref name=vintage/> Every year, a one-day music festival takes place commemorating the death anniversary of the Khan in [[Calcutta]], organized by the "Ustad Bahadur Khan Music Circle".{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} In Bangladesh, his legacy is continued through the "Ustad Ayet Ali Khan Sangeet Niketon", a music school in memory of his father [[Ayet Ali Khan]], at their native village Shibpur.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0451333}}
* [http://www.kalyanmsarode.com Kalyan Mukherjee's Homepage]
* [http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/04/27/d604271401101.htm Shahdat Hossain Khan's review]
* [http://www.upperstall.com/films/subarnarekha.html Review of the film ''Subarnarekha'']

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Bahadur}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nabinagar Upazila]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Sarod players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Satna]]
[[Category:Maihar gharana]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Hindustani composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians of Bengal]]
[[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]

Tambaram City Police

2026-04-14T12:28:44Z

Sergzrr:

{{Short description|Division of the Tamil Nadu Police}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Tambaram Police Commissionerate
| commonname = Tambaram City Police
| abbreviation =
| logo = Tambaram City Police Logo.jpg
| logocaption = Logo of the Tambaram City Police
| motto = Truth alone triumphs
| mottotranslated =
| formedyear = 2022
| preceding1 = [[Greater Chennai Police]]
| employees =
| budget =
| country = India
| divtype = State
| divname = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivtype = City
| subdivname = [[Tambaram]]
| map =
| mapcaption =
| governingbody = [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise|Department of Home]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| constitution1 =
| police = Yes
| local = Yes
| headquarters = Melakottaiyur, Tambaram (Temporary)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=DTNEXT |date=2023-05-04 |title=Tambaram commissioner office shifted from Sholinganalllur |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2023/05/04/tambaram-commissioner-office-shifted-from-sholinganalllur |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
| sworn =
| unsworn =
| minister1name = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| minister1pfo = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] & [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Home Affairs]]
| chief1name = Sanjay Kumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]], [[Tambaram]]
| parentagency = [[Tamil Nadu Police]]
| unitname = {{collapsible list |Aviation |Emergency Service
|Organized Crime Control Bureau |Scuba Team and Harbor |Special Victims
|Major Case Squad |Taxi Squad |Movie and Television |School Safety
|Real Time Crime |Auxillay Police |Crime Scene |Evidence Collection
|Transit Bureau |Housing Bureau |Highway Patrol |Transportation Bureau}}
| officetype = Borough
| officename = {{collapsible list |}}
| stationtype = Station
| stations = 25
| boat1type =
| boats1 =
| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 =
| website = {{URL|tnpolice.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tambaram City''' '''Police,''' officially '''Tambaram Police Commissionerate''', is a city police administration for the city of [[Tambaram]] located within the [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]] in the Indian State of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite act|index=5|date=2022|legislature=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|title=The Tambaram City Municipal Corporation Act, 2022|url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%205%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627214611/https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%205%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2022-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite act|index=7|date=2022|legislature=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|title=The Chennai City Police (Extension to the cities of Avadi and Tambaram) Act, 2022|url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%207%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627215411/https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%207%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2022-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-two-more-police-commissionerates-opened-to-crack-down-on-criminals/articleshow/88641853.cms|title=Tamil Nadu: Two more police commissionerates opened to crack|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 January 2022|access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>

It is the third largest police commissionerate in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] next to [[Greater Chennai Police]] and [[Avadi Police|Avadi City Police]]. The agency executive holds the rank of Additional Director General of Police, which is same as that of the [[Greater Chennai Police]] Commissioner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2021 |title=Special officers named for Tambaram and Avadi commissionerates |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/oct/02/special-officers-named-for-tambaram-and-avadi-commissionerates-2366558.html}}</ref>

== History ==
The Tambaram City Police was established through the division of the [[Greater Chennai Police]] jurisdiction, as part of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu State government]]'s efforts to reform the policing structure, resulting in the creation of the Tambaram and Avadi Police commissionerates. On 1 January 2022, Tambaram City Police was formally established by [[Government of Tamil Nadu|State Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite act|type=Government Order (Manuscript)|index=1|date=1 January 2022|legislature=[[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu|State Government of Tamil Nadu]]|title=Police— Trifurcation of Chennai Police Commissionerate|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/go/home_e_1_2022_ms.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006020426/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/go/home_e_1_2022_ms.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2023-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu DGP issues instructions for trifurcation of Greater Chennai Commissionerate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-instructions-trifurcation-greater-chennai-commissionerate-7565536 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-police-commissionerates-in-tambaram-avadi-opened/article38085909.ece|title=New Police Commissionerates in Tambaram, Avadi opened|newspaper=The Hindu|date=January 2022 }}</ref>

When the Tambaram City Police was initially established, it encompassed twenty police stations from the Tambaram and Pallikaranai police districts.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-city-police-to-have-104-stations-under-its-jurisdiction/articleshow/86912949.cms|title=Chennai city police loses 33 stations, to have 104 under its|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 October 2021 }}</ref>

== Administration ==
The Administrative Structure of Tambaram City Police as follows:<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Police District
!Police Range
!Police Station Name
!Station Type
|-
| rowspan="26" |Tambaram
| rowspan="5" |Tambaram
|Tambaram Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Chrompet Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Tambaram Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Chrompet Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Tambaram All Women Police Station
|Woman
|-
| rowspan="7" |Pallavaram
|Pallavaram Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Shankar Nagar Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Kundrathur Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Thirumudivakkam Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Pallavaram Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Shankar Nagar Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Pallavaram All Woman Police Station
|Woman
|-
| rowspan="10" |Guduvanchery
|Guduvanchery Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Peerkkankaranai Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Otteri Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Maraimalai Nagar Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Singaperumal Koil Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Guduvanchery Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Peerkankaranai Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Otteri Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Maraimalai Nagar Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Vandalur All Women Police Station
|Woman
|-
| rowspan="4" |Manimangalam
|Manimangalam Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Padappai Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Somangalam Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Manimangalam Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
| rowspan="18" |Pallikaranai
| rowspan="6" |Semmancherry
|Semmancherry Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Kannagi Nagar Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Perumbakkam Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Semmancherry Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Kannagi Nagar Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Perumbakkam Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
| rowspan="5" |Kelambakkam
|Kelambakkam Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Kanathur Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Thazhambur Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Kelambakkam Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Kanathur Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
| rowspan="7" |Selaiyur
|Selaiyur Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Pallikaranai Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Medavakkam Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Chitlapakkam Police Station
|Law & Order
|-
|Selaiyur Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Pallikaranai Traffic Police Station
|Traffic
|-
|Selaiyur All Women Police Station
|Woman
|}

== Commissioners of Police ==
{{transcluded section|source=Tambaram City Municipal Corporation}}{{trim|{{#section-h:Tambaram City Municipal Corporation|Commissioners of Police}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Tambaram]]

{{law-enforcement-agency-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-stub}}

Vaalvi

2026-04-13T08:16:19Z

Sergzrr: Creating A Info W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaalvi
| image = Vaalvi film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|mr|वाळवी}}
| director = [[Paresh Mokashi]]
| writer = [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]] Paresh Mokashi
| producer = Madhugandha Kulkarni
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Swapnil Joshi]]
*[[Anita Date-Kelkar|Anita Date Kelkar]]
*[[Subodh Bhave]]
*[[Shivani Surve]]
}}
| cinematography = Satyajit Shobha Shriram
| editing = Abhijeet Deshpande Saurabh Prabhudesai
| music = Mangesh Dhakade
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[Zee Studios]]
*Mayasabha Karamanuk Mandali
}}
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|2023|01|13|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| runtime = 106 minutes
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|7.25 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=Why Marathi cinema is captivating the youth and how youngsters are making space for its growth on social media platforms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/marathi-cinema-captivating-youth-youngsters-space-growth-social-media-platforms-9249535/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Vaalvi''''' ([[translation]]: ''Termites'') is a [[List of Marathi films of 2023|2023]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]-language [[Black comedy|dark comedy]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critically Acclaimed, Popular Thriller-Comedy Marathi film Vaalvi is all set to Release on OTT, Deets Inside |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/critically-acclaimed-popular-thriller-comedy-marathi-film-vaalvi-is-all-set-to-release-on-ott-deets-inside-2573618.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> film directed by [[Paresh Mokashi]] and produced by [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]] under the production banner of [[Zee Studios]]. The film stars [[Swapnil Joshi]], [[Anita Date-Kelkar|Anita Date Kelkar]], [[Subodh Bhave]] and [[Shivani Surve]] and was released theatrically on 13 January 2023 and digitally on [[ZEE5]] on 24 February 2023. In the film, Aniket (Joshi) plans to murder his mentally unstable wife, Avani (Date Kelkar), by faking a double suicide along with his girlfriend, Devika (Surve), but unforeseen circumstances compel them to team up with a psychiatrist, Anshuman (Bhave).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=घर बसल्या पाहता येणार 'वाळवी' चित्रपट; OTTवर या दिवशी होणार रिलीज |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/vaalvi-movie-that-can-be-watched-sitting-at-home-released-on-ott-on-this-day-a603/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

''Vaalvi'' was a major critical and commercial success, it earned over ₹7.25 crore at the Box office and emerging as the year's [[List of Marathi films of 2023|Sixth highest grossing Marathi film]]. ''Vaalvi'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] at [[70th National Film Awards]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=Swwapnil Joshi is elated as 'Vaalvi' wins Best Marathi Film and says, 'This is my first-ever National Award'— Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/swwapnil-joshi-is-elated-as-vaalvi-wins-best-marathi-film-and-says-this-is-my-first-ever-national-award-exclusive/articleshow/112567103.cms |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aniket, an unhappily married man, plots a vile scheme with his dentist girlfriend Devika to dispose of Avani, his wife of 14 years who has severe mental disorder and threatens to resort to legal means if he ever tries to divorce her, and frame it as a suicide. The main plan involves Aniket lying to Avani about his company's bankruptcy and a possible repossession of their house by debt collectors in order to convince her to make a suicide pact with him. Oblivious to her, Aniket's gun is empty and once Avani shoots herself, Aniket will consume his suicide note, which states that the decision was made of free will. With her death being proven a suicide, Aniket will go scot free and move into a new apartment with Devika. The two go through the plan at her clinic to ensure the plan does not fall through.

After pasting a foreclosure notice on the door, he finds Avani sleeping on the floor, a side effect of the anti-depressants she takes. She has been fostering termites for microbiology experiments, supposedly trying to train them to eat plastic "like the ones in Germany". After Avani expresses her desire to commit suicide that day itself, they settle on writing their notes instead.

The next day, having lied to Avani that he wants to visit his office one last time, Aniket files an FIR for his apparently missing gun, only for him to find out that a crime branch officer must accompany him during the investigation; luckily, there is no officer available at the moment. He then goes to Devika's clinic under the ruse of a scheduled root canal appointment, takes on the guise of a delivery driver (which he can say he wore to throw debt collectors off his trail) and leaves for his house. When Avani does not answer the door, Aniket enters to find her lying on the floor, presumably sleeping after taking her medication. Aniket decides to shoot her himself, planting the gun, a bottle of anti-depressants and her note as evidence.

Aniket goes back home, planning to feign shock at his wife's apparent suicide. However, her corpse and suicide note have mysteriously vanished, prompting Aniket to summon Devika to the scene. They scout the house for clues, finding a positive pregnancy test in the bathroom. A mysterious person calls Aniket, telling him he knows what they did and asks them to meet him at a given location as soon as possible.

Aniket and Devika are perplexed to find that the caller was Dr. Anshuman, Avani's psychiatrist, who somehow has Avani's corpse and suicide note with him. He explains that he had an intimate relationship with Avani during her psychiatric evaluation. After Aniket left the house earlier that day, Avani called Anshuman to inform him that she is pregnant with his baby. Realizing that this could put his reputation in jeopardy, Anshuman immediately visits Avani, later administering her a fatal overdose of anti-depressants. Aniket's arrival prompted Anshuman to hide in a nearby bathroom from where he witnessed the shooting.

As the body sets into rigor mortis, the trio try to find a place to bury it, nearly getting caught by the police and a group of campers. While driving, they come across a car accident, with the police inspector present at the site asking them to drop a woman with minor injuries off to a nearby hospital. The woman realizes that Avani is dead and tries to alert the inspector. In the ensuing scuffle, Aniket strikes her with a steel bottle, killing her instantaneously. On finding the dead bodies in the car, the inspector pulls his gun on Anshuman and Aniket, but is shot dead by Devika before he can take any action.

Realizing it is dawn, Devika, Anshuman and Aniket decide to drive back to Aniket's house and store the bodies there, planning to go back at night to find a place to bury them. Shortly after they have placed the bodies on a couch, a falling chandelier crushes all three of them. As the police investigate the scene, the final shot shows some termites gnawing on a nylon rope.

== Cast ==
* [[Swapnil Joshi]] as Aniket
* [[Anita Date-Kelkar]] as Avani
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as Dr. Anshuman
* [[Shivani Surve]] as Dr. Devika
* [[Namrata Sambherao]] as Injured woman in clinic and car<ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' पाठोपाठ नम्रता संभेराव आता मोठ्या पडद्यावरून प्रेक्षकांना हसवण्यासाठी सज्ज, प्रोमो व्हायरल |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/namrata-sanbherao-shared-her-promo-from-the-upcoming-film-vaalvi-rnv-99-3383707/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sandy as Investigating [[police inspector]]
* Asha Dnyate as Radhabai (Aniket and Avani's [[domestic worker]])<ref name="Cast Charector">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=Vaalvi Movie Review: An intriguing thrill-com with interesting characters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/vaalvi/amp_movie_review/96968320.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424060829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/vaalvi/amp_movie_review/96968320.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
The trailer was released on [[YouTube]] on 4 January 2023 and the film was theatrically released on 13 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-01 |title=Here's Why Swapnil Joshi Finds His Film 'Vaalvi' Most Difficult To Promote |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/here-s-why-swapnil-joshi-finds-his-film-vaalvi-most-difficult-to-promote-news-250052 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film was digitally released on [[ZEE5]] on 24 February 2023.<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==
===Critical reception===
The film received positive reviews from critics. A Reviewer of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "The pitch-perfect cast has just the right attitude to a movie that invites us to consider the depth of human depravity and instead gives us an efficient and effective cruel comedy, as bloodless as it is ruthless".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2023 |title= 'Vaalvi' review: A cold-blooded murder gets killers hot under the collar |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1041877/vaalvi-review-a-cold-blooded-murder-gets-killers-hot-under-the-collar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116022723/https://amp.scroll.in/reel/1041877/vaalvi-review-a-cold-blooded-murder-gets-killers-hot-under-the-collar |archive-date=16 January 2023 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website= [[Scroll.in]]
}}</ref> Akhilesh Nerlekar of ''[[Loksatta]]'' wrote "The dialogues, background music, cinematography have all come together well. There are subtle mistakes at some places, but if you ignore them, you can enjoy this movie. The works of Swapnil Joshi, Anita Date, Shivani Surve and Subodh Bhave have been done well".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title= Vaalvi Movie review : मराठी प्रेक्षकांचं डोकं पोखरणारा स्वप्नील-सुबोधचा 'वाळवी' पाहायलाच हवा, कारण… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/subodh-bhave-and-swapnil-joshi-starrer-vaalvi-marathi-movie-review-read-in-marathi-avn-93-3395926/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116014354/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/subodh-bhave-and-swapnil-joshi-starrer-vaalvi-marathi-movie-review-read-in-marathi-avn-93-3395926/lite/ |archive-date=16 January 2023 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Jaydeep Pathak of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' says "Even though the content of the film is very serious and 'tense', 'dark humor' keeps sneaking in the film from time to time with cheesy dialogues. The 'grey' shade in the content perfectly captures Mangesh Dhakane's background score".<ref name="Cast">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2023 |title= सिनेरिव्ह्यू: वाळवी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/vaalvi/moviereview/97010577.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116034658/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/vaalvi/moviereview/97010577.cms |archive-date=16 January 2023 |access-date=15 January 2023 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Subhash K. Jha of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "''Vaalvi'' is delightfully iconoclastic in its attitude towards middleclass morality".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Vaalvi: A Marathi crazy crime caper that will have you in splits |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vaalvi-a-marathi-crazy-crime-caper-that-will-have-you-in-splits-12050462.html |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> Ajit Andhare of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "Something is happening in every scene and it is enough to keep you hooked to the end, albeit with some cliched cinematic liberties".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review {{!}} Vaalvi': The termites you won't mind watching |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/240223/movie-review-vaalvi-the-termites-you-wont-mind-watching.html |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "It has an original setting with very interesting plot, and its suspenseful pace keeps you riveted from the outset".<ref>{{Cite web |last=SANAP |first=MAYUR |title=Vaalvi review: Wildly Entertaining |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vaalvi-review/20230127.htm |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> Shaheen Irani of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' wrote "''Vaalvi'' has an interesting start. It leaves you curious with the clock ticking and the chandeliers moving".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaalvi review: Swwapnil Joshi-Subodh Bhave’s film gives you something |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/vaalvi-review-swwapnil-joshi-subodh-bhaves-film-gives-you-something-to-stay-hooked-on-to-and-then-leaves-you-shocked/b63bd19cea433 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Vaalvi'' has collected ₹1.88 crore at the box office in its first week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-17 |title=Ved and Vaalvi Collection : मराठी सिनेमांचा बोलबाला, 'वेड'नंतर आता 'वाळवी'चा कोटींमध्ये गल्ला |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/marathi-film-box-office-collection-ved-and-vaalvi-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-entertainment-news-in-marathi/683780 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Zee 24 Taas}}</ref> Film collected ₹1.40 crore in 4 days<ref>{{Cite web |title=थांबायचं नाय! मराठी चित्रपटांचा बॉलिवूडला धोबीपछाड; 'वेड' पाठोपाठ 'वाळवी'चीही कोटींमध्ये कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/ved-and-vaalvi-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-beat-kuttey-movie-collection/articleshow/97047281.cms |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> and 2.54 crore in 9 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-23 |title=Marathi Movies : मराठी सिनेसृष्टी पुन्हा बहरली! 'वेड' अन् 'वाळवी'वर उमटली प्रेक्षकांच्या पसंतीची मोहोर... |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/marathi-movies-in-theater-ved-and-vaalvi-box-office-collection-know-details-1144475 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref> The film was collected ₹3 crores in the first 2 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Vaalvi Box Office Collection: 'वाळवी'ची बॉक्स ऑफिसवर यशस्वी घौडदौड! पाहा कलेक्शन |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/vaalvi-box-office-collection-day-9-film-collect-2-5-cr-on-box-office-141674456358885.html |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> It crossed {{INR|7 crore}} at box office in five weeks of theatrical run.

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]
|[[70th National Film Awards|2024]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]
| rowspan="2" |''Vaalvi''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
| rowspan="9" |2023
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Film|Best Film]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=कलाकारांच्या सन्मानासाठी रंगणार 'फक्त मराठी सिने सन्मान' सोहळा |url=https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/fakt-marathi-awards-show-will-take-place-on-15th-september-sh04 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Saam TV |place=Mumbai |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=Fakt Marathi Awards {{!}} फक्त मराठी सिने सन्मान सोहळ्यात ‘वाळवी’ ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट,सचिन पिळगावकर यांच्या कारकिर्दीला सलाम |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/entertainment/walvi-movie-received-award-in-fakt-marathi-cine-sanman-sohla-nrsr-459415/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Paresh Mokashi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role]]
|[[Swapnil Joshi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Anita Date-Kelkar|Anita Date Kelkar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
|[[Namrata Sambherao]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|[[Shivani Surve]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Madhugandha Kulkarni]], [[Paresh Mokashi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
| rowspan="11" |[[14th MFK Awards|2024]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
| rowspan="2" |''Vaalvi''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="11" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title='महाराष्ट्राचा फेव्हरेट कोण' पुरस्कारांमध्ये यंदा एक नवा पुरस्कार…! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/a-new-award-this-year-in-maharashtra-cha-favorite-kon-awards/775081 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Maharashtracha Favourite Kon: यंदा कोण ठरणार ‘महाराष्ट्राचा फेवरेट’? प्रेक्षकांना देता येणार आपला कौल! |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2023-nominations-declare-know-how-to-vote-details-here-141704513069894.html |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Favourite Film Critics'
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
| rowspan="2" |Paresh Mokashi
|{{nom}}
|-
|Favourite Director Critics'
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[MFK Award for Favourite Actor|Favourite Actor]]
|Swapnil Joshi
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Subodh Bhave
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Favourite Actor Critics'
|{{nom}}
|-
|Swapnil Joshi
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Actress|Favourite Actress]]
|Shivani Surve
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actress|Favourite Supporting Actress]]
|Anita Date
|{{nom}}
|-
|Favourite Writer Critics'
|Madhugandha Kulkarni, Paresh Mokashi
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
| rowspan="9" |[[24th Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar|2024]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Vaalvi''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title='झी मराठी चित्र गौरव'मध्ये 'या' चित्रपटाने मारली बाजी, तर सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेता-अभिनेत्री ठरले…; पाहा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/zee-marathi-chitra-gaurav-2024-full-list-of-award-winners-read-in-detail-sva-00-4264816/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Paresh Mokashi
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Swapnil Joshi
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|Subodh Bhave
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Anita Date
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Story
| rowspan="2" |Madhugandha Kulkarni, Paresh Mokashi
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Score
|Mangesh Dhakade
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing
|Saurabh Prabhudesai, Abhijeet Deshpande
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
| rowspan="10" |[[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]]
|Vaalvi
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the RR Kabel Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-rr-kabel-filmfare-awards-marathi-2024-full-list-out-65357.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the RR Kabel Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-rr-kabel-filmfare-awards-marathi-2024-full-list-out-65454.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]]
|Paresh Mokashi
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
|Swapnil Joshi
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]]
|Subodh Bhave
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Anita Date-Kelkar
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story – Marathi|Best Story]]
| rowspan="2" |Madhugandha Kulkarni, Paresh Mokashi
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay – Marathi|Best Screenplay]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – Marathi|Best Cinematography]]
|Satyajeet Shobha Shreeram
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing – Marathi|Best Editing]]
|Abhijeet Deshpande, Saurabh Prabhudesai
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Sound – Marathi|Best Sound Design]]
|Shishir Chousalkar
|{{nom}}
|}

== Future ==
''Vaalvi 2'' was announced at a party on the occasion of [[Paresh Mokashi]]'s birthday. [[Madhugandha Kulkarni]], [[Paresh Mokashi]] and Mangesh Kulkarni of [[Zee Studios]] announced that they are coming up with ''Vaalvi 2'' soon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=Vaalvi's Cast And Crew Celebrate Film's Success, Now Sequel On The Cards |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/vaalvi-team-announced-sequel-at-films-success-bash-deets-inside-7030957.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=24516518}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/vaalvi/0-0-1z5310540 ''Vaalvi''] on [[ZEE5]]
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaalvi}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 black comedy films]]

Mathurmohan Biswas

2026-04-06T11:45:34Z

Sergzrr: Put up new details

{{Short description|Indian Zamindar, philanthropist and reformer (1817 - 1871)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Babu (title)|Babu]]
| name = Mathur Mohan Biswas
| image = Statue of Mathur Mohan Biswas.jpg
| landscape = 250pxl
| caption = Statue of Mathurmohan Biswas, [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] complex, [[North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| birth_date = 1817
| birth_place = Bithari Village, [[North 24 Parganas]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 16 July 1871
| death_place = [[Kalighat]], [[Kolkata]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]], [[Calcutta]]
| spouse = Karunamayee Devi (Death- 1831) Jagadamba Biswas
| children = Bhupal Chandra Biswas (Mother- Karunamayee), Dwarikanath, Trailokyanath, Thakurdas (Mother- Jagadamba)
| father = Jaynarayan Biswas
| family = [[Janbazar Raj]]
}}
[[Babu (title)|Babu]] '''Mathur Mohan Biswas''' or [[Babu (title)|Babu]] '''Mathuranath Biswas''' (1817 – 16 July 1871), also known as ''Sejobabu'', or simply, "''Mathur [[Babu (title)|Babu]]"'' was an Indian [[Zamindar]], businessman, [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] and the third and youngest son-in-law of [[Rani Rashmoni]]. He was a devoted follower, disciple, attendant, and provider (rasaddar) of [[Shri Ramakrishna]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=শ্রীশ্রীরামকৃষ্ণকথামৃতে উল্লিখিত ব্যক্তিবৃন্দের পরিচয় |url=https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/kathamrita/unicodekathamrita/63_a_people_1202_1276.html |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Birth and early life ==
Mathur Mohan Biswas was born in the year 1817 in the village of Bithari, located in [[Swarupnagar]], under the [[Basirhat subdivision]] of present-day [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]], then part of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. He was born into a wealthy [[Mahishya]] family, who were the local [[Zamindars of Bengal|Zamindars]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=VivekaVani |date=2015-12-21 |title=Mathur Nath Biswas |url=https://vivekavani.com/h2/ |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=VivekaVani |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Senapati and Das |first=Uma and Dulal Krishna |title=মাহিষ্য রত্নাবলী জীবনী শতক |publisher=Tuhina Publications |year=2018 |isbn=9788194434641 |edition=2nd |location=[[Kolkata]] |publication-date=2020 |pages=163 to 164 |language=Bengali |trans-title=Mahishya Ratnavali Biographical Century}}</ref> Mathur Mohan was the youngest of five sons of Joynarayan Biswas. His ancestral home was originally in [[Sonabaria Union|Sonabaria]] village, in what is now [[Satkhira]], [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Dulal Krishna |title=বাংলার নবরত্ন |publisher=Tuhina Publications |year=2021 |edition=1st |location=[[Kolkata]] |publication-date=2022 |language=Bengali |trans-title=77 to 103}}</ref> He received his education at the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), one of the most prestigious educational institutions of that time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

[[File:Hindu college calcutta1851.jpg|thumb|left|A photograph (1851) of The Hindu College of Calcutta]]
In 1827, Mathur Mohan Biswas married Karunamoyi, the third daughter of [[Rajchandra Das|Babu Rajchandra Das]] and [[Rani Rashmoni]]. As Rajchandra’s third son-in-law, he became affectionately known as "Sejobabu". However, after Karunamoyi’s death in 1831, Rani Rashmoni arranged for Mathur Mohan to marry her youngest daughter, Jagadamba, in 1833. Following this, [[Rani Rashmoni]] kept him in her household and entrusted him with managing the [[Janbazar Raj|Janbazar Raj’s]] administrative and financial affairs.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Compilation |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phomEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mathur+mohan+biswas+Bithari&pg=PT430 |title=Companions and Followers of Ramakrishna |publisher=Advaita Ashrama (A Publication House of Ramakrishna Math, Belur Math) |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Rani Rashmoni bhawan in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|House of the Marh Family at Janbazar]]
At one point, Rani Rashmoni filed a legal case against Mathur Mohan, accusing him of misappropriating estate funds. However, she later withdrew the case, moved by her maternal affection and recognizing the practical needs of managing the [[Zamindari of Purenw Estate|zamindari]] (estate). In the years that followed, Mathur Mohan proved himself to be exceptionally loyal and capable in all responsibilities entrusted to him.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amiya P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19HUeX3JygwC&dq=mathur+mohan+biswas+rani+rashmoni&pg=PT83 |title=Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Sadhaka of Dakshineswar |date=2010-04-09 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-250-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

[[File:Beauty of Dakshineshwar Kali temple.jpg|thumb|[[Dakshineswar Kali temple]].]]
On 31 May 1855, after [[Rani Rashmoni]] established the Bhavatarini Kali Temple at [[Dakshineswar]], it was Mathur Mohan Biswas, despite being educated in English and well-versed in Western rationality, who, with deep foresight, realism, and inner vision, recognized the spiritual greatness of [[Sri Ramakrishna]]. It was Mathur who appointed Sri Ramakrishna as the priest of the Bhavatarini Temple, and he went on to support all of Sri Ramakrishna’s spiritual practices with sincere devotion and commitment. For nearly eighteen years, Mathur served [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]] with unmatched dedication. With the approval of [[Rani Rashmoni]], Mathur took care of Sri Ramakrishna’s food, clothing, shelter, personal security, and pilgrimage arrangements. His faith and devotion to Sri Ramakrishna were unwavering. Through logical reasoning and personal experiences, he became fully convinced of [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]]'s divine incarnation, eventually surrendering himself at the feet of the Master, recognizing in him a true renunciate, free from all desire for lust and gold.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o40cAAAAMAAJ&q=mathur+mohan+biswas+rani+rashmoni |title=A History of Calcutta's Streets |date=1987 |publisher=Firma KLM |pages=569 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Veṅkaṭēśvararāvu |first=Nārla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7ouAAAAMAAJ&q=mathur+mohan+biswas+rani+rashmoni |title=Man and His World: Further Extracts from the Notebooks of a Humanist |date=1984 |publisher=Scientific Services |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Dakshineshwar Kali temple.jpg|thumb|Dakshineswar Kali temple]]
On one occasion at [[Dakshineswar]], Mathur had a divine vision of both [[Shiva]] and [[Kali]] simultaneously manifesting through Sri Ramakrishna's body. From that moment onward, he accepted the Master as his all-in-all, depending on him in every matter, both spiritual and worldly.<ref name=":2" />

''Mathur once said:''
{{Quote|text="আমার স্ত্রী, সন্তান, সম্পত্তি এবং পদমর্যাদা সবকিছুই অবাস্তব।একমাত্র শ্রীরামকৃষ্ণই বাস্তব।"
(Eng translation- "My wife, children, property, and status—none of these are real.
Only Sri Ramakrishna is real.")|author=Mathurmohan Biswas}}
During the period when [[Sri Ramakrishna]] was engaged in spiritual pracitces at [[Dakshineswar]], Mathurmohan Biswas provided financial and logistical assistance. Sources describe Biswas as an important supporter in facilitating Ramakrishna's activities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jnanadananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnx7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Mathur+Mohan+Biswas&pg=PT36 |title=Sri Ramakrishna - The All Encompassing Supreme Lord |date=2018-11-23 |publisher=Ramakrishna Math, Hyderabad |isbn=978-93-88512-02-2 |language=en}}</ref>

During one phase of his sadhana, [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]] prayed to the Divine Mother Jagadamba, saying:—"মা,আমাকে শুকনো সাধু করিস নি,রসেবসে রাখিস।" (“Mother, do not make me a dry ascetic. Keep me immersed in divine rasa." Because Mathur Mohan took full responsibility for all the care and support during Sri Ramakrishna’s spiritual practices, the Master himself recognized Mathur Mohan as the chief provider (rasaddar) in the divine play (lila) of Jagadamba (Maa Kali of Dakshineswar).<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Annapurna temple built by Rani Rashmoni's youngest daughter.jpg|thumb|[[Annapurna Temple, Titagarh]].]]
He, along with his wife Jagadamba and eldest son Dwarikanath, also helped to establish the [[Annapurna Temple, Titagarh|Annapurna Temple]] in [[Titagarh]], modelled after the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Nabanita |date=2022-05-27 |title=Annapurna Temple: A Daughter’s Saga |url=https://eastindiastory.com/annapurna-temple-a-daughters-saga/ |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=East India Story |language=en-US}}</ref>

Swami [[Gambhirananda]] has mentioned about Mathuranath Biswas in his famous book ''"Sri Ramakrishna-Bhaktamalika" -''
{{Quote|text="মথুর বাবু ধনী অথচ উচ্চ প্রকৃতি সম্পন্ন, বিষয়ী হইলেও ভক্ত, হঠকারী হইয়াও বুদ্ধিমান, ক্রোধপরায়ণ হইলেও ধৈর্যশীল এবং ধীর প্রতিজ্ঞ ছিলেন। তিনি ইংরেজিবিদ্যাভিজ্ঞ ও তার্কিক, কিন্তু কেহ কোন কথা বুঝাইয়া দিতে পারিলে, উহা বুঝিয়াও বুঝিবে না — এমন স্বভাব সম্পন্ন ছিলেন না। তিনি ঈশ্বর বিশ্বাসী ও পরমভক্ত ছিলেন। (Eng translation - "Mathur Babu was wealthy yet possessed a noble character. Though involved in worldly matters, he was a true devotee. Despite being quick-tempered, he was patient and steadfast. He was well-versed in English education and logic, but he was not the kind of person who, when someone explained something, would refuse to understand. He was a firm believer in God and a devoted follower.")}}

== Death ==
Mathur Mohan Biswas died on 16 July 1871 (1st Shravan, 1278 Bengali calendar) at 5 PM in [[Kalighat]], Kolkata, at the age of 54.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmRMAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE |title=Saptāhika bartamāna |date=June 2005 |publisher=Bartamāna Pribheṭa Limiṭeḍa |pages=15 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saradananda |first1=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaJOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Mathur+Mohan+Biswas&pg=PT534 |title=Sri Ramakrishna The Great Master |last2=Jagadananda |first2=Swami |date=2021-11-16 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |language=en}}</ref>

At the time of Mathur’s passing, Sri Ramakrishna was in deep samadhi (spiritual trance) for several hours, praying for Mathur’s successful spiritual journey. Remarkably, immediately after Mathur’s death, Sri Ramakrishna’s samadhi was broken, and he commented:
{{Quote|text="শ্রীশ্রীজগদম্বার সখীগণ মথুরকে সাদরে দিব্যরথে উঠালেন — তার তেজ শ্রীশ্রীদেবীলোকে গেল।" (Eng translation- "The divine companions of Sri Sri Jagadamba respectfully received Mathur onto the celestial chariot — his spirit ascended to the abode of the Divine Mother.")}}

== Descendants ==
His descendants have split into two families. The Biswases of 18 Rani Rashmoni road and the Hazras of 13 Rani Rashmoni road. Both the branches separately organize their own [[Durga Puja]], which is attended by many people across the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Tarun |date=2022-09-13 |title=Tradition intact: Durga Puja at Rani Rashmoni's house to enter its 232nd year |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/tradition-intact-durga-puja-at-rani-rashmonis-house-to-enter-its-232nd-year-492770 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Durga puja at the Rani's mansion.jpg|thumb|Durga puja at the Janbazar Raj Palace]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:People from Basirhat subdivision]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]

Vendru Varuvaan

2026-03-31T23:32:10Z

Sergzrr: Creating Basic Details From Scratch

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vendru Varuvaan
| image = Vendru Varuvaan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Vijendran
| writer = Vijendran
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = Veera Bharati Sameera
| narrator =
| cinematography = Jayachandran
| editing = R. S. Sathishkumar
| music = '''Songs:''' Murali Krishnan '''Score:''' Gopal
| studio = Reality Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2016|8|26|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vendru Varuvaan''''' ({{Translation|He will win and come}}) is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by Vijendran and starring Veera Bharati and Sameera.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Veera Bharati as Varman
*Sameera as Senbagam
*[[Vaiyapuri]]
*[[Nellai Siva]] as tea master
* ''Raja Rani'' Pandian as the landlord
*[[Crane Manohar]]
*Elizabeth as Varman's mother
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by Murali Krishnan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/vendru-varuvan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1209692538|title=Vendru Varuvan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Murali Krishnan on Apple Music|date=18 August 2016|via=music.apple.com}}</ref> Lyrics by P. Nikaran and Muthuveera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj6EJUMK5zc|title=Vendru Varuvan | Veera Bharati, Sameera, Elizabeth | Tamil Movie|date=28 October 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
*"Suthum Bhoomi" - Amali
*"Chinna Chitirame" - Sandhya, Lakshmi
*"Yeno Yeno" - Prasanna, Janaki Iyer
*"Manjal Kungumam" - Amali
*"Aaraaro Aaraaro" - Amali

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Apart from the glitches, ''Vendru Varuvaan'' could have done with more polish and style in its treatment. A promising work of a debutant maker, the film delivers much more than what one would have expected from a team of freshers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/Aug/27/vendru-varuvaan-a-debut-that-delivers-more-than-expected-1513450.html|title=Vendru Varuvaan review: A debut that delivers more than expected|first=Malini|last=Mannath|date=30 August 2016|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and called it watchable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/vendru-varuvaan-movie-review/moviereview/54301853.cms|title=வென்றுவருவான் - திரை விமர்சனம்|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta|date=11 March 2018}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' wrote, "Overall, ''Vendru Varuvaan'' will win the race in a slow pace".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2016/08/28133724/Vendru-Varuvaan-Review.vpf|title=Vendru Varuvaan|website=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612182135/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2016/08/28133724/Vendru-Varuvaan-Review.vpf|archive-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|12969116}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:2016 action drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

Sakthivel: Theeyaai Oru Theeraa Kaadhal

2026-03-31T13:00:43Z

Sergzrr:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sakthivel.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
}}
| creator =
| based_on = [[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]
| developer = Pearl Grey (original screen play) Manoj Ramachandran
| writer = C.U. Muthuselvan
| starring = {{ubl|
* Vikram Shri
* Anjali Baskar
}}
| music = Kanishwaran
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 707<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily soap 'Sakthivel' completes 100 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/daily-soap-sakthivel-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/108970118.cms|access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daily soap 'Sakthivel' completes 500 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/daily-soap-sakthivel-completes-500-episodes/articleshow/122859895.cms|access-date=23 July 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| executive_producer =
| producer = Parthiban Vijayakumar Prabhas Vijayakumar
| director = Sulaiman K Babu
| editor = Sk.Abdulsuhel
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|12|04|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|3|28| df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Puthu Kavithai]]''
}}

'''''Sakthivel: Theeyaai Oru Theeraa Kaadhal''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series. The first season of the series starred Pravin Adithya and Anjali Baskar in the lead.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sakthivel-theeyaai-oru-theeraa-kaadhal-everything-about-the-family-drama-starring-pravin-adithya-and-anjali-baskar/articleshow/127818207.cms|title=Sakthivel; Theeyaai Oru Theeraa Kaadhal: Everything about the family drama starring Pravin Adithya and Anjali Baskar|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2026|language=en}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]] which aired on [[STAR Plus]] and [[reboot]] version of 2015 series ''[[Puthu Kavithai]] .''The story is based around Velan, a rowdy who falls in love with Sakthi, who's determined to fight for her rights at any cost. It currently airs on [[Star Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=விஜய் டி.வி.யில் புதிய மெகா தொடர் 'சக்திவேல்'|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1163115-new-mega-serial-shaktivel-on-vijay-tv.html|access-date=4 December 2023 |website=www.hindutamil.in|language=ta}}</ref> from 4 December 2023, on Monday to Saturday and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sakthivel |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/sakthivel/1260157997 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref>

The first season ended on 18 October 2025. The second season of the series started with the continuation of the first season with a 7 year leap and starring Vikram Shri (who replaced Pravin Adithya) with Anjali Baskar. It premiered on 21 October 2025 and ended on 28 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=அழகான காட்சியுடன் முடிவுக்கு வந்தது சக்திவேல் சீரியல்... கடைசி எபிசோட் காட்சி இதோ|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/vijay-tv-sakthivel-serial-ended-last-episode-photo-1774674140|access-date=28 March 2026|website=cineulagam.com|language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The narrative unfolds with Velan, a rogue operating under his father's helm, and Sakthi, a woman staunchly upholding her principles in society. When a confrontation with Prakash, one of Velan's subordinates, at a waterpark leads to Prakash and his gang's arrest, Sakthi's actions draw the attention of Velan's influential father, Sivapathi. Prakash, released under Sivapathi's influence, informs Velan about Sakthi's role in his arrest.

Upon learning of Sakthi's involvement, Velan, feeling embarrassed, rebukes Prakash and orders him to gather more information about Sakthi. However, when Velan personally encounters Sakthi, he is not only furious but also unexpectedly captivated by her. Determined to make her his future wife, Velan warns his gang to stay away from Sakthi at any cost.

Despite Velan's intentions, Sakthi harbors a strong disliking for him after witnessing his aggressive eviction of a broker's family. Velan, undeterred, attempts to woo Sakthi by sending anonymous love letters and showering her with gifts. Their first in-person meeting takes an unfortunate turn when the broker's wife curses Velan for their eviction, intensifying Sakthi's disgust.

The story then follows the tumultuous journey of Velan and Sakthi as they navigate through obstacles, eventually leading to their marriage and the development of a deep, yet challenging, love.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* Pravin Adithya (Season 1) → Vikram Shri (Season 2) as Velmurugan "Velan" Sivapathi, Sivapathi's 2nd son and Sakthi’s husband - a rogue who works under his father's wing.
* Anjali Baskar as Sakthi, Velan’s wife - a woman who is determined to stand up for her rights in society.

=== Supporting ===
* Reshma Prasad as Meenalochini "Meenal" Cheran, Sivapathi's daughter, Thennarasu and Velan's younger sister and Cheran's wife.
* Merwen Balaji as Cheran, Sakthi's and Porselvi's older brother, Gowri's former love interest and Meena's husband. (Main Antagonist)
* Unknown (Season 2) as Abi, Velan and Sakthi's daughter.
* Vasudevan SKR as Sikkal Sivapathi, Arasu, Velan and Meenal's father and a notorious rowdy with major influence in the area.
* [[Shanthi (choreographer)|Shanthi]] as Paramsothy, Arasu, Velan and Meenal's mother.
* VJ Sandhiya (Season 1) → Sahana Shetty (Season 2) as Thenammai, Thennarasu's widow, Anbu Chezhiyen wife.
* Vibish Aswanth as Anbu Chezhiyen, Thenammai's second husband. (Season 2)
* [[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] as Meiyanadhan, Cheran, Sakthi and Porselvi's father.
* Meena Vemuri → Baby Joyce as Kasthuri, Cheran, Sakthi and Porselvi's mother.
* Maheswari Yayathiraj → Lailaa as Porselvi, Cheran and Sakthi’s younger sister and Naveen's wife.
* Magesh (Season 1) → Unknown (Season 2) as Dr. Naveen Raj (Season 1) → Inspector Naveen Raj (Season 2), Porselvi's husband.
* Unknown → Vaishnavi Nayak as Ramya (Season 2)
* J. Durai Raj as Vikram (Season 2)
* Sivan Srinivasan as Rathnavel, Ramya and Vikram's father. (Season 2)
* Unknown as Kanchana, Ramya and Vikram's mother. (Season 2)
* Unknown → Sudha Prakash as Anbu Chezhiyen's mother (Season 2)
* Fawaz Zayani → Abhinash as Deepan (Season 2)

=== Former ===
* Shalini as Gowri, Sakthi's friend and Cheran's former love interest. (Season 1)
* Gemini Mani as Markendeyan, Velan's uncle and close friend who aids him with his love. (Season 1)
* Suganya Vish as Ramya, Cheran's friend. (Season 1)
* Gowri Shankar as Velan's uncle. (Season 1)
* Chandru as Prakash, a member of Velan's gang. (Dead) (Killed by Cheran) (Season 1)
* Saif as Amudhan, Sakthi's ex-fiancé (Season 1)
* Maanas Chavali as Vikram (Season 1)
* [[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Azhagammai, Sivapathi's mother, Arasu, Velan and Meenal's grandmother. (Dead) (Season 1)
* Shyam Viswanathan as Thennarasu "Arasu" Sivapathi, Sivapathi's elder son, Velan and Meenal's older brother and Thenammai's husband. (Main Antagonist) (Dead) (Killed by Cheran) (Season 1)

==Production==
===Casting===
Anjali Baskar was selected for the female lead role of Sakthi in the series after her notable performances in ''[[Priyamaana Thozhi (2022 TV series)|Priyamaana Thozhi]] on'' [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], marking her first project as a main lead. Pravin Adithya, a well-experienced actor who gained fame from his movie ''[[Appuchi Graamam]]'', was chosen for the male lead role of Velan but he quit the series and replaced by Vikram Shri in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did you know Sakthivel fame Pravin Adithya acts along with Vijay?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-sakthivel-fame-pravin-adithya-acts-along-with-vijay/articleshow/109137313.cms|access-date=8 April 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Shanthi (choreographer)|Shanthi]], known for her portrayal of mother characters, was cast as Velavan's mother Paramsothy, whilst Reshma Prasad and Merwen Balaji were cast in supporting sibling roles respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Shanthi and Pravin Adithya starrer 'Sakthi Vel' to entertain Tamil TV audience|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-shanthi-and-pravin-adithya-starrer-sakthi-vel-to-entertain-tamil-tv-audience/articleshow/105618211.cms|access-date=30 November 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Merwen Balaji joins the cast of 'Sakthi Vel'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-merwen-balaji-joins-the-cast-of-sakthi-vel/articleshow/105351370.cms|access-date=20 November 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In end of March 2025, Actress Lailaa was cast as Selvi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Lailaa Dawo joins the cast of Sakthivel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-lailaa-dawo-joins-the-cast-of-sakthivel/articleshow/119749042.cms|access-date=30 March 2025|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, actor Fawaz Zayani entered the show as Deepan. However, he also left, resulting in Abhinash to play the role in February 2026. <ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-abhinash-joins-the-cast-of-sakthivel/articleshow/127859479.cms|title=Actor Abhinash joins the cast of Sakthivel|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 February 2026|language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
On 10 November 2023, the first promo was released, giving a brief insight into Velan's life as well as the first interaction between him and Sakthi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=விஜய் டிவியில் ஒளிபரப்பாக வரும் புதிய சீரியல்.. வெளிவந்த அறிவிப்பு வீடியோ |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/vijay-tv-new-serial-1699522384#google_vignette|access-date=18 November 2023 |website=cineulagam.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Sakthivel - Theeyaai Oru Theeraa Kaadhal {{!}} Coming Soon - Launch Promo 1 | date=10 November 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a0vgCggFqQ |access-date= 18 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The second promo was released on 18 November 2023, where Velan and his gang intervene during Sakthi's prospective marriage - cancelling it.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sakthivel - Theeyaai Oru Theeraa Kaadhal {{!}} Coming Soon - Launch Promo 2 | date=17 November 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkDvvHkFuVw |access-date= 18 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The third promo was released on 24 November 2023, revealing the forced marriage between Vel and Sakthi, as well as the release date for the serial. <ref>{{Citation |title=Sakthivel - Theeyaai Oru Theeraa Kaadhal {{!}} Coming Soon - Launch Promo 3 | date=24 November 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbbwhgzcq9M |access-date= 24 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

It began aired on [[Star Vijay]], from 4 December, replacing ''[[Kanne Kalaimaane (2022 TV series)|Kanne Kalaimaane]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கண்ணே கலைமானே தொடரின் நேரத்தில் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் புதிய தொடர்|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/nov/29/kanne-kalaimane-series-to-end-is-this-the-new-serial-4113815.html|access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.dinamani.com|date=29 November 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|32341707}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Television series reboots]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Rajanand

2026-03-26T13:04:26Z

Sergzrr: bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajanand
| image = Actor-Rajanand-pic.jpg
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name = Venkataraju<ref name="R1">{{cite web|url=http://www.kannadaratna.com/cinema/hero/rajanand.html|title=ನಟ, ನಾಟಕಕಾರ ರಾಜಾನಂದ್ ಒಂದು ನೆನಪು|publisher=kannadaratna.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927081051/http://www.kannadaratna.com/cinema/hero/rajanand.html|archivedate=2017-09-27}}</ref>
| birth_date = 2 December 1927<ref name="R2">{{cite web |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3220-rajanand-dead.html |title=Rajanand Dead |publisher=chitraloka.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526191036/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3220-rajanand-dead.html |archivedate=2018-05-26 }}</ref>
| death_date = 26 August 2004 (aged 77)<ref name="R3">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/26/stories/2004082604230500.htm |title=Rajanand is dead |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609104621/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/26/stories/2004082604230500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-08-26 |archivedate=2018-06-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mysoresamachar.com/rajanand.htm |title=Veteran Cine Actor Rajanand Dead |publisher=mysoresamachar.com |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017082618/http://www.mysoresamachar.com/rajanand.htm |archivedate=2016-10-17 }}</ref>
| death_place = [[Mysore]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film actor|drama/theater artist|drama script writer}}<ref name="R1"/>
| birth_place = [[Haranhalli]], [[Arsikere]], [[Hassan, Karnataka]]<ref name="R1"/>
| spouse = Vimalamma<ref name="R3"/>
| children = 3<ref name="R3"/>
| parents =
}}
'''Venkataraju''' known by his professional name '''Rajanand''' (1927–2004), was an Indian actor in the [[Kannada film industry]]. Some of the notable films of Rajanand as an actor include ''[[Operation Diamond Racket]]'' (1978), ''[[Mayura (film)|Mayura]]'' (1975), and ''[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]'' (1974).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=Rajanand+kannada+actor&pg=PT225 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |isbn=9781135943189 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526190425/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT225&lpg=PT225&dq=Rajanand+kannada+actor&source=bl&ots=VCZxMxuA7k&sig=CAqD5dblGA2eZaoKBlpgcIg7YO0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTlPPHz6LbAhWJdn0KHWCqAxk4ChDoAQhrMAk#v=onepage&q=Rajanand%20kannada%20actor&f=false |archivedate=2018-05-26 |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=10 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karnatakanews.com/library |title=Media library |publisher=karnatakanews.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923090505/http://karnatakanews.com/library |archivedate=2017-09-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinecircle.in/cinema_news/SHANKAR-NAG-AWARDS-41116.html |title=SHANKAR NAG AWARDS ON NOV 9 |publisher=cinecircle.in |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526191412/http://www.cinecircle.in/cinema_news/SHANKAR-NAG-AWARDS-41116.html |archivedate=2018-05-26 }}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajanand contributed to more than 318 Kannada films as an actor, and he directed 350 drama/theater plays.<ref name="R3"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/WAZ/info |title=Ranganayaki |publisher=indiancine.ma |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526190357/https://indiancine.ma/WAZ/info |archivedate=2018-05-26 }}</ref> He had written thousands of [[Vachanas]]<ref name="R1"/> and around 3,000 poems and 9,000 ''[[Kannada poetry|Kavanas]]''.<ref name="R2"/> Rajanand completed a 480 feet length dialogue in one take in his debut film ''[[Dhana Pishachi]]'' (1967).

Rajanand started the ''Ranga Vaibhava'' theatre group in 1965.<ref name="R2"/>

==Selected filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Dhana Pishachi]]'' (1967)
*''[[Mayor Muthanna]]'' (1969)...Madhu
*''[[List of Kannada films of 1970|Rangamahal Rahasya]]'' (1970)
*''[[Mayura (film)|Mayura]]'' (1975)
*''[[Bahaddur Gandu]]'' (1976)
*''[[Bhagyavantharu]]'' (1977)
*''[[Thayige Thakka Maga]]'' (1978)
*''[[Putani Agent 123]]'' (1979)
*''[[Nanobba Kalla]]'' (1979)...Rajan
*''[[Huliya Haalina Mevu]]'' (1979)...[[Chikka Virarajendra]]
*''[[List of Kannada films of 1980|Bhakta Siriyala]]'' (1980)
*''[[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)|Guru Shishyaru]]'' (1981)...Rajaguru Poornanandaiah
*''[[Bhaari Bharjari Bete]]'' (1981)...Chowdappa Nayaka
*''[[Tony (1982 film)|Tony]]'' (1982)...Joseph
*''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhaktha Prahlada]]'' (1983)
*''[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage]]'' (1983)...Ramappa Dalavayi
*''Raktha Thilaka'' (1984)
*''[[Dhruva Thare]]'' (1985)...Vishwanatha Rai
*''[[Ranadheera]]'' (1988)
*''[[Devatha Manushya]]'' (1988)...Kapanipathi
*''[[Hongkongnalli Agent Amar]]'' (1989)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/hongkongnalli-agent-amar-1989|title=Hongkongnalli Agent Amar (1989) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
*''[[Chaitrada Premanjali]]'' (1992)...Manjayya
*''[[Mysore Jaana]]'' (1992)...Hulikatte Ramappa
*''[[Kunthi Puthra]]'' (1994)
*''[[Doni Sagali]]'' (1998)...Deepti's father
{{div col end}}

==Award==

* [[Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award]] ''([[2001–02 Karnataka State Film Awards|Lifetime Contribution to Kannada Cinema Award]])'' ([[2001–02 Karnataka State Film Awards|2001–02]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Dweepa-Ekaangi-Neela-bag-best-Kannada-film-awards/articleshow/24099536.cms |title=Dweepa, Ekaangi, Neela bag best Kannada film awards |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609104621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Dweepa-Ekaangi-Neela-bag-best-Kannada-film-awards/articleshow/24099536.cms |archivedate=2018-06-09 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rajanand actively participated in theatre/drama plays at the age of 10 and received training from drama groups like Kalkoti, Samaja Vikasana, Kamala Kala, and from drama artists Sorat Ashwath, [[Master Hirannaiah]], Yoganarasimha and A. S. Seshachar. Rajanand worked in drama companies like ''Gubbi Veeranna drama company'', and Master Hirannaiah's drama company.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R2"/> He was named 'Rajanand' ''(meaning: King pleasure)'', during his time in ''Gubbi Veeranna drama company''.<ref name="R1"/> He was married to Vimalamma (1942–2021). They had a son, Ravichandra. The family resided in [[Mysore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=HOME TOUR-ಹಿರಿಯ ನಟ ರಾಜಾನಂದ್ ಬಾಳಿ ಬದುಕಿದ ಮನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮನೆಯವರು-Actor Rajanand Mysore Home-Kalamadhyama |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYg4cPsRzXE |publisher=Kalamadhyama |access-date=21 November 2021 |language=en |date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[Kannada cinema|Cinema of Karnataka]]
*[[List of Indian film actors]]
*[[Cinema of India]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm12496475}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajanand}}
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]

Mumbai Climate Action Plan

2026-03-26T10:34:17Z

Sergzrr: Put up new stub

{{Short description|Climate Action Plan by the Maharashtra Government for Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
'''Mumbai Climate Action Plan''', a state-government initiative, was established in 2021 to tackle and solve the increasing challenges of climate change. It was officially launched in March 2022. This Planning process was unveiled by the former Environment Minister of Maharashtra, [[Aaditya Thackeray]] in September 2021 after [[Mumbai]] joined the [[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group|C40 Cities Network]] in December 2020. This climate action plan is being drafted by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM) in assistance with [[World Resources Institute]] (WRI), a knowledge partner.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/aaditya-unveils-climate-action-plan-for-mumbai/article36144786.ece|title=Aaditya unveils Climate Action Plan for Mumbai|newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 August 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> This plan will serve as a 30-year roadmap and systematic framework to guide the city, Mumbai, and look [[climate resilience]] with mitigation and [[climate change adaptation|adaptation]] strategies through low-carbon, resilient, and inclusive development pathways. Being India's first climate action plan, it is aiming to set net-zero [[greenhouse gas]] emissions and green targets for 2050, twenty years before the target set by the Central Government of India at the [[COP26|Glasgow COP summit]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=City sets green targets for 2050 as Mumbai's Climate Action Plan unveiled |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/city-sets-green-targets-for-2050-as-mumbais-climate-action-plan-unveiled-7818395/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=14 Mar 2022 |title=Mumbai's climate plan aims for carbon neutrality 20 years ahead of India {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-plan-aims-for-carbon-neutrality-20-years-ahead-of-india/articleshow/90191455.cms |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The six key action areas and strategies laid out in this plan are: Sustainable Waste Management, Urban greening & biodiversity,
Urban flooding & water resource management, Energy & buildings, Air quality and
Sustainable Mobility. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mumbai-climate-action-plan-explained-7479703/|title=Mumbai Climate Action Plan: What is it, and why does the city need one?|website=The Indian Express|date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

== Timeline ==
The process of finalizing this plan was ready by November 2021 before the [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] (COP26).<ref>{{Cite web |author=Richa Pinto|date=27 August 2021 |title=BMC launches Mumbai Climate Action Plan with focus on six areas {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bmc-launches-mumbai-climate-action-plan-with-focus-on-six-areas/articleshow/85687637.cms |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 March 2022, [[Chief minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], Shri [[Uddhav Thackeray]], launched and released the Mumbai Climate Action Plan virtually at the launch event in which the Environment Minister, [[Aaditya Thackeray|Aditya Thackeray]], Minister [[Sanjay Bansode]], Mayor of Mumbai [[Kishori Pednekar]], Municipal Commissioner [[Iqbal Singh Chahal]] were among those present. The plan was co-authored by Lubaina Rangawala from WRI India, C40 Cities and Saurabh Punamiya from the [[Government of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-13 |title=CM Uddhav Thackeray launches Mumbai Climate Action Plan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/cm-uddhav-thackeray-launches-mumbai-climate-action-plan-101647190893220.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=Mumbai: Maharashtra government launches country's first climate action plan for Mumbai |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-maharashtra-government-launches-countrys-first-climate-action-plan-for-mumbai-article-90196456 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== Motivation ==
As per a research carried out by the [[World Resources Institute|WRI]] on Mumbai's vulnerability assessment, the metropolitan city will face two major climate challenges—a rise in temperature and extreme rain events which can result in massive flooding.<ref name=":0" /> Mumbai being one of the world's most high risk cities to climate change, as it is a densely populated city with minimal green cover and open spaces is becoming warmer. A study noted that between 1980 and 2018, Mumbai lost 40% of green cover, 81% of open land, and estimated 30% of water bodies, while on the contrary a 66% rise has been observed in built-up areas where development have been done.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-18 |title=Rise in Mumbai's average temperature due to increase in built-up area: Study |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/rise-in-mumbais-average-temperature-due-to-increase-in-built-up-area-study-1041742.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Also, due to rising sea levels and Mumbai surrounded by the sea from three sides, and prone to frequent cyclonic events and storms, South Mumbai is on the verge of submerging by 2050 as warned by experts.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Kiran Tare |date=6 September 2021 |title=Why South Mumbai could be submerged by 2050 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-south-mumbai-could-be-submerged-by-2050-1849493-2021-09-05 |access-date=2022-03-03 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2021-08-29 |title=Mumbai: '80% of Nariman point, Mantralaya areas will be submerged by 2050' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-80-of-nariman-point-mantralaya-areas-will-be-submerged-by-2050-predicts-bmc-chief-11630218273677.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Six key action areas ==
=== Sustainable Waste Management ===

A [[Solid Waste Management|solid waste management]] plan is being developed to decentralize garbage at ward level. Currently there are three dumpsites in Mumbai—in [[Deonar]], [[Mulund]] and [[Kanjurmarg]]. A study shows that estimated, Mumbai alone generates one-third of Maharashtra's total waste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-11 |title=India's megacities, Mumbai and Delhi, sitting on a pile of waste |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2019/10/indias-megacities-mumbai-and-delhi-sitting-on-a-pile-of-waste/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref> As open dumpsites pose various hazards such as release of [[greenhouse gas]]es, accidental hazard caused by fire, air and water contamination, pest and rodent issues etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yadav |first1=Himanshu |last2=Kumar |first2=Pawan |last3=Singh |first3=V. P. |title=Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Sustainable Waste Management through Design |chapter=Hazards from the Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites: A Review |date=2019 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harvinder |editor2-last=Garg |editor2-first=Prashant |editor3-last=Kaur |editor3-first=Inderpreet |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-02707-0_39 |series=Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering |volume=21 |language=en |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |pages=336–342 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-02707-0_39 |isbn=978-3-030-02707-0|s2cid=134008993 }}</ref> Therefore this centralized method has to be gone away with and decentralized methods are needful for future waste generation in which waste generation can be minimized and value can be created out of waste in the form of composting, [[recycling]], energy recovery to meet the city's demand for [[sustainable waste management]]. This plan will come up with a strategy to decentralize Mumbai's waste management system with unit-level processing of organic waste to create valuable compost, appointing committed ward-level waste officers and coordination of relevant stakeholders with the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]]'s (MCGM) Waste management department and the [[Maharashtra Pollution Control Board]] (MPCB).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mcap.mcgm.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Mumbai Climate Action Plan |language=en-US}}</ref> The BMC has also mandated wet waste process and solid waste process mandatory to the bulk generators to provide treatment at source if it has area greater than 5,000 sq. m.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Experts say decentralisation is the key |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-experts-say-decentralisation-is-the-key-2687087 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Urban Greening and Biodiversity ===
A study presented that low income areas in Mumbai are found to be with less green cover. Areas like [[Dongri]], [[Bhuleshwar]] which comes in Ward B and C, are warmer than other areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Areas in Mumbai with less green cover, more concrete are warmer: Study |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/areas-in-mumbai-with-less-green-cover-more-concrete-are-warmer-study-7497526/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Richa Pinto|date=9 September 2021 |title=Mumbai: Low-income wards lack green spaces, finds climate study {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-low-income-wards-lack-green-spaces-finds-climate-study/articleshow/86051411.cms |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The Mumbai Climate Action Plan will emphasize the need to increase the green cover and biodiversity of the city in a planned and inclusive manner. The four plans suggested are Heat resilience and carbon sequestration, Flood mitigation, Access to open spaces, Improved Biodiversity.<ref name=":1" />

=== Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management ===
The MCAP will focus on how to prevent or reduce flooding and waterlogging while also dealing with the lack of safe and affordable drinking water. Mumbai is highly prone to coastal risks due to storms, cyclones and also faces extreme rainfall during monsoons, leading to frequent flooding in low-lying areas. The climate action plan is aiming at building flood-resilient infrastructure in the city by improving early warning systems, and drainage lines. It also promotes on framing policies that will promote the reuse of water through measures like increased percolation and [[rainwater harvesting]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=Priyali |date=2022-03-18 |title=Explained {{!}} What is the Mumbai Climate Action Plan? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/explained-what-is-the-mumbai-climate-action-plan/article65231102.ece |access-date=2022-03-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Action Areas |url=https://mcap.mcgm.gov.in/key-action-area/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Mumbai Climate Action Plan |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Energy and Buildings ===
The key priorities include incorporating 50% Renewables in Mumbai's electricity generation mix, assessing the potential for rooftop solar on buildings and promoting it, 100% energy efficient street and public lightings and energy-efficient or low-carbon technology for utility energy consumption like WTPs, STPs etc. An additional focus is on prioritizing energy-efficient materials for building construction, transition to energy efficient building lightings and cooling equipment, to use clean fuel in cooking and promoting electric stove, to promote thermal comfort design and climate resilient affordable housing.

=== Air Quality ===
As key priority action areas for the next 10–20 years for efficient air quality management in Mumbai, emphasis has been laid to shift towards cleaner fuels, fuel efficiency and adoption of electric vehicles to reduce vehicular and industrial emissions, indoor air pollution and emissions from bakeries and crematoriums. Strict regulation and appropriate enforcement mechanism of policies and rules have also been prioritized to minimize the indiscriminate burning of waste, burning at landfill sites and release of suspension dust due to construction and demolition activities.

=== Sustainable Mobility ===

Building upon Mumbai's extensive public transport network, multimodal integration and equitable access and affordability for women, children and low income groups were identified are key priorities. With Mumbai being the second most congested city in the world, parking management and safer intersections need to be prioritized along with inclusive pedestrian and cycling infrastructure for reduced congestion, commuter safety and better air quality. With less than 1% electric vehicles in the mix, incentives and policies to shift towards 100% zero emission vehicles by 2050 for passenger and freight modes is a key priority for reducing GHG emissions as well as improving air quality.

== Execution ==
After introducing the plan, thousands of hectares of mangroves under protected status are being brought to Mumbai, thousands more trees are being planted, and the government continues to introduce [[nature-based solutions]] to help tackle air pollution, reduce landslides, and cool down the city in the face of extreme heat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Climate Action Plan - In Focus |url=https://www.c40.org/news/mumbai-climate-action-plan/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=C40 Cities |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://mcap.mcgm.gov.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Climate change policy]]
[[Category:Mumbai]]
[[Category:Climate action plans]]

E. B. Powell

2026-03-26T08:35:32Z

Sergzrr: small corrected details for clarity also and corrected details

{{short description|British educationist (1819–1904)}}
{{use British English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
[[File:E_B_Powell.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Eyre Burton Powell]]
'''Eyre Burton Powell''' [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] (1819 - 10 November 1904) was a British educationist who served as the first Principal of the [[Presidency College, Madras]].

== Biography ==

Powell was born in 1819 to Eyre Burton Powell and educated at [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]], where he graduated BA as 31st [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Wrangler]] in 1840.<ref>{{acad|id= PWL836EB|name=Powell, Eyre Burton}}</ref> He left for [[Madras]] in 1848 to join as a [[clerk]] in the High School, Madras, later rising to become headmaster and eventually, Principal, when the school was elevated to the status of a college. Powell was appointed Director of Public Instruction for the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1862 and served from 1862 to 1875.

In 1866, Powell was made a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]]. He died on 10 November 1904. Powell's statue is present in the campus of the Presidency College, Madras.

== Legacy ==

Powell is remembered for his accomplishments as the first Principal of the Presidency College, Madras and for pioneering Western education in the Madras Presidency. Some of his protégés include [[C. V. Runganada Sastri]], [[Sir A. Seshayya Sastri]], [[Sir T. Madhava Rao]] and [[V. Ramiengar]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|author=C. E. Buckland|year=1999|pages=341|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-7020-897-6}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Powell, E. B.}}
[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency College, Chennai]]

Indian Communist Party (1987)

2026-03-24T10:46:55Z

Sergzrr: adding stub

{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
[[File:Indian Communist Party flag (1987).svg|thumb|Indian Communist Party flag]]
The '''Indian Communist Party''' (ICP) was a [[political party]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], emerging from a rift in the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) in 1987. The party was founded by veteran communist leader and trade unionist [[M. Kalyanasundaram]], who died a few months after the split. The group opposed the alliance between CPI and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party. It went on to align itself with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress-I]] ahead of the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]. Simultaneously with the finalization of its pre-poll alliance, the ICP merged into the [[United Communist Party of India|Communist Party]] led by [[S.A. Dange]] and [[Mohit Sen]].

==Split in Tamil Nadu CPI==
By the mid 1980s there were political tensions within the Tamil Nadu state unit of CPI. In July 1986, the CPI National Council took disciplinary action against [[D. Pandian]] for anti-party activities, and in September 1986 against [[M. Kalyanasundaram]].<ref name=aripp/> In April 1987, Pandian was suspended from the CPI National Council.<ref name=suspended/> Political issues that provoked tensions between the official CPI leadership and Kalyanasundaram included the Sri Lankan Tamil question and the CPI alliance with DMK;<ref name=stab/> however, Kalyanasundaram and Pandian did not join the [[All India Communist Party]] of [[S.A. Dange]] (which had a similar rightist political outlook), largely due to personal incompatibilities between Kalyanasundaram and Dange.<ref>Sen, Mohit. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/A_Traveller_and_the_Road/MaHaAAAAMAAJ A Traveller and the Road: The Journey of an Indian Communist]''. Rupa & Company, 2003. p. 393</ref>

By mid-1987, the conflict within the Tamil Nadu unit of CPI had reached a critical point.<ref name=shve/> Thirty-six Kalyanasundaram loyalists boycotted a meeting of the CPI Tamil Nadu State Council.<ref name=complet/> The CPI Tamil Nadu State Council meeting decided to suspend 16 State Council members linked to the Kalyanasundaram faction – Pandian, K. T. Raju (former Member of Legislative Assembly and former Assistant Secretary of the CPI Tamil Nadu unit), R. Karuppiah (former member of the Legislative Assembly and secretary of the CPI [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli District]] Committee), K. R. Subbiah (secretary of the CPI [[Pudukkottai District]] Committee), V. Madanagopal (former member of the Legislative Assembly), [[N. Nanjappan]], K. A. Venugopal, K. Manickam, P. R. Chandran, C. K. Pattabhiraman, V. Thirumalairajan, {{ill|S. V. Shanmugam|ta|எஸ். வி. சண்முகம்}}, P. Vembulu, V. Rajamohan, M. S. Ramamurthy, and R. Ramasamy.<ref name=shve/><ref name=complet/><ref name=expel/> Thereafter the Kalyanasundaram faction organized a two-day conclave on July 4, 1987, gathering some 280 party cadres.<ref name=complet>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=July 5, 1987|title=Split in Tamil Nadu CPI complete|page=1|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=IIRlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref> The Kalyanasundaram faction constituted a party committee of its own and began publishing its own party journal.<ref name=suspended/> The Kalyanasundaram faction meeting announced that the group would adhere to the line of the Patna CPI Party Congress, and that they only were in conflict with the Tamil Nadu CPI leadership.<ref name=aripp>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/The_Annual_Register_of_Indian_Political/TqwkAQAAIAAJ The Annual Register of Indian Political Parties]''. Michiko & Panjathan, 1990. p. 235</ref> At the time of their July 1987 conclave, the Kalyanasundaram faction claimed to have the support of 36 CPI Tamil Nadu State Council members, 10 District Committees and 30,000 out of 47,000 CPI party members in the state.<ref name=stab>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|page=8|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=hINlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8|date=July 21, 1987|title=Destabilising agents}}</ref>

Kalyanasundaram wrote to CPI general secretary [[C. Rajeswara Rao]], pledging to remain in CPI and asking the national party centre to take action against the Tamil Nadu CPI unit led by P. Manickam.<ref name=shve>{{cite news|title=Clash between two prominent leaders may lead to split in CPI's Tamil Nadu unit|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870731-clash-between-two-prominent-leaders-may-lead-to-split-in-cpi-tamil-nadu-unit-799112-1987-07-30|date=July 31, 1987|newspaper=India Today|author=S.H. Venkatramani}}</ref> On 8 July 1987, the CPI Central Secretariat denounced factional activities of Kalyanasundaram as "beyond the pale" of the party.<ref>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Link/Lfq9m011LtcC "Beyond the pale of the party" - CPI]'', in ''Link'', United India Periodicals, 1987. p. 14</ref> On 10 July 1987, Kalyanasundaram held a press conference, stating that there would be no split in CPI.<ref name=nosplit>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|title=There'll be no split: Kalyanasundaram|date=July 11, 1987|page=5|url=https://books.google.com.py/books?id=JoRlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5}}</ref> On 31 July 1987, the CPI National Council suspended Kalyanasundaram and 16 of his followers for a one-year period.<ref name=suspended>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|title=Kalyanasundaram suspended from CPI|page=1|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=kodlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1|date=August 1, 1987}}</ref> The CPI National Council instructed Kalyanasundaram to disband his parallel party committee and stop publishing his party journal within one month, and authorized the CPI Central Secretariat to expel Kalyanasundaram if he failed to comply.<ref name=suspended/>

On 8 September 1987, the CPI Tamil Nadu state unit expelled the 16 suspended State Council members.<ref name=expel>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=September 9, 1987|title=CPI expels 16 members|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=I35lAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3|page=3}}</ref> On 9 September 1987, Kalyanasundaram announced that his faction would work for the creation of third front in Tamil Nadu politics.<ref name=third>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=JH5lAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4|page=4|newspaper=The Indian Express|title=Expelled CPI leader for third front in TN|date=September 10, 1987}}</ref> Moreover, Kalyanasundaram argued that the two CPI factions would reunite shortly.<ref name=third/> He claimed to have the support of the majority of the membership of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] (AITUC) in the state, and AITUC elections were being delayed to avoid that his faction win control over the state unit.<ref name=third/>

==Emergence of a new party==
In early December 1987, Pandian announced that the Kalyanasundaram-led faction would be known as the "Communist Party" henceforth.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=vn5lAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3|page=3|title='Communist Party'|date=December 10, 1987}}</ref> Subsequently, the name "Indian Communist Party" (ICP) came into use.<ref name=aripp/><ref name=yearbook>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Yearbook_on_International_Communist_Affa/J_wDAQAAIAAJ Yearbook on International Communist Affairs]''. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University., 1989. p. 206</ref><ref name=dange92>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Indian_Communism/8uVHAAAAMAAJ Indian Communism: Life and Work of S.A. Dange]''. Patriot Publishers, 1992. p. 23</ref><ref>Nihal Singh, S.. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Count_down_to_Elections/zP9HAAAAMAAJ Count-down to Elections]''. Allied Publishers, 1989. p. 156</ref> The ICP used a [[red flag (politics)|red flag]] with a yellow [[hammer and sickle]] as its symbol (unlike CPI, which used a white hammer and sickle on the party flag).<ref name=aripp/> Pandian was the Tamil Nadu state secretary of the party.<ref name=nfan>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=BoBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4|page=4|title='National Front anti-national'|date=November 26, 1988}}</ref><ref name=may29>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=I4plAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3|date=May 29, 1988|title='DMK is a cover for separatists': ICP|page=3}}</ref><ref name=pere>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=August 16, 1988|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=JYNlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Left parties' indifference to 'perestroika' assailed}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|page=3|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=lINlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3|date=July 6, 1988|title=Plea for action against strikers}}</ref> Kalyanasundaram died in 1988.<ref name=yearbook/> The party was supportive of Soviet ''[[perestroika]]'' policies.<ref name="pere" /> It opposed the DMK on basis of the latter's supposed support for separatism in Sri Lanka.<ref name="may29" />

==Merger with AICP==
On 21–22 December 1988, a party unity congress was held in Bombay, at which the ICP, the All India Communist Party and the All India Communist Co-ordination Committee (whose convenor was [[Mohit Sen]]) merged into a party named the [[United Communist Party of India|Communist Party]] with Dange as chairman and Sen as general secretary.<ref name=nfan/><ref name=dange92/><ref>''New communist party formed'', in ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Summary_of_World_Broadcasts/Ipyi-PaUIr4C Summary of World Broadcasts: The Far East. Part III]''. Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation, 1988. p. B-17</ref>

==1989 Tamil Nadu elections==
Ahead of the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] (for which voting would take place a month after the merger between ICP and AICP), ICP called for an alliance between [[Indian National Congress|Congress-I]], [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK (Jayalalitha)]] and other parties to confront the DMK-led [[National Front (India)|National Front]] alliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=YIhlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA23|page=23|title=ICP pleads for Jayalalitha, Cong-I tie-up|date=December 16, 1988|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> The ICP eventually joined the Congress-I-led front.<ref name=align>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=December 21, 1988|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=Y4hlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3|page=3|title=ICP to align with Cong-I}}</ref><ref>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Non_Congressism_is_Reborn/7UMmAAAAMAAJ Non-Congressism is Reborn: 1989-90 Polls and Parties]''. Election Archives, 1990. pp. 309-310</ref><ref name=finali>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=December 24, 1988|title=Cong I finalise agreements with 3 more parties|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=ZIhlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA20|page=20}}</ref> Motivating the decision to side with Congress-I, Pandian argued that the National Front was rightist and reactionary and that unity to support the [[Indo-Sri Lankan Accord]] was a necessity.<ref name=align/> ICP had demanded to contest 16 seats in the election.<ref name=align/>

Seat-sharing talks between Congress-I and ICP were finalized on December 23, 1988.<ref name=finali/> Ten seats seats were allocated to ICP to contest;<ref name=finali/><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=December 26, 1988|page=10|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=ZYhlAAAAIBAJ|title=The four clear fronts in TN}}</ref> however, the selected ICP candidate for [[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti constituency]] could not contest, leaving nine seats for ICP candidates.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=https://books.google.at/books?id=44FlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6|page=6|date=January 1, 1989|title=Cong-I list 'most credible'}}</ref> Of the nine candidates running, one seat was won (N. Nanjappan in [[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]).<ref name=mcmu>Mukundan C. Menon. ''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4394522 How the Communists Fared]''. ''Economic and Political Weekly'', vol. 24, no. 11, 1989, pp. 549–50</ref><ref>Chopra, Joginder Kumar. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Politics_of_Election_Reforms_in_India/aXM8omc0rakC Politics of Election Reforms in India]''. Mittal Publications, 1989. p. 291</ref><ref>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Organiser/F00_AQAAIAAJ Organiser]'', vol. 40. Bri Bhushan for Bharat Prakashan (Delhi) Limited, 1989. p. 15</ref><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509070328/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1989 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF TAMIL NADU]''</ref> The nine candidates of ICP gathered 111,654 votes in total (0.47% of the state-wide vote for all 234 constituencies).<ref name=mcmu/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1987]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 disestablishments in India]]

Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank

2026-03-23T00:38:15Z

Sergzrr: put up a data

{{Short description|Financial institution in India}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Ltd.
| logo = Bombay mercantile bank logo.png
| type = Urban Co-operative Bank
| industry = Banking, Financial Services
| founded = 1939
| founder = [[Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala]], Shaikh Mohammedally Allabaux
| headquarters = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| area_served = India
| products = Retail banking, Corporate banking, Microfinance, Loans, Foreign exchange
| num_employees = 
| owner = Members (Co-operative Society)
| website = [https://www.bmcbankltd.com bmcbankltd.com]
}}

The '''Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Ltd.''' is a [[Scheduled Banks (India)|scheduled]] [[Cooperative banking#India|co-operative bank]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Scheduled Urban Co-operative Banks |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/upload/english/content/pdfs/schedulecoop.pdf |website=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Established in 1939, the bank was founded with the objective of providing financial services to economically weaker sections of society, such as small traders, artisans, and self-employed individuals. It operates under the provisions of the [[National Cooperative Development Corporation (India)|Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act]], allowing it to function across multiple states in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suneja |first1=S. P. |title=BMC Bank Chief on world tour |journal=Indian Banking Today & Tomorrow |date=1984 |publisher=University of California |location=United States |page=33 |issue=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QYcAQAAMAAJ&q=Bombay+Mercantile+Co-operative+Bank+Ltd.+(BMC+Bank)+rbi}}</ref>

== History ==
The Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank was founded in 1939 by Shaikh Mohammedally Allabaux, a 60-year-old social reformer. He established the bank as a [[Cooperative banking#India|co-operative credit society]] along with [[Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmadi |first1=Imranali Mushabber |last2=Rangoon |first2=Saleem Zain |title=Zain Rangoonwala – A Dream Come True |date=February 29, 2024 |publisher=Notion Press |location=India |isbn=9798885031974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rb3EAAAQBAJ&dq=bombay%20mercantile%20Co-operative%20Bank%201939&pg=PT289 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> aimed at financial inclusion among marginalized communities.

Initially functioning as a small credit society targeting the [[Dawoodi Bohra]] [[Muslim]] community,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Advani |first1=A. H. |title=Cause for celebration |journal=Business India |date=June 1988 |issue=268–273 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjgjAQAAMAAJ&q=Bombay+Mercantile+Co-operative+Bank+Ltd.+(BMC+Bank)+rbi |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> the institution evolved into a full-fledged urban co-operative bank in 1941. In 1949, it was renamed the '''Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Limited'''. Over the decades, the bank has grown steadily, building trust among more than one million patrons and 190,000 shareholders. It has played a significant role in the development of underprivileged groups by financing small-scale enterprises and entrepreneurship initiatives through microfinance.

In January 2017, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] imposed a penalty of ₹75 lakh for violations of the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reserve Bank of India |first1=Ajit Prasad |title=RBI imposes penalty on Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Ltd., Mumbai |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/english/scripts/PressReleases.aspx?Id=2078 |website=Reserve Bank of India - Press Release |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=6 October 2025 |ref=1}}</ref>

== Operations ==
The bank provides a wide range of banking services with a focus on inclusivity and support for lower and middle-income segments. Its clientele includes small shopkeepers, vegetable vendors, taxi and auto-rickshaw drivers, skilled craftsmen, and small business operators.

The bank offers loan schemes for housing, vehicles, education, consumer durables and foreign exchange facilities for individuals and businesses.

The bank was among the first co-operative banks in India to provide loans for purchasing taxis and to introduce micro-financing schemes for women artisans in weaker sections at [[Hyderabad]] and [[Lucknow]].

To promote gender inclusion, the bank operates women-managed branches in Mumbai and Aurangabad, staffed entirely by women<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Bank |url=https://www.bmcbankltd.com/history.php |website=The Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Ltd. |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cooperative banking#India|Co-operative banking in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Urban co-operative bank]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cooperative banks of India]]

Bachelor of Laws

2026-03-16T18:58:44Z

Sergzrr: brief adjust layout for consistency

{{Use British English|date=July 2023}}
{{short description|Type of undergraduate qualification}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}{{redirect|LLB}}{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
A '''Bachelor of Laws''' ({{langx|la|Legum Baccalaureus}}; '''LLB''') is an [[undergraduate]] [[law degree]] offered in most [[common law]] countries as the primary law degree and serves as the first professional qualification for legal practitioners. This degree requires the study of core legal subjects and [[jurisprudence]] to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal system and its function. The LLB curriculum is designed to impart a thorough knowledge of legal principles, legal research skills, and a sound understanding of the roles and responsibilities of lawyers within society. This degree is often a prerequisite for taking [[bar exams]] or qualifying as a practising [[lawyer]], depending on the jurisdiction. Additionally, the LLB program also serves as a foundation for further legal education, such as a [[Master of Laws]] (LLM) or other postgraduate studies in law.

== Region awarded ==
Bachelor of Laws degrees are awarded by universities in regions including [[Europe]], [[Australia]], [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], [[Malaysia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Israel]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Ghana]], [[New Zealand]], [[Nepal]][[Nigeria|, Nigeria]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[Botswana]], [[Brazil]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]], and [[the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. In the [[United States]], the Bachelor of Laws was the primary law degree until the 1960s, when it was phased out in favor of the [[Juris Doctor]]; Canada followed suit in the early 21st century.<ref>Historically in [[Canada]], Bachelor of Laws was the name of the first degree in common law, but is also the name of the [[Bachelor of Civil Law|first degree in Quebec civil law]] awarded by a number of Quebec universities. Canadian common-law LLB programmes were, in practice, [[Second entry degree|second-entry professional degrees]], meaning that the vast majority of those admitted to an LLB programme were already holders of one or more degrees, or, at a minimum (with very few exceptions), have completed two years of study in a first-entry, undergraduate degree in another discipline.</ref>

==History==
The first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were [[doctorate]]s.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Verger | first = J. | contribution = Licentia | title = Lexikon des Mittelalters | volume = 5 | at = 1957–1958 | publisher = J.B. Metzler | place = Stuttgart | year = 1999| title-link = Lexikon des Mittelalters }}</ref><ref name="Lexikon des Mittelalters: Doctor, doctoratus">{{Cite book| last = Verger | first = J. | contribution = Doctor, doctoratus | title = Lexikon des Mittelalters | volume = 3 | at = 1155–1156 | publisher = J.B. Metzler | place = Stuttgart | year = 1999| title-link = Lexikon des Mittelalters }}</ref><ref>de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: ''[[A History of the University in Europe|A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages]]'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}</ref> The foundations of [[List of medieval universities|the first universities]] were the [[glossators]] of the 11th century, which were also schools of law.<ref>Herbermann, et al. (1915). [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05072b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]. New York: Encyclopedia Press. Accessed 26 May 2008.</ref> The first university, that [[University of Bologna|of Bologna]], was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the [[glossator]] school in that city. The [[University of Bologna]] served as the model for other law schools of the [[medieval]] age.<ref>García y García, A. (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC&dq=bologna+doctor+title&pg=PP1 "The Faculties of Law," A History of the University in Europe], London: Cambridge University Press. Accessed 26 May 2008.</ref> While it was common for students of law to visit and study at schools in other countries, such was not the case with England because of the English rejection of [[Roman law]] (except for certain jurisdictions such as the Admiralty Court). Although the [[University of Oxford]] and the [[University of Cambridge]] did teach [[canon law]] until the [[English Reformation]], its importance was always superior to [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in those institutions.<ref>García y García (1992), 390.</ref>

"LLB" stands for {{Lang|la|Legum Baccalaureus}} in Latin. The "LL." of the abbreviation for the degree is from the [[genitive plural]] {{Lang|la|legum}} ("of laws"). Creating an [[Abbreviation#Plural forms|abbreviation]] for a plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter (e.g., "pp." for "pages").

The bachelor's degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented with the [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree at Oxford and Cambridge.{{sfnp|Reed|1921|p=160}} The "arts" designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics.{{sfnp|Reed|1921|p=161}} In continental Europe, the bachelor's degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford and Cambridge.

The teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law.{{sfnp|Stein|1981|p=434, 435}} Professional training for practising common law in England was undertaken at the [[Inns of Court]], but over time the training functions of the Inns lessened considerably and apprenticeships with individual practitioners arose as the prominent medium of preparation.{{sfnp|Stein|1981|p=434, 436}} However, because of the lack of standardisation of study and of objective standards for appraisal of these apprenticeships, the role of universities became subsequently of importance for the education of lawyers in the English speaking world.{{sfnp|Stein|1981|p=436}}

In England in 1292, when [[Edward I]] requested that lawyers be trained, students merely sat in the courts and observed, but over time the students would hire professionals to lecture them in their residences, which led to the institution of the [[Inns of Court]] system.{{sfnp|Stein|1981|p=430}} The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of [[moot court]]-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation.{{sfnp|Stein|1981|p=431}} By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the [[University of Oxford]] and the [[University of Cambridge]], though very specialised in purpose.{{sfnp|Stein|1981|p=432}} With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the [[Crusades]], the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew.{{sfnp|Stein|1981|p=433}}

Traditionally Oxford and Cambridge did not see common law as worthy of study, and included coursework in law only in the context of canon and civil law and for the purpose of the study of philosophy or history only. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the same rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades.{{sfnp|Stein|1981|p=434}} The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729. [[William Blackstone]] became the first lecturer in English common law at the [[University of Oxford]] in 1753, but the university did not establish the programme for the purpose of professional study, and the lectures were philosophical and theoretical in nature.{{sfnp|Stein|1981|p=435}} Blackstone insisted that the study of law should be university based, where concentration on foundational principles can be had, instead of concentration on detail and procedure had through apprenticeship and the Inns of Court.<ref>Moline, Brian J., [http://www.washburnlaw.edu/wlj/42-4/articles/moline-brian.pdf Early American Legal Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509032640/http://www.washburnlaw.edu/wlj/42-4/articles/moline-brian.pdf |date=9 May 2009 }}, 42 Washburn Law Journal 775, 793 (2003).</ref>

The Inns of Court continued but became less effective, and admission to the bar still did not require any significant educational activity or examination. Therefore, in 1846, Parliament examined the education and training of prospective [[barristers]] and found the system to be inferior to the legal education provided in the United States. Therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions.{{sfnp|Stein|1981|p=436}} When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, the LLB became the uniform degree for lawyers in common law countries.

==Common law programs==
In most common law countries (with the exceptions of all Canadian provinces except Quebec, and the United States), the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school.

===England and Wales===
The LLB is an undergraduate course. In England and Wales it is also possible to study a programme for conversion called the Graduate Diploma in Law which allows entry to the legal profession following completion of a previous undergraduate degree unrelated to law, which entitles graduates to take the vocational courses for entry into the legal profession.

===Scotland===
Although Scotland has a mixed legal system, with both civil and common law influences, the undergraduate LLB is the primary route into the legal profession. The [[Scots Law]] LLB is generally taken as a four-year honours course, similar to other university degrees in Scotland. Students wishing to satisfy the [[Law Society of Scotland]] requirements to become a solicitor must also complete the postgraduate [[Diploma in Professional Legal Practice]] at an approved university.

===Australia===
A qualifying law degree for the purposes of admission as a lawyer in Australia is either the undergraduate LLB program at accredited universities, or the graduate JD (Juris Doctor). Every recognised qualification of each state admission board is reciprocally recognised by all other states. However, prior to degrees, there existed an alternative to a degree to become a lawyer in Australia, which was either the Barrister's Admission Board, or the Solicitor's Admission Board, whose examinations rendered one eligible to be admitted respectively. The successor of these boards that still operates the alternative is the [[Legal Profession Admission Board]], which issues the distinct Diploma in Law, equivalent to either an LLB or a JD Law degrees typically last 4 years for undergraduate admission or 3 years for university graduates.

Of the thirty-eight [[List of law schools in Australia|law schools]], thirteen of those universities have also started offering the [[Juris Doctor]] as a graduate-entry degree.

===Bangladesh===
In Bangladesh, obtaining an LLB degree is a prerequisite for practising as an advocate in a court of law. Both LLB and LLB (Hons.) degrees are offered at public and private universities. Only seven public universities offer LLB (Hons.) degree. Some private universities also offer four-year LLB (Hons.) degrees and one-year LLM courses. The [[National University of Bangladesh]] also offers a two-year LLB degree to graduates of subjects other than law. The [[University of Rajshahi]] is the first institute in South Asia to offer a bachelor's degree in law, originally offering the B. Jur. (Bachelor of Jurisprudence) beginning in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forum.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd/index.php?topic=26376.0 |title=Rajshahi University Law Department: Pioneer of legal studies in Bangladesh |publisher=Forum.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd |date= |access-date=2022-02-17}}</ref> Later on, the program was replaced with an LL. B (Hons.) program.

===Canada===
{{See also|Juris Doctor#Canada}}
[[Canada]] has two legal systems. The Province of [[Quebec]] uses a civil law system. At the federal level, as well as in every province or territory except Quebec, a system of common law is used. Because of this, there are two types of Canadian law degrees generally in use.

==== Common law ====
The programme of study for common law has traditionally been an undergraduate LLB degree, which has now been re-designated as a JD at nearly all Canadian common law schools. Entrants to the JD programme generally hold an undergraduate degree before registration in the law programme and a significant number hold a graduate-level degree as well. However, admission may be granted to applicants with two years of undergraduate studies towards a degree. Unlike the [[United States]], the JD is considered a bachelor's degree-level qualification, albeit a "second-entry" one. The common law programme is three years in length. Upon graduation, one holds a Bachelor of Laws or Juris Doctor degree. To practise law, the graduate must obtain a licence from the Law Society of the province where they wish to practise law, which requires a year of [[articling]].

==== Civil law ====
The civil law programme in Canada is three years in length. The programme of study for the [[Bachelor of Civil Law|first degree in Quebec civil law]] (called LLB, BCL, or LLL) is a first-entry degree programme. Like other first-entry university programmes in Quebec, it requires a [[College education in Quebec|college]] diploma for entry. Law schools that offer civil law BCL, LLB, or LLL degrees include [[McGill University]], [[Université de Montréal]], [[Université du Québec à Montréal]], [[Université de Sherbrooke]], [[Université Laval]] and the [[University of Ottawa]].

==== Bijuridical ====
Because of Canada's dual system of laws, some law schools offer joint or dual degrees in common law and civil law: McGill University, Université de Montréal, Université de Sherbrooke and the University of Ottawa. The law degree offered by McGill University is a mandatory joint common law LLB and Quebec civil law BCL degree. The programme is four years in length. Admission to that programme is a first-entry programme in the case of Quebec students while it is a second-entry programme in the case of students from other provinces (since two years of university studies is required). The University of Ottawa offers a civil law degree (LLL) on its own.

A number of Canadian law schools allow holders of baccalaureate degrees in Quebec civil law to earn the LLB in common law in two or three semesters. Similarly, the [[University of Ottawa]] offers a one-year LLL programme in Quebec civil law for holders of an LLB or JD degree in common law from a Canadian law school.

Additionally, some Canadian universities with ''common law'' law schools have an arrangement with a Canadian university with a ''Quebec civil law'' law school enabling students to obtain the home school's law degree in three years and the exchange school's law degree in the fourth year.

===India===
{{Main|Legal_education_in_India|l1=Legal Education in India}}

{{see also|Autonomous law schools in India|Common Law Admission Test}}

In [[India]], legal education is traditionally offered as a three-year graduate degree conferring the title of Bachelor of Laws, requiring prospective students to have a bachelor's degree in any subject from a recognised institution.

However, specialised universities of law known as [[National Law Universities]] solely devoted to legal education offer an undergraduate five-year law course for students that have completed Class XII from a recognised board of education in India. The five-year law course leads to an integrated honours degree combining the LLB degree with another bachelor's degree, such as a [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Bachelor of Science]], [[Bachelor of Business Administration]], [[Bachelor of Commerce]] and [[Bachelor of Social Work]]. In these programs, students are taught subjects associated with the additional non-law bachelor's degree during the first two years, in addition to standard legal subjects such as torts, contracts and constitutional law, such as [[social sciences]] for the Bachelor of Arts and a combination of physical, life and applied sciences for the Bachelor of Science. In the latter three years of all these programmes, legal subjects dominate the curriculum.

The first national law school was the [[National Law School of India University]]. This was followed by others, including the [[Nalsar University of Law]] and [[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]]. Today, many Indian universities offer five-year integrated BA LLB programmes similar to that of the national law schools of India, while others continue to offer a traditional three-year programme. Both integrated and traditional types of three-year law degrees are recognised by the [[Bar Council of India]] for to qualify for enrolment to the Bar. One needs to have a full-time law degree to practice as a lawyer in India. Distance or online education options are not available to become a practising lawyer in India.

===Malaysia===
{{Main|Legal education in Malaysia}}

[[Malaysia]] inherited a common law system from the British colonial period. However, unlike the [[United Kingdom]] and some other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, Malaysia adopted the fused legal profession with legal practitioners acting both as [[solicitors]] and in a way [[barrister|"barristers"]]. Hence all are lawyers eligible and can be admitted to the High Court as a legal professional is entitled to be bestowed with the title "Advocate & Solicitor". This applies to both lawyers practising in the [[Peninsular Malaysia]] (Malaya) and the States of [[Sabah]] & [[Sarawak]].

Under the Legal Profession Act 1976, a person is deemed to be a qualified person to be admitted as an Advocate & Solicitor if they completed and passed the course of Bar Vocational Course in UK & Wales from any Inns of Court, passed the Certificate in Legal Practice or completed a 4-year LLB (Honours) course from an accredited Malaysian university.

===New Zealand===
An LLB is required to practise law in New Zealand. An LLB typically takes four years to complete, although it is often completed concurrently with another degree, such as a Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) or Bachelor of Arts (BA), with the combined completion time usually being five years. Most New Zealand universities allow graduates of other degrees to complete an LLB in three years. Six New Zealand universities offer the LLB degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lawsociety.org.nz/for-the-community/thinking-of-a-career-in-law|title=Thinking of a career in law?|work=lawsociety.org.nz|access-date=1 July 2015|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811221954/https://www.lawsociety.org.nz/for-the-community/thinking-of-a-career-in-law|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Pakistan===
[[Pakistan]] is a common law country and to become a lawyer in Pakistan, one needs an LLB from a Pakistani or a foreign university from common law country recognised by the [[Pakistan Bar Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistanbarcouncil.org/recognized-universities/|title=List of Recognized Universities|website=pakistanbarcouncil.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-09}}</ref> Lawyers in Pakistan are called ''advocates''. An advocate has to be member of one of the provincial Bar Councils, i.e., [[Punjab Bar Council]], [[Sindh Bar Council]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bar Council]], [[Balochistan Bar Council]] or the Islamabad Bar Council.

The Bachelor of Laws obtained from [[List of universities in Pakistan|universities in Pakistan]] consists of a 5-year [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]-LLB qualification. This rule was laid down by the [[Pakistan Bar Council]] in 2016 requiring 5 years of education to obtain a Bachelor of Laws qualification.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1033561/llb-degree-to-require-five-years-of-education-lahore-city/|title=LLB degree to require five years of education|date=25 January 2016|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2018-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref> This change in the legal education rules led to the abolishing of 3 year LLB programs being offered by universities in Pakistan. This rule however does not affect the recognition of LLB degrees of less than 5 years obtained from foreign universities recognised by the Pakistan Bar Council for the purposes of enrolling as an advocate in Pakistan.

===Singapore===
In Singapore, the LLB is an undergraduate degree conferred by three universities: the [[National University of Singapore]] (NUS), the [[Singapore Management University]] (SMU), and the [[Singapore University of Social Sciences]] (SUSS). Graduate JD courses are also available at all three law schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.nus.edu.sg/nus-law-launches-juris-doctor-programme/ |title=NUS Law launches Juris Doctor programme }}</ref> To be called to the Singapore Bar, graduates are minimally required to possess an LLB or JD from a recognised university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/practising-as-a-lawyer/admission/req/qp/nus.html |title=I graduated from the National University of Singapore (NUS) or one of its predecessors – Ministry of Law |work=mlaw.gov.sg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115092850/http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/practising-as-a-lawyer/admission/req/qp/nus.html |archive-date=15 November 2013 }}</ref>

===South Africa===
{{See also|Legal education in South Africa|List of law schools in South Africa}}
[[File:University of Pretoria Faculty of Law.jpg|thumb|[[University of Pretoria Faculty of Law]]]]
In [[South Africa]] the LLB is offered both at the [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.wits.ac.za/Academic/CLM/Law/DegreesAndCourses/LLB.htm |title=University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, LLB |access-date=2011-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726092702/http://web.wits.ac.za/Academic/CLM/Law/DegreesAndCourses/LLB.htm |archive-date=26 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://brochure.unisa.ac.za/brochure/showprev.aspx?d=l_1_3&f=p_03492 |title=Unisa Cart – Info |access-date=2012-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309083338/http://brochure.unisa.ac.za/brochure/showprev.aspx?d=l_1_3&f=p_03492 |archive-date=9 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.law.uct.ac.za/generic.php?m=/general/practice.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424052842/http://www.law.uct.ac.za/generic.php?m=%2Fgeneral%2Fpractice.php|date=24 April 2010}}</ref> As of 1996 it is the universal and only legal qualification for legal practice, superseding the existing B.Juris. and B.Proc. degrees.<ref name="unisa.ac.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.unisa.ac.za/Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=7007 |access-date=2016-02-08 |title=This website was recently revamped }}</ref> The undergraduate programme, offered since 1998, requires four years of study. At the postgraduate level, the programme generally requires three years. Several [[List of universities in South Africa|South African universities]] offer [[Bachelor of Arts]] and [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degrees with a [[academic major|major]] in "Law"; graduates may then undertake a two-year postgraduate-programme. Some universities also offer a one-year programme for holders of the B.Proc. degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.ufh.ac.za/pages/pospective.html |title=The Tudors |work=ufh.ac.za |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127143640/http://law.ufh.ac.za/pages/pospective.html |archive-date=27 November 2013 }}</ref>

The [[curriculum]] is typically structured around preliminary, core and advanced courses,<ref name="law.uct.ac.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.law.uct.ac.za/prospectivestud/progs/basic_legal/ |title=Faculty of Law / Prospective students / Programmes offered |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121085754/http://www.law.uct.ac.za/prospectivestud/progs/basic_legal/ |archive-date=21 November 2011 }}</ref> and most universities also offer elective coursework. The preliminary courses acquaint the students with both the background and the foundations of the [[Law of South Africa|South African legal system]], and with legal thinking and analysis in general. The core subjects are those regularly required for legal practice.<ref name="unisa.ac.za" />
The advanced courses (usually) comprise further study in these core subjects,<ref name = "SA electives">See for example these degree outlines: [https://law.uct.ac.za/courses/law-courses UCT], [https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Register-to-study-through-Unisa/Undergraduate-&-honours-qualifications/Find-your-qualification-&-choose-your-modules/All-qualifications/Bachelor-of-Laws-(98680-%E2%80%93-NEW) UNISA], [https://www.wits.ac.za/course-finder/undergraduate/clm/llb-law/ Wits].</ref> deepening and / or broadening the student's knowledge as appropriate. The electives – often comprising these advanced courses, amongst others – allow students to specialise in a particular area of law, to an extent, by choosing from a range of optional courses. Some universities also require that students complete an experience based course ("Practical Legal Studies" / "[[Law clinic]]"); a credit comprising independent research exclusively is often offered as an elective, and at some universities is a degree requirement.<ref name = "SA electives"/>

Depending on university, the curriculum will comprise legal subjects exclusively,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.unisa.ac.za/qualifications/index.asp?link=http://www.unisa.ac.za/qualifications/Navigation/l_CLAW_99.html|title=Undergraduate and honours qualifications|work=unisa.ac.za}}</ref> or may include [[humanities]] subjects so as to prepare graduates with a "broad-based" legal education.<ref name="law.uct.ac.za" /> Some undergraduate programmes do not offer any optional coursework. Credits in [[English language|English]] and [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] are also often included.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Along with [[Latin]], these were, but are no longer, "subjects compelled by statute",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.labour.gov.za/downloads/documents/research-documents/Law_DoL_Report.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – Law_DoL_Report.doc |website=Labour.gov.za |access-date=2017-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728233206/http://www.labour.gov.za/downloads/documents/research-documents/Law_DoL_Report.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and were typically entrance requirements for the LLB, having been studied as undergraduate modules. Similarly, [[Roman Law]] was previously a preliminary course, whereas, in both the post- and undergraduate degree, it is now offered as an elective.

The structure of the undergraduate programme is under review. The issues noted are: graduates of these programmes are seen to be less prepared for the profession as compared to those pursuing the graduate LLB; only 20% of entrants complete the programme within four years; only about 50% of graduates here enter the legal profession at all.<ref>See for example: [http://finweek.com/2012/10/15/the-declining-south-african-llb/ ''The declining South African LLB''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029125638/http://finweek.com/2012/10/15/the-declining-south-african-llb/ |date=29 October 2014 }}, finweek.com; [https://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130613155812925 Low-skilled lawyers prompt calls for law degree reform], University World News.</ref> Further, there are those who question the academic standard of the new degree.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Scrap-4-year-LLB-degree-Ngoepe-20140419 ''Scrap 4 year LLB degree – Ngoepe''], news24.com.</ref> Some universities have now discontinued the programme;<ref>[[University of the Witwatersrand]]: [http://www.wits.ac.za/newsroom/newsitems/201404/23367/news_item_23367.html ''Changes to undergraduate LLB''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218193448/http://www.wits.ac.za/newsroom/newsitems/201404/23367/news_item_23367.html |date=18 December 2014 }}, wits.ac.za</ref> in other cases undergraduate students are required to initially register as Arts, Commerce or Science students – with first year law subjects – and, in the second year of study, only those meeting specified criteria may choose to pursue the four-year LLB.<ref>[[Rhodes University]]: [http://www.ru.ac.za/orientationgateway/departmentsandfaculties/courseandcurriculum/law/ Law Degree Structure: BACHELOR OF LAWS (LLB)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029163204/http://www.ru.ac.za/orientationgateway/departmentsandfaculties/courseandcurriculum/law/ |date=29 October 2014 }}, ru.ac.za.</ref>

==Alternative titles and formats==

===Irish BCL and LLB===
The four universities under the [[National University of Ireland]] umbrella, award the degree of [[Bachelor of Civil Law]] (BCL). Four Irish universities and two Northern Irish universities award an LLB NUIG offer the LLB as a 1-year postgraduate course for holders of the Bachelor of Corporate Law or Bachelor of Arts in law degrees.

Some English and Welsh universities award an LLB in Irish law.

In the nineteenth century, the [[University of London]] conferred degrees of LLB on clerical and lay students at [[St. Patrick's College, Carlow]] from 1840 onwards.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uksAAAAYAAJ&q=%22University+of+London%22+Carlow |title=Minutes of the Senate ...: With Indexes. 1837–1850 – University of London |date=16 September 2008 |access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref>

The [[King's Inns]] Barrister-at-Law degree B.L. is a postgraduate degree and is required to practice as a barrister in Ireland.

===Zimbabwe B.L. and LLB===
At the [[University of Zimbabwe]], the first degree in common law was the Bachelor of Laws (BL), which was equivalent to the LLB in other common law jurisdictions. It was followed by a one-year programme at the university (analogous to post-LLB vocational programmes in other common law jurisdictions) at the end of which a second degree, the Bachelor of Laws (LLB), was awarded. The curriculum has since been changed and now only one four-year honours LLB degree is awarded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uz.ac.zw/law/history.htm |title=facultyoflaw: Brief History |author= |date=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424055127/http://www.uz.ac.zw/law/history.htm |archive-date=24 April 2010}}</ref>

===Variations on the LLB===
Some universities in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[New Zealand]] offer variations, which generally take four years to complete and include a wider range of topics as well as some degree of specialisation or the study of multiple jurisdictions, such as the LLB Law with French Law and Language offered by the [[University of East Anglia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate LLB Law Course |url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/course/undergraduate/llb-law |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=University of East Anglia}}</ref>

Various universities in the United Kingdom and Australia will allow a degree that combines study with a non-law discipline. For example, some universities in the United Kingdom offer a combined study of law and history leading to a BA degree that is accepted by the Law Society and Inns of Court as equivalent to an LLB. {{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

The University of London External Programme in Laws (LLB) has been awarding its law degree via [[distance learning]] since 1858.

At the universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], the principal law degree remains the Bachelor of Arts, in either Jurisprudence or Law, which is equivalent to an LLB in other universities. Traditionally, the LLB at Cambridge, as well as the Bachelor of Civil Law at Oxford, were postgraduate degrees for specialising in law. The [[University of Cambridge]], recently, replaced their LLB title with that of the [[LL.M.|LLM]], which Oxford retains the BCL as a master's level course, equivalent to the LLM.

Some universities in the UK including [[Bournemouth University]] have a four-year LLB course, which consists of a 40-week industrial work placement.<ref name="bournemouthllb">{{cite web|url=http://onlineservices.bournemouth.ac.uk/courses/Course.aspx?course=73&name=Law |title=Law LLB(Hons) |publisher=Bournemouth University |access-date=22 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823180247/http://onlineservices.bournemouth.ac.uk/courses/Course.aspx?course=73&name=Law |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> [[Staffordshire University]] also offers a two-year full-time LLB course.<ref name="staffsllb">{{cite web |url=http://www.staffs.ac.uk/courses_and_study/courses/law-twoyear-degree-tcm4213478.jsp |title=Law (Two-year degree) |publisher=Staffordshire University |access-date=22 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115145450/http://www.staffs.ac.uk/courses_and_study/courses/law-twoyear-degree-tcm4213478.jsp |archive-date=15 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

LLB programs in [[Sharia|syaria]] and common law have been introduced by some universities in Pakistan and Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iium.edu.my/aikol/programmes-courses/undergraduate-programmes/bachelor-law-shariah-llbs|title=International Islamic University Malaysia|work=iium.edu.my|date=11 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usim.edu.my/usimweb/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88&Itemid=148 |title=En. Muhammad Haizuan Rozali, Pendaftar Usim |website=Usim.edu |access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref>

==United States==
The United States no longer offers the LLB, though some universities have introduced bachelor's degrees in legal studies, featuring curricula that include courses in constitutional law, tort law, and criminal law. These degrees may provide an accelerated pathway into the JD program, allowing students to complete both degrees in six instead of seven years.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 May 2014 |title=University of Arizona to Offer Nation's First Bachelor of Arts in Law {{!}} College of Law |url=https://law.arizona.edu/news/2014/05/university-arizona-offer-nations-first-bachelor-arts-law |access-date=2019-02-04 |website=law.arizona.edu |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020120/https://law.arizona.edu/news/2014/05/university-arizona-offer-nations-first-bachelor-arts-law |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 2019 |title=3+3 B.A. Law & Juris Doctor |url=https://sgpp.arizona.edu/accelerated-masters/juris-doctor |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=The University of Arizona College of Social & Behavioral Sciences School of Government & Public Policy}}</ref>

While the LLB was conferred until 1971 at [[Yale University]], since that time, universities in the United States have instead awarded the professional doctorate [[Juris Doctor|JD]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pb.uillinois.edu/aaude/documents/graded_glossary.doc |title=Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education |author= |publisher=Association of American Universities Data Exchange |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304031242/http://www.pb.uillinois.edu/aaude/documents/graded_glossary.doc |archive-date=4 March 2009 }}. National Science Foundation (2006). "[https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf06312/nsf06312.pdf Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308130032/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf06312/nsf06312.pdf |date=March 8, 2016 }}," ''InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics'' NSF 06-312, 2006, p. 7. (under "Data notes" mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); San Diego County Bar Association (1969). [http://spellmirelaw.com/ ''Law Firm Chicago''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308130032/http://spellmirelaw.com/ |date=8 March 2016 }}. Accessed 26 May 2008. (under "other references" discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate, and statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); University of Utah (2006). [http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626081148/http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php |date=26 June 2008 }}. Accessed 28 May 2008. (the J.D. degree is listed under doctorate degrees); {{cite web|url=http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf |title=U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education |author= |publisher=German Federal Ministry of Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325051732/http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 }} (report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); Encyclopædia Britannica. (2002). ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 3:962:1a. (the J.D. is listed among other doctorate degrees).</ref><ref name="WSJYale">{{cite web | publisher = Wall Street Journal | last = Lattman | first = Peter | title = Why Did Law Schools Switch from LLBs to JDs? | url = https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2007/09/28/why-did-law-schools-switch-from-llbs-to-jds/ | date = 28 September 2007 | access-date = 17 September 2013}}</ref> which then became the generally standardised degree in most states as the compulsory prerequisite to sit for the bar exam prior to practice of law.<ref>Schoenfeld, Marcus, "J.D. or LL.B. as the Basic Law Degree," Cleveland-Marshall Law Review, Vol. 4, 1963, pp. 573–579, quoted in Joanna Lombard, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030806053515/http://www.arc.miami.edu/people/LLB%20to%20JD%20for%20school%20website.pdf LL.B. to J.D. and the Professional Degree in Architecture], Proceedings of the 85th ACSA Annual Meeting, Architecture: Material and Imagined and Technology Conference, 1997. pp. 585–591.</ref> Many law schools converted their basic law degree programmes from LLB to JD in the 1960s, and permitted prior LLB graduates to retroactively receive the new doctorate degrees by returning their LLB in exchange for a JD degree.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://law.marquette.edu/facultyblog/2012/01/11/why-the-law-degree-is-called-a-j-d-and-not-an-ll-b/ | title = Why the Law Degree Is Called a J.D. and Not an LL.B. | last = Hylton | first = J. Gordon | date = 30 December 2011 | publisher = Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog | access-date = 17 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/lawyers_are_doctors_too/ | title = Lawyers are Doctors, Too | last = Maher | first = Kathleen | date = 24 November 2006 | access-date = 17 September 2013}} (Notes that by 1969 many law schools were phasing out the LL.B. in favor of the J.D.)</ref> Yale graduates who received LLB degrees prior to 1971 were similarly permitted to change their degree to a JD, though many did not take the option, choosing to retain their LLB degrees.<ref name="WSJYale" />

Before the degree was phased out, notable recipients of the LLB include former United States presidents [[Richard Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford]], and [[William Howard Taft]]; former United States [[Supreme Court Justice]]s [[Earl Warren]], [[Anthony Kennedy]], [[William Rehnquist]], [[Antonin Scalia]], [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], [[Thurgood Marshall]], [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] and [[Stephen Breyer]]; former FBI director [[J. Edgar Hoover]]; American [[judge]] and [[jurist]] [[Richard Allen Posner]]; as well as the first female commissioner of the [[Federal Communications Commission]], [[Frieda B. Hennock]].

===Eligibility of foreign graduates in the US===
The requirements of each of the states vary, and in some states sufficient years of practice in one's home country may allow for those otherwise excluded to sit for the bar exam.

Most states require completion of a law degree from a law school accredited by the [[American Bar Association]]. As a result, some American law schools offer one-year [[Master of Laws|LLM]] programmes for foreign attorneys, which qualify foreign lawyers for admission to some state bars.

==European LLB programs==
[[European Union law]] permits [[European Union]] citizens with LLB degrees from one EU member state, who practise law and have been qualified lawyers in their jurisdiction for three or more years, to practise also in every other member state. The actual procedure to receive the respective national [[licence]] is regulated by the member state and therefore differs from country to country, and temporary restrictions may in certain cases exist, but every EU member has to apply the relevant EU Directives to its own national law.

As a consequence of the [[Bologna Process]], recently many [[Fachhochschule|universities of applied sciences]] and a few traditional [[universities]] in [[Germany]] have introduced LLB programmes, replacing the {{Lang|de|Diplom-Wirtschaftsjurist}} degree. The LLB is a three or four-year full-time law degree. As opposed to courses of study leading to the [[Staatsexamen|State Examination]]—the master's-level professional law degree in Germany—most LLB degree programmes concentrate on [[private law]] and may feature a component of education in [[business administration]]. Graduates of LLB courses can continue LLM studies and in some cases sit for the first [[Staatsexamen|State Examination]] after one or more years of additional law studies in order to qualify for practising law in Germany.

In Malta, the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree, offered by the [[University of Malta]], is an undergraduate degree that of itself is not sufficient for admission into any of the legal professions. Likewise, in Italy a five-year course in law (''Laurea magistrale in giurisprudenza a ciclo unico'') is offered by law schools{{Citation needed|date=September 2022|reason=Bring evidence of the claim. Law studies in Italy are generic and do not grant access to legal professions, France's and Germany's being the opposite.}}. The Italian Diploma in Law, equivalent to the LLB, does not directly qualify one for a career in any legal profession, as graduates are required to undergo a traineeship for 18 months before taking a government exam to sit for the Italian bar or take the exam as public notary. Alternatively, this requirement can be met by undertaking two further year of studies (''Diploma di specializzazione per le professioni legali'' – equivalent of a 2-year Master of Arts).<ref>{{Cite web |title=DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 5 aprile 2006, n. 160 – Normattiva |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:2006-04-05;160!vig= |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.normattiva.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LEGGE 30 luglio 2007, n. 111 – Normattiva |url=https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2007-07-30;111!vig= |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.normattiva.it}}</ref>

In Spain, there is no comparable degree to the LLB Law studies in Spain last for four years in total, culminating in the "Grado en Derecho". Prior to that, the sole degree of "Licenciatura en Derecho" allowed graduates of law direct access to the legal profession without further training and masters. Currently, holders of a Spanish law degree must attend a specific LLM in Legal practice course (similar to the former British LPC) to gain admission to the Spanish bar.

In Denmark, universities now offer three-year LLB programmes, although this is not sufficient to practice law. Students wishing to practice law should continue with a Masters in Law programme, leading to the [[Candidate (degree)|cand.jur.]] degree. Alternatively, students may choose to use the LLB as a basis for other courses within the social sciences or humanities.

==See also==
* [[Admission to the bar]]
* [[Admission to the bar in the United States]]
* [[Call to the bar]]
* [[Doctor of Juridical Science]]
* [[Doctor of Law]]
* [[Juris Doctor]]
* [[Legal education]]
* ''[[Licence de droit]]''
* [[Lists of law schools]]
* [[Master of Laws]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Reed |first=Alfred Zantzinger
|title=Training for the public profession of the law: Historical development and principal contemporary problems of legal education in the United States, with some account of conditions in England and Canada
|date=1921
|location=New York
|publisher=Carnegie Foundation
|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924069476095
|oclc=60738310
}}
* {{cite journal |last=Stein |first=Ralph Michael
|title=The Path of Legal Education from Edward I to Langdell: A History of Insular Reaction
|journal=Chicago-Kent Law Review
|volume=57
|issue=2
|pages=429–454
|date=1981
|oclc=8092906761
|url=https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/228/
}}

{{Academic degrees}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bachelor Of Laws}}
[[Category:Bachelor's degrees|Laws, Bachelor of]]
[[Category:Law degrees|Laws, Bachelor of]]

Goolam Hossen

2026-03-15T10:12:36Z

Sergzrr: put up a post

{{Short description|Mauritian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Goolam Hossen
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_upright =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = ગુલામ હુસૈન
| native_name_lang = Gujarati
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Goolam Hossen
| birth_date = c. 1820
| birth_place = [[Rander]], [[Surat district|Surat]], British Raj
| baptised =
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 1875
| death_place = [[Port Louis]], Mauritius
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| burial_place =
| burial_coordinates =
| monuments =
| other_names = Goolam Hossen Piperdy
| siglum = GH
| citizenship = [[Mauritius]], [[British Raj]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Businessperson|Businessman]]
| years_active = 1840-1875
| era =
| employer =
| organization = Goolam Hossen & Co
| agent =
| known_for = Business
| notable_works =
| style =
| height =
| television =
| title = Founder and former CEO of Goolam Hossen & Co
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Ajum Goolam Hossen]]
| party =
| otherparty =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = [[Ajum Goolam Hossen]]
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website =
| module =
}}

'''Goolam Hossen''', alias '''Piperdy''' (circa 1820 – 1875)<ref name=Macmillan1>{{cite book |last1=Macmillan |first1=Allister |title=Mauritius. Illustrated |date=1914 |publisher=W.H. & L. Collingridge |page=380 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpQPAQAAMAAJ&dq=goolam+hossen&pg=PA380}}</ref> was a notable Mauritian trader and entrepreneur, recognized for his pivotal involvement in facilitating the migration and commercial activities of South Gujarat Muslim merchants and traders from Surat to the British colony of Mauritius during the 19th century. His endeavors significantly influenced the development of commerce and industry within the burgeoning British territory of Mauritius.

==Migration==
The migration of South Gujarat Muslim merchants and traders from the hinterland of the bustling port city of Surat to Mauritius commenced in the 1830s. This initial wave was primarily motivated by the lucrative prospects in textiles and commodities trade. It wasn't until the 1850s that the migration and subsequent settlement of Gujarati Sunnee Vohras, colloquially referred to as 'marchands Arabes,' gained momentum. These enterprising individuals became a common sight in the Central Business District of eighteenth-century Port Louis, particularly along the streets of Corderie and Desforges, which would later be known as Surtee Bazaar.<ref name="SSMS History">{{cite web |title=SSMS History |url=https://www.ssms.mu/history |website=SSMS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Olia |first1=Yusuf |title=The Migration of Sunni Surtees to Mauritius |url=https://www.yusufolia.com/post/the-migration-of-sunni-surtees-to-mauritius |website=Yusuf Olia }}</ref>

Goolam Hossen was the second migrant to arrive in Mauritius from Surat. Establishing himself as a "Surtee" merchant, he played a pivotal role in the economic landscape and Indian community of Mauritius. His first son, [[Ajum Goolam Hossen|Ajum]], was born around 1850 in Pamplemousses, Mauritius, who continued Goolam's legacy.<ref name=Kalla2>{{cite book |last1=Kalla |first1=Abdool Cader |title=Gandhijis hosts in Mauritius |location=Mauritius |page=1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8058251 |access-date=1 Apr 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Goolam Hossen's arrival in Mauritius during the 1850s, following Bahemia, coincided with the migration of other South Gujarat Muslim merchants and traders from Surat, marking the inception of significant commercial activities in the region. The family firm of Piperdy, part of the bigger Piperdy of Rander,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gosine |first1=Mahin |title=The East Indian Odyssey |date=1994 |page=145 |publisher=Windsor Press |isbn=978-0-9639318-5-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9whuAAAAMAAJ&q=piperdy+of+rander}}</ref> registered in Mauritius as Goolam Hossen & Co., became known in the mid-late 19th century under his leadership.<ref name=Kalla2/>

Goolam Hossen's business acumen played a vital role in kickstarting the commerce and industry of Mauritius. Goolam Hossen & Co. expanded its operations to encompass a wide array of sectors including wholesale and retail trade, import and export, shipping, and real estate.<ref name=Macmillan1/><ref name=Kalla2/>

The firm's reach extended beyond the shores of Mauritius, with trading centers established in strategic locations such as Burma, Singapore, and the Arabian peninsula. Goolam Hossen & Co. primarily dealt in commodities such as foodstuffs, textiles, and timber, reflecting the prevailing trade patterns of the era.<ref name=Macmillan1/><ref name=Kalla2/>

Like many Indian merchants of the time, the Piperdy family, owners of Goolam Hossen & Co., were heavily involved in the real estate business.<ref name=Kalla2/>

==Legacy==
Upon Goolam Hossen's death in 1875, the company was passed down to his son Ajum, who then renamed it Ajum Goolam Hossen & Co.<ref name=Macmillan1/><ref name=Kalla2/>

==See also==
* [[Gujarati Muslims]]
* [[Sunni Bohra]]
* [[Ajum Goolam Hossen]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossen, Goolam}}
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:1875 deaths]]
[[Category:Mauritian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Mauritian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British Mauritius people]]
[[Category:Mauritian Muslims]]
[[Category:Gujarati businesspeople]]

Sajjan Bhajanka

2026-03-15T04:09:33Z

Sergzrr: Creating First Details And Citations...

{{Short description|Indian industrialist and Padma Shri awardee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sajjan Bhajanka
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 03/06/1952
| birth_place = [[Bawanikhera,Haryana]], [[India]]
| occupation = Industrialist
| known_for = Chairman of Century Plyboards (India) Ltd and Star Cement
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
}}

'''Sajjan Bhajanka''' (born 1952) is an Indian industrialist and the Chairman of [[Century Plyboards|Century Plyboards (India) Ltd]], a leading plywood and decorative veneer manufacturer, and [[Star Cement]], a major cement producer in the northeastern region of India. In 2025, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, for his contributions to trade and industry.<ref name="pib">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=25 January 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="padma">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 Notification |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf |website=Padma Awards |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhajanka played a pivotal role in building Century Plyboards into a ~₹20000-crore enterprise by market cap and expanding the company’s footprint in the wood panel and cement sectors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Century Plyboards' Sajjan Bhajanka to step down after Padma Shri |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/sajjan-bhajanka-centuryply-to-step-down-after-padma-shri-exclusive-interview-11746025648551.html |work=Mint |date=26 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Century Plyboards to triple MDF capacity by FY24 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/century-plyboards-to-triple-mdf-capacity-by-fy24/article65480083.ece |work=BusinessLine |date=31 May 2022 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

He also chairs Star Cement, which is one of the largest cement brands in Northeast India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Cement contributes ₹3 crore to Assam CM's flood relief fund |date=14 June 2025 |url=https://www.nktv.in/star-cement-contributes-rs-3-crore-to-assam-chief-ministers-flood-relief-fund/ |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gautam Adani's big move: In talks with Star Cement |url=https://www.india.com/business/gautam-adanis-one-more-big-move-this-time-in-talks-with-star-cement-to-acquire-some-part-7445562/ |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

Under his leadership, Century Plyboards also ventured into logistics, planning a business spin-off to focus on core verticals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Century Plyboards to hive off logistics business |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/century-plyboards-to-hive-off-logistics-business/cid/1837519 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Bhajanka has been widely recognized for his business acumen and contribution to the Indian manufacturing sector. He received the Padma Shri in 2025 in the field of trade and industry.<ref name="pib"/><ref name="padma"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Kolkata industrialist Sajjan Bhajanka honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/sajjan-bhajanka-padma-shri-kolkata-industrialist-9800286/ |work=The Indian Express |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Shri awardees from Bengal: Tejendra Majumdar, Mamata Shankar among 9 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-shankar-pt-tejendra-narayan-among-9-padma-awardees-from-bengal/articleshow/117559588.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 January 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Bhajanka is also known for his philanthropic initiatives, especially in the areas of disaster relief and social welfare. Star Cement, under his leadership, has donated to state relief funds and supported community programs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Cement contributes ₹3 crore to Assam CM's flood relief fund |date=14 June 2025 |url=https://www.nktv.in/star-cement-contributes-rs-3-crore-to-assam-chief-ministers-flood-relief-fund/ |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]

Leela Naidu

2026-03-12T10:01:40Z

Sergzrr: minor changes

{{Short description|Indian actress in Hindi and English films}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Leela Naidu
| image = Leela Naidu 2011 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Naidu on a 2011 [[India Post]] stamp
| birthname =
| birth_date = 1940<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/leela-naidu-miss-india-of-1954-who-went-on-to-forge-a-career-as-an-actress-with-a-touch-of-western-1790753.html |title=Leela Naidu: Miss India of 1954 who went on to forge a career as an |website=[[The Independent]] |date=21 September 2009 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416030641/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/leela-naidu-miss-india-of-1954-who-went-on-to-forge-a-career-as-an-actress-with-a-touch-of-western-1790753.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 28 July 2009 (aged 69)
| death_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| othername =
| occupation = Actor, Model {{Citation needed|date=July 2009|reason=Need a source which says she was a model}}
| years_active = 1960–1992
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list
| {{marriage |Tilak Raj Oberoi |1956 |end=div}}
| {{marriage |[[Dom Moraes]]|1969|end=separated}}
}}
| father = [[Pattipati Ramaiah Naidu]]
| awards = [[Femina Miss India]]
| website =
}}

'''Leela Naidu''' (1940 – 28 July 2009) was an Indian actress who starred in a small number of [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] films, including ''[[Yeh Raste Hain Pyar Ke]]'' (1963), based on the real-life [[K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra|Nanavati]] case, and ''[[The Householder (film)|The Householder]]'', [[Merchant Ivory Productions]]' first film. She was [[Femina Miss India]] in 1954, and was featured in the ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' along with [[Maharani Gayatri Devi]] in the list of "World's Ten Most Beautiful Women", a list she was continuously listed in from the 1950s to the 1960s in prominent fashion magazines worldwide.

==Early life==
Leela Naidu was born in Bombay (now Mumbai), India. Her father, Dr. [[Pattipati Ramaiah Naidu]], a well known [[nuclear physicist]], hailed from [[Madanapalle]], [[Chittoor]] District, [[Andhra Pradesh]], and had worked under the supervision of Nobel Laureate [[Marie Curie]] for his doctoral thesis in Paris. He ran one of Madame Curie's labs in Paris. Her mother, journalist and Indologist, Dr. Marthe Mange Naidu, was of Swiss-French origin, from Pont d'Avignon, South-France and earned her PhD from the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]].<ref name=yeh/><ref>[http://prevention.intoday.in/index.php?id=1620&issueid=13&option=com_content&task=view Profile] Lata Khubchandani, Prevention Today ([[India Today]])."French Mother"</ref><ref name=outlook>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-art-of-being-radiant/261179 |title=The Art Of Being Radiant |date=17 August 2009 |accessdate=30 July 2015 |work=Outlook |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132658/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-art-of-being-radiant/261179 |url-status=live}}</ref> Naidu was the only surviving child out of eight pregnancies as Marthe had seven miscarriages.

She grew up in Europe, went to school in Geneva, Switzerland, and in her teens, took acting lessons from Jean Renoir.

Leela met [[Salvador Dalí]] in Grand-hotel Opera, Paris where she posed for a painting of the Madonna.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9RSMrolEucC&q=dali |title=LEELA: A PATCHWORK LIFE |last=Pinto |first=Jerry |date=6 May 2010 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184752540 |language=en |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203130209/https://books.google.com/books?id=w9RSMrolEucC&q=dali |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Leela Naidu was crowned [[Femina Miss India]] in 1954, and the same year was featured in ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' magazine's list of the world's ten most beautiful women.<ref name=yeh>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title=Leela Naidu put India on the beauty map |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Leela-Naidu-put-India-on-the-beauty-map/articleshow/4832227.cms |date=29 July 2009 |accessdate=29 July 2009 |author-link=The Times of India |archive-date=31 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731120231/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Leela-Naidu-put-India-on-the-beauty-map/articleshow/4832227.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Actress, beauty queen Leela Naidu dead |url=http://ptinews.com/news/199096_Actress--beauty-queen-Leela-Naidu-dead |date=28 July 2009 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |accessdate=29 July 2009 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203130230/http://archive.ptinews.com/maintenance.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Film career===
Naidu made her film debut alongside [[Balraj Sahni]] in ''[[Anuradha (1960 film)|Anuradha]]'' (1962), directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]. Mukherjee cast Naidu in the role after he happened to see one of her pictures taken by [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]].<ref name=lee/> Though it was not successful at the box office, the film went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]], and garnered Naidu critical acclaim. The movie's music, including the songs "Haye Re Woh Din Kewn Na Aaye", "Jaane Kaise Sapnon Mein Kho Gayin Ankhiyan" and "Kaise Din Beete Kaisi Beeti Raatein", were composed by sitar maestro [[Ravi Shankar]].<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/12raju.htm A cineaste in the mainstream cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801144238/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/12raju.htm |date=1 August 2009 }} Raju Bharatan, [[Rediff.com]] 12 September 2000.</ref> Naidu's next film was Nitin Bose's ''[[Umeed (1962 film)|Umeed]]'' (1962), alongside [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Joy Mukherjee]].

She played an offbeat role as an adulterous wife in ''[[Yeh Rastey Hain Pyar Ke]]'' (1963), directed by [[R.K. Nayyar]].<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/25dutt7.htm 'The gentleman of the industry'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525070906/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/25dutt7.htm |date=25 May 2011 }} Lata Khubchandani, [[Rediff.com]] 25 May 2005.</ref> The movie, which co-starred [[Sunil Dutt]] and [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], was based on the real life case [[K. M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra]].<ref name=yeh/><ref name=lee>{{cite news |title=Leela Naidu personified grace and beauty |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City/Mumbai/Leela-Naidu-personified-grace-and-beauty/articleshow/4831749.cms |date=29 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=29 July 2009 |first1=Bharati |last1=Dubey |archive-date=31 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731140600/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City/Mumbai/Leela-Naidu-personified-grace-and-beauty/articleshow/4831749.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite its topical nature and controversial theme, the movie flopped; however, some of its songs, notably "Ye Khaamoshiyaan, Ye Tanahaaiyaan", became quite popular.<ref>[http://passionforcinema.com/a-leela-naidu-film-ya-raste-hain-pyar-ke/ A Leela Naidu film : Ya Raste hain Pyar ke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526071015/http://passionforcinema.com/a-leela-naidu-film-ya-raste-hain-pyar-ke/ |date=26 May 2009 }} Passion for Cinema, 10 November 2006.</ref>

In 1963, Naidu played the lead role of a rebellious young bride in the first [[Merchant Ivory Productions|Merchant Ivory film]] ''[[The Householder (film)|The Householder]]'', directed by [[James Ivory]]. According to Leela in her 2009 semi-biography, Ivory and [[Ismail Merchant]] had approached her about making their first ever feature movie with a story about an archaeologist, but this fell through as the backers did not like the film script. She then suggested to Merchant-Ivory, making a movie about a book called [[The Householder]] by [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]], which led to their introduction to Ruth and a fruitful lifelong partnership. [[Satyajit Ray]] lent his crew, got many of the actors he used in his movies to act in this movie, selected the music and musicians, re-cut and reedited the final version, thus guiding and teaching Merchant-Ivory in movie making technique which they successfully used in their award-winning movies and documentaries in the future.

After watching her performance in the film, [[Satyajit Ray]] planned an English film, ''The Journey'', with [[Marlon Brando]], [[Shashi Kapoor]] and Naidu, but the film was never made.<ref>{{cite news |title=Satyajit Ray planned film with Leela Naidu, Brando |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4830321.cms |date=28 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=29 July 2009 |archive-date=3 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803192749/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4830321.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She was considered for the role of Rosie in [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]]'s ''[[Guide (film)|Guide]]'' (1965), but the role required a trained dancer, and so Naidu lost out to [[Waheeda Rehman]]. Her last film in Hindi mainstream cinema was ''Baghi'' (1964), a costume extravaganza co-starring [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Vijaya Choudhury]] and [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]].

Later, Naidu made a guest appearance in the Merchant-Ivory film, ''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' (1969).<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/26leela.htm 'He was an adorable producer'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804015229/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/26leela.htm |date=4 August 2007 }} Lata Khubchandani. [[Rediff.com]] 26 May 2005.</ref> She returned to cinema in 1985 to play a [[Goan]] matriarch in [[Shyam Benegal]]'s period film ''[[Trikaal]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leela was wonderful: Benegal |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ENTERTAINMENT/Bollywood/News-Interviews/Leela-was-wonderful-Benegal/articleshow/4832879.cms |date=29 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=29 July 2009 |archive-date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802152749/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ENTERTAINMENT/Bollywood/News-Interviews/Leela-was-wonderful-Benegal/articleshow/4832879.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Her appearance in ''[[Electric Moon]]'' (1992), directed by [[Pradip Krishen]], turned out to be her last cinematic role.

She turned down [[Raj Kapoor]] four times when he approached her for casting her in his films. David Lean wanted to cast her as Tonya in ''Dr. Zhivago'', Satyajit Ray wanted to make a film with her and Marlon Brando.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-lifelong-battle-against-beauty-110061600061_1.html |title=A lifelong battle against beauty |author=Suveen K. Sinha |date=16 June 2010 |work=Business Standard |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915162805/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-lifelong-battle-against-beauty-110061600061_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Leela Naidu produced a documentary on mentally challenged children ''A Certain Childhood'', which was Kumar Shahni's first directorial project under the banner of Leela Naidu Films. Later, she registered under Unicorn Films to make another film ''Houseless Bombay'', but it was never made. She briefly held a job as an editor at the Bombay-based magazine ''Key Notes''.

In September 2009, ''Lila'', a documentary on Leela Naidu's life, by Bidisha Roy Das and Priyanjana Dutta was released.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sense and sensitivity: A documentary gives us glimpses of Leela Naidu, the person |url=http://www.livemint.com/Articles/2009/08/28205724/Sense-and-sensitivity.html |publisher=[[Live Mint]] |date=28 August 2009 |author=Jerry Pinto |author-link=Jerry Pinto |access-date=27 January 2010 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203130149/https://www.livemint.com/articles/2009/08/28205724/sense-and-sensitivity.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1956, at the age of 17, she married [[Tilak Raj Oberoi]], son of [[Mohan Singh Oberoi]], the founder of the luxury [[Oberoi Hotels]] chain.<ref name=ob>{{cite web |url=http://www.famoushotels.org/article/606 |title=Oberoi Mohan Singh |date=9 November 2009 |publisher=The Most Famous Hotels in the World. |access-date=29 July 2009 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227055208/http://famoushotels.org/article/606 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tilak Raj, known as "Tikki", was 33 years old at the time.<ref name=ob/><ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=99523 Leela Naidu: An icon of Indian cinema passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007153755/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=99523 |date=7 October 2012 }} ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', 1 August 2009</ref> Naidu and Oberoi had twin daughters, Maya and Priya. The brief marriage ended in divorce, and Oberoi won custody of the girls. Subsequently, Naidu met philosopher [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] while in London, and was deeply attracted to his teachings.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/17spec1.htm The Philosopher and the Actress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802014130/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/17spec1.htm |date=2 August 2009 }} [[Rediff.com]] 17 February 2001.</ref> In 1969, she was married for the second time, to [[Mumbai]] poet [[Dom Moraes]]. They lived in [[Hong Kong]], [[New York City]], [[New Delhi]], and Mumbai for about 25 years. After the relationship ended, Naidu led a somewhat reclusive life in [[Colaba]], Mumbai.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/One-of-world-s--most-beautiful-women--dies/495313 One of world's 'most beautiful women' dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731120513/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/One-of-world-s--most-beautiful-women--dies/495313 |date=31 July 2009 }} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 29 July 2009.</ref>

==Death==
Leela Naidu's separation from her second husband Moraes caused her to retire from public life. She lived alone, in an elegant and large old flat bequeathed to her father by the Tatas, at Sargent House, in old Bombay the by-lane of the Colaba Causeway, Mumbai. <ref name="Sargent">{{cite web |last1=Express |first1=The Indian |title=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/love-and-longing/499330/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=The Express Group, India |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref> Naidu spent most of her last decade indoors but had a steady roster of visitors as she was an excellent conversationalist. She would call her friends and keep in touch with both her daughters and grandsons. Her daughter Priya died of a heart attack on 8 February 2008.

Leela Naidu died in Mumbai on 28 July 2009, due to lung failure after a prolonged bout of [[influenza]], at the age of 69.<ref name=toi>{{cite news |title=Veteran Hindi film actress Leela Naidu dies |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Veteran-Hindi-film-actress-Leela-Naidu-dies/articleshow/4829286.cms |date=28 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=29 July 2009 |archive-date=31 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731111841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Veteran-Hindi-film-actress-Leela-Naidu-dies/articleshow/4829286.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090731125516/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/yesteryear-actor-leela-naidu-dead/98035-8.html Leela Naidu dead] [[CNN-IBN]] 28 July 2009.</ref> Her funeral was held on 29 July in Chandanwadi Crematorium attended by her daughter Maya, grandchildren and friends.

==Books==
* ''Leela: A Patchwork Life'' co-authored with [[Jerry Pinto]]. Penguin Group, 2009.

== Filmography ==

===Films===
*''[[Anuradha (1960 film)|Anuradha]]'' (1962), aka ''Love of Anuradha'' (International: English title) .... Anuradha Roy
*''[[Umeed (1962 film)|Umeed]]'' (1962)
*''[[Yeh Raste Hain Pyar Ke]]'' (1963) .... Neena
*''[[The Householder (film)|The Householder]]'' (1963), aka ''Gharbar'' .... Indu
*''Baghi'' (1964)
*''[[Aabroo (1968 film)|Aabroo]]'' (1968) .... Sharda
*''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' (1969) .... Girl at the Party
*''[[Trikaal]]'' (Past, Present and Future) (1985) .... Dona Maria Souzasoares
*''[[Electric Moon]]'' (1992) .... Socks

===Television===

*''[[Man of the World (TV series)|Man of the World]]'' .... Dr. Bahandi (1 episode – "The Frontier", 1962)
*''[[Channing (TV series)|Channing]]'' The Face in the Sun (1 episode – "The Young and the Bold", 1964) .... Anna

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name}}
* [http://prevention.intoday.in/index.php?id=1620&issueid=13&option=com_content&task=view May you stay forever young:Profile]
* [http://www.domain-b.com/people/in_the_news/20090729_leela_naidu.html Flower in the shade: Leela Naidu passes away]

* [http://www.hamaraphotos.com/leela_naidu_463.html Photos of Leela Naidu]


{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, Leela}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Female models from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Moraes family]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]

Danish East India Company

2026-03-08T11:46:24Z

Sergzrr: small changes

{{Short description|Defunct Danish trading company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
[[File:Map of Danish India.png|thumb|Map of [[Danish India]]]]
The '''Danish East India Company'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html |title=The Danish East India Company |access-date=12 April 2004 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011223300/http://www.scholiast.org/history/tra-narr.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ({{langx|da|Ostindisk Kompagni}}<ref name="dens_Osti">{{Cite web
| title = Ostindisk Kompagni
| work = Den Store Danske (Gyldendal)
| access-date = 2020-02-09
| url = http://denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Sydasien/Sydasiens_historie_og_biografier/Ostindisk_Kompagni
| language = da
| archive-date = 4 February 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200204074520/http://denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Sydasien/Sydasiens_historie_og_biografier/Ostindisk_Kompagni
| url-status = live
}}</ref>) refers to two separate Danish-Norwegian [[chartered company|chartered companies]]. The first company operated between 1616 and 1650. The second company existed between 1670 and 1729, however, in 1730 it was re-founded as the '''[[Danish Asiatic Company|Asiatic Company]]''' ({{langx|da|Asiatisk Kompagni}}).

==First company==
[[File:Fort Dansborg.JPG|thumb|Fort Dansborg at [[Tranquebar]], built by [[Ove Gedde]] in 1620.]]

[[File:Den 19. november 1620 signerede Nayaka Raghunata af Thanjavur en aftale med Kong Christian 4.jpg|thumb|The [[Tranquebar Treaty of 1620]].]]
The first Danish East India Company was chartered in 1616 under [[Christian IV of Denmark|King Christian IV]] and focused on trade with [[India]]. [[Ove Gjedde's Expedition|The first expedition]], under Admiral [[Ove Gjedde|Gjedde]], took two years to reach Ceylon, losing more than half their crew. The island had been claimed by [[Portuguese India|Portugal]] by the time they arrived but on 10{{nbsp}}May 1620, a treaty was concluded with the [[Kingdom of Kandy]] and the foundation laid of a settlement at [[Trincomalee]] on the island's east coast.<ref name=BAG>{{cite book|title=The Bengal and Agra Annual Guide and Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDQ5SzWIDg8C|year=1841|publisher=W. Rushton and Company|page=415|access-date=13 December 2015|archive-date=7 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807022447/https://books.google.com/books?id=BDQ5SzWIDg8C|url-status=live}}</ref> They occupied the colossal [[Koneswaram temple]] in May 1620 to begin fortification of the peninsula before being [[Conquest of Koneswaram Temple|expelled by the Portuguese]].<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = Barner Jensen
| isbn = 9788798368236
| last = Jensen
| first = Uno Barner
| title = Danish East India, Trade Coins and the Coins of Tranquebar: 1620 - 1845
| date = 1997
}}, pp. 11-12; {{Cite book
| publisher = Il Mulino
| isbn = 9788815011985
| last = Furber
| first = Holden
| title = Imperi rivali nei mercati d'Oriente, 1600-1800
| date = 1986
}}, note n° 66, p. 326: "[[Senarat of Kandy]] sent to Trincomalee 60 Sinhala men in order to help the Danes in the construction of their fort. During their permanence in Trincomalee, the Danesh coined also some "Larins", on which were recorded the words 'Don Erich Grubbe', of these coins, today do not remain trace, if not in the diary of Ove Giedde."</ref> After landing on the Indian mainland, a [[Tranquebar Treaty of 1620|treaty was concluded]] with the ruler of the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Tanjore Kingdom]],
[[Raghunatha Nayak]], who gave the Danes possession of the town of [[Tranquebar]], and permission to trade in the kingdom by treaty of 19{{nbsp}}November 1620.<ref name=BAG /> In Tranquebar they established [[Dansborg]] and installed Captain [[Roland Crappé]] as the [[Governor of Tranquebar|first governor]] (''[[opperhoved]]'') of [[Danish India]].<ref name="forchennai">''Foreningen Trankebar''. "[http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011 Artikel om en tur fra Chennai til Trankebar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016135042/http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011 |date=16 October 2013 }}".</ref> The treaty was renewed on 30{{nbsp}}July 1621, and afterwards renewed and confirmed on the 10{{nbsp}}May 1676, by [[Shivaji]] the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name=BAG />

During their heyday, the Danish East India Company and [[Swedish East India Company]] imported more tea than the [[British East India Company]], smuggling 90% of it into [[Kingdom of England|England]], where it could be sold at a huge profit. Between 1624-36, Danish trade extended to [[Surat]], [[Bengal]], [[Java]], and [[Borneo]], with [[Factory (trading post)|factories]] in [[Masulipatam]], Surat, [[Balasore]] and at Java, but subsequent European wars in which Denmark participated ruined the Company, and trade in India ceased entirely between 1643–69, during which time all previous acquisitions were lost except Tranquebar, which held out until aid from Denmark arrived in 1669.<ref name=BAG />

===Second company, 1670{{ndash}}1729===
[[File:Danish Colonial Merchant Ensign India.png|thumb|Colonial Merchant Ensign of Danish India]]
In 1670, a second Danish East India Company was established- The first board of directors consisted of then-retired admiral [[Cort Adeler]], vice president of ''[[Kommercekollegiet]]'' [[Jens Juel (diplomat)|Jens Juel]], Admiralty Councillor Paul von Klingeberg, Supreme Court justice [[Thomas Fincke (judge)|Thomas Fincke]], Supreme Court justice Peder Pedersøn Lerche and stamped-paper manager Albert Heintz.<ref name="Marcussen">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.jmarcussen.dk/historie/hart/rejser/kompagni/kompagni.html#dest110|title=2. Ostindiske Kompagni|language=da|website=jmarcussen.dk|access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref>

Back in 1668, the naval ship HDMS ''Færø'' had already been sent to Tranquebar. In 1670, Dansborg was ceded to the company. In 1674, [[Sivert Adeler]] was installed as the new governor of Danish India. In 1682, he was replaced by [[Axel Juel]].<ref name="Marcussen"/>

The company found itself unable to finance any expeditions between 1721 and 1725. The result was that private expeditions were tolerated in return for the payment of a fee to the company. It too was dissolved in 1729.<ref name="Marcussen"/>

==Ships==
{{expand list|date=May 2012}}

* ''Kiøbenhavn'' and ''Christian'' (1618–1621, part of the [[Gjedde expedition]] that founded [[Dansborg]] at [[Tranquebar]])<ref name="ReferenceA">The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel: An Account of the Danish East India Company in Tranquebar, 1639-48</ref>
* ''Christianshavn'' (8 November 1639, [[Willem Leyel]] left [[Denmark]] for [[Tranquebar]] as commander of this ship)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ''Flyvende Ulv'' (Departure from [[Copenhagen]] 1682 with ''Axel Juhl'', who was appointed governor of [[Tranquebar]] later the same year. Departure from [[Copenhagen]] 1685 with ''Wollf Heinrich v. Calnein'', governor of [[Tranquebar]] 1687)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/side.php?id=8542|title=Enkeltskibsoplysninger FLYVENDE ULV / DEN FLYVENDE ULV / ULVEN|date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[Cron Printz Christian (DAC ship)|Cron Printz Christian]]'' (''Cron Printzen'') and ''Den gyldne Løve'' (1730–31, the Tønder expedition that opened trade with China - Den gyldne Løve was shipwrecked in Ireland)
* ''Elephant(en)'' (1747–1750) The ship was lost on 15 August [[List of shipwrecks in 1750|1750]] in [[Mossel Bay|"Mosele Bay"]], near the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Cape of Good Hope]]. There were 35 survivors; they were rescued by ''Onwerkirk'' ({{flag|Dutch Republic}}). ''Elephant'' was on a voyage from [[Tranquebar]], [[Company Rule in India|India]] to [[Copenhagen]].<ref name=LL120350>{{cite news |title=The Marine List |journal=Lloyd's List |issue=1595 |publisher=Lloyd's of London |date=12 March 1750 |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028378910;view=1up;seq=48}}</ref><ref name=LL190350>{{cite news |title=The Marine List |journal=Lloyd's List |issue=1597 |publisher=Lloyd's of London |date=19 March 1750 |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028378910;view=1up;seq=52 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511060348/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015028378910&seq=55 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Grev Moltke'' (1760, first [[Moravian missionaries]])
* ''Nicobar'' Sunk 1783 with load of Swedish Plate Money.
*Disco (1778 ship), frigate built for the Danish navy and named for [[Disko Island]], but transferred to Danish EIC before maiden voyage.<ref>Marcussen - [http://www.jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/side.php?id=3137 Disco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419022925/http://www.jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/side.php?id=3137 |date=19 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/ Royal Danish Navy Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109040605/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/ |date=9 January 2013 }} - [http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/Skibdk.htm List of ships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231105643/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/Skibdk.htm |date=31 December 2012 }} - [https://web.archive.org/web/20030512093625/http://www.orlogsbasen.dk/visskib.asp?skib=Disco&la=1 Disco]</ref>
*[[Protector (1779 frigate)|''Hussar'']], purchased 1783.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015065522776?urlappend=%3Bseq=160 ''Lloyd's Register''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511060411/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015065522776&seq=158 |date=11 May 2024 }} (1784), Seq. №H343.]</ref>
*[[HDMS Det Store Bælt (1782)|Holsten (I)]], renamed from ''Det Store Bælt'', declared unseaworthy and condemned at Mauritius in 1807<ref>[http://www.jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/index.php Marcussen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923031607/http://jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/index.php |date=23 September 2020 }} - Holsten (I) [http://www.jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/side.php?id=9691 record card] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008134329/http://www.jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/side.php?id=9691 |date=8 October 2019 }}</ref>
*[[Warren Hastings (1802 EIC ship)|Holsten (II)]] purchased in 1806 from the French at Mauritius and renamed to replace Holsten (I).<ref>[http://www.jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/index.php Marcussen] - Holsten (II) [http://www.jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/side.php?id=9692 record card] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511070418/http://www.jmarcussen.dk/maritim/skibsliste/side.php?id=9692 |date=11 May 2024 }}</ref> Seized by the British ([[HMS Modeste (1793)]], [[HMS Terpsichore (1785)]] and HMS Dasher) on the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] in January 1808.<ref>London Gazette [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16982/page/219 Issue 16982 Page 219] dated 7 February 1815</ref> Six other Danish ships were seized at the same time

==See also==
{{Portal|Denmark|India|Companies}}
* [[Danish India]]
* [[Danish Mission College]]
* [[Tranquebar Mission]]
* [[Danish West India Company]]
* [[British East India Company]]
* [[Assada Company]], English trading company, founded 1635 and ceased 1657
* [[Austrian East India Company]], founded 1775 and ceased 1785
* [[Dutch East India Company]], founded 1602 and ceased 1798
* [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]], founded 1723 and ceased 1769
* [[Portuguese East India Company]], founded 1628 and ceased 1633
* [[Swedish East India Company]], founded 1731 and ceased 1813
* [[List of trading companies]]
* [[Whampoa anchorage]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120107211336/http://www.business.dk/investor/det-sorte-afrika-koelhaling-og-skoerbug Article in Danish]
*[https://runeberg.org/dbl/12/0305.html Projekt Runeberg Danish biographical lexicon] {{in lang|da}}
*[http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/scandinavia/frrevden.html Denmark during the Age of the French Revolution, 1790–1814]
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India.htm#Danish%20India WorldStatesmen – India]

{{Danish overseas empire}}
[[Category:Danish East India Company| ]]
{{Chartered companies}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Chartered companies]]
[[Category:Danish India]]
[[Category:Trading companies of Denmark]]
[[Category:Colonial Indian companies]]
[[Category:1616 establishments in Denmark]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1616]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of Denmark]]
[[Category:1620s in Danish India]]
[[Category:1630s in Danish India]]
[[Category:1640s in Danish India]]

Toyota Kirloskar Motor

2026-03-06T18:57:39Z

Sergzrr: edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{short description|Subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt Ltd
| logo = Toyota.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Joint venture]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1997|10|06|df=yes}}
| location = [[Bidadi]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| key_people = Masakazu Yoshimura {{small|([[Director (business)|Managing Director]])}}<ref name="tii-about">{{cite web |url=https://www.toyotabharat.com/toyota-in-india/about/ |title=Toyota in India |publisher=Toyota Kirloskar |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref>
| owner = {{Unbulleted_list
| [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]] (89%)
| [[Kirloskar Group]] (11%)
}}
| num_employees = 7,000<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.toyotabharat.com/news/dist/2016/July-07.aspx |title=Toyota Kirloskar Motor steps up for the challenge to curtail carbon footprint in the city |publisher=Toyota |location=India |date=7 July 2016 |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512181217/http://www.toyotabharat.com/news/dist/2016/July-07.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| products = [[Automobiles]]
| production = {{increase}} 337,148 units (2025)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/exclusive-toyota-kirloskar-motor-delivers-record-%E2%82%B95672-cr-profit-in-fy25-elevates-indias-role-in-global-sales-128016?amp=1|title=Toyota Kirloskar Motor Delivers Record ₹5,672 Cr Profit in FY25, Elevates India's Role in Global Sales|publisher=Autocar}}</ref>
| subsid =
| revenue = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|65542|c}} (2025)<ref name="auto"/>
| operating_income = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|6494|c}} (2025)<ref name="auto"/>
| net_income = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|5672|c}} (2025)<ref name="auto"/>
| homepage = {{URL|www.toyotabharat.com}}
}}

'''Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited (TKM)''' is an Indian joint venture between [[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]] (89%) and [[Kirloskar Group]] (11%), for the manufacture and sales of Toyota cars in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Careers|url=http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/careers/index.aspx|access-date=14 May 2013|publisher=Toyota Kirloskar|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043949/http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/careers/index.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="about">{{cite web|title=Toyota in India|url=http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/about/index.aspx|access-date=14 May 2013|publisher=Toyota Kirloskar|archive-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901083637/http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/about/index.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The headquarters are located in [[Bidadi]], [[Karnataka]], near [[Bengaluru]].

== History ==
[[Toyota Motor Corporation]] entered India in 1997 in a joint venture with the [[Kirloskar Group]]. Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) holds 89% of the share and the remaining 11% is owned by Kirloskar Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business.mapsofindia.com/automobile/car-manufacturers/toyota-kirloskar-motor.html|title=Toyota Kirloskar Motors Ltd|website=business.mapsofindia.com}}</ref> It is based in [[Bidadi]], [[Karnataka]], near [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].

The company released its first product in the Indian automotive market with the launch of the [[Toyota Qualis|Qualis]] in 2000. Occupying the multi utility vehicle (MUV) segment, sales of the model grew within a short span of 2 years to capture 20 per cent market share from established local manufacturers such as [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] and [[Tata Motors]]. In 2002 and 2003, Toyota introduced the [[Toyota Camry|Camry]] and [[Toyota Corolla|Corolla]] respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt Ltd |url=https://www.ibef.org/download/TOYOTA_24jan.pdf |website=ibef.org |publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation}}</ref>

In 2005, TKM launched the [[Toyota Innova|Innova]] to replace the Qualis, which is based on a modern [[Toyota IMV platform|IMV platform]]. Later, new models were introduced including the IMV series [[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]] SUV in 2009 and [[Toyota Hilux|Hilux]] pickup truck in 2022. To support the new products, the sales and service network was developed further from 22 outlets in 2000 to 166 in 2011, and 359 in 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=20 years of Toyota in India: The past, present and future |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/20-years-of-toyota-in-india-the-past-present-and-future/1594545/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Financialexpress |date=June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Under the Entry Family Car (EFC) project, TKM started producing the [[Toyota Etios|Etios]] in 2010 as the company's first entry-level model.<ref name=":1" /> Production of the vehicle created more than 2,000 jobs at TKM's newly-built second plant and approximately 500 jobs at Toyota Kirloskar Auto Parts Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toyota launches for-India 'etios' compact car |url=https://newsroom.toyota.eu/2010-toyota-launches-for-india-etios-compact-car/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Toyota launches for-India 'etios' compact car |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Toyota introduced its luxury brand [[Lexus]] in the country.<ref name=":1" />

=== Suzuki partnership ===
Toyota started considering its partnership agreement with Suzuki in the Indian market in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-28 |title=Toyota and Suzuki Enter into Capital Alliance Agreement |url=https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/29375884.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Toyota Motor Corporation Official Global Website |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, both companies agreed to market [[electric vehicles]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-17 |title=Toyota and Suzuki Conclude Memorandum on EV Introduction in India |url=https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/20073035.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Toyota Motor Corporation Official Global Website |language=en}}</ref> In 2018 and 2019, Toyota outlined its initial plan for the partnership with Suzuki, including receiving supply of [[Suzuki Baleno (subcompact)|Baleno]], [[Suzuki Vitara Brezza|Vitara Brezza]], [[Suzuki Ciaz|Ciaz]] and [[Suzuki Ertiga|Ertiga]] models from Suzuki, and supplying the Corolla to Suzuki. Plans also included production of the Suzuki-developed SUV at TKM from 2022 and the production of [[hybrid electric vehicles]] in India. In 2019, TKM released the Glanza as a rebadged Baleno, and the Urban Cruiser as a rebadged Vitara Brezza in 2020. In 2022, TKM released the [[Urban Cruiser Hyryder]], which is developed by Suzuki, produced by TKM while incorporating the [[Toyota Hybrid System]].

== Manufacturing facilities ==
TKMPL's current plant at [[Bidadi]], [[Karnataka]] is spread across 850 acres and has a capacity of 110,000 vehicles per annum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/PR_March_etios_2011.asp |title=Toyota - Toyota Takes Steps to Reduce Waiting Period for Etios |access-date=23 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317042430/http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/PR_March_etios_2011.asp |archive-date=17 March 2011 }}</ref> TKMPL's second manufacturing plant on the outskirts of [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] has a capacity of 210,000 vehicles per annum. Total production capacity is 320,000 vehicles per annum. On 16 March 2011, it announced that it was increasing production to 210,000 vehicles per annum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/PR_March_Production_2011.asp |title=Toyota - Toyota Kirloskar Motor ramps up production to 2,10,000 units |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427034754/http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/PR_March_Production_2011.asp |archive-date=27 April 2011 }}</ref> due to increase in demand for its models especially the [[Toyota Etios|Etios]] and [[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]].

== Industrial relations ==
On 16 March 2014, Toyota Kirloskar Motor temporarily suspended the production at two of its assembly plants in [[Bidadi]], [[Karnataka]] whose production capacity was 310,000 units annually and has employee strength of 6,400. Cause for the shutdown was failure to reach an agreement with the union over the issue of wages, deliberate stoppages of the production line by certain sections of the employees and abusing & threatening of supervisors thereby disrupting the production for the past 25 days.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/toyota-locks-out-workers-at-two-bangalore-plants/article1-1196332.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317084619/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/toyota-locks-out-workers-at-two-bangalore-plants/article1-1196332.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2014 |title=Toyota shuts 2 India plants in lockout over wages |date=17 March 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/toyota-kirloskar-declares-lockout/article5793094.ece |title=Toyota Kirloskar declares lock-out |date=16 March 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/toyota-kirloskar-motor-declares-lockout-at-bidadi-over-labour-woes/articleshow/32153156.cms |title=Toyota Kirloskar Motor declares lockout at Bidadi over labour woes |date=16 March 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Toyota-declares-lockout-at-its-Bidadi-facility/articleshow/32152552.cms |title=Toyota declares lockout at its Bidadi facility |date=16 March 2014 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Toyota Kirloskar Motor announced on 21 March 2014 to lift the lockout at the plants effective from 24 March 2014 with subject to an acceptance of a service condition which requires all the employees signing an undertaking on good conduct.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Toyota-agrees-to-lift-lockout-at-its-Bangalore-units/articleshow/32375326.cms |title=Toyota agrees to lift lockout at its Bangalore units |date=21 March 2014 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/toyota-crisis-resolved-company-lifts-lockout/article5811323.ece |title=Toyota crisis resolved, company lifts lockout |date=21 March 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On 22 April 2014, employees called off the strike after 36 days of standoff and resumed full operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Toyota plant in Bangalore resumes operations as workers return|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/toyota-plant-in-bangalore-resumes-operations-as-workers-return/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref>

== Etios motor racing ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
Toyota India started a One make racing series in India with the Etios car called the 'Etios Motor Racing Series'.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/toyota-to-launch-motor-racing-series-next-year-in-india/957048/ | title=Toyota to launch motor racing series next year in India | date=2 June 2012}}</ref> The series started in 2012, it witnessed an overwhelming response from the Indian youngsters, with 3300 applicants. They held 2 rounds of exhibition races in 2012, one at a purpose built race track in Chennai called the Sriperumbudur race track and other in the form of ROC (Race of champions) in Gurgaon. The 25 selected drivers then competed in the main championship held in the later half of 2013. The cars were prepared by Red Rooster Performance (based in Bangalore), and designed by TRD (Toyota Racing Development). With stock engines producing almost 100 bhp, the cars were a good platform for youngsters to step from karting to touring cars. Also the relatively cheaper budget of just $3216 for the entire series which includes an entire OMP racing kit makes it one of the best one-make series to compete in.

==Models==
===Current models===
====Toyota====
===== Combustion engine vehicles =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 90%"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="9%" | Model
! rowspan="2" width="9%" | Indian introduction
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Current model
! rowspan="2" width="9%" | Notes
|-
! width="9%" | Introduction
! width="9%" | Update/[[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]]
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan=6 | '''[[Hatchback]]'''
|-
| [[File:Toyota Glanza 2022 Facelift.jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Glanza|Glanza]]
| 2019
| 2022 ([[Toyota Glanza (2022)|second generation]])
| —
| Rebadged from Suzuki Baleno Locally produced
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan=6 | '''[[Sedan (automobile)|Sedan]]'''
|-
| [[File:TOYOTA CAMRY (XV80) China (2).jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Camry|Camry]]
| 2002
| 2024 ([[Toyota Camry (XV80)|XV80]])
| —
| [[Strong hybrid]] powertrain is standard Locally produced
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan=6 | '''[[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]/[[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]'''
|-
| [[File:Front view of Toyota Urban Cruiser Taisor.jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Urban Cruiser Taisor|Urban Cruiser Taisor]]
| 2024
| 2024 ([[Toyota Urban Cruiser Taisor|first generation]])
| —
| Rebadged from Suzuki Fronx Locally produced
|-
| [[File:2022 Toyota Urban Cruiser Hyryder V Hybrid (India) front view.jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Urban Cruiser Hyryder|Urban Cruiser Hyryder]]
| 2022
| 2022 ([[Toyota Urban Cruiser Hyryder|first generation]])
| —
| Rebadged from Suzuki Grand Vitara Strong hybrid powertrain is optional Locally produced
|-
| [[File:2021 Toyota Fortuner 4.0 SRV 4x4 (Colombia) front view.png|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]]
| 2009
| 2016 ([[Toyota Fortuner (AN150)|AN150/AN160]])
| 2021
| Locally produced
|-
| [[File:2021 Toyota Land Cruiser 300 3.4 ZX (Colombia) front view 04.png|200px]]
! scope="row" |[[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]]
| 2010
| 2023 ([[Toyota Land Cruiser (J300)|J300]])
| —
| Imported from Japan
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan=6 | '''[[Minivan|MPV]]'''
|-
| [[File:The Right Front Three Quarter image of the Toyota Rumion (cropped).jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Rumion|Rumion]]
| 2023
| 2023 ([[Toyota Rumion|first generation]])
| —
| Rebadged from Suzuki Ertiga
|-
| [[File:2021 Toyota Kijang Innova 2.0 V Luxury (front), Citraland, West Surabaya.jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Innova Crysta|Innova Crysta]]
| 2016
| 2016 ([[Toyota Innova Crysta|AN140]])
| 2023
| Locally produced
|-
| [[File:2022 Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix G HV (MAGH10; 11-25-2022).jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Innova HyCross|Innova HyCross]]
| 2023
| 2023 ([[Toyota Innova HyCross|AG10]])
| —
| Strong hybrid powertrain is optional Locally produced
|-
| [[File:Toyota VELLFIRE HYBRID Z Premier 2WD (6AA-AAHH40W-PFXTB) front.jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Vellfire|Vellfire]]
| 2020
| 2023 ([[Toyota Vellfire (AH40)|AH40]])
| —
| Strong hybrid powertrain is standard Imported from Japan
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan=6 | '''[[Pickup truck]]'''
|-
| [[File:2025 Toyota HiLux SR5 Bondi.jpg |200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Hilux|Hilux]]
| 2022
| 2022 ([[Toyota Hilux (AN120)|AN120]])
| —
| Locally produced
|}

=====Electric vehicles=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 90%"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="9%" | Model
! rowspan="2" width="9%" | Indian introduction
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Current model
! rowspan="2" width="9%" | Notes
|-
! width="9%" | Introduction
! width="9%" | Update/[[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]]
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan=6 | '''[[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]/[[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]'''
|-
| [[File:Toyota Urban Cruiser (electric) Auto Zuerich 2025 DSC 3550.jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Toyota Urban Cruiser Ebella|Urban Cruiser Ebella]]
| 2026
| 2026 ([[Suzuki e Vitara|first generation]])
| —
| Rebadged from Suzuki e Vitara Locally produced
|-
|}

====Lexus====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 90%"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="9%" | Model
! rowspan="2" width="9%" | Indian introduction
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Current model
! rowspan="2" width="9%" | Notes
|-
! width="9%" | Introduction
! width="9%" | Update/[[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]]
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan=6 | '''[[Sedan (automobile)|Sedan]]'''
|-
| [[File:2022 Lexus ES 350 (GSZ10) 1X7A5794.jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Lexus ES|ES]]
| 2015
| 2019 ([[Lexus ES (XZ10)|XZ10]])
| 2021
| [[Strong hybrid]] powertrain is standard Locally produced
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan=6 | '''[[Sports car]]'''
|-
| [[File:Lexus LC Convertible IMG 4916.jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Lexus LC|LC]]
| 2017
| 2017 ([[Lexus LC|First generation]])
| —
| Strong hybrid powertrain is standard. Imported from Japan
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan=6 | '''[[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]/[[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]'''
|-
| [[File:Lexus NX 350h (AAZH20,AAZH25) IMG 6332.jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Lexus NX|NX]]
| 2020
| 2022 ([[Lexus NX (AZ20)|AZ20]])
| —
| Strong hybrid powertrain is optional. Second generation imported from Japan.
|-
| [[File:2022 Lexus RX 450h+ AWD (Japan) front view.jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Lexus RX|RX]]
| 2015
| 2023 ([[Lexus RX#AL10 2|ALA10/ALH10]])
| —
| Strong hybrid powertrain is standard. Imported from Japan
|-
| [[File:Lexus LX 500d (J300) (cropped).jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Lexus LX|LX]]
| 2015
| 2021 ([[Lexus LX (J310)|J310]])
|—
| Imported from Japan
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan=6 | '''[[Minivan|MPV]]'''
|-
| [[File:Lexus LM500h IMG01 (cropped).jpg|200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Lexus LM|LM]]
| 2023
| 2023 ([[Lexus LM (AW10)|AW10]])
| —
| Strong hybrid powertrain is standard. Imported from Japan
|}

=== Discontinued models ===
====Toyota====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Model
! Released
! Discontinued
! Image
|-
|'''[[Toyota Qualis|Qualis]]'''
|2000
|2005
|[[File:Toyota Qualis.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Toyota Corolla|Corolla Altis]]'''
|2003
|2020
|[[File:2013-2016 Toyota Corolla (ZRE172R) SX sedan (2018-09-17) 01.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|Land Cruiser Prado]]'''
|2004
|2020
|[[File:2013 Toyota Land Cruiser Prado (KDJ150R MY13) Altitude 5-door wagon (2015-07-09) 01.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Toyota Innova (AN40)|Innova]]'''
|2005
|2016
|[[File:2014 Toyota Kijang Innova 2.0 G TGN40R (190316).jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Toyota Prius|Prius]]'''
|2010
|2020
|[[File:2016 Toyota Prius (ZVW50L) Hybrid liftback (2016-04-02) 01.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Toyota Etios|Etios]]'''
|2010
|2019
|[[File:Toyota Etios 1.5 XLS 2015.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Toyota Etios|Etios Liva]]'''
|2011
|2019
|[[File:2013 Toyota Etios Valco E (Indonesia) front view.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Toyota Etios|Etios Cross]]'''
|2014
|2016
|
|-
|'''[[Toyota Yaris (XP150)#Yaris Ativ|Yaris]]'''
|2018
|2021
|[[File:2017 Toyota Yaris ATIV 1.2 G Front (cropped).jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Toyota Urban Cruiser (2020)|Urban Cruiser]]'''
|2020
|2022
|[[File:2021 Toyota Urban Cruiser Mid (India) front view.png|200px]]
|}

====Lexus====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Model
! Released
! Discontinued
! Image
|-
|'''[[Lexus NX|NX300h]]'''
|2020
|2021
|[[File:2019 Lexus NX 300h Takumi CVT 2.5.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Lexus LS|LS]]'''
|2017
|2024
|[[File:Lexus LS 500 VXFA50 FL Sonic Titanium (1) (cropped).jpg|200px]]
|}

== Sales and service network ==
As of April 2019, it has more than 350 dealerships in 225 cities across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://toyotabharat.com/inen/forms/dealer.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109001401/http://toyotabharat.com/inen/forms/dealer.asp |archive-date=9 January 2011 }}</ref>

== Sales performance ==
TKMPL sold 74,759 vehicles in India in the year 2010 registering a growth rate of 38% compared to 2009 sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toyotabharat.com/inen/news/Sales_release2010.asp|title=Toyota Kirloskar Motor’s records 38% growth in sales in the year 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112231447/http://toyotabharat.com/inen/news/Sales_release2010.asp |archive-date=12 January 2011 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Toyota|Toyota Motor Corporation]]
*[[Automotive industry in India|Automobile industry in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Toyota Motor Corporation}}
{{Cars in India}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Toyota subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Kirloskar Group]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Multinational joint-venture companies]]

Balehonnur

2026-03-06T13:47:31Z

Sergzrr:

{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Balehonnur
| other_name = 
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Badra river.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bhadra River
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.35|N|75.46|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikkamagaluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Malenadu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 20.2823
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 735
| population_total = 11137
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577 112
| area_code = 08266
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA-18
| website =
| footnotes = |
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| official_name =
}}
'''Balehonnur''' is a village in [[Narasimharajapura|Narasimharajapura taluk]], of [[Chikkamagaluru district]] in the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It comes under the jurisdiction of [[B.Kanbur]] [[Gram panchayat|Grama Panchayath]]. As per census survey 2011, its location code number is 609097.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/601/download/2052/DH_2011_2916_PART_B_DCHB_CHIKMAGALUR.pdf|access-date= 30 July 2023|title= Census Data Handbook 2011;Page 97}}</ref>

It is famous for being the oldest [[Dharma]] Peetha among the five Panchapeethas-Rambhapuri Peetha of [[Veerashaiva]] sect of the [[Hinduism|Hindu religion]]. Balehonnur is located around 50 km northwest of [[Chikmagalur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BALEHONNUR KARNATAKA INDIA Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com|url=http://www.tageo.com/index-e-in-v-19-d-m2902108.htm|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.tageo.com}}</ref>.

== History ==
According to Hindu mythology, it is said that Shiva himself came out of the [[Lingam|linga]] in human form as Paramacharya Renukacharya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shree Jagadguru Rambhapuri Veerasimhasan Mahasamsthan Peetha|url=http://www.rambhapuripeetha.info/rich-lineage.htm|access-date=2020-08-09|website=www.rambhapuripeetha.info}}</ref>

Baba Bandesha dargah is located in the main road of the city and yearly traditional "Urs" is celebrated every year.

== Geography ==
Its geographical map coordinates are 13° 21' 0" North, 75° 28' 0" east. It is located 286 kilometers west of [[Bengaluru]], 226 kilometers north-west of [[Mysuru]] and 142 kilometers north-east of [[Mangaluru]]. It is located on the bank of [[Bhadra River]].

==Balehonnur Bridge==
Balehonnur Bridge (a masonry bridge), constructed across the river Bhadra by the [[Madras Presidency|Madras Presidency/Madras Govt.]], was the first project undertaken by Mysore Construction Co.(MCC) in 1946.

== Transport ==

===Road===
Balehonnur is well-connected by road, [[State Highway 27 (Karnataka)|State Highway 27]] passes through Balehonnur, which connects it to the [[National Highway 169 (India)|National Highway 169]] at [[Sringeri]] due northwest and [[National Highway 173 (India)|National Highway 173]] due southeast.

===Rail===
The closest railway stations are in [[Chikkamagaluru railway station|Chikmagalur]] (53 km), [[Shivamogga Town Railway Station|Shivamogga]] (87 km) and [[Kadur Junction railway station|Kadur]] (90 km). But considering the connectivity constraints of [[Shivamogga]] and limited trains from Chikkamagaluru, [[Kadur]] is the most appropriate boarding Udupi railway station is another option for railway.

===Air===
The closest Airports are [[Shivamogga Airport|Kuvempu Airport, Shivamogga]] (78 km) and International Airport is [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangalore Airport]] (132 km).

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Balehonnur (1991–2020, extremes 1933–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 36.0
| Feb record high C = 35.6
| Mar record high C = 38.0
| Apr record high C = 39.2
| May record high C = 38.6
| Jun record high C = 37.0
| Jul record high C = 31.4
| Aug record high C = 30.4
| Sep record high C = 31.4
| Oct record high C = 34.0
| Nov record high C = 34.0
| Dec record high C = 35.8
| year record high C = 39.2
| Jan record low C = 6.7
| Feb record low C = 8.0
| Mar record low C = 10.5
| Apr record low C = 11.1
| May record low C = 12.0
| Jun record low C = 9.6
| Jul record low C = 11.1
| Aug record low C = 11.2
| Sep record low C = 10.6
| Oct record low C = 9.1
| Nov record low C = 8.9
| Dec record low C = 7.3
| year record low C = 6.7
|Jan high C = 28.5
|Feb high C = 30.5
|Mar high C = 32.4
|Apr high C = 32.1
|May high C = 30.4
|Jun high C = 26.5
|Jul high C = 24.3
|Aug high C = 24.3
|Sep high C = 26.0
|Oct high C = 26.9
|Nov high C = 26.9
|Dec high C = 27.2
| year high C = 28.0
|Jan low C = 14.0
|Feb low C = 14.9
|Mar low C = 17.3
|Apr low C = 18.8
|May low C = 19.4
|Jun low C = 19.2
|Jul low C = 18.9
|Aug low C = 18.9
|Sep low C = 18.5
|Oct low C = 18.3
|Nov low C = 16.7
|Dec low C = 14.5
| year low C = 17.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 2.2
| Feb rain mm = 5.0
| Mar rain mm = 19.9
| Apr rain mm = 105.7
| May rain mm = 119.7
| Jun rain mm = 448.8
| Jul rain mm = 816.2
| Aug rain mm = 612.3
| Sep rain mm = 242.4
| Oct rain mm = 180.0
| Nov rain mm = 73.4
| Dec rain mm = 7.9
| year rain mm = 2633.4
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 2.1
| Apr rain days = 6.3
| May rain days = 7.4
| Jun rain days = 19.4
| Jul rain days = 26.7
| Aug rain days = 24.5
| Sep rain days = 14.6
| Oct rain days = 10.4
| Nov rain days = 4.2
| Dec rain days = 0.9
| year rain days = 117.2
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 79
| Feb humidity = 78
| Mar humidity = 77
| Apr humidity = 83
| May humidity = 84
| Jun humidity = 89
| Jul humidity = 92
| Aug humidity = 92
| Sep humidity = 89
| Oct humidity = 87
| Nov humidity = 83
| Dec humidity = 78
|year humidity = 84
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Balehonnur Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 17 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archivedate = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M88
| accessdate = 18 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

===Rainfall===
As per KSNDMC, in 2022, Balehonnur [[hobli]] received an annual rainfall of {{convert|2592|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2022.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2022.pdf|access-date=5 July 2023|title=Annual State Report 2022}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Rainfall recorded in Balehonnur in recent years given in the below table.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Rainfall
In mm

|-
| 2023
| 1655

|-
| 2022
| 2857
|-
|2021
|2113
|-
|2020
|1863
|-
|2019
|2387
|-
|2018
|2738
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Karnataka]]

Ahimsa (1981 film)

2026-03-03T20:54:00Z

Sergzrr: adjusted references also and added references

{{short description|1981 film by I. V. Sasi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ahimsa
| image = Ahimsa (1981).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]<ref name="prdker">{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/1981.htm|title=List of Malayalam films released during the year 1981|publisher=PRD, [[Government of Kerala]]|accessdate=2009-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183312/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/1981.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| producer = [[P. V. Gangadharan]] Grihalakshmi
| writer = [[T. Damodaran]]
| starring = [[Sukumaran]] [[Mammootty]] [[Mohanlal]] [[Ratheesh]] [[Poornima Jayaram]] [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
| narrator = T. Damodaran
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]] [[A. Vincent]]
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1981|12|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 190 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Ahimsa''''' ({{Translation|Non-violence}}) is a 1981 [[Malayalam]]-language political film directed by [[I. V. Sasi]] and written by [[T. Damodaran]], starring [[Sukumaran]], [[Mammootty]], [[Ratheesh]], [[Poornima Jayaram]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], [[Balan K. Nair]], [[Mohanlal]] and [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] in other supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinemalayalam.net/movie/Ahimsa/1231 |title=Ahimsa |publisher=cinemalayalam.net |accessdate=2009-07-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620211537/http://cinemalayalam.net/movie/Ahimsa/1231 |archivedate=20 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="mmdb">{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/mmdb/2522.html|title=Ahimsa |publisher=MMDB|accessdate=2009-07-29}}</ref> The film won two [[Kerala State Film Award]]s, for [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] (Mammootty) and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] (Narayanan).<ref>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm Official Website Of Information And Public Relation Department Of Kerala] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Talks about the Hindu-Muslim politics and conflicts in Kerala which connects with triggered by some of the feudal lords. The movie urges the audience with the importance of non-violence.

==Cast==
*[[Sukumaran]] as Devan
*[[Mammootty]] as Vasu
*[[Ratheesh]] as Bharathan
*[[Poornima Jayaram]] as Suma
*[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] as Safiya
*[[Mohanlal]] as Mohan
*[[Lalu Alex]] as Raghu
*[[Jose Prakash]] as R. K.
*[[Balan K. Nair]] as Kunjutty
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Ani
*[[Jose (Malayalam actor)|Jose]] as Suresh
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Muthu
*[[Achankunju]] as Kuttayi
*[[Sukumari]] as Nirmala, Bharathan's Mother
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Govindan
*[[Sathaar]] as Biju
*[[P. K. Abraham]]
*[[T. G. Ravi]] as Peter
*[[Sreenivasan]] as Raju
*[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] as Radha
*[[K. P. A. C. Sunny|K.P.A.C. Sunny]] as Pappan
*[[Kunjandi]] as Musliar
*[[Kothuku Nanappan]] as Sankaran
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Chellappan
*[[Kuttyedathi Vilasini]] as Lakshmi
*[[Rajyalakshmi]]
*[[K. T. C. Abdullah]] as Avukkar (Hajiyar's assistant)
* Baskara Kurup as Hajiyar
* Rajan Padoor

==Box office==
The film was commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |author=C S Venkiteswaran|title=Trendsetting titan|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/trendsetting-titan/article9947168.ece/|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-v-sasi-has-been-a-trendsetter-in-the-film-industry/article19924652.ece|title=The End of an Epoch|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack features four songs, all written by [[Bichu Thirumala]] and composed by [[A. T. Ummer]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| ''Kaattu tharattum''
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| [[Bichu Thirumala]]
|
|-
| ''Njanoru dhobhi''
| K. J. Yesudas
| Bichu Thirumala
|
|-
| ''Jalasankhu pushpam''
| S. Janaki
| Bichu Thirumala
|
|-
| ''Sulthano''
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| Bichu Thirumala
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0247916|Ahimsa}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by T. Damodaran]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. T. Ummer]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Sweet Dreams (2025 film)

2026-03-02T01:39:36Z

Sergzrr: Creating New Info W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sweet Dreams
| image = Sweet Dreams (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Victor Mukherjee
| writer = Victor Mukherjee
| producer = {{ubl|[[Jyoti Deshpande]]|Neha Anand|Pranjal Khandhdiya}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Amol Parashar]]
* [[Mithila Palkar]]
}}
| cinematography = Hanoz V.K.
| editing = Manikandan Nayakam
| music = Dewal Prashar
| studio = [[Jio Studios]] Mango People Media
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|1|24}}
| runtime = 109 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sweet Dreams (2025 film) |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTE0MDMyMDIyMDAxMzQ= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sweet Dreams''''' is a 2025 Indian Hindi-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by Victor Mukherjee. Produced under [[Jio Studios]] and Mango People Media,<ref>{{cite web |title=Producer Pranjal Khandhdiya on Sweet Dreams: We crave a mix of all nine emotion |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/pranjal-khandhdiya-sweet-dreams-mithila-palkar-amol-parashar-23469980 |website=Mid-day|date=22 January 2025 }}</ref> the film stars [[Amol Parashar]] and [[Mithila Palkar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mithila Palkar and Amol Parashar's 'Sweet Dreams' to hit Disney+ Hotstar next week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mithila-palkar-and-amol-parashars-sweet-dreams-to-hit-disney-hotstar-next-week/cid/2077359 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> The film premiered on 24 January 2025 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=From 'Barroz' to 'Sweet Dreams': New OTT releases this week |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/01/24/ott-releases-netflix-amazon-prime-movies-series-january.html |website=OnManorama |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Amol Parashar]]<ref name="cast">{{cite web |title='Sweet Dreams' ending explained: What is the secret connection between Dia and Kenny? |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/movies/sweet-dreams-movie-ending-explained-mithila-palkar-amol-parashar-meiyang-chang/ |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-IN |date=24 January 2025}}</ref> as Kenny
* [[Mithila Palkar]]<ref name="cast" /> as Dia
* [[Meiyang Chang]]<ref name="cast" /> as Ishant
* [[Sauraseni Maitra]]<ref name=":1" /> as Roop

== Production ==
The film was announced by [[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]].<ref name=":1" >{{cite web |title=Sweet Dreams announcement: Mithila Palkar and Amol Parashar tease a surreal love story; OTT release date out |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sweet-dreams-mithila-palkar-amol-parashar-tease-surreal-love-story-ott-release-date-out/f151e614e4554 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> An [[India|Indian]] adaptation of the 2014 Canadian film ''[[In My Dreams (film)|In My Dreams]]''.<ref name="trailer" /> [[Amol Parashar]] and [[Mithila Palkar]] was cast to appear in the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amol Parashar talks about Sweet Dreams co-star Mithila Palkar; says, "We've always wanted to collaborate on a romantic film" : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/amol-parashar-talks-sweet-dreams-co-star-mithila-palkar-says-weve-always-wanted-collaborate-romantic-film/ |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=24 January 2025 }}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 20 January 2025.<ref name="trailer" >{{cite web |title=Sweet Dreams trailer: Mithila Palkar-Amol Parashar on a dreamy journey of love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sweet-dreams-trailer-mithila-palkar-amol-parashar-on-a-dreamy-journey-of-love-2667281-2025-01-20 |website=India Today|date=20 January 2025 }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sweet Dreams
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Mukund Suryawanshi, Akashdeep Sengupta
| cover =
| released = 2025
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 6:58
| language = Hindi
| label = Worldwide Records
| producer =
| misc =
}}
The songs were composed by Mukund Suryawanshi, and Akashdeep Sengupta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naina Lage (From "sweet Dreams") Song |url=https://gaana.com/album/naina-lage-from-sweet-dreams |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=16 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tu Behja (From "Sweet Dreams") Song |url=https://gaana.com/album/tu-behja-from-sweet-dreams |website=Gaana |language=en |date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naina Lage
| length1 = 3:19
| lyrics1 = Anjali Khandelwal
| extra1 = Mukund Suryawanshi
| music1 = Mukund Suryawanshi
| title2 = Tu Behja
| length2 = 3:39
| lyrics2 = Shloke Lal, Akshay The One (Rap)
| extra2 = [[Shruti Pathak]], Akshay The One (Rap)
| music2 = Akashdeep Sengupta
| total_length = 6:58
}}

== Reception ==
Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the movie 2.5/5.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sweet Dreams movie review: Mithila-Amol's film is a candy that's not sweet enough |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/sweet-dreams-movie-review-mithila-palkar-amol-parashar-film-is-a-candy-that-is-not-sweet-enough-2669515-2025-01-24 |website=India Today|date=24 January 2025 }}</ref> Shaheen Irani of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sweet Dreams review: Mithila Palkar-Amol Parashar's film should have ended... |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sweet-dreams-review-mithila-palkar-amol-parashar-film-should-have-ended-night-when-idea-popped/a906039228176 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35433415}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/sweet-dreams/1271383804/ ''Sweet Dreams''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

Al Hilal English School, Manki

2026-02-22T18:34:16Z

Sergzrr: New

{{Orphan|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| image =
| name = Al Hilal English School
| motto = [[Rabbi zidni ilman-naf'ia]]
| founder = [[Late Mr. Sawood Hajika]]
| established = 1989
| type = English school
| authority = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| grades = Class Lkg - X
| head_of_school = A H M Mujawar
| enrollment = 450 approx.
| campus_size = {{convert|10|acre|m2}}
| colors = sea green and light green
{{color box|seagreen}}{{color box|Lightgreen}}
| city = [[Manki, Honnavar|Manki]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| website = {{URL|alhilaleducation.com}}
}}

'''Al-Hilal English School''' is a not-for-profit school in [[Manki, Honnavar]], which was founded in 1989 by Shabandri Iqbal, Shabandri Jaffar Sadik, and Sawood Hajika, and managed by Tarbiat Education Society. The school started off as a private venture but eventually, partial control was passed to the government. It covers ages 3–18.

==History==
The school was started with just a block accommodating Lower Kindergarten and Upper Kindergarten. The school was a success and soon, the number of students increased dramatically. This demanded a bigger campus which was expanded over the years in line with the increasing population. Presently{{when|date=October 2018}} it is having L.K.G. to 10th STD,{{clarify|What does LKG to 10th STD mean?|date=October 2018}} and is all set to have its block for pre-university college within the campus.

The population of Manki is 11,000, but the people are lagging behind in educational opportunities compared to surrounding places such as [[Bhatkal]], [[Honnavara]], and [[Murudeshwara]]. That changed when the school was established.

==Present strength==
The present strength of the school is around 450 students. Since its establishment, more than 200 have graduated.

== Buildings and grounds==
The school owns the land for further expansion. It includes a school building of around 8000 sq ft, a playground, a mosque, and a residential building for teachers.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* https://archive.today/20130223091131/http://alhilalschool.org/About%20Us.aspx
* http://www.bhatkallys.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3160:manki-al-hilal-school-hosts-zonal-level-sports-meet-&catid=82:local&Itemid=459
* http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=114566
* https://web.archive.org/web/20040910071832/http://meltingpot.fortunecity.com/guam/385/nawayat.htm

{{coord|14.19635|74.47666|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Schools in Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Karnataka]]

Saraswati Cycle Yojana

2026-02-17T09:49:08Z

Sergzrr: Creating A Info V1...

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|date=February 2026}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Short description|Free cycle distribution scheme for girl students in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

'''Saraswati Cycle Yojana''' is a prominent educational welfare scheme launched by the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]. The initiative aims to promote secondary education among girls belonging to underprivileged sections of society by providing them with free bicycles to ease their commute to school.<ref name="BastarSaraswati">{{cite web |title=Saraswati Cycle Yojana Details |url=https://bastar.gov.in/en/scheme/saraswati-cycle-yojana/ |publisher=District Bastar Administration |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>

==History and objectives==
The scheme was launched in 2004-05 to address the high dropout rates of girl students in rural areas, where schools were often located far from their residences.
* '''Promote Enrollment:''' To encourage girls to transition from middle school (Class 8) to high school (Class 9).<ref name="CGGovEdu">{{cite web |title=Educational Schemes in Chhattisgarh |url=https://education.cg.nic.in/scheme_cycle.aspx |publisher=Department of School Education, Chhattisgarh}}</ref>
* '''Safety and Mobility:''' To provide a safe and independent means of transport for female students.
* '''Social Equality:''' To support students from SC, ST, and BPL families who cannot afford private transport.<ref name="TOI2025">{{cite news |title=Saraswati Cycle Yojana: Empowering rural girls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/over-1-lakh-cycles-to-be-distributed-this-year/articleshow/117859421.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 July 2025}}</ref>

==Eligibility criteria==
To be eligible for the scheme, the applicant must meet the following conditions:
# Must be a permanent resident of Chhattisgarh.<ref name="BastarSaraswati" />
# Must be a girl student enrolled in Class 9 in a government or government-aided school.<ref name="CGGovEdu" />
# Must belong to Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), or Below Poverty Line (BPL) categories.<ref name="Jagran26">{{cite news |title=Criteria for Saraswati Cycle Yojana updated |url=https://www.jagran.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-saraswati-cycle-yojana-distribution-in-schools-23567891.html |publisher=Dainik Jagran |date=12 January 2026}}</ref>

==Implementation (2025-26)==
In the current academic session (2025-26), the [[Vishnu Deo Sai]] government has allocated a dedicated budget to ensure the distribution of cycles within the first quarter of the school year.
* '''Distribution Scale:''' Approximately 1.5 lakh girl students are targeted for cycle distribution in 2026.<ref name="Jagran26" />
* '''E-Cycles Pilot:''' In some urban areas of Raipur and Durg, the government is considering a pilot project to provide electric cycles to students living in hilly terrains.<ref name="Patrika26">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh explores e-cycles for students |url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/government-may-provide-e-cycles-under-saraswati-yojana-2026543 |publisher=Patrika |date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

==Beneficiary statistics==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Category !! Benefit Provided !! Ref.
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | SC/ST Girl Students || Free Bicycle || <ref name="BastarSaraswati" />
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | BPL Girl Students || Free Bicycle || <ref name="CGGovEdu" />
|-
| style="border-left: 5px solid #FF9933;" | Hostel Residents || Transport Voucher (Optional) || <ref name="Patrika26" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Government schemes in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Women's education in India]]
[[Category:Chief ministership of Raman Singh]]

Ghanshyam Swarup

2026-02-07T19:23:53Z

Sergzrr: put up page

{{Short description|Indian molecular biologist (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ghanshyam Swarup
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|11|23}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Kanpur University]] | [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] | [[Vanderbilt University School of Medicine]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Discovery of a nuclear [[protein tyrosine phosphatase]] Studies on [[Glaucoma]]
| awards = 1989 [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Young Scientist Award 1996 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]
}}

'''Ghanshyam Swarup''' (born 1953) is an Indian [[Molecular Biologist|molecular biologist]], a J. C. Bose National Fellow and the head of the ''Ghanshyam Swarup Research Group'' of the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]].<ref name="Ghanshyam Swarup Group">{{cite web | url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/index.php?view=ourteam&mid=0&id=62&grpid=39 | title=Ghanshyam Swarup Group | publisher=Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology | date=2016 | access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> He is known for his studies on [[glaucoma]] and the discovery of [[protein tyrosine phosphatase]], a new protein influencing the regulation of cell proliferation.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=87 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Swarup is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile - Swarup">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Swarup,_Dr_Ghanshyam | title=Fellow profile - Swarup | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> the [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow - Swarup">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P03-1349 | title=Indian fellow - Swarup | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=6 October 2016 | archive-date=11 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011231134/http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P03-1349 }}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI fellows |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |date=2016 |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |archive-date=16 March 2016 }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1996, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=201 | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Ghanshyam Swarup, born on 23 November 1953 in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], graduated in science from [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]] and continued his studies there to secure a master's degree before moving to Mumbai to complete his PhD at [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR).<ref name="Indian fellow - Swarup" /> His post-doctoral studies were at [[David L. Garbers]]' laboratory of [[Vanderbilt University School of Medicine]] where he had the opportunity to work alongside [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]], the 1986 [[Nobel laureate]]. Returning to India, Swarup joined the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] as a scientist<ref name="CCMB Directory">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/aboutcsir/lab%20directory/ccmb.htm | title=CCMB Directory | publisher=Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology | date=2016 | access-date=10 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225419/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/aboutcsir/lab%20directory/ccmb.htm | archive-date=11 October 2016 }}</ref> and is the head of ''Ghanshyam Swarup Group'' which carries out researches on [[optineurin]] and the functional defects caused in humans by its [[mutation]]s.<ref name="Scientist Details">{{cite web | url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/index.php?view=scientist&mid=0&id=63&grpid=39 | title=Scientist Details | publisher=Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology | date=2016 | access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Swarup, while working with [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]] in the US on cellular signaling mechanisms, is reported to have discovered a new nuclear [[protein tyrosine phosphatase]] (PTPase) and his subsequent work demonstrated that the protein plays a part in the regulation of cell proliferation.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | page=32 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Later, during his early days at CCMB, he elucidated the molecular cloning of a protein tyrosine phosphatase and its bind with [[DNA]] and established the methodology for alternative splicing of a gene to form four different variations of PTPase.<ref name="Indian fellow - Swarup" /> Swarup's studies are known to have assisted in identifying the ''first cargo (PTP-S4/TC48) for the putative cargo receptors in mammalian cells''. He has established a laboratory, ''Ghanshyam Swarup Group'', where his team focuses on researches on protein [[optineurin]] and how disease-associated mutation affect humans.<ref name="Scientist Details" /> Associated with [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]], he works on one of the mutated genes of optineurin as a causative factor of [[glaucoma]], an eye disease leading to irrecoverable loss of vision<ref name="Two molecular mechanisms causing glaucoma found">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/two-molecular-mechanisms-causing-glaucoma-found/article4902049.ece | title=Two molecular mechanisms causing glaucoma found | work=The Hindu | date=10 July 2013 | access-date=10 October 2016| last1=Mallikarjun | first1=Y. }}</ref> and has elaborated on the [[pathogenesis]] in the disease from a molecular perspective.<ref name="Molecular Basis of Pathogenesis in Glaucoma Caused by Mutations in Optineurin">{{cite journal | url=http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/RnDNewsLetters/csirnews2k14/csirnews_jan14.pdf | title=Molecular Basis of Pathogenesis in Glaucoma Caused by Mutations in Optineurin | author=Ghanshyam Swarup | journal=CSIR News | date=January 2014 | volume=64 | issue=1}}</ref>

Swarup has published several articles detailing his research findings;{{Refn|group=note|Please see Selected bibliography section}} [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 81 of them.<ref name="Swarup on ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ghanshyam_Swarup | title=Swarup on ResearchGate | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> He is a member of the editorial board of the ''Journal of Molecular Signaling''<ref name="Editorial board JMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.jmolecularsignaling.com/about/editorialteam/ | title=Editorial board JMS | publisher=Journal of Molecular Signaling | date=2016 | access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> and is known to be active in the researches done by others.<ref name="Supplemental Data ">{{cite web | url=http://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/597593/4683623/mmc1.pdf | title=Supplemental Data | publisher=Cell.com | date=2016 | access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> Swarup has mentored several scholars in their doctoral and post-doctoral researches at his research group in CCMB<ref name="Ghanshyam Swarup Group" /> as well as scholars from other institutions.<ref name="Our Scholars">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/jnunewsarchives/jnunews_may_june08/scholars.htm | title=Our Scholars | publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University | date=2016 | access-date=11 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909144302/http://www.jnu.ac.in/jnunewsarchives/jnunews_may_june08/scholars.htm | archive-date=9 September 2016 }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Swarup, who was elected as a fellow by the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 1988,<ref name="NASI fellows" /> received the Young Scientist Award of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] in 1989.<ref name="Indian fellow - Swarup" /> The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] made him their elected fellow in 1995<ref name="Fellow profile - Swarup" /> and the CSIR honored him again in 1996 with the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees" /> An elected member of the [[Guha Research Conference]], Swarup became an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 2003.<ref name="Indian fellow - Swarup" /> In 2011, he was selected for the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]<ref name="CCMB scientists bag J.C. Bose fellowship">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/ccmb-scientists-bag-jc-bose-fellowship/article2326865.ece | title=CCMB scientists bag J.C. Bose fellowship | publisher=The Hindu Business Line | date=20 January 2011 | access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> on which he pursues his current researches at CCMB.<ref name="Ghanshyam Swarup Group" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal | title=Molecular Basis of Pathogenesis in Glaucoma Caused by Mutations in Optineurin | author=Ghanshyam Swarup | journal=CSIR News | date=January 2014 | volume=64 | issue=1}}
* {{cite journal | title=E50K-OPTN-induced retinal cell death involves the Rab GTPase-activating protein, TBC1D17 mediated block in autophagy | author=Madhavi Latha Somaraju Chalasani, Asha Kumari, Vegesna Radha, Ghanshyam Swarup | journal=PLOS ONE | date=April 2014 | volume=9 | issue=4 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095758 | pmid=24752605 | pmc=3994150 | article-number=e95758| bibcode=2014PLoSO...995758C | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Defects in autophagy caused by glaucoma-associated mutations in optineurin | author=Kapil Sirohi, Ghanshyam Swarup | journal=Experimental Eye Research | date=August 2015 | volume=144 | doi=10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.020 | pmid=26302410 | pages=54–63}}
* {{cite journal | title=A Glaucoma-Associated Variant of Optineurin, M98K, Activates Tbk1 to Enhance Autophagosome Formation and Retinal Cell Death Dependent on Ser177 Phosphorylation of Optineurin | author=Kapil Sirohi, Asha Kumari, Vegesna Radha, Ghanshyam Swarup | journal=PLOS ONE | date=October 2015 | volume=10 | issue=9 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138289 | pmid=26376340 | pmc=4574030 | article-number=e0138289| bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038289S | doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Protein tyrosine phosphatase]]
* [[Optineurin]]
* [[Glaucoma]]
* [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)]]
{{Div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.tifr.res.in/Alumni_Association/docs/TAA_Members_All.pdf | title=TIFR Alumni Association - Members' list | publisher=TIFR Alumni Association | date=2016 | access-date=10 October 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swarup, Ghanshyam}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:Vanderbilt University School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]

Indian National Metal Workers' Federation

2026-01-30T04:24:49Z

Sergzrr: adding a details

{{Short description|Trade union in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
The '''Indian National Metal Workers' Federation''' (INMF) is an Indian [[trade union]] that represents workers in the metal industry.

== History ==
The union was founded in 1959 as the ''Indian National Iron and Steel Workers' Federation''. It brought together several smaller unions, including the Golmuri Tinplate Workers' Union, Iron and Steel Workers' Union, Khumardhubi Workers' Union, and Tata Workers' Union. Like its predecessors, it affiliated to the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Secretariat and Affiliates, 1957-1959, to the Nineteenth International Metalworkers' Congress in Rome |date=1961 |publisher=International Metalworkers' Federation}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Report |date=1965 |publisher=Indian National Congress}}</ref>

==Leadership==
===Presidents===
:1959: [[Michael John (trade unionist)|Michael John]]
:1977: V. G. Gopal
:1993: [[Nand Kishore Bhatt]]
:2010: [[G. Sanjeeva Reddy]]

===General Secretaries===
:1959: [[Jamshedpur Gopeshwar]]
:2021: Raghunath Pandey

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Trade unions in India navbox}}{{India-trade-union-stub}}
[[Category:Trade unions in India]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1959]]
[[Category:Metal trade unions]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in India]]

Ilyas Pasha

2026-01-29T05:57:48Z

Sergzrr: adding new entry

{{Short description|Indian footballer (1964–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
'''Ilyas Pasha''' (1964 – 22 January 2026) was an Indian footballer who played for [[East Bengal FC]] and captained the team during 1993–94 season.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2012 |title=East Bengal want to help Pasha financially |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-want-to-help-pasha-financially/articleshow/14906163.cms |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was a dependable right wing back and earned eight caps for the senior Indian team.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=22 January 2026 |title=Former India and East Bengal defender Ilyas Pasha passes away at 61 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/former-india-and-east-bengal-defender-ilyas-pasha-passes-away-at-61 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pasha was from [[Karnataka]]. He made his debut for the [[India national football team|India national team]] on 27 January 1987, against [[Bulgaria national football team|Bulgaria]] in the [[Nehru Cup]] at [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Koushik |date=22 January 2026 |title=East Bengal legend Ilyas Pasha dies: AIFF leads condolences, football fraternity mourns death of ex-India international |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/football-news/east-bengal-legend-ilyas-pasha-dies-aiff-leads-condolences-football-fraternity-mourns-death-of-ex-india-international-11769078483314.html |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> His eight appearances for India include two Nehru Cup tournaments in 1987 and 1991, the 1991 SAF Games and the 1992 Asian Cup qualifiers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2026 |title=Ilyas Pasha, East Bengal stalwart of the 1990s, passes away at 61 |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/sports/ilyas-pasha-east-bengal-stalwart-of-the-nineties-passes-away |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

He began with a local Bengaluru outfit, Vinayaka Football Club in Vyalikaval and earned a spot in the Indian Telephone Industries team in the mid-1980s that helped him rise to the national stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilyas Pasha passes away: East Bengal and India football legend |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/ilyas-pasha-gentleman-footballer-who-became-a-east-bengal-giant-3871447 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He played for Karnataka in the [[Santosh Trophy]] tournament from 1987. He played for his home state, Karnataka, at Kolkata in 1987, Quilon (now Kollam) in 1988, and Guwahati in 1989.<ref name=":1" /> Later, he earned two Santosh Trophy titles with Bengal in 1993 and 1995. In 1989, he played for [[Mohammedan Sporting]] club team which won the [[Sait Nagjee Trophy]] and the Nizam Gold Cup. Later, he moved to East Bengal, for whom he played for a long time. He captained the red and gold brigade in the 1993–94 season under coach [[Subhash Bhowmick]].<ref name=":0" />

He was part of the East Bengal team which won the Calcutta Football League five times in 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998 and the IFA Shield, also five times in 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1997. He also won four Durand Cup titles with East Bengal in 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995.<ref name=":0" />

East Bengal won a triple crown in 1990 and he was the skipper of their first international title at the Wai Wai Cup in 1993. He also led East Bengal in their 6–2 win against Iraq's [[Al-Zawraa SC|Al-Zawraa]] in the [[1993–94 Asian Cup Winners' Cup]].<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
After a prolonged illness, Pasha succumbed to cancer on 22 January 2026, at the age of 61.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Amitabha Das |date=2026-01-22 |title=Ilyas Pasha, East Bengal’s Mr. Dependable of its golden era |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ilyas-pasha-tribute-east-bengal-legend-passes-away-news/article70539534.ece |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2026 |title=Soft-spoken defender Ilyas Pasha, Karnataka and East Bengal stalwart, passes away |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/soft-spoken-defender-ilyas-pasha-karnataka-and-east-bengal-stalwart-passes-away/articleshow/127180917.cms |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> He was survived by his wife, two daughters and two sons. His death was condoled by the [[All India Football Federation]] and the Bangalore District Football Association.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Football Fraternity Mourns Demise of Former India Defender Ilyas Pasha |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/football-fraternity-mourns-the-demise-of-ilyas-pasha-3870856 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naveen |date=22 January 2026 |title=Ilyas Pasha, Former India & East Bengal Defender, Dies at 61 |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/a/football-former-india-east-bengal-defender-ilyas-pasha-215.htm |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=NewKerala.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF condoles the death of former India defender Ilyas Pasha |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-condoles-the-death-of-former-india-defender-ilyas-pasha |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* In 2012, Pasha received a Lifetime Achievement Award from East Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=22 January 2026 |title=Football: Former India and East Bengal defender Ilyas Pasha passes away aged 61 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/sports/football-former-india-and-east-bengal-defender-ilyas-pasha-passes-away-aged-61-1041494 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasha, Ilyas}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]

Riyang railway station

2026-01-27T23:38:08Z

Sergzrr: new new pg.

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Riyang Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]], [[Rambi Bazar]], [[Kalimpong District]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coords|26.9926|88.4138|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Sivok–Rangpo line]]
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|85|m|ft}}
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes ( after completion)
| bicycle = No
| opened = TBA
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RAING
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Alipurduar}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| status = Construction – new line
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
| map_dot_label = '''Riyang Railway Station'''
| services = 
}}
'''Riyang Railway Station/Raing Railway Station''' is the railway station which serves [[Rambi Bazar]] and nearby areas like Mangpu, Shelpu, Rolak, Latpanchar, Sittong, Teesta Valley, Lohapul, Birik Dara etc in [[Kalimpong district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riyang/Raing Railway Station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/rangpo-rngpo/10689|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It is currently under construction on the [[Sivok–Rangpo line]] of the [[Northeast Frontier Railway]], [[Alipurduar railway division]].

==Under-construction extension==
{{see also|Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo|l1= Geostrategic rail lines of India}}

[[Sivok–Rangpo line]], 44 km-long line, will provide access to Gangtok in Sikkim.<ref name=railne1>[https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/north-east-to-get-better-indian-railways-connectivity-5-major-rail-projects-lined-up-details-here/2027372/ North East to get better Indian Railways connectivity! 5 major rail projects lined up], Financial Express, July 17, 2020.</ref> The foundation stone for construction of a new railway line from Sevoke railway station to proposed Rangpo railway station on the border of Sikkim and [[West Bengal]] was laid in October 2009 by the vice president of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== |title=Update |publisher=www.constructionupdate.com |date= |accessdate=2021-02-09 |archive-date=2013-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528224619/http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, the line was proposed to be 53 km long with {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] track but the final alignment is 45 km long with 3.5 km in Sikkim state and the rest in West Bengal state. The track will have 28 bridges and 14 tunnels and 38.5 km of the track will be in tunnels.<ref>{{cite web | author=The Hindu BusinessLine | title=Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link | website=@businessline | date=2010-01-25 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Inspection-survey-for-Sikkim-rail-link/article20052215.ece | access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link |accessdate=2012-07-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131003127/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm |archivedate=31 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Bridges over deep gorges and valleys will provide a scenic journey.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The track is due to be constructed through the foothills of the Kanchanjungha mountain range and the Teesta river valley. New railway stations will be constructed at [[Melli]], [[Teesta Bazaar]], Geil Khola, Riang, and [[Rangpo]].{{update inline|date=September 2019}}{{speculation inline}}

The Indian Railways signed a contract with the construction company, IRCON, only in May 2010 but the final alignment had not been fixed for the first 22 km through elephant sanctuary forest even in 2013 and the final clearance of environment ministry had not been received.<ref>{{cite web | title=North Bengal-Sikkim Railway Link | website=Railway Technology | date=2020-06-25 | url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/ | access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> To obtain approval of the environment and forest ministry, the railways made a proposal in February 2013 to install elephant sensors along the stretch of the proposed railway line in Mahananda elephant sanctuary or run the trains at a speed of only 20 km per hour in the forest area and stop when an elephant is sighted close to the track.<ref>{{cite web | last=Balchand | first=K. | title=Elephant sensors may come up on railway line to Sikkim | website=The Hindu | date=2013-02-07 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/elephant-sensors-may-come-up-on-railway-line-to-sikkim/article4387995.ece | access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> People of two villages in East Sikkim, through which a 3.5 km stretch of the 45 km long railway line has been planned, had not agreed to give their land for laying the track.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130411222200/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120828/jsp/siliguri/story_15905614.jsp Villagers’ nod to rail survey], ''The Telegraph'', August 28, 2012</ref> The project cost has escalated from the estimated cost of Rs.13.4 billion in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/works/pdf/Other_Projects_080411.pdf |title=Other projects |publisher=www.indianrailways.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2021-02-09}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] approved the project in February 2016 with strict guidelines of the National Wildlife Board that cleared the project in June 2015 but ordered restricted speed, wireless animal tracking sensors and allowed digging of tunnels only during daytime. The railway line is needed for security and socio-economic reasons. The railway line will help troops and armaments move faster towards the Indo-Tibet border. Railway Board chairman visited and met the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) officials on 2 March 2018 to discuss the commencement of construction of the track and tunnels.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/21/coming-soon-west-bengal---sikkim-rail-project-1776854.html|title=Coming Soon: West Bengal - Sikkim Rail project |last=Chanda |first= Aishik|date=21 February 2018 |website= www.newindianexpress.com|access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref> The railway line up to Rangpo is expected to be completed in 2021.<ref>Financial Express. [https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-new-sivok-rangpo-rail-project-travel-from-west-bengal-to-sikkim-in-just-2-hours-watch-video/1691100 Indian Railways new Sivok-Rangpo rail project: Travel from West Bengal to Sikkim in just 2 hours]. (30 August 2019).</ref> In the second phase the line will be extended up to [[Gangtok]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Very soon, travelling to Sikkim by train will be a possibility | website=Times of India Travel | date=2019-09-17 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/very-soon-travelling-to-sikkim-by-train-will-be-a-possibility/as71172425.cms | access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref>

* Estimated cost: Rs.1,340 crore in 2008.
* Length of final alignment: 44.98 km
* Stations en route: Riang, Gailkhola, Tista Bazaar, Melli
* Nearest junction: [[New Jalpaiguri]] (30 km from Sevoke through [[Siliguri]])
* Route under tunnels: 38.53 km (86%)
* Number of bridges: 28
* Number of tunnels: 14
* Longest tunnel: 5.1 km

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kalimpong district]]

Jis Joy

2026-01-18T18:02:33Z

Sergzrr: added references

{{short description|Indian dubbing artist and filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jis Joy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vazhakkala]], [[Kochi]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2017/08/14/chat-with-director-jis-joy.html|title=Chat with Jis Joy|date=2013-11-27|work=Manorama Online|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Writer|Lyricist|Dubbing artist}}
| years_active = 2003 – present
| known for = {{ubl|''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' (2017)|''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' (2019)|''[[Thalavan]]'' (2024)}}
| spouse = Naigy Jis Joy<ref name="fam" />
| children = Yohan Nithara<ref name="fam" />
| relatives = Thomas Joy (Father) Pushpa (Mother)<ref name="fam" />
}}

'''Jis Joy''' is an Indian dubbing artist, film writer, director, actor, and lyricist who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He made his directorial debut with the 2013 Malayalam film [[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|''Bicycle Thieves'']]. He dubs for [[Allu Arjun]], for the Telugu to Malayalam dubbed version of movies done by the latter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/from-voice-to-visuals/article5397496.ece|title=From voice to visuals|last=Kumar|first=Suresh|date=2013-11-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/why-jis-joy-asif-ali-combo-clicked--1.3510225|title=Why Jis Joy-Asif Ali combo clicked?|last=Sen|first=Byju P.|website=Mathrubhumi|date=24 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>

==Career==
Jis Joy started his film career as a [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing artist]] who has dubbed for Telugu actor [[Allu Arjun]] for Malayalam versions and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]]’s dubbed films.<ref name="fam">{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2019/01/21/jis-joy-house-memories-vijay-superum-pournamiyum.html|title=അല്ലു അർജുന്റെ ശബ്ദവും വിജയ് സൂപ്പറും, ജിസ് ജോയിയുടെ വീട്ടുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> Later, he went on to work as Director and scriptwriter for various advertisements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/01/19/jis-joy-about-asif-ali-movie-vijay-superum-pournamiyum.html|title=അന്ന് ഒരേ സമയം 12 സീരിയലുകൾ ഡബ്ബ് ചെയ്തു, ഇന്ന് സൂപ്പർ ഹിറ്റ് സംവിധായകൻ|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> Though Joy made his feature film directorial debut with ''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]'' in 2013,<ref name=jis>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bicycle-thieves-review-malayalam-pcmbfJgjefhah.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523235850/http://www.sify.com/movies/bicycle-thieves-review-malayalam-pcmbfJgjefhah.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2015|title=Review : (2013)|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> his second film ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'', was released only after 4 years.

==Filmography==

===As a director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"| Film
! colspan="3" style="width:195px;" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable"| Ref
|-
! style="width:65px;" | Director
! width=65 | Story
! width=65 | Screenplay
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013
|''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Directorial debut
|<ref name=jis/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2017
|''[[Sunday Holiday]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2017/sunday-holiday-movie-review-rating-asif-ali-sreenivasan-265428.html|title=Sunday Holiday Movie Review: A Good Pick For Your Next Holiday!|date=2017-07-14|website=FilmiBeat|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2019
|''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|Remake of Telugu film ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/01/14/vijay-superum-pournamiyum-jis-joy-decoding-a-scene-movie.html|title=Floods and a cramped room - odds that 'Vijay Superum Pournamiyum' beat|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2021
|''[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Athira |title='Mohan Kumar Fans' is a journey through Malayalam cinema, says director Jis Joy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-jis-joy-on-his-new-release-and-post-pandemic-malayalam-cinema-industry/article34090806.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 March 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Mohan Kumar Fans' movie review: Fairly effective blend of satire and emotional drama |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/mar/20/mohan-kumar-fans-movie-review-fairly-effective-blend-of-satire-and-emotional-drama-2278888.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2022
|''[[Innale Vare]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|[[SonyLIV]] Film
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-12-09 |title=Jis Joy's next with Biju Menon and Asif Ali titled Thalavan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Dec/09/jis-joys-next-with-biju-menon-and-asif-ali-titled-thalavan-50250.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2024
|''[[Thalavan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-08 |title=Biju Menon-Asif Ali starrer Thalavan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/08/biju-menon-asif-ali-starrer-thalavan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===As a lyricist===

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Music composer
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017|| rowspan="4" | ''[[Sunday Holiday]]''|| "Mazha Paadum" || rowspan="4" | [[Deepak Dev]]
|-
| "Oru Nokku Kaanuvan"
|-
| "Aaro Koode"
|-
| "Kando Ninte Kannil"
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019 || rowspan="7" |''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]''|| "Enthanee Mounam" || rowspan="7" | Prince George
|-
| "Pournami Superalle"
|-
| "Etho Mazhayil"
|-
| "Pakalaay"
|-
| "Araaro"
|-
| "Paniyaake Paali"
|-
| " Nisarisa theme"
|}

===As a dubbing artist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character
!Dub Language
!Original language
! Original Year Release
!Dub Year Release
!Notes
|-
|[[Black (2004 film)|''Black'']]
|Niyas Musliyar
|Pappadi Sabu
| colspan="2" rowspan="13" |Malayalam
| colspan="2" |2004
|
|-
|''Annorikkal''
|[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]
|Benny Varghese
| colspan="2" |2005
|
|-
|''[[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]''
|Niyas Musliyar
|Johny Eppan
| colspan="2" |2005
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vargam]]''
|Renji V Nair
|Dennis Chacko
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |2006
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
|Ex.M.L.A Ummen Chacko
|-
|''[[Ennittum]]''
|Dinu Dennis
|Prem Gopal
| colspan="2" |2006
|
|-
|''[[Chempada]]''
|Govind
|Akash
| colspan="2" |2008
|
|-
|''[[Gopalapuranam]]''
|[[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]]
|Gopalakrishnan
| colspan="2" |2008
|
|-
|''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]''
|[[Manikuttan]]
|Vishnu
|colspan="2" |2010
|
|-
|''[[Uppukandam Brothers: Back in Action]]''
|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]]
|Uppukandam Bobby
| colspan="2" |2011
|
|-
|[[Sevenes]]
|[[Joju George]]
|Rameshan
| colspan="2" |2011
|
|-
|''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]''
|[[Raghavan (actor)|Jishnu Raghavan]]
|Jose Mash
|colspan="2" |2012
|-
|''[[Kaashh]]''
|[[Rajeev Pillai]]
|Sarath
| colspan="2" |2012
|
|-
|''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]''|| rowspan="3" |[[Allu Arjun]] ||Simhadri
| rowspan="26" |Malayalam
| rowspan="13" |Telugu
| 2003
|2009
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Simhakuty".
|-
|[[Arya (2004 film)|''Arya'']]||Arya
| colspan="2" |2004
|
|-
|[[Bunny (2005 film)|''Bunny'']]|| Bunny alias Raja
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2005
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Bunny: The Lion".
|-
|[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|''Chatrapathi'']]||[[Prabhas]]|| Sivaji
|
|-
|[[Happy (2006 film)|''Happy'']]|| rowspan="2" | [[Allu Arjun]]||Bunny
| colspan="2" |2006
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Happy: Be Happy".
|-
|''[[Desamuduru]]''|| Bala Govind
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |2007
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Hero: The Real Hero".
|-
|''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]''
|[[Prabhas]]
|Mahesh alias Munna
|
|-
|''[[Dubai Seenu]]''
|[[Ravi Teja]]
|Srinivasan alias Seenu
|
|-
|''[[Parugu]]''
| rowspan="5" |[[Allu Arjun]]
|Krishna
| colspan="2" | 2008
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Krishna".
|-
| ''[[Arya 2]]'' ||Arya
| colspan="2" |2009
|
|-
|''[[Varudu]]''||Sandeep Mohan Ram
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |2010
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Varan".
|-
|[[Vedam (film)|''Vedam'']]||Cable Raju
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Killadi: The Robber".
|-
| [[Badrinath (film)|''Badrinath'']]||Badrinath
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |2011
|
|-
|[[Dam 999|''Dam'' ''999'']] ||[[Joshua Fredric Smith]]||Captain Fredrick Brown
|English
|
|-
|[[Julai|''Julayi'']]
| rowspan="3" |[[Allu Arjun]]||Ravindra Narayan
| rowspan="12" |Telugu
| colspan="2" | 2012
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Gajapokkiri".
|-
|''[[Iddarammayilatho]]''|| Sanju Reddy
| colspan="2" | 2013
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Romeo & Juliets".
|-
|''[[Race Gurram]]''|| Lakshman/Lucky
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |2014
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Lucky The Racer".
|-
|''[[Yevadu]]''
|[[Allu Arjun]] (extended cameo)||Sathya (before surgery)
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Bhaiyya My Brother".
|-
| ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''
| rowspan="8" |[[Allu Arjun]]||Viraj Anand
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2015
|
|-
|[[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']]||Gona Ganna Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Sarrainodu]]''||Gana
| colspan="2" | 2016
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Yodhavu".
|-
|''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]''||Duvvada Jagannadham Sastri (Dhruvaraja Jagannadham Shastri in Malayalam version)/DJ
| colspan="2" | 2017
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Dhruvaraja Jagannadh".
|-
|''[[Naa Peru Surya]]''||Surya
| colspan="2" | 2018
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Ente Peru Surya, Ente Veedu India".
|-
|''[[Angu Vaikuntapurathu|Ala Vaikuntapuramuloo]]''||Bantu
| colspan="2" | 2020
|The Malayalam dub was titled: "Angu Vaikunthapurathu".
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' ||Pushpa Raj
| colspan="2" | 2021
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rule]]'' ||Pushpa Raj
| colspan="2" | 2024
|
|}

==Recurring collaborators==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
! Films !![[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]!![[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] !! [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha|KPAC Lalitha]] !! [[Aju Varghese]] !! [[Balu Varghese]] !![[Sreenivasan]] !! [[Saiju Kurup]] !! [[Sudheer Karamana]] !! [[Srikant Murali]]
|-
| ''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]'' (2013) ||{{tick}} || {{tick}} ||{{tick}} || {{tick}}|| {{tick}} || ||{{tick}} || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' (2017)||{{tick}} ||{{tick}} || {{tick}} || || || {{tick}} || || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' (2019) ||{{tick}} || {{tick}} ||{{tick}} || {{tick}}|| {{tick}} || || || || {{tick}}
|-
| ''[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]'' (2021) ||{{tick}} || {{tick}} ||{{tick}} || || || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| ''[[Innale Vare]]'' (2022) ||{{tick}} || || || || || || || || {{tick}}
|-
| ''[[Thalavan]]'' (2024) ||{{tick}} || || || || || || || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7834624}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joy, Jis}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Khizr-i-Rah

2025-12-20T21:43:28Z

Sergzrr: formatting fix

{{Infobox poem
| name = Khizr-e-Rah
| author = [[Muhammad Iqbal]]
| publication_date = 1924
| image = file:Iqbal and son Javid in 1930.jpg
| caption = Iqbal and his son Javid Iqbal in 1930
| image_size = 100
| country = [[British Raj]]
| original_title = خضرِ راہ
| original_title_lang = ur
| written = 1922
| first = [[The Call of the Marching Bell]]
| language = Urdu
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2019}}
The "'''Khizr-i-Rah'''" ("The Guide of the Path") is a [[poem]] in [[Urdu]] written in 1922 by [[Sir Muhammad Iqbal]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Iftikhar Dadi|title=Modernism and the Art of Muslim South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbrqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|date=2010-05-15|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-9596-2|page=74}}</ref> and published in his 1924 collection ''[[The Call of the Marching Bell|Bang-i-dara]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Iqbal Singh Sevea|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA23|date=2012-06-29|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00886-1|page=23}}</ref> It deals with the subject of the political future of Muslims. The poem is an imaginary conversation between Iqbal and [[Khidr|Khizr]] (The Guide). Iqbal, while sitting alone one night, sees Khizr appear before him who asks him about the cause of his loneliness and restlessness.<ref name="Omar">{{cite journal |last1=Irfan |first1=Omar |title=Khiżr-i Rāh: The Pre-Eminent Guide to Action in Muhammad Iqbal's Thought |journal=Islamic Studies |date=2004 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |jstor=20837324}}</ref> Iqbal tells him about many things he has failed to understand in life and Khizr explains to him the secrets of those things.<ref name="Omar" /> The three main topics of the conversation were "the secret of life", "the Governments" and the "downfall of Muslims".

== See also ==
* [[Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Muhammad Iqbal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khizr-I-Rah}}
[[Category:Poetry by Muhammad Iqbal]]
[[Category:Books by Muhammad Iqbal]]

{{Poetry-stub}}

Jyoti Gogte

2025-10-16T15:58:19Z

Sergzrr: adding a data

{{Short description|Indian author, entrepreneur and academic (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Jyoti Gogte
| birth_name = Jyoti Devali-Rao
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|05|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bijapur]], Mysore State, India
| occupation = {{cslist|Entrepreneur|writer|[[Academic staff|academic]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Jayant Gogte|1977|2020|end=his death}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Pune]] (PhD)
| thesis_title = Working Capital Management in the Engineering Industry In and Around Pune
| thesis_year = 1982
| doctoral_advisor = C. G. Vaidya
| discipline = Economics
| sub_discipline = [[Entrepreneurship]]
| workplaces = {{plainlist|
* [[SNDT Women's University]] (1977–1979)
* [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]] (1979–1982)
* [[Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University]] (2000–2008)
* University of Pune (2006–2013)
* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (2011–2015)
* [[Symbiosis International University]] (2011–present)
}}
| notable_works = {{hlist|''Startup and New Venture Management'' (2014)|''Roadmap for an Entrepreneur'' (2024)}}
| module = {{Infobox officeholder|embed = yes
| office1 = Vice Chairwoman of Jagatik Marathi Chamber of Commerce and Industries
| term_start1 = January 2009
| term_end1 = December 2009
| office2 = Joint Managing Director of Golden Nugget Engineering & Electroplast Limited
| term_start2 = 1983
| term_end2 = 1993
| office3 = President of the Association for the Promotion of Plastics
| term_start3 = 1992
| term_end3 = 1994
| office4 = President of the [[Women's Cricket Association of India]]
| term_start4 = 1981
| term_end4 = 1983
}}
}}

'''Jyoti Jayant Gogte''' (born '''Jyoti Devali-Rao''', on 26 May 1956) is an Indian entrepreneur and academic, most notable for her [[reference textbooks]] on [[entrepreneurship]] titled ''Startup & New Venture Management'' (2014) and ''Roadmap for an Entrepreneur'' (2024).

== Biography ==
=== Early life and family: 1956 – 1977 ===
Gogte was born on 26 May 1956 in [[Bijapur]], India, to Dharnendra and Hemalata Devali-Rao ({{née|Nadkarni}}). Her parents were [[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin|Chitrapur Saraswat]] [[brahmin]]s. In 1971, the family changed her official birth day to 26 March 1956 to correspond with the [[Academic_year#India|Indian academic year]] for her primary school admission.<ref name="Lokmat">{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Neha |title=Dhyeyavadi Vyavasthapak Jyoti Gogte |work=[[Lokmat]] |issue=Sharvi |date=31 July 2002 |pages=24, 25 |language=mr}}</ref>{{sfn|Gogte|2006|p=447}}

In April 1975, Gogte graduated the [[University of Pune]] with a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] in advanced [[accounting]] and [[auditing]], going on to finish her [[Master of Commerce]] in advanced [[costing]] and [[business administration]] from the university by May 1977.<ref name="Plastic Udyog"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Startup management by Dr. Jyoti Jayant Gogte |journal=Business Doc Box |issue=June 2014}}</ref> She completed a [[Ph.D.]] from the university in [[Finance]] in March 1982,{{sfn|Barve|1982|p=173}}{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=10}} writing her doctoral thesis under the guidance of Dr. C. G. Vaidya,<ref name="Plastic Udyog"/> entitled ''Working Capital Management in the Engineering Industry In and Around Pune''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sou Jyoti Gogte yhana PhD |work=[[Tarun Bharat]] |date=23 February 1982 |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref name="Lokmat"/><ref name="Loksatta"/>

In 1977, Gogte married Jayant Gogte, a nephew of [[Raosaheb Gogte]], from the Gogte ''[[Noble house (term)|gharana]]'' of [[Belgaum]].{{sfn|Gogte|2006|p=445}}{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=10}} The couple has two daughters.{{sfn|Gogte|2006|pp=446–447}} Gogte was widowed in July 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sad demise of Jayant Gogte |date=14 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India|Times Tribute]] |location=[[Pune]]}}</ref> By marriage, she is a relative of [[Dilip Dandekar]] and [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]].{{sfn|Gogte|2006|pp=445–447}}{{sfn|Kamath|1991|p=10, 11}}

=== Career: 1977 – present ===
From July 1977 till June 1979, Gogte was employed as a lecturer by the [[SNDT Women's University|Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackeray Arts & Commerce College for Women]] in [[Pune]]. She went on to teach at the [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]], from July 1979 till April 1982.<ref name="Lokmat"/> From May to October 1982, she held a corporate training position with [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar Consultants]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Keynote speech by Mrs. Dr. Jyoti Gogte |journal=Lions Clubs Association |date=December 1997 |page=3}}</ref>

In early 1983, Gogte became president of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|Women's Cricket Association of India]], and was responsible for organising matches between the Sri Lankan and Australian teams against the Maharashtrian women's team.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lankan girls trounce Maharashtra |work=[[Maharashtra Herald]] |date=2 May 1983 |page=7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lankans outwit Maharashtra |work=[[Maharashtra Herald]] |date=15 May 1983 |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=State girls skittle out Gujarat |work=[[Maharashtra Herald]] |date=29 December 1983 }}</ref> In June of that year, she was elected chairwoman of the [[Netball Federation of India]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Progressive Education Society |journal=MIBM |date=December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Plastic Udyog"/> That same year, she ventured into business, founding the Golden Nugget Engineering & Electroplast Limited, serving as the company's [[CEO|joint managing director]].<ref name="Loksatta"/> The company manufactured plastic machine covers, and Gogte served as the company's joint managing director till 1993.<ref>{{cite news |title=Smt. Jyoti Gogte on plastics |work=[[All India Radio]] |date=26 April 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Programme for industrial workers: Interview with woman entrepreneur Jyoti Gogte |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 April 1990 |page=ii}}</ref><ref name="Plastic Udyog">{{cite journal |last1=Kirloskar |first1=Arvind |title=Navin Sampadaka : Jyoti Gogte |journal=Plastic Udyog |date=May 1988 |pages=1, 2 |language=mr |id=PHM/18/VII/2-2 88}}</ref>

In January 1986, she interviewed [[S. L. Kirloskar]] for the MCCIA,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sabade |first1=B. R. |last2=Gogte |first2=J. J. |author3=[[Dnyaneshwar Agashe|Agashe, D. C.]] |title=A study in entrepreneurship: Shri. S. L. Kirloskar |journal=MCCIA |date=16 January 1986 |volume=Educational Media Research Centre |location=Pune}}</ref> and in 1987, Gogte founded Golden Nugget Enterprises, trading in [[polyethelene]] sheets, serving as its [[proprietor]].<ref name="Loksatta"/> That same year, she founded Creations, a company in joint venture with [[Kokuyo Camlin|Camlin]], developing lap trays. She would also found Gayatri Enterprises in 1987,<ref name="Plastic Udyog"/> a company that would provide [[logistics]] for Camlin, serving as its proprietor till 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Navin Mahila Udyogjakana Margadarshan |work=[[All India Radio]] |date=12 December 1991}}</ref> In July 1989, she wrote for the [[Deccan Herald|Business Herald]] when [[Dhirubhai Ambani]] took [[Reliance Industries]] public.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ambani's mega issue |last=Gogte |first=Jyoti |date=21 July 1989 |work=[[Deccan Herald|Business Herald]]}}</ref>

In 1989, Gogte was honoured by the [[Rotary Club]] of Pune with their Successful Woman Entrepreneur award.<ref name="Lokmat"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Jyoti Gogte felicitated "Successful Woman Entrepreneur" |journal=Rotary Club of Poona North |date=4 October 1989}}</ref> That same year, she also wrote about the career of [[D. P. Dandekar|Digambar Dandekar]] for the ''[[Sakal Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Untavar (rahani) Camlin |language=mr |work=[[Sakal Times]] |last=Gogte |first=Jyoti |date=}}</ref> Between 1989 and 1990, Gogte authored a weekly column in ''[[Deccan Herald|Business Herald]]'', entitled ''Stock Market Reviews''.<ref name="Lokmat"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Share Market Review |last=Gogte |first=Jyoti |date=5 January 1989 |work=[[Deccan Herald|Business Herald]] |page=2}}</ref> From 1992 to 1994, she served as the president of the Association of Promotion of Plastics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jyoti Gogte elected |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 August 1992 |page=ii}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Keynote speech by Mrs. Dr. Jyoti Gogte |journal=Lions Clubs Association |date=December 1997 |page=3}}</ref><ref name="Loksatta"/>

From 2000 till 2008, Gogte was a [[Master of Philosophy]] guide for the [[Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Jyoti Gogte, counsellor |journal=BMCC Annals |date=2012}}</ref> In September 2001, Gogte went on to found Focus Foundation, a [[charitable trust]], through which she would provide training programs for educational institutes in Pune,<ref>{{cite news |title=Focus on values |last=Hoskote |first=Disha |work=[[The Times of India|The Education Times]] |date=19 November 2001 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Loksatta">{{cite news |last1=Sahasrabudhe |first1=Swati |title=Dr. Jyoti Gogte yhancha 'Focus' ya sansthetarfe vyavaharic jagaat tathpane ubha rahanyche shikshan, tasach vicharana disha denyache kaam kele jaat |work=[[Loksatta]] |issue=Chatura |date=4 July 2002 |pages=14, 15 |language=mr}}</ref> most notably hosting [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] in November 2002.<ref>{{cite journal |title=President APJ Abdul Kalam visits Pune |journal=Ignited Minds |date=November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Linking people |work=[[Pune Times]] |date=9 May 2002}}</ref> Around the same time, she was the recipient of the Udyog Chakra award from the [[Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=National Innovation and Startup Policy |journal=College of Engineering, Pune Annals |date=11 September 2019 |location=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Start Ups Succeeds only when They Own Their Idea and Business with Passion! |journal=Kaveri Education Society Annals |date=2016 |volume=Kaveri Entrepreneurship Development and Start up Cell}}</ref>

In 2006, she was made a professor and director of the [[University of Pune]], a position she would hold till 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Our director – TIMR |journal=KJ Educational Institutes Journal 2010 |date=2010 |page=2}}</ref> That same year, she was a professor and director at the Sinhgad Institute of Business Management & Research, a position she held till 2007. In 2009, Gogte served as the vice chairwoman of the Jagatik Marathi Chamber of Commerce and Industries in Pune.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Dr. Gogte elected vice-chairman |journal=JMCCI/Pune/80 |last=Salunkhe |first=Chandrakant |date=10 January 2009}}</ref> That same year, she became a professor and director at the Institute of Management & Research, going on to serve Trinity Institute of Management & Research from 2010 to 2011,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Our director – TIMR |journal=KJ Educational Institutes Journal 2010 |date=2010 |page=2}}</ref> Modern Institute of Business Management from 2011 to 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIBM DIRECTOR – Dr. Jyoti Gogte|url=http://mibmpune.com/app/introduction.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405233209/http://mibmpune.com/app/introduction.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> and the Research Institute of Health Science Management from 2012 to 2013, in that same role.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Smt. Dr. Jyoti Gogte|journal=Parle Tilak Vidyalaya Association's PTVA's Institute of Management |date=2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Jyoti Gogte|url=https://www.deasra.in/meet_mentor/dr-jyoti-gogte/|access-date=3 July 2021|website=deAsra Foundation|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183057/https://www.deasra.in/meet_mentor/dr-jyoti-gogte/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

From 2011 to 2015, she was a visiting professor at the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]], and since 2011, has been a visiting professor at the [[Symbiosis International University]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Entrepreneurship Development Program- Centre of Entrepreneurship and Innovation |journal=COEI |date=29 November 2018}}</ref> Since 2012, Gogte has served as a Ph.D. guide for the University of Pune.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Recognition of Jyot Gogte as a Ph.D. Guide |journal=Pune University Annals |date=March 2012}}</ref> In 2014, she authored her first [[reference textbooks|reference textbook]] titled ''Startup & New Venture Management'', which was published by [[Vishwakarma University|Vishwakarma Publications]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gogte |first1=Jyoti Jayant |title=Startup and new venture management |url=https://nationallibraryopac.nvli.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1440163 |publisher=Vishwakarma Publications |access-date=27 May 2024 |date=2014|isbn=978-93-83572-03-8 }}</ref> In 2015, her paper presented at the Global Science & Technology Forum in [[Singapore]] was named the Best Research Paper at the conference.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Gogte's presentation wins Best Research Paper |work=Global Science & Technology Forum Newsletter |location=[[Singapore]] |date=December 2015}}</ref> Since 2016, she has been a professor and research guide at Vishwakarma Institute of Management & Research.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Jyoti Gogte Archives|url=https://vishwakarmapublications.com/author/dr-jyoti-gogte/|access-date=3 July 2021|website=Vishwakarma Publications|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, Vishwakarma Publications published her second reference textbook titled ''Roadmap for an Entrepreneur''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gavaskar |first1=Prachi |title=उद्योजकतेच्या मार्गावरची दिशादर्शिका |trans-title=A guide to the path to entrepreneurship |work=[[Sakal]] |date=25 May 2024 |location=[[Pune]] |page=6 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
*{{cite book |title=Startup & New Venture Management |date=June 2014 |publisher=[[Vishwakarma University|Vishwakarma Publications]] |location=[[Pune]] |isbn=978-93-83572-03-8 |oclc=1023538065 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |title=Roadmap for an Entrepreneur |date=April 2024 |publisher=[[Vishwakarma University|Vishwakarma Publications]] |location=[[Pune]] |isbn=978-9395481557}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|title=Gogte [[Kulavruttanta]]|publisher=Gogte Committee|year=2006|location=[[Pune]]|language=mr|trans-title=The Gogte Family Genealogy Almanac|chapter=Belgav Gharana, Dusra|trans-chapter=The 2nd [[Noble house (term)|House]] of [[Belgaum]] |ref={{sfnref|Gogte|2006}} }}
*{{cite book |last1=Barve |first1=D. K. |title=सागरमेघ: बा. म. ऊर्फ रावसाहेब गोगटे यांचा भैतिक व आत्मिक आविष्कार|trans-title= Sagarmegh: The Physical and Spiritual Invention of B. M. "Raosaheb" Gogte |date=1982 |publisher=Bombay Book Ḍepot |location=[[Mumbai]] |language=mr|oclc=12024875}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kamath|first=M. V.|author-link=M. V. Kamath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7QgAAAAIAAJ&q=sheetal+agashe|title=The Makings of a Millionaire: A Tribute to a Living Legend, Raosaheb B.M. Gogte, Industrialist, Philanthropist & Educationist|date=1991|location=[[Mumbai]]|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|language=en|oclc=25633742}}

== External links ==
*{{Google Scholar id|id=VaynTrUAAAAJ}}
*{{ResearchGate|Jyoti_Gogte|Dr. Jyoti Gogte}}

{{Subject bar|d=Q107463464|auto=1|portal1=India|portal2=Asia|portal3=Biography|portal4=Business|portal5=Economics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogte, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:People from Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian business and financial journalists]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]

Shivani Rajashekar

2025-10-12T10:16:29Z

Sergzrr: Creating First Page W/ Refs...

{{short description|Indian actress}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}

{{Indian name|Shivani|Rajashekar}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Shivani Rajashekar
| image =
| caption = Shivani in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|7|1|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/www-team-releases-new-poster-on-shivani-rajasekhar-birthday/articleshow/84016174.cms |title=HBD Shivani Rajasekhar.. WWW నుంచి కూల్ పోస్టర్ |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616192857/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/www-team-releases-new-poster-on-shivani-rajasekhar-birthday/articleshow/84016174.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/miss-india-contestants/2022/shivani-rajashekar/contestantprofile/91151666.cms |title=Shivani Rajashekar - 2022 - Miss India Contestants - Miss India - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526135656/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/miss-india-contestants/2022/shivani-rajashekar/contestantprofile/91151666.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2021—present
| mother = [[Jeevitha]]
| father = [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
| family =
[[Shivathmika Rajashekar ]] (sister)
}}

'''Shivani Rajashekar''' is an Indian actress who appears primarily in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivani Rajashekar to represent Tamil Nadu in Miss India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shivani-rajashekar-to-represent-tamil-nadu-in-miss-india/articleshow/91354792.cms |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510091110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shivani-rajashekar-to-represent-tamil-nadu-in-miss-india/articleshow/91354792.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She made her debut in ''[[Adbhutham]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Shivani Rajasekhar, Tollywood's new kid on the block |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/nov/17/meet-shivani-rajasekhar-tollywoods-new-kid-on-the-block-2384465.html |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126214320/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/nov/17/meet-shivani-rajasekhar-tollywoods-new-kid-on-the-block-2384465.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shivani was supposed to represent Tamil Nadu in the Femina Miss India 2022, but withdrew for medical reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Instagram post stating the withdrawal of Femina Miss India Tamil Nadu 2022 |url=https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/?next=/p/CfVe8fZoHM_/ |website=Instagram |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190822/https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/?next=/p/CfVe8fZoHM_/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Femina Miss India Tamil Nadu 2022 Shivani Rajashekar's life story in words - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/femina-miss-india-tamil-nadu-2022-shivani-rajashekars-life-story-in-words/articleshow/92058090.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609030424/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/femina-miss-india-tamil-nadu-2022-shivani-rajashekars-life-story-in-words/articleshow/92058090.cms |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=Femina Miss India}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shivani was born on 1 July 1996 in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] and [[Jeevitha]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivathmika Rajasekhar's special gift for Shivani on her birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shivathmika-rajasekhars-special-gift-for-shivani-on-her-birthday/articleshow/76772548.cms |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 July 2020 |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209023927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shivathmika-rajasekhars-special-gift-for-shivani-on-her-birthday/articleshow/76772548.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She was then raised in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/actor-rajashekar-s-daughter-in-talks-for-kumki-2-news-tamil-rgqkGAbegibeh.html |title=Actor Rajashekar’s daughter in talks for 'Kumki 2' |website=sify.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025085851/http://www.sify.com/movies/actor-rajashekar-s-daughter-in-talks-for-kumki-2-news-tamil-rgqkGAbegibeh.html |archive-date=25 October 2017 |access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''All the films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted''

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of films and roles
!Year
!Title
!Role(s)
!Language
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Pelli SandaD]]''
|Maya
|rowspan="3"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Debut in a minor role
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=2021-10-16 |title='Pelli SandaD' movie review: Done and dusted old school romance |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pelli-sandad-movie-review-done-and-dusted-old-school-romance/article37017971.ece |access-date=2022-06-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310112006/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pelli-sandad-movie-review-done-and-dusted-old-school-romance/article37017971.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Adbhutham]]''
|Vennela
|Debut as lead actress; released on [[Disney+Hotstar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2020 |title=Actor Shivani Rajasekhar speaks on upcoming Telugu debut film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-shivani-rajasekhar-speaks-upcoming-telugu-debut-film-128148 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129032013/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-shivani-rajasekhar-speaks-upcoming-telugu-debut-film-128148 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[WWW (film)|''WWW'']]
|Mithra
|Released on [[SonyLIV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Suresh Babu comes forward to release mystery thriller 'WWW' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/suresh-babu-comes-forward-to-release-mystery-thriller-www |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224201445/https://telanganatoday.com/suresh-babu-comes-forward-to-release-mystery-thriller-www |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Anbarivu]]''
|Yazhini
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|Tamil Debut; released on [[Disney+Hotstar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=4 January 2022 |title=Shivani Rajsekhar Introduces Sai Kumar And Asha Sarath From Her Next Movie 'Anbarivu' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/shivani-rajsekhar-introduces-sai-kumar-and-asha-sarath-from-her-next-movie-anbarivu-723139 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104150806/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/shivani-rajsekhar-introduces-sai-kumar-and-asha-sarath-from-her-next-movie-anbarivu-723139 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nenjuku Needhi]]''
|Kurinji
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajasekhar's daughter Shivani Rajsekhar joins Udhayanidhi's 'Article 15' remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajasekhars-daughter-shivani-rajsekhar-joins-udhayanidhis-article-15-remake/articleshow/82544436.cms |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 May 2021 |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703055855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajasekhars-daughter-shivani-rajsekhar-joins-udhayanidhis-article-15-remake/articleshow/82544436.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Shekar (film)|''Shekar'']]
|Shekar's daughter
|rowspan="4"|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2022 |title=Rajashekar and daughter Shivani in Jeevitha Rajashekar's Telugu film 'Shekar' |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajashekar-and-daughter-shivani-in-jeevitha-rajashekars-telugu-film-shekar/article64825427.ece |access-date=16 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521014012/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajashekar-and-daughter-shivani-in-jeevitha-rajashekars-telugu-film-shekar/article64825427.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Jilebi (2023 film)|Jilebi]]''
| G. Lakshmi Bharathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Kota Bommali PS]]''
|[[Constable|P.C]] Malleti Kumari
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Vidya Vasula Aham]]''
|Inukollu Vidya
|Released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Vijay and Shivani Rajashekar's next titled Vidya Vasula Aham, set to hit theatres soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rahul-vijay-and-shivani-rajashekhars-next-titled-vidya-vasula-aham-set-to-hit-theatres-soon/91e346d30987 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901175112/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/rahul-vijay-and-shivani-rajashekhars-next-titled-vidya-vasula-aham-set-to-hit-theatres-soon/91e346d30987 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidya Vasula Aham Review - Has good performances but lacks gripping drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/vidya-vasula-aham-review-the-shivani-rajasekhar-and-rahul-vijay-starrer-lacks-engaging-drama/d8c6384174702 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of series and roles
!Year
!Title
!Role(s)
!Language
!Network
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2023
|[[Aha Naa Pellanta (web series)|''Aha Naa Pellanta'']]
|Maha
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|name=Shivani Rajashekar|id=nm8194302}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajashekar, Shivani}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Vaccination in India

2025-10-05T01:24:29Z

Sergzrr: Creating The Post With Sources...

{{short description|none}}
[[File:COVID-19 vaccination roll out in AIIMS, New Delhi, India on 16 Jan 2021.jpg|thumb|COVID-19 vaccination roll out in AIIMS, New Delhi, India on 16 January 2021]]
'''Vaccination in India''' includes the use of vaccines in Indian public health and the place of vaccines in Indian society, policy, and research.

== Vaccination policy ==
India's [[Universal Immunisation Programme|Universal Immunization Programme]] (UIP) began in 1985. The UIP covers:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lahariya|first=Chandrakant|date=April 2014|title=A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India|journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|volume=139|issue=4|pages=491–511|issn=0971-5916|pmc=4078488|pmid=24927336}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Madhavi|first=Yennapu|date=May 2005|title=Vaccine Policy in India|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=2|issue=5|article-number=e127|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020127|issn=1549-1277|pmc=1140944|pmid=15916465 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-27|title=National Immunization Schedule under Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), India|url=http://thepharmapedia.com/nis-uip-india/pharmacy-notes/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Pharmapedia}}</ref>
* [[BCG vaccine]] for Tuberculosis
* [[DPT vaccine]] for Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus
* [[Oral polio vaccine|OPV vaccine]] for Poliomyelitis
* [[Measles|Measles vaccine]]/ [[Measles and rubella vaccine|Measles and Rubella vaccine]]
* [[Hepatitis B|Hepatitis B vaccine]]
* [[Tetanus toxoid|TT vaccine]]
* [[DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine|Pentavalent vaccine]] for Hib, DPT, Hep B
* [[Japanese encephalitis|JE vaccine]] (localised)
* [[Rotavirus vaccine]]
* [[Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine|PCV]] for Streptococcus pneumoniae

==Available vaccines==
=== Coronavirus ===
{{Main|COVID-19 vaccination in India}}
[[File:BBV152.jpg|thumb|A 5ml vial of [[COVAXIN|Covaxin]] BBV152]]
India has been vaccinating against coronavirus since 16 January 2021.

===Rotavirus===
India's implementation of the rotavirus vaccine in its [[Universal Immunisation Programme]] has saved many children's lives.<ref name="Malik 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Malik |first1=A |last2=Haldar |first2=P |last3=Ray |first3=A |last4=Shet |first4=A |last5=Kapuria |first5=B |last6=Bhadana |first6=S |last7=Santosham |first7=M |last8=Ghosh |first8=RS |last9=Steinglass |first9=R |last10=Kumar |first10=R |title=Introducing rotavirus vaccine in the Universal Immunization Programme in India: From evidence to policy to implementation. |journal=Vaccine |date=16 September 2019 |volume=37 |issue=39 |pages=5817–5824 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.104 |pmid=31474519|pmc=6996154 }}</ref>

Nearly every child in every country globally experiences at least one rotavirus infection in early childhood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bergman |first1=Hanna |last2=Henschke |first2=Nicholas |last3=Hungerford |first3=Daniel |last4=Pitan |first4=Femi |last5=Ndwandwe |first5=Duduzile |last6=Cunliffe |first6=Nigel |last7=Soares-Weiser |first7=Karla |date=2021-11-17 |title=Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=11 |article-number=CD008521 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008521.pub6 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8597890 |pmid=34788488}}</ref> However, in India, children are more likely to get this infection multiple times as well as more likely to die from it.<ref name=":0" />

A rotavirus vaccine is available.<ref name=":0" /> This vaccine is highly effective and has prevented approximately 50% of severe rotavirus diarrhea cases in India.<ref name=":0" /> Scientists in India produce vaccines for this disease which are special for India only.<ref name=":0" />

===HPV===
As of 2019 the Indian government is scaling up efforts to promote the [[HPV vaccine]] for girls to prevent [[cervical cancer]].<ref name="Sankaranarayanan 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Sankaranarayanan |first1=Rengaswamy |last2=Basu |first2=Partha |last3=Kaur |first3=Prabhdeep |last4=Bhaskar |first4=Rajesh |last5=Singh |first5=Gurinder Bir |last6=Denzongpa |first6=Phumzay |last7=Grover |first7=Rajesh K |last8=Sebastian |first8=Paul |last9=Saikia |first9=Tapan |last10=Oswal |first10=Kunal |last11=Kanodia |first11=Rishav |last12=Dsouza |first12=Amantia |last13=Mehrotra |first13=Ravi |last14=Rath |first14=Goura Kishor |last15=Jaggi |first15=Viniita |last16=Kashyap |first16=Sundram |last17=Kataria |first17=Ishu |last18=Hariprasad |first18=Roopa |last19=Sasieni |first19=Peter |last20=Bhatla |first20=Neerja |last21=Rajaraman |first21=Preetha |last22=Trimble |first22=Edward L |last23=Swaminathan |first23=Soumya |last24=Purushotham |first24=Arnie |title=Current status of human papillomavirus vaccination in India's cervical cancer prevention efforts |journal=The Lancet Oncology |date=November 2019 |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=e637–e644 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30531-5|pmid=31674322 |s2cid=207818684 }}</ref> This effort began in 2008 with the introduction of one sort of vaccine and in 2018 the government began providing a newer version of the vaccine.<ref name="Sankaranarayanan 2019"/>

===Respiratory syncytial virus===
Cases of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in India mainly occur in North India in the winter.<ref name="Broor 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Broor |first1=S |last2=Parveen |first2=S |last3=Maheshwari |first3=M |title=Respiratory syncytial virus infections in India: Epidemiology and need for vaccine. |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology |date=2018 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=458–464 |doi=10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_19_5 |pmid=30880691|doi-access=free }}</ref> This virus causes [[lower respiratory tract infection]].<ref name="Broor 2018"/>

==Safety==
India, like many other countries, uses the [[World Health Organization]] system for reporting and classifying "[[Adverse Events]] following Immunization".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=AK |last2=Wagner |first2=AL |last3=Joshi |first3=J |last4=Carlson |first4=BF |last5=Aneja |first5=S |last6=Boulton |first6=ML |title=Application of the revised WHO causality assessment protocol for adverse events following immunization in India. |journal=Vaccine |date=24 July 2017 |volume=35 |issue=33 |pages=4197–4202 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.027 |pmid=28648545|s2cid=4547302 }}</ref> The government agency which manages this program is responsible for both increasing safety and giving an explanation if a problem occurs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=J |last2=Das |first2=MK |last3=Polpakara |first3=D |last4=Aneja |first4=S |last5=Agarwal |first5=M |last6=Arora |first6=NK |title=Vaccine Safety and Surveillance for Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) in India. |journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics |date=February 2018 |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=139–148 |doi=10.1007/s12098-017-2532-9 |pmid=29170922|s2cid=4252838 }}</ref> Between 2012 and 2016, the system identified about 1,000 "adverse event" cases.<ref name="Singh 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=AK |last2=Wagner |first2=AL |last3=Joshi |first3=J |last4=Carlson |first4=BF |last5=Aneja |first5=S |last6=Boulton |first6=ML |title=Causality assessment of serious and severe adverse events following immunization in India: a 4-year practical experience. |journal=Expert Review of Vaccines |date=June 2018 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=555–562 |doi=10.1080/14760584.2018.1484285 |pmid=29865876|s2cid=46929595 }}</ref> Researchers responded by examining these cases to improve safety.<ref name="Singh 2018"/>

==History==
In 1802 a 3-year-old girl in Mumbai received a [[smallpox vaccine]], making her the first person to take a vaccine in India.<ref name="Lahariya 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Lahariya |first1=Chandrakant |title=A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=1 April 2014 |volume=139 |issue=4 |pages=491–511 |pmid=24927336 |pmc=4078488 |url=http://www.ijmr.org.in/text.asp?2014/139/4/491/134094 |language=en |issn=0971-5916}}</ref> The British government claimed success and began to block use of the previous technology [[variolation]] to only recommend vaccination instead.<ref name="Lahariya 2019"/> In hindsight, the situation was complicated because vaccines were the long-term solution but way that the [[British Raj]] introduced them was disruptive to how people accessed traditional health services, and to government operations, and in religion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sanjoy |last2=Harrison |first2=Mark |last3=Worboys |first3=Michael |title=Fractured states: smallpox, public health and vaccination policy in British India 1800-1947 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |isbn=978-81-250-2866-6}}</ref>

==Society and culture==
The [[pharmaceutical industry in India]] is strong and has a reputation for producing good vaccines for sale and export.<ref name="Laxminarayan 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Laxminarayan |first1=Ramanan |last2=Ganguly |first2=Nirmal Kumar |title=India's Vaccine Deficit: Why More Than Half Of Indian Children Are Not Fully Immunized, And What Can—And Should—Be Done |journal=Health Affairs |date=June 2011 |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=1096–1103 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0405|pmid=21653963 |doi-access= }}</ref> Typically when a country makes vaccines, that means that local people have good access to them.<ref name="Laxminarayan 2011"/> For various reasons, India has both a strong vaccine manufacturing sector and also people in India, especially children, have higher rates of missing vaccines than in comparable countries.<ref name="Laxminarayan 2011"/>

Various commentators have given different reasons for why India has less vaccination.<ref name="Laxminarayan 2011"/> One historic reason is that India has contributed intensely to encouraging vaccines for smallpox and polio at the expense of being able to promote other vaccines.<ref name="Laxminarayan 2011"/> Another explanation could be that the Indian government underspends on vaccines in general.<ref name="Laxminarayan 2011"/> Somehow India's population does not demand vaccines, which could be a result of lack of public health education.<ref name="Laxminarayan 2011"/> India also has [[pseudoscience]] activists promoting [[vaccine hesitancy]].<ref name="Laxminarayan 2011"/>

Some research has suggested that community engagement (CE) may be especially important to consider in supporting vaccination in India. This may include "[efforts that are] focused on upstream relationships (bidirectional), fostering trust, transparent communication, capacity building, and political will to ensure such approaches."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dutta|first1=Tapati|last2=Meyerson|first2=Beth E.|last3=Agley|first3=Jon|last4=Barnes|first4=Priscilla A.|last5=Sherwood-Laughlin|first5=Catherine|last6=Nicholson-Crotty|first6=Jill|date=December 2020|title=A qualitative analysis of vaccine decision makers' conceptualization and fostering of 'community engagement' in India|journal=International Journal for Equity in Health|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=185|doi=10.1186/s12939-020-01290-5|issn=1475-9276|pmc=7574459|pmid=33081792 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There appears to be overarching support for vaccination CE among decisionmakers in India, but there remain many structural and social barriers to moving forward on this front.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dutta|first1=Tapati|last2=Agley|first2=Jon|last3=Meyerson|first3=Beth E.|last4=Barnes|first4=Priscilla A.|last5=Sherwood-Laughlin|first5=Catherine|last6=Nicholson-Crotty|first6=Jill|date=2021-06-25|editor-last=Borrow|editor-first=Ray|title=Perceived enablers and barriers of community engagement for vaccination in India: Using socioecological analysis|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=16|issue=6|article-number=e0253318|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0253318|issn=1932-6203|pmc=8232440|pmid=34170920|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1653318D |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Vaccines in research==
===Dengue===
{{main|Dengue vaccine}}
There has been a dengue vaccine available since 2015.<ref name="Swaminathan 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Swaminathan |first1=S |last2=Khanna |first2=N |title=Dengue vaccine development: Global and Indian scenarios |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |date=July 2019 |volume=84S |pages=S80–S86 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2019.01.029 |pmid=30684747|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, this vaccine is not effective in many cases.<ref name="Swaminathan 2019"/> The Indian government participates in the global research to develop an effective general use dengue vaccine.<ref name="Swaminathan 2019"/>

===Kala azar===
{{main|Leishmaniasis vaccine}}
There is research for a kala azar (Leishmaniasis) vaccine in India, but none exists.

==Special populations==
Foreign tourists visiting India contribute significantly to India's economy.<ref name="Verma 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=R |last2=Khanna |first2=P |last3=Chawla |first3=S |title=Recommended vaccines for international travelers to India. |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |date=2015 |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=2455–7 |doi=10.4161/hv.29443 |pmid=25483659|pmc=4635693 }}</ref> People who visit India from countries with different diseases may not have vaccines to protect against infections in India.<ref name="Verma 2015"/> When tourists do get an infection in India, often that infection could have been prevented with a vaccine.<ref name="Verma 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mehta |first1=B |last2=Jindal |first2=H |last3=Bhatt |first3=B |last4=Kumar |first4=V |last5=Singh Choudhary |first5=S |title=Vaccination for safe travel to India. |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |date=2014 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1111–3 |doi=10.4161/hv.27234 |pmid=24284411|pmc=4896562 }}</ref>

The [[World Health Organization]] recommends different vaccines for tourists in different circumstances.<ref name="Verma 2015"/> Those vaccines include [[diphtheria vaccine]], [[tetanus vaccine]], [[hepatitis A vaccine]], [[hepatitis B vaccine]], [[oral polio vaccine]], [[typhoid vaccine]], [[varicella vaccine]], [[Japanese encephalitis]], [[meningococcal vaccine]], [[rabies vaccine]], and [[yellow fever vaccine]].<ref name="Verma 2015"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Health in India}}

[[Category:Healthcare in India]]
[[Category:Vaccination by country|India]]

Mathatraya of Tattvavada

2025-08-16T15:43:15Z

Sergzrr:

'''Mathatraya of Desh''' is a group of three premier monasteries of in the [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita School of thought]] or Tattvavada that descended from Jagadguru [[Madhvacharya]] in the lineage of his four direct disciples [[Padmanabha Tirtha]], [[Narahari Tirtha]], [[Madhava Tirtha]], [[Akshobhya Tirtha]] through [[Jayatirtha]] and his disciples. [[Uttaradi Matha]], [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Matha]] and [[Raghavendra Matha]] are combinedly known as '''Mathatraya'''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=196}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=197}}{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=61}}
According to [[Surendranath Dasgupta]], [[Uttaradi Math]] was divided twice, and so we end up with three mathas, the other two being [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Math]] and [[Raghavendra Math]].<ref name="Rosen-p132" />

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Mathatraya of Desha{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=193}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=150px style="background: #ffad66;" | Matha
| width=150px style="background: #ffad66;"| Present Swamiji
|-
|[[Uttaradi Matha]] || [[Satyatma Tirtha]]
|-
|[[Vyasaraja Matha (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Matha]]||Vidyashreesha Tirtha
|-
|[[Raghavendra Matha]]|| Subhudhendra Tirtha
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|title= The Sri-Krsna Temple at Udupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/SriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi|first=B.N|last=Hebbar|publisher=Bharatiya Granth Nikethan|year=2005|isbn=81-89211-04-8}}
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}

[[Category:Madhva mathas]]
[[Category:Mathatraya]]

Holkunda

2025-08-15T02:37:25Z

Sergzrr: adding new article

{{short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Holkunda
| population_total = 2496
| population_as_of = 2011
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.5280741|N|76.9774798|E|display=inline}}
}}

'''Holkunda''', also known as '''Holkonda''' and '''Holconda''' is a village in the [[Kalaburagi district]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is located about 28 kilometers northeast of the district headquarters [[Kalaburagi|Gulbarga]], on the [[National Highway 50 (India)|NH50]].

== History ==
During the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] period, the village was a suburb of Gulbarga, which was the capital of the sultanate. By the British period, it had been reduced to a small village.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71831/page/n11/mode/2up |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions |date=1938 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |location=Calcutta |page=1}}</ref>

== Landmarks ==
A cluster of seven [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] mausolea are located within the village. These are very similar to the [[Haft Gumbaz]]. Five are situated within a walled compound, and two are situated outside. One of these tombs is revered as a ''[[dargah]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Merklinger |first=Elizabeth I. |date=1975 |title=Seven Tombs at Holkonda: A Preliminary Survey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20752462 |journal=Kunst des Orients |volume=10 |issue=1/2 |pages=187–197 |jstor=20752462 |issn=0023-5393}}</ref> The complex is listed as a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka|state protected monument]].

== Economy ==
[[Jaggery]] is the most significant commodity produced in Holkunda.<ref name=":0" />

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the village had a population of 2495, in 418 households.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/612/download/2096/DH_2011_2925_PART_A_DCHB_GULBARGA.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 - Karnataka - Series 30 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Gulbarga |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Karnataka |year=}}</ref> 964 people belonged the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kalaburagi district]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2023}}

Barhan Junction railway station

2025-08-12T10:25:38Z

Sergzrr: expanded content also and improved wording

{{short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox station
|name=Barhan Junction
|other_name=
|style=Indian Railways
|type= [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
|image=Barhan.jpg
|address=Barhan, Agra, Uttar Pradesh
|country=India
|coordinates={{Coord|27.3292|N|78.1917|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
|elevation={{convert|176.67|m|ft}}
|owned=[[Indian Railways]]
|operator=[[North Central Railway zone]]
|line=[[Kanpur–Delhi section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] and [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]]
|platform=2
|tracks=4
|other=
|accessible=
|bicycle=No
|parking=Yes
|structure=Standard on ground
|code={{Indian railway code | code = BRN | division = {{rwd|Prayagraj}}}}
|status=Functioning
|closed=
|former=[[East Indian Railway Company]]
|opened=1865–66
|rebuilt=
|electrified=1975–76
|passengers=5,00 daily
|pass_system=
|pass_year=
|pass_percent=
|map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
|map_dot_label = "Barhan" railway station
|map_size = 300
|map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
|image_size=
|image_caption=Barhan Junction station
}}
'''Barhan railway station''' is a [[junction station]] on the [[Kanpur–Delhi section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] and Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line. It is located just 38 km from [[Agra City]]. The station was built by the British and remains essentially unchanged. The railway station is a site in itself and takes one back to the pre Independence era.

== History ==
Through trains started running on the [[East Indian Railway Company]]'s Howrah–Delhi line in 1866.<ref name="irfcai2">{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title=IR History: Early History (1832–1869)|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref>

[[Barhan village|Barhan]] offers a branch railway Line to {{stnlnk|Etah}}.

== Development ==
Etah–[[Kasganj Junction railway station|Kasganj]] new line work has been sanctioned in the Budget 2017–2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/etah/etah-kasganj-railway-line-approved|title=एटा-कासगंज रेल लाइन को मंजूरी – Amarujala|work=Amar Ujala|access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1398&id=0,4,268|title=Important Railway Projects over N.E.Railway in Budget-2017-18}}</ref>

New passenger train service started from {{stnlnk|Agra Fort}}–{{stnlnk|Etah}} on 10 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.amarujala.com/ad/my/20170404/06.html?format=img|title=Amar Ujala E-Paper|website=epaper.amarujala.com|access-date=2017-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/27-mar-2017-edition-Etah-page_6-8133-6150-195.html|title=Story|website=epaper.jagran.com|access-date=2017-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100701/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/27-mar-2017-edition-Etah-page_6-8133-6150-195.html|archive-date=19 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Barhan–Etah Railway Track Electrification Process Begins<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/etah/story-barhan-etah-railway-track-electrification-process-begins-3001769.html|title=Barhan–Etah Railway Track Electrification Process Begins}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradeh {{!}} Uttam Rail {{!}} A progressive journey since 2014 |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/secretary_branches/Constituency/Uttar%20Pradesh%20Constituencies/UP%20English/Etah.pdf}}</ref>

== Media ==
<gallery widths=180>
File:An antique well near the station, used to supply water to steam engines years ago. Barhan Junction (Agra)2.jpg|An antique well near the station, used to supply water to steam engines years ago. Barhan Junction (Agra)2
File:An antique well near the station, used to supply water to steam engines years ago. Barhan Junction (Agra)1.jpg|An antique well near the station, used to supply water to steam engines years ago. Barhan Junction
File:Abandoned passengers at the platform, Barhan Junction1.jpg|Platform No.1, Barhan Junction
File:Abandoned passengers at the platform, Barhan Junction.jpg|Platform No.1
File:A derelict cement bench at the Barhan station platform.jpg|A derelict cement bench at the Barhan station platform
File:13-a-woman-offering-prayers-at-nearby-temple-barhan-junction-agra-uttar-pradesh2.jpg|A woman worshipping at a Hindu temple nearby Platform No. 2
File:Barhan Junction.jpg|Click from railway foot overbridge Barhan Junction
File:Barhan Junction Main Building.jpg|Barhan Junction railway main structure
File:Circulation area.jpg|Circulation area
File:Areawg.jpg|Reservation counter
File:Patejvc.jpg|Platform
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Etah railway station]]
* [[Tundla Junction railway station]]
* [[Agra Fort railway station]]
* [[Hathras Junction railway station]]
* [[Aligarh Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|4910}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways|line=North Central Railway zone|left=Mitawali|right=Chamrola|type=[[Kanpur–Delhi section]]|line2=North Central Railway zone|left2=|right2=Shivwala Tehu|type2=[[Kanpur–Delhi section|Barhan–Etah branch line]]}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1865]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Agra district]]
[[Category:Prayagraj railway division]]

Vimana (architectural feature)

2025-08-11T13:53:21Z

Sergzrr: Creating A Info Initial Version

{{short description|Tower above the sanctum in Hindu temples}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:1834 sketch of elements in Hindu temple architecture, seven storey vimana.jpg|thumb|A seven-storey ''vimana'']]
A '''''vimana''''' is the structure over the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or inner sanctum in the [[Hindu temple]]s of South India and [[Odisha]] in East India. In typical temples of Odisha using the Kalinga style of architecture, the ''vimana'' is the tallest structure of the temple, as it is in the ''[[shikhara]]'' towers of temples in West and North India. By contrast, in large South Indian temples, it is typically smaller than the great gatehouses or ''[[gopuram]]'', which are the most immediately striking architectural elements in a temple complex. A ''vimana'' is usually shaped as a pyramid, consisting of several stories or ''[[Tala (Hindu architecture)|tala]]''. ''Vimana'' are divided in two groups: ''jati vimanas'' that have up to four ''tala'' and ''mukhya vimana'' that have five ''tala'' and more.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neela |first1=N. |last2=Ambrosia |first2=G. |title=VIMANA ARCHITECTURE UNDER THE CHOLAS |journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities |date=April 2016 |volume=3 |issue=4 |page=57 |url=https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf |access-date=5 July 2019 |issn=2321-788X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary of Technical Terms |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/75375/17/17_glossary.pdf |access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref>

In North Indian temple architecture texts, the superstructure over the ''garbhagriha'' is called a ''shikhara''. However, in South Indian Hindu architecture texts, the term ''shikhara'' means a dome-shaped crowning cap above the ''vimana''.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/technology/shikhara Shikhara], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Jagannath Temple, Puri.jpg|thumb|The ''vimana'' of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]] in the Kalinga style of architecture]]
A typical [[Hindu temple]] in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] style have ''[[gopuram]]'' in the four cardinal directions i.e. East - main entrance, North and south - side entrances, West - only opened on auspicious days where it is believed we will go directly to Heaven. The temple's walls are typically square with the outer most wall having four ''gopura'', one each on every side, situated exactly in the center of each wall. This will continue to next tier depending upon the size of the temple. The sanctum sanctorum and its towering roof (the central deity's shrine) are also called the ''vimana''. Generally, these do not assume as much significance as the outer ''gopuram'', with the exception of a few temples where the ''sanctum sanctorum'''s roofs are as famous as the temple complex itself. {{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur]] and the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], both 11th-century constructions of the [[Chola art and architecture|Imperial Cholas]], have massive and high ''vimana''s, which is atypical in the south. These perhaps were intended to compete with the height of northern ''sikhara''. At this time the usual gopuram was a relatively small structure over a gateway, and the development of the very tall gopuram of later centuries was perhaps influenced by these Chola ''vimana''. This trend was well underway in [[Vijayanagara architecture]], and has remained the case subsequently.

[[Image:Tirumala Tirupati.jpg|Golden shrine of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]|right|thumb]]

==Famous shrines==
The ''kanaka-sabai'' (Golden Stage) at [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]], is another example. This shrine is entirely covered with golden plates, but is different in its structure and massive in size when compared to most other vimanas. Historical evidence states that during the ninth century, [[Parantaka I]] funded covering this vimana with ornamental gold and it retains its glory even today.

The [[Ananda Nilayam]] ''vimana'' of the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]], is a famous example where the gopuram of the main shrine occupies a very special place in the temple's history and identity. The [[Meenakshi Temple]] has two golden ''vimana'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maduraimeenakshi.org/menu_pg.php?id=2?s_id=9|title=Towers|author=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405180658/http://www.maduraimeenakshi.org/menu_pg.php?id=2%3Fs_id%3D9|archive-date=5 April 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> a huge one for [[Shiva]] and the second one for his consort, [[Meenakshi]].

The [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], has the Neelachakra on the ''sikhara'', i.e., the top of the ''vimana''. It is a representation of [[Vishnu]]'s most powerful weapon, the ''sudarshana chakra''.

The ''vimana'' of the [[Konark Sun Temple]] was the tallest of all ''vimana'' before it fell.

==Gallery==
<gallery heights="150px" perrow="4" mode="packed">
File:Vettuvan kovil vimanam.jpg|''Vimanam'' of [[Vettuvan Koil]], 8th century.
File:Thanjavur si0593.jpg|''Vimana'' of [[Brihadisvara Temple]], 1003 to 1010 CE
File:Pattadakal, Sangamesvara Temple (9842865856) cropped.jpg|''Vimana'' at [[Pattadakal]], 7th century
File:Rear view of Kedareshvara temple (late 11th century) at Balligavi.JPG|''Vimana'' of Kerdareshvara, 11th century
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Balinese temple]]
* [[Meru tower]]
* ''[[Shikhara]]''
* ''[[Stupa]]''
* [[Hindu temple architecture]]
* [[List of tallest Gopurams#Tallest Vimanam|List of tallest Vimanams]]

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Vimanas (architecture)}}

[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]

Malankara Varghese murder case

2025-08-07T11:19:39Z

Sergzrr: updated details

{{update|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
The '''Malankara Varghese Murder Case''' is a case regarding the death of '''T. M. Varghese''' also known as Malankara Varghese, a member of [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]'s managing committee and a timber merchant on 5 December 2002. He was hacked to death by a gang outside a car workshop on main central road near [[Perumbavoor]]. Though the murder was initially described as a result of business rivalry, his relatives suspected involvement of a rival church faction. India's [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] on 9 May 2010 charged Father Varghese Thekkekara, a priest and manager of the [[Angamali]] diocese in the rival [[Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church]] (a part of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]) with conspiracy in the murder and named him as the prime accused.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kerala-hits-priest-with-murder-rap/articleshow/5908455.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062608/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-09/india/28288878_1_christian-priest-timber-merchant-murder|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Kerala hits priest with murder rap|date= 9 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sightindia.com/en/malayalam-daily-9063.html|title=Malankara Varghese murder: Fr Varghese in custody |publisher= Sight India|date= 9 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.com/news_kerala_Malankara_Varghese_murder_0_4683.html|title=Malankara Varghese murder : Christian priest main accused|publisher= Kerala News|date= 9 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article268102.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224021439/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article268102.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2014|title=Kerala Christian priest faces murder charge |publisher= [[The New Indian Express]]|date= 7 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haindavakeralam.com/HKPage.aspx?PageID=11043&SKIN=K|title=Christian priest prime accused in murder case |publisher= Haindavakeralam|date= 9 May 2010}}</ref>

==Investigation==
Initially, the murder of Varghese was considered a crime conducted by his business rivals, but five years of probe by the state police’s crime branch yielded nothing conclusive. Varghese’s widow then approached the [[Kerala High Court]], and it ordered a CBI investigation in November 2007. The CBI’s Chennai unit then accused 19 people of the murder and said it was possibly due to the long-standing feud between the [[Malankara Orthodox Church]] which has its headquarters in [[Kottayam]] and the [[Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church]], which has its headquarters in [[Ernakulam]]. When the CBI arrested Joy Varghese alias "Cement Joy", he confessed that he had hired the criminals who committed the murder for a large sum of money.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianetindia.com/news/malankara-vargheese-murder-priest-prime-accused_153037.html|title=Malankara Vargheese murder; Priest prime accused|publisher=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|date=8 May 2010|access-date=10 May 2010|archive-date=11 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511122011/http://www.asianetindia.com/news/malankara-vargheese-murder-priest-prime-accused_153037.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chief Judicial Magistrate [[Ernakulam]] allowed Joy Varghese to be in CBI custody for more investigation. Murder, scheming murder, and violation of ‘Weapons Prevention Act’ etc. were the charges against Joy Varghese. It was alleged that one of the reasons for suspects not getting arrested was political interference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news.php?id=91264|title=Malankara Varghese murder: Priest faces murder charge|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=8 May 2010|access-date=10 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073223/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news.php?id=91264|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Some prominent personalities of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch]] in India were the motive force behind Joy Varghese and there are documents showing withdrawal of Rs. 400,000.00 from their bank accounts", said CBI.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} CBI produced documents to the High Court in a sealed envelope. [[Catholicose of the East]] Designate Paulose Mar Milithios of the [[Malankara Orthodox Church]] expressed his contentment over the CBI actions and hoped for the prevailing of justice in the Malankara Varghese murder case.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orthodoxherald.com/2010/04/08/malankara-varghese-murder-case-2nd-suspect-arrested|title=Malankara Varghese Murder Case: 2nd Suspect Arrested|publisher= Indian Orthodox Herald |date= 8 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bizhat.com/2010/malankara_varghese_murder_christian.html|title=Malankara Varghese murder: Christian priest main accused|publisher=BizHat.com|date=8 May 2010|access-date=10 May 2010|archive-date=23 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823052239/http://news.bizhat.com/2010/malankara_varghese_murder_christian.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaumudi.com/news/050810/kerala.stm#1|title=Malankara Varghese murder: Christian priest main accused|publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi|Kaumudi]]|date=8 May 2010|access-date=10 May 2010|archive-date=13 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713140838/http://www.kaumudi.com/news/050810/kerala.stm#1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Kerala High Court]] on 1 June 2010 asked the Central Bureau of Investigation why Fr Varghese Thekkekkara, the first accused in the Malankara Varghese murder case, was not arrested, if there was evidence against him. The CBI submitted that Fr Thekkekkara cooperated with the investigation, but the arrest was avoided since it was a sensational case related to the church. But the court said this was not a sufficient reason to avoid arrest. "It is not the first time that a priest is arrayed as an accused. Does the CBI has a practice of not arresting those who cooperate with the investigation?," the court asked. Justice K Hema asked this while considering the anticipatory bail application filed by Fr Thekkekkara, and petition filed by Varghese’ widow Saramma alleging that the CBI was showing discrimination in arresting the accused.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article426396.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129013412/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article426396.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2013|title=Malankara Varghese murder: HC questions CBI|publisher= [[The New Indian Express]]|date= 1 June 2010 }}</ref>

On 11 June 2010, [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] Managing Committee endorsed a motion, which "appeals to the authorities to bring all culprits into daylight and to judicial trial, who are behind the brutal murder of Malankara Varghese, former Malankara Managing Committee Member".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodoxherald.com/2010/06/11/malankara-managing-committee-passes-budget-for-rs-290-80-crores-four-new-dioceses/|title=Malankara Managing Committee Passes Budget for Rs. 290.80 Crores; Four New Dioceses - Indian Orthodox Herald - Breaking Catholicate, Malankara, Indian Orthodox Church News And Doctrinal Information|work=orthodoxherald.com}}</ref>

On 16 June 2010 Father Varghese Thekkekara surrendered before the Chief Judicial Magistrate in Ernakulam. The magistrate M N K Leelamani granted bail to him on furnishing a bond of Rs 25,000 plus two sureties for the like amount.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.chennaionline.com/national/Priest-accused-in-murder-case-surrenders/|title=Priest accused in murder case surrenders|publisher=ChennaiOnline|date=16 June 2010}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

On 25 February 2011 The Chief Judicial Magistrate Court, Ernakulam, directed the CBI to reinvestigate the murder of Malankara Varghese, on a petition filed by his wife, Saramma Varghese. She alleged that the charge sheet submitted by the CBI did not have the names of ‘higher ups' involved in the conspiracy to kill her husband.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/27/stories/2011022761300600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305223520/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/27/stories/2011022761300600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2011 | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Order to reinvestigate murder | date=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article401119.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224021436/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article401119.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2014|title=CBI ordered to probe Malankara Varghese murder|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianetindia.com/news/court-directive-reinvestigate-malankara-varghese-murder-case_245248.html |title=Court directive to re-probe Malankara Varghese murder case |accessdate=2011-04-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228181603/http://www.asianetindia.com/news/court-directive-reinvestigate-malankara-varghese-murder-case_245248.html |archivedate=28 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
On 21 October 2011 the CBI unit, Thiruvananthapuram quizzed [[Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church]] Catholicos [[Baselios Thomas I]] in connection with the murder case. The Catholicos appeared before the CBI at its office in Kochi. According to CBI sources, he was quizzed by the officials for three hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/malankara-varghese-murder-case-leads-to-church/195422-60-122.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714071045/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/malankara-varghese-murder-case-leads-to-church/195422-60-122.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-14|title=Malankara Varghese murder case leads to Church|work=IBNLive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2011oct21/cbi_questions_head_syrian_jacobite_church_murder_case.html|title=CBI questions head of Syrian Jacobite Church in murder case|work=twocircles.net|date=21 October 2011 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese}}
[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Deaths by edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2002 murders in India]]

Spangnak Ri

2025-06-08T12:43:54Z

Sergzrr: Creating Some Article Basic Info

{{Short description|Mountain peak}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Spangnak Ri
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 6390
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 1379
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Ladakh]]
| map = India#Ladakh
| map_caption = Location in Ladakh
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|33.125834|78.174621|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| type =
| first_ascent = No records
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Spangnak Ri''' is a mountain peak located at {{cvt|6390|m}} above sea level in the far west of the [[Transhimalaya]].

== Location ==
{{See also | Salt_Valley#Geography| l1= Geography of Salt Valley | Tso Moriri | Karzok }}

The peak is located in the South-west of [[Samad Rakchan]] village in [[Nyoma]] tehsil of [[Ladakh]]. The prominence is {{cvt|1379|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spangnak Ri|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/spangnak-ri.html|access-date=2021-11-10|website=PeakVisor|language=en}}</ref>

== Transport ==

See [[Salt Valley#Transport|transport to Spangnak Ri, Salt Valley, Tso Moriri and Karzok]].

==See also==

* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of the Transhimalayas]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Transhimalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of Ladakh]]

{{Asia-mountain-stub}}
{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

PGIMER and Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar

2025-03-27T00:36:20Z

Sergzrr: updated page

{{Short description|Indian Postgraduate Medical school}}
{{Infobox university
| name = PGIMER and Capital Hospital
| image_name = PGIMER and Capital Hospital Bhubaneswar Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| motto = May all be happy, may all be free from ailments
| type = [[Public hospital|Public]] [[Medical school]]
| established = {{start date and age|1954|df=y}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Odisha University of Health Sciences]]|[[National Medical Commission|NMC]]}}
| budget =
| chairperson =
| director = Dr. Sujata Misra
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| website = {{URL|http://pgimerch.odisha.gov.in/}}
|}}

'''PGIMER and Capital Hospital''', or '''Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research and Capital Hospital''', is a postgraduate [[medical school]] cum [[Public hospital|tertiary referral government hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Capital Hospital Bhubaneswar gets approval to start PG courses|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/capital-hospital-bhubaneswar-gets-approval-to-start-pg-course/articleshow/93794419.cms/}}</ref> It is located in [[Bhubaneswar]] city of [[Odisha]], [[India]].

==About==
Capital Hospital, a flagship hospital of [[Government of Odisha]], started in 1954 with 60 beds, on 20 acres of land at the centre of Temple city [[Bhubaneswar]].

It is the biggest peripheral hospital in the State. Around 10-12 lakhs of people of Bhubaneswar, along with adjacent districts like [[Khordha district|Khordha]], [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]], [[Puri district|Puri]] & adjoining areas depend on it.

Understanding the demand for specialist doctors in the state, the Odisha government decided to establish a Post Graduate Institute on the premise of Capital hospital on 28 April 2021. This standalone Post Graduate Institute, without any undergraduate courses was named as ''Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research and Capital Hospital'' (PGIMER and CH). Dr. Nibedita Pani joined as the Director of this institute on 2 June 2022.

From 2022-23 educational year, this institution has been granted to offer Post Graduate courses in 6 clinical departments by the [[National Medical Commission|NMC]], which include General Medicine, General Surgery, Paediatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Orthopaedics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Postgraduate Medical Degree Colleges|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search/}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. RML Hospital]], [[New Delhi]]
* [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]
* [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]], [[Bengaluru]]
* [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]], [[Chandigarh]]
* [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Lucknow]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Odisha}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Orissa]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{Odisha-university-stub}}

Mantripalem

2025-03-09T22:47:19Z

Sergzrr: Put up a details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=August 2010}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}
}}{{Infobox village
|coordinates = {{coord|15.962|N|80.749|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
{{Location map|India|lat_deg=15.962|lon_deg=80.749}}

}}
'''Mantripalem''' is a village located 56 kilometers east from district headquarters and 335 kilometers from the state capital, [[Hyderabad]] in [[Nagaram mandal|Nagaram Mandal]], [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>https://geoiq.io/places/Mantripalem/4j8lSQJ2Vp</ref>

== Demographics ==
Mantripalem has a population of 4,065 (census 2020). It has a population density of 556 people per square kilometer. The gross population consists of 2,060 males and 2,005 females. The local language in Mantripalem is [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Mantripalem is surrounded by [[Nizampatnam mandal|Nizampatnam Mandal]] towards South, Cherukupalle Mandal towards west, Bhattiprolu Mandal towards North, Repalle Mandal towards East. Mantripalem's PIN code is 522262 and the postal headquarter office is Kuchinapudi. The area of Mantripalem is 7.3 square kilometers.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Padrauna Lok Sabha constituency

2025-01-24T15:53:56Z

Sergzrr: new new details.

{{short description|Former Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Padrauna
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| union_territory =
| established = 1957
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Padrauna''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> state in northern India until 2008.

==Assembly segments==
[[Padrauna]] Lok Sabha constituency had the following five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2009-08-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410001501/http://eci.nic.in/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf|archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref>
# [[Naurangia]]
# [[Ramkola]]
# [[Hata, India|Hata]]
# [[Padrauna]]
# [[Seorahi]]

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Kashi Nath Pandey]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Kashi Nath Pandey]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Kashi Nath Pandey]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Genda Singh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Ram Dhari Shastri
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Kunwar Chandra Pratap Narain Singh
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Kunwar Chandra Pratap Narain Singh
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Baleshwar Yadav (politician)|Baleshwar Yadav]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Ram Nagina Mishra]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Ram Nagina Mishra]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Ram Nagina Mishra]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Ram Nagina Mishra]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Baleshwar Yadav (politician)|Baleshwar Yadav]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
|[[National Loktantrik Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BALESHWAR YADAV(National Loktantrik Party):Constituency- Padrauna(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=4756 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="3" |Constituency Demolished in 2008 and newly created as [[Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]].
|}

==See also==
* [[Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord|26.9|84.0|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Kushinagar district]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Ghorawadi Caves

2025-01-05T05:04:44Z

Sergzrr: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox Cave
| name = Ghorawadi Caves Ghoradeshwar caves Shelarwadi caves
| photo =Ghoradeshwar (Shelarwadi) Leni.jpg
| photo_caption =The caves
| location =
| depth =
| length =
| map = India#India Maharashtra
|relief=yes
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| label = Sana Caves
| map_alt =
| coords = {{coord|18.692251|73.704056|display=inline, title}}
| survey =
| survey_format =
| discovery =
| geology =
| entrance_count =
| entrance_list =
| difficulty =
| hazards =
| access =
| translation =
| language =
| pronunciation =
}}
The '''Ghorawadi caves''', also known as '''Ghoradeshwar caves''' or '''Shelarwadi caves''', are around {{convert|25|km|0|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Pune]], India, were originally Buddhist caves, and now contain carvings and statues of Buddhist and Hindu deities.

They are close to the NH4 highway connecting Pune and [[Mumbai]]. The caves were carved out of a single rock formation around the 3rd and 4th century CE.

There are nine rooms for [[meditation]] adjoining the [[chaityagriha]]. An inscription in [[Brāhmī script]] on one of the walls says that the [[Chaityagriha]] is dedicated with affection to the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and the [[Samgha]] by the daughters of "Dhapar", who was a disciple of "Bhadantsingh". The chaityagriha is now known as [[Shri Ghorwadeshwar Temple]].

The caves are situated at the top of a hill. Several caves contain representations of deities including [[Vitthal]], [[Rakhumai]] and [[Tukaram|Saint Tukaram]]. It is said that [[Saint Tukaram]] used to [[meditate]] at Ghorawadi caves and also at places like [[Durga Tekdi]] near [[Nigdi]], [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]] and [[Bhamchandra]] near [[Dehu]].

A large cave contains a representation of [[Shiva|Shivlinga]] that is visited during [[Mahashivratri]] by people seeking the blessings of [[Shiva]].

==Buddhist Legend==
The caves were earlier known as Chaityagriha or Chaittagriha (in [[Pali]]) caves which carried various inscriptions on it by Buddhist scholars stating these caves were built as a sign of affection to [[Buddha]] and the [[Sangha]] of Buddhist scholar Dhapar.It still contains various ancient Buddhist relics. Some evidences prove the existence of Buddhist Vihara here.

==Hindu legend==
The Cave structure and the Shiva Linga are of the same stone, thus proving that the temple is as old as the cave. Later, Buddhism dominated the Deccan Plateau region during medieval age, after which Hinduism dominated again. As per Hindu legends, due to unavoidable situations and disasters including famines, the natural beauty in this region started dying. Rivers died, forests started to burn due to heat and as its effect, the biodiversity here stated to vanish. Unique birds like the Great Indian Bustard of this region started to vanish. In order to prevent this, the people of the villages started to worship Shiva by establishing a shivalinga inside these caves. Even though after severe efforts, there was no relief from famines. After all this, in order to protect its clan, a bustard bird started worshipping the Shivalinga. By seeing devotion of an innocent bird to relieve from the disastrous nature, Shiva appeared before the bird and granted him the boon. Today, the Lord here is worshipped as Ghoradeshwar, which is made of two words, Ghorad and Ishwar. The word Ghorad stands for The Indian Busters in Marathi and Ishwar stands for Lord. The word Ghoradeshwar means Lord of the Bustard.

<gallery>
009 Unoccupied Vihara and Cistern (33565064691).jpg|Unoccupied Vihara and cistern.
017 Vihara now Occupied (33565047641).jpg|Vihara, now occupied.
File:012 Shrine in Vihara (33653544526).jpg|[[Vihara]] in Ghoravadi, converted into a Hindu temple.
File:015 Shaivite Shrine (33538101702).jpg|Shaivite Shrine

</gallery>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ghoravadi Caves}}
{{Portal|India}}
*[http://wikimapia.org/519107/ Ghorawdeshwar Temple]

{{Neighbourhoods of Pune}}

{{Indian Buddhist Caves}}
{{BuddhasHolySites}}

[[Category:Buddhist caves in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Caves of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Mogiligundla

2024-12-13T19:45:01Z

Sergzrr: Put up article

{{refimprove|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mogiligundla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.618210|N|77.813542|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Vikarabad
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Marpalle]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 617
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08416
| registration_plate = TS-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Sangareddy
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:.954 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Mogiligundla''' is a village ([[Mogiligundla]], [[Gram panchayat]]) in [[Marpalle]] [[Mandal (disambiguation)|mandal]], [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] [[district]], [[Telangana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Vikarabad district|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO's/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|website=Special Chief Secretary of Revenue Department|publisher=mines.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=12 January 2023|archiveurl=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Views/NewDistrictGos.aspx|archivedate=11 October 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Geography==
Mogiligundla is located at {{Coord|17.618210|N|77.813542|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Marpalli.html Marpalli at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 617 metres (2027 ft).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikarabad district}}
[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]

{{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}

Abdul Nazir Sab State Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj

2024-11-06T19:24:47Z

Sergzrr: Stub

{{Short description|Government college}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Abdul Nazir Sab State Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Entrance Abdul Nazir Sab Institute Mysore May23 A7C 04920.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Entrance, Abdul Nazir Sab State Institute of Rural Development & Panchayat Raj (ANSSIRD&PR), Mysore, Karnataka
| motto =
| established = 1989
| type = Government institution
| affiliation = Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| rector =
| president =
| chancellor =
| director = Dr. Arundhati Chandrashekar (2024–present)
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Mysore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| campus =
| former_names = Abdul Nazir Sab State Institute for Rural Development
| colors =
| mascot =
| website =
| logo =
}}

The '''Abdul Nazir Sab State Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj''' is a government institution located in [[Mysore|Mysore, Karnataka]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Laiqh A. |date=2017-05-28 |title=Rural development institute turns into an animal farm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/rural-development-institute-turns-into-an-animal-farm/article18595866.ece |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was named after [[Abdul Nazir Sab]], a former Karnataka [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister for Rural Development]] and Panchayat Raj, who was a strong advocate for the [[Panchayati raj|Panchayati Raj system]] and the decentralization of political power.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-17 |title=Abdul Nazir Sab was an ideal personality: PGR Sindhia |url=https://starofmysore.com/abdul-nazir-sab-ideal-personality-pgr-sindhia/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> The institute operates under the [[Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj (Karnataka)]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddexxv7dpMoC&q=%22Abdul+Nazir+Sab+State+Institute%22 |title=March of Karnataka |date=2006 |publisher=Director of Information and Publicity, Government of Karnataka |language=en}}</ref> and provides training and [[Capacity building|capacity-building]] programs for elected representatives of Panchayat Raj institutions and officials from various development departments.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfHaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Abdul+Nazir+Sab+State+Institute%22 |title=Public Health and Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka |date=2006 |publisher=Institute for Social and Economic Change |isbn=978-81-7791-110-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aji |first=Sowmya |title=Unsung sheroes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/unsung-sheroes-909264.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The institution was originally established in 1989 as the Abdul Nazir Sab State Institute for Rural Development. In 2015, it was officially renamed to Abdul Nazir Sab State Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj through a government order and was registered under the Karnataka Society Registration Act of 1960.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Abdul Nazir Sab Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj |url=https://sirdmysuru.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/ABOUT+THE+INSTITUTE/ABOUT+US/en |website=sirdmysuru.karnataka.gov}}</ref>

== Governance ==
ANSSIRDPR operates as an [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomous entity]] under the Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj. Its governing body is led by the Honourable Minister for Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Government of Karnataka, and includes representatives from various sectors such as the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]], the [[National Institute of Rural Development|National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj]] (NIRDPR), and members of [[Zila (country subdivision)|Zila]] and [[Panchayat samiti|Taluk Panchayats]]. The council also includes experts in rural development and governance for guidance. The day-to-day operations of the institute are managed by the executive committee, which is chaired by the Principal Secretary of the Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department. This committee consists of representatives from key government departments and local government members.<ref name=":0" />

K. Lakshmi Priya, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, previously served as the director of ANSSIRDPR.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=ANSSIRD Director's tips to crack competitive exams |url=https://starofmysore.com/anssird-directors-tips-to-crack-competitive-exams/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-06 |title=Rains recede in Uttara Kannada district; 26 remain in rehabilitation centres |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/rains-recede-in-uttara-kannada-district-26-remain-in-rehabilitation-centres/article68375498.ece |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-13 |title=Discipline and hard work can crack competitive exams: ANSSIRD director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/discipline-and-hard-work-can-crack-competitive-exams-anssird-director/article67634678.ece |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On August 3, 2024, Dr. Arundhati Chandrashekar succeeded her as Director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=D.S. Ramesh is new Mysuru Regional Commissioner |url=https://starofmysore.com/d-s-ramesh-is-new-mysuru-regional-commissioner/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Training programs ==
ANSSIRD employs methods including satellite-assisted learning to train gram panchayat members in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xHPpNNjZkwC&q=%22Abdul+Nazir+Sab+State+Institute%22 |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=2006 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref> In November 2023, the institute conducted a training program for about 49,000 women gram panchayat members to support their leadership skills. The program was held at various centers across Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sripad |first=Ashwini M. |date=2023-11-14 |title=49,000 women gram panchayat members to be trained in leadership skills |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/karnataka/2023/Nov/14/49000-womengram-panchayat-membersto-be-trained-in-leadership-skills-2632634.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Ministry of Panchayat Raj]], in partnership with the [[National Institute of Rural Development|National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj]] (NIRDPR) and ANSSIRDPR, held a National Consultative Workshop on Citizen Charter and Delivery of Services by Panchayats on November 22, as part of the [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav]] celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Citizen-centric services at heart of governance |url=https://starofmysore.com/citizen-centric-services-at-heart-of-governance/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://sirdmysuru.karnataka.gov.in/ ANSSIRDPR]

{{coord|12.3066|N|76.6782|E|type:edu|display=title}}

[[Category:Colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Government universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Government institutions]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in India]]

Mezo Basa

2024-06-02T23:39:34Z

Sergzrr: Put up info

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{One source|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mezo Basa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kiruphema Basa
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima district|Kohima]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 285
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#NL.E2.80.94Nagaland|NL]]-01
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 827 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mezo Basa''' is a village in [[Kohima district]] of [[Nagaland]] state of India. The total population of the village is about 285.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/268281-mezo-basa-nagaland.html|title=Census 2011, Mezo Basa village Data}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{coord missing|Nagaland}}

[[Category:Villages in Kohima district]]

{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}

Motilal Puniyabhi Vasava

2024-01-05T18:13:06Z

Sergzrr: cleaned up lead further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Motilal Puniyabhi Vasava''' is an Indian politician from Gujarat. He is a member of the [[BJP]].

In 1995, he was elected from [[Narmada district]]'s [[Dediapada]] assembly constituency of Gujarat.<ref>{{ cite web |title=Motilal Puniyabhai Vasava winner in Dediapada, Gujarat Assembly Elections 1995: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates - LatestLY|url= https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/1995/dediapada/ }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4058 Motilal Puniyabhai Vasava(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DEDIAPADA (ST)(NARMADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasava, Motilal Puniyabhi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1995–1998]]
[[Category:People from Narmada district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

2019–20 Jamshedpur FC season

2023-04-12T03:35:11Z

Sergzrr: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Jamshedpur FC]]