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Rajkummar Rao filmography

2026-05-27T10:30:54Z

Sergkwi: added a bio

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Rajkumar Rao Filmfare Glamour and Style Awards 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Rao in 2019]]

[[Rajkummar Rao]] is an Indian actor working in [[Hindi cinema]]. His notable films include ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]'' (2010), ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|Talaash]]'' (2012), ''[[Kai Po Che!]]'' (2013), ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]'' (2013), ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' (2014), ''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]'' (2016), ''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]'' (2016), ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]'' (2017), ''[[Newton (film)|Newton]]'' (2017), ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' (2018), ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]'' (2020), ''[[Badhaai Do]]'' (2022), ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]'' (2022), ''[[HIT: The First Case (2022 film)|HIT: The First Case]]'' (2022), ''[[Srikanth (film)|Srikanth]]'' (2024), ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Mahi]]'' (2024) and ''[[Stree 2]]'' (2024).

== Films ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
| ''[[Rann (film)|Rann]]''
| Newsreader
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/rajkummar-rao-reveals-he-did-a-3-second-role-in-amitabh-bachchan-s-film-rann-kbc-13-promo-1869722-2021-10-26 | title=Rajkummar Rao reveals he did a 3-second role in Amitabh Bachchan's film Rann. KBC 13 promo | date=26 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]''
| Adarsh
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012 || ''[[Ragini MMS]]''|| Uday Singh
|
|
|-
|''[[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]]''
|Inspector Devraj / Pintyalabhan (Malwankar)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012
| ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2|Gangs of Wasseypur 2]]'' || Shamshad Alam
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]''
| [[Lokenath Bal]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]''
|| [[Shahid Azmi]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|Talaash]]'' || Devrath Kulkarni
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| ''[[Kai Po Che!]]'' || Govind Patel
|
|
|-
| ''[[Boyss Toh Boyss Hain]]'' || Abhishek
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/boyss-toh-boyss-hain-a-hilarious-yet-thought-provoking-tale/articleshow/20942059.cms | title=Boyss Toh Boyss Hain - a hilarious yet thought-provoking tale - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 July 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]]''
|| Deepak
|
|
|-
| ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''|| Vijay Dhingra
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
| ''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]''|| Sonu Sherawat
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]''|| Hari Prasad
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]''
|| Deepu Sebastian
|
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2016
|''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]''
|| Shaurya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
| ''[[Behen Hogi Teri]]''
|| Shiv Nautiyal "Gattu"
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raabta (2017 film)|Raabta]]''
| Muwaqqit
| Cameo
|
|-
| ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
|| Pritam Vidrohi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Newton (film)|Newton]]''
|| Nutan "Newton" Kumar
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]''
|| [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Satyendra Mishra
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
| ''[[Fanney Khan]]''|| Adhir
|
|
|-
| ''[[Omerta (2017 film)|Omerta]]''
|| [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh|Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh "Omerta"]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
||Vicky
|
|
|-
| ''[[Love Sonia]]''
| Manish
|
|
|-
| ''[[5 Weddings]]'' || Harbhajan Singh
|American film
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019
| ''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]'' || Sahil Mirza
|
|
|-
| ''[[Judgementall Hai Kya]]'' || Keshav
|
|
|-
| ''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]''
|| Raghu Mehta
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
| ''[[Shimla Mirchi]]'' || Avinash
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
| Alok Kumar Gupta
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chhalaang]]''
| Mahendra Hooda
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[The White Tiger (film)|The White Tiger]]''
|Ashok Batra
|[[English language|English]] film
|
|-
|''[[Roohi (2021 film)|Roohi]]''
|Bhawra Pandey
|
|
|-
|''[[Hum Do Hamare Do]]''
|Dhruv Shikhar
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/rajkummar-rao-and-bhumi-pednekar-start-shooting-for-badhaai-do-676188 |title=Rajkummar Rao and Bhumi Pednekar start shooting for 'Badhaai Do' |work=India TV News |date=5 January 2021 |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
| ''[[Badhaai Do]]'' || Shardul Thakur
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-rajkummar-rao-wrap-up-shooting-for-badhaai-do20210306185840 |title=Bhumi Pednekar, Rajkummar Rao wrap-up shooting for 'Badhaai Do' |work=ANI News |date=6 March 2021 |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[HIT: The First Case (2022 film)|HIT: The First Case]]'' || Inspector Vikram Rao
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rajkummar-rao-sanya-malhotra-wrap-up-shoot-for-cop-drama-hit-the-first-case/articleshow/90908243.cms|title=Rajkummar Rao & Sanya Malhotra wrap up the shoot for cop drama 'HIT- The First Case'|date=18 April 2022|work=The Economic Times|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]'' || Jayant Arkhedkar
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/nextflix-shares-first-look-of-radhika-apte-huma-rajkummar-from-monica-o-my-darling-1833593-2021-07-28 |title=Nextflix shares first look of Radhika Apte, Huma, Rajkummar from Monica, O My Darling |work=India Today |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhediya (film)|Bhediya]]''||Vicky ||Cameo
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhediya-song-thumkeshwari-shraddha-kapoor-makes-a-cameo-in-varun-kriti-song-ki101666941882867.html|title=Bhediya meets Stree: Shraddha Kapoor, Rajkumar Rao, Aparshakti Khurana makes a cameo in Varun Dhawan-Kriti Sanon movie|date=28 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 October 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028080735/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhediya-song-thumkeshwari-shraddha-kapoor-makes-a-cameo-in-varun-kriti-song-101666941882867.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''[[Bheed]]'' || Inspector Surya Kumar Singh Tikas
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajkummar-rao-concludes-filming-for-anubhav-sinhas-bheed/articleshow/88458733.cms|title=Rajkummar Rao concludes filming for Anubhav Sinha's 'Bheed'|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=23 December 2021|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024
|''[[Srikanth (film)|Srikanth]]''
|[[Srikanth Bolla]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=21 November 2022 |title=Production begins for Rajkummar Rao's next film 'Sri', a biopic on Srikanth Bolla |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/production-begins-for-rajkummar-raos-next-film-sri-a-biopic-on-srikanth-bolla/articleshow/95659426.cms |access-date=23 November 2022 |work=Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Wild Wild Punjab]]''
|{{n/a}}
|Narrator
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Mahi]]'' || Mahendra Aggarwal
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-janhvi-kapoor-starrer-mr-mrs-mahi-goes-floors-mumbai/|title=Rajkummar Rao and Janhvi Kapoor starrer Mr. and Mrs. Mahi goes on floors in Mumbai|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=9 May 2022|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Stree 2]]'' || Vicky
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/stree-2-filming-begins-jio-studios-dinesh-vijans-horror-comedy-sequel/|title=Stree 2: Filming begins for Jio Studios and Dinesh Vijan's horror comedy sequel|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=11 July 2023|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
| Vicky Babla
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video: Rajkumar Rao and Tripti Dimri to Team Up in Raj Shandilya's Hilarious Comedy |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/rajkumar-rao-and-tripti-dimri-to-team-up-in-raj-shandilyas-hilarious-comedy-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/movieshow/104009617.cms |access-date=26 October 2023|date=28 September 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naam (2024 film)|Naam]]''
|{{n/a}}
| Narrator
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Bhool Chuk Maaf]]''
|Ranjan Tiwari
|
|
|-
|''[[Maalik (2025 film)|Maalik]]''
|Deepak / Maalik
|
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Toaster (film)|Toaster]]''
| Ramakant urf Ramu
|
|
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref(s)
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Bose: Dead/Alive]]''
| [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]]

|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bose-dead-alive-trailer-rajkummar-rao-as-subhash-chandra-bose-watch-video-4929347/|title=Watch Bose Dead/Alive trailer: Rajkummar Rao as Subhash Chandra Bose might just be a game changer
|last=Shekhar|first=Mimansa|work=The Indian Express|date=9 November 2017|access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
|''[[Guns & Gulaabs]]''
| Paana "Spanner" Tipu / Tiger Tipu

|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-02 |title=Guns and Gulaabs trailer: Rajkummar Rao as Tipu is all set to entertain, watch |website=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/guns-gulaabs-trailer-rajkummar-rao-tipu-set-entertain-watch/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
| Himself

| Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/the-bads-of-bollywood-review-aryan-khans-debut-web-series-is-glossy-but-lacks-the-edge|title='The Ba***ds of Bollywood' Review: Aryan Khan's debut web series is glossy but lacks the edge|last=Menon|first=Lekha|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=2025-09-18|accessdate=2025-09-20}}</ref>
|}

== Music video ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|"Achha Sila Diya"
|[[B Praak]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Achha Sila Diya music video: Rajkummar Rao and Nora Fatehi face off in a song about love and betrayal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/achha-sila-diya-music-video-rajkummar-rao-nora-fatehi-face-off-101674112745733.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nora Fatehi-Rajkummar Rao's Achha Sila Diya song is overloaded with drama and heartbreak. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/nora-fatehi-rajkummar-raos-achha-sila-diya-song-is-overloaded-with-drama-and-heartbreak-watch-2323621-2023-01-19 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=India Today |date=19 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3822770/filmotype?ref_=m_nm_flmg Rajkummar Rao filmography] at [[IMDb]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Rajkummar}}
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Ratna Debnath

2026-05-07T14:07:57Z

Sergkwi:

{{Short description|Indian politician and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Ratna Debnath
| image =
| caption = Debnath in 2026
| native_name = রত্না দেবনাথ
| native_name_lang = bn
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for [[Panihati Assembly constituency|Panihati]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| predecessor = [[Nirmal Ghosh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2026)
| children = 1 (deceased)
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|activist}}
| known_for = Public advocacy following [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|RG Kar rape case]]
}}

'''Ratna Debnath''' is an Indian politician and activist. She was nominated by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as its candidate from the [[Panihati Assembly constituency]] for the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP releases Bengal candidate list, names Ratna Debnath from Panihati |work=The Hindu |date=25 March 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/}}</ref> She came to wider public attention as the mother of the victim in the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|2024 Kolkata RG Kar Medical College and Hospital case]], which led to public protests and debate over women's safety and justice in [[West Bengal]].<ref name="NDTV-profile">{{cite news |title=All About Ratna Debnath, Mother Of RG Kar Victim, Contesting For BJP From Panihati |work=NDTV |date=22 April 2026 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-elections-2026-ratna-debnath-mother-of-rg-kar-victim-contesting-on-bjp-ticket-from-panihati-11392072}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=RG Kar case becomes major issue in Bengal politics |work=India Today |date=2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ratna Debnath is the mother of the victim in the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|2024 Kolkata RG Kar Medical College and Hospital case]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today News |date=2026-05-04 |title=Ratna Debnath, RG Kar victim's mother and BJP candidate, wins Bengal elections |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rg-kar-victims-mother-ratna-debnath-wins-panihati-as-bjp-sweeps-bengal-2906677-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Her only daughter was a 31 year old resident doctor in R.G Kar MCH, when she was raped and murdered on duty. Following the incident, there was widespread protest in the state by the medical fraternity as well as by common people demanding justice for the victim.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmwj4z1xpko</ref> The family expressed their dissatisfaction with the investigation and said their daughter was denied justice.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Moyurie Som & Shrabana |date=2025-06-07 |title=R.G. Kar case: Parents of deceased doctor express dissatisfaction with CBI probe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/rg-kar-case-parents-of-deceased-doctor-express-dissatisfaction-with-cbi-probe/article69669184.ece |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2025 Debnath said she wanted to contest elections and enter politics to serve justice to her daughter and was subsequently given a ticket by the BJP. Debnath was criticised by the politicians of the ruling party of West Bengal for her education qualification, however it was not well received by the common public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratna Debnath(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PANIHATI(NORTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=2435 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-polls-tmc-goons-harassed-rg-kar-victims-mother-while-filing-nomination-for-panihati-constituency-says-smriti-irani/articleshow/130162714.cms]

Debnath is an illiterate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratna Debnath(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PANIHATI(NORTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=2435 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==Political career==

Ahead of the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], the BJP announced Debnath as its candidate from [[Panihati Assembly constituency]] in North 24 Parganas district.<ref name="TOI-ticket">{{cite news |title=West Bengal polls: RG Kar victim’s mother Ratna Debnath gets BJP ticket from Panihati |work=The Times of India |date=25 March 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/west-bengal-polls-rg-kar-victims-mother-ratna-debnath-gets-bjp-ticket-from-panihati/articleshow/129804969.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WB Assembly Elections: Mother of RG Kar victim gets BJP candidature from Panihati constituency |work=Akashvani News |date=26 March 2026 |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/wb-assembly-elections-mother-of-rg-kar-victim-gets-bjp-candidature-from-panihati-constituency/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP names Ratna Debnath in Bengal poll list |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 March 2026 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/}}</ref> During her campaign, Debnath stated that women’s safety and justice were among her priorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal polls: RG Kar victim’s mother files nomination, says women’s safety a priority |work=The Times of India |date=9 April 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rg-kar-mother-files-papers-says-womens-safety-a-priority/articleshow/130151117.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ratna Debnath campaigns on women's safety agenda |work=The Telegraph |date=2026 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/}}</ref> She was warmly welcomed by teary eyed people wherever she went for campaigning. Her quest for justice was also supported by several politicians from the BJP. The Prime Minister Narendra Modi, former Union Minister Smriti Irani, former Chief Minister of Tripura Biplab Deb, Union Minister Dharmendra Pradhan were among the politicians who extended their support for her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Anupreeta |last2=Das |first2=Hari KumarAnupreeta |last3=candidate |first3=Hari Kumar spoke with the |last4=Kolkata |first4=her supporters as they campaigned door to door in |date=2026-04-30 |title=Her Daughter Was Raped and Killed. Now She’s Seeking Office — and Justice. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/30/world/asia/india-elections-bjp-ratna-debnath.html |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She was allegedly harassed and intimidated by some supporters of the ruling party while filing her nomination.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-29 |title='TMC goons tried to attack me, threatened me over May 4': BJP’s Ratna Debnath amid West Bengal Phase 2 polling |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/bjp-candidate-ratna-debnath-alleges-attack-by-tmc-goons-amid-voting-in-west-bengal-elections/articleshow/130602096.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Debnath won the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Panihati by a huge margin defeating Tirthankar Ghosh from AITC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajput |first=Kajal |date=2026-05-04 |title=West Bengal Assembly Polls 2026: Ratna Debnath, RG Kar victim's mother leads in Panihati |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/state-news/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2026-ratna-debnath-rg-kar-victims-mother-leads-in-panihati-169932 |language=en}}</ref>

==Public profile==

After her candidacy was confirmed, in one media interaction she said she will not comb her hair untill her daughter was served justice and the then chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] was dethroned.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Won't comb my hair till my daughter gets justice": Mother of RG Kar rape victim 'vows' to defeat Mamata Banerjee in polls |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/wont-comb-my-hair-till-my-daughter-gets-justice-mother-of-rg-kar-rape-victim-vows-to-defeat-mamata-banerjee-in-polls20260409081153/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> Commentators described her candidacy as symbolically significant because it connected issues of justice, public safety, and electoral politics in West Bengal.<ref name="NDTV-profile" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Ratna Debnath candidature seen as symbolic BJP move |work=The Economic Times |date=2026 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/}}</ref> The [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|2024 Kolkata RG Kar Medical College and Hospital case]] and Debnath's decision to contest election from BJP is said to be one of the biggest reason for loss of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] and [[Mamata Banerjee]]. The election resulted in BJP scripting a historic landslide victory winning 207 seats out of 293 and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] being reduced to only 80 seats. The outgoing chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] lost to BJP candidate [[Suvendu Adhikari]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2026-05-04 |title=Narendra Modi’s BJP wins election in West Bengal for the first time |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/may/04/modis-bjp-party-win-election-west-bengal-first-time |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
!Year
!Constituency
!
!Party
!Votes
!%
!Opponent
!
!Party
!Votes
!%
!Margin
!Result
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Panihati Assembly constituency|Panihati]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|87,977
|59.8%
|Tirthankar Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|59,141
|40.2%
|28,836
|style="background:#90EE90;" | '''Won'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debnath, Ratna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dudhnai Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T19:51:15Z

Sergkwi: new a article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dudhnai
| constituency_no = 15
| type = SLA
| map_image = Dudhnai Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = 2026
| loksabha_cons = [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| district = [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = Tankeswar Rabha
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Dudhnai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]], [[Assam]], India.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Dudhnai forms part of the [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1962
| [[Hakim Chandra Rabha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967
| [[Sarat Chandra Rabha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1972
| [[Anandi Bala Rabha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1978
| [[Jagat Chandra Patgiri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1983
| Jagat Chandra Patgiri
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1985
| [[Akan Chandra Rabha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 1991
| Jagat Chandra Patgiri
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1996
| Akan Chandra Rabha
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| 2001
| [[Pranoy Rabha]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2006
| [[Deben Daimary]]
|-
| 2011
| [[Sibcharan Basumatary]]
|-
| 2016
| [[Dipak Rabha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Jadab Sawargiary]]<ref name="abhaya ref1">{{cite news |title=Assam Election Results 2021: Check Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-election-results-2021-check-full-list-of-winners-2426707 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dudhnai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tankeswar Rabha|party=Bhartiya Janata Party|votes=100353|percentage=63.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kishor Kumar Brahma|party=Indian National Congress|votes=52716|percentage=33.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Phanidhar Basumatri|party=United People's Party Liberal|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=All India United Democratic Front|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=1591|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47637 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dudhnai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jadab Swargiary]]
|votes = 78,551
|percentage = 43.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shyamjit Rabha]]
|votes = 77,275
|percentage = 42.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dipak Kumar Rabha
|votes = 16,487
|percentage = 9.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Voters Party International
|candidate = Borjit Boro
|votes = 2,462
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Batsrang G.Momin
|votes = 1,475
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,367
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Diganta Kumar Rabha
|votes = 1,270
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Basumatary (Munition)
|votes = 1,190
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anil Rabha
|votes = 678
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,276
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,80,755
|percentage = 87.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 2,07,571
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dudhnai<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipak Rabha
|votes = 79,983
|percentage = 49.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sibcharan Basumatary
|votes = 51,316
|percentage = 32.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Meera Basumatary
|votes = 11,305
|percentage = 7.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kangkan Khakhalary
|votes = 7,278
|percentage = 4.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Deben Daimary
|votes = 2,936
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bhupendra Rabha
|votes = 1,567
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tharman Momin
|votes = 1,413
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|candidate = Rajeswar Rabha
|votes = 1,210
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rexstar Sangma
|votes = 1,054
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Stindro Marak
|votes = 850
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,142
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,667
|percentage = 17.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,60,054
|percentage = 87.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,82,066
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Goalpara district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Assam]]

T. Amarnath Goud

2026-05-06T17:47:23Z

Sergkwi: added new article...

{{short description|Judge of Tripura High Court}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Todupunuri Amarnath Goud
|image =
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Tripura High Court]]
| term_start = 28 October 2021
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| status1 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]]
| term_start1 = 18 July 2025
| term_end1 = 21 July 2025
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor1 = [[Aparesh Kumar Singh]]
| successor1 = [[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. R. Rao]]
| appointer2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start2 = 23 February 2023
| term_end2 = 16 April 2023
| predecessor2 = [[Jaswant Singh (judge)|Jaswant Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Aparesh Kumar Singh]]
| term_start3 = 11 November 2022
| term_end3 = 14 February 2023
| appointer3 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor3 = [[Indrajit Mahanty]]
| successor3 = [[Jaswant Singh (judge)|Jaswant Singh]]
|office4=[[Judge]] of [[Telangana High Court]]
|appointer4=[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|nominator4=[[Dipak Misra]]
|term_start4=21 September 2017
|term_end4=27 October 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|3|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]]
| alma_mater = Shivaji Law College
| education = [[B.Sc]] and [[LL.B]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
}}

'''Todupunuri Amarnath Goud''' (born 1 March 1965) is an Indian judge. Presently, he is a [[judge]] of [[Tripura High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to High Court of Tripura |url=https://thc.nic.in/TAGprofile.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=thc.nic.in}}</ref> and a former judge of [[Telangana High Court]].<ref name="Justice Amarnath Goud Enters Wonder Book of Records for Resolving an Average of 109 Cases Daily">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Justice Amarnath Goud Enters Wonder Book of Records for Resolving an Average of 109 Cases Daily |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/justice-amarnath-goud-joins-wonder-book-of-records-for-resolving-an-average-of-109-cases-daily-enn24111605292 |access-date=30 May 2025 |publisher=ETV Bharat News |date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530045826/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/justice-amarnath-goud-joins-wonder-book-of-records-for-resolving-an-average-of-109-cases-daily-enn24111605292 |archive-date=30 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born on 1 March 1965 in [[Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]]. He belongs to the family of philanthropist T.Anjaiah Goud (owner of Paradise Theatre, Secunderabad), who was hid grand father, donated land for burial ground at [[Kavadiguda]], [[Hyderabad]] and also statue of Mahatma Gandhi at [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Secunderabad)|M. G. Road, Secunderabad]], which was unveiled by the then Prime Minister of India [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] in the year 1951. He studied at the [[St. Patrick's High School, Secunderabad]]. He obtained B.Sc from Arts and Science College, Secunderabad and [[LL.B]] from Shivaji Law College under [[Marathwada University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court for the State of Telangana |url=https://www.tshc.gov.in/showFormerJudgeProfile?id=97 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250514232313/https://www.tshc.gov.in/showFormerJudgeProfile?id=97 |archive-date=2025-05-14 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=tshc.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He began his legal journey in 1990 by enrolling as advocate with the [[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]] on 22 September 1990. He was appointed as a judge of the [[Telangana High Court]] on 21 September 2017 and transferred to the [[Tripura High Court]] on 28 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2021-10-12 |title=Justice Amarnath Goud shifted to Tripura HC |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/111021/justice-amarnath-goud-shifted-to-tripura-hc.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> In Tripura he served as executive chairman of Tripura State Legal Services Authority since 30 June 2022 and also served as acting chief justice on three occasions in 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garg |first=Rahul |date=9 November 2022 |title=Centre Notifies Appointment Of Justice T. Amarnath Goud As Acting Chief Justice Of Tripura High Court |work=Live Law |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/justice-t-amarnath-goud-acting-chief-justice-tripura-high-court-213703 |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref> 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice TA Goud Appointed As The Acting Chief Justice Of Tripura High Court |url=https://www.bwlegalworld.com/article/justice-ta-goud-appointed-as-the-acting-chief-justice-of-tripura-high-court-466539 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=BW Legal World |language=en}}</ref> and in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ratna |date=2025-07-18 |title=Centre appoints Justice TA Goud as Acting Chief Justice of Tripura High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-appoints-justice-ta-goud-as-acting-chief-justice-of-tripura-high-court |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

Justice Goud received Honorary Doctorate from Maharaja Bir Bikram (MBB) University on 29 May 2025 in recognition of his “achievements in exemplary judicial service.”<ref name="Justice T. Amarnath Goud Conferred Honorary Doctorate">{{cite news |last1= |title=Justice T. Amarnath Goud Conferred Honorary Doctorate |url=https://indtoday.com/justice-t-amarnath-goud-conferred-honorary-doctorate/ |access-date=30 May 2025 |publisher=IND Today News |date=30 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530045542/https://indtoday.com/justice-t-amarnath-goud-conferred-honorary-doctorate/ |archive-date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goud, T. Amarnath}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Sabharam Basumatary

2026-05-05T20:21:02Z

Sergkwi: Creating the page needs work...

{{short description|Indian Politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sabharam Basumatary
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]
| party = [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| preceded = [[Jiron Basumatary]]
| father = Manindra Basumatary
}}
'''Sabharam Basumatary''' (born 1959)<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Sabharam Basumatary(Bodoland Peoples Front):Constituency- GOSSAIGAON(KOKRAJHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Assam2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=332 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Assam. He is a member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from Gossaigaon in [[Kokrajhar district]] representing the [[Bodoland People's Front]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sabharam Basumatary, GOSSAIGAON constituency, BPF, Assam Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Assam2026/sabharam-basumatary-332/ |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gossaigaon (Assam) Assembly Election Result 2026: Sabharam Basumatary of Bodoland Peoples Front Wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gossaigaon-election-result-live-updates-assam-assembly-election-results-winner-10668887/ |work=The Indian Express |date=4 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Basumatary is from [[Dotma]], Assam. He is son of late Manindra Basumatary. He did his graduation in 1986 from a college affiliated with [[Guwahati University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Basumatary became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency]] representing the Bodoland People's Front. He polled 44,394 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Phedricson Hansdak of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]], by a margin of 22,977 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 Assembly Constituency 1 - GOSSAIGAON (Assam) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S031.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gossaigaon Election Result 2026 Highlights: BPF's Sabharam Basumatary with 44394 defeats JMM's Phedricson Hansdak |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gossaigaon-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-assam-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-aaelb-2905077-2026-05-04 |work=India Today |date=4 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basumatary, Sabharam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Bodo people]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Kokrajhar district]]

Titabor Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T14:42:59Z

Sergkwi:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Titabor
| constituency_no = 102
| type = SLA
| map_image = Titabor Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| district = [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Titabor Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. [[Titabar]] is part of [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2| Party affiliation
|-
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
!Sarju Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|All People's Party (Assam)}}
|-
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
! rowspan="2" |Sarbeswar Bardoloi
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
!D. Sarmah
|-
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
!Joy Chandra Bora
|-
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
!Giridhar Thengal
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
!Joy Chandra Bora
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
!Deba Kumar Bora
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
!Mahendra Bora
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
![[Hemanta Kalita]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
![[Dip Gogoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]^
! rowspan="4" |[[Tarun Gogoi]]
|-
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
![[Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah]]
|-
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
!'''Dhiraj Gowala'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin |title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Titabor}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhiraj Gowala|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=78,743 |percentage=47.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pran Kurmi|party=Indian National Congress |votes=55,428|percentage=33.44|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah|party=Independent|votes=27,203|percentage=16.41|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Pallab Saikia|party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,876 |percentage=1.13|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above (India) |votes=2,489 |percentage=1.5|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes= 165,739 |percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}

{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Titabar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah]]
|votes = 64,303
|percentage = 52.89
|change = -1.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hemanta Kalita
|votes = 50,924
|percentage = 41.89
|change = +2.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Sailendra Kumar Hazarika
|votes = 3,885
|percentage = 3.2
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilip Gogoi
|votes = 901
|percentage = 0.74
|change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,562
|percentage = 1.28
|change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,379
|percentage = 11.00
|change = -4.41
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,21,575
|percentage = 77.65
|change = -5.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Titabar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
|votes = 62,025
|percentage = 54.64
|change = -19.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
|votes = 44,530
|percentage = 39.23
|change = +34.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Kula Das
|votes = 2,413
|percentage = 2.12
|change = -1.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharat Vikas Morcha
|candidate = Biren Gogoi
|votes = 1,332
|percentage = 1.17
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilip Gogoi
|votes = 763
|percentage = 0.67
|change = -1.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Smritirekha Shyam
|votes = 715
|percentage = 0.62
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,726
|percentage = 1.52
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,495
|percentage = 15.41
|change = -46.00
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,13,504
|percentage = 83.43
|change = +11.35
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Titabar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
|votes = 65,418
|percentage = 74.12
|change = +8.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Montu Moni Dutta
|votes = 11,219
|percentage = 12.71
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kaminish Deori
|votes = 4,257
|percentage = 4.82
|change = -1.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Kula Das
|votes = 3,108
|percentage = 3.52
|change = -13.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilip Gogoi
|votes = 1,775
|percentage = 2.01
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Biren Gogoi
|votes = 927
|percentage = 1.05
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Subodh Dutta
|votes = 905
|percentage = 1.03
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Manashi Bordoloi
|votes = 648
|percentage = 0.73
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 54,199
|percentage = 61.41
|change = +12.80
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 88,257
|percentage = 72.08
|change = +1.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|
title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Titabar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
|votes = 56,957
|percentage = 65.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Kula Das
|votes = 14,456
|percentage = 16.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = AGP(P)
|candidate = Hemanta Kalita
|votes = 10,536
|percentage = 12.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Karabi Chakraborty
|votes = 5,469
|percentage = 6.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,501
|percentage = 48.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 87,418
|percentage = 70.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Titabar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Jorhat]]
[[Category:Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

MGR Chennai Central–Ahmedabad Superfast Express

2026-04-30T18:09:07Z

Sergkwi: Creating Basic Page Basic Info

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = BB0000
| name = MGR Chennai Central – Ahmedabad Junction ''Superfast Express''
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|02|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]] (MAS)
| stops = 23
| end = {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} (ADI)
| distance = {{convert|1717|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 29 hours 25 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class & General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 20953 / 20954
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Ahmedabad - Chennai) Express route map 01.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 20953 / 20954 '''MGR Chennai Central–Ahmedabad Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that run between [[Chennai Central railway station]] and {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} in India.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-trains/article6844823.ece], ''thehindu.com'', 1 February 2015</ref>

== Service ==
It operates as train number 20953 from Chennai Central to Ahmedabad Junction and as train number 20954 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]]. The train covers the distance of {{cvt|1717|km}} in 32 hours, which is approximately a speed of {{cvt|53|km/h}}.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-Central-Ahmedabad-bi-weekly-express-train-to-be-launched-on-Feb-1/articleshow/46075857.cms], ''indiatimes.com'', 31 January 2015</ref>

The Mas–Adi Express – 20953 runs on 2 days per week (Thursday and Sunday) and on return Adi–Mas Express – 20954 runs on Wednesday and Saturday.

The train is named as MAS ADI EXPRESS. It leaves Chennai at 20:00 on day 1 and reaches Ahmedabad at 05:35 on day 3.It takes 33 hrs 35 mins to reach from its source to the destination.

On return, it leaves Ahmedabad at 09:40 on day 1 and reaches Chennai at 17:10 on day 2. It takes 31 hrs 30 mins to reach from its source to the destination.

==Coaches==

The service presently has one AC 2 Tier, four AC 3 Tier, seven Sleeper coaches and four General Unreserved coaches and currently powered by LHB rake.

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
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!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
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!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||GEN||GEN||S7||S6||S5||S4||S3||S2||S1||B4||B3||B2||B1||A1||GEN||GEN||EOG
|}

==Routing==
The train runs from MGR Chennai Central via {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Wadi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Solapur}}, {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}, {{stnlnk|Surat}}, {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}} to Ahmedabad Junction.<ref>[http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2682&did=1422619846549196F3AC3848A0881437B9E6C5CB8E34C.web107], ''Southern Railway'', 30 January 2015</ref>

==Traction==
As this route is partially electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam]] / [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada]]-based [[WAP-4]] locomotive pulls the train to {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}} then a Pune-based [[WDP-4D]] locomotive pulls the train to {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}} later a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara]]-based [[WAP-7]] locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with;
* 12947/12948 [[Azimabad Express]]
* 20919/20920 [[Chennai Central-Ekta Nagar Superfast Express|MGR Chennai Central-Ekta Nagar Superfast Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/chennai-central-ahmedabad-express-19419/23159/35/60 19419 Chennai Central–Ahmedabad Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/ahmedabad-chennai-central-express-19420/23158/60/35 19420 Ahmedabad–Chennai Central Express] at India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Central-Ahmedabad Express}}
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]

Dibrugarh–Kanniyakumari Vivek Express

2026-04-25T03:50:48Z

Sergkwi: new a bio

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Dibrugarh – Kanniyakumari ''Vivek Express''
| logo =
| image = Dibrugarh Kanniyakumari Vivek Express.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption =
| type = [[Vivek Express]]
| locale = [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2011|11|19}}
| status =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Dibrugarh}} (DBRG)
| stops = 57
| end = {{rws|Kanniyakumari}} (CAPE)
| distance = {{convert|4154|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 75h 30m
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = Yes
| autorack = Yes
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = Yes
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Large windows
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22503 / 22504
| speed = {{convert|69|km/h|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| trainlength =
| sharing =
N/A (8 dedicated rakes)
| map = [[File:Dibrugarh - Kanyakumari Vivek Express Route map.jpg|thumb|250px|Dibrugarh - Kanniyakumari '''Vivek Express''' Route map]]
| map_state =
}}
The ''' 22503 / 22504 Dibrugarh –Kanniyakumari - Dibrugarh Vivek Superfast Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|Daily Superfast Express]] train of the [[Vivek Express]] series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] and operated by [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] which runs from [[Dibrugarh railway station|Dibrugarh]] in India's north eastern state [[Assam]] to [[Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station|Kanniyakumari]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] the southernmost state of [[India]] via [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]], [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]], [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur]]. In 74 hours 35 minutes the train covers a distance of {{convert|4189|km||abbr=}} and traverses through eight states in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger Reservation Enquiry |url=https://www.indianrail.gov.in/enquiry/SCHEDULE/TrainSchedule.html?locale=en |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=www.indianrail.gov.in}}</ref> This train is currently the [[Longest train services of Indian Railways|longest train route in India]] by both distance and time,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-17 |title=Life aboard the longest train ride through India |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/life-on-the-longest-train-ride-through-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309202859/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/life-on-the-longest-train-ride-through-india |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref> as well as the [[Longest train services|30th-longest train service in the world]]. The train has 57 halts across its route.

==History==
[[Vivek Express]] is a series of four Express Trains on the Indian Railways network. These trains were announced in the [[Railway Budget]] of 2011-12 by the then Railway Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]]. These trains were started to commemorate the [[150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda]].

Vivek express also holds another place in the history of Indian railways, as being the last train to halt its services, when the entire Indian railway passenger services came to standstill following the COVID19 pandemic and the subsequent nationwide lockdown in March 2020.

Dibrugarh - Kanniyakumari Vivek Express joins [[Dibrugarh railway station|Dibrugarh]] in [[Assam]], [[North-East India]] to [[Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station|Kanniyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]] which is the southernmost tip of [[India]].

== Schedule ==
The train no: 22504 starts from [[Dibrugarh]] at 7:55 PM and reaches [[Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station|Kanniyakumari]] at 9:55 PM on the fourth day of journey. In the return direction the train no: 22503 leaves [[Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station|Kanniyakumari]] at 5:25 PM and reaches [[Dibrugarh railway station|Dibrugarh]] at 8:50 PM on the fourth day of the journey. This train runs through [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. This train also passes through [[Sahibganj district]] and [[Pakur district]] of [[Jharkhand]] but it does not have any stoppages there.

== Important halts ==
Some important halts of this train are :

[[New Tinsukia Junction railway station|Tinsukia]], [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]] , [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]] , [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] , [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] , [[Dankuni Junction railway station|Dankuni (Kolkata)]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur]] , [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack]], [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]] , [[Vizianagaram Junction railway station|Vizianagaram]], [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]] , [[Rajahmundry railway station|Rajahmundry]], [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]], [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta]], [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi]], [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]], [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]], [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore]], [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram ]], [[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil]] etc.

==Coach composition==
The train runs with [[LHB coach]]es. The coach composition is :
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd801;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd801;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd801;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd801;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 22
|-
|ENG
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|24px]]EOG || GEN||GEN||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||PC||B1||B2||B3||B4||B5||B6||A1||A2||GEN||GEN||SLR
|}

== Locomotive ==
The train is hauled by [[WDP-4D]] Locomotive of [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri]] from {{rws|New Tinsukia}} to {{rws|Guwahati}}. Then it is hauled by [[WAP-7]] Locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam]] from {{rws|Guwahati}} up to {{rws|Visakhapatnam}}. Lastly from {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} to {{rws|Kanniyakumari}} it is hauled by [[WAP-7]] locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]] even it can hauled by [[Ludhiana]] and [[Andal]]-based [[WDG-3A]].

==See also==
* [[Vivek Express]]
* [[Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station]]
* [[Dibrugarh railway station]]
* [[Himsagar Express]]
* [[Longest train services]]
* [[Longest train services of Indian Railways]]
*[[Tambaram–Guwahati Express]]
*[[Guwahati Express|Bangalore-Guwahati Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express]]
*[[New Tinsukia–Bengaluru Weekly Express|New Tinsukia-Bengaluru Express]]
*[[Bangalore Cantonment - Agartala Humsafar Express|Bangalore-Agartala Humsafar Express]]
*[[Chennai–New Jalpaiguri Superfast Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Kamakhya AC Superfast Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Vivek Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dibrugarh-Kanyakumari Vivek Express}}
[[Category:Vivek Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:Transport in Dibrugarh]]
[[Category:Transport in Kanyakumari]]

Kodava Sahitya Academy

2026-04-24T03:45:20Z

Sergkwi: Adding New Info

{{Short description|Organisation}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| bgcolor =
| fgcolor =
| image =
| image_border =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| abbreviation = KASA
| formation = {{Start date and age|1994}}
| extinction = 
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters = [[Madikeri]], [[Kodagu]]
| location = [[Madikeri]], [[Virajpet]], [[Mysore]], [[Bangalore]] in [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| region_served = [[India]]
| membership =
| publication =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Ajjinikanda Mahesh Nachaiah]]
| main_organ = 
| parent_organisation = Kannada and culture department, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| affiliations = 
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website =
| remarks =
}}
The '''Kodava Sahitya Academy''' is an organisation under the Government of Karnataka which preserves and promotes the [[Kodava language]], literature and culture.

==Foundation==
The Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy was founded in 1994 when [[Veerappa Moily]] was the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kodava Sahitya Academy-Bollinamme unveils silver jubilee logo |url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/mysuru/kodagu/kodava-sahitya-academy-bollinamme-unveils-silver-jubilee-logo |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=News Karnataka |date=10 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kodava Sahitya Academy Silver Jubilee in June |url=https://starofmysore.com/kodava-sahitya-academy-silver-jubilee-in-june/ |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=Star of Mysore |date=5 May 2019}}</ref>

==Recent developments==
Every year, the Kodava Sahitya Academy announces and confers awards upon Kodava speaking achievers in the fields of culture and language. The academy also publishes books in the Kodava language.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kodava Academy honorary, book awards conferred |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/kodava-academy-honorary-book-awards-conferred-1029670.html |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=12 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Plan to organise Kodava Sahitya Vishwa Sammelana' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/plan-to-organise-kodava-sahitya-vishwa-sammelana-770370.html |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=22 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kodava Academy Awards Announced |url=https://starofmysore.com/kodava-academy-awards-announced/ |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=Star of Mysore |date=9 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Entries invited for Kodava Sahitya Academy awards |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entries-invited-kodava-sahitya-719124.html |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=18 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Create a world of Kodava folklore, says M C Nanaiah |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/create-a-world-of-kodava-folklore-says-m-c-nanaiah-918758.html |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=22 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Get acquainted with Kodava tradition' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-districts/get-acquainted-with-kodava-tradition-873015.html |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=14 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Since 2021, the Mangalore University now teaches an MA degree in the Kodava language.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mangalore University to offer MA in Kodava language |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/mangalore-university-to-offer-ma-in-kodava-language-1062025.html |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kodagu]]
* [[Kodava language]]
* [[Kodava people]]
* [[Karnataka ethnic groups]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indic literature societies]]
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

Dakshineswar Kali Temple

2026-04-22T05:24:57Z

Sergkwi: added info

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Kolkata, West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Dakshineswar Kali Temple
|image = File:Dakhineshwar Temple beside the Hoogly, West Bengal.JPG
|caption = View of the temple complex.
|map_type = India Kolkata
|map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|coordinates = {{coord|22|39|18|N|88|21|28|E|type:landmark_region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
|country = {{flag|India}}
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|district = [[North 24 Parganas]]
|location = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]]
|deity = Sri Jagadishvari Bhavatarini [[Kali]]mata Thakurani
|festivals = [[Kali Puja]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Snana Yatra]], [[Kalpataru Day]]
|architecture = [[Bengal architecture]]
|temple_quantity = 1 main temple of [[Kali]] 12 [[Shiva]] temples 1 temple of [[Radha]]–[[Krishna]] 1 temple for [[Sankirtana]]
|monument_quantity=
|year_completed = {{start date and age|1855|5|31|df=y}}
|founded_by = [[Rani Rashmoni]]
|creator =
|website = [http://www.dakshineswarkalitemple.org Official website]
|architecture_style= [[Ratna Style|Navaratna]]
|Official Name=
|Native Name=}}

{{Hinduism}}
'''Dakshineswar Kali Temple''' or '''Dakshineswar Kalibari''' is a Hindu [[Navaratna (architecture)|navaratna style]] temple in [[Dakshineswar]], Kolkata, West Bengal, India, on the eastern bank of the [[Hooghly River]]. The presiding deity of the temple is [[Bhavatarini]] (Kali), a form of [[Mahadevi]] or Parashakti Adya Kali, otherwise known as Adishakti Kalika.<ref name="Mehrotra">{{Harvnb|Mehrotra|2008}} p.11.</ref> The temple was built in 1855 by [[Rani Rashmoni]], a [[zamindar]] (feudal lord), and a devotee of Kali. The temple is associated with [[avatar]] Sri [[Ramakrishna]] and [[Sarada Devi]], his wife and devotee mystic, both of 19th century Bengal.<ref name=l>{{cite web|title=History of the temple|url=http://www.dakshineswarkalitemple.org/history.html|publisher=Dakshineswar Kali Temple|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=Bengal>{{cite web|title=Dakshineswar - ''A Heritage''|url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/dakhineswar|publisher=Government of West Bengal|access-date=26 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902101045/http://westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/dakhineswar|archive-date=2 September 2013 |df=dmy}}</ref>

The main temple was inspired by [[Radhakanta Temple, Chetla|Radhakanta temple]] in [[Tollygunge]], built by Babu Ramnath Mondal of the [[Bawali Raj]] family.<ref name = kaliokalikshetra>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1= Diptimoy |title=Paschimbanger Kali O Kalikshetra |trans-title= Kali and Kali Temples in West Bengal |year= 2001 |publisher= Mondal Book House |location=Kolata |language=Bengali |pages=64–65 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=কংক্রিটের আড়ালে মুখ ঢেকেছে মন্দিরশিল্প|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/unique-nabaratna-temple-in-tollygunj-the-inspiration-of-dakshineswar-temple-obscured-amid-buildings-1.147761|access-date=2022-01-19|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=রানিকাহিনি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/patrika/র-ন-ক-হ-ন-1.49156 |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Debashish Ed |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265626 |title=Kolkatar Purakatha |date=1990 |pages=71, 78}}</ref> The temple compound, apart from the nine-spired main temple, contains a large courtyard surrounding the temple, with rooms along the boundary walls. Along the riverfront, there are twelve shrines dedicated to [[Shiva]], Kali's consort, a temple to [[Radha]]–[[Krishna]], a bathing ghat at the river, and a shrine dedicated to Rani Rashmoni. The 'Nahabat', or "music tower," northeast and beyond the last of the Shiva temples, is where [[Sarada Devi|Maa Sarada]] spent a considerable part of her life.<ref name=l/><ref name=Kolkata>{{cite book|title=Kolkata: City Guide|year=2011|publisher=Goodearth Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUq9heKpjEIC&pg=PA125E|editor=Swati Mitra|isbn=978-93-80262-15-4}}</ref> Sri Ramakrishna's room is in the northwest corner of the courtyard, with a semicircular verandah facing the river.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Mahendranath |title=Sri Ramakrishna at Dakshineswar |url=https://www.kathamrita.org/kathamrita/vol-1-kathamrita/sri-ramakrishna-at-dakshineswar |website=Kathamitra |publisher=Sri Ma Trust |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>

==History==

The Dakshineswar Kali Temple was founded around the middle of the 19th century by [[Mahishya]] zamindar [[Rani Rashmoni]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Harding|1998}}, p.xii</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/13688790600657835|last=Sen|first=Amiya P.|title=Sri Ramakrishna, the ''Kathamrita'' and the Calcutta middle classes: an old problematic revisited|journal=Postcolonial Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=165–177|date=June 2006|s2cid=144046925}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Dr Soumen |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Folklore_Tradition_Urbanity/4c_qAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dakshineswar+mahishya&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover |title=Folklore Tradition Urbanity |date=2010-01-21 |publisher=Anjali Publishers |isbn=978-81-89620-67-7 |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref> She was well known for her philanthropic activities. In the year 1847, Rashmoni prepared to go upon a long [[pilgrimage]] to the sacred Hindu city of [[Varanasi|Kashi]] (known also as Varanasi or Benares) to express her devotions to the [[Adi Parashakti|Divine Mother]]. Rani was to travel in twenty-four boats, carrying relatives, servants, and supplies.<ref name=Kolkata/> According to traditional accounts, the night before the pilgrimage began, Rashmoni had a [[vision (spirituality)|vision]] of the Divine Mother goddess [[Kali]] in a dream, who said,<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Steven |title=Essential Hinduism|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2006|pages=201–202|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuVG8PxKq_0C&pg=PA201|isbn=978-0-275-99006-0}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|There is no need to go to Banaras. Install my statue in a beautiful temple on the banks of the Ganges river and arrange for my worship there. Then I shall manifest myself in the image and accept worship at that place.}}

Profoundly affected by the dream, Rani immediately looked for and purchased a {{convert|30000|acre|ha|adj=on|order=flip}} plot in the village of Dakshineswar. The large temple complex was built between 1847 and 1855. The {{convert|20|acre|ha|adj=on|order=flip}} plot was bought from an Englishman, Jake Hastie, and was then popularly known as ''Saheban Bagicha''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prabhananda|2003}}</ref> Built partly on ground shaped like a tortoise and thus considered befitting for the worship of Shakti according to Tantra traditions, it took eight years and nine hundred thousand rupees to complete the construction.

The image of Goddess Kali was installed on the ''[[Snana Yatra]]'' day on 31 May 1855, amid grand festivities. The temple was known then as ''Sri Sri Jagadishwari Mahakali'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anonymous |title=A Queen of Every Faith |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/west-bengal/kolkata/dakshineswar-kali-temple |website=Incredible India! |publisher=Government of India |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> with Ramkumar Chhattopadhyay as the head priest. His younger brother Gadadhar (later known as [[Ramakrishna]]) and his nephew Hriday moved in to assist him.<ref name="Mehrotra"/><ref name=l/><ref name=Bengal/><ref name=Kolkata/><ref>{{cite book|title=God lived with them|year=2001|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|author=Swami Chetanananda|pages=655|isbn=978-0-916356-79-8}}</ref> On 31 May 1855, more than 1 lakh (one hundred thousand) [[Brahmin]]s were invited from different parts of the country to grace the auspicious occasion. The next year, 1856, Ramkumar died, and the position of head priest was given to [[Ramakrishna]]. His wife, [[Sarada Devi#At Dakshineswar Kali Temple|Sarada Devi]], stayed in the south side of the ''Nahabat'' (music tower), in a small room on the ground floor which is now a shrine dedicated to her.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=91}}</ref>

[[Rani Rashmoni]] lived for only five years and nine months after the inauguration of the temple. She fell seriously ill in 1861. Realizing that her death was near, she decided to hand over the property she had purchased in [[Dinajpur]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]) as a legacy for the maintenance of the temple to the temple trust. She accomplished her task on 18 February 1861 and died on the next day.<ref name = l/>

Due to his inspirational devotion to the Divine Mother as Goddess Kali, realized God-consciousness and practical teachings for laypersons, Ramakrishna was responsible for bringing much in the way of both fame and pilgrims to the temple.<ref name="Hindu_SB">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/09/stories/2003050901460700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030611024249/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/09/stories/2003050901460700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2003|title=Kali Mandir of Kolkata|last=Balakrishnan|first=S|date=9 May 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> From 1902-1932, lay disciple [[Mahendranath Gupta]] published the [[Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita]], known in English as The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna. It contains practical teachings given by Sri Ramakrishna over a four year period to his lay devotees and disciples, including moments with Naredranath Dutta, later world-famous as [[Swami Vivekananda]].

==Architecture==
Built in the [[Navaratna (architecture)|navaratna]] or nine spires style of [[Bengal architecture]], the three-storeyed south-facing temple has nine spires distributed in the upper two storeys, and stands on a high platform with a flight of stairs, overall it measures {{convert|46|ft|m|order=flip}} square and rises over {{convert|100|ft|m|order=flip}} high.<ref name=Bengal/><ref name=Kolkata/>

The ''[[garbha griha]]'' (or [[sanctum sanctorum]]) houses an image of goddess Kali, known as ''Bhavatarini'', standing on the chest of a supine [[Shiva]], with both figures placed on a thousand-petaled [[lotus throne]] made of silver.<ref name=Bengal/><ref name=Kolkata/>

West of the main temple and between the entrance to the [[ghat]] on the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly river]] lies the row of twelve identical Shiva temples, built facing the east in the typical ''[[At-chala|aat-chala]]'' Bengal architecture. To the northeast of the temple complex is the Vishnu/Radha Kanta Temple. A flight of steps lead up to a columned verandah and into the temple. There, a silver throne holds the {{convert|21+1/2|in|adj=on}} image of Lord [[Krishna]] and a {{convert|16|in|adj=on}} image of [[Radha]].<ref name=Bengal/><ref name=Kolkata/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Maa Bhavatarini at Dakshineshwar Temple (Photo Frame Type).JPG|The name of the idol of [[Kali]] worshiped in the temple is '''Jagadishwari''', also widely known as '''Bhavatarini'''.
File:Ramakrishna.jpg|Sri [[Ramakrishna]] came to the temple in 1855 as an assistant to his elder brother, Ramkumar, the head priest; later he took job as the priest of Radhakanta Jiu temple, and eventually became the head priest of the Kali temple.
File:Dakshineshwar Temple - Calcutta (Kolkata) - 1865.jpg|Photograph of [[Radhakanta Temple, Chetla|Radhakanta Temple]] from "Views of Calcutta and Barrackpore," taken by [[Samuel Bourne]].
File:The twelve Shiva temples at the Dakshineswar Kali temple complex, in West Bengal, India, photographed by Yogabrata Chakraborty, on November 5, 2022.jpg|Partial view of the Shiva temples, west side of the complex. [[File:Lokmata Ranirashmani Temple.jpg|alt=Lokmata Rani Rashmani Temple inside Dakshineswar Kali Temple Campus|thumb|143x143px|Lokmata Rani Rashmani Temple inside Dakshineswar Kali Temple complex]]
File:Dakshineswar Kali Temple on the bank River Ganges.jpg|Dakshineswar Temple on the banks of the [[Hooghly river]], a tributary of the Ganges.
File:Main entrance ("Singha Dwar"; সিংহ দুয়ার) of the iconic Dakshineswar Temple in West Bengal, India.jpg|Main entrance (Lion gate/"Singha Dwar"; সিংহ দুয়ার) of Dakshineswar Temple.
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Rani Rashmoni]]
* [[Ramakrishna|Ramkrishna]]
*[[Basirhat Dakshina Kali Temple]]
*[[Belur Math]]
*[[Annapurna Temple, Titagarh]]
*[[Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda|Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda relationship]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Dutta|first=Krishna|title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history|publisher=Signal Books|year=2003|pages=255|isbn=978-1-902669-59-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC}}
*{{cite journal|last=Prabhananda|first=Swami|date=October 2003|title=The Kali Temple at Dakshineswar and Sri Ramakrishna|journal=[[Vedanta Kesari]]|url=http://www.eng.vedanta.ru/library/vedanta_kesari/Kali_temple_and_Ramakrishna_oct_03.php}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.rkmpune.org/rk_order/dakshineshwar.htm|title=Map of Kali Temple at Dakshineshwar|access-date=5 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612044541/http://www.rkmpune.org/rk_order/dakshineshwar.htm|archive-date=12 June 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy}}
*{{cite book|last=Harding|first=Elizabeth U.|title=Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4woiJbQTsBQC|isbn=81-208-1450-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Mehrotra|first=Rajiv|author-link=Rajiv Mehrotra|title=Thakur: A Life Of Sri Ramakrishna|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2008|isbn=978-0-14-306371-1}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Dakshineswar Kali Temple}}

*{{Official website}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Dakshineswar}}
*{{Osmway|291865633}}
* [https://templeorigins.com/dakshineswar-temple-opening-time/ Dakshineswar Kali temple]

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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:1855 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Kali temples]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North 24 Parganas district]]

R. R. Singh

2026-04-20T08:55:26Z

Sergkwi: Creating a biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician and former Mayor of Mumbai (1938–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. R. Singh
| image = RR Singh-Ex Mayor Mumbai.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 10 January 1938
| birth_place = India
| birth_name = Ramcharitra Rambhajan Singh
| death_date = 10 February 2022
| death_place = Laxmi Hospital, [[Mulund]], [[Mumbai]], India
| constituency =
| office = [[Mayor of Mumbai]]
| term_start2 = 1993
| term_end2 = 1994
| constituency2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Chandrakant Handore]]
| successor2 = [[Nirmala Samant Prabhavalkar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''R. R. Singh''' (full name: '''Ramcharitra Rambhajan Singh'''; 10 January 1938 – 10 February 2022) was an Indian politician and civic leader affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as the [[Mayor of Mumbai]] from 1993 to 1994 and was a corporator in the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) for nearly three decades, representing the Mulund constituency from 1973 to 2002.<ref name="bmcelections">{{cite web |title=Previous Mayors of BMC |url=https://www.bmcelections.com/previous-mayors-of-bmc |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

== Introduction ==
Ramcharitra Rambhajan Singh (10 January 1938 – 10 February 2022), widely known in public life as R.R. Singh, was a formidable and enduring figure in the political landscape of Mumbai for over three decades. His career, rooted in the principles of the Indian National Congress, serves as a compelling narrative of grassroots mobilization and sustained public service. Rising from profoundly humble origins, he ascended to the city's highest civic office, serving as the Mayor of Mumbai from 1993 to 1994. His political journey was defined by an almost thirty-year uninterrupted tenure as a Municipal Councillor for the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) from 1973 to 2002, a period during which he became inextricably linked with the development and welfare of his constituency, Mulund.

A crucial element in understanding his political significance lies in his identity as a prominent "North Indian face" in Maharashtra's politics. This description is more than a demographic marker; it is a key to deciphering his role within the intricate socio-political fabric of Mumbai. In a metropolis where regional and linguistic identities have often played a central role in political discourse, the rise of a leader representing the substantial migrant population from states like [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Bihar was a significant development. For such a leader to attain the mayorship within the Indian National Congress during the 1990s indicates a remarkable capacity for building broad-based coalitions and garnering support that transcended community lines. His success was therefore not merely about representing a specific group but about skillfully integrating that group's aspirations into the wider political framework of the city and the party. This suggests that R.R. Singh functioned as a vital political bridge, adept at mediating the complex interplay of identities within a dynamic and cosmopolitan urban environment. His career thus exemplifies the evolving nature of Indian urban politics, where migrant communities have become integral to the structure of power and governance.

== Section I: Formative years and entry into public life ==
=== Humble origins ===
Singh was born on 10 January 1938. He migrated from Uttar Pradesh to Mumbai as a young man and initially worked in a ''tabela'' (cow shed) in the city’s suburbs, a background often noted in later press profiles.

=== Educational pursuits and intellectual foundation ===
He obtained a '''Sahitya Visharad''' degree, regarded as equivalent to a [[Bachelor of Arts]], from Prayag University, Allahabad, and a '''Sampadan Kala Visharad''' diploma in journalism.<ref>{{cite news |title=We don't need no education |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/we-dont-need-no-education/articleshow/2597656.cms |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>
He was fluent in eight languages – [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], English, [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[Urdu]] – and from 1969 edited the Hindi fortnightly ''Rashtra Kalash''.

=== Entry into politics ===
Singh joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1954, inspired by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. During the 1970s he worked on election campaigns and relief operations in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. His early organiser roles gave him standing in Mumbai’s civic branch of the Congress.

== Section II: A career in municipal governance (1973–2002) ==
=== Electoral dominance ===
Singh first won election as a corporator in 1973 from Mulund and retained the seat in every subsequent BMC election until 2002, completing five consecutive terms.

=== The mayoral term (1993–1994) ===
He was elected as the 62nd Mayor of Mumbai for 1993–1994, succeeding Chandrakant Handore and preceding Nirmala Samant Prabhavalkar.<ref name="bmcelections" />

=== International representation ===
As mayor he represented Mumbai at the 1994 World Peace Conference in Japan and at the World Mayors’ Conference (City Nett). Earlier, in 1981, he visited the United Kingdom, USSR, Poland, East and West Germany, and Switzerland on a civic-administration study tour.

=== Leadership within the BMC ===
He served on the Standing Committee (1991–1992), the B.E.S.T. Committee (1978–1992), and the Public Health Committee, and held leadership positions such as Leader of the Opposition (1986–1991) and Leader of the House (1992–1993).

== Section III: Developmental impact on the Mulund constituency ==
=== Focus on education ===
In 1995 Singh established the '''R. R. Educational Trust''' in Mulund to provide affordable schooling under the motto “Education for All.”<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – R. R. Educational Trust |url=https://www.rredu.in/about.html |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>
The trust operates Marathi- and English-medium schools and the R. R. Educational Trust’s College of Education and Research (B.Ed.).<ref>{{cite web |title=R. R. Educational Trust's B.Ed. College |url=https://rrbed.edu.in/ |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>
He was also president of the Dayanand Vedic Vidyalaya & Junior College Sanchalak Samiti in Mulund West.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dayanand Vedic Vidyalay, Mulund West |url=https://www.justdial.com/Mumbai/Dayanand-Vedik-Vidyalaya-Mulund-West/022PXX22-XX22-170919132011-U6K1_BZDET |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Urban infrastructure and public works ===
Records and local accounts attribute to him projects that included construction of school buildings, dispensaries, and a general hospital (Central Ambulance Service Hospital), establishment of a 24-hour ambulance service, creation of playgrounds and gardens, construction of over 100 roads, markets, and slum-improvement schemes under the World Bank and Prime Minister’s Grant Project.

=== Priyadarshini Indira Gandhi Krida Sankul ===
Among his major civic works was the '''Priyadarshini Indira Gandhi Krida Sankul''' in Mulund, one of the largest sports complexes in Mumbai, containing an Olympic-size pool, badminton and tennis courts, gymnasium, and auditorium.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyadarshini Indira Gandhi Kreeda Sankul |url=https://reczone.mcgm.gov.in/sports-complex/sports-facilities-in-mumbai/priyadarshini-indira-gandhi-kreeda-sankul |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

== Section IV: The caste-certificate controversy and legal vindication (2002–2017) ==
=== The allegation (2002–2003) ===
Following the 2002 BMC election, Singh’s victory from Ward 221 (Mulund) – reserved for Other Backward Classes (OBC) – was challenged after the state committee alleged that the caste certificate he submitted was invalid.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai ex-mayor indicted for forgery |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-ex-mayor-indicted-for-forgery/articleshow/33099477.cms |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>
The committee reported that the certificate number MSG/CC/683/93 dated 19 April 1993 corresponded to another person named Ajit Dake, a member of the [[Kunbi]] community.

=== The investigation and evidence ===
The vigilance squad stated that no official record of a certificate in Singh’s name existed and concluded that the submitted document was forged.

=== Disqualification and legal proceedings ===
In January 2003 the committee ordered Singh’s disqualification from the BMC and directed the commissioner to file a criminal complaint. He challenged the decision before the [[Bombay High Court]] and later the Supreme Court, which upheld the disqualification.

=== Arrest and bail (March 2003) ===
On 8 March 2003 he was arrested by the Mulund police and produced before the Bhoiwada Magistrate; he was released the same day on bail of ₹25,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-mayor released on bail in fake-certificate case |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ex-mayor-released-on-bail-in-fake-certificate-case/articleshow/39697016.cms |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

=== The acquittal (September 2017) ===
After fourteen years of proceedings, a court on 25 September 2017 acquitted Singh of all charges, holding that the prosecution had failed to prove the allegations beyond reasonable doubt.

== Section V: Legacy and consolidated record of service ==
=== Concluding assessment ===
Singh’s public life combined long-term constituency work, educational initiatives, and organizational loyalty to the Congress. His legal acquittal closed a fourteen-year dispute that had ended his elected career but restored his standing before his death on 10 February 2022 at age 86.

=== Table of held positions ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Position !! Organization !! Tenure
|-
| Mayor of Mumbai || Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation || 1993–1994
|-
| Municipal Corporator || Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation || 1973–2002
|-
| Member, Standing Committee || Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation || 1991–1992
|-
| Member, B.E.S.T. Committee || Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation || 1978–1992
|-
| Leader of Opposition || Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation || 1986–1991
|-
| Leader of House || Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation || 1992–1993
|-
| Founder and Chairman || R. R. Educational Trust || 1995–2022
|-
|Member, Public Health Committee
|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
|
|-
|Party Leader in BMC
|Indian National Congress
|1986-1991
|-
|Chairman, Works Committee (Suburbs)
|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)
|
|-
|Member, MMRDA
|Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority
|
|-
|Chairman, All India Mayors Council
|All India Council of Mayors
|
|-
|Special Executive Magistrate
|Government of Maharashtra
|1973-1995
|-
|Justice of Peace
|Government of Maharashtra
|1965-1973
|-
|Chairman, Municipal General Election (2007) Manifesto Committee
|Indian National Congress
|2007
|-
|Acting President, MRCC
|Mumbai Regional Congress Committee
|
|-
|Member, MPCC
|Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee
|
|-
|General Secretary, Bombay Municipal Congress Party
|Indian National Congress
|
|-
|President, Mulund District Congress Committee
|Indian National Congress
|
|-
|General Secretary, North-East Bombay District Congress Committee
|Indian National Congress
|
|-
|General Secretary, Mulund Block Congress Committee
|Indian National Congress
|
|-
|President, Dayanand Vedic Vidyalay & Junior College Sanchalak Samiti
|Dayanand Vedic Vidyalay, Mulund
|
|-
|President, Samajik Ekta Samiti
|Samajik Ekta Samiti
|
|-
|Vice President, All India Quami Ekta Samiti
|All India Quami Ekta Samiti
|
|-
|Trustee, Research Foundation for National Blood Transfusion Services
|Research Foundation for National Blood Transfusion Services
|
|-
|Editor, 'Rashtra Kalash' (Hindi Fortnightly)
|Rashtra Kalash
|
|-
|Chairman, Sanjay Gandhi Niradhar Yojana, Mulund
|Government of Maharashtra
|
|-
|Secretary, Sahayogi Shikshan Sangh
|Sahayogi Shikshan Sangh
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.rredu.in/ R. R. Educational Trust – official site]
* [https://rrbed.edu.in/ R. R. Educational Trust’s B.Ed. College – official site]

[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Mayors of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Indian municipal councillors]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]

Challa Sreenivasulu Setty

2026-04-19T01:56:24Z

Sergkwi: new a post

{{Short description|Indian banker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Challa Sreenivasulu Setty
| image = Challa Sreenivasulu Setty (born 1965) at World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2025.png
| caption = At the [[World Economic Forum|WEF]] Annual Meeting in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1965|09|26}}
| birth_place = Pedda Pothulapadu, Manopad Mandal,Jogulamba Gadwal district, Telangana, India
| office = [[List of chairpersons of the State Bank of India|27th Chairman of State Bank of India]]
| predecessor = [[Dinesh Kumar Khara]]
| successor =
| term_start = 28 August 2024
| term_end =
}}

'''Challa Sreenivasulu Setty''' (born 26 September 1965), also known as '''C. S. Setty''', is a [[banker]] and the current [[List of chairpersons of the State Bank of India|chairman]] of [[State Bank of India]], India's largest public sector bank.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=From PO to SBI chairman: Meet 'people's man' Challa Srinivasalu Setty who is now the new boss of India's biggest bank |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/from-po-to-sbi-chairman-meet-peoples-man-challa-srinivasalu-setty-who-is-now-the-new-boss-of-indias-biggest-bank/articleshow/112855894.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-15 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kochuveedan |first=Benn |date=2024-08-07 |title=From a village to the SBI corner office, new chairman Setty has travelled a long way |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/07/from-a-village-to-the-sbi-corner-office-new-chairman-setty-has-travelled-a-long-way |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Setty was born on 26 September 1965 in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-07 |title=Telugu bidda rises to helm country's largest bank SBI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telugu-bidda-challa-sreenivasulu-setty-appointed-as-sbi-chairman/articleshow/111545875.cms |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was born in Manopad mandal Peddapothulapadu village in the [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]] of [[Telangana]] state.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telugu-bidda-challa-sreenivasulu-setty-appointed-as-sbi-chairman/articleshow/111545875.cms</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/soft-spoken-agriculturist-setty-slated-to-dawn-mantle-as-sbi-chairman-124063000466_1.html |title=CS Setty: Soft spoken village boy set to occupy SBI's corner office |date=June 30, 2024 |publisher=Business Standard }}</ref>

He completed his schooling in government schools.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> Later, he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in agriculture from the [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]] (ANGRAU).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/no-ones-ever-asked-me-about-my-degree-in-30-yrs-new-sbi-chief-cs-setty-says-academics-is-just-an-entry-pass-435257-2024-07-01 |title=No one's ever asked me about my degree in 30 yrs': New SBI chief CS Setty says academics is just an entry pass |date=July 7, 2024 |publisher=Business Today }}</ref>

== Career ==
He began his career at the [[State Bank of India]] in 1988 as a probationary officer.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=30 June 2024 |title=ఎస్‌బీఐ కొత్త ఛైర్మన్‌గా చల్లా శ్రీనివాసులు శెట్టి.. తెలుగు వ్యక్తి పేరు కేంద్రానికి సిఫారసు |trans-title=SBI: Challa Srinivasulu Shetty as the new chairman of SBI |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/business/business-news/government-panel-recommends-challa-sreenivasulu-setty-as-next-sbi-chairman-after-dinesh-kumar-khara-retirement/articleshow/111367241.cms/ |website=Samayam |language=Kannada}}</ref> He started his banking career with an assignment at the [[Bardoli]], [[Surat]] branch of the [[State Bank of India]] in 1988.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

He is also a certified associate of the [[Indian Institute of Banking and Finance|Indian Institute of Bankers]].<ref name=":0" />

As one of the managing directors, he looked after international banking, global markets, and technology verticals before succeeding [[Dinesh Kumar Khara]] as the [[List of chairpersons of the State Bank of India|27th chairman of State Bank of India]]. {{as of|2024}}, he had served over 35 years at various levels in the [[State Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 29, 2024 |title=ఎస్‌బీఐ ఛైర్మన్‌గా చల్లా శ్రీనివాసులు.. ప్రతిపాదించిన ఎఫ్‌ఎస్‌ఐబీ |trans-title=Challa Srinivasulu as Chairman of SBI proposed by FSIB |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/business/fsib-recommends-challa-sreenivasulu-setty-as-next-chairman-of-sbi/0101/124120830 |publisher=Telugu News |language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Challa Sreenivasulu Setty Appointed As Next SBI Chairman |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/challa-sreenivasulu-setty-appointed-as-next-sbi-chairman-5997182 |date=June 29, 2024 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivats |first=K. R. |date=2024-08-07 |title=CS Setty appointed as chairman of SBI |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/govt-appoints-challa-sreenivasulu-setty-as-sbi-chairman/article68495292.ece |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Chairmanship ===
His leadership style is characterized by his proactive approach to understanding customer needs. He is known for frequently engaging with retail customers to gather feedback on their service experiences, pain points, and suggestions for improvement. This hands-on approach reflects his dedication to enhancing customer satisfaction and driving continuous improvement within the bank.<ref>https://arjasrikanth.in/2024/08/08/challa-sreenivasulu-setty-a-humble-journey-to-the-pinnacle-of-banking/</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|India}}
* [[State Bank of India]]
* [[List of chairpersons of the State Bank of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://arjasrikanth.in/2024/08/08/challa-sreenivasulu-setty-a-humble-journey-to-the-pinnacle-of-banking/
* [https://in.linkedin.com/in/challa-sreenivasulu-setty-53514316b LinkedIn Biography]
* [https://www.marketscreener.com/insider/CHALLA-SREENIVASULU-SETTY-A2VYR7/ Biography]

{{SBI}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Setty, Challa Sreenivasulu}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Indian chairpersons of corporations]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Bibhutipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:04Z

Sergkwi: created initial article from scratch

{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Bibhutipur
|type= SLA
| map_image = 138-Bibhutipur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Ajay Kumar Kushwaha]]
|party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1967
| electors = 275,296
|abolished = 
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{coord|25|41|38|N|85|57|42|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

'''Bibhutipur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Samastipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|P. S. Madan
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ganga Prasad Srivastava
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bandhu Mahto]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Ramdeo Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Chandrabali Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Ramdeo Verma]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color :{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Balak Singh Kushwaha|Ram Balak Kushwaha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ajay Kumar (Bihar politician)|Ajay Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 138 Bibhutipur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Bibhutipur, Samastipur|Bibhutipur]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Bulakipur, Kamrawn, Malpur Purwaripatti, Rampur Jalalpur, Narhan estate, Bambaiya Harlal and Ajnaul [[gram panchayat]]s of Dalsinghsarai CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Bibhutipur Assembly constituency is part of No. 22 [[Ujiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/> The assembly constituency consists 2.23 lakh voters and is dominated by the [[Kushwaha]]s. It has been observed in the successive elections, by studying the voting pattern, that Kushwaha voters voting en masse decides the victory of a candidate.<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/in-samastipurs-moscow-left-poses-a-challenge/articleshow/49321787.cms|title=In Samastipur's Moscow Left poses a challenge |website=Economic Times|access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="election2011">{{cite web|title=Bihar – Bibhutpur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS04138.htm|access-date=2011-03-29|work=Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="election2012">{{cite web|title=99 - Bibhutpur Assembly Constituency|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp99.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122217/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp99.htm|archive-date=25 April 2012|access-date=2011-03-30|work=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bibhutipur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Bibhutipur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Bibhutipur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04138.htm |accessdate=16 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116151224/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04138.htm |archivedate=16 November 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar (Bihar politician)|Ajay Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79246}}
|percentage = 40.37
|change = {{decrease}}4.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ravina Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:68965}}
|percentage = 35.13
|change = {{increase}}14.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rupanjali Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:14456}}
|percentage = 7.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Bishwanath Choudhary (Tufan ji)
|votes = {{formatnum:13450}}
|percentage = 6.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Arvind Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2574}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Lal Tanti
|votes = {{formatnum:2313}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shashi Bhushan Das
|votes = {{formatnum:1866}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sushant Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1782}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4807}}
|percentage = 2.45
|change = {{decrease}}0.8
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10281}}
|percentage = 5.24
|change = {{decrease}}19.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196318}}
|percentage = 71.31
|change = {{increase}}10.42
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bibhutipur<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar (Bihar politician)|Ajay Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73822}}
|percentage = 45.0
|change = +17.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ram Balak Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:33326}}
|percentage = 20.31
|change = -19.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Chandra Bali Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:28811}}
|percentage = 17.56
|change = -4.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manju Prakash
|votes = {{formatnum:6207}}
|percentage = 3.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bishwanath Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:6111}}
|percentage = 3.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Navin Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1966}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mamta Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:1893}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change = +0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5333}}
|percentage = 3.25
|change = +0.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:40496}}
|percentage = 24.69
|change = +12.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164051}}
|percentage = 60.89
|change = +0.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bibhutipur<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ram Balak Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:57882}}
|percentage = 39.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ram Deo Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:40647}}
|percentage = 27.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:32261}}
|percentage = 22.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtravadi Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3559}}
|percentage = 2.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amarjeet Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:2447}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Deshbhakt Party
|candidate = Prithvi Nath Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1857}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amresh Jha Alias Viddu Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:1304}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4440}}
|percentage = 3.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17235}}
|percentage = 11.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:145578}}
|percentage = 60.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Samastipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Markapuram district

2026-04-14T06:57:26Z

Sergkwi: Creating A Location Needs Work

{{Short description|District of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Markapuram district
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| size = 250
| photo1a = Markapuram lakshmi Chenakesava temple mukadwaram.JPG
| photo2a = 7th_to_8th_century_Bhairavakona_rock_cut_cave_temples,_Ambavaram_Nallamala_Hills,_Andhra_Pradesh_-_14.jpg
| photo2b = Cumbum Lake 1.JPG
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Chennakesava Temple [[Markapuram]],[[Bhairavakona]] Cave temples, [[Cumbum, Andhra Pradesh#Cumbum Lake|Cumbum Lake]]
| image_map = Markapuram in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| map_caption = Markapuram district in Andhra Pradesh
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|15.735|79.27|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:200000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flag icon image|Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions in India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Markapuram]]
| seat1_type = Largest city
| seat1 = [[Markapuram]]
| parts_type = Administrative Divisions
| parts = {{bulleted list|
| [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|2 revenue divisions]]
[[Markapuram revenue division|Markapuram]], [[Kanigiri revenue division|Kanigiri]]
| [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|21 Mandals]]
}}
| native_name = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|District Collector]]
| leader_name = M Vijaya Suneetha IAS
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]]
| leader_name1 = V. Harshavardhan Raju, IPS
| leader_title2 = [[Indian Forest Service|DFO]]
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name4 =
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 10,035
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 11,42,313
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics_type2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_footnotes =
| demographics3_footnotes = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 523XXX
| website = {{URL|https://markapuram.ap.gov.in}}
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 31 December 2025
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| named_for =
}}

'''Markapuram district'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Cabinet approves formation of two new districts, headquarters status for Madanapalle|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Dec/30/andhra-pradesh-cabinet-approves-formation-of-two-new-districts-headquarters-status-for-madanapalle |date=30 December 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en }}</ref> is one of the twenty eight districts in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was formed in 2025. The headquarters of the district is located at [[Markapuram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A.P. Cabinet clears district reorganisation, mandal realignment|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet-clears-district-reorganisation-mandal-realignment/article70450525.ece |date=29 December 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name of the district is derived from the name of the district headquarters, '''[[Markapuram]]'''.

==Geography==
Markapuram district is bounded by [[Nagarkurnool district]] of [[Telangana]] state in the north, [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]],[[SPSR Nellore district|SPSR Nellore]] districts in the south, [[Nandyal district]] in the west, [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]] and [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] districts in the east.

The [[Nallamala Hills|Nallamalas]] and the Veligondas are the major hill ranges in the district. The Nallamalas consist of a range of continuous fairly steep hills with an average elevation of about 620 meters above sea level. There are two passes in the Nallamalas namely, the Nandi Kanuma and Manbala Kanuma. The Nandi Kanuma passes from Bellary (in Karnataka) via Kurnool, Dornala, and Yerragondapalem to Markapur. The portions of Veligondas stand prominently as two continuous parallel ranges of fairly steep hills running in a north–south direction with a wide valley in between. The water from the eastern range of hills drains in a northerly direction to the [[Gundlakamma River|Gundlakamma river]].{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=1}}
The Gundlakumma river flows in this district Thippayapalem Reservoir, Duvvaleru Project, Cumbum tank and Bhavanasi tanks are constructed on this river.

===Flora and Fauna===
The total forest area is 4,42,073 Ha. which forms 30.86% of the total geographical area. Orchids, casuarinas and cashew plantations are common in the coastal areas. The Nallamalla forest has wildlife including tigers.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=III}}

===Mineral resources ===
[[Markapuram]] is India's main slate-manufacturing town.

== Administrative divisions ==
{{See also|List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh}}
The District comprises two revenue divisions viz., Markapuram and Kanigiri. There are a total of 21 mandals, with 6 in Kanigiri division and 15 in Markapuram division.
{{Div col|colwidth=16em|rules=yes|gap=2em}}
# [[Kanigiri revenue division]]
## [[Chandrasekharapuram mandal|Chandrasekharapuram]]
## [[Hanumanthunipadu mandal|Hanumanthunipadu]]
## [[Kanigiri mandal|Kanigiri]]
## [[Pamuru mandal|Pamuru]]
## [[Pedacherlopalle mandal|Pedacherlopalle]]
## [[Veligandla mandal|Veligandla]]
# [[Markapuram revenue division]]
## [[Ardhaveedu mandal|Ardhaveedu]]
## [[Bestavaripeta mandal|Bestavaripeta]]
## [[Cumbum mandal|Cumbum]]
## [[Dornala mandal|Dornala]]
## [[Giddalur mandal|Giddalur]]
## [[Komarolu mandal|Komarolu]]
## [[Konakanamitla mandal|Konakanamitla]]
## [[Markapuram mandal|Markapuram]]
## [[Pedda Araveedu mandal|Pedda Araveedu]]
## [[Podili mandal|Podili]]
## [[Pullalacheruvu mandal|Pullalacheruvu]]
## [[Racherla mandal|Racherla]]
## [[Tarlupadu mandal|Tarlupadu]]
## [[Tripuranthakam mandal|Tripuranthakam]]
## [[Yerragondapalem mandal|Yerragondapalem]]
{{Div end}}

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in present Markapuram district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.50}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|7.93}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.57}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

At the time of the 2011 census what is now Markapuram district had a population of 11,42,313. The sex ratio is 962 females per 1000 males and the literacy rate is 60.87%. 192,010 (16.87%) live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 243,353 (21.30%) and 47,224 (4.13%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile {{!}} Markapuram District, Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://markapuram.ap.gov.in/district-profile/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Languages of present Markapuram district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
| label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| value1 = 92.55
| color1 = steelblue
| label2 = [[Urdu]]
| value2 = 6.29
| color2 = green
| other = y
| other-color = grey
| other-label = Others
}}

Language wise, 92.55% of the population of the district spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 6.29% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Politics ==

Markapuram district forms part of one parliamentary constituency and has four assembly constituencies. The district lies partly in the [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=":0" />

The assembly constituencies in the district are:<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm |title=District-wise Assembly Constituencies |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!Lok Sabha constituency
|-
| 102
| [[Yerragondapalem Assembly constituency|Yerragondapalem]]
| [[Dalit|SC]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|-
| 111
| [[Markapuram Assembly constituency|Markapuram]]
| None
|-
| 112
| [[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddalur]]
| None
|-
| 113
| [[Kanigiri Assembly constituency|Kanigiri]]
| None
|}

== Tourism ==
[[File:BhairavaKona.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Bhairavakona]]]]

{{Maplink|frame=yes|zoom=7|text=Markapuram district tourist places (After zoom, hover mouse on the marker for more details)
|type=shape|description=Markapuram District|stroke-color=#0000FF|stroke-width=3
|type2=point|id2=Q13010634|title2=Saiva spiritual center,Bhairavakona|marker2=place-of-worship
|type3=point| id3=Q11106561|title3=Tripuranthakeswara temple,Tripuranthakam|marker3=place-of-worship
|type4=point| id4=Q11103996|title4= Chennakesava temple, Markapuram| marker4=place-of-worship
|type5=point| id5=Q10997530|title5= Cumbum lake|marker5=dam
}}

The [[Bhairavakona]] cave temples in the district are 8th-century single rock-cut cave temples (similar to [[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]]) for Lord [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ApDibKnyuYC&q=Bhairava+Kona+cave&pg=PA51|title=Temples of South India|isbn=9788121210225|last1=Subba Reddy|first1=V. V.|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/devotees-throng-rock-cut-cave-temples-at-bhairavakona/article5735202.ece|title=Devotees throng rock cut cave temples at Bhairavakona|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070555/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/devotees-throng-rock-cut-cave-temples-at-bhairavakona/article5735202.ece|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Other religious places include the Sri Bala Tripuranthakeswara and Sri Bala Tripurasundaridevi temples at [[Tripuranthakam]] and the Chenna Kesava temple in [[Markapur]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=AP Tourism e-brochure Prakasam district |year=2023 |language=English |url=https://aptourism.gov.in/media-data/brouchers/42-5c5377538af430c723a2b1577d6fef6638557270.pdf}}</ref>

Cumbum tank is one of the oldest man-made lakes in Asia. The anicut was built by the Vijayanagar Princess Varadharajamma (also known as Ruchidevi), wife of [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishna Devaraya]]. The length of this tank is {{Convert|7|km|abbr=on}} and width is {{Convert|3|km|abbr=on}}. It has received World Heritage Irrigation Structure (WHIS) tag in the year 2020 by UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Badri|date=1 Dec 2020|title=Four sites in India get World Heritage Irrigation Structure tag|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/four-sites-in-india-get-world-heritage-irrigation-structure-tag/story-n8P4HNaHuPdQQXT8VKQGyJ.html|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306164714/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/four-sites-in-india-get-world-heritage-irrigation-structure-tag/story-n8P4HNaHuPdQQXT8VKQGyJ.html|archive-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Books===
{{Cite book |last=CPO|title=District Handbook of Statistics -2020 (Updated for district reorganisation in 2022) |year=2022 |location=Ongole |language=English|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3f3f27a324736617f20abbf2ffd806f6d/uploads/2022/04/2022040588.pdf}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Markapuram district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q137785857}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Markapuram district
|North =[[Nagarkurnool district]],[[Telangana]]
|Northeast = [[Palnadu district]]
|East = [[Prakasam district]]
|Southeast = [[Prakasam district]]
|South = [[Nellore district]]
|Southwest = [[Kadapa district]]
|West = [[Nandyal district]]
|Northwest = [[Nandyal district]]
}}
{{Markapuram district}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Markapuram district]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Baikunthpur, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:41Z

Sergkwi: created some article basic info

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baikunthpur, Bihar Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 99-Baikunthpur, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Mithlesh Tiwari]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = [[Prem Shankar Prasad]], {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 308,361
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Baikunthpur 
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name =
|settlement_type = Assembly constituency 
|total_type = 
|motto =

| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
|coordinates = {{coord|26|17|09|N|84|44|00|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Bihar|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar|Constituency No.]]
|subdivision_name3 = 99
|subdivision_type4 = Type
|subdivision_name4 = Open
|subdivision_type5 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|subdivision_name5 = [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|17. Gopalganj (SC)]]
|subdivision_type6 = [[Voting system|Electoral system]]
|subdivision_name6 = [[First past the post system|First past the post]]

|area_code =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Baikunthpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Dighwa Dubauli]] locality of [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 99 Baikunthpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Baikunthpur and Sidhwalia [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Rampur, Salempur Purvi, Salempur Paschimi, Hasanpur, Sadaua, Pipra and Khajuriya [[gram panchayat]]s of Barauli CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Baikunthpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 17 [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Baikunthpur Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/baikunthpur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Shivbachan Trivedi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Trivikram Deo Narain Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shivbachan Trivedi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Sabhapati Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Shivbachan Trivedi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Sabhapati Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="4" |Braj Kishor Narain Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Lal Babu Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1996^
|[[Deo Dutt Prasad Yadav]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Manjeet Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Deo Dutt Prasad Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Manjeet Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Mithlesh Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Prem Shankar Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Mithlesh Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
^ denotes by-polls

==Election results==

In the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 state assembly election]], Manjeet Kumar Singh In the [[2015 Bihar legislative assembly election|2015 state assembly elections]], Mithlesh Tiwari of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won the Baikunthpur assembly seat defeating his nearest rival [[Manjeet Kumar Singh]] of [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref name="election2015">{{cite web | url =http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0499.htm | title =Bihar - Baikunthpur | work =Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2015 Results | publisher =Election Commission of India | access-date =2011-02-25 | archive-date =27 November 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101127012255/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0499.htm | url-status =dead }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. In 2010 [[Manjeet Kumar Singh]] defeated Devdatt Prasad of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] by a big margin. Going past election Devdatt Prasad of RJD defeated Manjeet Kumar Singh of JD(U) in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] and [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Manjeet Kumar Singh of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] defeated Lal Babu Prasad Yadav of RJD in 2000. Lal Babu Prasad Yadav of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated former Bihar Cabinet Minister Braj Kishor Narayan Singh of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1995. Shri Braj Kishor Narayan Singh of Congress defeated Devdatt Prasad of JD in 1990 and Deodat Rai of [[Lok Dal|LD]] in 1985. Braj Kishor Narayan Singh representing Janata Party (JP) defeated Deodat Rai of Janata Party (Secular – Charan Singh) in 1980. Braj Kishor Narayan Singh representing [[Janata Party|JP]] defeated Deonandan Singh of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp26.htm |title = 26 - Baikunthpur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-02-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162501/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp26.htm |archive-date = 2011-07-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Baikunthpur<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mithlesh Tiwari|Mithilesh Tiwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:104133}}
|percentage = 49.05
|change = +18.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prem Shankar Prasad]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:87180}}
|percentage = 41.07
|change = +4.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ajay Prasad
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:7335}}
|percentage = 3.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:4142}}
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtrawadi Janlok Party (Satya)
|candidate = Ram Narayan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3497}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raj Kishor Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2408}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2018}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = -1.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16953}}
|percentage = 7.98
|change = +1.92
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:212287}}
|percentage = 68.84
|change = +11.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Baikunthpur<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prem Shankar Prasad]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:67807}}
|percentage = 37.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mithlesh Tiwari|Mithilesh Tiwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:56694}}
|percentage = 30.95
|change = -4.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Manjeet Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:43354}}
|percentage = 23.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajendra Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:2010}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4097}}
|percentage = 2.24
|change = -0.77
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11113}}
|percentage = 6.06
|change = -2.76
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183196}}
|percentage = 57.71
|change = +0.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Baikunthpur<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mithlesh Tiwari|Mithilesh Tiwari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:56162}}
|percentage = 35.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Manjeet Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:42047}}
|percentage = 26.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manorma Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:36734}}
|percentage = 22.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anup Kumar Tewari
|votes = {{formatnum:3735}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gorakh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3405}}
|percentage = 2.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3055}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Dinesh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2236}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|candidate = Z. Rahman
|votes = {{formatnum:2103}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Krishna Vihari Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1866}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shaukat Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:1586}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4813}}
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14115}}
|percentage = 8.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159956}}
|percentage = 56.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|candidate = Z. Rahman
|votes = {{formatnum:2103}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Gopalganj district, India}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Gopalganj district, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Hriday Narayan Singh Patel

2026-04-09T09:21:54Z

Sergkwi: Adding A Biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hriday Narayan Singh Patel
| office = Member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| citizenship =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = Surgeon
| term_start = 2022
}}

'''Hriday Narayan Singh Patel''' is an Indian politician of the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]], representing the [[Sagri Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2023 |title= Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly - Samajwadi Party |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/partyWiseMLA/2/18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IjNtbTdYQkdCQWRPeWpUSFhLa1NRZHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUkxmaHQ3M2FUelp2VFhWdlEzbFprdz09IiwibWFjIjoiM2U4NDI3NmYyNTcxZWFlZDRiNGNmMzg5ODY3NjJiZTgxM2QxYzFkMjg3NGNmMzgwNWVjM2Y3OGE3NWU1OTIzOSJ9/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Narayan's profession is surgeon & partner Ramrati Hospital, proprietor Ramrati Ultrasound Clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hriday Narayan Singh Patel(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- SAGRI(AZAMGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4270 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Hriday Narayan Singh Patel's educational qualifications are Post Graduate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hriday Narayan Singh Patel: undefined Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/hriday-narayan-singh-patel-sagri-candidate-s24a345c04/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Patel, Hriday Narayan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Government College of Art, Chandigarh

2026-03-30T19:20:27Z

Sergkwi: new a pg

{{Infobox university
| name = Government College of Arts, Chandigarh
| former_name = 1875 (as Mayo College of Arts)<ref>{{Cite web| title=Citizens charter | url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/pdf/citizen_charter_gca.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142213/http://chandigarh.gov.in/pdf/citizen_charter_gca.pdf | archive-date=2019-02-17}}</ref>
| image_name = Government College of Art, Chandigarh logo.png
| motto =
| mottoeng = ''Excellence in work is art.''
| principal = Dr. Alka Jain
| established = {{start date and age|1951}} in [[Shimla]] (Post-independence)
| founder = S. L.
Prashar <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/remembering-a-legend/article3217683.ece|title=Remembering a legend|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 March 2006|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| type = [[Public university|Public]] art school
| staff =
| faculty =
| students =
| colors =
| city = [[Chandigarh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.44|-76.47 |type:edu |display=inline}}
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[Panjab University]] [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.gcart.edu.in/}}
}}
The '''Government College of Arts, Chandigarh''' is an art institute in [[Chandigarh]], India. Established in 1951 by SL Prashar, it offers professional education in [[art]] to students from over 68 years. This institute is one among the first three art institutions of India. It has a history of almost 132 years, initially, it was initially established as Mayo School of Industrial art in 1875 for purpose to provide industrial drawing as the world was on industrial revolution. [[John Lockwood Kipling]] was appointed as the first principal of the institution,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lahore.city-history.com/places/mayo-school-of-industrial-art-later-national-colle/|title=Mayo School Of Industrial Art Later National College Of Arts|work=lahore City History|access-date=2018-03-14|language=en|archive-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306204506/http://lahore.city-history.com/places/mayo-school-of-industrial-art-later-national-colle/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000610/windows/main1.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Main Feature|website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> which is now active as [[National College of Arts]] in Lahore. It came up on 16 August 1951 as splinter [[Mayo School of Arts, Lahore]] in Pakistan after [[Partition of India]]. In 1951 it was first established as Government School of Art and craft at [[Shimla]],<ref name=ever>{{cite web |date=August 2, 2004|first=Kanika |last=Gahlaut |title=First ever exhibition of S.L. Parasher's works to give glimpse of pains of Partition |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20040802-first-ever-exhibition-of-painter-s.l.-parashers-works-789725-2004-08-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> the capital of Punjab and subsequently Govt. College of art and craft, Chandigarh. On re-organization of Punjab, the control came under Chandigarh Administration. This institution is situated in Sector 10 C, adjoining the [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh]].

==History==
Government College of Art, Chandigarh the Institution is recognised as Mayo School's post-colonial cousins in India. Primarily it was set up by the British on the name of Mayo School of Art, at Lahore (now in Pakistan) in the year 1875.<ref>{{cite book |author1=D S Kapoor |title=History & Heritage - Govt. College of Art, Chandigarh |date=2017 |isbn=9789352794010 |url=https://www.flipkart.com/history-heritage-govt-college-art-chandigarh/p/itmf3bqgae2pxfek |language=en}}</ref> After the partition of the country, it was re-organized upon the prototype of Mayo School, as Government school of art and craft, at Shimla on 16 August 1951. The syllabus was modelled on the pattern of the Lahore school. Initially, it was put under the administrative control of Director of Industries and Industrial Training, Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satish Gujral Biography - Paintings, Architecture & Artworks, Life History, Facts |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/satish-gujral.html |website=culturalindia.net |language=en}}</ref>

In 1962, when Chandigarh came up as the new Capital of Punjab, the school of Art was shifted to its current location. Adjoining is the Government Museum and Art Gallery Chandigarh. The campus has been designed as a composite Cultural Complex by the French-Swiss architect [[Le Corbusier]]. The first principal and founder of this college in Chandigarh was S. L. Prashar.<ref name=ever/><ref>{{cite book |title=History & Heritage - Govt. College of Art, Chandigarh |isbn=9789352794010 |page=139 |url=https://www.flipkart.com/history-heritage-govt-college-art-chandigarh/p/itmf3bqgae2pxfek |language=en}}</ref>

==Campus==
[[Dhanraj Bhagat]] Sculpture park in the College campus,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101016/ttlife1.htm |website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiapost.com/nation/chandigarh/dhanraj-bhagat-sculpture-park-inaugurated/|title=Dhanraj Bhagat Sculpture park Inaugurated|date=15 October 2010|publisher=|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081956/https://www.theindiapost.com/nation/chandigarh/dhanraj-bhagat-sculpture-park-inaugurated/|url-status=dead}}</ref> was set up on 15 October 2010, that became an open-air workshop for the students to work in open classroom and an option to recover from the constraint of time and space of regular college routine, as a result, it came up with a permanent exhibition of artworks in the institution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sculptures brought to life at Chandigarh Arts college left to fate in open |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sculptures-brought-to-life-at-chandigarh-arts-college-left-to-fate-in-open/story-7ZZoSIi1oNxTT3cJCcvECN.html |language=en |date=11 October 2018}}</ref> S L Prashar Art Gallery was inaugurated on 16 June 2012, and the first exhibition with old photographs dating back to 1951 on diamond jubilee of the institution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gallery of Memories - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gallery-of-memories/964119/ |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Courses==

Government College of Art, Chandigarh offers a graduate and a postgraduate degree in four main branches, namely, Painting, Sculpture, Print Making and Applied Art. Since the year 2002, The college has instituted another full-time diploma course of 4 years duration and special diploma course of 2 years duration since 2012 for deaf and Mute/Mentally Challenged students in Fine Arts (all the four disciplines)<ref>{{cite web |title=Government College of Art, Chandigarh |url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/pdf/citizen_charter_gca.pdf}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Satish Gujral]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/satish-gujral.html|title=Satish Gujral Biography - Paintings, Architecture & Artworks, Life History, Facts|website=culturalindia.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=History & Heritage - Govt. College of Art, Chandigarh |isbn=9789352794010 |page=287 |url=https://www.flipkart.com/history-heritage-govt-college-art-chandigarh/p/itmf3bqgae2pxfek |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sohan Qadri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/sohan-qadri|title=Sohan Qadri - 38 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy|website=artsy.net}}</ref>
*[[Avtarjeet Singh Dhanjal]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Arts Council of Wales {{!}} Power of Silence: Photographs and Drawings by Avtarjeet Singh Dhanjal |url=http://www.arts.wales/87524 |website=arts.wales |access-date=2019-02-16 |archive-date=2019-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142246/http://www.arts.wales/87524 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Shiv Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/articles/sap23/|title=Shiv Singh, the Blackrobed Painter and Sculptor|website=apnaorg.com}}</ref>
*[[Sidharth (artist)]]
*[[Diwan Manna]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography - Diwan Manna |url=http://www.diwanmanna.com/page/biography |website=diwanmanna.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Thukral & Tagra]]<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.thukralandtagra.com/new/about/ |website=Thukral & Tagra}}</ref>
*[[Vibha Galhotra]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vibha Galhotra |url=http://vibhagalhotra.com/bio.html |website=vibhagalhotra.com |access-date=2019-02-16 |archive-date=2019-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030110/http://vibhagalhotra.com/bio.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[D. S. Kapoor]]
*[[R. M. Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lalitkalachandigarh.com/page/rahi-mohinder-singh|title=Rahi Mohinder Singh - Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademy|website=lalitkalachandigarh.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>
*[[Gurpreet Singh Dhuri]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/people-in-the-city/story-otm4espX6EVXGeUV68JLpJ.html|title=People in the city|date=2014-02-18|website= Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref>
*[[Manjot Kaur]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kaurmanjot.com/bio | title=About }}</ref>
*[[Randeep Maddoke]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/landless-a-film-on-punjabs-dalit-farmers-gives-the-community-a-voice-that-statisticians-often-fail-to-6395421.html|title=Landless: A film on Punjab's Dalit farmers gives the community a voice that statisticians often fail to|date=2019-04-08|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref>
*[[DrJogender Pal Singh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]
[[Category:Art schools in India]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:Artists from Punjab, India|*]]

Kushi (2001 film)

2026-03-25T18:50:25Z

Sergkwi: formatting fix

{{short description|2001 Telugu film by S. J. Suryah}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Kushi Theatrical Poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| writer =
| screenplay = S. J. Suryah '''Dialogues''': Rajendra Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Pawan Kalyan]]
*[[Bhumika Chawla|Bhumika]]
}}
| director = [[S. J. Suryah]]
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = {{plainlist|
*[[B. Lenin]]
*[[V. T. Vijayan]]
*[[Kola Bhaskar]]
}}
| released = {{film date|df=y|2001|04|27}}
| studio = Sri Surya Movies
| distributor =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| runtime = 177 minutes
| budget = 
| gross = ₹23.4 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2001 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2001/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> {{INR|7.46 crore}} (re-release)<ref name="RR">{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |date=2024-08-12 |title=Mahesh Babu's 'Murari' Re-Release Creates History with Record Collections |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/mahesh-babus-murari-re-release-creates-history-with-record-collections-898818 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kushi''''' ({{Translation}} Happiness) is a 2001 South Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[S. J. Suryah]] and produced by [[A. M. Rathnam]]. The film stars [[Pawan Kalyan]] and [[Bhumika Chawla]]. The film was initially planned as a [[bilingual]] along with the Tamil version, but released a year later due to production delays.<ref name=":72">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&t=308s |title=Producer AM Ratnam Exclusive Interview {{!}} Kushi Teravenuka Kathalu |date=2022-12-28 |last=Rajesh Manne |language=te |time=5:08 to 6:26 |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721123525/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&t=308s |archive-date=21 July 2024 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&t=453s |title=Producer AM Ratnam Exclusive Interview {{!}} Kushi Teravenuka Kathalu |date=2022-12-28 |last=Rajesh Manne |language=te |time=7:33 to 8:58 |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907054431/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&t=453s |archive-date=7 September 2024 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Ready for release - Kushi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/kushi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907054403/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/kushi.html |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film features music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Pawan Kalyan also [[Stage combat|choreographed]] all the action sequences and directed three songs in the film.

''Kushi'' was released on 27 April 2001 and became a major blockbuster at the box office, emerging as the second highest-grossing Telugu film at the time.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-27 |title=Kushi : పవర్‌స్టార్ పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ కల్ట్ క్లాసికల్ 'ఖుషి' @ 20 {{!}} Kushi |url=https://10tv.in/latest/pawan-kalyan-evergreen-blockbuster-kushi-completed-20-years-218363.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512203751/https://10tv.in/latest/pawan-kalyan-evergreen-blockbuster-kushi-completed-20-years-218363.html |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=[[10TV]] |language=te}}</ref>{{Refn|<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=27 April 2020 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Kushi completes 19 years of release; trending big-time on social media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-kushi-completes-19-years-of-release-trending-big-time-on-social-media/articleshow/75401347.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101002235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-kushi-completes-19-years-of-release-trending-big-time-on-social-media/articleshow/75401347.cms |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="red">{{Cite web |last=Vijayalaxmi |date=15 May 2003 |title=Johnny sinks, but Pawan Kalyan remains afloat |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/17pawan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429044728/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/17pawan.htm |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>}} The film was critically acclaimed for its screenplay, music, cinematography and especially the performance of Pawan Kalyan.<ref name=":122" /> ''Kushi'' was the culmination of a streak of six consecutive hits for Pawan Kalyan and his style, mannerisms and dialogues from the film were much imitated by the youth.<ref name=":122" />

''Kushi'' was re-released on 31 December 2022 in [[4K resolution|4K]] and became one of the highest grossing Telugu re-release of all time surpassing another Pawan Kalyan film ''[[Jalsa]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title=This 2001 Pawan Kalyan Film Collected Rs 360.9 Crore At The Box Office |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/this-2001-pawan-kalyan-film-collected-rs-360-9-crore-at-the-box-office-8982889.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=Kushi re-release box office collection Day 2: Pawan Kalyan's cult classic rewrites history! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kushi-re-release-box-office-collection-day-2-pawan-kalyans-cult-classic-rewrites-history/42d4cc289f925 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film opens when Madhu and Siddhu are born. Madhu's family is based in [[Kaikaluru]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Siddhu's family is from [[Kolkata]]. As babies, Madhu and Siddhu meet in a shopping complex.

Madhu and her father love each other dearly. Madhu's father wants her daughter to get married and wanted to keep his son-in-law with them and so that his daughter will not leave him. However, her groom elopes with his girlfriend, apologizing to Madhu that he did not want to ruin another girl's life.

Siddhu receives a visa for higher studies in Canada, his car met with an accident on his way to airport, which results him hospitalized for a period. Coincidentally, he receives Madhu's blood. Madhu convinces her father to go for higher studies and not be bothered with marriage. Sidhu cannot make it to Canada and joins the same college as Madhu. Incidentally, they meet in a temple. They become good friends, while also helping Madhu's friend, Santhi, and Siddhu's friend, Babu, who are in love. Santhi's father is a big goon, and Madhu and Siddhu ensure that Santhi and Babu do not reveal their love to Shanti's father and get into any trouble. One day while Madhu is studying for exams, Siddhu happens to come. Madhu's sari moves in the breeze, revealing her navel. Siddhu ogles it. Madhu accuses Siddhu of ogling, and Siddhu denies it. An argument breaks out leading to them accusing each other of hiding their feelings for the other. They end their friendship.

After the summer holidays, Santhi's dad finds out about Babu. Madhu and Siddhu meet again for the sake of their friend's love. In the course of getting Babu and Shanti together, they realize they love each other. They try to confess each other but they miss still they manage to give their co-passengers the letter they read each other letters. 10 years later, Madhu and Siddhu are married with 17 children including one [[Multiple birth|triplet]] and others twins and Madhu is pregnant yet again. They are interviewed for their [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] of having 17 kids in 10 years.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Pawan Kalyan]] as Siddhartha "Siddhu" Roy
*[[Bhumika Chawla|Bhumika]] as Madhumati (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Radhakrishnan|Savitha]])
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Babu
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Gudumba Satti
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Venky
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Siddhu's father
*[[Janaki Sabesh]] as Geetha, Siddhu's mother
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Madhu's father
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Madhu's mother
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Babu Moshai
*[[Mumtaj]] as Anitha
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Sheru, college student
*[[Fish Venkat]] as Gudumba Satti's henchman
*[[Manish Borundia]] as Siddhu's friend
*Anil Yadav as Gorakh
*[[S. J. Surya]] as a pedestrian ([[cameo appearance]])
}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
After watching the [[premiere]] of [[Vaalee (1999 film)|''Vaalee'']] (1999), [[A. M. Rathnam]] wanted to make a film with [[S. J. Suryah]] and zeroed in on a love story for the project.<ref name=":8">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&t=453s |title=Producer AM Ratnam Exclusive Interview {{!}} Kushi Teravenuka Kathalu |date=2022-12-28 |last=Rajesh Manne |language=te |time=7:33 to 8:58 |access-date=2024-07-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2001 |title=Interview with SJ Surya by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_sjsurya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702064646/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_sjsurya.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |access-date=29 April 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> They cast [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] for the Tamil version and [[Pawan Kalyan]] for the Telugu version. As Kalyan was busy with the production of [[Badri (2000 film)|''Badri'']] (2000) at the time, the Telugu version got delayed by a year while the Tamil version released in 2000.<ref name=":7">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&t=308s |title=Producer AM Ratnam Exclusive Interview {{!}} Kushi Teravenuka Kathalu |date=2022-12-28 |last=Rajesh Manne |language=te |time=5:08 to 6:26 |access-date=2024-07-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

The film was announced in 1999 with the title ''Cheppalani Vundi'' and starring Pawan Kalyan and [[Ameesha Patel]] with music by [[Ramana Gogula]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Ready for release - Kushi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/kushi.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2001 |title=Telugu cinema movie posters - Kushi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/photogallery/posters/kushiposter.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Regarding the title Rathnam later noted, "Surprisingly for this film, our original title was ''Cheppalani Vundhi'', on the lines of [[Chiranjeevi]]’s [[Choodalani Vundi|''Choodalani Vundhi'']] (1998). The story is about two people who love each other but their ego stops them from expressing it directly, so we thought it was apt."<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-26 |title=The re-release of Kushi gives fans another opportunity to celebrate the iconic film again: - Producer AM Rathnam |url=https://industryhit.com/t/the-re-release-of-kushi-gives-fans-another-opportunity-to-celebrate-the-iconic-film-again-producer-am-rathnam/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US}}</ref> The title was later changed to ''Kushi'' after another film titled ''Neetho Cheppalani Vundi'' tried to cash in on the craze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news109.html|title=Chandu hijacked|date=22 February 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=25 May 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526071501/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news109.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mani Sharma replaced Ramana Gogula as music director after the latter supposedly rejected the project to break the monotony of Pawan Kalyan-Ramana Gogula combination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2000 |title=PC Sreeram cans Pawan 'Cheppalani Vundi' |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news44.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref name=":10" />

As Ameesha Patel got busy after the release of ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000), the makers had to search for a new female lead.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8KTDJrPmic&t=308s |title=Producer AM Ratnam Exclusive Interview {{!}} Kushi Teravenuka Kathalu |date=2022-12-28 |last=Rajesh Manne |language=te |time=6:26 to 7:15 |access-date=2024-07-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> S. J. Suryah cast [[Bhumika Chawla|Bhumika]] as the female lead after watching ''[[Yuvakudu]]'' (2000).<ref name=":1" />

=== Filming ===
As Kalyan insisted on additional fight sequences in the film, Suryah asked Kalyan to direct them as he did not feel them necessary to the story.<ref name=":1" /> Kalyan also went on to direct three songs, namely, "Ye Mera Jahan," "Premante Suluvu Kaaduraa" and "Aaduvari Matalaku." The introduction song of the actress in the Tamil version was also replaced to accommodate the protagonist's introduction.<ref name=":1" /> One song was shot in [[Calcutta]] and two in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news63.html|title=Pawan Kalyan in Calcutta|date=25 October 2000|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526071501/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news63.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Producer A. M. Rathnam noted in September 2000 that the filming would be completed by December and the film would release for [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranthi]] festival in January 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2000 |title=Cheppalani Vundi for Sankranthi 2001 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news45.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Music==
[[Mani Sharma]] composed the film's soundtrack, which was released in [[Compact disc|CDs]] along with cassettes, by [[Aditya Music]]. The song "Aaduvari Maatalaku", originally written by [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]] for ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955), was remixed by Mani Sharma with vocals by [[Khushi Murali|Murali]].<ref name=":1" />

Mani Sharma reused the songs "Ammaye Sannaga" and "Ye Mera Jaha" as "Achchacho Punnagai" and "Kadhal Oru," respectively, in the Tamil film [[Shahjahan (film)|''Shahjahan'']] (2001).

{{Infobox album
| name = Kushi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released = 2001
| recorded = 2001
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:12
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Devi Putrudu]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:14
| title1 = Ye Mera Jaha
| lyrics1 = [[Abbas Tyrewala]]
| extra1 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]]
| length1 = 05:14
| title2 = Ammaye Sannaga
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]] and {{nowrap|[[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]}}
| length2 = 04:52
| title3 = Cheliya Cheliya
| lyrics3 = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| extra3 = [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] and [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length3 = 05:41
| title4 = Premante
| lyrics4 = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| extra4 = [[Devan Ekambaram]] and [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
| length4 = 06:14
| title5 = Aaduvari Matalaku
| lyrics5 = [[Pingali Nagendrarao|Pingali]]
| extra5 = [[Khushi Murali]]
| length5 = 03:01
| title6 = Holi Holi
| lyrics6 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Swarnalatha]]
| length6 = 05:12
| all_writing =
}}

== Release ==

=== Distribution ===
A. M. Rathnam was reported to have netted a table profit of {{Indian Rupee}}3 [[crore]].<ref name=":9" /> The [[Telangana|Nizam]] territory theatrical rights were bought outright for {{Indian Rupee}}4.5 crore. The film also set the record for [[United States|USA]] distribution rights for a reported {{Indian Rupee}}15 [[lakh]] beating ''[[Jayam Manadera]]'''s record of {{Indian Rupee}}9 lakh.<ref name=":9" />

''Kushi'' was released on 27 April 2001. It was reportedly the first ever Telugu film to release in [[London]].<ref name=":11" /> It was later dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Humjoli.''<ref>{{Citation |title=Humjoli (Kushi) - New Full Hindi Dubbed Movie {{!}} Pawan Kalyan, Bhumika Chawla, Sivaji {{!}} Full HD | date=30 July 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDIf0HG7gqU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510044108/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDIf0HG7gqU |language=en |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Re-release ===
In 2002, reports indicated plans to re-release ''Kushi'' with 160 prints in April, a year after its initial release. If implemented, this would have been a record-setting second release in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2002 |title=Kushi with 160 prints |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news206.html |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

The film was eventually re-released in a remastered [[4K resolution|4K]] version on 31 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuruganti |first=Sruthi |date=2022-12-20 |title=All-time classic 'Kushi' up for a re-release |url=https://telanganatoday.com/all-time-classic-kushi-up-for-a-re-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526072503/https://telanganatoday.com/all-time-classic-kushi-up-for-a-re-release |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The re-release achieved significant commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing Telugu re-release of all time, surpassing the previous record held by Pawan Kalyan's ''[[Jalsa]]''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Reception ==

===Critical reception===
''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 4.5/5 and called it a "One man show" of Pawan Kalyan. The reviewer also appreciated the screenplay by S. J. Surya.<ref name="idlebrain">{{cite web |title=Kushi Review |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kushi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313174527/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kushi.html |archive-date=13 March 2015 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |publisher=}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 3/5 and also called it "an out and out Pavan Kalyan film, which totally depends on his larger than life image".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kushi-review-bollywood-pcltWTjeaffee.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422060927/https://www.sify.com/movies/kushi-review-bollywood-pcltWTjeaffee.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2022|title=Kushi|date=17 April 2003|work=Sify}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Kushi'' was very successful at the box office.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Vadla|first=Praveen Kumar|title=Kushi movie final collections: పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ 'ఖుషి' ఫైనల్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఆ రోజుల్లో ఎంతంటే..?|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/pawan-kalyan-all-time-blockbuster-kushi-movie-20-years-completed-and-its-final-ww-collections-here-pk-854234.html|access-date=2021-05-12|website=[[News18 Telugu]]|date=28 April 2021 |language=te|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512203129/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/pawan-kalyan-all-time-blockbuster-kushi-movie-20-years-completed-and-its-final-ww-collections-here-pk-854234.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It collected a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor's share]] of ₹23.4 crore in its original run in 2001, and emerged as the second [[highest-grossing Telugu film]] at the time of its release.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="red" /> The film had a 50-day theatrical run in 101 centres and a 100-day run in 79 centres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kushi 50 days centres|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/kushi50days.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611064939/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/kushi50days.html|archive-date=11 June 2011|access-date=28 August 2008|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kushi 100 days centres|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/kushi100days.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611062629/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/kushi100days.html|archive-date=11 June 2011|access-date=28 August 2008|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

=== Re-release ===
''Kushi'' was re-released in 2023 and became the highest grossing Telugu re-release film, grossing over ₹7.46 crore, surpassing another Pawan Kalyan film ''[[Jalsa]]''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> It was eventually surpassed by Mahesh Babu's ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' later onwards.<ref name="The Hans India">{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |date=2024-08-12 |title=Mahesh Babu's 'Murari' Re-Release Creates History with Record Collections |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/mahesh-babus-murari-re-release-creates-history-with-record-collections-898818 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> It is currently the highest-grossing Telugu film of 2001 after the re-release.

== Future ==
Years later, Suryah narrated the sequel's storyline to Kalyan but the plans were dropped as Kalyan became busy in politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-08 |title=ఖుషి-2 కు ప‌వ‌న్ నో చెప్పిన ప‌వ‌న్! ఇదిగో రీజ‌న్!! |url=https://manamnews.com/kushi-2-pawan-kalyan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218151853/https://manamnews.com/kushi-2-pawan-kalyan/ |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=Manam News |language=te}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Filmfare Awards South|49th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|[[A. M. Rathnam]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Filmfare Awards Telugu Winners 2002: Best Telugu Movies, Best Actors, Actress, Singer and more|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/telugu/2002/102|access-date=2021-11-01|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101020713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/telugu/2002/102|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Pawan Kalyan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Bhumika Chawla]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0258490}}

{{S. J. Suryah}}

[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. J. Suryah]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films produced by A. M. Rathnam]]

Piprahwa

2026-03-25T15:46:37Z

Sergkwi: adjusted structure to improve readability for clarity

{{distinguish|Piprahawa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Piprahwa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Piprahava
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Stupa at Kapilavastu, India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Stupa at Piprahwa
| pushpin_map = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_mapsize = 260
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.4430|N|83.1278|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
'''Piprahwa''' is a village near [[Siddharthnagar|Siddharthnagar city]] in [[Siddharthnagar district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[Kalanamak rice]], a scented and spicy variety, is grown in this area.{{sfn |Mishra|2005|p=}} It lies in the heart of the historical Buddha's homeland and is 9 miles from the world heritage site of [[Lumbini]] that is believed to be the place of [[Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha's]] birth.

Piprahwa is best known for its archaeological site and excavations that suggest that it was the burial place of the portion of the Buddha's ashes that were given to his own [[Shakya]] clan. A large [[stupa]] and the ruins of several monasteries as well as a museum are located within the site. Ancient residential complexes and shrines were uncovered at the adjacent mound of [[Ganwaria]].

==Passing of the Buddha==
The history of the Piprahwa stupa begins with the death of the Buddha. The [[Mahāparinibbāna Sutta]] says that an argument arose following his cremation around 480 BCE. 'The Sakyas of Kapilavatthu came to know that at Kusinara the Blessed One had died. And they sent a message to the Mallas of Kusinara, saying: "The Lord was the chief of our clan. We are worthy to receive a share of the Lord's remains, and we will make a great stupa for them."<ref name="Walshe1987">{{cite book |last1=Walshe |first1=Maurice, trans. |title=Mahaparinibbana Sutta: The Great Passing.” In Thus Have I Heard: The Long Discourses of the Buddha |date=1987 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |location=London |page=276}}</ref> The Mallas replied "The Lord passed away in our parish. We will not give away any share of the Lord's remains." The Brahman, Dona, then intervened to remind them about the Buddha's teachings and suggested that they avoid 'strife, war and bloodshed' and split the relics between the eight kingdoms demanding a portion so that "far and wide Stupas may rise".

The Buddha's own Sakya clan received a share as did seven other kingdoms. They deposited them in eight stupas with two further stupas being built over the ashes of the cremation pyre and over the vessel in which the bones and ashes had been gathered.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chamberlain-Nyudo |first1=Sylvain |title=Mahaparinirvana Sutra |date=2007 |publisher=Threefold Lotus Kwoon |location=Shannon, MS}}</ref>

In the centuries after the Sakyas built their stupa, all signs of Buddhism disappeared from the Buddha's homeland. A Brahmin Hindu revival saw the decline of Buddhism which migrated to [[Thailand]], Sri Lanka, China, Cambodia etc. Statues were destroyed or decapitated during a succession of invasions by Persians, Arabs, Mongols, Mughals and assorted Hunas or Huns.

==Excavation by William Claxton Peppé==
For over 2,000 years the stupa built by the Sakyas remained intact and covered with vegetation outside the village of Piprahwa on the Indian side of the border with Nepal. It even survived 50 years of stupa archaeology by the many Indophiles to be found in the British civil service. For all their efforts, they failed to find any reliquaries that claimed to hold the Buddha's relics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guy |first1=John |title=Buddha and the jewel filled casket |journal=Orientations |date=2023 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=35–45}}</ref> In 1897 a particularly large kot or earthen mound caught the attention of [[William Claxton Peppé]], a [[British Raj|British colonial]] engineer and landowner who had been inspired by the recent discovery of the Lumbini pillar that marked the birthplace of the Buddha.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peppé |first1=W. C. |title=The Piprāhwā Stūpa, containing relics of Buddha |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=July 1898 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=573–588}}</ref> The [[Indian famine of 1896–97]] had decimated the region leaving the tenant farmers on his estate in need of work. Peppé led a team excavating what Indologist Vincent Smith advised him was an unusually early example of an ancient Buddhist stupa 'probably dating from the era of Asoka the Great.'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Charles |title=The Buddha and Dr. Fuhrer: An archaeological scandal |date=2008 |publisher=Haus Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-905791-93-4}}</ref> Having cleared away scrub and jungle, they set to work building a deep trench through the mound. After digging through 18 feet of solid brickwork, they came to a large stone [[coffer]] which contained five small vases containing bone fragments, gold ornaments and intricately fashioned jewellery.{{sfn |Peppe|1898|pp=573–588}} These reliquaries together held the largest group of precious offerings ever recorded in a single deposit: around 1,800 gemstones and semi-precious stones (many shaped and drilled), rock crystal, pearls, shell, coral, embossed sheet gold and silver, granulated gold, as well as bone and ash assumed to be of great sanctity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guy |first1=John |title=Tree and Serpent: Early Buddhist Art in Ancient India |date=2023 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58839-693-8 |page=104}}</ref>

[[File:Piprawa five reliquaries.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|centre|The five reliquaries discovered in Piprahwa]]

==The inscription==
[[File:Piprawa vase with relics of the Buddha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Piprahwa vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads ''...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate...'' "Relics of the Buddha Lord"]]
[[File:Piprawa note by W.C. Peppe 1898.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Handwritten note by discoverer W. C. Péppe to [[Vincent Arthur Smith]] about the inscription, 1898]]
On one of the vases was a [[Brahmi script]] which was translated by [[Georg Bühler]], a leading European [[Epigraphy|epigraphist]] of the time, to mean:

<blockquote>"This relic-shrine of divine Buddha (is the donation) of the Sakya-Sukiti brothers, associated with their sisters, sons, and wives."{{sfn |Bühler|1898|p=388}}</blockquote>

This translation implied that the bone fragments were part of the remains of Gautama Buddha, the founder of [[Buddhism]].{{sfn |Peppe|1898|pp=584–85}} The challenge in interpreting a language that was new to all lay in finding uses of less familiar words in other contexts to reach a definition. To make it harder, the hand copies of the inscription were not always accurate. Peppé's original copy had one minor omission but, when he passed it over to his assistant for more copies, other errors were made. Ambitious Pali scholars approached their translations with a passion that led to competition and grandstanding, often when they were working from different texts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Falk |first1=Harry |title=The Ashes of the Buddha |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2013 |volume=27 |pages=43–76}}</ref> Throughout the following decade or so, epigraphists debated the precise meaning of the inscription. [[Vincent Arthur Smith|Vincent Smith]], William Hoey, [[Thomas Rhys Davids]], and Emile Senart all translated the inscription to confirm that these were [[relic]]s of the Buddha.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Senart |first1=Emile |title=Note sur l'inscription de Piprahwa |journal=Journal Asiatique |date=1906 |issue=Jan-Feb |pages=132–136}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoey |first1=William |title=Piprahwa inscription |journal=The Pioneer |date=24 February 1898}}</ref>

In 1905, [[John Faithfull Fleet|John Fleet]], a former epigraphist of the Government of India, published a translation that agreed with this interpretation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleet |first1=John |title=Notes on three Buddhist Inscriptions |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=October 1905|volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=679–691 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00033748 |s2cid=162620321 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1603205 }}</ref> However, on assuming the role of Secretary of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]] from Thomas Rhys Davids, Fleet proposed a different reading:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John |title=The inscription on the Piprahwa vase |date=1906 |publisher=Journal Of The Royal Asiatic Society Of Great Britain And Ireland For-1906 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70555/page/n163 149]- |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70555}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inscribed Relic Casket from Piprahwa |website=Museums of India |publisher=National Portal and Digital Repository |url=http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/im_kol-19737A-B-10420|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622115928/http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/im_kol-19737A-B-10420 |archive-date=22 June 2015 }}</ref>

<blockquote>"This is a deposit of relics of the brethren of Sukiti, kinsmen of Buddha the Blessed One, with their sisters, their children and wives."{{sfn |Fleet|1907|pp=129-130}}</blockquote>

This interpretation was firmly rejected by his contemporaries. Following such criticism Fleet wrote: "I now abandon my opinion".<ref name="Allen 2008 212">{{cite book|title=The Buddha and Dr Führer: an archaeological scandal|last=Allen|first=Charles|publisher=Haus Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-905791-93-4|edition=1st|location=London|author-link=Charles Allen (writer)|page=212}}</ref> It took almost a decade to reach a consensus on the exact meaning of the inscription which resulted in it being subsequently labelled as 'controversial'. Ultimately epigraphists of the time subscribed to the translation by [[Auguste Barth]]:

<blockquote>"This receptacle of relics of the blessed Buddha of the Śākyas (is the pious gift) of the brothers of Sukīrti, jointly with their sisters, with their sons and their wives."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=Auguste |title=The inscription on the Piprahwa vase |journal=Journal des Savants |date=October 1906 |volume=36 |page=124}}</ref></blockquote>

Over a hundred years later, in the 2013 documentary, ''[[Bones of the Buddha]]'', epigraphist Harry Falk of [[Freie Universität Berlin]] confirmed the same interpretation that these were the remains of the Buddha. Having spent time with the reliquary in the Indian Museum in Kolkata, Falk translated the inscription to mean:

<blockquote>'This enshrinement (nidhāna) of the corporal remnants (śarīra) of the Buddha [1: of the Śākyas], the lord, (is to the credit) of the [2: Śākya] brothers of the 'highly famous', together with their sisters, with their sons and wives.'</blockquote>

Where earlier translations had debated the word Sukirti as being either a proper name or a reference to the Buddha as 'possessed of good fame' or 'the well famed one', Falk focuses on the word ''nidhane''. Rather than it simply meaning container or reliquary box, Falk finds evidence to read it as meaning the whole stupa construction installed by the Sakyas for the relics of the Buddha. He concludes that the reliquary found at Piprahwa contained a portion of the ashes of the Buddha and that the inscription is authentic.<ref>{{Citation|title=Secrets of the Dead: Bones of the Buddha - Transcript|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/ajax/printable/?id=1073|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150416165847/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/ajax/printable/?id=1073|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2015|publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=16 April 2015}}</ref> In the catalogue for the Metropolitan Museum of Art's ''Tree and Serpent'' exhibition, Curator John Guy writes that 'it is reasonable to surmise that the Piprahwa bone relics represent the Shakya clan's share of the original division by the Brahmin Drona, as implicit in the reliquary inscription, and that the seven surviving reliquary containers and their precious-material contents represent deposits at the time of the stupa's rebuilding in brick during or shortly after the reign of Ashoka.'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guy |first1=John |title=Tree and Serpent: Early Buddhist Art in Ancient India |date=2023 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58839-693-8 |pages=105–106}}</ref>

==Dating the reliquary urn and the stupa==
In 1997, [[Epigraphy|epigraphist]] and archaeologist [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]] noted the challenges that isolated finds present to paleographical study and to dating materials. He concluded that "the inscription may be confidently dated to the earlier half of the second century B.C." but noted that "the Piprahwa vase, found in the Basti District, U.P. (Uttar Pradesh), has an inscription scratched on the steatite stone in a careless manner. As the inscription refers to the remains of the Buddha, it was originally dated to the pre-[[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] period, but it has been brought down to the third century B.C. on a comparison with [[Brahmi script|Asokan Brahmi]]". {{sfn |Dani|1997|loc=Chapter 3}} Dani's dating of the inscription puts it around 250 years after the generally agreed 480 BCE death of the historical Buddha which suggests that the '[[stupa]]' itself was built after the Buddha's lifetime. The time difference is most likely explained by the [[Asoka|Emperor Asoka]]'s conversion to Buddhism. Asoka the Great was a ruthless and bloody Emperor who ruled from around 268-232 BCE. He supposedly killed his brothers to ascend to the throne but, after the brutality of the Kalinga War where he slaughtered '100,000 men and animals', he renounced all violence and embraced Buddhism. He then issued a decree to build 'stupas' and redistribute the Buddha's remains across his kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strong |first1=John |title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ}}</ref>

It was not until the 1970s that the evolution of the Piprahwa stupa was established. K. M. Srivastava knew that 'instances are not wanting when relics of the same individual have been enshrined at two different levels'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=K. M. |title=Kapilavastu in Basti District of U.P. |date=1978 |publisher=Nagpur Buddhist Centre |location=Nagpur |page=7}}</ref> He led an Archaeological Society of India expedition that dug deeper than Peppé. They discovered two soapstone casket containing fragments of small bone in two burnt brick chambers measuring 32 inches square and 14 inches deep. Some broken dishes that may have covered the caskets proved to be Northern Black Polished Ware which dated this find to 400-500BCE, which is consistent with the 480 BCE date given for the Buddha's passing. {{sfn |Srivastava|1980|pp=103–10}}

Srivastava concluded that the stupa was built in three phases. The first would have been undertaken by the Sakyas shortly after the Buddha's death. It most likely adhered to the Buddha's instruction to be buried under earth that was 'heaped up as rice is heaped in an alms bowl' and that the stupa be sited beside a crossroads so that passersby might pause to pay their respects and by their veneration gain in understanding and merit.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Buddha and Dr Führer: an archaeological scandal|last=Allen|first=Charles|publisher=Haus Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-905791-93-4|edition=1st|location=London|author-link=Charles Allen (writer)|page=9}}</ref> The resulting circular mud adobe structure was 62 ft in diameter and 12 ft in height.

Peppé unearthed the second Asokan phase which was characterized by well fired mud bricks made with rice and straw and laid in clay mortar in concentric circles. The stupa and the coffer it held show all the trademarks of high quality Asokan craftsmanship but the enlargement likely extended for years after the Emperor's death. The base measured 116 ft in diameter and 22 ft in height.

During the third stage of construction the height of the stupa was raised and the base was squared off. Monastic buildings were also constructed around the stupa. This all happened at an unknown date, although most likely during the Kushan era, approximately two hundred and fifty years after the reign of Ashoka.

==Authenticity==
Although there was initial uncertainty about the translation, there is no record of any challenge to the authenticity of the find itself at the time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Falk |first1=Harry |title=The ashes of the Buddha |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2018 |pages=45}}</ref> However, in introducing the discovery to the members of the Royal Asiatic Society in April 1900, its secretary, [[Thomas Rhys Davids]], stressed that 'the hypothesis of forgery in this case is simply unthinkable'.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rhys Davids |first1=Thomas |title=Asoka and the Buddha relics |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1901 |volume=XIV |page=398|url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/rhy1.htm}}</ref> Over a century later there have been assumptions that such doubts must therefore have existed most likely because government archaeologist, [[Alois Anton Führer]], had been working some eighteen miles away from Peppé on his own dig and was subsequently exposed as a plagiarist and forger. The possibility of forgery was explored by writer and historian Charles Allen in his book ''The Buddha and Dr. Fuhrer'' and in his documentary ''[[Bones of the Buddha]]''. He researches the unfolding of events at Piprahwa based on the 2008 release of letters between W. C. Peppé, Vincent Smith, and A. A. Führer, and concludes that Führer was unable to interfere with the discovery made by Peppé.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Buddha and Dr Führer: an archaeological scandal|last=Allen|first=Charles|publisher=Haus Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-905791-93-4|edition=1st|location=London|author-link=Charles Allen (writer)|page=45}}</ref>

==Distribution of the relics==
[[File:Piprawa vase with relics of the Buddha inscription.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Portion of the Piprahwa vase inscription. The inscription reads ''Sukiti-bhatinaṃ sabhaginikanam sa-puta-dalanam iyaṃ salila-nidhane
Budhasa bhagavate sakiyanam'' "Relics of the Buddha Lord" ([[Brahmi script]]).]]
[[Prisdang|Prince Prisdang]] (aka Jinavaravansa), a former ambassador to Siam and cousin to the King [[Rama V]], had been ordained as a Buddhist monk in Sri Lanka and arrived at Piprahwa shortly after the discovery. He soon learned that W. C. Peppé had placed his finds at the disposal of the government.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent |title=Government Correspondence 1898/741 |journal=Government Correspondence |date=1898 |volume=741 |issue=741}}</ref><ref name="Reuters1898">{{cite news |title=The relics of Buddha |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/london-standard-dec-19-1898-p-5/ |access-date=February 14, 2019 |agency=Reuters |newspaper=The Standard |date=December 19, 1898}}</ref> His eloquent arguments to persuade British government officials to donate the bone relics to the King of Siam to share with Buddhist communities in other countries received support from lower level British officials and worked their way up to the Viceroy. It was an obvious solution that might appease Buddhists who were upset that the recently discovered [[Bodh Gaya]], believed to be the place of the Buddha's enlightenment, had remained under [[Hinduism|Hindu]] control. It was also a gesture of goodwill to a country that was being courted by the French, Russian, and Dutch superpowers of the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rey |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Return of the Buddha |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |pages=106–110}}</ref> In 1899, a ceremony was held and the bone relics were handed to an emissary of King Rama V and taken to [[Bangkok]]. Prisdang's request to be involved was not granted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Loos |first1=Tamara |title=Bones around my neck |date=2016 |publisher=Cornell University |page=120}}</ref>{{sfn |Jinavaravansa|Jumsai|2003|p=214}}

The bone relics were distributed across several locations, including [[Wat Saket|Golden Mount Temple]] in [[Bangkok|Bangkok, Thailand]],{{sfn |Jinavaravansa|Jumsai|2003|p=214}} [[Shwedagon Pagoda]] in [[Yangon|Rangoon, Myanmar]], [[Mahamuni Buddha Temple|Arakan pagoda]] in [[Mandalay|Mandalay, Myanmar]], Dipaduttamarama Temple in [[Colombo|Colombo, Sri Lanka]], Waskaduwe Vihara in [[Kalutara|Kalutara, Sri Lanka]]<ref name=Nanayakkara/> and the Marichiwatta ''stupa'' in [[Anuradhapura|Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka]].<ref name="Allen 2008 212"/>

The majority of the gold and jewellery relic offerings were placed by the Indian government in the Indian Museum, Kolkata. Today, a replica urn is all that is on display.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Falk |first1=Harry |title=The Ashes of the Buddha |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2017|volume=27|page=53}}</ref> Photographs of the relic offerings can be seen at the Kapilavastu Museum at Piprahwa that is visited by Buddhist pilgrims.

W. C. Peppé was allowed to keep a number of 'duplicate items'<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent |title=Government Correspondence |journal=British Library |date=1898 |issue=740 /III-2790-2}}</ref> which have been exhibited at the Rietberg Museum in Zurich, the Rubin Museum in New York, the Asian Civilizations Museum in Singapore, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the National Museum of Korea in Seoul.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Next stop Nirvana |journal=Rietberg Museum Newsletter |date=November 2018}}</ref> Peppe also gave some pieces to Prince Prisdang and Prisdang's Buddhist master, Sri Subuthi.<ref name=Nanayakkara>{{cite news |last1=Nanayakkara |first1=Rasika |title=Exposition of Sacred relics |publisher=The Island |date=January 25, 2013 |url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=71148}}</ref>

On 16 December 2011, a portion of the relics was offered to the Sangha of Ratanawan Monastery. In January, 2012, some of the relics were enshrined in the Buddha Homage Reliquary Hall, Ratanawan Monastery, Thailand. Many senior monks participated in the ceremony including [[Ajahn Sumedho]] and [[Ajahn Viradhammo]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}

In 2025, [[Sotheby's]] auction house in London announced the planned auction of gem relics still remaining in the Peppé family. In May, India took legal measures to prevent their sale;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |title=India slams auction of jewels linked to the Buddha, calls for their return |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/06/style/piprahwa-gems-auction-buddha-india-sothebys-intl-hnk |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=CNN |date=6 May 2025}}</ref> the auction was postponed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Helen |title=Sotheby's halts Buddha jewels auction after India threat |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ce9299nln2ko |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=BBC News |date=8 May 2025}}</ref> In July, the Indian [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] said it had recovered the relics in question and would put them in public display.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India secures return of ancient Buddhist gems |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250730-india-secures-return-of-ancient-buddhist-gems |date=2025-07-30 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=[[France 24]]}}</ref>

==Further excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India and the location of ancient Kapilavastu==
[[File:Stupas-Original-00021.jpg|thumbnail|Southern monastery]]
[[File:Nepal - Walls and Building, Kapilavastu (9239983376).jpg|thumb|Walls of Building, Kapilavastu]]
Srivastava continued his excavation of the surrounding area and discovered what is known today as the Piprahwa-Ganwaria monastic complex. The largest structure after the ''stupa'' is the Eastern Monastery that measures 45.1 m x 41.1 m with a courtyard and more than thirty cells around it. The complex includes an additional Southern Monastery, Western Monastery, and Northern Monastery.<ref name=Stupa>{{cite web |title=The Stupa |website=Kapilavastu Museum |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://kapilavastumuseum.in/Kapilavastums/monastaries_structures|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315212256/http://kapilavastumuseum.in/Kapilavastums/monastaries_structures |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref> He also found terracotta sealings and a pot which all bore the same legend in Kushan script: 'Of the community of the monks of great Kapilavastu'. This led some scholars to believe that modern-day Piprahwa was the site of the ancient city of [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]], the capital of the [[Shakya]] kingdom, where [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] spent the first 29 years of his life.{{sfn |Peppe|1898|pp=573–88}}{{sfn |Bühler|1898|p=388}}{{sfn |Srivastava|1980|pp=103–10}}{{sfn |Srivastava|1979|pp=61-74}} Others suggest that the original site of Kapilavastu is located {{Convert|16|km|mi}} to the northwest, at [[Tilaurakot]], in what is currently [[Kapilvastu District]] in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Buddha and Dr Führer: an archaeological scandal|last=Allen|first=Charles|publisher=Haus Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-905791-93-4|edition=1st|location=London|author-link=Charles Allen (writer)|page=262}}</ref>{{sfn |Tuladhar|2002 |pp=1-7}}{{sfn |Sharda|2015|pp=}}
This question is especially important to scholars of Buddhist history, as Kapilavastu was the capital of the [[Shakya]] kingdom. King [[Śuddhodana]] and Queen [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Māyādevī]] lived at Kapilavastu, as did their son Prince [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] until he [[Great Renunciation|left the palace]] at 29 years of age.<ref name=EoB2010>{{cite book|last=Trainor|first=K|editor-last=Keown|editor-first=D|editor2-last=Prebish|editor2-first=CS|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|chapter=Kapilavastu|pages=436–7|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0-415-55624-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ&q=kapilavatthu}}</ref>

The bone fragments recovered by Srivastava's team are currently located at the [[National Museum, New Delhi]].{{sfn |Srivathsan|2012|pp=}} In 1978, the Indian government allowed their share of the discovery to be exhibited in Sri Lanka and more than 10 million people paid homage. They were also exhibited in Mongolia in 1993, Singapore in 1994, South Korea in 1995, Thailand in 1996, and again in Sri Lanka in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kapilavastu relics arrive in Sri Lanka |newspaper=Daily Mirror |date=2012-08-19}}</ref> In February 2024, the bone relics were taken to Bangkok for the first time with the relics of two of the Buddha's disciples, Sariputta and Maha Moggallana from Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh. More than a million people paid their respects between 24 February and 3 March, according to the Ministry of Culture.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bangprapa |first1=Mongkol |title=Over 1m saw Buddha relics |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2752754/over-1m-saw-buddha-relics?view_comment=1 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Bangkok Post |issue=5 March 2024 |publisher=Bangkok Post Group |date=5 March 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Piprahwa}}
* [[Bhattiprolu]]
* [[Bimaran casket]]
* [[Relics associated with Buddha]]
* [[Sanchi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=The Buddha and Dr Führer: an archaeological scandal|last=Allen|first=Charles|publisher=Haus Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-905791-93-4|edition=1st|location=London|author-link=Charles Allen (writer)}}
* {{Citation|last=Allen|first=Charles|title=What happened at Piprahwa: A chronology of events relating to the excavation in January 1898 of the Piprahwa Stupa in Basti District, North-Western Provinces and Oude (Uttar Pradesh), India, and the associated 'Piprahwa Inscription', based on newly available correspondence|year=2012|journal=Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien|volume=29|pages=1–19 |oclc=64218646}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bühler|first=Georg|title=Preliminary note on a recently discovered Sakya inscription|jstor=25207982|date=April 1898|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=Correspondence: Note 14|pages=387–389}}
* {{Citation|last=Dani|first=AH|title=Indian Palaeography|year=1997|author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani|pages=56|edition=3rd|location=New Delhi|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|isbn=978-8121500289}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Inscription on the Piprahwa Vase |date=1907 |jstor=25210369 |last1=Fleet |first1=J. F. |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=39 |pages=105–130 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00035541 |s2cid=250345482 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2085195 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jinavaravansa |first1=P. C. |last2=Jumsai |first2=Sumet |year=2003 |jstor=23731479 |title=The Ratna Chetiya Dipaduttamarama, Colombo |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka |series=New |volume=48 |pages=213–236}}
* {{Citation|last=Mishra|first=S|title=Kalanamak: the future of Indian scented rice?|date=2005-09-15|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/10106|work=Down To Earth magazine|location=New Delhi|publisher=Society for Environmental Communications|access-date=2014-11-29}}
* {{Citation|last=Peppe|first=WC|title=The Piprahwa Stupa, containing relics of Buddha|jstor=25208010|date=July 1898|journal=With a Note by V.A. Smith. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=Article XXIII|pages=573–88|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ia.ark:/13960/t4bp4sz8b&seq=601}}
* {{Citation|title=UP's Piprahwa is Buddha's Kapilvastu?|date=4 May 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UPs-Piprahwa-is-Buddhas-Kapilvastu/articleshow/47143085.cms?|last=Sharda|first=Shailvee|journal=Times of India}}
* Smith, V. A. (Oct., 1898), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208045 The Piprāhwā Stūpa], Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, p. 868
* {{Citation|last=Srivastava|first=KM|title=Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location|jstor=29756506|year=1979|journal=East and West|volume=29|issue=1/4|pages=61–74}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Srivastava|first=KM|title=Archaeological Excavations at Piprāhwā and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu|url=http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8511/2418|year=1980|journal=The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=13|issue=1|pages=103–110}}
* {{cite book |last1=Srivastava, KM |title=Excavations at Piprahwa and Ganwaria (Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India No 94) |date=1996 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/82482.pdf }}
* {{Citation|last=Srivathsan|first=A|title=Gautama Buddha, four bones and three countries|date=2012-08-20|url=http://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/gautama-buddha-four-bones-and-three-countries/|newspaper=Colombo Telegraph|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|access-date=2014-11-29}}
* {{Citation|last =Tuladhar|first =Swoyambhu D.|title =The Ancient City of Kapilvastu - Revisited|date =November 2002|journal =Ancient Nepal|issue =151|pages =1–7|url =http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_151_01.pdf|access-date =16 April 2015|archive-date =9 January 2016|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160109111946/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_151_01.pdf|url-status =dead}}
{{Refend}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Siddharthnagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Siddharthnagar district]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Shakyas]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:History of Buddhism in India]]

Hero (2015 Hindi film)

2026-03-24T15:12:16Z

Sergkwi: added info

{{short description|2015 Indian Hindi-language romantic action film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hero
| image = Hero-2015-Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nikkhil Advani|Nikhil Advani]]
| writer = Umesh Bist
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]''|[[Subhash Ghai]]}}
| producer = [[Salman Khan]] Subhash Ghai
| starring = [[Sooraj Pancholi]] [[Athiya Shetty]] [[Aditya Pancholi]]
| cinematography = Tushar Kanti Ray
| editing = Ritesh Soni
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Amaal Mallik]] [[Meet Bros Anjjan]] [[Sachin–Jigar]] Jassi Katyal '''Score:''' [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| studio = [[Salman Khan Films]] [[Mukta Arts]] [[Emmay Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|09|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}36 crore<ref name="BOI Report">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2998 |title=Hero – Movie – Worldwide Gross & Budget |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827175737/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2998 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|34.82 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-of-hero/ |title=Box office Worldwide and days wise break up of Hero (2015) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 December 2015 |date=12 September 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910131610/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-of-hero/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Hero''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic action]] film directed by [[Nikkhil Advani|Nikhil Advani]], written by Umesh Bist, and produced by [[Salman Khan]] and [[Subhash Ghai]] under [[Salman Khan Films]] and [[Mukta Arts]], with [[Eros International]] serving as distributor. A remake of Ghai's 1983 blockbuster film ''[[Hero (1983 film)|of the same name]]'', which starred [[Jackie Shroff]], the film stars debutantes [[Sooraj Pancholi]] and [[Athiya Shetty]], son of actor [[Aditya Pancholi]] and daughter of actor [[Sunil Shetty]] respectively. Aditya Pancholi has an important role in the film himself.

The film was released on 11 September 2015 worldwide and received negative reviews from critics.

Playizzon, an Indian [[mobile video game]] developer, also released ''Hero: The Official Game'' an [[action game]] based on the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hero: The Official Game |url=https://phoneky.com/games/?id=j4j161020 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=phoneky.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Sooraj Kaushik is a gangster from Mumbai who meets Radha Mathur, daughter of the city's Chief of Police, IG Shrikant Mathur, during a party.

Sooraj, under instructions from his gangster father, Suryakant 'Pasha' Ranade, pretends to be a police officer and kidnaps Radha because Shrikant presented evidence against Pasha in court. Radha believes the ruse and leaves the city, travelling to an isolated location in Jammu with Suraj and his friends.

During these days, they slowly fall in love. While in Mumbai Pasha uses the kidnapping to threaten Mathur. Soon, the group is discovered by the police led by Radha's brother, Dheeraj. The couple escape although Radha believes they are being attacked by Pasha's men, and in the ensuing chase, Sooraj is shot in the arm while trying to jump over a broken bridge and they both fall into the water. This leads the police and the world to believe both Radha and Suraj are dead. Both Radha's family and Pasha are enraged by the news and the latter swears to avenge Suraj's death.

Unaware of all this the couple are rescued by some Buddhist monks. Sooraj, who was severely injured, remained unconscious and Radha stays by his side and confesses her feelings. Sooraj who has fallen in love with Radha as well confessed to her that he had kidnapped her and that he was Pasha's henchman. She has, however, fallen in love with him and asks him to surrender.

When they return to the city Sooraj is coldly intercepted and held at gunpoint by Shrikant. During a fatal attempt on Pasha's part to escape a trial, he is sent to jail for two years. This decision leaves Pasha feeling betrayed. Due to the disapproval of their father over Sooraj and Radha's relationship, Dheeraj asks her to go to Paris, hoping the lovers could reunite once Sooraj is released from prison. To make this happen Dheeraj also lies to his family that he planned to set up a blind date between Radha and his old friend Ranvijay.

One and a half years later, the court reduces Sooraj's sentence on the grounds of good behaviour. Sooraj is out of jail and is ready to start a new life with Radha, but to live a life, he needed to earn. So he creates a fitness center for living with support from Radha and Dheeraj. All seemed to be going well until one day Dheeraj's wife, meets Ranvijay and brings him home. Dheeraj had been lying to his family that Radha and Ranvijay were a couple so that they wouldn't coerce Radha into a marriage she didn't like. Unbeknownst to the family, Ranvijay is a smuggler and a criminal, who strikes a deal with Pasha to separate Sooraj and Radha. Slowly he wins the approval of Radha's family and further turns them against Sooraj.

Shrikant decides to accept Ranvijay as his son-in-law and get enraged when he finds out that Radha and Sooraj were still a couple. Despite several attempts by the couple and Dheeraj, he remains stubborn about their relationship. Ranvijay uses this situation to break Radha's and Sooraj's love.

In a last ditch attempt to convince her father, Radha and Sooraj narrate their love story to Shrikant and Dheeraj about what happened in a musical theatre performance, but Shrikant still refuses to accept Sooraj due to his former life as a goon. Instead, he informs Dheeraj that he would be willing to consider their relationship only if Sooraj agrees to become a state witness and confesses against Pasha. When Dheeraj proposes this to Sooraj, he calmly rejects the offer stating that becoming a state witness against Pasha just to marry Radha is degrading to their love, moreover the adds that he is not willing to betray his father. The same day. Ranvijay, waiting for the right opportunity, arrives after Dheeraj leaves and stabs Sooraj. In the morning, Pasha arrives intending to kill Sooraj for his betrayal, but Radha arrives at the scene and tells him that Sooraj would rather leave her and go to prison than betray Pasha. Pasha and Sooraj reconcile. However, Ranvijay still holds a grudge against Sooraj and kills Pasha's men. He tries to kill Pasha and Sooraj. A fight ensues, and Ranvijay is shot by Shrikant who arrives at the scene and finally chooses to accept Sooraj. Radha and Sooraj reunite and get married.

== Cast ==
* [[Sooraj Pancholi]] as Sooraj Kaushik, Radha's love interest and Pasha's son
* [[Athiya Shetty]] as Radha Mathur, Sooraj's love interest and Shrikant's daughter
* [[Aditya Pancholi]] as Suryakant 'Pasha' Ranade, Sooraj's father
* [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] as IG Shrikant Mathur, Radha's father
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Dheeraj Mathur, Radha's brother
* [[Anita Hassanandani]] as Ruchi Mathur, Dheeraj's wife
* [[Vivan Bhatena]] as Ranvijay Shekhawat
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Changhezi
* Randeep Kumar Jha as Rathudi
* [[Anil Mange]] as Salim
* Trishaan as Gangu
* Ashish Verma as Mangesh
* [[Salman Khan]] in a special appearance in the music video of the song "Main Hoon Hero Tera"

== Production ==
In May 2013 it was announced that [[Subhash Ghai]] is all set to remake his 1983 blockbuster ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'', which will be re-edited and re-written.<ref>{{cite news |title=Subhash Ghai to remake his old films again |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/subhash-ghai-to-remake-his-old-films-again/article1-1059399.aspx |access-date=17 February 2014 |newspaper=hindustantimes.com |date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313022823/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/subhash-ghai-to-remake-his-old-films-again/article1-1059399.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> On 6 August 2013 it was announced that [[Nikhil Advani]] is all set to direct and re-write the script for the film, which [[Salman Khan]] is producing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nikhil Advani To Helm 'Hero' Remake? |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/nikhil-advani-helm-hero-remake-183000940.html |access-date=18 February 2014 |newspaper=yahoo.com |date=6 August 2013 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302020234/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/nikhil-advani-helm-hero-remake-183000940.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 19 September 2013, Khan announced the launch of his own production house ''Salman Khan Films'', which was to debut with the remake, though the 2014 Canadian film [[Dr. Cabbie]] and the 2015 [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]-directed Indian film [[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]] actually marked Khan's production debut. On 7 January 2014, it was reported that Khan set the film to start production on 18 February, and the film would be released on 12 December 2014.<ref name=12th-December>{{cite news |last=Pacheco |first=Sunitra |title=Salman Khan sets up 'Hero' schedule for Suraj Pancholi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-sets-up-hero-schedule-for-sooraj-pancholi/ |access-date=21 February 2019 |newspaper=indianexpress.com |date=7 January 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112131/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-sets-up-hero-schedule-for-sooraj-pancholi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/15/sep/sooraj-pancholi-salman-khan-gave-us-good-amount-of-freedom-to-finish-hero.asp |title=Sooraj Pancholi: Salman Khan gave us good amount of freedom to finish HERO |publisher=Glamsham |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>

On 10 February 2014, it was reported that Ghai, who helmed the original, had approved the script re-written by Umesh Bist. Ghai said ''"I think they've done a fantastic job of contemporising my script to suit today's tastes"''.<ref name="Hungama 2014">{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Subhash Ghai gives thumbs-up to Nikhil Advani's Hero – Salman Khan – Latest Celebrity news |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=10 February 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/news/type/view/id/6370/newsid/2398827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051847/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/news/type/view/id/6370/newsid/2398827 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
On 14 August 2013 news told that [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Vinod Khanna]] will also star in the remake film.<ref name=Govinda-Vinod>{{cite news |title=Govinda, Vinod Khanna in 'Hero' remake? |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/govinda-vinod-khanna-in-hero-remake_140919.html |access-date=18 February 2014 |newspaper=india.com |date=14 August 2013 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222094435/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/govinda-vinod-khanna-in-hero-remake_140919.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 October 2013 Ghai said "Yes, Salman may make a special appearance but he will primarily be working as the producer of the film" <ref name=Salman>{{cite news |last=Baksi |first=Dibyojyoti |title=Salman Khan's guest appearance for Hero remake? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-s-guest-appearance-for-hero-remake/article1-1139897.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025111917/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-s-guest-appearance-for-hero-remake/article1-1139897.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2013 |access-date=18 February 2014 |newspaper=hindustantimes.com |date=25 October 2013}}</ref> and he will be singing the title song of the film. On 9 February 2014 it was confirmed that [[Athiya Shetty]] will make her acting debut in the remake film opposite [[Sooraj Pancholi]], another debutante.<ref name=suraj-Athiya>{{cite news |last=Kaur Marwah |first=Navdeep |title=Athiya is definitely debuting opposite suraj: Suniel Shetty |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/athiya-is-definitely-debuting-opposite-suraj-suniel-shetty/article1-1182210.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141025205035/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/athiya-is-definitely-debuting-opposite-suraj-suniel-shetty/article1-1182210.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=17 February 2014 |newspaper=hindustantimes.com |date=9 February 2014}}</ref> Pancholi's father [[Aditya Pancholi]], a lead actor of the 1980s and 1990s, was also cast in the film.

=== Filming ===
On 19 September 2013 it was announced that both Pancholi and Shetty are currently undergoing training to start the film's production.<ref name=SKP>{{cite news |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |title=Subhash Ghai to compose music for Salman Khan Productions |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/subhash-ghai-to-compose-music-for-salman-khan-productions/article1-1124238.aspx |access-date=18 February 2014 |newspaper=hindustantimes.com |date=19 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313022825/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/subhash-ghai-to-compose-music-for-salman-khan-productions/article1-1124238.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> On 7 January 2014 Khan set the film to start shooting on 18 February.<ref name="12th-December" /> Later Advani began the film's [[principal photography]] on 16 February 2014 at the [[Gateway of India]].<ref>{{cite news|last=IANS|date=16 February 2014|title=Nikhil Advani begins shooting for 'Hero'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nikhil-advani-begins-shooting-for-hero-668743.html|access-date=17 February 2014|work=News18|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418073527/https://www.news18.com/news/india/nikhil-advani-begins-shooting-for-hero-668743.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=PTI|date=16 February 2014|title=Nikhil Advani begins shooting for Hero|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/nikhil-advani-begins-shooting-for-hero-11923.html|access-date=17 February 2014|work=India TV News|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222184126/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/nikhil-advani-begins-shooting-for-hero-11923.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Box office ===
The film collected {{INRConvert|2.45|c}} on its fifth day of release.<ref name=":0" /> The film collected a total of {{INRConvert|30|c}} in its first week.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/herofairfirstweekthoughdropsonweekdays#.Vfu7ktDhVzQ |title=Boxoffice |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920203429/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/herofairfirstweekthoughdropsonweekdays#.Vfu7ktDhVzQ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Mohar Bash from [[Times of India]] gave 3* to the film stating that "Sculpted as a full throttle masala entertainer, Hero is plot-heavy. And while you are well acquainted with the story, Nikhil and Salman's sensibility works as midas touch, giving the film a different texture. It is slick and never allows its viewers to feel restless. For its 132 minutes' crisp runtime."
[[Bollywood Hungama]] gave 2/5* to the film stating that "On the whole, HERO fails the litmus test of rehashing a classic for the Generation Next. It appeals in very small measures and is not an ideal weekend entertainer. If you a die-hard Salman Khan fan, you may want to patronise, else avoid."
[[Indian express]] gave 0/5* to the film stating that "This stale story is transported to 2015 for reasons best known to the filmmakers. If you are giving us a brand new pair, what is to stop you from giving us a brand new plot? And if you do have to remake that 80s show, why can't you do a better job?"
Vishal Thakur of the Hindi daily ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]'' gave the film a 1.5/5 rating and criticised the film's plot and acting.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Vishal |title=Hero |date=12 September 2015 |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |publisher=[[HT Media]] |location=Lucknow |page=15 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hero
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Sachin–Jigar]], Jassi Katyal and [[Meet Bros|Meet Bros Anjjan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 August 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=39|s=17}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Meghdeep Bose]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music for ''Hero'' is composed by [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Meet Bros Anjjan]] and [[Sachin–Jigar]] with lyrics penned by [[Kumaar]] and [[Niranjan Iyengar]]. This was the first film where Advani had not worked with [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], though they were involved at parallel with Advani's successive release, ''[[Katti Batti]]''. The first song ''Main Hoon Hero Tera'' in Salman's voice, composed by Mallik and arranged & produced by [[Meghdeep Bose]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/meghdeep-bose-commercial-success-of-a-song-has-never-been-my-agenda/story-hTIpKHgUHbxMeAKQkLzghM.html |title=Meghdeep Bose: Commercial success of a song has never been my agenda |date=20 July 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> was released on 9 August 2015 and it received more than 55 million views.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMH-GARKr1U |title='Main Hoon Hero Tera' VIDEO Song – Salman Khan – Amaal Mallik – Hero – T-Series |last=T-Series |date=8 August 2015 |via=YouTube |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518221632/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMH-GARKr1U |url-status=live }}</ref> The soundtrack was released on 14 August 2015 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = {{Duration|m=39|s=17}}
| title1 = Main Hoon Hero Tera
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[Salman Khan]]
| music1 = [[Amaal Mallik]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| length1 = 04:44
| title2 = Jab We Met
| extra2 = [[Rahul Pandey (Singer)|Rahul Pandey]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Jigar Saraiya]]
| music2 = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| lyrics2 = [[Niranjan Iyengar]]
| length2 = 05:19
| title3 = Main Hoon Hero Tera
| note3 = Reprise
| extra3 = Armaan Malik
| music3 = Amaal Mallik
| lyrics3 = Kumaar
| length3 = 04:44
| title4 = Khoya Khoya
| extra4 = [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Priya Saraiya]], [[Arpita Chakraborty]], Tanishka Sanghvi
| music4 = Sachin–Jigar
| lyrics4 = Niranjan Iyengar
| length4 = 05:17
| title5 = Yadaan Teriyaan (Version 1)
| extra5 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| music5 = Jassi Katyal
| lyrics5 = Kumaar
| length5 = 05:04
| title6 = Yadaan Teriyaan (Version 2)
| extra6 = [[Dev Negi]], [[Shipra Goyal]]
| music6 = Jassi Katyal
| lyrics6 = Kumaar
| length6 = 05:02
| title7 = Dance Ke Legend
| extra7 = Meet Bros, [[Bhoomi Trivedi]]
| music7 = [[Meet Bros|Meet Bros Anjjan]]
| lyrics7 = Kumaar
| length7 = 04:00
| title8 = O Khuda
| extra8 = Amaal Mallik, [[Palak Muchhal]]
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| music8 = Amaal Mallik
| lyrics8 = Kumaar
| length8 = 05:07
}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award Ceremony
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]
|[[Amaal Mallik]] – "O Khuda"
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/ |title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330062839/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
|Amaal Mallik – "Main Hoon Hero Tera (Salman Khan Version)"
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|4467202}}
*[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hero-2/ ''Hero''] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Nikkhil Advani}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jassi Katyal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amaal Mallik]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sachin–Jigar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nikkhil Advani]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]
[[Category:Mukta Arts films]]

Rafeeq Mangalassery

2026-03-19T17:23:47Z

Sergkwi: Creating the details initial version

{{Short description|Indian script writer and director}}
'''Rafeeq Mangalassery''' is a Malayalam-language [[Playwright|script writer]] and [[Theatre director|director]] from Chettippadi ([[Malappuram]] Kerala) in India. His drama ''Annaperuna'' depicts wastage of food while many others go hungry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-show-will-go-on-with-aplomb/article22392357.ece|title=The show will go on, with aplomb|last=Krishnakumar|first=G.|date=7 January 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 January 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also directed ''Kottem Kareem''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/251118/kozhikode-sdpi-msf-up-in-arms-against-kithab.html|title=Kozhikode: SDPI, MSF up in arms against Kithab|date=25 November 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

== Awards ==
He won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] for ''Jinnu Krishnan'' in 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf|title=2013–ലെ കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു|date=20 December 2014|website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613132951/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Sahitya-Akademi-award-for-Meeras-Aarachar/articleshow/45583043.cms|title=Sahitya Akademi award for Meera's 'Aarachar'|website=The Times of India|date=20 December 2014|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> and [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] award for best script for ''Iratta Jeevithangaliloode'' (''Through the Twin Lives'').<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/beedi-wins-best-short-play-award-of-akademi/article23816629.ece|title=Beedi wins best short play award of akademi|author=Staff Reporter|date=8 May 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 January 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{india-writer-stub}}

Jaswan

2026-03-17T02:29:02Z

Sergkwi: small changes

{{short description|Precolonial Indian chieftaincy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Jaswan chieftaincy
| common_name = Jaswan doon
| nation = [[British India]]
| status_text =
| era =
| year_start = 1170 CE
| date_start =
| event_start = Foundation of the chieftaincy
| year_end = 1849 CE
| date_end =
| event_end = Annexation by the [[Sikh Empire]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Kangra State
| s1 = Sikh Empire
| flag_p1 = Flag of Kangra state.png
| flag_s1 = Sikh Empire flag.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Jaswan (Jaswal) from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852.jpg
| image_map_caption = Detail of Jaswan (Jaswal) from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| today = [[Una, Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| footnotes =
| capital = Rajpura
}}

'''Jaswan''' was a chieftaincy<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raza Khan |first1=Ahsan |title=Chieftains in the Mughal Empire During the Reign of Akbar |date=1977 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=9780896843769 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shAdAAAAMAAJ&q=jaswan}}</ref> in modern-day [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, commanded by the [[Jaswal]] Rajput clan.<ref name="Jerath"/> It was founded in 1170 AD by Raja Purab Chand, a cadet of the [[Katoch]] lineage, ancient royal family of [[Kangra State|Kangra]].<ref name="Jerath">{{cite book |last1=Jerath |first1=Ashok |title=Dogra Legends of Art and Culture |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=978-8173870828 |pages=20–22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C&pg=22 |accessdate=13 September 2019 }}</ref> Its capital was Rajpura.<ref name=":0" />

== Location and geography ==
Jaswan was a narrow chieftaincy that was approximately 64.3 km (40 mi) long and 8 km (5 mi) wide.<ref name=":0" /> To the south and west directions, the chieftaincy bordered the Punjab Plains region and Shivalik Hills range.<ref name=":0" /> To the north, the chieftaincy bordered [[Siba State]] and [[Datarpur|Datarpur State]].<ref name=":0" /> To the east, the state bordered [[Kangra State]], [[Kutlehar State|Kutlehr State]], and [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur (Kahlur) State]].<ref name=":0" />

==History==

===Early history===
According to legend Jaswan State was founded in 1170 CE by Raja Purab Chand from the Kangra royal family.<ref name="Jerath"/><ref name=":0" /> The founder was from a junior branch of the Kangra royal family.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, the Jaswan rulers shared familial relations with the royal families of Kangra, Guler, Siba, and Datarpur states.<ref name=":0" />

=== Mughal period ===
During the reign of Raja Govind Chand (r. c.1550-1575), the Jaswan ruler acted as a guardian for the minor Bidhi Chand of Kangra State.<ref name=":0" /> Also during Govind's reign in 1572, the state successfully defeated a Mughal invasion force attacking [[Kangra Fort]].<ref name=":0" /> The state under Anirudh Chand (r. c.1580–c.1600) took part in Pahari rebellions against Mughal emperor Akbar in 1588 and 1594.<ref name=":0" /> However, both rebellions failed which led to the state submitting to Mughal authority, with the state finding specific mention in the ''[[Akbarnama]]''.<ref name=":0" />

In 1745, Raja Ajit Singh of Jaswan submitted to the Mughal governor of Lahore province, [[Adina Beg|Adina Beg Khan]].<ref name=":0" /> Raja Ajit Singh died without issue, thus he was succeeded by his brother Jaghar Singh.<ref name=":0" /> Jaghar Singh's successor, Abhiraj Singh, died without issue so he was succeeded by Jaghar's other son, Jagrup Singh.<ref name=":0" />

=== Tributary under Kangra State ===
During the reign of Raja Umed Singh, Jaswan became a tributary of Kangra State under Raja Sansar Chand in 1786.<ref name=":0" /> However, later during Umed's reign in 1805, he joined forces with other hill states against Kangra State.<ref name=":0" />

===Sikh Empire and British Raj===
[[File:Painting of Raja Abhiraj Singh of Jaswan State, attributed to the Nainsukh familial atelier, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Raja Abhiraj Singh of Jaswan State, attributed to the Nainsukh familial atelier, circa 19th century]]
In 1809, Jaswan became a tributary of the Sikhs.<ref name=":0" /> In 1815, the Sikh Empire annexed Jaswan State and Umed Singh was reduced to a jagir.<ref name=":0" /> This is because Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] ordered all his available forces to assemble at [[Sialkot]]. The raja of Jaswan, Ummed Singh (1800–1849), failed to obey the summons and was fined a sum beyond his means. The raja was forced to relinquish his state to the Sikh emperor, and accepted a [[jagir]] of 21 villages and 12,000 [[Rupee|Rs]] per annum. In 1848, he joined the Sikh in an unsuccessful revolt against the [[British India|British]] during the [[second Anglo-Sikh war]].<ref name=":0" /> His palaces were plundered and razed to the ground, and his territory annexed in 1849.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Archer |first=William G. |title=Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills: A Survey and History of Pahari Miniature Painting |publisher=Sotheby Parke Bernet (London and New York) / Oxford University Press (Delhi) |year=1973 |volume=1: Text |pages=221–223 |chapter=Painting in Jaswan}}</ref> He was stripped of his title and exiled to [[Almora]], where he died a year later in 1854.<ref name="NIC">{{cite web |url= https://hpuna.nic.in/history/ |publisher=National Informatics Centre |title= History of Una |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Umed's son, Jai Singh, was also deported alongside his father and thus died in-exile as well.<ref name=":0" />

In 1877, the jagir in Jaswan, along with several other former properties in Rajpura and Amb, was restored to Ummed's grandson Ran Singh (b. 1833), who also later acquired the jagir of [[Ramkot Fort|Ramkot]] in Jammu upon Ran's son's marriage to a granddaughter of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|J&K State]].<ref name="NIC"/><ref name=":0" /> Upon his son's marriage to Ranbir Singh's granddaughter, Ran Singh was granted a jagir at Mankot in Jammu.<ref name=":0" />

The titles claimed by the princes, however, were still denied any recognition until Raghunath Singh (b. 1852) was granted the title of ''raja'' due to his [[Katoch]] lineage and marriages to two of the daughters of Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir. The title could not be passed on through inheritance, and he could not administer his jagir. Raghunath Singh died in 1918, after which Lachman Singh succeeded him.<ref name="NIC"/>

== Rulers ==
The clan of the rulers of Jaswan was Jaswal.<ref name=":0" /> The rulers originally appended Chand to their name but later would append [[Singh]].<ref name=":0" />

=== List of rulers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of rulers of Jaswan State
!Name
!Portrait
!Reign
!References
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Raja|Rajas:]]
|-
|Purab Chand
|
|1170 – ?
|<ref name="Jerath" />
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Unknown intermediary rulers'''''
|-
|Govind Chand
|
|c.1550–1575
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Bikram Chand
|
|c.1575–c.1580
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Anirudh Chand
|
|c.1580–c.1600
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Samir Chand
|
|c.1600–c.1630
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Man Singh
|
|c.1630–c.1660
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Ajab Singh
|
|c.1660–c.1690
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Ram Singh
|
|c.1690–c.1720
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Ajit Singh
|[[File:Detail of Raja Ajit Singh of Jaswan State, from a painting of Raja Ajit Singh of Jaswan State seated with his brother Mian Jaghar Singh, Kangra, ca.1760 (cropped).jpg|175x175px]]
|c.1720–c.1750
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Jaghar Singh
|[[File:Detail of Mian Jaghar Singh of Jaswan State, from a painting of Raja Ajit Singh of Jaswan State seated with his brother Mian Jaghar Singh, Kangra, ca.1760 (cropped).jpg|168x168px]]
|c.1750–c.1765
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Abhiraj Singh{{Efn|Also known as 'Abhirai Singh'.|group=note}}
|[[File:Seated portrait of Raja Abhiraj Singh Jaswal of Jaswan State, Kangra, ca.1760–70.jpg|206x206px]]
|c.1765–c.1770
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Jagrup Singh
|[[File:Painting of Raja Jagrup Singh of Jaswan State, Kangra, ca.1770.png|220x220px]]
|c.1770–1774
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Prit Singh{{Efn|Alias for Narpat Singh.|group=note}}
|[[File:Detail of Raja Prit Singh of Jaswan State, from a painting of Raja Tegh Chand of Kangra State smoking with Raja Prit Singh of Jaswan State, Kangra, 1774 (cropped).jpg|195x195px]]
|1774–1782
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Umed Singh{{Efn|Also spelt as 'Ummed Singh'.|group=note}}
|[[File:Raja Jaswal Umed Singh of Jaswan (reigned 1782-1854) LACMA M.74.102.2.jpg|240x240px]]
|1782–1815
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="2" |Annexation by the [[Sikh Empire]]
|1815
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Jagir|Jagirdars]]
|-
|Umed Singh
|[[File:Raja Jaswal Umed Singh of Jaswan (reigned 1782-1854) LACMA M.74.102.2.jpg|240x240px]]
|1815–1849
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="2" |Annexation by the [[East India Company|British]]
|1849
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Titular ruler|Titular]]
|-
|Umed Singh
|[[File:Raja Jaswal Umed Singh of Jaswan (reigned 1782-1854) LACMA M.74.102.2.jpg|240x240px]]
|1849–1854
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Jai Singh
|
|1854–1856
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Ran Singh
|
|1856–1892
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Raghunath Singh
|
|1892–1918
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Lachman Singh
|
|1918 – ?
|<ref name="NIC" />
|}

== Religion ==
In surviving portraits of the rajas from Raja Ajit Singh to Raja Umed Singh, they were all depicted wearing [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Tilaka|tilaks]].<ref name=":0" />

== Artwork ==
There is evidence that a member of the Seu-Manaku-Nainsukh artisan family may have worked at Jaswan State at one time.<ref name=":0" /> However, no surviving paintings produced at Jaswan have come down to us.<ref name=":0" /> However, portraits produced in other hill states of some of the rulers of Jaswan have been recorded.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Inder Singh (politician)|Inder Singh]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://hpuna.nic.in/history/ History of Una district]

{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}
{{Princely states annexed by British India}}
{{coord|30.484|N|76.594|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Una district]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1849]]

Shahu I

2026-03-15T21:39:39Z

Sergkwi: quick update

{{Short description|Chhatrapati of the Marathas from 1708 to 1749}}
{{for|other kings known as Shahu|Shahoji II|Shahu of Kolhapur}}
{{for|the politician belonging to the same royal family|Shahu II of Kolhapur}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Padishah|Hindu Pad Padishah]] Shahenshah-e-Hind hindupati
| image = Shahu I cropped.png
| alt =
| caption = Shahu I holding a [[falcon]] by Shivram Chitari {{circa|1750}}
| succession = [[Chhatrapati|Chhatrapati of the Marathas]]
| reign = 12 January 1708<ref name="gavali">{{cite book|title=Society and Social Disabilities Under the Peshwas|author=Pī. E. Gavaḷī|publisher=National Publishing House|year=1988|page=5|quote=At last Shahu emerged victorious and ascended the throne at Satara on 12th January, 1708.}}</ref> –15 December 1749{{Sfn|Mehta|2005|p=314}}<ref>{{cite book|quote= Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj ruled for about forty-two years from January 12, 1708, to December 15, 1749|title=Mahadji Shinde and the Poona Durbar|author=Rameshwarprasad Ganeshprasad Pandey|publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors|year=1980|page=3}}</ref>
| coronation = 12 January 1708, [[Satara (city)|Satara]]<ref name="gavali"/>
| predecessor = [[Shivaji II]]
| successor = [[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]]
| birth_name = Shivaji Sambhaji Raje Bhosale
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1682|05|18}}
| birth_place = Gangwali, [[Raigad District]], [[Maratha Kingdom]]{{Sfn|Mehta|2005|p=51}} {{small|(present-day [[Mangaon]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1749|12|15|1682|05|18}}{{Sfn|Mehta|2005|p=181}}
| death_place = Rangmahal Palace, [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maratha Empire]]{{Sfn|Mehta|2005|p=181}} {{small|(present-day Maharashtra, India)}}
| spouse = {{plain list|
* Savitribai{{Sfn|Mehta|2005|p=177}}
* Ambikabai II {{Sfn|Mehta|2005|p=177}}
* Sakvarbai II
* Sagunabai II
}}
| issue = {{plain list|
* Sambhajiraje
* Gajrabai
* Rajasbai
*Fatehsinh I (adopted)
*[[Rajaram II of Satara|Ramaraja II]] (adopted)
*[[Parvatibai]] (adopted)
}}
| father = [[Sambhaji]]
| mother = [[Yesubai Bhonsale|Yesubai]]<ref name="aurungzebe">{{cite book |last1=Bilimoria |first1=Jamshid H |title=Ruka'at-i-Alamgiri or Letters of Aurungzebe |date=1908 |page=153 |url=https://archive.org/details/rukaatialamgirio00aurarich/page/152/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=1 May 2017 |quote=In 1690 the title of Zul Fikar Khan Bahadur was conferred on him by Aurungzebe for capturing Raigarh and imprisoning Yasoo Bai, Sambhaji's widow, and her son Shivaji, afterwards known by the name of Shahu.}}</ref>
| signature = Handwriting of Shahu I.png
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| reg-type1 = Peshwa
| regent1 = {{Plain list|
*[[Bahiroji Pingale]]
*[[Balaji Vishwanath]]
*[[Baji Rao I]]
*[[Balaji Baji Rao]]
}}
| royal house = [[House of Bhonsle|Bhonsale]]
}}

'''Shahu I''' (Shivaji Sambhaji Raje Bhonsale; {{IPA|mr|ʃaːɦuː}}; 18 May 1682 – 15 December 1749) was the fifth [[Chhatrapati]] of [[Maratha Empire]] founded by his grandfather, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji I]]. He was born into the [[House of Bhonsle (Royal House)|Bhonsle]] family and was the son of [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj|Sambhaji I]] and [[Yesubai Bhonsale|Yesubai]]. At a young age, he was taken into custody at the Siege of Raigad by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]], and held captive. He was released from captivity after the death of Aurangzeb in the hope of engineering an internecine struggle among the Maratha factions of [[Tarabai]] and Shahu. Shahu emerged victorious in the bloody [[Battle of Khed]] and was crowned as Chhatrapati.

During Shahu's reign, Maratha power and influence extended to much of central and western India, which had then created a strong Maratha Kingdom. After his death, his ministers and generals such as the [[Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family|Peshwa Bhats]] and their lieutenants of the [[Sindhia|Shinde]] and [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] house, [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Senasahibsubha Bhonsles of Nagpur]], and [[Gaekwad of Baroda|Senakhaskhel Gaikwad of Baroda]] administered their sections of the Empire under a loose coalition under the orders of the Chhatrapati.

== Early life ==
[[File:Chhatrapati_Sambhaji_and_Prince_Shahu_I_Coloured_Painting.jpg|left|thumb|Chhatrapati [[Sambhaji]] with Prince Shahu c. 1685|238x238px]]
In 1689, at the age of seven, Shahu was taken prisoner along with his mother by the Mughals after the Battle of Raigarh.<ref name="aurungzebe"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Buldhana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLNhAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1976|quote=Shahu, the son of Sambhaji along with his mother Yesubai, was made a prisoner}}</ref> Aurangzeb was fighting the decentralised Marathas and hoped to use the crown heir Shahu as a pawn in his battle. Therefore, he treated Shahu and his mother well. Even in Mughal captivity, Shahu's mother, Queen [[Yesubai Bhonsale|Yesubai]], continued to rule her private territories as a Deshmukh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaidya |first=Sushila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVNuAAAAMAAJ&q=yesubai+walida |title=Role of Women in Maratha Politics, 1620-1752 A.D. |date=2000 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-67-4 |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref> Aurangzeb regarded Shahu, whose real name was Shivaji as 'Sav or Sadhu Shivaji' in contrast to his grandfather [[Shivaji I]], resulting in his popular title 'Raja Shahu' meaning Honest or Saint King.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lTVuAAAAMAAJ&q=sav+shivaji+shahu New History of the Marathas Vol. I] by G.S. Sardesai, p.361</ref>

Shahu was married to two daughters of high ranking Maratha [[Sardar]]s in the Mughal service. Aurangzeb gifted Shahu the Bhavani sword of [[Shivaji]], the sword of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], and another gold-hilted sword. Aurangzeb also granted him Sanads to lands and revenue rights around the Parganas of Akkalkot, Supa, Baramati, and Nevase for his maintenance. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, one of his sons, Prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]], released Shahu in the hope of starting an internecine conflict among the Marathas, and also to have Shahu on his side for his own succession battle for the Mughal throne.<ref>Chatterjee, I. and Guha, S., 1999. "Slave-queen, waif-prince: Slavery and social capital in eighteenth-century India". ''The Indian Economic & Social History Review'', 36(2), pp.165-186.</ref><ref>{{citation | first = Malgonkar |last = Manohar | title = The Sea Hawk: Life and Battles of Kanoji Angrey | year = 1959 | page = 63}}</ref> At that time, his aunt [[Tarabai]], who governed the Maratha realm in the name of her son (also named Shivaji), denounced Shahu as an impostor substituted by the Mughals for the son of Sambhaji. Shahu then waged a civil war against Tarabai to gain the Chhatrapati's throne in 1708 and emerged victorious.<ref>{{cite book |author=A. Vijaya Kumari |author2=Sepuri Bhaskar |title=Social change among Balijas: majority community of Andhra Pradesh|year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC&pg=PA6 |publisher=MD |isbn=9788175330726 |access-date=2011-06-24}}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=201–202}}</ref>

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel|1. '''Shahu I'''|2. [[Sambhaji]]|3. [[Yesubai Bhonsale]]|4.[[Shivaji I]]|5.[[Sai Bhonsale]]|6. Pilajirao Shirke||8.[[Shahaji]]|9. [[Jijabai]]|10. Mudhoji Rao Naik Nimbalkar|11. Reubai|||collapsed=yes|align=center|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;}}

== Accession ==
{{see also|Battles involving the Maratha Empire}}
=== Early reign ===
[[File:Enlarged painting of Shahu I (cropped).jpg|thumb|Painting of Shahu I with his imperial guards, c. 18th century ]]
Following the death of Aurangzeb, Shahu grew impatient about returning to his homeland. He was advised by princess [[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum|Zinat-un-Nissa]] (Aurangzeb's daughter) and [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]] to not wait for formal sanads of appointment from Azam Shah, but to quit the Mughal camp at once and proceed to his home country. He readily acted upon this advice and left the Mughal camp at [[Doraha, Sehore|Doraha]] on 8 May 1707.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142 |title=New History Of The Marathas Vol.2 |date=1946}}</ref>{{rp|12}} The rulers of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], [[Jaipur state|Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] and [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]] received Shahu on his way to [[Pune]] with warm hospitality. Shahu visited the sacred city of [[Ujjain]] and paid his obeisance to [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Shri Mahakaleshwar]].<ref name="wamanrao1932">{{Cite book |last=Burway Mukund Wamanrao |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54872 |title=Life And Times Of Shivaji II (Chhatrapati Shahu) 1680-1749 A.D. |date=1932}}</ref>{{rp|46}} At Burhanpur, Jotyaji Kaskar was left behind by Shahu to receive the sanads from the Mughals. Shahu then arrived at Bijagad, about thirty miles south of [[Narmada River|Narmada]], and was joined by its ruler Rawal Mohansinh, who had long rebelled against Aurangzeb and cooperated with the Marathas. Mohansinh was the first to espouse the cause of Shahu and help him with troops and funds. From Bijagad, Shahu proceeded to Sultanpur, where he was joined by several Maratha chiefs such as Amritrao Kadambande, Rawal Sujansinh of Lamkani, the Bokils, the Purandares and other Brahmin families.

== Kolhapur succession ==

=== Early conflicts ===
After reaching Maharashtra, Senasahibsubha Parsoji Bhonsle, commander of 15,000 troops, pledged himself to Shahu. Parsoji’s example was quickly followed by Sardar Nimaji Shinde, Sarlashkar Haibatrao Nimbalkar, Rustamrao Jadhavrao (Shahu’s father-in-law), Sekhoji Thorat and [[Chimnaji Damodar]] who were all operating in Baglana, Khandesh and Nashik region. The forces of Tarabai assembled near Kudas Khed for a confrontation.

On 3 August 1707, Jotyaji Kesarkar received the formal sanads for Raja Shahu at Burhanpur from the new Mughal emperor, [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]], who had got the throne by killing his half-brother and rival, emperor [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]] in the [[Battle of Jajau]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haig L|first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley|title=The Cambridge History of India. Volume 3 (III). Turks and Afghans|date=1967|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=9781343884571|pages=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref> While Bahadur Shah granted Marathas sardeshmukhi of the Deccan, he failed to grant them [[chauth]] and thus to satisfy them fully. He also did not recognise Shahu as the rightful Maratha [[Chhatrapati]]. He thus let Tara Bai and Shahu fight for supremacy over the Maratha Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Bipan |author-link=Bipan Chandra |title=Modern India |date=1982 |location=New Delhi |publisher=NATIONAL COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING |page=10 }}</ref> The Battle of Khed would be a major development in the ensuing civil war.

== Battle of Khed ==
{{main|Battle of Khed}}

[[File:Shahu Chhatrapati.jpg|thumb|Chhatrapati Shahu I on horseback|left]]On his march from Pune to the field of Khed Kudus, Shahu faced resistance from the town of Parad(village in Jalna district), which had a small fortress from which a feeble cannonade was directed upon his forces by the Patil Sayaji Lokhande. The fortress was stormed and levelled to the ground, and the besieged were put to the sword. The Patil Sayaji's widow placed her son Ranoji in Shahu's palanquin. Shahu, who regarded this as his first victory, named the boy Fatesinh and adopted him as his own son.<ref name=":0"/>{{rp|14}} Upon reaching Khed, Shahu sneaked into Dhanaji Jadhav's camp in disguise and had an interview with Dhanaji's comptroller Naroram Ranga Rao, who held favour of his master.<ref name="wamanrao1932"/>{{rp|49}} Naroram represented the legitimacy of Shahu's claims to the Maratha throne and persuaded Dhanaji to espouse the right cause at the right time. Thereafter, Dhanaji also pledged his allegiance to Shahu. The Battle of Khed then took place on 12 October 1707 between the forces of Tarabai and Raja Shahu, who personally commanded his contingents. Tarabai's forces were led by Pratinidhi Parshuram Trymbak and Sarsenapati [[Khanderao Dabhade]] and suffered major casualties, while [[Dhanaji Jadhav]] only engaged in nominal skirmishes due to his prior oath of allegiance to Shahu. Shahu thus achieved a resounding victory causing Parshuram Trymbak Pratinidhi to flee to Satara Fort. Following the battle, Shahu visited the [[Khandoba]] Temple at [[Jejuri]] to pay homage and assumed the title "Kshatriyakulavatansa Sriyut Raja Shahu Chhatrapati".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126238/page/n81/mode/2up?q=mira Chhatrapatis Of Kolhapur] by M. Malgonkar, pg. 65</ref><ref name="wamanrao1932"/>{{rp|50}}
Shahu, riding on a wave of success, went on to capture Raigad, Torna, Vichitragad, and Chandan-Vandan forts, along with a few minor ones, in record time. Within a month of the Battle of Khed, he then appeared before Satara. Camped at the foot of [[Ajinkyatara|Satara Fort]], in almost the exact place where [[Aurangzeb]] had camped seven years earlier, Shahu sent off a peremptory demand to Tarabai's Pratinidhi to surrender the fort without resistance. However, since the latter would not yield, Shahu laid siege to it. Determined to conquer it in eight days, Shahu discovered that the military commander (Havaldar) of the fort, Sheikh Mira, had kept his family in Wai, a village not far from his camp. Shahu decided to apply a judicious ploy and threatened Sheikh Mira, saying that he would blow off the Sheikh's wife and children from the mouth of cannons if he did not surrender the fortress. Sheikh Mira then showed his readiness to do the bidding of Shahu. However, since the Pratinidhi resisted, Sheikh Mira, in a minor coup, threw him into prison and opened the gates to Shahu on 1 January 1708. It is said that even Dhanaji Jadhav, who had seen Aurangzeb’s vast army battering the fort of Satara for nine months before it capitulated, is said to have expressed surprise at the ease and rapidity with which Shahu managed to conquer it. Satara thus became the capital of Shahu's realms.

== Expansion ==

=== Consolidation ===
[[File:AjinkyataraEntrance Satara Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|Entrance of the [[Ajinkyatara|Ajinkyatara Fort]] ]]
[[Kanhoji Angre]] seized the opportunity of warring between Tarabai and Shahu to effectively free himself of the suzerainty of either. Instead, he captured the major trading centre of [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]], and the neighbouring forts of Rajmachi and Lohagad. Shahu sent a large force under his [[Peshwa]], or Prime Minister, [[Bahiroji Pingale]]. Kanhoji defeated Pingale, imprisoned him at Lohagad, and started to advance towards Shahu's capital of Satara. Shahu commanded his Senakarta [[Balaji Vishwanath]] to raise another standing army (Huzurat) to subdue opponents. Balaji preferred the path of negotiation and was appointed as Shahu's [[plenipotentiary]] to negotiate with the admiral. Balaji and Kanhoji met at [[Lonavala]]. The newly appointed Peshwa appealed to the old sailor's patriotism for the Maratha cause. Kanhoji Angre agreed to become the ''Sarkhel'' (grand admiral) of Shahu's navy with control of the Konkan. Balaji and Kanhoji then jointly attacked the Muslim Siddis of [[Janjira State|Janjira]]. Their combined contingents captured most of the Konkan coast, including Balaji's birthplace of Shrivardhan, which then became part of the Angre fiefdom. Delighted with Balaji's success, Shahu dismissed Bahiroji Pingale, and appointed Balaji Vishwanath as Peshwa on 16 November 1713.<ref name="kincaidparasnis">[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281273 A History Of The Maratha People Vol.II] by C. A. Kincaid and D. B. Parasnis</ref>{{rp|156}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haig L|first1=t-Colonel Sir Wolseley|title=The Cambridge History of India. Volume 3 (III). Turks and Afghans|date=1967|publisher=Cambridge University press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=9781343884571|pages=394|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22SAyYID+BROTHERS%22+balaji+vishwanath&pg=PA1|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref>

Upon the death of Athani's Maratha lord Himmat Bahadur Vithoji Chavan, his son [[Udaji Chavan]] succeeded to his fief and his title of Himmat Bahadur. During the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|Maratha-Mughal Wars]], Udaji's father had been a close friend of [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya|Ramchandra Amatya]], and Udaji had joined the faction of Tarabai (and thereby of her son Sambhaji). From his castle at [[Shirala|Battis Shirale]], Udaji frequently mounted raids in Shahu's territories, terming the exactions as the "Chavan Chauth". In the 1730s, after the death of [[Battle of Dabhoi|Senapati Trymbakrao Dabhade]] and Bajirao's distant campaigns, Udaji Chavan obtained sanction from Tarabai's son [[Sambhaji I of Kolhapur|Sambhaji]] to lead a force across the Warana river against Shahu. He pitched his camp at Shirol and began to plunder the countryside. Shahu, who was hunting in the neighborhood, sent for Udaji Chavan, promising him a safe conduct. After receiving bitter chiding by Shahu for his actions, Udaji Chavan decided to having him assassinated. A few days later, four assassins entered Shahu's tent, who was seated alone. Shahu was so indifferent to the danger posed by the assassins that the assassins lost heart and threw down their guns at his feet, pleading for mercy.{{CN|date=February 2025}} Shahu enquired about their employer and they admitted that they had been sent by Udaji Chavan. Shahu gave each of the assassins a gold bracelet, and made them pick up their arms and take them back to Udaji along with a certificate from himself that stated they were good and faithful servants while deciding to mount up the conflict against Sambhaji. Shambhusimha Jadhav and [[Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi|Pratinidhi]] launched a rapid assault on Sambhaji's camp at [[Warana River|Warana]] riverbanks and wiped out most of the Kolhapur army. All of Sambhaji’s military chest and stores were captured by the Pratinidhi. [[Tarabai]], Rajasbai, Sambhaji’s wife Jijabai, Bhagwantrao Ramchandra, and Vyankatrao Joshi were taken as prisoners to Chhatrapati Shahu who chivalrously sent Sambhaji’s mother and wife to [[Panhala Fort|Panhala]]. The dispirited Tarabai chose to reside with Shahu in the palace prepared for her at Satara, concluding her role in the civil war. Shahu's forces took [[Vishalgad]] next, compelling Sambhaji to agree to a conclusive treaty.<ref name="kincaidparasnis"/>{{rp|195–197}}

An open field known as the Jakhinwadi plain was chosen as the meeting place of the two cousins. Jakhinwadi was bedecked with pavilions and equipage of the nobles of Maharashtra, who on this occasion, vied with each other in the splendour of their trappings and the profusion of their jewelry. There were over 200,000 soldiers, alone with horses and countless baggage trains. On the appointed day, Shahu and Sambhaji set out from their respective camps on elephants with jewel-studded howdahs. When they came in sight of each other, their elephants kneeled and their riders left them to mount richly saddled Arab steeds. When the horses met, the two princes alighted. Sambhaji put his head on Shahu’s feet as a visible token of submission.<ref name="kincaidparasnis"/>{{rp|197–198}} Chhatrapati Shahu bent down and lifting up his cousin and embraced him. Then, Shahu and Sambhaji decked each other with golden coins and garlands of flowers bringing the ceremony to a close. The formal treaty was concluded two months later at Satara known as "Treaty of Warana", which terminated the Maratha Civil War, and made Kolhapur a firmly subordinate sector of Satara Chhatrapati's realm. Fatehsingh Bhonsle was ordered to escort Sambhaji back to Panhala. Shahu accompanied Sambhaji for eight miles, and the path was set ablaze with the jewels and silks of the Maratha nobles in the train of the two monarchs. According to scholar [[Charles Augustus Kincaid|C. A. Kincaid]]: "Even the splendours of the French nobles, when Henry met Francis on the [[Field of the Cloth of Gold]], would have paled before the magnificence of Sambhaji’s reception by Shahu."<ref name="kincaidparasnis"/>{{rp|198–199}}

=== Reign of Chhatrapati Shahu ===
[[File:Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj hunting with his Peshwa Balaji Bajirao.jpg|thumb|Shahu I accompanied by his [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao|Balaji Bajirao]] by Shivram Chitari

c. 1750 ]]
Over the next fifty years, Peshwa Balaji's son, [[Bajirao I]], and grandson, [[Balaji Bajirao]], expanded Maratha power in all directions of the Indian subcontinent on the order of Chatrapati Shahu I.<ref>Stein, B. (2010). A history of India (Vol. 10). John Wiley & Sons p. 187.</ref><ref>Gordon, S. (1993). The Marathas 1600–1818 (Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press, pages 121–130.</ref> The [[Battle of Palkhed]] was fought on 28 February 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Indian subcontinent|India]], between the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] and the [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]] of [[Hyderabad Deccan|Hyderabad]], wherein the Marathas defeated the Nizam.<ref name="Dictionary of battles">{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2007|page=770| isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 }}</ref> After the [[Battle of Bundelkhand]], the Marathas became major players in the [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab]].<ref name="GSC_2005">{{cite book |author=G.S.Chhabra |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA19 |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-89093-06-8 |pages=19–28 }}</ref> During Shahu's lifetime, Marathas conquered [[Bundelkhand]], [[Bundi]], [[Malwa]], [[Gujarat under the Mughal Empire|Gujarat]], [[Gwalior]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], and the [[Doab#The Doab|Ganga-Yamuna Doab]].

Shahu advanced the interests of the [[Ryot|ryots]] and brought barren tracts under cultivation, encouraged the plantation of trees, and relieved the suffering of the poor classes by abolishing irksome taxes.<ref name=":0"/>{{rp|277}}

Shahu, widely regarded as "Bhola Shankar" (benevolent incarnation of [[Shiva]]),<ref name="wamanrao1932"/>{{rp|171}} was reputed for his proverbial equitable disposition, and freely socialised with civilians. During festivals, celebrations, dinners, and marriage ceremonies, Shahu was famous for taking an active role and observing how his people fared. People across all classes felt entitled to invite him for their intimate life events like marriages or other celebrations, and he heartily joined them, spent for them, and aided them whenever help was needed. Shahu was titled "Punyashloke" (of pious legacy) by more than one contemporary writer. He was extolled for appointing qualified officers and delegating due authority while also censuring misdeeds appropriately. He appeared in public dressed in the same plain white garments as in private life, with long grey hairs which hung down gracefully on his shoulders. There was virtually nothing private about his life and he was approachable for any civilian. He travelled around his kingdom on horseback, or his palanquin with a slender retinue, with his secretary and clerks always accompanying him.<ref name=":0"/>{{rp|277}}

His daily routine was a permanent fixture. The poor had free access to him and received quick and impartial justice. He never disregarded any impromptu lowest-class applicants, and on his tours, he stopped his palanquin whenever he saw anyone appealing to him. As a rule, Shahu went out hunting every morning, which was his only exercise and mode of recreation. Breakfast was followed by office work, where the Chhatrapati carefully disposed of every matter that came before him, and patiently heard every petition that was submitted. At the [[Sandhyavandanam|lighting time]] in the evening, a full Court was held, after formal obeisance had first been made to [[Agni]]. Music and dancing concluded the day. It was computed that Chhatrapati Shahu passed orders on at least 500 matters or cases every day.<ref name=":0"/>{{rp|276–278}}<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Facsimile of the handwriting of Raja Shahu (1707-1748) 01.jpg|Letter of Shahu I written after the Siege of Bhupalgad. Shahu enjoins Bhavani Shankar and Khandoji Jadhavrao to lead a determined assault on the side of the Bijapur gate, the Chaukadi, and the Bukhari sides having been attacked by Fatehsingh and Yesaji Bhonsle respectively. c. 1738-39
File:Facsimile of the handwriting of Raja Shahu (1707-1748) 02.jpg|Siege of Bhupalgad letter
File:Chh Shahu I's handwriting in MoDi Script 1.jpg|Handwriting of Chhatrapati Shahu I
</gallery>

==Family==
[[File:Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj rare painting.jpg|thumb|358x358px|Portrait of Shahu c. 1719]]
Shahu had four wives, two sons, and four daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fatehsinh I Raje Sahib Bhonsle and Adoption (under India - Princely States: 1) |url=https://adoption.com/wiki/Fatehsinh_I_Raje_Sahib_Bhonsle_and_Adoption_(under_India_-_Princely_States:_1)|access-date=2020-09-19|website=adoption.com}}</ref>

His Shirke queens, Sakwarbai and Sagunabai, owned their own residences called 'Dareemi Mahal' and 'Dhakta Mahal', respectively. They had their own 'Chitnis/Chitnavis' ministers to look after their establishments. They derived their income from the 'watans', certain privileges and trade revenue being carried on in ports of Colaba district called 'Khadi of Kundalika'. They had also received 'Sanads' from the Chhatrapati to carry on the trade in different precious commodities such as fish, salt, rice, spices, and cocoa-nuts to and from their tax-free ports of Roha and Ashtami. Disturbances, attacks, and onslaughts by Abyssinians, Europeans were frequent. The queens were often requested to check the nefarious activities of many upstarts with military support. Accounts reveal that the queens were well informed of the events taking place on the Western Indian coast, and that they maintained close contact with influential Maratha Sardars and other figures like Brahmendra Swami to maintain their hold over the political situation of Konkan sphere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaidya |first=S. |title=Role of Sakwarbai & Sagunabai-Queens of Shahu in Maratha History 1730-49 |date=1966 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140447 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=28 |pages=311–318 |jstor=44140447 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

Shahu adopted [[Parvatibai|Parvati Kolhatkar]] when she was 3 years old. She was the daughter of a Konkanastha Brahmin mamledar of Pen, Raigad. He trained her in warfare and administration. He later had her married to [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] when she was 15 years old. Even though her father was alive, he performed her [[kanyadan]]. He also adopted two sons, Ranoji Lokhande who was renamed Fatehsinh I, and [[Rajaram II of Satara]] (who succeeded him as Ramaraja Chhatrapati). Rajaram II had been brought to him by Shahu's paternal aunt, [[Tarabai]], who initially claimed that the young man was her grandson and thus a descendant of Shivaji, but later disowned him as an imposter when he would not be a pawn for her politics. Ultimately, she admitted to his legitimacy in the presence of other Maratha Sardars.<ref name="BP_2000">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&pg=PA30 |title=Issues in Modern Indian History |editor=Biswamoy Pati |isbn=978-81-7154-658-9 |publisher=Popular |year=2000 |page=30 }}</ref> Due to the controversy of this event, after Shahu's death, Tarabai vengefully arrested Ramaraja Chhatrapati to take over Satara court. Thus, the executive powers were indirectly legitimised with the Pune-based [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Bajirao]].{{Sfn|Mehta|2005|p=181}}

Shahu had adopted Ranoji Lokhande, later known as Fatehsinh I Raje Sahib Bhonsle, the son of Meherban Sayaji Lokhande, the Patil of Parad Budruk(village in Jalna District now). Sayaji Patil had died in Chhatrapati Shahu's sack of Parad during the Maratha civil war, and his mother handed him over to Shahu who was seated on his palanquin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatehsinh I Raje Sahib Bhonsle and Adoption (under India - Princely States: 1) |url=https://adoption.com/wiki/Fatehsinh_I_Raje_Sahib_Bhonsle_and_Adoption_(under_India_-_Princely_States:_1) |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Adoption Wiki}}</ref> Fatehsinh thus became the first Raja of [[Akkalkot State|Akkalkot]] around the year 1708. Upon his adoption, Fatehsinh received the town of Akkalkot and surrounding areas. The descendants of Fatehsinh later went on to establish the [[Bhonsle|Lokhande Bhonsle]] dynasty in [[Akkalkot State|Akkalkot state]] of Maharashtra.

==Legacy, death and succession==
[[File:Chhatrapati Shahu I.jpg|thumb|Shahu I riding a horse |left]][[File:Emperor Shahu.jpg|left|thumb|Chhatrapati Shahu I issuing orders to Peshwa Balaji Bajirao]]Satara (Sapta Tara) was the name of the citadel, while the capital city below the fort was actually named Shahunagar. Shahu shifted his throne from the citadel to the city's Rangmahal Palace in 1721. He supplied the new city with good drinking water brought in pipes from the Mahadara and Yavteshvar hills. There was also a mint established in the city.

Shahu was fond of sports such as hunting wild game and shooting birds, and used to have a daily ride outside [[Satara (city)|Satara]] into the jungles for this purpose, thereby getting both fresh air and exercise. During the monsoon season this was accompanied by fishing. Shahu patronised singers, instrument-players, bards, and actors. He kept well-trained hounds and was particular about their pedigree. He was equally fond of well bred horses and birds, and knew their qualities and features. Rarities of various kinds such as candles, scents, knives, swords, tobacco, gunpowder used to be ordered by him through his admiral [[Kanhoji Angre]] from European traders. He also purchased elephant tusks. He was equally fond of good gardens, and ordered the planting of rare fruit and flower trees imported from different places.<ref name=":0"/>{{rp|278–279}}

Chhatrapati Shahu died on 15 December 1749 in Shahunagar. In his records after Shahu's death, Malhar Chitnis states, "He was a father and protector to young and old, to man and woman, to nobles and servants, great and small. Such a King never lived before. Under his government even criminals were not harshly treated. He had no enemy. Unprecedented lamentations were heard."<ref name=":0"/>{{rp|273–274}}

A statue of Chhatrapati Shahu was erected over his cremation spot.<ref name=":0"/>{{rp|274}}

Many stories were told of Shahu's lavish generosity, and his court would compare him with [[Karna]], a character of the Indian epic Mahabharata.<ref name="wamanrao1932"/>{{rp|172}}

[[Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Muzaffar Jang]], Nizam-ul-Mulk's grandson, is recorded to have spoken the following eulogy when he heard of Shahu's death. "Shahu at the Maratha Court, and Nizam-ul-mulk at the Mughal Court, are the only two great men, the like of whom is hardly to be met with. He carefully looked after the interests of his State: There has been no equal to him. He rightly deserves the title of "enemy-less" (Ajatashatru). By selecting right men for right duties Shahu increased the valour of his soldiers and giving them ample field for expansion, extended the Maratha dominions in all quarters of India, thus fulfilling the ardent wishes of his grandfather [[Shivaji]]. One peculiar trait of Shahu's character was that he felt the highest pleasure in making others happy, not only his dependents and subjects, but even aliens in race, religion and rule. Himself living a plain frugal ascetic's life, he felt highly rejoiced in seeing people enjoying their various trades and avocations. Indeed he could be called a saint in this respect. Even when faced with murderers that came to attack him, he let them go unpunished and thus created a genuine feeling of reverence for his personality in the minds of the public."<ref name=":0"/>{{rp|276–277}}

At that time of his death, his widow Sakvarbai and his concubines committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]] because of political intrigues between Tarabai and Peshwa [[Balaji Baji Rao]] regarding succession at the Satara court.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YSU9Qp9w0MC|title=Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion|last=Feldhaus|first=Anne|date=1996-03-21|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791428382|language=en|pages=181–188|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324034030/https://books.google.com/books?id=1YSU9Qp9w0MC|archive-date=2018-03-24}}</ref> His adopted son [[Rajaram II of Satara]], claimed by [[Tarabai]] to be her grandson, succeeded the Satara throne. However, actual power was held first by Tarabai, and then by Peshwa [[Balaji Baji Rao]].<ref name="BP_2000" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC|first=Jaswant Lal|last=Mehta|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=2005|isbn = 9781932705546}}

==External links==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_475.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India], v. 2, p. 441.
* Kasar, D.B. Rigveda to Raigarh making of Shivaji the great, Mumbai: Manudevi Prakashan, Rs. 165 (2005).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071205235146/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Solapur/places_Akkalkot.html Akkalkot, Solapur district gazette] on the [[Internet Archive]]

{{commons category|Shahu I}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Shivaji II]]
| title = [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy]]
| years = 1707–1749
| after = [[Rajaram II of Satara]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahu, Chattrapati}}
[[Category:1682 births|Chattrapati Shahuji]]
[[Category:1749 deaths|Chattrapati Shahuji]]
[[Category:Rajas of Satara]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Maratha kings]]

Wilson Mazarello

2026-03-15T09:04:50Z

Sergkwi: added data...

{{short description|Indian singer and writer (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Wilson Mazarello
| image = Wilson Mazarello, WilMix, Konkani tiatrist (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mazarello in 2016
| birth_name = Wilson Constantino Vicente Mazarelo
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|7|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Velim, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| other_names = Wilmix
| spouse = [[Sharon Mazarello]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (since 2017)
| otherparty = [[Goa Su-Raj Party]] (till 2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson Mazarello quits Goa Su-Raj Party |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/wilson-mazarello-quits-goa-suraj-party/28357.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109204041/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/wilson-mazarello-quits-goa-suraj-party/28357.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|writer|playwright|politician|historian|[[film producer|producer]]}}
| years_active = 1970–present<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xchr.in/2016/04/21/history-hour-98-personal-experiences-of-a-konkani-tiatrist-by-wilmix-held-on-thursday-21st-april-2016/|title=History Hour 98 – Personal Experiences of a Konkani Tiatrist by Wilmix held on Thursday, 21st April, 2016. |date=21 April 2016 |website=Xavier Centre Of Historical Research|access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.fromgoawithlove.com}}
}}

'''Wilson Vincent Mazarello''' (born '''Wilson Constantino Vicente Mazarelo'''; 19 July 1946), also known as '''Wilmix''', is an Indian singer, writer, playwright, and politician known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Mazarello received his early education in Portuguese (''Pimeiro - Gravo'') at Velim before moving to [[Bombay]] to continue his studies in English.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |language=en |access-date=2024-01-09 |archive-date=2023-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230133546/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> From an early age, Mazarello displayed a keen interest in singing. He would save his money to attend ''[[tiatr]]'' performances, a popular form of theatre in [[Goa]]. Although his parents also participated in local shows, they were determined for their son to receive a good education and pursue a successful career.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2020-03-08 |title=In accord with the stage – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/03/08/magazines/buzz/in-accord-with-the-stage/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Despite their wishes, Mazarello continued to nurture his passion for ''tiatr'' by contributing through songwriting, but he did not actively pursue acting in these productions. After completing a bachelor's degree in science from [[Bombay University]], he embarked on a career in Bombay. Mazarello furthered his education by studying [[Business Management]] & [[International Marketing]], eventually rising through the ranks to become an export manager in a [[pharmaceutical company]]. This position afforded him the opportunity to travel extensively to various countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia for business purposes.<ref name=":1" /> During his time at St. Xavier's College, Mazarello served as the president of the Konkani Mandal for two years. One of his achievements during his tenure was the establishment of a library dedicated to [[Konkani literature]] at the college.<ref name=":0" /> Mazarello held great admiration for the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor A. R. Souza Ferrao, and it was during his family's relocation to Bombay that he had the chance to closely observe and appreciate the intricacies of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2013-09-22 |title=Pathbreaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pathbreaker/articleshow/22869749.cms |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109153326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pathbreaker/articleshow/22869749.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Mazarello is the owner of Rhythm House music shop in [[Margao]], Mazarello has fostered connections with ''[[tiatrist]]s'' such as [[M. Boyer]], [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]], [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], and [[C. Alvares]], commemorating their presence through life-size cut-outs displayed at his establishment. Marcus Mergulhao, from ''[[The Times of India]]'', hails Mazarello as a distinctive and atypical ''tiatrist'' with a unique command over words.<ref name=":2" />

Mazarello is known for his significant contribution to the preservation of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' by publishing a comprehensive book titled ''100 Years of the Konkani Tiatro'' in 2000.<ref name=":0" /> This meticulously crafted 406-page volume serves as a definitive resource, chronicling the rich history of [[Goan]] ''tiatr''. It contains printed versions of ''tiatr'' [[handbill]]s dating back to the 1800s, complemented by photographs of renowned ''tiatrists'', important historical dates, significant landmarks, and valuable information about the pioneers and contributors who have shaped ''tiatr'' culture. Mazarello's accomplishments extend beyond the literary realm. Alongside his wife [[Sharon Mazarello]], he achieved international recognition by securing a place in [[The Guinness Book of World Records]]. Their feat involved participating in the longest non-stop singing marathon of choral groups, known as Konkani ''Nirontari'', held at the prestigious Kala Angan in [[Mangalore]]. Their performance lasted an astounding 49 hours, surpassing a previous record held by a Brazilian group. The authenticity of their achievement was duly verified by Guinness officials.<ref name=":2" />

Not only has Mazarello made contributions to the literary and performance aspects of ''tiatr'', but he has also ventured into the realm of [[children's literature]]. He published a book of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stories designed for young readers, evoking a sense of nostalgia akin to the tales passed down by grandparents. Additionally, as of 2013, Mazarello was engaged in writing his [[autobiography]], a project that, if had completed within 2014, would have had mark a pioneering endeavor as the first ''[[tiatrist]]'' to chronicle his own life story. Mazarello's artistic prowess extends to the stage, where he has excelled as a performer. He is widely known as '''Wilmix''', the founder of the popular Wilmix trio. During the 1980s, this [[Trio (music)|trio]] played a pivotal role in reviving the trio-culture.<ref name=":1" />

===WILMIX trio (1980s–1990)===
Mazarello and his wife Sharon have established themselves as highly sought-after duet performers in the Konkani music industry. Mazarello's journey as a performer began after completing his college education, when he developed a strong aspiration to showcase his singing abilities on stage. Recognizing his talent, Mazarello sought a platform to launch his career but encountered challenges due to his limited industry connections. During this time, Mazarello's primary contact was Fr Avertano Nazareth, a priest associated with Dabul church, who had connections with [[Frank Fernand]], a Konkani music composer known for his work in movies such as ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' and ''[[Nirmonn]]''.<ref name=":2" /> Mazarello, due to professional obligations and personal commitments, was unable to actively participate in stage performances. Nonetheless, he maintained a keen interest in dramas and diligently followed the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] weeklies, which served as a platform for advertisements and news related to ''[[tiatr]]'', a popular form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]. It was during this time that Mazarello encountered an advertisement for a musical show called ''Bekar Patrao'', composed by Frank Fernand.<ref name=":1" />

Intrigued by the opportunity, Mazarello sought out Rico Rod, the individual responsible for overseeing the artists and skits involved in the production. With the guidance of Fr. Avertano Nazareth, Mazarello, who was also studying [[solfeggio]], was introduced to Aniceto Fernandes, the publisher of a prominent Konkani weekly. Through these connections, Mazarello managed to establish contact with Rico Rod, who agreed to include him in a trio performance, provided that Mazarello arranged his own singers. Despite the challenges involved, Mazarello persevered and successfully enlisted two of his friends as fellow vocalists. The trio's performance garnered resounding applause, prompting one influential musician to express the sentiment that the Konkani stage would benefit from the addition of more such talented individuals. The show itself was presented in seven different locations, further extending their reach.<ref name=":1" />

Despite his lack of personal acquaintances in the singing community, Mazarello persisted in his search and successfully formed a trio comprising Xavier and Michael. All three members were talented but relatively inexperienced amateurs. Before they could perform on stage, they underwent auditions where they had to impress the director with their skills. The trio rehearsed at local venues called the ''Kudds'' (Goan clubs), utilizing trunks as a makeshift stage and utilizing fellow members as an audience. Through consistent practice, their confidence steadily grew. During the audition, the trio delivered a memorable performance. Despite their amateur status, their voices, synchronized movements, and compelling body language left an impression on the senior ''tiatrists'' who were present. Frank Fernandes, overseeing the auditions, was particularly enthused by their talent. When the trio finally made their stage debut, they received an overwhelmingly positive response from the audience, resulting in three additional [[encore]]s. Mazarello's talent and dedication caught the attention of [[C. Alvares]], a Konkani actor and singer in the ''tiatr'' industry. Interestingly, Mazarello's introduction to Alvares was facilitated by his not-so-friendly neighbor in [[Pali Hill]], [[Bandra]]. Alvares recognized Mazarello's potential and became his mentor, providing invaluable guidance and insights into the art of acting.<ref name=":2" />

Subsequently, Mazarello's path crossed with that of [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], a [[showman]] who happened to be searching for a trio to feature in the ''tiatr'' production titled ''Upkar Naslolo''. Seizing the opportunity, the trio rendered two songs in the show. Regrettably, due to their work commitments, they were unable to participate in the subsequent Goa tour. However, four years later, they seized the chance to perform in [[Goa]] and captivated the audience with their trio performances on social issues, incorporating both serious and humorous elements. This marked a turning point in their careers, propelling them to collaborate with other esteemed directors such as [[C. Alvares]], Robin Vaz, Alfred Rose, and A. R. Souza Ferrao. Notably, when Mazarello unveiled his own drama, ''Tiatrist'', Souza Ferrao had the distinct honor of acting in the production-an experience he described as a tremendous privilege.<ref name=":1" />

===Trio disbandment; further growth===
Mazarello embarked on a new artistic endeavor after the dissolution of the successful Wilmix trio. Teaming up with his wife, Sharon, whose talent he had recognized and admired, Mazarello expanded his creative horizons both on and off the stage. With an extensive body of work, he produced 27 audio albums, authored over 40 plays, and composed a myriad of songs for ''tiatr'' performances, collaborating with established and emerging tiatrists alike. Mazarello's musical compositions garnered acclaim, with several of his songs reaching the top of the Akashwani Radio charts in [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. Pieces such as 'CID Maim, 'Sousarant Dev Aila, 'Absent Minded Professor,' 'Chint Munxya, 'Moddgonvam Prasar' (in collaboration with Sharon), and 'Pavsacho Dis' have endured the test of time. Mazarello's musical influence extended beyond local boundaries, as his songs resonated with audiences in Brazil through Radio Brazil broadcasts, while Radio Ceylon also aired his compositions. Over the course of his four-decade-long career, Mazarello amassed a record of approximately 3,500 theater performances.<ref name=":2" />

In September 2013, Mazarello joined the cast of Sao Gonsalo Dramatic Troupe's production ''Tuka Kitem Meulem''' (What did you get?) and Tomazinho Cardozo's ''Hello Uncle''. The following month, he participated in Anil Pednekar's ''tiatr Xik'ko''. Additionally, Mazarello gained recognition for his thought-provoking self-penned ''tiatrs'', including ''Sukthi- Bhorti'' (The ebb and the tide) and ''Durig'' (Wall). Despite the disbandment of Wilmix in 1990, the group's legacy endured, with Mazarello, as the leader, being affectionately referred to as Wilmix by [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] enthusiasts. Out of respect for the group's enduring popularity and the deep connection to the name, Mazarello opted to retain the name, feeling a sense of responsibility to uphold its legacy and ensure its continued recognition.<ref name=":2" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1980s
|''Upkar Naslolo''
|Singer
|As WILMIX trio
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|
|''Tiatrist''
|Director
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2013
|''Tuka Kitem Meulem''
|Mr. Ferrao
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=J. P. |date=2013-09-21 |title='Tuka Kitem Meulem' Guptchari (detective) kannier adarlolo tiatr |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/21sept_amcho_avaz |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526084226/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/21sept_amcho_avaz |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''Hello Uncle''
|Singer
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=J. P. |date=2013-08-31 |title='Hello Uncle' 'A delightfully different tiatr' |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/31aug_amcho_avaz |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=gom}}</ref>
|-
|''Xik'ko''
|Singer & actor
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1974–1975 |title=KALA ACADEMY GOA 1st Tiatr 'A' Group Competition 1974–1975 |url=https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Kala Academy Goa |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055954/https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilmix Wilson |year=1993|title=Sukti-Bhorti |location=[[Volvoi]], Goa, India |publisher=Apurbai Prakashan}}
*{{cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilmix Wilson |year=2000|title=Durig |location=[[Navelim]], Goa, India |publisher=Shri Hari Prakashana}}
*{{cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilmix Wilson |year=2000 |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |location=[[Panaji, Goa]], India |publisher=Directorate of Art & Culture, [[Government of Goa]]|oclc=71174491}}
*{{cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilmix Wilson |year=2018|title=Konkani Khell Tiatr|location=Panaji, Goa, India |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |editor=Edward D'Lima }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazarello, Wilson}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Goa]]

Xuanzang

2026-03-10T06:27:37Z

Sergkwi: quick update

{{Short description|Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar (602–664)}}
{{about|the historical Buddhist monk|the fictional character based on him|Tang Sanzang|the 2016 film|Xuanzang (film)}}
{{Redirect|Hun Sang|the former prime minister of Cambodia|Hun Sen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Xuanzang
| native_name = 玄奘
| native_name_lang = zh
| image = Xuanzang w.jpg
| caption = 14th-century painting of Xuanzang{{snd}}Japan, [[Kamakura period]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|602|4|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Luoyang]], [[Sui dynasty]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|664|2|5|602|4|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Tongchuan]], [[Tang dynasty]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
| denomination = [[Mahayana]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Buddhist monk]]|scholar|translator|pilgrim|traveller}}
| era = [[Tang dynasty]]
| education = {{plainlist|
* Jingtu Monastery
* [[Nalanda]]
}}
| school = [[East Asian Yogācāra]]
| dharma_name = Mokṣadeva
| monastic_name = Xuanzang
| teachers = [[Śīlabhadra]]
| students = [[Kuiji]]
| notable_works = ''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]''
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| c = 玄奘
| p = Xuánzàng
| w = {{tonesup|Hsüan2-tsang4}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|x|üan|2|.|z|ang|4}}
| y = Yùhnjohng
| j = Jyun4-zong6
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|j|yun|4|-|z|ong|6}}
| tl = Hiân-tsòng
| h = Hian2-tsong4
| wuu = Yeu-tsaõ
| mc = ɣwen-dzáng
| san = ह्वे॒न् साङ्, मोक्षदेवः
| altname = Chen Hui{{efn|
There is some dispute over the Chinese character for Xuanzang's given name at birth.
Historical records provide two different characters, {{lang|zh|褘}} and {{lang|zh|禕}},
with different pronunciations: {{tlit|zh|Huī}} and {{tlit|zh|Yī}} respectively.
}}
| t2 = 陳褘
| s2 = 陈袆
| p2 = Chén Huī
| w2 = {{tonesup|Chʻen2 Hui1}}
| t3 = 陳禕
| s3 = 陈祎
| p3 = Chén Yī
| w3 = {{tonesup|Chʻen2 I1}}
}}

'''Xuanzang''' ({{zh|c=玄奘|w=Hsüen Tsang}}; {{IPAc-cmn|x|üan|2|.|z|ang|4}}; 6 April 602{{snd}}5 February 664), born '''Chen Hui''' or '''Chen Yi''' ({{lang|zh|陳褘}}{{\}}{{lang|zh|陳禕}}), also known by his Sanskrit [[Dharma name]] '''Mokṣadeva''',<ref name=":2" /> was a 7th-century Chinese [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]], scholar, traveller, and translator. He is known for the epoch-making contributions to [[Chinese Buddhism]], the travelogue of his journey to the [[Indian subcontinent]] in 629–645, his efforts to bring at least 657 Indian texts to China, and his translations of some of these texts.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=xiii-xiv}} He was only able to translate 75 distinct sections of a total of 1,335 chapters, but his translations included some of the most important [[Mahayana]] scriptures.<ref name=":2">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2023 |title=Xuanzang |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xuanzang |access-date=2023-05-22 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316071450/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xuanzang |url-status=live }}</ref>

Xuanzang was born on 6 April 602 in Chenliu, near present-day [[Luoyang]], in [[Henan]] province of China. As a boy, he took to reading religious books, and studying the ideas therein with his father. Like his elder brother, he became a student of Buddhist studies at Jingtu monastery. Xuanzang was ordained as a ''[[śrāmaṇera]]'' (novice monk) at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the [[Sui dynasty]], he went with his brother 300 miles south to [[Chengdu]] in the current-day province of [[Sichuan]], where he was ordained as a ''[[bhikkhu|bhikṣu]]'' (full monk) at the age of twenty, studying Buddhist texts and practices at the monastery.

He later travelled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to [[Chang'an]], then under the peaceful rule of [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]], where Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wriggins|first1=Sally|title=The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang|date=27 November 2003|publisher=Westview |location=New York|isbn=978-0813365992}}</ref> He knew about [[Faxian]]'s visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the [[Buddhist texts]] that had reached China. He was also concerned about the competing Buddhist theories in variant Chinese translations. He sought original untranslated Sanskrit texts from India to help resolve some of these issues.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=xiii-xiv}}

At age 27, he began his seventeen-year overland journey to India. He defied his nation's ban on travel abroad, making his way through central Asian cities such as [[Hotan|Khotan]] to India. He visited, among other places, the famed [[Nalanda mahavihara|Nalanda University]] in modern day [[Bihar]], India, where he studied with the monk [[Śīlabhadra]]. He departed from India with numerous Sanskrit texts on a caravan of twenty packhorses. His return was welcomed by Emperor Taizong in China, who encouraged him to write a travelogue.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=xiii-xiv}}

This Chinese travelogue, titled the ''[[Records of the Western Regions]]'', is a notable source about Xuanzang, and also for scholarship on 7th-century India and Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&q=Xuanzang&pg=PA563|first=Upinder |last=Singh|year=2008|publisher=Pearson|page=563|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|access-date=7 October 2020}}</ref> His travelogue is a mix of the implausible, the hearsay and a firsthand account.<ref name="gosch" /> Selections from it are used, and disputed,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Deeg |first=Max |title=How to Create a Great Monastery: Xuanzang’s Foundation Legend of Nālandā in Its Indian Context | journal=Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies |publisher=Cambria |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2020 |issn=2576-2923 |doi=10.15239/hijbs.03.01.07 |doi-access=free |pages=228–258 |quote=Xuanzang's Datang Xiyu ji has been and is notoriously used for the reconstruction of South Asian history and the history of Buddhism in India. Very often Xuanzang's information is either dismissed because it does not corroborate or even contradicts the facts in Indian sources, or is used to overwrite these sources.}}</ref> as a ''[[terminus ante quem]]'' of 645 for events, names and texts he mentions. His text in turn provided the inspiration for the novel ''[[Journey to the West]]'' written by [[Wu Cheng'en]] during the [[Ming dynasty]], around nine centuries after Xuanzang's death.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage |page=62 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rLUbuZLiaIC&pg=PA62 |last=Cao |first=Shibang |editor-last=Wang |editor-first=Chichhung |access-date=2 February 2014 |chapter=Fact versus Fiction: From Record of the Western Regions to Journey to the West|year=2006 |publisher=Rhythms Monthly |isbn=978-986-81419-8-8}}</ref>

==Names==
Common names used for Xuanzang include:
*Xuanzang ({{CJKV|t=玄奘|s=玄奘|p=Xuánzàng|w=Hsüan-tsang|cy=Yùhnjohng|v=Huyền Trang|r=Genjō|rr=Hyeonjang}}, [[McCune–Reischauer]]: {{transliteration|ko|MR|Hyŏnjang}}.)
*Tang Dynasty Tripiṭaka Master ({{CJKV|t=唐三藏|s=唐三藏|p=Táng Sānzàng|w=T‘ang San-tsang|cy=Tòhng Sāamjohng|v=Đường Tam Tạng|r=Tō-Sanzō|rr=Dang-samjang}}, [[McCune–Reischauer]]: {{transliteration|ko|MR|Tang-samjang}}.)
*Tripiṭaka Master Xuanzang ({{CJKV|t=玄奘三藏|s=玄奘三藏|p=Xuánzàng Sānzàng|w=Hsüan-tsang San-tsang|cy=Yùhnjohng Sāamjohng|v=Huyền Trang Tam Tạng|r=Genjō-sanzō|rr=Hyeonjang-samjang}}, [[McCune–Reischauer]]: {{transliteration|ko|MR|Hyŏnjang-samjang}}.)
*Great Master Xuanzang ({{CJKV|t=玄奘大師|s=玄奘大师|p=Xuánzàng Dàshī|w=Hsüan-tsang Ta-shih|cy=Yùhnjohng Daaihsī|v=Huyền Trang Đại Sư|r=Genjō-daishi|rr=Hyeonjang-daesa |l=}}, [[McCune–Reischauer]]: {{transliteration|ko|MR|Hyŏnjang-taesa}}.)
*Tang Dynasty Monk ({{CJKV|t=唐僧|s=唐僧|p=Táng Sēng|w=T‘ang Seng|cy=Tòhng Jāng|v=Đường Tăng'|r=Tōsō|rr=Dangseung |l=}}, [[McCune–Reischauer]]: {{transliteration|ko|MR|Tangsŭng}}.){{efn|Less common [[romanization]]s of "Xuanzang" include Hyun Tsan, Hhuen Kwan, Hiuan Tsang, Hiouen Thsang, Hiuen Tsang, Hiuen Tsiang, Hsien-tsang, Hsyan-tsang, Hsuan Chwang, Huan Chwang, Hsuan Tsiang, Hwen Thsang, Hsüan Chwang, Hhüen Kwān, Xuan Cang, Xuan Zang, Shuen Shang, Yuan Chang, Yuan Chwang, and Yuen Chwang. Hsüan, Hüan, Huan and Chuang are also found. The sound written ''x'' in [[pinyin]] and ''hs'' in [[Wade–Giles]], which represents the s- or sh-like [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|[ɕ]]] in today's Mandarin, was previously pronounced as the h-like [[Voiceless velar fricative|[x]]] in early Mandarin, which accounts for the archaic transliterations with ''h''.}}

Another form of his official style was "Yuanzang", written {{lang|zh|元奘}}. It is this form that accounts for such variants as Yuan Chang, Yuan Chwang, and Yuen Chwang.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rhys Davids|first1=T. W.|title=On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India 629–645 A.D.|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924071132769|date=1904|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|location=London|pages=xi–xii}}</ref>

Tang Monk (Tang Seng) is also transliterated {{tlit|zh|Thang Seng}}.<ref>Christie 123, 126, 130, and 141</ref>

Another of Xuanzang's standard aliases is Sanzang Fashi ({{zh|t=三藏法師|s=三藏法师|p=Sānzàngfǎshī|l=Sanzang Dharma (or Law) Teacher}}): [[wikt:法|法]] being a Chinese translation for [[Sanskrit]] "[[Dharma]]" or [[Pali]]/[[Prakrit]] ''Dhamma'', the implied meaning being "Buddhism".

"Sanzang" is the Chinese term for the Buddhist canon, or [[Tripiṭaka]] ("Three Baskets"), and in some English-language fiction and English translations of ''[[Journey to the West]]'', Xuanzang is addressed as "Tripitaka."{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}

== Early life ==
{{Buddhism and China}}
Xuanzang was born Chen Hui (or Chen Yi) on 6 April 602 CE in Chenhe Village, Goushi Town ({{lang|zh|緱氏鎮}}), Luozhou (near present-day [[Luoyang]], [[Henan]]).<ref name="Wriggins7 193">Wriggins 1996, pp. 7, 193</ref> His family was noted for its erudition for generations, and Xuanzang was the youngest of four children.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=xiii-xiv}} His ancestor was [[Chen Shi (Han dynasty)|Chen Shi]] (104–186), a minister of the [[Han dynasty#Eastern Han|Eastern Han dynasty]]. His great-grandfather Chen Qin ({{lang|zh|陳欽}}) served as the prefect of Shangdang ({{lang|zh|上黨}}; present-day [[Changzhi]], [[Shanxi]]) during the [[Eastern Wei]]; his grandfather Chen Kang ({{lang|zh|陳康}}) was a professor in the [[Taixue]] (Imperial Academy) during the [[Northern Qi]]. His father Chen Hui ({{lang|zh|陳惠}}) served as the magistrate of [[Jiangling County]] during the [[Sui dynasty]]. According to traditional biographies, Xuanzang displayed a superb intelligence and earnestness, studied with his father, and amazed him by his careful observance of [[filial piety]] after one such study about that topic.<ref name=rongxitranslbio>Li Rongxi (1995), ''A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty'', Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, {{ISBN|1-886439-00-1}}, pp. 12-15</ref>

His elder brother was already a monk in a Buddhist monastery. Inspired, at a young age, Xuanzang expressed interest in becoming a [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] like his brother. After the death of his father in 611, he lived with his older brother Chen Su ({{lang|zh|陳素}}), later known as Zhangjie ({{lang|zh|長捷}}), for five years at Jingtu Monastery ({{zh|t=淨土寺}}) in [[Luoyang]], supported by the Sui state. During this time he studied [[Mahayana]] as well as various [[early Buddhist schools]].<ref name=rongxitranslbio/>

In 618, the Sui Dynasty collapsed and Xuanzang and his brother fled to [[Chang'an]], which had been proclaimed as the capital of the [[Tang dynasty]], and thence 300 miles southward to [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]]. Here the two brothers spent two or three years in further study in the monastery of Kong Hui, including the ''[[Abhidharma-kosa|Abhidharma-kośa Śāstra]]''. The abbot Zheng Shanguo allowed Xuanzang to study these advanced subjects though he was young.<ref name=rongxitranslbio2>Li Rongxi (1995), ''A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty'', Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, {{ISBN|1-886439-00-1}}, pp. 13-17</ref>

Taking the monastic name Xuanzang, he was fully ordained as a monk in 622, at the age of twenty.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Der Huey |title=Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang) (602—664) |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/xuanzang/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728023150/http://www.iep.utm.edu/xuanzang/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The myriad contradictions and discrepancies in the Chinese translations at that time prompted Xuanzang to decide to go to India and study in the cradle of Buddhism. He knew about [[Faxian]]'s visit to India and, like him, sought original untranslated Sanskrit texts from India to help resolve some of these issues.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=xiii-xiv}}

== Pilgrimage ==
===Dates===
Xuanzang started his pilgrimage to India in either 627 or 629 CE, according to two East Asian versions. The 627 CE version is found in ''Guang hongming ji'' from Daoxun and is also in Japanese and Korean texts. The 629 CE is found in Chinese and western versions. This confusion, though merely of two years, is of significance to western history.<ref name=ev/>

The date when Xuanzang's pilgrimage started is not resolved in any of the texts that Xuanzang himself wrote. Further, he did not write his own biography or travelogue, rather he recited it to his fellow monks after his return from India. Three of his immediate collaborators wrote his biography, and thus leaving three versions and with variant details. All three of these versions begin his pilgrimage in 629 CE.

Yet, one version by Huili, states that Xuanzang met Yabghu Qaghan, someone who died in 628 CE according to Persian and Turkish records. If this detail in Xuanzang's biography and Persian-Turkish records are true, then Xuanzang must have left before Qaghan's death, or in 627 CE. In other words, some of the details in the surviving versions of Xuanzang biography were invented or a paleographic confusion introduced an error, or the Persian-Turkish records are unreliable. The Japanese version is based on 8th to 10th-century translations of texts that ultimately came from Xuanzang's monastery, which unfortunately has added to the confusion. Most sources state that Xuanzang started his pilgrimage in 629 CE.<ref name="ev">[[Étienne de la Vaissière]] (2010), "Note sur la chronologie du voyage de Xuanzang." [[Journal Asiatique]], Vol. 298, No. 1, pp. 157–168 (in French)</ref>

===Travel through Central Asia===
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Purpose of journey'''
<poem>
The purpose of my journey is not to obtain personal
offerings. It is because I regretted, in my country,
the Buddhist doctrine was imperfect and the scriptures were
incomplete. Having many doubts, I wish to go and find out
the truth, and so I decided to travel to the West at the
risk of my life in order to seek for the teachings of
which I have not yet heard, so that the Dew of
the Mahayana sutras would have not only been sprinkled at
Kapilavastu, but the sublime truth may also be known in
the eastern country.
</poem>
|source = —''Xuanzang'' (Translator: Li Yung-hsi){{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|p=28}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}

==== Kingdom of Agni ====
In 630 CE, he arrived in the kingdom of Agni{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=36–43}}{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=16-17}} (Yanqi, in a place called [[Turpan]]). Here he met the king, a Buddhist along with his uncle Jnanachandra and precept Mokshagupta, who tried to persuade him to quit his journey and teach them Buddhist knowledge. He declined and they equipped him further for his travels with letters of introduction and valuables to serve as funds. Xuanzang observed that the country of Agni had more than ten monasteries following the [[Sarvastivada]] school of [[Hinayana]] Buddhism, with two thousand monks who ate "[[Three-fold purity of meat|three kinds of pure meat]]" with other foods, rather than [[Buddhist vegetarianism|vegetarian]] food only that would be consistent with Mahayana Buddhist teachings. Therefore, the Buddhists in this country had stagnated in their Buddhist teachings.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=36–43}}{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=16-17}}

==== Kingdom of Kuchi ====
Moving further westward, Xuanzang met about two thousand Turkic robbers on horses. The robbers began fighting with each other on how to fairly divide the loot. After the loot had thus been lost, they dispersed.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=36–43}} Xuanzang thereafter reached the country of [[Kucha|Kuchi]]. This country of 1000 li by 600 li, had over one hundred monasteries with five thousand monks following the Sarvastivada school of Hinayana Buddhism, and studying its texts in "original Indian language".{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=17-18}}

Xuanzang writes of a dragon race and a region where water dragons metamorphose into horses to mate and create dragon-horses, also into men and mating with women nearby, creating dragon-men who could run as fast as the dragon-horses. These were men who will have massacred an entire city, leaving the place deserted.".{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=17-18}}

==== Baluka and other kingdoms ====
Further west he passed [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]] before turning northwest to cross the Tian Shan and then [[Tokmak, Uzbekistan|Tokmak]] on its northwest. He met the great [[Khagan]] of the [[Göktürks]]. After a feast, Xuanzang continued west then southwest to [[Tashkent]], capital of modern [[Uzbekistan]]. Xuanzang describes more monasteries, such as the Eastern Cakuri monastery and Ascarya monastery, with Buddha's footprints and Buddha idols. According to Xuanzang's accounts, mystical light emanated from Buddha's footprints on "fast days". In the country of Baluka, the [[Sarvastivada]] school of [[Hinayana]] Buddhism was in vogue. He crossed the countries of Samarkand, Mimohe, Kaputana, Kusanika, Bukhara, Betik, Horismika and Tukhara. These had cities near rivers or lakes, then vast regions with no inhabitants, little water or grass. He describes warring factions of Turk chieftains in control, with "illness and pestilence" rampant.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=18-27}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=36–48}}

From here, he crossed a desert, icy valleys and the [[Pamir range]] (which link [[Tian Shan]], [[Karakoram]], [[Kunlun Mountains|Kunlun]], [[Hindu Kush|Uparisyena]] and the [[Himalayas|Himalaya]] mountain ranges). Here, observed Xuanzang, the wind is cold and "blows with a piercing vehemence" (Li Rongxi translation). Ferocious dragons live here and trouble the travellers particularly those who wear "reddish brown" color clothes. Thereafter, he crossed past a salty sea, one narrow from north to south and long from east to west, he calls the Great Pure Lake. He describes supernatural monsters, fishes and dragons living in this lake. The Xuanzang travelogues then rush through the names of many countries, stating that more details are provided in the return part of his journey, as he crosses into country of [[Bactria|Bactra]] (modern [[Balkh Province|Balkh]]). He adds that the Hinayana Buddhist schools were followed in all these regions.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=18-27}}

In the capital of the country of Bactra, states Xuanzang, is a monastery with a Buddha's idol decorated with jewels and its halls studded with rare precious substances. The Buddhist monastery also has an image of [[Vaishravana]] deity as its guardian. The monastery and the capital attracts repeated raids from the Turk chieftains who seek to loot these precious jewels. This monastery has a large bathing pot that looks dazzlingly brilliant and has a Buddha's tooth relic and Buddha's broom made of "kasa grass". Outside is a vihara built ages ago, and many [[stupa]]s to honor the ''[[arhat]]s'' (Buddhist saints).{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=25-32}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=36–48}}

==== Kingdom of Bamiyana ====
South of Bactra is the country of Kacik, then the Great Snow Mountains with valleys "infested with gangs of brigands" (Li Rongxi translation). Crossing this pass, thereafter is the country of [[Bamyan|Bamiyana]] (a part of modern [[Afghanistan]]).{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=25-32}} There, state his travelogue is a colossal statue of standing Buddha, carved from a rock in the mountains, some one hundred and forty feet tall and decorated with gems. This valley has Buddhist monasteries, and also a colossal copper statue of the Buddha, that is over a hundred foot tall. He was told that it was cast in separate parts and then joined up together. To the east of a monastery in the Bamiyana valley was a [[Reclining Buddha]] entering [[Parinirvana]] that was over one thousand foot long. The people and the king of this valley serve the Buddhist monks, records Xuanzang.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=25-32}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=53–55}}

[[File:Buddhas of Bamiyan 1885.jpg|thumb|left|Xuanzang describes [[Bamiyan Buddha|colossal Buddhas]] carved into the rocks of Bamiyan region (above: 19th-century sketch, destroyed by the [[Taliban]] in 2001).]]

Heading east and crossing the Black range, Xuanzang describes the country of [[Kingdom of Kapisa|Kapishi]], where the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism had come in vogue. It had over 100 monasteries with stupas. More than 6000 monks, mostly Mahayana, studied here. Along with these Buddhist monasteries, states his travelogue, there were over ten Deva temples (Hindu) with "heretical believers who go about naked and smear dust over their bodies", translates Li Rongxi.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=32-39}} Furthermore, in the same capital region, there is a Hinayana monastery with 300 monks at the northern foothills.

The citizens of this country, adds Xuanzang, fondly recall "King Kanishka of [[Gandhara]]" (2nd-century CE, [[Kushan Empire]]). To its east are the "City of Svetavat temple" and the Aruna Mountain known for its frequent avalanches. His travelogue then describes several popular legends about a Naga king. He also describes miraculous events from a Buddhist stupa, such as raging flames bursting out of them leaving behind stream of pearls. The citizens here, states Xuanzang, worship pieces of Buddha's remains that were brought here in more ancient times. He mentions four stupas built in this area by king [[Ashoka]].{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=32-39}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=55–66}}

===Travel through India and South Asia===
[[File:Xuanzang route.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Reconstructed route of Xuanzang over 629–645 CE through India. Along with Nalanda in Bihar, he visited locations that are now in Kashmir, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Bangladesh.]]
To Xuanzang, he entered India as he crossed the Black range and entered the country of Lampa. His travelogue presents India in fascicles separate from those for Central Asia. He, however, does not call it India, but the phonetic equivalent of what previously has been variously interpreted as "[[Tianzhu (India)|Tianzhu]]" or "Shengdu" or "Xiandou". More recent scholarship suggests the closest pronunciation of the 7th-century term in his travelogues would be "Indu".{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=41-44}}

Xuanzang states that India is a vast country over ninety thousand li in circuit, with seventy kingdoms, sea on three sides and snow mountains to its north. It is a land that is rich and moist, cultivation productive, vegetation luxuriant.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=41-44}} He adds that it has its own ancient customs, such as measuring its distance as "[[yojana]]", equal to forty li, but varying between thirty and sixteen depending on the source. They divide day and night into kala, and substances into various divisions, all the way to a fineness that they call indivisible and emptiness. The country has three seasons: hot, cold, rainy according to some Buddhists; while others say it is four: three months each of spring, summer, monsoon, and autumn.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=41-44}}

The kingdoms of India have numerous villages and cities. Their towns and cities have square walls, streets are winding and narrow, with shops lined along these roads. Wine is sold in shops on the side streets. Those whose profession is butchering, fishing, executioners, scavengers (people that kill living beings and deal with products derived from them) are not allowed to live inside the cities. The cities are built from bricks, while homes are either made mostly from bricks or from "wattled bamboo or wood". Cottages are thatched with straw and grass.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=43-48}}

The residents of India clean their floor and then smear it with a preparation of cow dung, followed by decorating it with flowers, unlike Chinese homes. Their children go to school at age seven, where they begin learning a number of treatises of the five knowledges – first grammar, second technical skills which he states includes arts, mechanics, yin-yang and the calendar, third medicine, fourth being logic, and fifth field of knowledge taught is inner knowledge along with theory of cause and effect.

After further similar introduction covering the diverse aspects of the Indian culture he observed, including fashion, hair styles, preference for being barefoot, ritual washing their hands after releasing bodily waste, cleaning teeth by chewing special tree twigs, taking baths before going to their temples, worshipping in their temples, their alphabet that contains forty seven letters, the diversity of languages spoken, how harmonious and elegant they sound when they speak their languages, Xuanzang presents the various kingdoms of India.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=43-48}}<ref name="gosch">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qeBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=Premodern Travel in World History|publisher=Routledge|author1=Stephen Gosch|author2= Peter Stearns|pages=89–92|isbn=9781134583706|date=12 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X27HtHUsLSkC&pg=PA136|title=Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World|publisher=Motilal Banarasidass|author=trans. by Samuel Beal|year=1994|isbn=9788120811072|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307224215/https://books.google.com/books?id=X27HtHUsLSkC&pg=PA136|url-status=live}}</ref>

Xuanzang includes a section on the differences between the Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhist communities. There are eighteen sects in Buddhism, according to Xuanzang. They stand against each other, debate "various viewpoints, as vehemently as crashing waves". Though they share the same goal, they study different subjects and use sharp words to argue. Each Buddhist sect has different set of rules and regulations for their monks.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=43-48}} The monks who cannot expound a single text must do the routine monastic duties (cleaning monastery and such). Those who can expound one Buddhist text flawlessly is exempt from such duties. Those who can recite two texts, get better quality rooms. Monks who can expound three Buddhist texts get attendants to serve them, while the few monks who can expound all four are provided with lay servants. Expounders of five texts have elephants for travel, while six texts entitles them to security retinue.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=43-48}}

==== Kingdom of Lampa, Nagarahara, and Gandhara ====
Xuanzang describes Lampaka (modern [[Laghman Province|Laghman]], near the source of Kabul river) as the territory of north India, one whose circuit is more than 1000 li and where all monasteries studied Mahayana Buddhism.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=57–59 with footnotes}} They have tens of Deva temples (Hindu) which heretics (non-Buddhists) frequent.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=55-57}} To its southeast is the country of (modern [[Nangarhar Province#Early history|Nangarhar]]), with many Buddhist monasteries and five Deva temples. The number of monks here, however, are few.

The stupa are deserted and in a dilapidated condition. The local Buddhists believe that the Buddha taught here while flying in the air, because were he to walk here, it caused many earthquakes. Nagarahara has a 300 feet high stupa built by [[Ashoka]], with marvellous sculptures. Xuanzang paid homage by circling it. Both Lampaka and Nagarahara countries were independent with their own kings, but they have become a vassal of the Buddhist [[Kingdom of Kapisa]] found near [[Bamiyan]]a.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=57–59 with footnotes}}{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=55-57}}

The monasteries in these kingdoms are splendid, with four corner towers and halls with three tiers. They have strange looking figures at the joints, rafters, eaves and roof beams. The Indians paint the walls, doors and windows with colors and pictures. People prefer to have home that look simple from outside, but is much decorated inside. They construct their homes such a way that they open towards the east.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=43-48}}

Xuanzang also describes implausible events such as glowing rock footprints of Buddha, dragons, tales of Naga, a stupa in which is preserved the Buddha's eyeball as "large as a crabapple" and that is "brilliant and transparent" throughout, a white stone Buddha idol that worked miracles and "frequently emitted light".{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=58-62}} The travelogue states that Xuanzang went into a dark cave here where dangerous beings lived, recited [[Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra|''Srimaladevi Simhanadasutra'']], and they became Buddhists. Thereafter they all burnt incense and worshipped the Buddha with flowers.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=61–62 with footnotes}}

Some five hundred li (~200 kilometer in 7th-century) to the southeast is the country of [[Gandhara]] – which some historic Chinese texts phonetically transcribed as ''Qiantuowei''. On its east, it is bordered by the Indus river, and its capital is [[Peshawar|Purusapura]].

This is the land of ancient sages and authors of Indic ''sastras'', and they include Narayanadeva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dharmatrata, Monaratha and Parshva.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=58-62}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=63–65 with footnotes}} To the southeast of [[Peshawar|Purusapura]] city is a 400-foot-high stupa built by [[Kanishka|Emperor Kanishka]], one with nearly 2000 feet in diameter and a 25 layer wheel on the top. There is a large monastery near it. Gandhara has numerous holy Buddhist sites, and Xuanzang visited and worshipped all of them.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=63–65 with footnotes}} He calls the stupas and the Buddha images in this region as "magnificent" and made with "perfect craftmanship".{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=58-62}}

==== Kingdom of Udayana, Kashmira ====
Heading north towards [[Kashmir]], he arrived in the city of [[Pushkalavati]], with many holy Buddhist sites. Xuanzang worshipped at these "great stupas and big monasteries". Thereafter he reached the country of Udayana, through which flowed the [[Swat River|Subhavastu river]] (now called Swat river). It had 1400 monasteries of five early Buddhist schools (of 18 sub-traditions) – [[Sarvastivada]], [[Mahāsāṃghika]], Kasyapiya, Mahisasaka and Dharmagupta. These schools became unpopular, as the later form of Mahayana prospered. According to Xuanzang, these monasteries of early Buddhist schools are desolate and attract few monks. He then reached the city of Hi-lo and [[Manglaur]].

In all these places, he mentions how the Buddha lived here in one of his previous lives (Jataka legends) and illustrated compassion-strength through his actions. There is a Buddhist temple northeast of Manglaur with the Avalokitesvara Bodhusattva image, one is noted for "its miraculous manifestations". Crossing another 1000 li, he reached Darada valley – the old capital of Udayana, with a 100 feet golden wood statue of Maitreya Boddhisattva. This statue, states his travelogue, was built by an artist who went three times into heaven to see how he looks and then carve the realistic image of him on earth.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=64–67 with footnotes}}

[[File:Dharmarajika stupa,Taxila.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Xuanzang describes thousands of monasteries and stupas in northwest India. Above: the ruins of Dharmarajika stupa, Taxila.]]

Xuanzang arrived in Taxila, after crossing a river with "poisonous dragons and evil animals". There, he visited a major Buddhist monastery of the Sautrantika school. From there, after covering some 2200 li, he passed through the country of Simhapura ([[Kalabagh]]), of Urasa (now [[Hazara region|Hazara]]), and then into Kashmira.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=67–71 with footnotes}}{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=83-87}} He was received by the king, and numerous monks from the Jayendra monastery.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=67–71 with footnotes}} Kashmira is land with a very cold climate and is often calm without any wind. The region has lakes, grows plenty of flowers and fruit, saffron and medicinal herbs. Kashmira has over 100 monasteries and more than 5000 monks. The residents revere four large stupas that were built in ancient times by Ashoka.

[[Kanishka|Emperor Kanishika]] too built many Buddhist monasteries here. He also had treatises with 960,000 words written on copper plates and had them stored in a newly built great stupa. The Kashmira region has numerous monks well versed with the [[Tripitaka]], states Xuanzang. He stays in Kashmira for two years and studies the treatises with them.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=83-87}}

Xuanzang describes many events where he is helped by both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. For example, he describes leaving the city of Sakala and Narasimha, then passing with his companions through the Great Palasha forest. They get robbed and are walked towards some dry pond to be killed. A monk and he slip away. They hurry towards a village. Near it, they meet a Brahmana who is tilling his land. They tell him that robbers attacked them and their companions. The Brahmin goes to the village and beats a drum and blows a conch. About 80 men gather, and together they proceed to rescue the companions of Xuanzang.

While other rescued companions of his wail about the loss of all their property, Xuanzang reminds them that they should all be happy to be alive and not worry about the loss of property. The villagers help his companions and him by hosting them before the resume their journey.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=73–74}} Yet, elsewhere, Xuanzang also recites the implausible tale of meeting a Brahmana who was 700 years old and had two associates, each over 100 years old, who had mastered all of the Vedas and the Buddhist ''Madhyamika sastra''. He calls them heretics (non-Buddhists). These heretics help him and his companions get new garments and food. He stayed with this implausibly old Brahmana for a month, and studied the ''Madhyamika sastra'' with him.{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=74–75}}

==== The memorial of Pāṇini ====
To the northeast of Varsha country, states Xuanzang, there is a lofty mountain with a bluish stone image of [[Parvati|Bhimadevi]]. She is the wife of [[Shiva|Mahesvara]]. It is a great site of pilgrimage, where Indians from very far come with prayers. At the foot of this mountain is another temple for [[Shiva|Mahesvara]] where ceremonies are performed by naked heretics who smear ash on their body.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=68-69}} About 30 li (about 12 kilometers in 7th-century) southeast from these temples is [[Salatura]], which says Xuanzang was the birthplace of [[Pāṇini|Rishi Pāṇini]] and the author of "Sabda-vidya-sastra" (Sound-knowledge-studies).{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=68-69}}

Inspired by [[Shiva|Mahesvara]], this Rishi set out to "make inquiries into the way of learning" (Li Rongxi translation). He thoroughly studied all written and spoken language, words in ancient and his times, then created a treatise of one thousand stanzas. The heretics (Hindus) transmit this text orally from teacher to pupil, and it is this that makes the Brahmanas of this city "great scholars of high talent with knowledge of wide scope". They have an image of [[Pāṇini]] installed in reverence of him in this city of [[Salatura]].{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=68-69}}

==== Kingdoms of Takka, Jalamdhara, Sthanesvara, Mathura, Matipura, Kapitha ====
The [[Taank Kingdom|country of Takka]] is south of [[Kashmira]], extending from the Indus river to its west and [[Vipasha]] river to its east. They produce abundant quantities of non-sticky rice and wheat, also gold, brass, iron and other metals. They do not believe in Buddhism, and pray in several hundred ''deva'' temples. This country has ten Buddhist monasteries left. There were many more before, states Xuanzang. These were destroyed few hundred years ago, during the rule of a king named Mahirakula ([[Mihirakula]]). The king did this in anger because when he asked the monasteries in his domain for a Buddhist teacher to teach him Buddhism, the Buddhists did not send to him any learned scholar. Mahirakula cruel deed against the Buddhists triggered the king of Magadha to go to war with him. Mahirakula is defeated, forgiven but returns to power by assassinating the king of Kashmira and Gandhara. Xuanzang recites the hearsay stories he heard about Mahirakula's continued cruelty and destruction of 1600 stupas and monasteries. Xuanzang then describes the surviving monasteries in Sagala with hundreds of Buddhist monks, along with its three colossal stupas, each over 200 feet tall, two built by Ashoka.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=97-100}}

Xuanzang visited the country of Chinabhukti next, which he states got its name because a region west of the Yellow river was a vassal state of [[Kanishka|Emperor Kanishka]]. From there, during [[Kanishka]]'s reign, peaches and pears plantations were imported into Chinabhukti, northern India. Further northeast, he visited a Buddhist monastery of the [[Sarvastivada]] school with 300 monks. He describes another colossal stupa that is over 200 feet tall built by [[Ashoka|Emperor Ashoka]]. Near this, states Xuanzang, are numerous small stupas and large Buddhist caves. Around this monastery in the Himalayan hills are "hundreds and thousands of stupas, built so closely together than their shadows touch one another" (Li Rongxi translation). From there, he visited Jalamdhara. It grows non-sticky rice and cereals, its forest are luxuriant, the region is lush with flowers and fruits. They have 50 monasteries with over 2000 monks studying Mahayana and Hinayana traditions of Buddhism. They also have ''deva'' temples where heretics smear their bodies with ashes (Shiva-Hinduism).{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=101-103}}

From Jalambhara, Xuanzang travelled northeast through jagged peaks, deep valleys and dangerous trails into the Himalayan country of Kuluta. It is surrounded by mountains, and has abundant fruits, flowers and trees. It has twenty monasteries and over a thousand Buddhist monks studying mostly Mahayana Buddhism. It has fifteen ''deva'' temples frequented by heretics (Hindus). This region has many caves where Buddhist [[arhat]]s and [[Rishi]]s (saints) live.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=103-108}} He then headed south, into the country of Shatadru. Here, writes Xuanzang, people wear "gorgeous, extravagant" clothes, the climate is hot and citizens are honest and friendly by custom. It has ten monasteries, but ruined and with few monks.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=103-108}} He visits the country of Pariyatra, where they have plenty of cattle and sheep, as well as a type of rice that they harvest in sixty days after planting. This region has eight ruined monasteries and ten ''deva'' temples. The monks study Hinayana Buddhism here.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=103-108}}

[[File:Devprayag - Confluence of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|Xuanzang describes Ganges river with blue waters, who heretics believe carries "waters of blessedness", and in which a dip leads to expiation of sins.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=109-115}}]]

Xuanzang next arrived in the country of [[Mathura]], calling it a part of central India.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=103-108}} This region is fertile, people love mangoes, they produce cloth and gold. The climate is hot, the people are genial and good by custom, they advocate learning and virtue, states Xuanzang.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=103-108}} This country has over twenty monasteries with over two thousand monks studying Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism. Many ''deva'' temples are also found in this country. He describes the ritual carrying and worship of the Buddha and Buddhist deities in this country with incense and flowers scattered in streets. He visits and praises the Govinda monastery in the Mathura country.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=103-108}} Next he visits the country of Sthanesvara, which has wealthy but unkind citizens who show off their wealth. It has three Buddhist monasteries with over seven hundred monks, a lustrous and clean colossal stupa which witnesses "many divine manifestations". It also has well over hundred ''deva'' temples and numerous heretics.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=103-108}}

The country of [[Srughna]] has [[Ganges]] river to its east and [[Yamuna]] river in the middle of it. These people are like those in Sthanesvara country. They believe in heretical ideas (Hindu) and are honest by nature, states Xuanzang. They cherish learning, arts and crafts, and cultivate wisdom, blessedness. In this country are five Buddhist monasteries, over thousand monks mostly studying [[Hinayana]], and over one hundred ''deva'' temples with numerous heretics.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=109-115}} East of this region is the Ganges river with dark blue waters and strange creatures living in it, but these creatures do not harm people. The water of Ganges is sweet in taste, and the heretics believe it to contain the "water of blessedness", and that bathing in it causes sins to be expiated.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=109-115}}

After crossing Ganges, he entered into the country of Matipura. Here, according to Xuanzang, half of the population is Buddhist and the other believe in heterodox religions. The climate is cooler and more temperate, its people are honest and esteem learning. The king of this country worships at the ''deva'' temples. The Matipura country has ten monasteries and over eight hundred monks, mostly studying Hinayana. Over fifty ''deva'' temples are frequented by the heretics here. Xuanzang describes the ''sastras'' composed and under study at the major Buddhist monasteries of Matipura.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=109-115}} This region has the city of Mayura, densely populated and with a great ''deva'' temple near the Ganges river. The heretics call it the "Gate of the Ganges". People from all five parts of India – east, north, west, south, central – come here crossing long distances on pilgrimage and to bathe at these gates. This place has numerous rest and almshouses, where the "isolated, solitary and needy people get free food and medical service".{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=109-115}} North of this place is the country of Brahmapura, densely populated with prosperous and rich people. Colder in climate, here people are rude and violent by custom. This region has five Buddhist monasteries and ten ''deva'' temples.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=109-115}} Southeast of here, states Xuanzang, is the country of Ahicchattra with ten monasteries and a thousand monks belonging to the Sammitiya sect of Hinayana Buddhism. It has five ''deva'' temples where heretics smear their bodies with ashes. The country of Vilashana and Kapitha are south and southeast of Ahicchattra. Most people in Vilashana are non-Buddhists, and there are two monasteries here with three hundred Buddhist monks. In Kapitha, there are four monasteries teaching Hinayana Buddhism, and they have over a thousand monks. Along with these Buddhist institution, Kapitha has ten ''deva'' temples. Kapitha, states Xuanzang, has a "beautifully constructed monastery with many lofty and spacious buildings adoerned with exquisite carvings" (Li Rongxi translation). It has Buddha statue at the top, [[Indra]] statue at left of the entrance and [[Brahma]] statue to the right.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=109-115}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=79–81}}

==== Kingdoms of Kanyakubja, Ayodhya, Prayaga, Kausambi, Visaka ====
The country of [[Kannauj|Kanyākubja]], also called Kusumapura, has the [[Ganges]] River to its west, with flowery forests of brilliant colors, transparent waters and prosperous people. They are simple and honest by custom, states Xuanzang, with handsome and graceful features. They cherish arts and literature, speak lucidly. Half of the population is Buddhist, half heretics. The Buddhists study both [[Mahayana]] and [[Hinayana]] teachings. The heretics have over two hundred ''deva'' temples.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=121-124}}

The current monarch is [[Harshavardhana]], a Hindu of [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais Kshatriya]] lineage. Three of his ancestors were also monarchs, and they were all known to the Chinese monarchs as virtuous. Xuanzang then recites, at length, the story of prince Shiladitya and how he constructed both major monasteries and temples, feeding hundreds of Buddhist monks and hundreds of Hindu priests on festive days. He describes numerous monasteries in the southeast of its capital, along with large Buddhist temple made of stone and brocks, with a thirty feet tall Buddha statue. To the south of this is temple, states Xuanzang, is a Surya temple built from bluestone. Next to the [[Surya]] temple is a Mahesvara ([[Shiva]]) temple also made from bluestone. Both are profusely carved with sculptures.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=123-133}} About 100 li to the southeast of Shiladitya's capital, states Xuanzang, is the Navadevakula city on the eastern bank of [[Ganges]] river. It is surrounded by flowery wood, has three monasteries with five hundred monks, and a multi-tiered terraced ''deva'' temple that is "exquisitely constructed" (Li Rongxi translation).{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=123-133}}

About 600 li to the southeast is the country of [[Ayodhya]]. It grows abundant amounts of cereals, is blessed with fruits and flowers. People are benign and dedicate themselves to arts and crafts. Ayodhya has over a hundred monasteries and three thousand monks studying [[Hinayana]] and [[Mahayana Buddhism]]. Its capital has ten ''deva'' temples. This is the country where some of the key shastras of the [[Sautrantika]] school of Buddhism were composed.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=123-133}} A few hundred li east of Ayodhya is the country of Ayamukha. Here too, states Xuanzang, people are honest and simple. They have five monasteries with over one thousand monks, mostly studying Hinayana. Near them are ten ''deva'' temples.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=132-136}}

[[File:Kumbh Mela 2013 Sangam, Allahabd.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Xuanzang describes Prayaga as a great city where Ganges and Yamuna meet, one where people ritually fast, bathe and give away alms.]]

About 700 li southeast is the country of [[Prayaga]], on the banks of [[Yamuna]] river. It has luxuriant fruit trees and cereal crops, its people are kind and helpful. Most of them believe in heretical religions, and Prayaga has several hundreds of ''deva'' temples.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=132-136}} At the south of this great city here is a forest full of [[Magnolia champaca|champaka]] flowers with a 100 foot ancient stupa with collapsed foundation, originally built by [[Ashoka]]. The city has a great temple with decorated buildings. At the east of this great city two rivers meet forming a dune that is over ten li wide, and it is this place that wealthy people and kings such as Shiladitya come on pilgrimage from ancient times and give alms. It is called the Grand Place of Almsgiving. Numerous people gather here and bathe at the confluence of two rivers, some drown themselves, believing that this washes away their sins and that it will give them a better rebirth.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=136-139}}

Five hundred li from [[Prayaga]] is the country of [[Kausambi]]. It produces abundant quantities of non-sticky rice and sugarcane. The citizens are bold, furious and dedicated to good deeds by custom. It has ten deserted and dilapidated Buddhist monasteries, attended by about three hundred monks. The country has fifty ''deva'' temples and numerous non-Buddhists. In the capital, within the palace is a Buddhist temple with a Buddha statue made from sandalwood. This Buddha image "emits divine light" sometimes, states Xuanzang. He adds that [[Kausambi]] is the place that Buddhists text predict is where the [[Buddha Dharma]] will come to an end in a distant future, therefore anyone who comes to this place feels sad and "sheds tears" (Li Rongxi translation).{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=139-142}}

He headed northeast, crossed Ganges river again, and this came to the country of Vishaka. He calls its people sincere and honest by custom, fond of learning. It has twenty monasteries and three thousand monks studying [[Hinayana Buddhism]]. Vishaka has numerous non-Buddhists and over fifty ''deva'' temples.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=139-142}}

==== Kingdoms of Sravasti Kushinagara, Baranasi, Nepala ====
In Fascicle 6 of the travelogue manuscript, Xuanzang focuses on some of the holiest sites in Buddhism. He begins with [[Shravasti]] (present-day northeastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]), describing it to be a country of over six thousand li in circuit. The capital city is desolate, states Xuanzang, though some residents still live here. There are over hundred monasteries in its capital city, many dilapidated, where monks study [[Hinayana Buddhism]]. The country has hundred ''deva'' temples.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=145-151}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=90–92}} He saw the decaying remains of [[Prasenajit]]'s palace, then to its east the Great Dhamma Hall stupa, another stupa and a temple for the maternal aunt of the Buddha. Next to these, states Xuanzang, is the great stupa of [[Angulimala]]. About five li (~2 kilometers in 7th century) south of the city is the [[Jetavana]] garden with two 70 feet high pillars standing, but the monastery there is in ruins. One pillar has a wheel carved at its top, the other a bull. Xuanzang saw all the monuments associated with the [[Shravasti]] legends with the Buddha, though many of these were in dilapidated condition. He also saw a Buddhist temple 60 feet high with a seated Buddha image, and a ''deva'' temple about the same size as the Buddha temple, both in good condition. Over sixty li to the northwest of Shravasti capital, he saw a series of stupas built by [[Ashoka]] for [[Kassapa Buddha|Kashyapa Buddha]], one who lived for "twenty thousand" years, states Xuanzang.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=145-151}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=90–92}}

[[File:Sravasti-gandhakuti.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Xuanzang visited Sravasti site (above), the place where the Buddha spent most of his time after enlightenment.]]

From [[Shravasti]], Xuanzang travelled southeast to the country of [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]]. This country has no ruler, he states, and every city has its own lord. Well over a thousand monasteries were in this region, but most are dilapidated. Some three thousand monks continue to study [[Hinayana Buddhism]] in many of these monasteries. This country has two ''deva'' temples. He also describes a Buddhist temple with painting of a prince riding on a white horse, as well many Buddhist monuments and legends about the Buddha's early life in this region, as well as those of the [[Shakya]] clan.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=151-157}}

After Kapilavastu, he went eastward to the country of Ramagrama (Rama). The region is sparsely populated, the towns and villages in a dilapidated condition. He mentions a stupa where a snake-dragon comes out of the pond to circumambulate it, as well as elephants pick flowers and come to scatter on this stupa, according to Xuanzang. There is a monastery near this special stupa, where monks study Hinayana. Some hundred li to the east is another colossal stupa in good condition, one built by Ashoka.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=158-167}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=93–95}} Past this forest is the country of [[Kushinagara]], where towns and villages are deserted and in a dilapidated condition. He describes a large brick temple with reclining Buddha. He describes many monuments and sites he was able to see where numerous legends of the Buddha played out, including the site where he was cremated.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=158-167}}

In Fascicle 7, Xuanzang describes five countries. He starts with [[Varanasi|Baranasi]], stating the country has [[Ganges]] river to its west. The city is densely populated, with tightly packed homes in its lanes. The people are "enormously wealthy", mild and courteous by nature. Few here believe in Buddhism, most are heretics ([[Hindus]]). The country has over thirty Buddhist monasteries with three thousand monks studying Hinayana. There are over one hundred ''deva'' temples, most dedicated to Mahesvara ([[Shiva]]). Some of these heretic followers go naked and smear their bodies with ash.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=171-177}} On the west bank of Varana river near Baranasi, is a great stupa that is 100 feet tall and was built by [[Ashoka]]. Before it is a standing green-stone pillar polished as smooth as a mirror, states Xuanzang. He describes many more stupas, pillars and monasteries in Baranasi country.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=171-177}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=96–97}}

After [[Varanasi|Baranasi]], he visits the country of Garjanapati, where he finds the Aviddhakarna monastery that is "very exquisitely" carved with decorative sculptures. It is lush with flowers, with reflections in the pond nearby. From there he heads north of [[Ganges]] and visits a large [[Vishnu|Narayana]] temple. It has storied pavilions and terraces, the numerous ''deva'' statues are "carved from stone with the most exquisite craftsmanship". About thirty li to the east of this [[Vishnu|Narayana]] temple is an [[Ashoka]] built stupa, with a twenty feet high pillar and lion image on its top.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=178-189}} From there he walked to [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], where says Xuanzang, people are honest and simple by custom. They study both orthodox Buddhist and heterodox non-Buddhist doctrines. The country of Vaishali has hundreds of monasteries, but only a few have monks and are in good condition. He describes the Svetapura monastery with lofty buildings and magnificent pavilions.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=178-189}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=97–98}}

After [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], he headed north and reached the country of Vriji. This country mostly venerates the non-Buddhist ''deva'' temples and doctrines, states Xuanzang. It has over ten monasteries with less than a thousand Buddhist monks.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=190-192}} He then travelled to the country of [[Nepala]], near the Snow Mountains. It has many flowers and fruits, yaks and two-headed birds. The people here, says Xuanzang, are rude and disparaging by nature, but skilled in craftsmanship. Their Buddhist monasteries and ''deva'' temples touch each other, and people simultaneously believe in Buddhist and non-Buddhist doctrines. The country has two thousand monks who study Hinayana and Mahayana teachings.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=190-192}}

==== Kingdoms of Magadha, Iranaparvata, Champa, Kajangala, Kamarupa ====
In Fascicle 8 of the travelogue, Xuanzang begins with the country of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. The country and its capital is sparsely populated. A fertile land, it produces a fragrant form of rice with extraordinary lustre. It regularly floods during the monsoon season, and during these months one can use a boat to travel. People are honest and simple here, and they revere Buddhism. Magadha has fifty monasteries and over ten thousand monks. It also has tens of ''deva'' temples.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=195-201}}{{Sfn|Yung-hsi|1959|pp=98–99}}

According to Xuanzang, there is city south of river [[Ganges]] in Magadha. It is very ancient. When human life was "innumerable years" long, it was called ''Kusumapura''. One can see the very ancient foundations of Kusumapura. Later, when human life span reduced to "several thousand years", its name was changed to [[Pataliputra]]. Towards the north of his royal city is a huge standing pillar of [[Emperor Ashoka]]. There once were many monasteries, ''deva'' temples and stupas here, but several hundred such Buddhist and non-Buddhist monuments are in dilapidated and ruined condition, states Xuanzang.

He then describes several legends associated with Ashoka, along with several stupas and monasteries he found in good condition.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=195-201}} For example, he describes the [[Telhara monastery|Tiladhaka monastery]] about 300 li southeast of the Magadha capital. It has four courts, lofty terraces, multi-storied pavilions where thousands of monks continue to study [[Mahayana Buddhism]]. Within this monastery complex, states Xuanzang, there are three temples, the center one with a thirty foot tall Buddha idol, another has a statue of [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara Bodhisattva]], the third has a statue of [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva]].{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=207-208}}

He visits [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] and the [[Bodhi tree]]. Near the tree, he states there is the [[Mahabodhi Temple|Mahabodhi monastery]] with many buildings and courtyards. Inside these buildings are "most wonderful, and exquisitely done decorative paintings", states Xuanzang. It is painted in gold, silver, pinkish blue, lustrous white and semitransparent pigments, with the Buddha's ornaments in the panel embedded with gems and jewels.{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=227-228}}

After crossing the Maha river, visiting many stupas, monasteries, [[Veda Vyasa|Rishi Vyasa]]'s hill, Vipula hill, Pippala Cave, Bamboo temple and other monuments, Xuanzang arrived in [[Rajagriha]] (present-day [[Rajgir]]) and [[Nalanda|Nalanda University]].{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=229-249}} He stayed and studied at [[Nalanda]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nakamura|first=Hajime|author-link=Hajime Nakamura|title=Gotama Buddha|publisher=Kosei|pages=47, 53–54|year=2000|isbn=978-4-333-01893-2}}</ref>

At Nalanda, he was in the company of several thousand monks. Xuanzang studied [[logic]], [[grammar]], [[Sanskrit]], and the [[Yogacara]] school of Buddhism during his time at Nalanda with [[Silabhadra]]. He describes Nalanda as a place with "azure pool winds around the monasteries, adorned with the full-blown cups of the blue lotus; the dazzling red flowers of the lovely kanaka hang here and there, and outside groves of [[mango]] trees offer the inhabitants their dense and protective shade" (translation of Rene Grousset).<ref>[[René Grousset]]. In the Footsteps of the Buddha. JA Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York. 1971. p159-161</ref>

According to Grousset, the founders of Mahayana idealism, [[Asanga]] and [[Vasubandhu]] trained [[Dignāga|Dignaga]], who trained [[Dharmapala of Nalanda|Dharmapala]] and whose student was [[Śīlabhadra|Silabhadra]]. Thus Xuanzang had reached his teacher [[Śīlabhadra|Silabhadra]], who made available to Xuanzang and through him to the Sino-Japanese world the entire heritage of Buddhist Mahayana thought, and the ''[[Cheng Weishi Lun]]'', Xuanzang's great philosophical treatise, is none other than the ''Summa'' of this doctrine, "the fruit of seven centuries of Indian Buddhist thought."<ref>Rene Grousset. In the Footsteps of the Buddha. JA Underwood (trans) Orion Press. New York. 1971 p161</ref> In this scripture, Xuanzang appears to a certain extent as the continuator of both Asanga and Vasubandhu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jannel |first1=Romaric |title=Xuanzang and the Three Types of Wisdom: Learning, Reasoning, and Cultivating in Yogācāra Thought |journal=Religions |date=May 2022 |volume=13 |issue=6 |page=486 |doi=10.3390/rel13060486 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

From [[Nalanda]], Xuanzang travelled through several kingdoms, including Iranaparvata, Champa, from there to [[Pundravardhana]] and [[Sylhet]] (in present-day [[Bangladesh]]. There Xuanzang found 20 monasteries with over 3,000 monks studying both the [[Hinayana]] and the [[Mahayana]]. One of them was the Vāśibhã Monastery, where he found over 700 Mahayana monks from all over Eastern India.<ref>Watters II (1996), pp. 164-165.</ref>{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=298-299}} He visited [[Kamarupa]] (present-day Assam and northeastern India), [[Samatata]], [[Tamralipti]], [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and other regions, which Xuanzang calls as "domain of east India".{{Sfn|Xuanzang|1996|pages=259-268}}

==== Kingdoms of Kalinga, Multan, Andhra, Chola, Dravida and Malakuta ====
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Xuanzang turned southward and travelled towards [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhradesa]] to visit the [[viharas]] at the [[Amaravati Stupa]] and [[Nagarjunakonda]]. He stayed at Amaravati and studied the ''Abhidhammapitakam'' texts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Xuan-Zang-stayed-in-Vijayawada-to-study-Buddhist-scriptures/article16091816.ece|title=Xuan Zang stayed in Vijayawada to study Buddhist scriptures|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 November 2016|last1=Rao|first1=G. Venkataramana|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128141906/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Xuan-Zang-stayed-in-Vijayawada-to-study-Buddhist-scriptures/article16091816.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He observed that there were many viharas at Amaravati and some of them were deserted. He later proceeded to [[Kanchi]], the capital of the [[Pallavas]] and has visited the Vaikunta Perumal Temple and also said that Kanchi was a strong center of Buddhism. He continued travelling to [[Nasik]], [[Ajantha, Maharashtra|Ajanta]], [[Malwa]]; from there he went to [[Multan|Mulasthana]] and Pravata before returning to Nalanda again.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1aA0N5NQAgba2cKeY0_Z4Kk3pSsM&hl=en_US Xuanzang Pilgrimage Route] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024050437/https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1aA0N5NQAgba2cKeY0_Z4Kk3pSsM&hl=en_US |date=24 October 2016 }} Google Maps, retrieved 17 July 2016</ref>

==== Kingdoms of Konkanapura, Maharashtra, Malawa, Valabhi, Gurjara, Ujjayani, Sindhu, Langala, Avanda, Varnu ====
Xuanzang was welcomed to [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]] at the request of the [[Harshavardhana|Emperor Harshavardhana]], who was an ally of Kumar [[Bhaskaravarman]] of [[Kamarupa]], to attend a great [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Sangha]] there which was also attended by both the monarchs as well as several others from neighboring kingdoms, Buddhist monks, Hindus, and Jains. Emperor Harsha invited Xuanzang to [[Kumbha Mela]] in [[Prayagaraj|Prayag]] where he witnessed the Emperor's generous distribution of gifts to the poor.

After visiting [[Prayagaraj|Prayag]], he returned to the imperial capital of [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]] where he was given a grand farewell by [[Harshavardhana|Emperor Harsha]]. Travelling through the [[Khyber Pass]] of the [[Hindu Kush|Uparisyena]] mountain range, Xuanzang passed through [[Kashgar]], [[Khotan]], and [[Dunhuang]] on his way back to China. He arrived in the capital, Chang'an, on the seventh day of the first month of 645, 16 years after he left Chinese territory, and a great procession celebrated his return.<ref>Wriggins 186-188.</ref>

;Return journey: [[File:Eighth century Dunhuang cave mural depicting Xuanzang returning from India.jpg|thumb|Eighth century [[Mogao Caves|Dunhuang cave]] mural depicting Xuanzang returning from India]]
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;Other sites
{{expand section|date=September 2021}}

===Return to China===
On his return to China in 645 CE, Xuanzang was greeted with much honor but he refused all high civil appointments offered by the still-reigning emperor, [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]]. Instead, he retired to a monastery and devoted his energy to translating Buddhist texts until his death. He died on 5 February 664 CE in Yuhua Palace (玉華宮, in present-day [[Tongchuan]], [[Shaanxi]]). According to his biography, he returned with "over six hundred Mahayana and Hinayana texts, seven statues of the Buddha and more than a hundred [[sarira]] relics."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Relics of the Buddha|first=J.S. |last=Strong|author-link=John S. Strong |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KLAxmR8PZAC |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-11764-5 |page=188}}</ref> In celebration of Xuanzang's extraordinary achievement in translating the Buddhist texts, [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang]] ordered renowned Tang calligrapher [[Chu Suiliang]] ({{lang|zh|褚遂良}}) and inscriber Wan Wenshao ({{lang|zh|萬文韶}}) to install two [[stele]] stones, collectively known as ''The Emperor's Preface to the Sacred Teachings'' in Chinese ({{lang|zh|雁塔聖教序}}), at the [[Giant Wild Goose Pagoda]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vincentpoon.com/the-emperor-s-preface-to-the-sacred-teachings.html|title=The Emperor's Preface to the Sacred Teachings|website=Vincent's Calligraphy|language=en-GB|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224132434/http://vincentpoon.com/the-emperor-s-preface-to-the-sacred-teachings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Chinese Buddhism (influence)==
[[File:Xuan Zang Statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of Xuanzang at [[Longmen Grottoes]], [[Luoyang]]]]
During Xuanzang's travels, he studied with many famous Buddhist masters, especially at the famous center of Buddhist learning at Nalanda. When he returned, he brought with him some 657 [[Sanskrit]] texts. With the emperor's support, he set up a large translation bureau in [[Chang'an]] (present-day [[Xi'an]]), drawing students and collaborators from all over [[East Asia]]. He is credited with the translation of some 1,330 fascicles of scriptures into Chinese. His strongest personal interest in Buddhism was in the field of [[Yogācāra]] ({{lang|zh|瑜伽行派}}), or ''Consciousness-only'' ({{lang|zh|唯識}}), and he founded a school taking after that tradition in China.<ref name=":2" /> His 7th-century scholarship on Yogacara has a major influence on Chinese Buddhism, and then on East Asian Buddhism.<ref name="Garfield">{{cite book | last1=Garfield | first1=J.L. | last2=Westerhoff | first2=J. | title=Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals? | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-19-023129-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9a7qBgAAQBAJ | pages=139–142}}</ref>

The force of his own study, translation, and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiated the development of the [[Faxiang]] school ({{lang|zh|法相宗}}) in East Asia. Some of Xuanzang's students, such as [[Kuiji]] ({{lang|zh|窺基}}, 632–682) and [[Woncheuk|Wŏnch'ŭk]] (613–696), become influential authors in their own right.<ref>[[Benjamin Penny]] (2002), ''Religion and Biography in China and Tibet'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=-OeX3WCs9cIC&dq=Wonch'uk+influenced+Tibet&pg=PA110 p. 110]</ref><ref name=":1" /> Although the [[Faxiang]] school itself did not thrive for a long time, its theories regarding [[perception]], [[consciousness]], [[Karma]], [[reincarnation|rebirth]], etc. found their way into the doctrines of other more successful schools. Xuanzang's closest and most eminent student was Kuiji ({{lang|zh|窺基}}) who became recognized as the first patriarch of the Faxiang school. Xuanzang's logic, as described by Kuiji, was often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lacked the necessary background in [[Indian logic]].<ref name=":1">See Eli Franco, "Xuanzang's proof of idealism." Horin 11 (2004): 199-212.</ref>

Xuanzang was known for his extensive but careful translations of Indian Buddhist texts to Chinese, which have enabled subsequent recoveries of lost Indian Buddhist texts from the translated Chinese copies. He is credited with writing or compiling the ''[[Cheng Weishi Lun]]'' as a commentary on these texts. His translation of the [[Heart Sutra]] became and remains an important milestone in all East Asian Buddhist sects.<ref>{{cite book | last1=To | first1=L. | last2=Li | first2=S.K. | title=The Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra | publisher=Sutra Translation Committee of the U.S. & Canada | series=Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada dharma series | year=1995 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aEKAAAAYAAJ | access-date=20 September 2021 | archive-date=20 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920220440/https://books.google.com/books?id=0aEKAAAAYAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>

===The Perfection of Wisdom Sutra===
Xuanzang returned to China with three copies of the ''[[Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra]]''.<ref name="Wriggins206">Wriggins 1996, pg.206</ref> Xuanzang, with a team of disciple translators, commenced translating the voluminous work in 660 CE, using all three versions to ensure the integrity of the source documentation.<ref name="Wriggins206" /> Xuanzang was being encouraged by a number of his disciple translators to render an abridged version. After a suite of dreams quickened his decision, Xuanzang determined to render an unabridged, complete volume, faithful to the original of 600 chapters.<ref name="Wriggins207">Wriggins 1996, pg. 207</ref>

== Original works ==
{{main|Records of the Western Regions}}
Though Xuanzang is mainly known for his translation work, he also wrote a few original works.

In 646, under the Emperor's request, Xuanzang completed his book, ''[[Records of the Western Regions]]'', which has become one of the primary sources for the study of [[Middle Ages|medieval]] Central Asia and India.<ref>Deeg, Max (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140418141001/http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~wittern/data/nw-fs/fs-deeg.pdf "Has Xuanzang really been in Mathurā?: Interpretatio Sinica or Interpretatio Occidentalia — How to Critically Read the Records of the Chinese Pilgrim."] - In: {{lang|ja|東アジアの宗教と文化 : 西脇常記教授退休記念論集}} = Essays on East Asian religion and culture: Festschrift in honor of Nishiwaki Tsuneki on the occasion of his 65th birthday / {{lang|ja|クリスティアン・ウィッテルン, 石立善編集}} = ed. by Christian Wittern und Shi Lishan. - {{lang|ja|京都}} [Kyōto]: {{lang|ja|西脇常記教授退休記念論集編集委員會; 京都大��人文科學研究所}}; Christian Wittern, 2007, pp. 35 - 73. See p. 35</ref> This book was first translated into French by the Sinologist [[Stanislas Julien]] in 1857.

Xuanzang also wrote a large treatise on [[Yogachara|Yogacara]] Buddhist philosophy, the ''[[Cheng Weishi Lun]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Xuanzang's Translations and Works |url=http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/thinkers/xuanzang-works.html |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=www.acmuller.net |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921202237/http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/thinkers/xuanzang-works.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

There is also another original text called ''Bashi guiju song'' {{lang|zh|八識規矩頌}} (''Verses on the Structure of the [[Eight Consciousnesses]]'').<ref name=":0" />

There was also a biography of Xuanzang written by the monk Huili ({{lang|zh|慧立}}). Both books were first translated into English by [[Samuel Beal]], in 1884 and 1911 respectively.<ref>Beal 1884</ref><ref>Beal 1911</ref> An English translation with copious notes by Thomas Watters was edited by [[Thomas William Rhys Davids|T.W. Rhys Davids]] and [[Stephen Wootton Bushell|S.W. Bushell]], and published posthumously in London in 1905.

=== Editions ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Watters |first=Thomas |title=On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D. Vol.1 |url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924071132769|year=1904|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, London}} [https://archive.org/details/onyuanchwangstr01wattgoog Volume 2]. Reprint. Hesperides Press, 1996. {{ISBN|978-1-4067-1387-9}}.
* Beal, Samuel (1884). ''Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang''. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969. [https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft Vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre02hsuoft Vol. 2]
* Julien, Stanislas, (1857/1858). ''Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales'', L'Imprimerie impériale, Paris. [https://archive.org/details/mmoiressurlesco01juligoog Vol.1] [https://archive.org/details/mmoiressurlesco00juligoog Vol.2]
* Li, Rongxi (translator) (1995). ''The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions''. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California. {{ISBN|1-886439-02-8}}
{{refend}}

==Legacy==
[[File:Xuanzang Temple 01.jpg|upright=1.13|right|thumb|[[Xuanzang Temple (Taiwan)|Xuanzang Temple]] in [[Taiwan]]]]
Xuanzang's ''[[Records of the Western Regions]]'' is the longest and most detailed account of the countries of Central and South Asia that has been bestowed upon posterity by a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim. While his main purpose was to obtain Buddhist books and to receive instruction on Buddhism while in India, he ended up doing much more. He has preserved the records of the political and social aspects of the lands he visited.

His record of the places visited by him in [[Bengal]] — mainly Raktamrittika near [[Karnasuvarna]], [[Pundranagara]] and its environs, [[Samatata]], [[Tamralipti]] and [[Harikela]]— have been very helpful in the recording of the archaeological history of Bengal. His account has also shed welcome light on the history of 7th century Bengal, especially the [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] kingdom under [[Shashanka]], although at times he can be quite partisan.

Xuanzang obtained and translated 657 Sanskrit Buddhist works. He received the best education on Buddhism he could find throughout India. Much of this activity is detailed in the companion volume to Xiyu Ji, the Biography of Xuanzang written by Huili, entitled the Life of Xuanzang.

His version of the [[Heart Sutra]] is the basis for all Chinese commentaries on the sutra, and recitations throughout China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.<ref name="nattier188">Nattier 1992, pg. 188</ref> His style was, by Chinese standards, cumbersome and overly literal, and marked by scholarly innovations in terminology; usually, where another version by the earlier translator [[Kumārajīva]] exists, Kumārajīva's is more popular.<ref name="nattier188" />

===In fiction===
Xuanzang's journey along the [[Silk Road]], and the legends that grew up around it, inspired the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] novel ''[[Journey to the West]]'', one of the great classics of [[Chinese literature]]. The fictional counterpart [[Tang Sanzang]] is the reincarnation of the Golden Cicada, a disciple of [[Gautama Buddha]], and is protected on his journey by four powerful disciples. One of them, the [[Sun Wukong|monkey]], was a popular favorite and profoundly influenced [[Culture of China|Chinese culture]] and contemporary [[Japan]]ese [[manga]] and anime (including the popular ''[[Dragon Ball (franchise)|Dragon Ball]]'' and ''[[Saiyuki (manga)|Saiyuki]]'' series), and became well known in the West by [[Arthur Waley]]'s translation and later the cult TV series ''[[Monkey (TV series)|Monkey]]''.

In the [[Yuan Dynasty]], there was also a [[Play (theatre)|play]] by Wu Changling ({{lang|zh|吳昌齡}}) about Xuanzang obtaining scriptures.

The movie ''[[Xuanzang (film)|Xuanzang]]'' was released in 2016 as an official Chinese and Indian production. It was offered as candidate for Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards due to its camera work, but ultimately was not nominated.

===Relics===
A skull relic purported to be that of Xuanzang was held in the [[Temple of Great Compassion]], [[Tianjin]] until 1956 when it was taken to Nalanda—allegedly by the [[Dalai Lama]]—and presented to India. The relic was in the [[Patna Museum]] for a long time but was moved to a newly built memorial hall in Nalanda in 2007.<ref>[http://english.china.com/zh_cn/culture_history/treasured_past/11020716/20070211/13935388.html Relic of famous Chinese monk moved to new memorial hall in N India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220012920/http://english.china.com/zh_cn/culture_history/treasured_past/11020716/20070211/13935388.html |date=20 February 2007 }}} China.com, Xinhua, 11 February 2007</ref> The [[Wenshu Temple (Chengdu)|Wenshu Monastery]] in [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]] province also claims to have part of Xuanzang's skull.

Part of Xuanzang's remains were taken from [[Nanjing]] by soldiers of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in 1942, and are now enshrined at [[Yakushi-ji]] in [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Japan.<ref>Arai, Kiyomi. "Yakushiji offers peace of mind." (originally from [[Yomiuri Shimbun]]). [http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=44,7171,0,0,1,0 Buddhist Channel Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308150926/http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=44,7171,0,0,1,0 |date=8 March 2011 }}. 25 September 2008. Accessed 23 May 2009.</ref> In May 1956, some of the relics of Xuanzang were returned by the Japanese government to Taiwanese government, which agreed to allow the Japanese to retain the rest. The returned relics were eventually enshrined in [[Xuanzang Temple (Taiwan)|Xuanzang Temple]], Taiwan.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180">
File:Xyj-tang seng.jpg|An illustration of Xuanzang from ''[[Journey to the West]]'', a fictional account of travels.
File:Golden statue of Xuanzang. Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an.jpg|Golden statue of Xuanzang. Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an
File:Xuanzang Memorial Hall Nalanda.jpg|Xuanzang Memorial Hall in Nalanda, Bihar, India.
File:Statue of Xuanzang. Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an.jpg|Statue of Xuanzang. [[Giant Wild Goose Pagoda]], Xi'an.
File:Statue of Xuanzang in front of Giant Wild Goose Pagoda. Xi'an. 2011.jpg|Statue of Xuanzang in front of Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an
File:Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang), Rangkut Banasram Pilgrimage Monastery (122723).jpg|Statue of Xuanzang at [[Rangkut Banasram]] Pilgrimage Monastery in [[Bangladesh]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Cheng Weishi Lun]]''
* ''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]''
* [[Giant Wild Goose Pagoda]]
* [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]
* [[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]]
* [[Chinese Translation Theory]]
* [[Chinese exploration]]
* [[Faxian]]
* [[Song Yun]]
* [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]]
* [[Cimin Huiri]]
* [[Hyecho]]
* [[Xuanzang Temple (Taiwan)|Xuanzang Temple]], [[Nantou County]], [[Taiwan]]
* ''[[A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea]]''
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* Beal, Samuel, trans. (1911). [https://archive.org/details/lifeofhiuentsian030569mbp ''The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang'']. Translated from the Chinese of Shaman (monk) Hwui Li. London. 1911. Reprint Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973. (a dated, abridged translation)
* Bernstein, Richard (2001). ''Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk (Xuanzang) who crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment''. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. {{ISBN|0-375-40009-5}}.
* Christie, Anthony (1968). ''Chinese Mythology''. Feltham, Middlesex: Hamlyn Publishing. {{ISBN|0600006379}}.
* Gordon, Stewart. ''When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"'' Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, 2008. {{ISBN|0-306-81556-7}}.
* Julien, Stanislas (1853). [https://archive.org/details/histoiredelavie00yengoog Histoire de la vie de Hiouen-Thsang], par Hui Li et Yen-Tsung, Paris.
* {{cite book|first=Li|last= Yung-hsi|year=1959|title=The Life of Hsuan Tsang by Huili (Translated)|publisher= Chinese Buddhist Association, Beijing}} (a more recent, abridged translation)
* Li, Rongxi, trans. (1995). ''A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty''. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California. {{ISBN|1-886439-00-1}} (a recent, full translation)
* Nattier, Jan. "The Heart Sutra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?". ''Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'' Vol. 15 (2), p. 153-223. (1992) [http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8800/2707 PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190717/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8800/2707 |date=29 October 2013 }}
* Saran, Mishi (2005). ''Chasing the Monk's Shadow: A Journey in the Footsteps of Xuanzang''. Penguin Books. {{ISBN|978-0-14-306439-8}}
* [[Sun Shuyun]] (2003). ''Ten Thousand Miles Without a Cloud'' (retracing Xuanzang's journeys). Harper Perennial. {{ISBN|0-00-712974-2}}
* Waley, Arthur (1952). ''The Real Tripitaka, and Other Pieces''. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
* Watters, Thomas (1904–05). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9NUMAAAAIAAJ ''On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India''.] London, ''Royal Asiatic Society''. Reprint, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1973.
* Wriggins, Sally Hovey. ''Xuanzang: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road''. Westview Press, 1996. Revised and updated as ''The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang''. Westview Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8133-6599-6}}.
* Wriggins, Sally Hovey (2004). ''The Silk Road Journey with Xuanzang''. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. {{ISBN|0-8133-6599-6}}.
* {{cite book |author=Xuanzang |translator-last=Li |translator-first=Rongxi | title=The great Tang dynasty record of the western regions |publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation & Research |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-886439-02-3 |url={{Google books |5ABuAAAAMAAJ |plainurl=y}}}}
* Yu, Anthony C. (ed. and trans.) (1980 [1977]). ''The Journey to the West''. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-97150-6}} (fiction)
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Bhat, R. B. & Wu, C. (2014). Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 2014.
* Sen, T. (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140713172856/http://www.fom.sg/tours/ChinesePilgrims.pdf The Travel Records of Chinese Pilgrims Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing], Education About Asia 11 (3), 24-33
* Weerawardane, Prasani (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140713174328/http://microsite.nl.sg/PDFs/BiblioAsia/BIBA_0502Jul09.pdf#page=14 Journey to the West: Dusty Roads, Stormy Seas, and Transcendence], biblioasia 5 (2), 14-18
* {{cite book|author=Kahar Barat|title=The Uygur-Turkic Biography of the Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Pilgrim Xuanzang: Ninth and Tenth Chapters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NilkAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies|isbn=978-0-933070-46-2}}
*Jain, Sandhya & Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India they saw: Foreign accounts. New Delhi: Ocean Books.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161104032049/https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/partner/xuanzang-memorial-nava-nalanda-mahavihara Xuanzang Memorial, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara on Google Cultural Institute]
* [https://iep.utm.edu/xuanzang/ Details of Xuanzang's life and works] Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* {{cite web |url=http://www.suttaworld.org/gbk-txt/sutra/lon/other50/2053/2053.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213172618/http://www.suttaworld.org/gbk-txt/sutra/lon/other50/2053/2053.htm |title= 大慈恩寺三藏法师传 (全文) |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 February 2005 }} Chinese text of ''The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang'', by Shaman (monk) Hwui Li (Hui Li) (沙门慧立)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101206081553/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/verses.htm Verses Delineating the Eight Consciousnesses] by Tripitaka Master Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty, translation, and explanation by Ronald Epstein (1986)

{{Chinese travellers}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Chinese Buddhist Pantheon}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xuanzang}}
[[Category:602 births]]
[[Category:664 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Tang dynasty translators]]
[[Category:Chinese scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhist translators]]
[[Category:Chinese explorers]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:Journey to the West]]
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]
[[Category:Sui dynasty Buddhists]]
[[Category:Tang dynasty Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Explorers of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–Chinese translators]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage accounts]]
[[Category:Chinese travel writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Luoyang]]
[[Category:Yogacara scholars]]
[[Category:Emperor Taizong of Tang]]
[[Category:Linguists of Sanskrit]]
[[Category:7th-century Chinese writers]]
[[Category:7th-century translators]]
[[Category:Chinese translators]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Explorers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Chinese Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:7th-century travelers]]
[[Category:Buddhism in China]]

Vechur cattle

2026-03-07T01:38:26Z

Sergkwi: added a stub...

{{short description|Cattle breed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Vechur Cow.jpg|thumb|Vechur cattle]]
'''Vechur''' is a breed of [[Zebu]] (''Bos indicus'') [[cattle]], named after the village of [[Vechoor]] in [[Kerala]], India. With an average length of 124 cm and height of 87 cm, it is the smallest cattle breed in the world according to the [[Guinness Book of Records]],<ref name="guinness">{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/70839-smallest-breed-of-cattle|title=Shortest cow (height)|publisher=[[Guinness World Records]]|access-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> and is valued for the larger amount of milk it produces relative to the amount of food it requires.<ref name="Krishnakumar">Krishnakumar, R. (9 April 1999). "[https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/article30159166.ece A cow and controversy]", ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]''.</ref>

==History==
The Vechur animals were saved from extinction due to conservation efforts by [[Sosamma Iype]], a [[Professor]] of [[Animal breeding]] and [[Genetics]] along with a team of her students.<ref>Animal genetics Resource Bulletin 1997 (FAO)</ref> In 1989, a conservation unit was started. A Conservation trust was formed in 1998 to continue the work with farmer participation.<ref>Proceedings of the National Conference on Native Livestock Breeds and their Sustainable Use 2010.</ref>

The Vechur cow was popular in Kerala until the 1960s, but became rare when native cattle were crossbred with exotic varieties.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web
| url=http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/12/01/stories/2005120100331600.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823173915/http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/12/01/stories/2005120100331600.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=2007-08-23
| title=Vechur cattle: ideal for household rearing
| date=2005-12-01
| access-date=6 January 2012
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| author=Prabu, M. J.}}</ref>
In 2000, the Vechur cow was listed on the FAO's World Watch List of Domestic Animal Diversity, in its ‘Critical-Maintained Breeds List', pointing to imminent extinction as breeds are included in the list when the number of breeding females and males fall to very low levels.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|last=Sainath|first=P.|title=Holy cow! Small is beautiful|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/article2775282.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 January 2012}}</ref> About 200 cows are supposed to exist today, nearly 100 of them with the Veterinary College.

==Characteristics==
The breed averages about 87 cm in height and weighs around 130 kg, yielding up to 3 litres of milk a day<ref name="guinness" />his is much less than that of the hybrid varieties but, unlike them, the Vechur cow also requires little by way of feed or maintenance.<ref name="thehindu" /> The milk is believed to have medicinal qualities and easy digestibility due to smaller fat globule size.<ref>Thirpathy and Iype 1997 www.vechur.org</ref> A recent report claims that the milk of the Vechur cow has more of the beta [[casein]] variety A2, rather than the variety A1 which is implicated in conditions like [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[ischaemic heart disease]] and [[autism]].<ref>"Beta casein A1 and A2 in milk and human health", Report to New Zealand Food Safety Authority, http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/policy-law/projects/a1-a2-milk/a1-a2-report.pdf</ref><ref name="nair">{{cite web
| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article544392.ece
| title=Milk of the indigenous Vechur cow beneficial to health
| work=The Hindu
| date=2010-07-31
| access-date=6 January 2012
| author=Nair, Madhavan}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2022}}

The medicinal properties of the Vechur cow's milk have been documented traditionally in [[Ayurveda]] and recent scientific studies have explored these claims. The protein component of the Vechur cow's milk has an improved antimicrobial property.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/study-points-to-medicinal-value-of-vechur-cow-milk/article2784409.ece|title = Study points to medicinal value of Vechur cow milk|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 8 January 2012|last1 = Pillai|first1 = R. Ramabhadran}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 3124693 | pmid=21738329 | volume=6 | title=Physicochemical characterization and functional site analysis of lactoferrin gene of Vechur cow | year=2011 | journal=Bioinformation | pages=275–8 | last1 = Shashidharan | first1 = A | last2 = Singh | first2 = R | last3 = Bhasker | first3 = S | last4 = Mohankumar | first4 = C | issue=7 | doi=10.6026/97320630006275}}</ref> According to recent findings, the anti-bacterial property of the lactoferrin protein present in the Vechur Cow milk is more than that of the antibiotic ampicillin{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}. Although lactoferrin, present in the milk of all mammals, is found to have antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, immunodefence and anti-inflammatory properties recent studies prove that in the case of the lactoferrin protein in the Vechur Cow milk, these properties are much more enhanced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/medicinal-property-of-vechur-cow-milk-confirmed/218005-60-122.html |title=Medicinal property of Vechur cow milk confirmed - southindia - Kochi - ibnlive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109153829/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/medicinal-property-of-vechur-cow-milk-confirmed/218005-60-122.html |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Vechur Ghee (clarified butter) produced from Vechur cow’s milk, is famous for its high medicinal values due to the presence of A2 beta-lactalbumin protein and higher arginine content which is good for the health of convalescing people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/After-Neera-Here%E2%80%99s-Another-Healthy-Drink---Packaged-Vechur-Cow-Urine/2014/10/24/article2490838.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214025230/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/After-Neera-Here%E2%80%99s-Another-Healthy-Drink---Packaged-Vechur-Cow-Urine/2014/10/24/article2490838.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2014|title = After Neera, Here's Another Healthy Drink - Packaged Vechur Cow Urine}}</ref>

==Controversies==
A controversy arose in 1997 when [[environmentalist]] [[Vandana Shiva]] alleged that a [[Scotland|Scottish]] company, [[The Roslin Institute]], was trying to patent the cow's genetic code. Shiva described the action as piracy. The Roslin Institute denied the charge which was subsequently proved to be baseless.<ref name=Krishnakumar /><ref name=Jose>Jose, D. (12 August 1999). "[http://www.rediff.com/business/1998/aug/12kerala.htm Mystery shrouds Vechoor cow patent issue]", ''[[Rediff.com]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hall, Stephen J. G. |title=Livestock Biodiversity |year=2008 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-0-632-05499-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAUtSuFC3RcC&q=%22Vechur+cow%22&pg=PA178 |page=178}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* ''Beta Casein A1a2 Polymorphism And Milk Yield In Vechur, Kasargode Dwarf And Crossbred Cattle'' Author : E. M. Muhammed and M. Stephen

== External links ==
{{commons category|Vechur Cattle}}
*[http://www.vechur.org Vechur Conservation Trust]

{{Cattle breeds of India}}

[[Category:Agriculture in Kerala]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Culture of Kottayam district]]

Shh...

2026-03-03T21:55:05Z

Sergkwi: added a pg...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Shh... poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Hari Charan Prasad
| writer =
| screenplay = Hari Charan Prasad
| story =
| based_on = {{based_on|''[[A Stir of Echoes]]''|[[Richard Matheson]]}}
| producer =
| starring = [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] Mithuna [[Maadhavi Latha]]
| cinematography = Murali Mohan Reddy
| editing = Ravindra Babu
| music = '''Score:''' Sri Vasanth '''Songs:''' Vidya Swarna
| studio = Apoorva Chitra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|1|23|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Jan/21/shh%E2%80%A6-to-release-on-jan-23-19525.html|title=Shh… to release on Jan 23|date=21 January 2009|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shh… Idhi Chaala Manchi Ooru''''' ({{Translation|Shh... This is a good village}}) is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language [[thriller film]] directed by Hari Charan Prasad and starring [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]], Mithuna and [[Maadhavi Latha]].

==Plot==
In a village, a girl dies in an accident because of a few foolish youngsters. A doctor and his wife rent out the house in which the girl used to live in.

== Cast ==
*[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as the doctor
*Mithuna as the doctor's wife
*[[Maadhavi Latha]] as Seeta
* Siva Krishna
*[[Roopa Devi]] as the occult practitioner
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]

== Production ==
The film was initially supposed to be titled ''Alajadi'' but the title rights were held by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. The title of the film refers to the death of the girl in the story that is unknown to the outside world.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/haricharanprasad.html|title=Hari Charan Prasad interview - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film producer and director|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> This film is produced by Charanaprasad and Sukanya, who earlier produced ''[[Kamli (2006 film)|Kamli]]'' (2006).<ref name="I2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-shh.html|title=Shh press meet - Telugu cinema function - Shafi & Midhuna|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref name="I3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-shh.html|title=Shh music launch function - Telugu cinema - Shafi & Mithuna|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] went to a medical college to prepare for his role. [[Maadhavi Latha]] was initially given the role assigned for Mithuna before she requested to change her role.<ref name="I3"/> The film was shot in 45 days.<ref name="I"/>

== Soundtrack ==
Sri Vasanth, grandson of [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]], made his debut as a composer through this film.<ref name="I2"/> Vidya and Swarna, each composed a song in the film.<ref name="I"/> All lyrics were written by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/shh-e-ooru-chala-manchidi-songs-A0001423|title=Shh - E Ooru Chala Manchidi Songs Download, Shh - E Ooru Chala Manchidi Telugu MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Telugu Songs|website=www.raaga.com}}</ref>
*"Evaro Evaro" - [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Geetha Madhuri
*"Oohala Pallaki" - K. S. Chithra
*"Theme Music"
*"Theme Music"

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "This kind of story has commercial appeal to it, but the director treated it more like an art film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shh.html|title=Shh... (Idi Chala Manchi Vooru) review - Telugu cinema Review - Shafi & Mithuna|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/madhavis-bubbly-role/articleshow/4183782.cms|title=Madhavi's bubbly role|date=25 February 2009|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language thriller films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 thriller films]]

Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout

2026-03-02T04:39:29Z

Sergkwi: added entry

{{Short description|2024 Indian murder mystery film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout
| image = Silence 2 Poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Aban Bharucha Deohans
| producer = [[Zee Studios]] Kiran Deohans
| writer = Aban Bharucha Deohans
| starring = [[Manoj Bajpayee]] [[Prachi Desai]] [[Sahil Vaid]] [[Vaquar Shaikh]]
| music = Gaurav Godkhindi
| cinematography = Pooja Gupte
| editing = Sandeep Kumar Sethy
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] Candid Creations
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|04|16}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by Aban Bharucha Deohans. The film stars [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Prachi Desai]] and [[Parul Gulati]] (in her [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] debut) in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout Movie (2024) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Zee5 |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/silence-2-movie-120163 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=20 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420144449/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/silence-2-movie-120163 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the sequel to ''[[Silence... Can You Hear It?|Silence...Can You Hear It?]] (''2021).<ref>{{cite news |last=Merican |first=Sara |title=Veteran Indian Actor Manoj Bajpayee Talks 'Silence 2' & Focusing On His Craft Amid The Streaming Wars: "I Don't Look At Things In Terms Of Dollars" |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/india-manoj-bajpayee-silence-2-zee5-1235885703/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420145047/https://deadline.com/2024/04/india-manoj-bajpayee-silence-2-zee5-1235885703/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2024 |title=Parul Gulati: 'Prepped because I wanted to land the role' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/parul-gulati-on-making-her-bollywood-debut-prepped-because-i-wanted-to-land-the-role-23342565 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402182409/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/parul-gulati-on-making-her-bollywood-debut-prepped-because-i-wanted-to-land-the-role-23342565 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on [[ZEE5]] on 16 April 2024.

==Plot==
ACP Avinash Verma and his team are assigned a case of a mass shootout that happened at a club named Night Owl Bar in Mumbai. As the team works on the case they realise there is something much bigger and darker at play.

==Cast==
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]] as ACP Avinash Verma
*[[Prachi Desai]] as Inspector Sanjana Bhatia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silence 2 - Meet Prachi Desai as Inspector Sanjana, Manoj Bajpayee's ACP Avinash's trusted ally |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/silence-2-meet-prachi-desai-as-inspector-sanjana-manoj-bajpayees-acp-avinashs-trusted-ally-see-poster/3d0db91c99751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410012815/https://www.ottplay.com/news/silence-2-meet-prachi-desai-as-inspector-sanjana-manoj-bajpayees-acp-avinashs-trusted-ally-see-poster/3d0db91c99751 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Parul Gulati]] as Aarti
*[[Sahil Vaid]] as inspector Amit Chauhan
*[[Vaquar Shaikh]] as Inspector Raj Gupta
*Dinker Sharma as Arjun Chouhan
*Chetan Sharma as Rizwan
*Randheer Rai as Gaurav
*[[Ankit Bhardwaj]] as Sunny
*[[Shruti Bapna]] as Inspector Jaya
*Surbhi Rohra as Azma Khan
*Ishika Gagneja as Amisha
*Dave Deohans as Winston
*Manuj Bhaskar as Commissioner of Police Mayank Sharma
*Mahi Jain as Rimjim
*[[Neena Kulkarni]] as Amisha's Dadi

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] commenced in [[South Mumbai]] in July 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manoj Bajpayee begins filming for 'Silence' sequel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manoj-bajpayee-begins-filming-for-silence-sequel/article67123383.ece |access-date=20 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=26 July 2023 |language=en-IN |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402173954/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manoj-bajpayee-begins-filming-for-silence-sequel/article67123383.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manoj Bajpayee, Prachi Desai starts shooting for 'Silence 2' |url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/manoj-bajpayee-prachi-desai-starts-shooting-for-silence-2 |website=[[ZEE5]] |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

==Marketing==
The film was formally announced by ZEE5 in March 2023 when the teaser was released.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ZEE5 announces sequel to Manoj Bajpayee's 'Silence'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 March 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zee5-announces-sequel-to-manoj-bajpayees-silence/article67983681.ece|access-date=2024-04-02|language=en|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402182409/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zee5-announces-sequel-to-manoj-bajpayees-silence/article67983681.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Silence 2 Teaser: Manoj Bajpayee-Prachi Desai starrer promises suspenseful tale brimming with twists
|website=[[MSN]] |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/foodanddrink/recipes/silence-2-teaser-manoj-bajpayee-prachi-desai-starrer-promises-suspenseful-tale-brimming-with-twists/ar-BB1kpL0X|access-date=2024-04-03|language=en}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on April 3, 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title='Silence 2' trailer: Manoj Bajpayee's film promises thrill and mystery|website=IndiaToday.in|date=23 March 2024|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-trailer-manoj-bajpayee-prachi-desai-thrill-mystery-2522677-2024-04-03|access-date=2024-04-13|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407060520/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-trailer-manoj-bajpayee-prachi-desai-thrill-mystery-2522677-2024-04-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a part of the promotions of the film, Manoj Bajpayee hit the streets of [[Lucknow]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2024 |title=Manoj Bajpayee takes 'Silence 2' promotion to the streets of Lucknow |url=https://theprint.in/feature/manoj-bajpayee-takes-silence-2-promotion-to-the-streets-of-lucknow/2032886/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410012514/https://theprint.in/feature/manoj-bajpayee-takes-silence-2-promotion-to-the-streets-of-lucknow/2032886/ |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Manoj Bajpayee Arrives In Lucknow For The Promotions Of 'Silence 2'; Receives Warm Welcome|website=news18.com|date=23 March 2024|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/movies/manoj-bajpayee-arrives-in-lucknow-for-the-promotions-of-silence-2-receives-warm-welcome-watch-8844345.html|access-date=2024-04-10|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410012514/https://www.news18.com/videos/movies/manoj-bajpayee-arrives-in-lucknow-for-the-promotions-of-silence-2-receives-warm-welcome-watch-8844345.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was released on the streaming platform [[ZEE5]] on 16 April 2024.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
Writing for [[NDTV]], [[Saibal Chatterjee]] praised Manoj Bajpayee's work stating, "Able to sustain itself through its complement of twists and turns thanks to the solidity that Manoj Bajpayee lends the film."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-16 |title=Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout Review : Manoj Bajpayee pulls in an assured, solid act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/silence-2-review-manoj-bajpayee-delivers-another-measured-performance-2-5-stars-5451647 |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=NDTV |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424211622/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/silence-2-review-manoj-bajpayee-delivers-another-measured-performance-2-5-stars-5451647 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' critic rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Despite being an intriguing murder mystery ''Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout'' suffers due to the long length and certain loose ends."<ref>{{cite web |author1=Bollywood Hungama News Network |title=Maidaan Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout/critic-review/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-movie-review/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-suffers-due-to-the-length-and-certain-loose-ends/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423112806/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout/critic-review/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-movie-review/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-suffers-due-to-the-length-and-certain-loose-ends/ |url-status=live }}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 1/5 stars and observed "Towards the end of the film, when one character exclaims, 'What a crazy case!' your sentiments feel validated."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Mayur|last=Sanap|title=Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Review: What A Waste!|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-review-what-a-waste/20240419.htm|date=19 April 2024|website=Rediff|access-date=25 April 2024|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422174058/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-review-what-a-waste/20240419.htm|url-status=live}}{{rating|1|5}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Overall, in an otherwise average thriller, it is Manoj Bapayee who powers through his solid, assured act".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-16 |title=Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout Review : Manoj Bajpayee pulls in an assured, solid act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout/ottmoviereview/109321955.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A critic from ''[[News18]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "''Silence 2'' definitely deserves a watch if you like murder mysteries. And as always, Manoj Bajpayee is at his finest. It’s worth a watch despite the flaws".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=16 April 2024 |title=Silence 2 Review: Manoj Bajpayee's Brilliance Outshines This Sporadically Gripping Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/silence-2-review-manoj-bajpayees-brilliance-outshines-a-sporadically-gripping-thriller-8852809.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[News18]] |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416012136/https://www.news18.com/movies/silence-2-review-manoj-bajpayees-brilliance-outshines-a-sporadically-gripping-thriller-8852809.html }}</ref> A critic from ''[[TimesNow]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "there was real potential and promise in Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout to build something interesting. But the red herrings grow tiresome and the final reveal, in which the antagonist basically reveal all their intentions, drags the story and the film by a good 20 minutes or so".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title=Silence 2 Movie Review: Manoj Bajpayee Starrer Has Thrilling Investigation But Lacklustre Antagonist |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-starrer-has-thrilling-investigation-but-lacklustre-antagonist-review-109320360 |website=TimesNow |language=en |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415193830/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-starrer-has-thrilling-investigation-but-lacklustre-antagonist-review-109320360 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "''Silence 2'' is a long and tiring watch that simply fails to connect. The performances also fail to match the level of a no-nonsense investigative-thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title=Silence 2 Review: Manoj Bajpayee-Prachi Desai film plays out like a long, uninteresting and tiring CID episode |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/silence-2-review-manoj-bajpayee-prachi-desai-film-plays-out-like-a-long-uninteresting-and-tiring-cid-episode-1295663 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415200509/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/silence-2-review-manoj-bajpayee-prachi-desai-film-plays-out-like-a-long-uninteresting-and-tiring-cid-episode-1295663 |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "The only good part about ''Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout'' is the camera work. The camera work is smooth, and it keeps your attention in this poorly written whodunit".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title='Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout' On Zee5 Movie Review |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-on-zee5-movie-review-even-manoj-bajpayee-cant-salvage-this-poorly-written-whodunit |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
In a review for ''[[India Today]]'', Zinia Bandyopadhyay wrote that, in particular because of its dialogues, the film "fails to impress as a crime thriller despite its potential".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Silence 2' Review: Climax, dialogues make Manoj Bajpayee film a missed opportunity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-review-manoj-bajpayee-prachi-desai-2528435-2024-04-17 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=India Today |date=17 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418192701/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-review-manoj-bajpayee-prachi-desai-2528435-2024-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Arjun Agarwal, of ''[[Medium (website)|Medium]]'', stated, "The film throws some twists and turns your way, some predictable, some genuinely surprising. There’s a sense of wanting to be constantly surprised, but a few reveals lack the punch needed to leave you gasping."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Arjun |date=2024-04-17 |title=Silence 2: The Night Owl Bar Shootout — A Flickering Flame or a Full-Blown Thriller? |url=https://arjun05agarwal.medium.com/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-a-flickering-flame-or-a-full-blown-thriller-116b8fd715b2 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Medium |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417211511/https://arjun05agarwal.medium.com/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout-a-flickering-flame-or-a-full-blown-thriller-116b8fd715b2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28500558}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/silence-2-the-night-owl-bar-shootout/0-0-1z5535878 ''Silence 2'']

[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]

Dananeer Mobeen

2026-02-21T15:37:01Z

Sergkwi:

{{Short description|Pakistani actress and influencer (born 2001)}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox social media personality
| name = Dananeer Mobeen
| nickname = Pawri girl
| image = Dananeer Mobeen hosting Girls Only.jpg
| image_upright = 0.9
| caption = Mobeen during an interview in 2025
| birth_date = December 2001
| birth_place = [[Peshawar]], Pakistan
| occupation = {{hlist|Influencer|Actress}}
| years_active = 2021–present
| known_for = catchphrase
| instagram_handle = dananeerr
| instagram_display_name =
| instagram_years_active =
| instagram_genre =
| instagram_followers = 6.2 million (3 July 2025)
}}

'''Dananeer Mobeen''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|دنانیر مبین}}}}; born December 2001) is a Pakistani actress and [[social media influencer|influencer]]. She first gained popularity in 2021, after became associated with a catchphrase stemming in one of her [[viral video]] on [[Instagram]] which developed into an [[internet meme]]. The same year she made her acting debut with a supporting role in the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]] based ''[[Sinf-e-Aahan]]'' which earned her the [[22nd Lux Style Awards|Lux Style Award for New Emerging Talent]]. She has since starred in the romantic dramas ''[[Muhabbat Gumshuda Meri]]'' (2023) and ''[[Meem Se Mohabbat]]'' (2024).

==Early life==
Dananeer{{efn|Remarked on by some as unusual,<ref name="means" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rashid |first1=Lyza |title=Meet The Girl Behind The Viral 'Pawry Horahi Hai" Video |url=https://www.brandsynario.com/meet-the-girl-behind-the-viral-pawry-horahi-hai-video/ |website=Brandsynario |access-date=30 July 2025 |date=13 February 2021}}</ref> the given name Dananeer originates as the [[Arabic broken plural]] form of the generic noun {{Wikt-lang|ar-Latn|دينار|dīnār}} ({{pl.|{{Langx|ar|دنانير|translit=danānīr|label=none}}}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moukheiber |first=Karen |chapter=Abbasid Concubines and Slave Courtesans in ''Adab'' Discourse: Cultural Mediators for an Ethical Appreciation of Pleasure |date=January 2018 |title=Pleasure in the Middle Ages |volume=24 |page=126 |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/M.IMR-EB.5.113464 |access-date=2025-07-30 |series=International Medieval Research |editor-last=Cohen-Hanegbi |editor-first=Naama |editor-last2=Nagy |editor-first2=Piroska |publisher=[[Brepols]] |location=Turnhout, Belgium |doi=10.1484/m.imr-eb.5.113464 |isbn=978-2-503-57520-9 |quote=The name of the ''[[qayna]]'', Dananir, is the plural of dinar.}}</ref>—a [[Dinar|type of historical coin]], such as the [[Islamic gold dinar]]. {{Crossreference|See also [[Dananeer (disambiguation)]].}}{{pb}}Mobeen ascribes to her given name the meaning "wealth".<ref name="means" />}} Mobeen was born December 2001,<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite Instagram |user=dananeerr |postid=CJbSHenBPKr |title=My birthday pictures are here!🖤🪄✨27/12 |date=2020-12-30}}|{{cite news |url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/dananeer-mobeen-a-social-media-influencer-who-has-become-famous-after-her-five-second-video-went-viral-speaks-during-an-interview-with-reuters-in-karachi-pakistan/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjE6bmV3c21sX1JDMlkyTTlJTkVaWQ |title=Dananeer Mobeen, 19, a social media influencer who has become famous after her five-second video went viral, speaks during an interview with Reuters, in Karachi, Pakistan |date=27 February 2021 |accessdate=6 July 2025 |website=Reuters |last=Akhtar Soomro}}
}}</ref> to a [[Pashtun]] family in [[Peshawar]], Pakistan.<ref name=know>{{cite news |url=https://somethinghaute.com/video-everything-you-want-to-know-about-dananeer-mobeen-aka-syeda-sidra-batool-of-sinf-e-aahan |title=Video: Everything you want to know about Dananeer Mobeen aka Syeda Sidra Batool of Sinf-e-Aahan |date=15 December 2021 |accessdate=6 July 2025 |website=Something Haute}}</ref> She has a brother and a sister. Her father is a [[Pakistan Army ranks and insignia|Brigadier]] in the [[Pakistan Army]]. After completing her A-Levels, she got admission in [[The Millennium Universal College]], from where she graduated in November 2024.<ref name=means>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/791417 |title=Influencer Dananeer Mobeen aspires to become a CSS officer one day |date=17 February 2021 |accessdate=6 July 2025 |website=The News}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |{{cite news |url=https://24newshd.tv/18-Apr-2024/family-time-dananeer-mobeen-shares-post-eid-snippets |title=Family time: Dananeer Mobeen shares post-eid snippets |date=18 April 2024 |accessdate=6 July 2025 |website=24 Digital}} |{{cite news |url=https://24newshd.tv/10-Nov-2024/dananeer-mobeen-beams-with-happiness-while-celebrating-graduation-with-family |title=Dananeer Mobeen beams with happiness while celebrating graduation with family |date=10 November 2024 |accessdate=6 July 2025 |website=24 Digital}}}}</ref>

In her childhood, she had appeared in a PTV's reality adventure show, a video of which went viral in November 2025.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://jang.com.pk/news/1527218 |title={{Nq|دنانیر کے بچپن کی وائرل ویڈیو پر صارفین کے دلچسپ تبصرے}} |date=10 November 2025 |access-date=29 November 2025 |website=Daily Jang}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early influencer===
In early 2021 prior to gaining fame, Dananeer Mobeen was a 19-year old student<ref name="rage">{{cite news |title='Pawri' power: Pakistani teen's Instagram video a rage in India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/2/how-a-five-second-social-media-clip-took-india-pakistan-by-storm |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 June 2025 |date=2 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Anwaar" /> running an Instagram account as an influencer with around 100,000 followers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sahar Habib Ghazi |title=Gender: Women with opinions... online |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1615016 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=2 July 2025 |date=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="joins">{{Cite news |date=21 February 2021 |title=Dananeer joins star-studded roster of Peshawar Zalmi ambassadors |url=https://arab.news/b5a5m |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Arab News}}</ref> She used to post her photoshoots alongside videos about fashion, make-up, and other topics.<ref>{{cite news |last=Raya Ghosh |title=Pawri girl Dananeer Mobeen garners 1 million followers on Instagram. See her viral post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/pawri-girl-dananeer-mobeen-garners-1-million-followers-on-instagram-see-her-viral-post-1780330-2021-03-17 |website=India Today |access-date=2 July 2025 |date=17 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="brings">{{cite news |title='Pawri girl': A five-second video brings India and Pakistan together |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56107941 |website=BBC |access-date=30 June 2025 |date=19 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazim Hamdani |date=13 February 2021 |title=Explainer: Who is Dananeer Mobeen? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2283925/e |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

===Breakthrough: #PawriHoraiHai===
{{External media
| video1 = [https://youtube.com/watch?v=pjgg2pMKilE The original #pawrihoraihai] by [https://youtube.com/@dananeerrmobeen Dananeer Mobeen]. Published 13 February 2021.{{efn|This YouTube video is a repost of the original Instagram video}}
}}
On 6 February 2021, Mobeen uploaded a four-second video at [[Nathia Gali]] during an outing with friends. She filmed her car, her companions, and herself while stating in Urdu: "{{lang|ur-latn|Yeh hamari car hai, yeh hum hain, aur yeh hamari pawri ho rahi hai}}", which translates as "This is our car, this is us, and this is our party (happening)", whereby "''pawri''" is an intentionally malformed pronunciation of the English word "party".<ref name="Anwaar">{{cite news |last=Munazza Anwaar |script-title=ur:'یہ ہماری کار ہے، یہ ہم ہیں اور یہ ہماری پارٹی ہو رہی ہے': دنانیر مبین، وہ لڑکی جو ایک وائرل میم بن گئی |trans-title='This is our car, this is us, and this is our party': Dananeer Mobeen, the girl who became a viral meme|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-56051939 |website=[[BBC Urdu]] |access-date=30 June 2025 |language=ur |date=13 February 2021}}</ref> The way she pronounced "party" mimicked and ridiculed a demographic known in Pakistan under the slang term "Burgers".{{efn|People who emulate Western culture<ref name="join">{{cite news|date=15 February 2021|title=Brands Join The "Pawri" As Pakistani Influencer's Video Goes Viral|publisher=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/brands-join-the-pawri-as-pakistani-influencers-video-goes-viral-2370775|access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> and whose speech patterns are influenced by English<ref name="brings" />}} She had recorded the clip a month earlier,<ref name=know/> and uploaded it to her Instagram account under the [[hashtag]] #PawriHoraiHai.{{efn|Which translates as: "The party is happening"}}<ref name="Anwaar" />

In the days following its release, the video got over 2.7 million views, spawning the catchphrase-based "Pawri Ho Rahi Hai" meme. Indian music producer [[Yashraj Mukhate]] sampled the audio to create his own video, which also went viral and spread the meme to India.<ref name="join" /> Celebrities, companies, and politicians from both the countries, Pakistan and India, adopted the phrase in marketing materials and public campaigns.<ref name="rage" /><ref name="brings" /><ref>{{cite news |title='#PawriHoraiHai' girl speaks up about viral video |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/723736 |website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |date=14 February 2021 |accessdate=6 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://24newshd.tv/21-Feb-2021/maryam-nawaz-jumps-on-the-pawri-ho-rai-hai-bandwagon |title=Maryam Nawaz jumps on the 'pawri ho rai hai' bandwagon |website=[[24 Digital]] |date=21 February 2021 |accessdate=6 July 2025}}</ref> The video earned Mobeen the nickname Pawri girl.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rasti Amena |title='Pawri girl' Dananeer Mobeen's new Pakistani drama: All details |url=https://www.siasat.com/pawri-girl-dananeer-mobeens-new-pakistani-drama-all-details-3089641 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |access-date=30 June 2025 |date=3 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |title=Pawri girl Dananeer Become Film Heroine |url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330415326 |website=[[Aaj News]] |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=ur |date=5 May 2025}}</ref> The number of her followers increased to 1 million,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1186884 |title=Pakistan's women influencers are brave in their unapologetic honesty |date=31 March 2021 |accessdate=6 July 2025 |work=Dawn Images |last=Sahar Habib Ghazi}}</ref> and, according to her, she began receiving acting offers at this time.<ref name="rage" />

Later in February, she was named a brand ambassador for [[Peshawar Zalmi]] in the [[Pakistan Super League]], joining public figures like [[Mahira Khan]] and [[Esra Bilgiç]].<ref name="joins" /> Later that year, she was also nominated at the [[2nd Pakistan International Screen Awards]] for Most Entertaining Instagram Celebrity.<ref name=pisa>{{multiref2 |{{cite news |title=PISA 2021 announces nominations in 24 categories |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2318846/p |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=The Express Tribune |date=6 September 2021}} |{{cite news |title=PISA 2021 winners: 'Pyar Ke Sadqay', Sonya Hussyn bag awards |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2328293/p |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=The Express Tribune |date=7 November 2021}}}}</ref>

===Television acting===
Mobeen made her television debut in the [[Inter-Services Public Relations]] (ISPR)-coproduced TV series ''[[Sinf-e-Aahan]]'' (2021–2022), in which she portrayed the character of Syeda Sidra.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sajid Salamat |title='Sinf-E-Aahan' trends on top after first episode |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/848530 |website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |access-date=30 June 2025 |date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Sinf-e-Aahan' cast recalls shooting experience |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2334179/f |website=The Express Tribune |access-date=30 June 2025 |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> In 2023, she played a lead role in the [[MD Productions]]' romantic drama TV series ''[[Muhabbat Gumshuda Meri]]'' as Zobia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2023 |title=Remember Pawri Ho Rahi Hai girl Dananeer Mobeen? She now features in this Pakistani show Muhabbat Gumshuda Meri |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/remember-pawri-ho-rahi-hai-girl-dananeer-mobeen-she-now-features-in-this-pakistani-show-2376824-2023-05-09 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> The following year, she had a lead role in another MD Productions TV series, named ''[[Very Filmy]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zainab Mossadiq |date=27 March 2024 |title=HUM TV's Very Filmy strikes the perfect balance between love, laughter, and meaningful messages |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1192354 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Dawn Images}}</ref> She subsequently played a lead role in ''[[Meem Se Mohabbat]]'', also by MD Productions.<ref name="Salamat-2024">{{Cite news |last=Sajid Salamat |date=5 September 2024 |title=Dananeer set to play lead role in 'Meem Se Mohabbat' |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1223929 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Daily Times}}</ref>

In 2022, she did voice acting for the ISPR-coproduced animated TV series ''[[Team Muhafiz (2022)|Team Muhafiz]]''.<ref name=":0">{{multiref2 |{{cite news |last=Irfan Ul Haq |title=Upcoming star-studded superhero series Team Muhafiz to teach history and tackle social issues |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1190292 |website=Dawn Images |access-date=2 July 2025 |date=14 June 2022}} |{{cite news |last=Sajid Salamat |title=Wahaj Ali takes on animated series 'Team Muhafiz' |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/949037 |website=Daily Times |access-date=2 July 2025 |date=9 June 2022}} |{{Cite AV media |title=BTS – Team Muhafiz – Dananeer as Mahnur – Pakistani Hero – Character Reveal – ISPR|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=T2_jDbDMdRk |publisher=[[Geo Entertainment]] |via=YouTube |date=8 June 2022}}}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Network
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|2021-22
|''[[Sinf-e-Aahan]]''
|Syeda Sidra
|[[ARY Digital]]
|Supporting role
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dananeer surprises fans with first look from Sinf-e-Aahan |url=https://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/2021/11/dananeer-surprises-fans-with-first-look-from-sinf-e-aahan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122154214/https://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/2021/11/dananeer-surprises-fans-with-first-look-from-sinf-e-aahan/ |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=19 June 2025 |work=Samaa TV}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Muhabbat Gumshuda Meri]]''
|Dr. Zobia Sarmad
| rowspan="4" |[[Hum TV]]
| rowspan="4" |Lead role
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2023 |title='Kya Drama Hai' judges point out gender bias, harsh realities shown in 'Mohabbat Gumshuda Meri' |url=https://www.24newshd.tv/20-Sep-2023/-kya-drama-hai-judges-point-out-gender-bias-harsh-realities-shown-in-mohabbat-gumshuda-meri- |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=24 News HD}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
|''[[Very Filmy]]''
| Daniya Ahsan
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Usman Malik |title=Very Filmy – In conversation with Dananeer Mobeen |url=https://hum.tv/blog/very-filmy-in-conversation-with-dananeer-mobeen/ |website=[[Hum TV]] |access-date=1 July 2025 |date=11 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024-25
|''Meem Se Mohabbat''
|Aayat "Roshi" Suleman
|<ref name="Salamat-2024" />
|-
|}

===Voice Appearance===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Network
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|2022
|''[[Team Muhafiz (2022)|Team Muhafiz]]''
|Mahnoor
|[[Geo Entertainment]]
|Animated TV Show
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref
|-
|2021
|[[Pakistan International Screen Awards|2nd Pakistan International Screen Awards]]
|Most Entertaining Instagram Celebrity
|{{N/a}}
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref name="pisa" />
|-
|2023
|[[22nd Lux Style Awards]]
|Best Emerging Talent – Television
|''[[Sinf-e-Aahan]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2025 |title=Lux Style Awards 2023: From Dananeer to Bilal Abbas Khan - full list of winners |url=https://www.samaa.tv/208732261 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=Samaa TV}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| rowspan="2" |[[9th Hum Awards]]
|Best Actress
| rowspan="2" |''[[Muhabbat Gumshuda Meri]]''
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Best Onscreen Couple (with [[Khushhal Khan (actor)|Khushhal Khan]])
|{{Nominated}}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Instagram|id=dananeerr}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobeen, Dananeer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000s births]]
[[Category:Pakistani television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani actresses]]
[[Category:Social media influencers]]
[[Category:Pakistani women in television]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2021]]
[[Category:People from Peshawar]]

Bangladesh National Cadet Corps

2026-02-16T14:30:14Z

Sergkwi: quick enhance references based on references also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Volunteer reserve force}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bangladesh National Cadet Corps
| native_name = বাংলাদেশ ন্যাশনাল ক্যাডেট কোর
| native_name_lang = bn
| logo = Bncc logo.png
| logo_size = 250 px
| image = Flag of BNCC.png
| image_size = 300px
| alt = 
| caption = Flag of BNCC
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation = BNCC
| predecessor =
| merged = 
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1979|03|23|df=y}}
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction = 
| merger = 
| type = [[Military Reserve]] Defence Force
| status = 
| purpose =  
| headquarters = [[Uttara Thana#Sectors of Uttara|Sector#06]], [[Uttara Thana|Uttara]], [[Dhaka]]-[[List of postal codes in Bangladesh#Dhaka District|1230]]
| location =
| coords = 
| region = 
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| leader_title = [[Director General]] (DG)
| leader_name = [[Brigadier General]] Abu Sayed Al Masud, BGBMS, PBGMS, ndc, psc
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =  
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations = {{ubl|{{army|Bangladesh }}|{{navy|Bangladesh}}|{{air force|Bangladesh}}|{{flagicon image|Bangladesh Armed Forces Flag.svg}} [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]]|{{flagicon image|Government Seal of Bangladesh.svg}} [[Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Defence]]}}
| budget =
| budget_year =
| staff = 
| staff_year = 
| volunteers = 
| volunteers_year = 
| website = {{URL|www.bncc.info}}
| formerly = UTC, UOTC, PCC, JCC, BCC
}}

The '''Bangladesh National Cadet Corps''' ('''BNCC''') is a tri-services volunteer reserve defence force comprising the Army, Navy and Air Force wing for school, college and university students. It is the second line of defence headed by [[Bangladesh Army]].

Students are trained by military staffs and personnel all through the cadet ship. BNCC remains high value in Bangladeshi society's public-military relationship. BNCC cadets work together with Army, Navy, Air Force as well as Civil Defense authority in national integrity and emergencies.
[[File:Youth Exchange Program, Bangladesh 2021.jpg|alt=Youth Exchange Program|thumb|Cadets under YEP (Youth Exchange Program) visiting a warship of Bangladesh Navy fleet]]

==History==
[[File:Formation of uniforms, Senior division.jpg|alt=Cadets uniform, senior division|thumb|Uniforms from army wing, naval wing & air wing.]]
After the establishment [[University of Dhaka]] (1921) the Corps initiated its activities under the provisions of the Indian Territorial Forces Act, 1920. Captain E. Groom was the first [[adjutant]] of the Corps. He imparted [[Military education and training|military training]] to 100 students and 16 teachers in November 1927. Later University Training Corps was officially founded in June 1928. In 1943, the name of the Corps was changed to University Officers Training Corps (UOTC). The Corps was merged into Pakistan Cadet Corps and operated in school, colleges of both West Pakistan & East Pakistan. The members of this Corps took part in the [[liberation war of Bangladesh]] in 1971.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news
| url = http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-80969
| title = BNCC founding anniversary today
| work = The Daily Star
| access-date = 2016-03-02
}}</ref> After [[Independence of Bangladesh|independence]], Bangladesh Cadet Corps comprising college students, and Junior Cadet Corps comprising junior students, were formed in addition to University Officers Training Corps. On 23 March 1979, University Officers Training Corps, Bangladesh Cadet Corps and Junior Cadet Corps were all merged by President [[Ziaur Rahman]].<ref name=":0" /> The organization is tri service combined from Bangladesh Army, Navy and Air Force.<ref>{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LmqM8I_8nH0C
| title = Bangladesh: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
| last = Dept
| first = International Monetary Fund Asia and Pacific
| date = 2013-03-11
| publisher = International Monetary Fund
| isbn = 9781475543520
| language = en
}}</ref> At present, its headquarters is located in Sector 6, [[Uttara Thana|Uttara]], [[Dhaka]].<ref name="Bangladesh National Cadet Corps">{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bangladesh_National_Cadet_Corps|title=Bangladesh National Cadet Corps|website=Banglapedia|date=17 June 2021}}</ref> There are three categories of Cadets in BNCC and divided under two broad heads namely, Senior Division and Junior Division cadets. Senior division again has two categories of female and male cadets of various levels of academic qualifications. The Bangladesh Government Cabinet approved a proposal to bring BNCC under a legal framework and department.<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://en.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/14473/Cabinet-approves-National-Cadet-Core-Law
| title = Cabinet approves National Cadet Core Law
| work = NTV
| access-date = 2016-03-01
}}</ref> The proposal was titled Bangladesh National Cadet Corps Act-2015.<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.en.banglanews24.com/fullnews/bn/118859.html
| title = Draft of BNCC act gets cabinet nod
| work = Banglanews24.com
| access-date = 2016-03-02
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151229220849/http://www.en.banglanews24.com/fullnews/bn/118859.html
| archive-date = 29 December 2015
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The separate department would be under the Ministry of Defense.<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/dec/28/govt-establish-bncc-department
| title = Govt to establish BNCC department
| work = Dhaka Tribune
| access-date = 2016-03-02
}}</ref> BNCC sent a delegation to India in a youth exchange program upon the invitation of the Indian Government<ref>{{Cite magazine
| last = Imran
| first = Sheikh
| date = 21 June 2009
| title = BNCC Cadets visits India
| url = http://archive.thedailystar.net/campus/2009/06/03/feature_bncc.htm
| magazine = Star Campus
| access-date = 2016-03-01
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304165402/http://archive.thedailystar.net/campus/2009/06/03/feature_bncc.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> and participated in Republic Day Camp 2009.<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-71270
| title = BNCC team to attend Republic Day Camp in India
| work = The Daily Star
| access-date = 2016-03-02
}}</ref> The organization participates in Victory day parade.<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://newagebd.net/76425/preparations-for-victory-day-parade-almost-complete/
| title = Preparations for Victory Day Parade almost complete - New Age
| work = New Age
| language = en-GB
| access-date = 2016-03-02
| archive-date = 8 April 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160408061305/http://newagebd.net/76425/preparations-for-victory-day-parade-almost-complete/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/dec/16/president-takes-salute-victory-day-parade
| title = President takes salute of Victory Day parade
| work = Dhaka Tribune
| access-date = 2016-03-02
}}</ref>

==Organization==
Headed by a Director General, who is also a [[Brigadier General]] of [[Bangladesh Army]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bncc.info/dg|title=DG BNCC|website=bncc.info}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh National Cadet Corps"/> Bangladesh National Cadet Corps has three wings: Army Wing, Air Wing and Naval Wing. Bangladesh National Cadet Corps (BNCC) is composed of 5 Army regiments (Army Wing), 3 Air Squadron (Air Force Wing) and 3 Naval Flotilla (Naval Wing).

The regiments are:
1. Ramna Regiment, Dhaka
2. Karnaphuli Regiment, Chattogram
3. Moinamati Regiment, Cumilla
4. Sundorbon Regiment, Khulna
5. Mohasthan Regiment, Rajshahi

The Air Squadrons are:
1. 56 Squadron
2. 57 Squadron
3. 58 Squadron.

The Flotillas are:
1.Dhaka Flotilla,
2.Chittagong Flotilla
3.Khulna Flotilla.<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=4&id=462240$date=2015-01-13&dateCurrent=2015-01-19
| title = BNCC training camp begins in Rajshahi
| work = BSS
| access-date = 2016-03-02
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307003003/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=4&id=462240$date=2015-01-13&dateCurrent=2015-01-19
| archive-date = 7 March 2016
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.ebanglapedia.com/en/article.php?id=603#.VtZ2apwrLIU
| title = Bangladesh National Cadet Corps (BNCC)
| last = Rahman
| first = Aunik
| website = Banglapedia
| access-date = 2016-03-02
}}</ref> There are two entry points for the students to join as cadets, i.e., School and College / University. The senior division ranges from students of Intermediate colleges and extends up to universities. The cadet life lasts for both males and females up to four years. The junior division used to consist of cadets from class seven. But this has been changed to class eight in 2025{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Wing ==
BNCC has 4 wings. These are:

# Army Wing
# Naval Wing
# Air Wing
# Air Def Wing (Proposed)

== Regiment ==
There are 9 [[regiment]]s under the Army Wing. These are:

# Ramna Regiment, Dhaka
# Karnaphuli Regiment, Chittagong
# Moinamati Regiment, Comilla
# Mohasthan Regiment, Rajshahi
# Sundarban Regiment, Khulna
# Naval Regiment 1, Dhaka (Proposed)
# Naval Regiment 2, Chittagong (Proposed)
# Naval Regiment 3, Mongla (Proposed)
# Naval Regiment 4, Payra (Proposed)

== List of current regiment commanders of BNCC Army Wing ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sl #
!Name
!Wing
!Duty
!Regiment
|-
|1
|Lt Col Muhammed Ishaque, BGBM, psc
|Army Wing
|Regiment Commander
|Ramna Regiment
|-
|2
|Lt. Col. Rahat Newaz, Psc
|Army Wing
|Regiment Commander
|Karnaphuli Regiment
|-
|3
|Lt. Col. Rasedul Hasan Prince, Psc
|Army Wing
|Regiment Commander
|Mainamati Regiment
|-
|4
|Lt. Col. Md. Kamrul Islam, BGBM, psc
|Army Wing
|Regiment Commander
|Sundarban Regiment
|-
|5
|Maj Abu Rifat Md Motaleb, psc
|Army Wing
|Regiment Commander
|Mohasthan Regiment
|-
|}

== Flotilla ==
There are 4 flotillas under the Navy Wing. These are:

# 51 BNCC Flotilla, Dhaka
# 52 BNCC Flotilla, Chattogram
# 53 BNCC Flotilla, Khulna
# 54 BNCC Flotilla, Barisal (Proposed)

== List of current deputy director (naval) and officer commanding of BNCC Flotilla ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sl #
!Name
!Wing
!Duty
!Flotilla
|-
|1
|[[Lieutenant commander|Lt Cdr]] Faisal Bin Rashid, (G) PCGM, BN
|Naval Wing
|DD- Deputy Director -Naval & OC- Dhaka Flotilla
|BNCC HQ & Dhaka Flotilla
|-
|2
|[[Lieutenant (navy)|Lt]] Tanzim Zaman Tayin,(X), BN Cdr
|Naval Wing
|OC- Officer Commanding
|Chattogram Flotilla
|-
|3
|Lt H M Abu Sakib (X), BN Cdr
|Naval Wing
|OC- Officer Commanding
|Khulna Flotilla
|}

== Squadron ==
There are 4 squadrons under the Air-Force Wing. These are:

# 56 BNCC Squadron, Dhaka.
# 57 BNCC Squadron, Chattogram.
# 58 BNCC Squadron, Jessore.
# 53 BNCC Squadron, Maritime. (Proposed)

== List of current deputy director (air) and officer commanding of BNCC Squadron ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sl #
!Name
!Wing
!Duty
!Squadron
|-
|1
|[[Squadron leader|Sqn Ldr]] Sheikh Zillur Rahaman, Admin
|Air Wing
|DD- Deputy Director -Air
|BNCC HQ
|-
|2
|[[Flight lieutenant|Flt Lt]] Iftekhar Uddin Leemon, GD(P)
|Air Wing
|OC- Officer Commanding
|56 BNCC Squadron Dhaka
|-
|3
|Flt Lt Nahid Hasan Shuvo
|Air Wing
|OC- Officer Commanding
|57 BNCC Squadron Chattagram
|-
|4
|Flt Lt Md Al Nafiur Rahman
|Air Wing
|OC- Officer Commanding
|58 BNCC Squadron Jessore
|}

==Ranks==
===Cadets===
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''CADETS'''
!
!Cadet Under Officer
!Cadet Sergeant
!Cadet Corporal
!Cadet Lance Corporal
!Cadet
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Army Wing'''
|[[File:A CUO.png|60px]]
|[[File:A SGT.png|60px]]
|[[File:A CPL.png|60px]]
|[[File:A LCPL.png|60px]]
|[[File:A CDT.png|60px]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Naval Wing'''
|[[File:AF CUO.png|60px]]
|[[File:AF SGT.png|60px]]
|[[File:AF CPL.png|60px]]
|[[File:AF LCPL.png|60px]]
|[[File:AF CDT.png|60px]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Air Wing'''
|[[File:N CUO.png|60px]]
|[[File:N SGT.png|60px]]
|[[File:N CPL.png|60px]]
|[[File:N LCPL.png|60px]]
|[[File:N CDT.png|60px]]
|}

===Officers===
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Officers'''
!Wing/Grade
!CCO-5
!CCO-4
!CCO-3
!CCO-2
!CCO-1
!UO-02
!UO-01
|-style="text-align:center;"
| '''Army Wing'''
| [[File:Lt-col-bncc.png|alt=Lt. Colonel|Lt. Colonel|50px]] '''Lieutenant Colonel'''
| [[File:Maj-bncc.png|alt=Major|Major|50px]] '''Major'''
| [[File:Capt-bncc.png|alt=Captain|Captain|50px]] '''Captain'''
| [[File:Lt-bncc.png|50px|alt=Lieutenant|Lieutenant]] '''Lieutenant'''
| [[File:2lt-bncc.png|50px|alt=2nd Lieutenant|2nd Lieutenant]] '''2nd Lieutenant'''
| [[File:Puo-aw.png|50px|alt=Professor Under Officer|Professor Under Officer]] '''Professor Under Officer'''
| [[File:Tuo-aw.png|50px|alt=Teacher Under Officer|Teacher Under Officer]] '''Teacher Under Officer'''
|-style="text-align:center;"
| '''Naval Wing'''
| colspan=2| '''No Equivalent Rank in BNCC'''
| [[File:Lt-bncc-naval.png|50px]] '''Lieutenant'''
| [[File:Sub-lt-bncc.png|50px]] '''Sub-Lieutenant'''
| [[File:Actg-sub-lt-bncc.png|50px]] '''Acting Sub-Lieutenant'''
| [[File:Puo-nw.png|50px|alt=Professor Under Officer|Professor Under Officer]] '''Professor Under Officer'''
| [[File:Tuo-nw.png|50px|alt=Teacher Under Officer|Teacher Under Officer]] '''Teacher Under Officer'''
|-style="text-align:center;"
|'''Air Wing'''
| colspan=2| '''No Equivalent Rank in BNCC'''
| [[File:Flight-lt-bncc.png|50px|alt=Flight Lieutenant|Flight Lieutenant]] '''Flight Lieutenant'''
| [[File:Flying-officer-bncc.png|50px|alt=Flying Officer|Flying Officer]] '''Flying Officer'''
| [[File:Pilot-offr-bncc.png|50px|alt=Pilot Officer|Pilot Officer]] '''Pilot Officer'''
| [[File:Puo-airw.png|50px|alt=Professor Under Officer|Professor Under Officer]] '''Professor Under Officer'''
| [[File:Tuo-airw.png|50px|alt=Teacher Under Officer|Teacher Under Officer]] '''Teacher Under Officer'''
|}

=== Cadet Epaulettes ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+Cadet Epaulettes
!Wings
!Cadet Under Officer (CUO)
! Senior Division Ldr
! Junior Division Ldr
|-style="text-align:center;"
|Army Wing
|[[File:CUO EPAULETTE - BAPPY RAYAN.png|50px]]
|[[File:SD EPAULETTE - BAPPY RAYAN.png|50px]]
|[[File:JUNIOR DEVISION EPAULETTE - BAPPY RAYAN.png|50px]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|Naval Wing
|[[File:CUO EPAULETTE NV -BAPPY RAYAN.png|50px]]
|[[File:SENIOR DIVISION EPAULETTE NV - BAPPY RAYAN.png|50px]]
|[[File:JUNIOR DEVISION EPAULETTE AR - BAPPYRAYAN.png|50px]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|Air Wing
|[[File:CUO EPAULETTE NV - BAPPY RAYAN.png|50px]]
|[[File:SENIOR DIVISION EPAULETTE NAVY - BAPPY RAYAN.png|50px]]
|[[File:JUNIOR DIVISION EPAULETTE NAVY - BAPPY RAYAN.png|50px]]
|}

== List of directors general ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sl #
!Name
!Term start
!Term end
!Reference
|-
|1
|[[Colonel]] Mirza Shafi
|7 August 1978
|15 September 1980
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Hall of frame {{!}} BNCC |url=http://bncc.info/hall-of-frame |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Bangladesh National Cadet Corps |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Colonel Mohammad Bazlul Gani Patwari
|15 September 1980
|8 June 1981
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|3
|[[Brigadier General]] [[Nurul Islam Shishu]]
|4 September 1981
|31 March 1986
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|4
|Brigadier General Md. Iftekharul Basher
|29 June 1991
|8 January 1992
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|5
|Brigadier General Abdullah Ahmed Musa
|9 January 1992
|1 June 1996
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|6
|Brigadier General Mohammad Ali Hasan
|1 November 1996
|5 September 1999
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|7
|Brigadier General Shah Jalal
|26 September 1999
|20 December 2000
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|8
|Brigadier General Md Nurul Bashir
|23 July 2001
|25 August 2002
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|9
|Brigadier General Md. Rafiqur Rahman
|25 August 2002
|2 January 2005
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|10
|Brigadier General [[Ahsan Habib Khan]]
|2 January 2005
|30 September 2007
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|11
|Brigadier General Kazi Anwar Hossain
|30 September 2007
|15 March 2009
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|12
|Brigadier General Immam Hossain
|19 March 2009
|7 March 2010
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|13
|Brigadier General [[Mahmud Hossain]]
|10 March 2010
|22 August 2010
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|14
|Brigadier General G. M. Quamrul Islam
|26 December 2010
|20 March 2011
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|15
|Brigadier General Mohammad Obaidul Haque
|21 March 2011
|29 December 2011
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|16
|Brigadier General Mirza Ezazur Rahman
|29 December 2011
|28 February 2013
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|17
|Brigadier General Md. Rejuanul Hoque Chowdhury
|28 February 2013
|1 January 2014
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|18
|Brigadier General Murshedul Huque
|1 January 2014
|30 December 2015
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|19
|Brigadier General SM Ferdous
|30 January 2016
|7 August 2018
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|20
|Brigadier General Md. Abdul Baten Khan
|19 August 2018
|20 January 2020
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|21
|Brigadier General Nahidul Islam Khan
|20 January 2020
|4 August 2022
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|22
|Brigadier General Omar Sadi
|4 August 2022
|24 September 2023
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|23
|Brigadier General Md. Mizanur Rahman
|12 November 2023
|31 December 2024
|<ref name="DG {{!}} BNCC">{{Cite web |title=DG {{!}} BNCC |url=http://bncc.info/dg |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Bangladesh National Cadet Corps |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|24
|Brigadier General Abu Sayed Al Masud
|16 January 2025
|{{center|-}}
|<ref name="DG {{!}} BNCC" />
|}

==Training and activities==

The Cadets receive military training. National Cadet Corps conducts its activities with the aim of providing military training to young people in order to develop them as a supporting force for military and providing a second line of defence. Its activities include basic military training.<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-176714
| title = BNCC training starts today
| work = The Daily Star
| access-date = 2016-03-02
}}</ref>

==Other activities==
Besides receiving military and other types of training, the cadets are also involved in social work. The cadets have participated in activities such as:
[[File:Martial Art BNCC.jpg|thumb|Martial Art Practice by BNCC Cadets]]

# Tree Plantation<ref>{{Cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bo2OAAAAMAAJ
| title = Nagarlok
| date = 2004-01-01
| publisher = Centre for Urban Studies, The Indian Institute of Public Administration.
| page = 10
| language = en
}}</ref>
# Blood donation
# Assisting fire fighters<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/19175
|title=BNCC vows to stand against drug addiction, dowry
|work=The Independent|access-date=2016-03-02
}}</ref>
# Disaster relief operation including rehabilitation
# Relief distribution
# Assisting in first aid, hygiene<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://article.wn.com/view/2002/08/10/BNCC_members_participate_in_antidengue_drive_in_city/
| title = BNCC members participate in anti-dengue drive in city
| website = World News
| access-date = 2016-03-02
}}</ref> and sanitation<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/free-footpaths-march-1-575446
| title = Free footpaths by March 1
| work = The Daily Star
| access-date = 2016-03-01
}}</ref> etc.
# Security/volunteer at events in their respective educational institutions<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.thedailystar.net/city/du-teachers-hurt-during-bnp-scuffle-shaheed-minar-575644
| title = DU teachers hurt during BNP scuffle at Shaheed Minar
| work = The Daily Star
| access-date = 2016-03-01
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/21591
| title = BCL leader, DU student held
| work = The Independent
| access-date = 2016-03-02
}}</ref>
# Community service<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/15217/2015-09-10
| title = Anti-drug rally held
| work = The Independent
| access-date = 2016-03-02
| archive-date = 6 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090030/http://www.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/15217/2015-09-10
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
# Youth Exchange Program
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Bangladesh Military Academy]]
* [[Australian Defence Force Cadets]]
* [[Canadian Cadet Organizations]]
* [[Combined Cadet Force]]
* [[Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps]]
* [[National Cadet Corps (Ghana)]]
* [[National Cadet Corps (India)]]
* [[National Cadet Corps (Singapore)]]
* [[National Cadet Corps (Sri Lanka)]]
* [[New Zealand Cadet Forces]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}25.↑ [https://bncc.info/ "Bangladesh National Cadet Corps (BNCC)"]. Md.Shakhawat Hossain Sayem .[[Dhanmondi Government Boys' High School|(DGBHS)]]

==External links==
* [http://bncc.info/ Official website of BNCC]
*

{{Military of Bangladesh}}
{{Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)}}

[[Category:Military education and training in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Army]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Navy]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Air Force]]

Naadumaskeri

2026-02-11T04:43:57Z

Sergkwi: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{unreferenced|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naadumaskeri
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Naadumaskeri''' is a village in [[Uttar Kannada]] next to [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]].

==Notable people==
* [[S. R. Nayak]]

{{UttaraKannada-geo-stub}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Uttara Kannada district]]

Dance bar

2026-02-03T03:18:41Z

Sergkwi: new a data

{{short description|Term in India for adult bars}}
{{about|the term specific to India|dance bars in other countries|Nightclub}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
'''Dance bar''' is a term used in [[India]] to refer to bars in which adult entertainment in the form of dances by relatively well-covered women are performed for male patrons in exchange for cash. Dance bars used to be present only in [[Maharashtra]], but later spread across the country, mainly in cities. Dance bars are a flirtatious world of fantasy catering to the need of feeling of being wanted.<ref name=dance4>Rashmi Uday Singh, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rutBoeZOzl4C&dq=dance+bar&pg=PA183 Mumbai by Night] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206175242/https://books.google.com/books?id=rutBoeZOzl4C&dq=dance+bar&pg=PA183 |date=6 February 2024 }}, Page 183.</ref>

Dance bars were banned in the state of Maharashtra in August 2005,<ref name=toi2011/> which was first struck down by the [[Bombay High Court]] on 12 April 2006, and the verdict was upheld by the Supreme Court in July 2013.<ref name=":0"/> The Maharashtra government banned dance bars again in 2014 by an [[Local ordinance|Ordinance]], but this too was found "unconstitutional" by the Supreme Court in October 2015, allowing Mumbai dance bars to reopen.<ref name="auto"/>

==History==
The first dance bars were in [[Khalapur]] in the [[Raigad district]] of Maharashtra, in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |author=Quaid Najmi |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1861894/report-dance-bars-were-the-zing-in-mumbai-s-night-life |title=Dance bars were the zing in Mumbai's night life |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |archive-date=20 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720203642/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1861894/report-dance-bars-were-the-zing-in-mumbai-s-night-life |url-status=live }}</ref> The first dance bar in Pune district was hotel Kapila International.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web |author=Sandip Dighe |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/1861958/report-pune-dist-may-have-10-dance-bars-this-time |title=Pune dist may have 10 dance bars this time |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=17 July 2013 |access-date=30 July 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719030225/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/1861958/report-pune-dist-may-have-10-dance-bars-this-time |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Bar setting==
===Clothing===
Bar dancing in India, markedly differs from erotic dancing and nightclub dance in the Western world and some parts of the Eastern world. In a way, it is more similar to [[bellydancing]] performed as entertainment. The dancers, known as [[bar girl]]s, remain significantly clothed<ref name=scot2005>{{cite news |title=Dance bars outlawed in Mumbai |url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=391282005 |publisher=[[The Scotsman]] |date=14 April 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111074055/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=391282005 |archive-date=11 January 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> throughout the performance, showing at most some [[midriff]], part of the back, and bare arms. Therefore, the erotic aspect of bar dancing is mostly achieved through suggestion. In [[Maharashtra]], bar dancer attire is often ethnic Indian ([[sari]] or [[lehenga]]-[[choli]]), whereas in some other places, such as [[Bangalore]], it may include Western garb. The bar dances are often compared to ''[[mujra]]s'', wherein women would dance to live [[classical Indian music]], traditionally performed by [[tawaif]] ([[courtesan]]s) during the [[Mughal era]].<ref name=sfg>{{cite news |title=Prostitution beckons India's former bar girls |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/03/26/MNGJ9HSC6R1.DTL&feed=rss.news |website=San Francisco Chronicle |date=26 March 2006 |first=Paul |last=Watson |access-date=13 April 2006 |archive-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524172828/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/03/26/MNGJ9HSC6R1.DTL&feed=rss.news |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=toi2005mujra>{{cite news |title=It's time for mujra re for bar girls |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-01/india/27855743_1_bar-girls-bar-dancers-mujra |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103111148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-01/india/27855743_1_bar-girls-bar-dancers-mujra |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 November 2005 }}</ref>

===Dancer protocol===
{{Quote box |quote = The dance, per se, is not pernicious, but it's the dance in that particular place, where liquor is served and clients are sitting getting boozed. Then the whole atmosphere becomes conducive for men to tease girls, or to book girls for further prostitution.
|width=25%
|quoted = 1
|source =—Deputy Police Commissioner of Mumbai in 2006.<ref name=sfg/> }}

Bar girls dance to [[Bollywood]]<ref name=bbc2006>{{cite news |title=Court strikes down dance bar ban |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4902934.stm |work=BBC News |date=12 April 2006 |access-date=13 April 2006 |archive-date=19 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191945/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4902934.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Indipop]] numbers on a colourfully lit dance floor, in the central focus of a dance bar's seating arrangement.<ref name="protocol">{{cite web |url=http://www.dancewithshadows.com/dance_bars_mumbai.asp |title=Dance bars and bar girls of Mumbai |publisher=Dancewithshadows.com |date=16 July 2005 |access-date=29 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331180018/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/dance_bars_mumbai.asp |archive-date=31 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Patrons sit in chairs lined up against the walls of the room. The dancing is minimalist kind and features no pelvic thrusting and bosom heaving seen typical Bollywood dance, nor any belly-dancing or suggestive gyrations.<ref name="expressindia.indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=45426|title=Mumbai no bar, Morality bar bar|publisher=Express India|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918033225/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=45426|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the time, bar girls reservedly sway to music, in a movement designed for the conservation of energy, until they find a patron whose attention they wish to attract, or are called upon by a patron. They then dance in front of the patron, making fleeting [[eye contact]], pointing, gesturing, or generally making their targeted patron "feel special". No bodily contact between the two is allowed,<ref name = "protocol"/> and the bar dancers often stay within the confines of the dance floor. Male waiters hover over patrons and dancers who get too close to each other, both to oversee transactions between the two as well as ostensibly to prevent sex-for-money deals being made.<ref name=sfg/> Patrons sometimes shower bar girls with currency notes, which generally results in more animated dancing.<ref name="expressindia.indianexpress.com"/>

===Income===
The patron showers his favoured dancer with [[paper money|currency note]]s. He does this either by handing over nominal denominations of cash (10 or 20 [[Indian rupee|rupee]] notes), or through an act known as "scratching", where he holds a wad of currency notes above his dancer and rubs notes off the wad down upon the dancer. In some cases, he would even [[garland]] the dancer with rupees. Many bar dancers are able to make hundreds of rupees a night in this way, thanks to generous, well-off, and possibly [[inebriated]] patrons. At the end of the day, each girl's earnings are counted and split in some predetermined proportion between the dance bar and the girls. The dance bars also make money through the sale of alcohol and [[snacks]]. Most women earned up to {{INRConvert|10000}} a month, this attracted women from all over India and even as far away as Nepal and Bangladesh, especially as dance bars was considered by them as a safer way to make a living, than working in the Mumbai's red-light district.<ref name=scot2005/>

Income depended on the popularity and status of the bar girl.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that the less popular girls were given 60% of the amount showered on them. It also stated that popular girls received a monthly salary of {{INR}} 100,000–300,000, while the bar owner kept all the money showered on them.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Adamant-on-dance-bar-ban-Maharashtra-govt-to-file-review-petition/Article1-1093638.aspx |title=Adamant on dance bar ban, Maharashtra govt to file review petition - Hindustan Times |access-date=2013-09-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060846/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Adamant-on-dance-bar-ban-Maharashtra-govt-to-file-review-petition/Article1-1093638.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Social and economic aspects===
Dance bars closed at midnight, but in 2000, the government changed the rule to permit them to stay open until 1:30 am. However, this was changed to 12:30 am, following the rape of a minor at Marine Drive, Mumbai in 2005,<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-price-mumbai-paid-in-8-years-since-the-dance-bar/1142723/0|title=The price Mumbai paid in 8 years since the dance bar|date=17 July 2013|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920192958/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-price-mumbai-paid-in-8-years-since-the-dance-bar/1142723/0|url-status=live}}</ref> although the rape was committed by a police constable inside a police ''chowki'' (station).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Six-years-on-Marine-Drive-rape-case-hearing-soon/articleshow/7615182.cms|title=Six years on, Marine Drive rape case hearing soon|newspaper=Times of India|date=3 March 2011|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116153526/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Six-years-on-Marine-Drive-rape-case-hearing-soon/articleshow/7615182.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Once dance bars end by 2 am, the bar owners provide security and safe transport to home the bar dance girls, many of these girls are married with children. Their clients are from all strata of society, including college students, corporate workers and even schoolboys who bribe to get in.<ref name=dance1>Ranabir Samaddar (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XfUyDAAAQBAJ&dq=dance+bar&pg=PA294 ''Ideas and Frameworks of Governing India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206175243/https://books.google.com/books?id=XfUyDAAAQBAJ&dq=dance+bar&pg=PA294 |date=6 February 2024 }}, p. 294.</ref>

Policemen and local [[mafia|thugs]] also make money off regular ''haftas'' from the dance bars.<ref>{{cite web |author=Syed Firdaus Ashraf |url=http://us.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/25fird.htm |title=Vote at 18, but enter dance bars only at 21 |publisher=Us.rediff.com |date=25 February 2004 |access-date=29 July 2013 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312104954/http://us.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/25fird.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Dance bars serve as a meeting place for criminals, making them a hub for intelligence gathering by police.<ref name="livemint.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/x7M3glLKZI62OvzILkLKgO/Dance-bars-in-Maharashtra-may-soon-reopen-after-SC-stays-ban.html|title=Maharashtra ban on dance bars unconstitutional, rules apex court|first=Makarand|last=Gadgil|date=16 July 2013|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=26 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826031122/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/x7M3glLKZI62OvzILkLKgO/Dance-bars-in-Maharashtra-may-soon-reopen-after-SC-stays-ban.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Laws were enacted and court cases were filed to shut down the dance bars to advance political fortunes and curry favor with moralist public and also due to the breakdown bribery arrangements between the dance bar owners and authorities who were deeply entrenched in the sexual economy of dance bars.<ref name=dance2>Mary Evans, Clare Hemmings, Marsha Henry (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sTSmBAAAQBAJ&dq=dance+bar&pg=PT625 ''The Sage Handbook of Feminist Theory''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206175242/https://books.google.com/books?id=sTSmBAAAQBAJ&dq=dance+bar&pg=PT625 |date=6 February 2024 }}.</ref>

===Notable incidents===
*Indian [[scam]]ster [[Abdul Karim Telgi]] spent nearly {{INRConvert|9300000|year=2002}} in one night at a dance bar in [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]], Mumbai in November 2002.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*[[Matka gambling|Matka]] kingpin Suresh Bhagat's son Hitesh allegedly spent {{INRConvert|200000|year=2002}} per night for two years at dance bars.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*Samajwadi Party MLA from Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh Mahendra Singh, along with five other persons, was arrested and booked under the Anti-Prostitution Act by Goa police on 26 August 2013 following a raid at a dance bar in [[Panaji]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-mla-among-six-held-in-panaji-dance-bar-raid/article5065691.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=U.P. MLA among six held in Panaji dance bar raid | date=28 August 2013 | access-date=19 September 2013 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074338/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-mla-among-six-held-in-panaji-dance-bar-raid/article5065691.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> Police said they arrested Singh from a ''[[mujra]]'' party at a hotel, and six women dancers who were "rescued", were prostitutes called from Mumbai, [[Delhi]] and [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/at-mundans-or-mujras-its-ok-to-watch-women-dance-sp-mla_875824.html|title=At 'mundans' or 'mujras', it's OK to watch women dance|date=11 September 2013|publisher=SP MLS|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011124505/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/at-mundans-or-mujras-its-ok-to-watch-women-dance-sp-mla_875824.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh later told the media that he was not ashamed about the incident saying, "In [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] and [[Bihar]], women dancers perform on every occasion. From the time of ''[[Chudakarana|mundan]]'', engagement and marriage, we have women who dance to music. Why should I be ashamed of it?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/i-am-not-ashamed-says-india-lawmaker-arrested-in-dance-bar-1.1230043|title='I am not ashamed', says India lawmaker arrested in dance bar|date=11 September 2013|publisher=IANS|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055151/http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/i-am-not-ashamed-says-india-lawmaker-arrested-in-dance-bar-1.1230043|url-status=live}}</ref>
*A bar girl allegedly died during a raid of the Ellora Bar and Restaurant in Borivli, Mumbai by the Social Service (SS) branch of the Mumbai Police, around 10 pm IST on 31 August 2013. Kasturba Marg police registered an accidental death report for investigation. However, the bar management claimed that the police had assaulted a bar employee during the raid, which created panic and the bar girl died due to a heart attack. Bar owner Pravin Agrawal said that, "We have CCTV recording of the entire incident. But the police have taken every thing into their custody and even seized the mobile phones of the bar employees. They are not allowing me inside and I am unable to contact my employees."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-01/mumbai/41662087_1_bar-girl-police-raid-bar-owner | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904000954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-01/mumbai/41662087_1_bar-girl-police-raid-bar-owner | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 September 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Bar girl dies during police raid in Borivli | date=1 September 2013}}</ref>

==Dance bars outside Maharashtra==
Dance bars exist in other parts of India, although they are illegal.

On 4 June 2006, the Crime Branch of the Delhi Police busted the El Dorado dance bar in Hotel Rajdoot on Mathura Road,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/05/stories/2006060520320300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623194030/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/05/stories/2006060520320300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2006 |title=13 dance bar girls arrested |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 June 2006 |access-date=29 July 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and arrested 13 dance bar girls and one of the hotel owners on charges ranging from obscenity to immoral trafficking and abetment. The girls were aged between 20 and 30 and came from lower-middle-class families. Four of them were from Delhi, two each were from Bihar, Noida and Punjab and one each from Kolkata and Allahabad. The girls had previously been employed in Mumbai dance bars, but shifted to Delhi after those establishments were banned.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Police-swoop-on-S-Delhi-dance-bar/articleshow/1612761.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117010209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-05/delhi/27805161_1_dance-bar-crime-branch-delhi-hotel |url-status=live |archive-date=17 January 2014 |title=Police swoop on S Delhi 'dance bar' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 June 2006 |access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Dance bars have been theme of several films, such as ''[[Chandni Bar]]''. Dance bars are also regularly featured in [[item songs]] in [[Bollywood]] movies.<ref name=dance3>Vikrant Kishore, Amit Sarwal, Parichay Patra (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UwLeCwAAQBAJ&dq=dance+bar+in+item+songs&pg=PT183 ''Salaam Bollywood: Representations and interpretations''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206180052/https://books.google.com/books?id=UwLeCwAAQBAJ&dq=dance+bar+in+item+songs&pg=PT183 |date=6 February 2024 }}</ref>
*''[[Chandni Bar]]'', a 2001 film in which [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] played role of a Bar Dancer.<ref name=dance5>Shweta Punj, 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gTzAAAAAQBAJ&dq=dance+bar&pg=PT31 Why I Failed: Lessons from Leaders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322004330/https://books.google.com/books?id=gTzAAAAAQBAJ&dq=dance+bar&pg=PT31#v=onepage&q=dance%20bar&f=false |date=22 March 2024 }}</ref>
*[[Deepika Padukone]] played the role of a bar dancer 'Mohini' from Maharashtra during the time of the ban in the 2014 film ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Deepika-Padukone-to-play-bar-dancer-in-Happy-New-Year/Article1-1118260.aspx |title=Deepika Padukone to play bar-dancer in Happy New Year - Hindustan Times |access-date=2013-09-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055352/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Deepika-Padukone-to-play-bar-dancer-in-Happy-New-Year/Article1-1118260.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Controversies==
Dance bars were banned in the state of Maharashtra, in August 2005, with the passing of the ''Maharashtra Police (Amendment) Act, 2005''. Subsequently, the government shut down dance bars. However, many continued to flourish as late as 2011, although in a clandestine way in [[Mumbai]] and its outskirts.<ref name=toi2011>{{cite news |title=Bars may lose licence for flouting dance ban|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Bars-may-lose-licence-for-flouting-dance-ban/articleshow/7543106.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/mumbai/28624873_1_dance-bars-licence-home-minister |url-status=live |archive-date=21 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 22 February 2011 }}</ref> Mumbai alone had 700 dance bars, at their peak in April 2005 when it was banned, though officially only 307 dance bars existed, the rest were illegal, while the figures for rest of the state was 650 dance bars in total. In all they employed 150,000 people, including 75,000 bar girls.<ref name=scot2005/><ref name=toi2005>{{cite news |title=Mumbai's dance bars banned too|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mumbais-dance-bars-banned-too/articleshow/1076045.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103123433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-13/india/27850185_1_dance-bars-ban-rural-areas |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 April 2005 }}</ref> These bars functioned as fronts for prostitution. After the ban was enforced, no rehabilitation program was initiated for the nightclub dancers, known as ''bar-balas''. Many moved to [[Dubai]] and other Middle Eastern countries, while others went to New Delhi, [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name=dna2011>{{cite news|title=Bar girls: Banned in Mumbai, trafficked to Dubai|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_bar-girls-banned-in-mumbai-trafficked-to-dubai_1594036|publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=2 October 2011|access-date=3 October 2011|archive-date=3 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003125503/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_bar-girls-banned-in-mumbai-trafficked-to-dubai_1594036|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sfg/>

The ban was first struck down by the [[Bombay High Court]] on 12 April 2006, and the verdict was upheld by the Supreme Court in July 2013.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23324594|title=Mumbai dance bars: India Supreme Court overturns ban|work=BBC News|date=16 July 2013|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207093709/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23324594|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that the number of women employed in bars in Maharashtra was around 20,000 in September 2013. Most of them were waitresses or singers at orchestra bars.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dancers-restive-as-mumbai-bars-remain-closed/article5103995.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Rashmi | last=Rajput | title=Dancers restive as Mumbai bars remain closed | date=7 September 2013 | access-date=19 September 2013 | archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055324/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dancers-restive-as-mumbai-bars-remain-closed/article5103995.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

The Maharashtra government banned dance bars again in 2014 by an [[Local ordinance|Ordinance]], but this too was found "unconstitutional" by the Supreme Court in October 2015, allowing Mumbai dance bars to reopen.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-34537196 |work=BBC |title=India Supreme Court allows Mumbai dance bars to reopen |date=15 October 2015 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095808/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-34537196 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 25 February 2004, following the raid, the Maharashtra government issued a notification restricting persons below the age of 21 from entering dance bars, discothèques and pubs. Bars violating the law would face fines and possible cancellation of licences. The ban, under the Bombay Prohibition Act, was effective from 1 April 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/25fird.htm |title=Vote at 18, but enter dance bars only at 21 |work=Rediff.com |date=26 February 2004 |access-date=29 July 2013 |archive-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331175924/http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/25fird.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of public house topics]]
* [[Tawaif]]
* [[Nautch]]
* [[Prostitution in colonial India]]
* [[Prostitution in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Devasis]] ({{ISBN|978-9-3852-8565-3}}) [http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-without-prejudice-epic-tale-of-a-mumbai-bar-dancer-2544275 Without Prejudice: Epic Tale of a Mumbai Bar Dancer] ( Niyogi Books), 2017
* {{cite book |title=Pop culture India!: media, arts, and lifestyle|author=Asha Kasbekar|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2006|isbn=1-85109-636-1 |page=283 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&q=Dance+bar+India&pg=PA283 |ref=Ka }}
*[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1861991/report-queen-of-dance-bars-deepa Deepa Bar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140331180018/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/dance_bars_mumbai.asp Article on dance bars]
* [http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/india.eye.pilgrim/index.html Ban on dance bars in Maharashtra]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060516075118/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=oddlyEnoughNews Maharashtra High Court topples dance bar ban]

{{Portal bar|Liquor|Drink|India}}
{{Prostitution in India}}
{{Alcohol in India}}

[[Category:Dance in India]]
[[Category:Nightclubs|*]]
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Types of drinking establishment]]
[[Category:Criminal occupations]]
[[Category:Women in India]]

Sirippulogam

2026-01-29T08:50:12Z

Sergkwi:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Smiley world
| image =
| caption = 
| genre = [[Soap opera]] [[Drama]] [[Comedy]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| creative_director =
| director =
| starring = [[Chinni Jayanth]] [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] [[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]] [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] [[Ganeshkar]] Badava Gopi
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 20
| list_episodes =
| producer = Kalanidhi Maran
| company = SunNetwork
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor = Prem
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 18-20 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|6|18}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2012|7|13}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aan Paavam (TV series)|Aan Paavam]]
* [[Andha Pathu Naatkal]]
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''''Sirippulogam''''' is a 2012-2012 [[India]]n [[Tamil language]] soap opera that aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from 18 June 2012 to 13 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/new-comedy-serial-sirippu-lokam-155557.html|title= Srippulogam new serial on Sun TV|website=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/new-comedy-serial-sirippu-lokam-155557.html|title= 'கிச்சு கிச்சு' மூட்ட வரும் சிரிப்பு லோகம்! |website=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref> The show starring by [[Chinni Jayanth]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]], [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]], [[Ganeshkar]] and Badava Gopi. The show ended with 20 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/sun-tv-s-sirippu-lokam-lacks-comdey-156688.html
|title= அழவைக்கும் சிரிப்பு (அறுவை) லோகம்!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/curtains-siripulokam-new-serial-begin-157733.html|title= அறுஅறுவென்று அறுத்த சிரிப்பு லோகத்துக்கு கல்தா: புது தொடர் ஆரம்பம்!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The serial was a humorous take on Yemalogam as [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Yema. The rift and problems between the ministers in the court of Yema is solved by Yema, in very comical way. The serial made the audience laugh out their everyday problems in their lives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/sirippulogam|title= About Srippulogam serial|website=www.nettv4u.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Yema
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as [[Chitragupta]]n
* [[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]]
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]]
* [[Ganeshkar]]
* [[Badava Gopi]]

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sun TV]]
* [[List of TV shows aired on Sun TV (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220928/http://www.suntvnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=1&channelname=SUN%20TV&LanguageID=1&Type=q Official Website] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/suntv Sun TV on YouTube]
* [http://www.suntv.in/ Sun TV Network] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.sun.in Sun Group] {{in lang|en}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language talk shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television miniseries]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Nirmla Sapre

2026-01-24T21:10:18Z

Sergkwi: Creating new article added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nirmla Sapre
| office1 = Member of the [[16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina]]
| term_start1 = December 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Mahesh Rai
| successor1 =
| birth_date = 1977
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education = [[Master of Science]]
| alma_mater = [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation]]
}}
'''Nirmla Sapre''' (born 1977) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] Party from [[Bina Assembly constituency]] which is reserved from Scheduled Caste community in [[Sagar district]]. She won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirmla Sapre Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Madhya-pradesh Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/nirmla-sapre-12035-2 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=adv nirmla sapre madhya-pradesh adv-nirmla-sapre-bina candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP Live News |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/adv-nirmla-sapre-madhya-pradesh-bina-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sapre hails from an agricultural family in Bina, Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh. She completed her master's degree in zoology from [[Vinayaka Missions University|Vinayaka Mission University]], Selam, [[Tamil Nadu]], and also did an M.Sc. from [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]] in Sagar.<ref>https://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/47161/Nirmla---Sapre</ref>

== Career ==
Sapre was elected as an MLA for the first time winning the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Bina Assembly constituency]] in Sagar district. She polled 72,458 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Mahesh Rai of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 6,155 votes.

=== Controversy ===
Later, she joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 6 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2024 |title=Madhya Pradesh: Congress MLA Nirmala Sapre joins BJP days after Indore embarrassment |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/madhya-pradesh/sagar-lok-sabha-seat-yet-another-shocker-for-congress-as-bina-mla-nirmala-sapre-joins-bjp-ahead-of-third-phase-polls-2024-05-05-929689 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-05-05 |title=Congress MLA joins BJP in Madhya Pradesh; third Opposition party legislator to cross over since Lok Sabha polls announcement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/congress-mla-joins-bjp-in-madhya-pradesh-third-opposition-party-legislator-to-cross-over-since-lok-sabha-polls-announcement/article68142297.ece |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Congress MLA joins BJP, cites PCC chief's 'indecent remark'">{{cite news |title=Congress MLA joins BJP, cites PCC chief's 'indecent remark' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/cong-mla-joins-bjp-cites-pcc-chiefs-indecent-remark/articleshow/109874368.cms |access-date=6 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306070042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/cong-mla-joins-bjp-cites-pcc-chiefs-indecent-remark/articleshow/109874368.cms |archive-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> However, she did not resign from the state assembly. On 5 July 2024, the Congress party Leader of the Opposition, [[Umang Singhar]] filed a petition seeking the disqualification of Sapre to the speaker [[Narendra Singh Tomar]], under the anti defection law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-27 |title=Cong reiterates demand for Sapre’s ouster from House |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/congress-demands-disqualification-of-nirmala-sapre-over-defection-controversy/articleshow/115708345.cms |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later, Madhya Pradesh High Court issued notices to both Sapre and speaker Tomar on 9 December 2024, seeking clarification on the delay in deciding Sapre's legislative membership.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-09 |title=Madhya Pradesh HC issues notices to Speaker on Congress MLA joining BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/madhya-pradesh-hc-issues-notices-to-speaker-on-congress-mla-joining-bjp/article68965906.ece |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-24 |title=भास्कर सवाल: निर्मला की सदस्यता बचेगी या जाएग: विधानसभा अध्यक्ष बोले- सप्रे का मामला विधानसभा के साथ न्यायालय में भी, टिप्पणी की आवश्यकता नहीं - Sagar News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/sagar/news/bhaskar-question-will-nirmalas-membership-remain-or-will-it-go-134173585.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230173810/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/sagar/news/bhaskar-question-will-nirmalas-membership-remain-or-will-it-go-134173585.html |archive-date=30 December 2024 |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sapre, Nirmla}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Sagar district]]
[[Category:Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]]
[[Category:Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

List of hospitals in Indianapolis

2026-01-20T03:12:52Z

Sergkwi:

{{short description|None}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{GeoGroup}}
This '''list of hospitals in Indianapolis''' includes 21 existing and 11 former hospitals located in [[Indianapolis]], Indiana, United States.

Most of the city's medical facilities belong to three [[private hospital|private]], [[non-profit hospital|non-profit]] [[hospital network]]s: [[Ascension (healthcare system)|Ascension]] [[St. Vincent Health]], Community Health Network, and [[Indiana University Health]]. Many of the city's hospitals are [[teaching hospital]]s affiliated with the [[Indiana University School of Medicine]] and/or with Marian University's [[Tom and Julie Wood College of Osteopathic Medicine]]. Eskenazi Health's flagship Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital serves as the city's [[public hospital|public]] [[safety net hospital]].

==Extant==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Name
! {{abbr|Est.|Established}}
! Location
! Network
! University affiliate(s)
! class="unsortable"| Former name(s)
! class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| Community Fairbanks Recovery Center
| 1945
| {{coord|39.9027|-86.0409|type:landmark|name=Community Fairbanks Recovery Center}}
| Community Health Network
|[[Indiana University School of Medicine|Indiana University]]
[[Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine|Marian University]]
| Indiana Home for Alcoholic Men Cornelia Cole Fairbanks Home
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Fairbanks Hospital |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |date=July 2021 |last1=Fischer |first1=Jessica Erin |last2=Miller |first2=Jacob |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/fairbanks-hospital/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Community Heart and Vascular Hospital
| 2003
| {{coord|39.9019|-86.0445|type:landmark|name=Community Heart and Vascular Hospital}}
| Community Health Network
| Indiana University
Marian University
| Indiana Heart Hospital
| <ref name="Community Health Network"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Swiatek |first=Jeff |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108104533 |url-access=subscription |title=Heart hospital pulses with latest technology |date=February 14, 2003 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 26, 2022 |pages=C1–C2 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Community Hospital East]]
| 1956
| {{coord|39.7874|-86.0754|type:landmark|name=Community Hospital East}}
| Community Health Network
| Indiana University<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Medical Education {{!}} Community Health Network |url=https://www.ecommunity.com/education-research/medical-education-programs/undergraduate-medical-education#:~:text=Community%20has%20a%20long%20history,Indiana%20University%20School%20of%20Medicine. |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.ecommunity.com}}</ref>
Marian University
| Community Hospital
| <ref name="Community Health Network">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Community Health Network |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |orig-date=1994 |year=2021 |last1=Dehoff |first1=Beth A. |last2=Van Allen |first2=Elizabeth J. |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/community-health-network/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Community Hospital North]]
| 1985
| {{coord|39.9005|-86.0414|type:landmark|name=Community Hospital North}}
| Community Health Network
| Indiana University
Marian University
|
| <ref name="Community Health Network"/>
|-
| Community Hospital South
| 1989
| {{coord|39.6369|-86.1326|type:landmark|name=Community Hospital South}}
| Community Health Network
| Indiana University
Marian University
| University Heights Hospital
| <ref name="Community Health Network"/>
|-
| Community Rehabilitation Hospital North
| 1974
| {{coord|39.8989|-86.0380|type:landmark|name=Community Rehabilitation Hospital North}}
| Community Health Network
| Indiana University
Marian University
| August J. Hook Rehabilitation Center
| <ref name="Community Health Network"/>
|-
| [[Franciscan Health Indianapolis]]
| 1914
| {{coord|39.6489|-86.0792|type:landmark|name=Franciscan Health Indianapolis}}
| [[Franciscan Health]]
| Marian University<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Clinical Partners |url=https://www.marian.edu/osteopathic-medical-school/curriculum/clinical-partners |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Default |language=en}}</ref>
| St. Francis Hospital Franciscan St. Francis Hospital
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Franciscan Health |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |orig-date=1994 |year=2023 |last1=Martin |first1=Heidi K. |last2=Van Allen |first2=Elizabeth J. |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/st-francis-hospital/ |access-date=November 22, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Kindred Hospital Indianapolis
| 1993
| {{coord|39.7815|-86.1914|type:landmark|name=Kindred Hospital Indianapolis}}
| ScionHealth
|
| Vencor Hospital Indianapolis
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Shaffer |first=David J. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/106987335 |url-access=subscription |title=New hospital to rise near IU medical center |date=November 17, 1992 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 28, 2022 |page=C2 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=Vencor Hospital-Indianapolis, like the chain's other 23 hospitals, will be designed for long-term respiratory patients, Barr said. (...) Construction is scheduled to begin before Nov. 27, with opening tentatively set for April 1 [1993].}}</ref>
|-
| Kindred Hospital Indianapolis North
|
| {{coord|39.9017|-86.0605|type:landmark|name=Kindred Hospital Indianapolis North}}
| ScionHealth
|
|
|
|-
| [[Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital|Methodist Hospital]]
| 1908
| {{coord|39.7904|-86.1629|type:landmark|name=Methodist Hospital}}
| [[Indiana University Health]]
| Indiana University<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clinical Partners {{!}} Indianapolis {{!}} IU School of Medicine |url=https://medicine.iu.edu/indianapolis/clinical-partners |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=medicine.iu.edu |language=en}}</ref>
|
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |date=July 2021 |last=Rowe |first=Alan |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/indiana-university-health-methodist-hospital/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[NeuroDiagnostic Institute]]
| 2019
| {{coord|39.7883|-86.0763|type:landmark|name=NeuroDiagnostic Institute}}
| Indiana Family and Social Services Administration
|
| [[Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital]]
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Larue Carter Hospital |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |date=July 2021 |last=Erickson |first=Norma |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/larue-carter-hospital/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[OrthoIndy Hospital|OrthoIndy Northwest]]
| 1962
| {{coord|39.9082|-86.2671|type:landmark|name=OrthoIndy Northwest}}
| OrthoIndy
| Marian University<ref name=":0" />
| Indiana Orthopaedic Hospital
|
|-
| [[St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital#Peyton Manning Children's Hospital at St. Vincent|Peyton Manning Children's Hospital]]
| 2003
| {{coord|39.9083|-86.1959|type:landmark|name=Peyton Manning Children's Hospital}}
| [[Ascension (healthcare system)|Ascension]] [[St. Vincent Health]]
| Indiana University
Marian University
| St. Vincent Children's Hospital
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Peyton Manning Children's Hospital |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |date=July 2021 |last1=Opsahl |first1=Sam |last2=Verderame |first2=Jyoti A. |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/peyton-manning-children-s-hospital/ |access-date=July 28, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Booher |first=William J. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108057946 |url-access=subscription |title=Big new hospital is for smallest patients |date=January 10, 2003 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 26, 2022 |page=NB1 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=Gaily colored inside and out, the $24 million, 87,000-square-foot St. Vincent Children's Hospital will begin accepting patients Tuesday. (...) The new St. Vincent facility is the second free-standing children's hospital in Indiana.}}</ref>
|-
| Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana
| 1989
| {{coord|39.8300|-86.2773|type:landmark|name=Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana}}
| [[Ascension (healthcare system)|Ascension]] [[St. Vincent Health]] [[Indiana University Health]]
|
|
|
|-
| Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| 1932
| {{coord|39.7783|-86.1869|type:landmark|name=Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center}}
| [[Veterans Health Administration]]
| Indiana University
Marian University
| [[Indianapolis Veterans Administration Hospital]]
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |orig-date=1994 |year=2021 |last1=Damon |first1=Bradley Kent |last2=Fischer |first2=Jessica Erin |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/richard-l-roudebush-veterans-administration-medical-center/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Riley Hospital for Children]]
| 1924
| {{coord|39.7775|-86.1799|type:landmark|name=Riley Hospital for Children}}
| [[Indiana University Health]]
| Indiana University
| James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Riley Hospital for Children |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |date=February 2021 |last=Schreiner |first=Richard L. |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/riley-hospital-for-children/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital]]
| 1881
| {{coord|39.9098|-86.1959|type:landmark|name=St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital}}
| [[Ascension (healthcare system)|Ascension]] [[St. Vincent Health]]
| Indiana University<ref>{{Cite web |title=medical-students |url=https://medicaleducation.ascension.org/indiana/st-vincent-graduate-medical-education-home/medical-students |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=medicaleducation.ascension.org |language=en}}</ref>
Marian University
| St. Vincent's Infirmary St. Vincent's Hospital
|
|-
| St. Vincent Seton Specialty Hospital
| 1996
| {{coord|39.9016|-86.2042|type:landmark|name=St. Vincent Seton Specialty Hospital}}
| [[Ascension (healthcare system)|Ascension]] [[St. Vincent Health]]
| Indiana University
Marian University
| St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Long Term Acute Care Hospital
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Swiatek |first=Jeff |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/107700394 |url-access=subscription |title=Acute-care center has new unit at St. Vincent |date=August 21, 2002 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 28, 2022 |page=C1 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=The Northwestside site is the second for St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Hospital, which ran out of bed space at its original location at St. Vincent's Carmel hospital, said Peter H. Alexander, executive director of the specialty hospital. (...) St. Elizabeth is owned by Ascension Health, the hospital system that also owns St. Vincent. St. Elizabeth's Carmel site opened in 1996.}}</ref>
|-
| St. Vincent Women and Infants Hospital
| 1983
| {{coord|39.9073|-86.1959|type:landmark|name=St. Vincent Women and Infants Hospital}}
| [[Ascension (healthcare system)|Ascension]] [[St. Vincent Health]]
| Indiana University
Marian University
| Women's Hospital of Indianapolis St. Vincent Women's Hospital
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Wall |first=J.K. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/127299750 |url-access=subscription |title=Women's Hospital likely will be sold |date=July 3, 2003 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 26, 2022 |page=A1 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=Women's Hospital of Indianapolis will be sold to St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital, according to a doctor who runs a clinic on the Women's Hospital campus. (...) The 182-bed Women's Hospital, at 8111 Township Line Road, opened in 1983.}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital]]
| 1859
| {{coord|39.7778|-86.1839|type:landmark|name=Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital}}
| Eskenazi Health
| Indiana University
Marian University
| Indianapolis City Hospital Indianapolis General Hospital Marion County General Hospital Wishard Memorial Hospital
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |orig-date=1994 |year=2021 |last1=Mandusic McDonell |first1=Katherine |last2=Fischer |first2=Jessica Erin |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/sidney-lois-eskenazi-hospital/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indiana University Health University Hospital|University Hospital]]
| 1970
| {{coord|39.7757|-86.1767|type:landmark|name=University Hospital}}
| [[Indiana University Health]]
| Indiana University
| Indiana University Hospital
|
|}

==Defunct==
[[File:Central Indiana Hospital for the Insane, 1903.png|thumb|Central Indiana Hospital for the Insane, {{circa|1903}}]]
*[[Central State Hospital (Indiana)|Central State Hospital]] (1848–1994){{efn|name=CentralState|Previous names for the institution included the Indiana Hospital for the Insane (1848–1889) and the Central Indiana Hospital for the Insane (1889–1929).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Central State Hospital |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |orig-date=1994 |year=2021 |last1=Dwyer |first1=Ellen |last2=Erickson |first2=Norma |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/central-state-hospital/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>}}
*Deaconess Hospital and Clinic (1895<ref>{{cite news |author= |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/322130761 |url-access=subscription |title=Deaconess Hospital Dedication |date=September 28, 1895 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Journal |access-date=July 26, 2022 |page=8 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=The Protestant Deaconess Hospital, at the northwest corner of Mississippi and Ohio streets, will be ready for dedication to-morrow at 2 o'clock.}}</ref>–1935){{efn|name=Deaconess|Previous names for the institution included Protestant Deaconess Hospital and Home for the Aged (1895–1932) and Indiana Christian Hospital and Clinic (1932–1933).<ref>{{cite news |author= |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/313437860 |url-access=subscription |title=Officials vote to close Deaconess |date=January 18, 1935 |newspaper=The Indianapolis News |access-date=July 26, 2022 |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=At the time of a reorganization in August, 1932, the name was changed to the Indiana Christian Hospital and Clinic, and in December, 1933, it became the Deaconess Hospital and Clinic.}}</ref>}}
*Eleanor Hospital (1895–1909)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Flower Mission |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |orig-date=1994 |year=2021 |last1=Mandusic McDonell |first1=Katherine |last2=Koch |first2=Amanda |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/flower-mission/ |access-date=July 28, 2022}}</ref>
*Lincoln Hospital (1909–1915)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Lincoln Hospital |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |date=June 2022 |last=Erickson |first=Norma |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/lincoln-hospital/ |access-date=November 22, 2023}}</ref>
*Marion County Healthcare Center (1832–1996){{efn|name=Marion County Healthcare Center|Previous names for the institution included the Marion County Poor Farm (1832–1869), the Marion County Infirmary (1869–1899),<ref>{{cite news |last=Olson |first=Scott |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/56500-historic-property-on-citys-southeast-side-on-the-market |title=Historic property on city's southeast side on the market |date=January 5, 2016 |newspaper=Indianapolis Business Journal |publisher=IBJ Media |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> the Marion County Asylum for the Incurably Insane (1899–1938), the Marion County Home for the Aged (1938–1964), and the Marion County Home and Julietta Convalescent Center (1964–1983).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Marion County Healthcare Center |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |date=March 2021 |last1=Badertscher |first1=Katherine |last2=Mandusic McDonell |first2=Katherine |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/marion-county-healthcare-center/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>}}
*Norways Sanatorium (1898–1957)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hostetler |first=Joan |date=2011-05-12 |title=Then and Now: Clifford Place and Norways Sanatorium |url=https://historicindianapolis.com/then-and-now-clifford-place-and-norways-sanatorium/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Historic Indianapolis {{!}} All Things Indianapolis History |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Robert W. Long Hall|Robert W. Long Hospital]] (1914–1970)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exploring.iupui.edu/index.php/building/8 |title=Long Hall |website=Exploring IUPUI |publisher=Indiana University |access-date=July 26, 2022 |quote=Long Hospital opened in 1914 and quickly became an integral part of health care and clinical teaching in the Hoosier state, though it was closed to African-American patients and trainees. The Hospital closed and the building became Long Hall in 1970, with the opening of the new University Hospital.}}</ref>
*Sunnyside Sanatorium (1917–1969)<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Dawn |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/history/retroindy/2015/06/15/tuberculosis-spurred-anti-spitting-campaign/71251294/ |title=Tuberculosis spurred anti-spitting campaign |date=June 15, 2015 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 28, 2022}}</ref>
*Westview Hospital (1975–2016)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Westview Hospital |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |date=March 2021 |last=Hale |first=Michelle |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/westview-hospital-1975-2016/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
*[[William H. Coleman Hall|William H. Coleman Hospital for Women]] (1927–1974)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exploring.iupui.edu/index.php/building/7 |title=Coleman Hall |website=Exploring IUPUI |publisher=Indiana University |access-date=July 26, 2022 |quote=The 1927 Dedication of the William H. Coleman Hospital for Women. (...) Coleman Hospital closed in 1974, when obstetrics and gynecology were moved to the newly built University Hospital.}}</ref>
*Winona Memorial Hospital (1956–2004){{efn|name=Winona|Previous names for the institution included Memorial Clinic (1956–1966) and Midwest Medical Center (1991–1994).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Winona Memorial Hospital |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |orig-date=1994 |year=2021 |last=Mulherin |first=Tim |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/winona-memorial-hospital/ |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[List of hospitals in Indiana]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indianapolis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hospitals in Indianapolis}}
[[Category:Healthcare in Indianapolis]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Indiana|*]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Indiana|Hospitals in Indianapolis]]
[[Category:Lists of hospitals by city|Indianapolis]]
[[Category:Lists of hospitals in the United States|Indiana, Indianapolis]]

Peter Scot

2026-01-05T12:40:58Z

Sergkwi: Creating first article more to come

{{Short description|Indian whisky brand}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = Peter Scot
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Indian whisky]]
| abv = 42.8%
| proof =
| manufacturer = [[Khoday Group|Khoday India Limited]] (KIL)
| distributor =
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced = May 1968
| colour =
| flavour =
| ingredients =
| variants = {{ubl|Peter Scot|Peter Scot Black}}
| related = {{ubl|[[Red Knight (whisky)|Red Knight]]|Honeybee}}
| website =
}}

'''Peter Scot''' is a brand of [[Indian whisky]], manufactured by [[Khoday Group|Khoday India Limited]] (KIL), and launched in May 1968. It is a flagship brand of the company<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/catalyst/2001/02/14/stories/1914l053.htm |title=Khoday's adds strength to liquor business |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2001-02-14 |accessdate=2013-08-11 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053854/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/catalyst/2001/02/14/stories/1914l053.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is manufactured at their [[Bangalore]] facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detarchive.asp?articleid=22234&sectionid=3 |title=Khoday Red Knight Whisky storms into south Indian markets |publisher=Fnbnews.com |date=2007-12-08 |accessdate=2013-08-11}}</ref> In ''Khoday Distilleries Limited vs. The [[Scotch Whisky Association]] and Others'', Peter Warren, an employee of Khoday, told the [[Supreme Court of India]] that the brand name Peter Scot was made up using his father's first name, "Peter", and his nationality, "[[Scottish people|Scot]]". Another factor in choosing the name was due to the [[British people|British]] explorer, [[Robert Falcon Scott|Captain Scott]], and his son [[Peter Scott]]. Although the name "Scott" is spelt with two t's, it is phonetically the same as the word Scot.<ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/scotch-whisky-in-supreme-court/331963/0 |title=Scotch Whisky in Supreme Court |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2008-07-06 |accessdate=2013-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://khodaygroup.com/peterscot.html |title=Khoday's |publisher=Khodaygroup.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-11}}</ref> The brand's main competitors are [[Pernod Ricard]]'s [[Blenders Pride]] and [[United Spirits Limited]]'s [[Royal Challenge]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/02/05/stories/2004020501190600.htm |title=UB expects CSD sales to boost Signature whisky |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=2004-02-05 |accessdate=2013-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Anil Urs |agency=TNN |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-10-03/news/27361025_1_signature-whisky-shaw-wallace-s-royal-challenge-defence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420112121/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-10-03/news/27361025_1_signature-whisky-shaw-wallace-s-royal-challenge-defence |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 20, 2013 |title=McDowell's Signature to enter defence canteen stores |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2002-10-03 |accessdate=2013-08-11}}</ref>

==History==
Khoday India Limited (KIL) began producing Peter Scot whisky in May 1968,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.intellexip.com/upload/PdfFileCa_20.pdf |title=SUPREME COURTS BARS CHALLENGE TO "PETER SCOT" ON PRINCIPLES OF ACQUIESCENCE AND/ OR WAIVER |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2013-08-11}}</ref> and registered the [[trademark]] in 1974. In 1986, the [[Scotch Whisky Association]] (SWA) moved the Assistant Registrar Trademarks for cancellation of the Peter Scot trademark. The SWA claimed that the name was deceptively similar to '[[Scotch whisky|Scotch']], which allegedly lead consumers to believe that the product had a Scottish connection.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7473146.stm |title=No half measures for Scotch whisky |work=BBC News |date=2008-06-26 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> The Registrar ordered the deletion of the Peter Scot trademark in 1989. However, the decision was reversed several times, until a single-judge bench of the [[Madras High Court]], followed by an identical order from the [[Division bench]] of the same Court ruled in favour of the SWA. The Court ruled that "the adoption of a name which indicates the geographical region even when the goods had no connection with that place, was itself dishonest". KIL appealed the 12 October 2007 high court order in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], arguing that SWA had knowledge about registration of the trademark as early as September 1974, but had waited for more than 12 years to move the Registrar. On 27 May 2008, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of KIL, allowing it to keep the Peter Scot trademark.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dhananjay Mahapatra |agency=TNN | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Scotch-or-not-Peter-Scot-wont-be-banned-SC/articleshow/3077991.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716051621/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-28/india/27741832_1_peter-scot-scot-or-scotch-sc-bench | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-07-16 |title=Scotch or not, 'Peter Scot' won't be banned: SC |date=2008-05-28 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref>

In its judgment, the Supreme Court considered the tests applied by courts in [[England]], [[Australia]] and the [[United States]] regarding the deceptive similarity of goods. The Court also referred to a passage in ''Kerly's Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names'' and ruled that, "the goods are expensive and not of a kind usually selected without deliberation and the customers are generally educated persons which are all matters to be considered". It also held that "where the class of buyers is educated and rich, the test to be applied is different where the product would be purchased by the villagers, the illiterate and the poor". The Court reached the conclusion that the trademark concerned a class of buyers who were expected to know the value of money, the quality and content of [[Scotch whisky]] and the difference in the process of manufacture, the place of manufacture and their origin.<ref name="indianexpress1"/> The judgement also stated that "the Trademark Registrar as well as the high court failed to apply the consumer's knowledge test to the issue and hence arrived at a wrong conclusion".<ref>{{cite news|author=Dhananjay Mahapatra |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Made-in-India-tag-cant-fool-Scotch-whisky-drinkers-SC-/articleshow/3084404.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-30/india/27770821_1_scotch-whisky-association-indian-whisky-peter-scot |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-09-21 |title='Made in India' tag can't fool Scotch whisky drinkers: SC |date=2008-05-30 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> The SWA described the Supreme Court verdict as "inexplicable".<ref>{{cite news|author=Boby Kurian |agency=TNN |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-05-31/news/28467902_1_swa-peter-scot-scotch-whisky-association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055308/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-05-31/news/28467902_1_swa-peter-scot-scotch-whisky-association |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |title=Scotch body may take local Scot to WTO |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=2013-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/business/whisky-lobbyists-keep-spirits-up-after-20-years-in-court-1-1435830 |title=Whisky lobbyists keep spirits up after 20 years in court |newspaper=The Scotsman |date=2008-05-31 |accessdate=2013-08-11}}</ref> The SWA petition seeking a review of the judgment was dismissed by the Supreme Court in February 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/006200902041241.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2009-02-04 |accessdate=2013-08-11 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055155/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/006200902041241.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Khoday began exporting Peter Scot to [[Italy]] in October 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122229/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-10-01/news/28418815_1_peter-scot-whisky-khoday-india-liquor-business Khoday to export whiskies to Europe - Economic Times]. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com (2007-10-01). Retrieved on 2013-12-23.</ref>

Khoday's launched Peter Scot Black, a [[single malt whisky]], in Karnataka, Goa, Punjab, Rajasthan, [[Chandigarh]], [[Daman, India|Daman]], and [[Silvassa]] in February 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Govind |first1=Deepti |title=Khoday's bets big on single malt whisky with new launch |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/khoday-s-bets-big-on-single-malt-whisky-with-new-launch-1550654553859.html |website=mint |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=en |date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=6 Indian whisky brands you need to try at least once in your lifetime |url=https://www.gqindia.com/live-well/content/6-indian-whisky-brands-you-need-to-try-at-least-once-in-your-lifetime |website=GQ India |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=en-IN |date=28 August 2020}}</ref> The single malt whisky was the brainchild of Khodays' late vice-chairman, L. Srihari Khoday, who had proposed launching a single malt variant of the Peter Scot brand in 2008. The company claims that consumers compared Peter Scot Black to single malt whiskies made by [[Glenfiddich]] and [[Glenmorangie]] during [[blind taste tests]].<ref>{{cite web |title=House of Khoday launches Peter Scot Black Single Malt whisky |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/chennai-continental/2019/feb/14/house-of-khoday-launches-peter-scot-black-single-malt-whisky-12816.html |website=www.indulgexpress.com |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Scot joins the single malt bandwagon as House of Khoday Ventures Into the elite Segment |url=https://thefoodietales.com/peter-scot-single-malt-is-now-here/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108180317/https://thefoodietales.com/peter-scot-single-malt-is-now-here/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |website=THE FOODIE TALES |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.khodayindia.com/ Khodays India Limited official site]
* [http://khodaygroup.com/ Khoday Group official site]
{{Alcoholic drinks}}

[[Category:Indian whisky]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1968]]
[[Category:Whisky brands]]

2021 Chennai Super Kings season

2025-12-26T03:24:40Z

Sergkwi: created initial article initial version

{{short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Chennai Super Kings
| image =
| season = [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
| captain = [[MS Dhoni]]
| coach = [[Stephen Fleming]]
| ground = [[M A Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| comp1 = [[2021 Indian Premier League|Tournament performance]]
| comp1 result = Champions
| most runs = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (635)
| most wickets = [[Shardul Thakur]] (21)
| prevseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2020|2020]]
| nextseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2022|2022]]
}}
[[Chennai Super Kings]] (CSK) is the franchise cricket team based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, which has been playing in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) since the first edition of the tournament in [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]. They were one of the eight teams to compete in the [[2021 Indian Premier League]]. The Super Kings have previously lifted the IPL title thrice (in [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]], [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] and [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]). In [[2021 Indian Premier League final|the final]], they beat [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] to win their fourth IPL title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-final-1254117/match-report |title=Faf du Plessis and bowlers stifle KKR to seal CSK's fourth IPL title |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Chennai Super Kings]] kicked off 2021 season by releasing 6 players on 20 January after that they traded in<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Royals trade Robin Uthappa to CSK in all-cash deal|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-retention-february-auction-rajasthan-royals-trade-robin-uthappa-to-csk-chennai-super-kings-in-all-cash-deal-1248743|access-date=22 February 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>[[Robin Uthappa]] from [[Rajasthan Royals]] and looking ready for Auction at 18 February with Rs 19.90 crores left in purse.

'''Slots left : 6''' (5 Indians) (1 Overseas).

'''Retained Players : '''[[MS Dhoni]] (c), [[Suresh Raina]] (Vc), [[Faf du Plessis]], [[Ravindra Jadeja]], [[Mitchell Santner]], [[Lungi Ngidi]], [[Ambati Rayudu]], [[Narayan Jagadeesan|Narayan Jagadeeshan]], [[KM Asif]], [[Shardul Thakur]], [[Imran Tahir]], [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]], [[Deepak Chahar]], [[Karn Sharma]], [[Dwayne Bravo]], [[Sam Curran]], [[Josh Hazlewood]], [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore]], [[Robin Uthappa]](Traded).<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2021|title=IPL 2021 Player Retention: Full list of Retained, Released Players List of all teams and Purse Remaining|url=https://www.crictracker.com/ipl-2021-player-retention-full-list-of-retained-released-players-list-of-all-teams-and-purse-remaining/|access-date=22 February 2021|website=CricTracker|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Royals trade Robin Uthappa to CSK in all-cash deal|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-retention-february-auction-rajasthan-royals-trade-robin-uthappa-to-csk-chennai-super-kings-in-all-cash-deal-1248743|access-date=22 February 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

'''Released Players : '''[[Murali Vijay]], [[Piyush Chawla]], [[Kedar Jadhav]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Monu Kumar]], [[Shane Watson]](Retired).<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2021|title=IPL 2021 Player Retention: Full list of Retained, Released Players List of all teams and Purse Remaining|url=https://www.crictracker.com/ipl-2021-player-retention-full-list-of-retained-released-players-list-of-all-teams-and-purse-remaining/|access-date=22 February 2021|website=CricTracker|language=en}}</ref>

'''Auctioned Players : '''[[Moeen Ali]], [[Cheteshwar Pujara]], [[Krishnappa Gowtham]], [[Hari Nishanth]], [[Bhagath Varma]], [[Harishankar Reddy]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

== COVID-19 impact ==
On 3 May 2021 three non-playing members of the team tested positive for [[COVID-19]], including bowling coach [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] and CEO Kasi Vishwanathan.

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Salary
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style=text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|3|| '''[[Suresh Raina]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1986|11|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c|1}} || Vice Captain
|-
|9|| '''[[Ambati Rayudu]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1985|9|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.2|c|-3}}||
|-
|13|| '''[[Faf du Plessis]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1984|7|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.6|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|16|| [[Chezhian Hari Nishanth]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1996|08|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|25|| '''[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|1|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
|31|| '''[[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|01|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|8|| '''[[Ravindra Jadeja]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|12|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7|c|-3}} ||
|-
|10|| '''[[Moeen Ali]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1987|6|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7|c}} || Overseas
|-
|27|| [[Bhagath Varma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1998|09|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|47|| '''[[Dwayne Bravo]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1983|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.4|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|58|| '''[[Sam Curran]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1998|6|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.5|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|74|| '''[[Mitchell Santner]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1992|2|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|79|| [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|10|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|9.25|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|7|| '''[[MS Dhoni]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1981|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15|c|1}}|| [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|18|| [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1995|12|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|77|| '''[[Robin Uthappa]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1985|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|1}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin Bowlers
|-
|36|| '''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1987|10|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5|c|-3}} ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Imran Tahir]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1979|3|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|96|| [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore|R Sai Kishore]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1996|11|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace Bowlers
|-
|5|| '''[[Jason Behrendorff]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1990|4|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} || Overseas, Replacement for Josh Hazlewood<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Super Kings sign Jason Behrendorff as replacement for Josh Hazlewood|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228551/chennai-super-kings-sign-jason-behrendorff-as-replacement-for-josh-hazlewood|access-date=9 April 2021|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|22|| '''[[Lungi Ngidi]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1996|3|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|24|| [[KM Asif]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1993|7|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|40|l|-3}} ||
|-
|38|| '''[[Josh Hazlewood]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|1|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|-3}} || Overseas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2021-chennai-super-kings-confirm-josh-hazlewood-s-availability-for-remainder-of-tournament-in-uae-1843815-2021-08-21|title=Chennai Super Kings confirm Josh Hazlewood's availability for remainder of tournament in UAE|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2021|website=Indiatoday|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822015248/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2021-chennai-super-kings-confirm-josh-hazlewood-s-availability-for-remainder-of-tournament-in-uae-1843815-2021-08-21 |archive-date=22 August 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|46|| [[Harishankar Reddy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1998|6|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|54|| '''[[Shardul Thakur]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|10|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.6|c|-3}} ||
|-
|90|| '''[[Deepak Chahar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1992|8|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|80|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="11" style="text-align:center;"| Source:[http://www.chennaisuperkings.com/CSK_WEB/module/news/html/team-page.html CSK Players]
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
!Position
!Name
|-
|Owner|| [[N. Srinivasan]] ([[India Cements]])
|-
| CEO|| Kasinath Viswanathan
|-
|Team manager|| Russell Radhakrishnan
|-
| Head coach|| [[Stephen Fleming]]
|-
|Batting coach || [[Michael Hussey]]
|-
| Bowling coach|| [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
|-
| Bowling consultant|| [[Eric Simons]]
|-
| Fielding coach|| [[Rajiv Kumar (cricketer)|Rajiv Kumar]]
|-
| Supportive Player || Shantanu Bhardwaj
|-
|Physical trainer || [[Greg King (cricketer)|Greg King]]
|-
|Team doctor || Dr Madhu Thottappillil
|-
|Physio || Tommy Simsek
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Source:[http://www.chennaisuperkings.com/CSK_WEB/module/news/html/team-page.html CSKStaffs]
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor (Front)
!Shirt sponsor (Back)
!Chest Branding
|-
|[[SEVEN (brand)|SEVEN]]
|[[Myntra]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Myntra takes centre stage on the Chennai Super Kings jersey as official fashion partner|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/ipl-news/myntra-takes-centre-stage-on-the-chennai-super-kings-jersey-as-official-fashion-partner-111422.html|access-date=8 March 2021|website=Exchange 4Media|language=en}}</ref>
|[[India Cements]]
|[[Gulf Oil]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source:[https://www.chennaisuperkings.com/CSK_WEB/module/news/html/newsdetails.html?newsId=1048&news_providerId=3 www.chennaisuperkings.com]
|}
{{col-2}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_pants =
| leftarm = fff100
| body = fff100
| rightarm = fff100
| pants = fff100
| title = T20 uniform
}}
{{col-end}}

==Teams and standings==
=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label2= Result
| res2=
[[#match2|L]]/[[#match8|W]]/[[#match12|W]]/[[#match15|W]]/[[#match19|W]]/[[#match23|W]]/[[#match27|L]]/[[#match30|W]]/[[#match35|W]]/[[#match38|W]]/[[#matc44|W]]/[[#match47|L]]/[[#match50|L]]/[[#match53|L]]

|label3= Position
| pos3=
8/2/2/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/2/2

| color_W = green2|text_W=Win
| color_NR = yellow2|text_NR=No Result
| color_L = red2|text_L=Loss
| color_1-2=green1| color_3-4=#ffc

| source = Fixtures
}}

===League table===
{{2021 Indian Premier League Points table|team=CSK}}

==League stage==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
The full schedule was published on the IPL website on 7 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228478/bcci-announces-schedule-for-vivo-ipl-2021|title=IPL schedule|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

{{main|2021 Indian Premier League #League stage}}

=== Matches ===
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match2}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match8}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match12}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match15}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match19}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match23}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match27}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match30}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match35}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match38}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match44}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match47}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match50}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match53}}

==Playoffs==

{{main|2021 Indian Premier League #Playoffs}}

;Qualifier 1
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match57}}
----

=== Final ===
{{main|2021 Indian Premier League final}}
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match60}}

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0
! 4s
! 6s
|-
| 1 || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || 16 || 16 || 2
! 635
|| 101[[Not out|*]] || 45.35 || 466 || 136.26 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 64 || 23
|-
| 2 || [[Faf du Plessis]] || 16 || 16 || 2
! 633
|| 95[[Not out|*]] || 45.21 || 458 || 138.20 || 0 || 6 || 2 || 60 || 23
|-
| 3 || [[Moeen Ali]] || 15 || 15 || 1
! 357
|| 58 || 25.50 || 260 || 137.30 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 31 || 19
|-
| 4 ||[[Ambati Rayudu]] || 16 || 13 || 4
! 257
|| 72[[Not out|*]] || 28.55 || 170 || 151.17 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 16 || 17
|-
| 5 || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || 16 || 12 || 9
! 227
|| 62[[Not out|*]] || 75.66 || 156 || 145.51 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 19 || 9
|}
*Ruturaj Gaikwad won the Orange Cap award as the player who scored the highest number of runs in the tournament
* '''Source: '''Cricinfo<ref>{{Cite web|title=CSK Most runs in IPL 2021|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=6&id=2021&team=4343&type=year|access-date=15 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! Overs
! Maidens
! Runs
! Wickets
! BBI
! Ave.
! Econ.
! SR
! 4W
! 5W
|-
| 1 || [[Shardul Thakur]] || 16 || 16 || 59.5 || 1 || 527
! 21
|| 3/28 || 25.09 || 8.80 || 17.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2 ||[[Dwayne Bravo]] || 11 || 11 || 33.4 || 0 || 263
! 14
|| 3/24 || 18.78 || 7.81 || 14.4 || 0 || 0
|-
| 3 || [[Deepak Chahar]] || 15 || 15 || 54.0 || 1 || 451
! 14
|| 4/13 || 32.21 || 8.35 || 23.1 || 2 || 0
|-
| 4 || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || 16 || 16 || 49.0 || 1 || 346
! 13
|| 3/13 || 26.61 || 7.06 || 22.6 || 0 || 0
|-
| 5 || [[Josh Hazlewood]] || 9 || 9 || 35.0 || 0 || 293
! 11
|| 3/24 || 26.63 || 8.37 || 19.0 || 0 || 0
|-
|}

* Source: ESPNcricinfo <ref name="CricInfo">{{Cite web |title=CSK Most wickets in IPL 2021 |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=6&id=2021&team=4343&type=year |access-date=15 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
The following players won player of the match awards whilst playing for the team:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Result
! Contribution
! Ref.
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=16|format=dmy}} || [[Deepak Chahar]] || [[Punjab Kings]] || Won by 6 wickets || 4/13 (4 overs) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deepak Chahar's 4 for 13 sets up big CSK win|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/punjab-kings-vs-chennai-super-kings-8th-match-1254065/match-report|access-date=16 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=19|format=dmy}} || [[Moeen Ali]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || Won by 45 runs || 3/7 (3 overs) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-12th-match-1254069/match-report|title=Batting depth, spin twins Moeen Ali and Ravindra Jadeja seal it for Chennai Super Kings|access-date=20 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=21|format=dmy}} || [[Faf du Plessis]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || Won by 18 runs || 95[[not out|*]] (60) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-chennai-super-kings-15th-match-1254072/match-report|title=Deepar Chahar makes it CSK's night despite stunning Andre Russell and Pat Cummins counterattacks
|access-date=21 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=25|format=dmy}} || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Won by 69 runs || 62[[not out|*]] (28) and 3/13 (4 overs) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-19th-match-1254076/match-report|title=Ravindra Jadeja's all-round brilliance lifts CSK to top of table
|access-date=25 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=28|format=dmy}} || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || Won by 7 wickets || 75 (44) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-23rd-match-1254080/match-report|title=CSK canter to target of 172 to move to No. 1 on points table
|access-date=28 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 6 || 19 September 2021 || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || Won by 20 runs || 88[[Not out|*]] (58) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-30th-match-1254104/match-report|title=Chennai Super Kings go from 7 for 3 to victory courtesy Ruturaj Gaikwad|access-date=19 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 7 || 24 September 2021 || [[Dwayne Bravo]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Won by 6 wickets || 3/24 (4 overs) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-chennai-super-kings-35th-match-1254113/match-report|title=Dwayne Bravo-led attack does the job, Super Kings return to No. 1|access-date=25 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 8 || 26 September 2021 || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || Won by 2 wickets || 1/21 (4 overs) and 22 (8) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-38th-match-1254098/match-report|title=Jadeja magic takes CSK back to first spot with last-ball win over KKR|access-date=26 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 9 || 30 September 2021 || [[Josh Hazlewood]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || Won by 6 wickets || 3/24 (4 overs) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-chennai-super-kings-44th-match-1254091/match-report |title=Dwayne Bravo, Josh Hazlewood lead dominant CSK into playoffs |access-date=30 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 10 || 2 October 2021 || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || Lost by 7 wickets || 101[[not out|*]] (60) || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/rajasthan-royals-vs-chennai-super-kings-47th-match-1254089/match-report |title=Yashasvi Jaiswal, Shivam Dube blitz CSK to lift Rajasthan Royals above Mumbai Indians |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || {{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=10|format=dmy}} – Qualifier 1 || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] || Won by 4 wickets and advanced to the Finals || 70 (50) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=MS Dhoni turns it on at the close, puts CSK in IPL 2021 final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-chennai-super-kings-qualifier-1-1254114/match-report |access-date=11 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || {{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=15|format=dmy}} – Final || [[Faf du Plessis]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || Won by 27 runs and won the title || 86 (59) ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-final-1254117/match-report |title=Faf du Plessis and bowlers stifle KKR to seal CSK's fourth IPL title |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{2021 Indian Premier League}}
{{Chennai Super Kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Super Kings in 2021}}
[[Category:2021 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings seasons|2021]]

Manohar Rai Sardesai

2025-12-01T07:31:35Z

Sergkwi: minor correct article to improve readability and added references

{{short description|Indian poet and translator (1925–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{infobox writer
| name = Manohar Rai Sardessai
| image = Manohar Rai Sardesai.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 18 January 1925
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death-date and age|22 June 2006|18 January 1925}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| nationality = {{ubl|
* Portuguese (until 1961)
* Indian (from 1961)}}
| education = [[Bombay University]]
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = [[Laxmanrao Sardessai]] (father)
| awards = {{ubl|
* [[Chevalier de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques]] (1988)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1980)}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| influences =
| influenced =
}}

'''Manohar Rai Sardesai''' (18 January 1925 – 22 June 2006) was an Indian [[Konkani people|Konkani]] poet, writer and French translator.<ref name="SA">{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/meettheauthor/manohar_rai_sar_dessai.pdf |title=meet the author: ManoharRai SarDesai |date=28 December 1993 |website=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100325/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/meettheauthor/manohar_rai_sar_dessai.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Goans>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&pg=PA272|title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present|first=J. Clement|last=Vaz|author-link=J. Clement Vaz|date=3 January 1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170226192}}</ref>
He received his ''Doctorat ès lettres françaises'' for his thesis "L'image de l'Inde en France" from the [[University of Sorbonne]]. He has been credited for an upsurge of modern Konkani poetry. Sardesai died in 2006.<ref name="NT">{{Cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/manoharrai-sardesais-french-connection/ |title=Manoharrai Sardesai's French Connection |website=[[The Navhind Times]] |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101655/http://www.navhindtimes.in/manoharrai-sardesais-french-connection/ |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IL">{{Cite journal |last=Mauzo |first=Damodar |author-link=Damodar Mauzo |title= The Poet Who Will Never Die |jstor=23340697 |journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] |date=September–October 2006 |volume=50 |issue=5 (235) |pages=36–39}}</ref>

==Early life==
Manohar Rai Sardesai was born on 18 January 1925. He passed his matriculation examination in 1942 from the Bhatikar Model High School in [[Margão]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bhatikarmodelschool.com/school-report/ |title=SCHOOL HISTORY – Bhatikar Model High School |access-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426052004/http://www.bhatikarmodelschool.com/school-report/ |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He obtained a First Class First in Bachelor of Arts from the [[University of Bombay]] in 1947. He successfully completed his Master of Arts, also with the First Class First in French and in Marathi from the same university in 1949.<ref name="SA" /> He obtained his ''Doctorat ès lettres françaises'' in 1958 from the [[University of Sorbonne]], Paris and taught French in Bombay at the University of Bombay and the [[University of Goa]].

He was the son of the eminent short story writer [[Laxmanrao Sardessai|Lakshmanrao Sardesai]]. Being surrounded by books, he started writing at an early age and was known for his very direct and penetrating Konkani poetry. Sardesai broadcast songs, poems, talks, plays and features on [[All India Radio]] in [[Panaji]], Goa and [[Doordarshan]] in Bombay and Pune. He travelled all over Europe and India and wrote in Konkani, English, French, Portuguese and Marathi.

==Poems==
Sardesai was a member of the executive board, [[Sahitya Akademi]], representing [[Konkani language|Konkani]], and also wrote for the [[National Book Trust]] of India. Notable collections of his poems are ''Ayj re dholar podli bodi'' (1961), ''Goema tujya mogakhatir'' (1964), ''Jayat jage'' (1964), ''Jay punnyabhui, jai Bharat'' (1965), ''Bebyachem kazar'' (1965), ''Jayo juyo'' (1970) and ''Pisollim'' (1979).<ref name="SA" /> He also edited an anthology of poems for the [[Sahitya Akademi]], Delhi and published several works of prose, drama and children's literature. It was also Sardessai who introduced the two line poems called ‘tikli’.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2024-03-12 |title=An ode to Dr. Manohar Rai Sardessai {{!}} The Navhind Times {{!}} Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2024/03/12/magazines/buzz/an-ode-to-dr-manohar-rai-sardessai/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Translations==
He translated many works from French into Konkani. The translations of "La Vie de Vivekananda" by [[Romain Rolland]] in 1994 (Vivekananda) and "Les Mots" by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] in 2000 ("Utram"), comprise some of his works. He also produced the ''Konkani-English Dictionary'' in 2004 and was Chief Editor for the four-volume ''Konkani Encyclopedia'', published by [[Goa University]] in 1999.

==Awards and honours==
The French Government conferred him with the title "[[Chevalier de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques]]" in 1988, in recognition of his services to the French language and culture. Dr. Sardesai also won many awards for his literary contributions and in the teaching profession. Most notable among the awards was the [[Sahitya Akademi]], Delhi for ''Pisollim''.<ref name="SA" />

He chaired the 8th Session of the [[All India Konkani Parishad]] which was held at [[Margao]], Goa on 26 and 27 May 1962 – the first of its kind after [[Goa]] was liberated from Portuguese rule on 19 December 1961,<ref>Souvenir of 28th Session of the [[All India Konkani Parishad]], Goa, 2012</ref><ref name="SA" /> and later became president of Konkani Bhasha Mandal, Goa.

He was also a life member of "Alliance Française de Goa" and Founder President of the University Teachers' Association, Goa.<ref name="SA" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardesai, Manohar Rai}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques]]
[[Category:Konkani-language poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Goa]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Central Food Technological Research Institute

2025-11-21T19:10:46Z

Sergkwi:

{{short description|Food technology research lab in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox research institute
|name = Central Food Technological Research Institute
|image = [[File:CFTRI Mysore, 2008.jpg|200px]]
|established = {{Start date and age|1950|10|21}}
|director = Dr. Giridhar Parvatam
|city = [[Mysuru]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|type = A constituent laboratory of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]], India
|campus = {{convert|200|acre|km2}}
|operating_agency = [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]
|website = {{URL|https://cftri.res.in/}}
|caption=Main facade of Cheluvambavilas Palace at Mysore, India, the headquarters of CFTRI}}

The '''Central Food Technological Research Institute''' ('''CFTRI''') is an Indian food research institute and laboratory headquartered in [[Mysore]], [[India]]. It is a constituent laboratory of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CSIR Lab Directory|url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/aboutcsir/lab_directory.htm|accessdate=19 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115030611/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/aboutcsir/lab_directory.htm|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

India is the world's second largest food grain, fruit and vegetable producer,<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Agriculture |url=http://www.knowindia.net/agro.html |accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> and the institute is engaged in research in the production and handling of [[cereal|grains]], [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]], [[Vegetable fats and oils|oilseed]], along with [[spice]]s, [[fruit]]s, [[vegetable]]s, [[meat]], [[fish]], and [[poultry]].

== Establishment ==
CFTRI was established on 21 October 1950, soon after the [[Dominion of India]] was [[Republic Day (India)|constituted]] into a [[India|republic]], under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, a research and development organisation co-founded by [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar|Sir A. R. Mudaliyar]].{{fact|date=October 2022}}

[[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharaja]] [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]] donated Cheluvambavilas Palace and its vast campus to house the institute, where it is headquartered. It also has its resource centres at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Lucknow]], and [[Mumbai]], rendering technical assistance to numerous entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite news |title=President of India graces birth centenary celebrations of Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar of Mysore; says best tribute we can pay him on his birth centenary is to emulate his values and his vision in our daily lives |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1587786 |access-date=4 September 2024 |agency=President's Secretariat, Government of India |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

== Institute ==
The institute has nearly two hundred scientists, technologists, and engineers, and over a hundred technicians, skilled workers, and support staff. There are sixteen [[research and development]] departments, including laboratories focussing on [[food engineering]], [[food biotechnology]], [[food microbiology|microbiology]], grain sciences, sensory science, [[biochemistry]], [[Molecular Nutrition & Food Research|molecular nutrition]], and [[food safety]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CFTRI - R & D Departments|url=http://www.cftri.com/rddept.html|accessdate=19 January 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109135437/http://www.cftri.com/rddept.html|archivedate=9 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The institute has developed over 300 products, processes, and equipment designs, and most of these technologies have been released to over 4000 licensees for commercial application.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} The institute develops technologies to increase efficiency and reduce [[Post-harvest losses (vegetables)|post-harvest losses]], add convenience, increase export, find new sources of food products, integrate human resources in food industries, reduce costs, and modernise.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-31/bangalore/27123713_1_food-processing-food-safety-food-industry | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629134053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-31/bangalore/27123713_1_food-processing-food-safety-food-industry | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 June 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=CFTRI does its bit for tenth plan draft | date=31 January 2002}}</ref> It holds several patents and has published findings in reputed journals.<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Central Food Technological Research Institute front view.jpg|A view of Cheluvambavilas Palace on a winter morning fog
File:Central Food Technological Research Institute Gate 01 Mysore.jpg|The main gate
File:CFTRI, Mysore 1951.jpg|The palace in 1951
File:CFTRI Mysore.jpg|The gate facing [[Mysuru Junction railway station|Mysore Railway Station]]
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore}}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20130115030611/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/aboutcsir/lab_directory.htm
*http://www.knowindia.net/agro.html
*http://businessworld.in/article/We-Are-Changing-And-So-Is-Our-Food/28-12-2016-110384/

{{CSIR Labs}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Mysore]]
[[Category:Food science institutes]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Food and drink in India]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1950]]

Ilm-ul-Kalam

2025-11-21T10:50:53Z

Sergkwi: Adding A Stub

{{Short description|1902 book by Shibli Nomani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Ilm-ul-Kalam
| image = Cover of Ilm-ul-Kalam.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = Urdu cover
| alt = Book cover
| author = [[Shibli Nomani]]
| title_orig = علم الکلام
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Kalam]]
| genre = [[History]]
| published = 1902
| series = Kalam series
| media_type = Print
| preceded_by = [[Al-Kalam (book)|Al-Kalam]]
| followed_by = [[Al-Ghazali (book)|Al-Ghazali]]
| oclc = 1193190097
| dewey = 297.2
| congress = BP166.1 .S517 1949
| external_url = https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/ilm-ul-kalam-shibli-nomani-ebooks-1
}}
'''''Ilm-ul-Kalam''''' ({{langx|ur|علم الکلام}}) is a 20th-century historical study of classical [[Kalam]] written by [[Shibli Nomani]] and serves as the second work in his series on Kalam. The book focuses on the theological debates between the [[Ash'arism|Ash'arite]] and [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tazilite]] schools, with brief references to the [[Maturidism|Maturidite]] tradition. Shibli expressed sympathy toward Mu'tazilite rationalism and presented critical views on Ash'arite and [[Atharism|traditionalist]] interpretations. Because of these views, the work received limited acceptance among the [[ulama]], and a fatwa of [[takfir]] was issued against him. Despite this, the book is recognized in academic circles for its analytical discussion and originality. Later, Shibli wrote another related work, [[Al-Kalam (book)|''Al-Kalam'']], in which he presented his own modern interpretation of theology, considered an early effort to develop a 'new Kalam'.

== Background ==
Shibli Nomani wrote ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'' at a time when [[Western culture|Western]] [[science]] and [[Western philosophy|philosophy]] were influencing educated Muslims in India. As many began to believe that [[Islam|religion]] and [[Rationalism|reason]] could not coexist, Shibli aimed to show that Islam possessed its own rich tradition of rational theology.<ref name=":Azmi45">{{Cite book |last=Azmi |first=Abdul Lateef |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulana-shibli-ka-martaba-urdu-adab-mein-ebooks |title=Maulana Shibli Ka Martaba Urdu Adab Mein |publisher=Shibli Academy |year=1945 |location=India |pages=95 |language=ur}}</ref> His interest in theology began during his years at the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] in [[Aligarh]]. In 1895, he published an article titled ''<nowiki/>'Itizal wa al-Mutazilah''' in the magazine ''[[Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq]]'', which explored the origins and principles of the [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tazilite school]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Yeaqub |first=Md |title=Writings of Allama Shibli Nomani in Arabic : Edition and annotation |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/666571 |language=ar |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/666571 |p=145}}</ref> He continued to study related subjects, developing a broader understanding of the evolution of Islamic theological thought.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Haq |first=Sirajul |title=Maqalat e Shibli ka adbi aur tanqeedi jaiza |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Delhi University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484 |language=ur |page=109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920114558/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484 |archive-date=20 September 2025 |year=2021 |location=India |hdl=10603/439484 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the death of [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] in 1898, Shibli resigned from his post at Aligarh and joined the Department of Education in the [[princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. His first work in the Kalam series from this period was a study of [[Al-Ghazali (book)|''Al-Ghazali'']], focusing on [[al-Ghazali]]'s life and theological views. He then began composing ''Ilm-ul-Kalam''.<ref name=":MAli2">{{Cite thesis |last=Ali |first=Mohsin |title=Modern Islamic Historiography: A Global Perspective from South Asia |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of California]] |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dw2f7k1 |language=en |pages=155 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621071752/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dw2f7k1 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |year=2022 |location=USA}}</ref>

Despite his declining health, Shibli completed the book in February 1902.<ref name=":Ahrari99">{{Cite thesis |last=Ahrari |first=Mohd Jafar |title=The renaissance of Urdu literature and Shibli |type=PhD |publisher=School of Language Literature and Culture Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16762 |language=ur |pages=88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919231544/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16762 |archive-date=19 September 2025 |year=1999 |location=India |url-status=live |hdl=10603/16762}}</ref> Some sections, such as his discussion of the [[Maturidism|Maturidi school]]—the [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]] branch of theology—are relatively brief because of the limited availability of sources on the topic.<ref name=":Ahrari99" /> Using classical works such as [[The Incoherence of the Philosophers|''The Incoherence of the Philosophers'']], ''al-Tafriqah bayn al-Islam wa al-Zandaqah'', ''al-Kalam ala al-Muhassil'', ''Rawmantiq'', ''Kitab al-Ruh'', and ''Sharh Mawaqif al-Sadat'', he structured ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'' as a systematic account of the development of Islamic theology and its subfields.<ref name=":Ahrari99" />

Shibli initially planned to publish ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'' alongside another work titled [[Al-Kalam (book)|''Al-Kalam'']], which would present his own modern theological ideas. Later, he decided to release ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'' separately and postponed the completion of ''Al-Kalam''.{{Sfn|Ahrari|1999|p=89}} The book was translated into Bengali language by Muhammad Abdullah, a professor at the [[University of Dhaka]], and published by the [[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] in 1981.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nomani |first=Shibli |url=https://archive.org/details/Shiblibengaliilmulkalam |title=Islāmī Darśan |publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] |year=1981 |location=Dhaka |language=bn |translator-last=Abdullah |translator-first=Muhammad}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The book focuses on the history, development, and influence of [[Kalam]] rather than serving as a treatise on the discipline itself.<ref name=":Siddiqi88">{{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Zafar Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shibli-hindustani-adab-ke-memar-zafar-ahmad-siddiqi-ebooks-1 |title=Shibli: Hindustani Adab Ke Memar |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1988 |location=India |pages=57 |language=ur |oclc=18816366}}</ref> Shibli begins by explaining the necessity and usefulness of Kalam, its origins, and its gradual evolution across eras. He outlines principles for writing its history, noting that while authors may adopt their own style, they must preserve the foundational principles established by the early scholars (Salaf).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nomani |first=Khursheed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/dar-ul-musannifeen-ki-tareekh-aur-ilmi-khidmat-part-002-khursheed-nomani-ebooks |title=Dar-ul-musannifin Ki Tareekh Aur Ilmi Khidmat |publisher=Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy |year=2004 |volume=2 |location=India |pages=70 |language=ur}}</ref> The book presents the beliefs and doctrines of major theological schools, including the [[Mu'tazilism]], [[Ash'arism]], and [[Maturidism]], and highlights the differences among them. Notable events and circumstances in the lives of theologians are also recorded.<ref name=":Siddiqi88" />

The work is organized into four parts. The first traces the beginnings and historical development of Kalam. The second examines its relationship with doctrines and philosophy, discussing both advantages and limitations. The third presents biographies of key theologians, while the fourth describes the modern style of Kalam and its significance.<ref name=":NSS">{{Cite journal |last1=Nadia |last2=Liaquat |first2=Samreena |last3=Naeem |first3=Sharmeen |date=2022 |title=Religious Thoughts and Services of Allama Shibli Nomani |url=http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/316 |journal=Al-Azhār |language=ur |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.46896/alazhr.v8i01.316 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2519-6707}}</ref>

Shibli also addresses the reasons for differences in Islamic beliefs and chronicles the compilation, propagation, and opposition of Kalam up to the fifth century [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]].<ref name=":Akhtar88">{{Cite thesis |last=Akhtar |first=Md Jamil |title=Maulana Shibli Noamani As A Biographer And Historian |type=PhD |publisher=University Department of Urdu, [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |language=ur |page=280 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921220545/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |year=1988 |location=India |url-status=live}}</ref> He provides detailed discussions of Ash'arite Kalam, citing the works and achievements of scholars such as [[Al-Ghazali]] and [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]], and examines the role in Kalam of figures including [[Averroes|Ibn Rushd]], [[Ibn Taymiyya]], and [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]. The ideas of Islamic philosophers, such as [[al-Farabi]], [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]], [[Miskawayh]], and [[Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi|Suhrawardi]], are also discussed.<ref name=":Akhtar88" />

Throughout the book, Shibli engages with philosophical arguments that challenged Islamic doctrines, responding to them comprehensively within the framework of Islam.<ref name=":NSS" /> The work concludes with a concise commentary on the science of Kalam, discussing its merits and continued relevance.<ref name=":Siddiqi88" />

== Intra-school debate ==
Shibli emphasized the use of reason in interpreting religious beliefs and [[Sharia]] rulings, including the analysis of [[Āyah|Quranic verses]] and [[Hadith]].<ref name=":MahmudDU">{{Cite thesis |last=Mahmud |first=Minhaj Uddin |title=Contribution of Allama Shibli Nu'mani to Urdu Literature |type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |url=http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |language=bn |page=126 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531151106/http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=31 May 2023 |year=2016 |location=Bangladesh |url-status=dead}}</ref> In his historical assessment, he appeared to show greater appreciation for the [[Mu'tazilism]].<ref name=":MahmudDU" /> He described them as an intellectual group devoted to truth and service to Islam, while portraying the traditionalist scholars (Muhaddithin) as more rigid and prone to error. He also noted that some jurists and Muhaddithin shared Mu'tazilite perspectives.<ref name=":MahmudDU" />

Shibli was also critical of the [[Ash'arism]]. He considered their doctrinal positions to be contrary to reason, highlighted weaknesses in their theology, and cited other scholars to challenge their views.<ref name=":MahmudDU" /> He observed that some major Ash'ari mutakallimin were uncertain about their own positions and attributed theological misunderstandings and intolerance in the Muslim world to Ash'aris.<ref name=":MahmudDU" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syed |first=Baqar Hassan |date=2018 |title=Kalām in a Post-Traditional World: Shiblī Nu'mānī's Construction of Authority in 'Ilmul-Kalām and al-Kalām |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/811900 |journal=Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=56 |doi=10.2979/pjhs.3.2.02 |issn=2470-8518 |s2cid=198006035 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Shibli criticized the Asharite denial of [[Nature|natural]] [[causality]], which held that God directly creates everything at every moment, arguing that this view undermines trust in natural laws and contradicts observable regularities.{{Sfn|Syed|2018|p=156}} He emphasized that humans understand natural causality through experience and scientific observation, and that these processes form part of a system created by God.{{Sfn|Syed|2018|p=157}} Shibli was particularly concerned with the Asharite approach to [[miracle]]s, which he believed treated all events as divine interventions, making rare miracles indistinguishable from ordinary occurrences.{{Sfn|Syed|2018|p=160}} He noted that supernatural claims, including those by saints, magicians, or possessed individuals, were often presented alongside prophetic miracles, creating difficulties in judging their authenticity. To address this, he proposed guidelines for evaluating reports of past events: stronger evidence is required for rare or unusual occurrences; possibility alone does not imply certainty; rare events should not cast doubt on regular phenomena; and uncertain events should be judged by what is most probable. Shibli applied these principles to challenge widespread miracle stories, arguing that misreporting or misunderstanding is more likely than supernatural intervention.{{Sfn|Syed|2018|p=160}}

== Legacy ==
The book faced both praise and controversy. Many scholars of his time accused Shibli of leaning toward Mu'tazilite thought,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dehlvi |first=Ghulam Rasool |date=18 May 2016 |title=Recalling Maulana Shibli Nomani and His Religious Ideas Inspired By Ilm ul Kalam |url=https://newageislam.com/islamic-ideology/recalling-maulana-shibli-nomani-his/d/107332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018141111/https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-ideology/recalling-maulana-shibli-nomani-his/d/107332 |archive-date=18 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |work=[[New Age Islam]] |language=en}}</ref> and some even called the book incomplete.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=110}} His discussion on [[Prophet]]hood led to a fatwa of [[takfir]] (a religious verdict of disbelief) against him, and several ulama refused to accept him as a religious authority.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=110}} Due to these differences and criticisms, Shibli resigned from his position at [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in 1913.{{Sfn|Mahmud|2016|p=254}}

Despite the criticism, many modern scholars regard ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'' as a pioneering work. Abdul Hafiz of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] described it as 'an extremely unique book' and 'a primary source' on the history of Kalam.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/79256 |title=Urdu Non-fiction |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] |year=2021 |editor-last=Hafiz |editor-first=Abdul |volume=1 |location=India |pages=277 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223162829/https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/79256 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shaista Khatoon of [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] noted that Shibli's presentation and introduction of major theologians reflected exceptional scholarly ability.<ref name=":Khatoon">{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Shaista |title=Allama Shibli ka kirdar Muslim khawatin ki talimi wa samaji taraqqi men |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/128335 |language=ur |page=55 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224183802/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/128335 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |year=2013 |location=India |hdl=10603/128335 |url-status=live}}</ref> Saeed Ansari observed that the information contained in its few pages surpasses what could be gathered from thousands of other works on the subject.<ref name=":Khatoon" />

Other scholars have highlighted its intellectual and linguistic aspects. Zafar Ahmad Siddiqi stated that, in the context of Kalam's history, its information has no parallel in Urdu, according it the status of a primary source.{{Sfn|Siddiqi|1988|p=58}} Abdul Lateef Azmi remarked that Shibli not only introduced Urdu to a new field of knowledge but also rendered an important service to religion.<ref name=":Azmi45" /> Mohd Jafar Ahrari of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] noted its comprehensiveness, stating that even after reading thousands of pages, such a vast repository of knowledge is rarely found.<ref name=":Ahrari99" />

Md Jamil Akhtar of [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] wrote that no theologian before Shibli in India had combined reason and logic so effectively to defend the faith.{{Sfn|Akhtar|1988|p=281}} Mehdi Afadi described ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'' as one of Shibli's most important works, using the metaphor that he 'contained the ocean in a jar' and opened a new branch of knowledge in Urdu.{{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=75}} [[Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman]] observed that both ''Ilm-ul-Kalam'' and [[Al-Kalam (book)|''Al-Kalam'']] are true reflections of Shibli's thought.{{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=75}}

Sirajul Haq of [[Delhi University]] affirmed that this was the first Urdu work on Kalam, explaining its relevance in scholarly debate, especially among the [[ulama]].{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=109}} Baqar Hassan Syed added that its true value lies in presenting a creative attempt to make the Islamic tradition respond to evolving ideas of truth and morality while reflecting the challenges faced by reformers who sought to speak with authority on religion.{{Sfn|Syed, Baqar Hassan (2018|p=67}}

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Deobandi theological works|Deobandi theological works]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Gasman |first=Fejri |title=Shibli Numanis contribution to revitalization of Ilm al-kalam |degree=MA |publisher=[[International Islamic University Malaysia]] |url=https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/f81cc928-6269-46b9-b8ec-bc272952deb2 |language=en |page=50–90 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921212035/https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/f81cc928-6269-46b9-b8ec-bc272952deb2 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |url-status=live |year=2012 |location=Malaysia}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:ilmulkalam 202001|Urdu version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [[iarchive:TareekhilmUlKlaam|Persian version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [[iarchive:Shiblibengaliilmulkalam|Bengali version]] at [[Internet Archive]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi theological works]]
[[Category:Books by Shibli Nomani]]
[[Category:1902 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy books]]
[[Category:Islamic theology books]]
[[Category:Mu'tazilism]]

Pathrala barrage

2025-10-16T03:17:33Z

Sergkwi: quick adjusted details per standard format and added references per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Pathrala barrage
| name_official = Pathrala barrage
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|30|12|56|N|77|23|39|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Yamunanagar district]], [[Haryana]]
| purpose =
| status = O
| construction_began = 1875
| opening = {{Start date and age|1876}}
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner =
| dam_type = Embankment, earth-fill
| dam_crosses = [[Somb river]] and [[Western Yaumna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]]
| dam_length = {{Convert|460|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{Convert|34|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_foundation=
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'''Pathrala Barrage''' (Hindi: '''पथराला बांध''') is a [[barrage (dam)|barrage]] across the [[Somb river]], located in [[Yamuna Nagar District]], in the [[states and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]], [[India]].<ref name="Haberman2006">{{cite book|last=Haberman|first=David L.|title=River of love in an age of pollution: the Yamuna River of northern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63uDsPPr48gC&pg=PA78|access-date=2 June 2011|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24789-5|page=78}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Western Yaumna Canal}}
The [[Western Yaumna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]], built in 1335 CE by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], excessive silting caused it to stop flowing in 1750 CE, [[British Raj]]] undertook a three-year renovation in 1817 by [[Bengal Engineer Group]], in 1832-33 [[Tajewala Barrage]] dam at Yaumna was built to regulate the flow of water, in 1875-76 Pathrala barrage at Dadupur and [[Somb river]] dam downstream of canal were built, in 1889-95 the largest branch of the canal ''Sirsa branch'' was constructed, the modern [[Hathni Kund Barrage]] was built in 1999 to handle the problem of silting to replace the older [[Tajewala Barrage]].<ref name="WYC"/>

The Western Yamuna Canal begins at the Hathnikund Barrage about {{convert|38|km|mi}} from Dakpathar and south of [[Doon Valley]]. The canals irrigate vast tracts of land in the region in [[Ambala district]], [[Karnal district]], [[Sonepat district]], [[Rohtak district]], [[Jind district]], [[Hisar district]] and [[Bhiwani district]].<ref name="WYC">{{Cite web |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Western_Yamuna_Canal_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI01653 |title=Western Yamuna Canal Project |access-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165614/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Western_Yamuna_Canal_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI01653 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Blue Bird Lake]], [[Hisar (city)]]
* [[Kaushalya Dam]] in [[Pinjore]]
* [[Bhakra Dam]]
* [[Hathni Kund Barrage]]
* [[Okhla Sanctuary|Okhla Barrage]] - [[Yamuna#Western Yamuna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]] begins here
* [[Surajkund]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Canal]]
* [[Irrigation in India]]
* [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
* [[Inland waterways of India]]
* [[Ganges Canal]]
* [[Ganges Canal (Rajasthan)]]
* [[Upper Ganges Canal Expressway]]
* [[List of lakes in India]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India#Haryana|List of dams and reservoirs in Haryana]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-yamuna.htm Pollution in Yamuna river] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413044710/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/crisis/River-yamuna.htm |date=13 April 2018 }}

{{Hydrography of Haryana}}

[[Category:Dams in Haryana]]
[[Category:Dams on the Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Lakes of Haryana]]
[[Category:Irrigation in Haryana]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1875]]

{{India-dam-stub}}

Israt Manzil Palace

2025-10-10T19:57:26Z

Sergkwi:

{{short description|Palace in dhaka, bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
[[File:ইশরাত মঞ্জিল.png|thumb|Ishrat Manzil]]

[[File:All India Muslim league conference 1906 attendees in Dhaka.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]], in [[Dhaka]] (1906), which led to the foundation of [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], on December 30, 1906.]]

'''Israt Manzil''' was one of the residences of the [[Nawab of Dhaka|Nawabs of Dhaka]]. The mansion served as a retreat for members of the [[Dhaka Nawab Family]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shahbag|title=Shahbag|work=banglapedia.org}}</ref>

Israt Manzil is best known for hosting the opening session of the [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] in 1906. The conference, sponsored by [[Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah]], the [[Nawab of Dhaka]], established the [[All India Muslim League]], the first Muslim political party of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The party, which became the prime platform for Indian Muslims and led to the creation of [[Pakistan]], was formed against the backdrop of political agitation by the [[Indian National Congress]] against the [[1905 Partition of Bengal]].{{fact|date=August 2024}}

During the meeting at Israt Manzil, delegates debated the new name to be given to the political party. A party styled as All India Muslim Confederacy was discussed. But, in the process the name All India Muslim League, proposed by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur and seconded by [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], was resolved in the meeting.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

In 1912, a delegation led by [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]], the [[Viceroy of India]], met with [[Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah]] in Ishrat Manzil. During the meeting, Sir Salimullah demanded the establishment of a university for the mainly Muslim people of Eastern Bengal. The demands would eventually be realised with the establishment of the [[University of Dhaka]] in 1921.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

The present day [[Madhur Canteen]], situated in the northeastern part of the Arts Faculty compound of [[Dhaka University]] was the Jalsaghar of this garden-house. The floor and the spacious surrounding area of the building were covered with marbles. The building was also called 'Skating Pavilion' since members of the Nawab family used to skate there.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengal Zamindars}}

{{coord|23.7346|N|90.3938|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Royal residences in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:History of the All-India Muslim League]]
[[Category:Palaces in Dhaka]]
[[Category:Dhaka Nawab family]]

Saddam Beach

2025-10-08T13:55:05Z

Sergkwi: added info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saddam Beach
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|2|19|N|75|51|6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Saddam Beach''' is a [[fishing village]] in the [[Malappuram district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. The village is made up of a two kilometre (1¼ mi) coastal belt between Puthenkadapuram and Kettungal in [[Parappanangadi]]. The village is named after former Iraqi president [[Saddam Hussein]], in an act of solidarity after the 1991 [[Gulf War]]. The beach name was suggested by Indian maids working in the gulf, especially Kuwait.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Etymology==
The village used to be called '''Tipu Sultan Beach''' after the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] king [[Tippu Sultan]] who took an aggressive stance against the [[British Raj|British]] colonial forces during the late 18th century.<ref name=IBN>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/saddam-has-his-own-beach-in-kerala/9006-3.html |title=Saddam has his own Beach in Kerala |access-date=5 November 2006 |archive-date=16 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916215013/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/saddam-has-his-own-beach-in-kerala/9006-3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since the [[Gulf War]] of 1991, the villagers have decided to rename the village to its present name, expressing solidarity with Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. The villagers, mostly [[Muslim]], claim to be inspired by "Saddam and his fight against policies of the [[United States]].<ref name="rediff">[https://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/26pkerala.htm Saddam a hero in Kerala village]</ref>

== History==
The coastal hamlet that is now Saddam Beach shot into prominence when it was renamed after the Iraqi leader. The villagers of the region have since been particularly vocal about their admiration of Saddam and his 'anti-imperialist' stance.<ref name="rediff"/> The [[United States]]-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]] was received with much condemnation. In 2003, expressing anguish over the renaming of "Saddam International Airport" to "[[Baghdad International Airport]]", Saddam supporters raised a large signpost on the beach with the message "Welcome to Saddam Beach".<ref name="hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/12/18/stories/2003121804300500.htm | title=Pall of gloom on Saddam Beach | date=18 December 2003 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=3 June 2018 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==2003 Gulf War==
During the course of the [[2003 invasion of Baghdad|invasion of Baghdad]], the village witnessed many anti-American and anti-British demonstrations. Goods made in these countries were generally boycotted and even thrown into the sea. Many of the villagers who had work in Gulf countries were forced to return to Saddam Beach as their jobs were lost due to the aftermath of the Gulf War, further increasing animosity to the West.<ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=36533&d=16&m=12&y=2003 ‘Saddam Beach’ in Sour Mood]</ref> Local residents expressed their protest by installing large cut-outs and posters of Saddam, accompanied by Iraqi flags, along the roadside.<ref name="rediff"/>

In November 2006, villagers reacted to the [[Trial of Saddam Hussein|death sentence]] of Saddam Hussein by staging a protest rally, mouthing slogans against American President [[George W. Bush]]. Around fifty people, including women and children, participated in the march.<ref name="NIE">[http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IER20061105115825&Topic=-471&Title=Kerala&Page=R Saddam Beach’ shocked over death sentence]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Saddam supporters==
On 30 December 2006, angry supporters of Saddam Hussein gathered at the beach, and shouted slogans denouncing US President George W. Bush, describing the [[execution of Saddam Hussein]] as "cruel".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070901162718/http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061230/34158.htm Disappointment, condemnation in India over Saddam hanging]</ref>

==Transportation==
Saddam Beach village connects to other parts of India through [[Parappanangadi]] town. National highway No.66 passes through [[Ramanattukara]] and the northern stretch connects to [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The southern stretch connects to [[Cochin]] and [[Trivandrum]]. State Highway No.28 starts from Nilambur and connects to [[Ooty]], [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]] through Highways.12,29 and 181. The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]]. The nearest major railway station is at [[Parappanangadi]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malappuram district}}

[[Category:Saddam Hussein]]
[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Parappanangadi area]]

Chatti pathiri

2025-09-15T08:49:28Z

Sergkwi: expanded content

{{short description|Layered pastry from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Chatti Pathiri
| image =
| caption = Chatti Pathiri
| image_alt = Chatti Pathiri
| alternate_name =
| country = India
| region = [[Malabar District|Malabar]]
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Pastry]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Flour]], [[Egg (food)|egg]], oil and water
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
[[File:Chattippathiri snack of north malabar kerala.jpeg|thumb|right|Chatti pathiri]]
[[File:Chattippathiri - snack of north malabar kerala.jpg|thumb|right|Chatti pathiri]]
'''Chatti pathiri''' is a layered pastry made in the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] region, of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doshi |first=Archana |date=2017-09-26 |title=Kerala Style Chicken Chatti Pathiri Recipe Recipe - Complete Guide |url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/recipe/kerala-style-chicken-chatti-pathiri-recipe |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Archana's Kitchen |language=en}}</ref> It uses pastry sheets or pancakes made with flour, egg, oil and water. The filling can be sweet, made with sweetened seasoned beaten eggs, nuts and raisins, or savoury, with the traditional meat filling used in [[samosas]] or savoury puffs. The flour is kneaded into soft dough and rolled into thin pancakes which are softened in milk and arranged in layers with filling between them and baked.

It is considered an essential part of any festival, pre- and post-wedding events, and [[Iftar]]. This dish is popular during the Ramadan Fasting period. <ref>[http://food.manoramaonline.com/food/in-season/chatti-pathiri-layered-pastry-malabar-recipes-ramadan-ramzan-food-kerala.html Ramadan Special Chatti pathiri]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chattipathiri - Malabar cuisine |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-food/chattipathiri/161/ |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Similar dishes==
Similar dishes available in Malabar cuisine include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Main Ingredients
! Serving Suggestions
|-
| [[Pathiri]]
| Rice Flour, Salt and Water
| Flat Bread or Rice Tortilla
|-
| Unnakai
| Banana (Plantain), Nuts, Egg, Clarified Butter
| Evening Snack
|-
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[Pathiri]]
* [[Kinnathappam]]
* [[Kalathappam]]
* [[Unnakai]]
* [[List of pastries]]
* [[List of stuffed dishes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chatti Pathiri}}

{{pastries}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[North Malabar]]
|list =
{{North Malabar}}
{{Places of interest in North Malabar}}
{{Kozhikode district}}
{{Wayanad district}}
{{Kannur district}}
{{Kasaragod district}}
}}

[[Category:Flatbread dishes]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Pastries with poppy seeds]]
[[Category:Stuffed dishes]]

{{India-cuisine-stub}}

Chowdeshwari Ward

2025-09-06T16:46:22Z

Sergkwi: new new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chowdeshwari Ward
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Ward
| image_skyline = Bangalore Bengaluru BBMP Ward No 1 - Chowdeshwari Ward (2009-2021).pdf
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chowdeshwari Ward Map 2009-2022 (2009 delimitation)
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.120177291258441|N|77.58216280123096|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru]]

|subdivision_type3 = [[Lok Sabha|Parliamentary]] constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly]] constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Yelahanka (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Yelahanka]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Councillor|Corporator]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[R. Padmavathi]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[List of political parties in India|Party]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| government_type = Ward
| governing_body = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 2009
| founder =
| named_for =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 6.5
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 36602
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''Chowdeshwari Ward''' (Ward No. 2) is one of the 198 Wards<ref>{{cite web |title=BBMP Wards |url=http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&action=wards |access-date=23 March 2020 |publisher=vigeyegpms.in}}</ref> and an administrative region of [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP).<ref>{{cite news|title=BMP expansion Map |date=2006-11-06 |url=http://www.bmponline.org/images/GB%20Prelim%20Notif%20Map.jpg|access-date=2007-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020080245/http://www.bmponline.org/images/GB%20Prelim%20Notif%20Map.jpg |archive-date=2007-10-20 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> BBMP is an administrative body responsible for civic amenities and some infrastructural assets of the [[Greater Bangalore]] metropolitan area in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html | title = History of BBMP | publisher = bbmp.gov.in | access-date = 23 March 2020 | archive-date = 2 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201102002519/https://bbmp.gov.in/historyofbbmp.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=About BBMP |date=2006-11-06 |url=http://bbmp.gov.in/about-us|access-date=2007-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108043038/http://bbmp.gov.in/about-us |archive-date=2017-01-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=History|date=2006-11-06 |url=http://www.onlinebangalore.com/gove/history-bbmp.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101042548/http://www.onlinebangalore.com/gove/history-bbmp.html |archive-date=2017-01-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://bangalorean.com/bbmp/ | title = History Of BBMP | publisher = bangalorean.com | access-date = 23 March 2020 | archive-date = 24 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200424135021/https://www.bangalorean.com/bbmp/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censuskarnataka.gov.in/BBMP-KNOW%20YOUR%20WARD.pdf |title= KNOW YOUR WARD| publisher= bangalorean.com|access-date = 23 March 2020}}</ref> The ward is named after Chowdeshwari Layout near [[Yelahanka]].

==History==
{{Multiple image
| align=left
| direction=vertical
| image1=Bangalore Bengaluru BBMP Ward No 1 - Chowdeshwari Ward Map (2020).pdf
| caption1=Detailed Ward Map of Chowdeshwari Ward as per 2020 delimitation
| image2=Bangalore Bengaluru BBMP Ward No 1 - Chowdeshwari Ward Map (2020).png
| caption2=Preview of Chowdeshwari Ward Ward as per 2020 delimitation
}}
The history of municipal governance of Bangalore dates back to 27 March 1862, when nine leading citizens of the old city formed a Municipal Board under the Improvement of Towns Act of 1850. A similar Municipal Board was also formed in the newer [[Cantonment]] area.<ref name=":1" /> The two boards were legalized in 1881 and functioned as two independent bodies called the Bangalore City Municipality and the Bangalore Civil and Military Station Municipality (Cantonment). The following year, half of the municipal councillors were permitted to be elected, [[property tax]] was introduced, and greater powers were given over to the police and local improvement.<ref name=":1">Ashwini Roy, AS (2015) ''Urban governance in Karnataka'' (Thesis) [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/38495/6/chapter%202.pdf Chapter 2: Evolution of the Bangalore Municipal Corporation]. University of Mysore.</ref>

In 1913, an honorary president was introduced, and seven years later it was made an elected position. An appointed Municipal Commissioner was introduced in 1926 on the Cantonment board as the executive authority.

After [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian independence]], the two Municipal Boards were merged, creating the Corporation of the City of Bangalore in 1949, under the Bangalore City Corporation Act. The corporation consisted of 70 elected representatives and 50 electoral divisions with an office of the Mayor. The first elections were held in 1950.<ref>http://218.248.45.172:81/web/guest/about-us;jsessionid=9A469D4416E82C08B0D9929612A48120{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} History on Bangalore and BBMP Draft</ref><ref>https://www.onlinebangalore.com/gove/history-bbmp.html History</ref><ref>https://ijesc.org/upload/1e7b316ea21a50911682ed2d7134fa52.A%20Study%20on%20Implementation%20of%20Good%20Corporate%20Governance%20by%20Bbmp%20(Bruhath%20Bengaluru%20Mahanagara%20Palike).pdf A Study on Implementation of Good Corporate Governance by BBMP (Bruhath Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike)</ref>

The name of the council changed — first to Bangalore City Corporation (BCC) and then to [[Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BMP) in the year 1989.<ref>https://www.bbmpgov.in/historyofbbmp.html History on BBMP</ref><ref>http://218.248.45.172:81/web/guest/about-us;jsessionid=9A469D4416E82C08B0D9929612A48120 History on Bangalore and BBMP Draft</ref><ref>https://www.onlinebangalore.com/gove/history-bbmp.html History</ref><ref>https://ijesc.org/upload/1e7b316ea21a50911682ed2d7134fa52.A%20Study%20on%20Implementation%20of%20Good%20Corporate%20Governance%20by%20Bbmp%20(Bruhath%20Bengaluru%20Mahanagara%20Palike).pdf A Study on Implementation of Good Corporate Governance by BBMP (Bruhath Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike)</ref> In 1989, the BMP expanded to include 87 wards and further increased to 100 wards in 1995, covering an extra area of 75 km2. The council also included 40 additional members drawn from the parliament and the state legislature.<ref>https://data.opencity.in/Documents/DocumentCloud/bbmp-restructuring-fullreport.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224120858/http://data.opencity.in/Documents/DocumentCloud/bbmp-restructuring-fullreport.pdf|date=24 December 2020}} BBMP restructuring full report</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Functioning of Wards Committees in Bangalore: A Case Study |url=https://civicspace.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Study-of-the-Functioning-of-Ward-Committees-in-Bangalore-2003-1-f-1.pdf |access-date=11 May 2020 |publisher=Citizens' Voluntary Initiative for the City of Bangalore}}</ref><ref>Enter equity – demands from revenue pockets 'development' https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/702-bbmp-layouts-702</ref> BMP was the administering body of Bangalore until 2006.

On 6 November 2006, the BMP Council was dissolved by the State Government upon the completion of its five-year term.<ref>{{cite news|title=PUBLIC NOTICE, Notification at BMP website |date=2006-11-06 |url=http://www.bmponline.org/account-dept/Secretariat_DH.PDF|access-date=2007-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023080044/http://www.bmponline.org/account-dept/Secretariat_DH.PDF |archive-date=2007-10-23 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In January 2007, the Karnataka Government issued a notification to merge the areas under the BMP with seven City Municipal Councils (CMC)—[[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bengaluru|Rajarajeshwari]] City Municipal Council, [[Dasarahalli]] City Municipal Council, [[Bommanahalli]] City Municipal Council, [[Krishnarajapuram]] City Municipal Council, [[Mahadevapura, Bengaluru|Mahadevapura]] City Municipal Council, [[Byatarayanapura]] City Municipal Council, and [[Yelahanka]] City Municipal Council; one Town Municipal Council (TMC)—[[Kengeri]] Town Municipal Council—and 110 villages around the city to form a single administrative body, [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]].<ref>{{cite news|title= constitute the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (Greater Bangalore Municipal Body)|url=https://www.electronic-city.in/about/bbmp-110-villages.php|date=2007-10-20}}</ref>{{Efn|111 villages mentioned in initial notification; 2 villages later omitted from the list and another village added before final notification}}<ref>{{cite news|title= constitute the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (Greater Bangalore Municipal Body) - DRAFT |date=2007-01-16 |url=http://www.bmponline.org/account-dept/Greater_Notification1.PDF |access-date=2007-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020081154/http://www.bmponline.org/account-dept/Greater_Notification1.PDF|archive-date=2007-10-20 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The process was completed by April 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Notification at BMP website |date=2007-10-16 |url=http://www.bmponline.org/account-dept/Greater%20Bangalore%20Notification.shtml |access-date=2007-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015124813/http://www.bmponline.org/account-dept/Greater%20Bangalore%20Notification.shtml |archive-date=2007-10-15 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The first elections to the newly created BBMP body were held on 28 March 2010, after the delays due to the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of wards and finalizing voter lists. The second elections were held on 22 August 2015 with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] winning the majority with 101 Corporators, followed by 76 won by the [[Indian National Congress]], 14 by the [[Janata Dal (Secular)|Janata Dal-S]], and 7 by [[Independent (Politician)|Independents]].

==Salient features (2009 delimitation)==
{{alternating rows table|class=wikitable}}

! style="white-space:nowrap; width:28%;" | Identification
! Details
|-
| Ward no. || 2
|-
| Ward name || Chowdeshwari
|-
| Taluk || Bangalore North (Additional)
|-
| Hobli || Yelahanka‑1
|-
| Assembly constituency || [[Yelahanka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yelahanka]]
|-
| Lok Sabha constituency || [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
|-
| BBMP zone || Yelahanka
|-
| BBMP division || Yelahanka
|-
| BBMP sub‑division || Yelahanka
|-
| Area (km2) || 6.5
|-
! colspan="2" | Demographics
|-
| Population (2001) || 19,626
|-
| Male (2001) || 10,402
|-
| Female (2001) || 9,224
|-
| Population (2011) || 36,602
|-
| Population density (2001) || 3,019
|-
| Population density (2011) || 5,635
|-
| Population growth rate 2001–2011 (%) || 86.5
|-
| Households (2001) || 9,506
|-
| Households (2011) || 4,505
|-
| Household growth rate 2001–2011 (%) || 111
|-
! colspan="2" | Infrastructure
|-
| Road length (km) || 86
|-
| Street lights (no.) || 2,508
|-
| Government schools (no.) || 6
|-
| Police stations (no.) || 0
|-
| Fire stations (no.) || 0
|-
| Bus stops (no.) || 19
|-
| BMTC TTMC (no.) || 0
|-
| Bus routes (no.) || 81
|-
| Police station || –
|-
! colspan="2" | Natural features
|-
| Lakes (no.) || 2
|-
| Lake area (m2) || 416,208
|-
| Lake names || [[Puttenahalli Lake (Yelahanka)|Puttenahalli Lake]], Harohalli Lake
|-
| Parks (no.) || 6
|-
| Park area (m2) || 11,181.39
|-
| Playgrounds (no.) || 0
|-
| Playground area (m2) || 0
|-
! colspan="2" | Localities
|-
| colspan="2" | Harohalli, Harohalli Lake, Kanchenahalli, ISRO Layout, Naganahalli, Naganahalli new layout, KEB Layout Phase I, Balaji Layout, Vinayaka Layout, Ramanashree California Garden layout, Deo Marvel Layout, Mahalaxmi Layout, Nisarga Layout, CRPF Quarters, Puttanahalli, [[Puttanahalli Kere (Yelahanka)|Puttanahalli Kere]], Monte Carlo apartment, DG staff quarters, Central Excise quarters, [[Rail Wheel Factory|Wheel and Axle plant]], FM Goetze plant, Chowdeshwari Layout, Kamakshiamma Layout, East Colony, [[Yelahanka|Yelahanka (P)]], KHB Colony.
|-
! colspan="2" | Boundaries
|-
| North || By northern & eastern boundary of Harohalli village.
|-
| East || By part of eastern boundary of Harohalli village, [[Yelahanka-Bangarpet line|Chikkaballapur Railway line]] up to [[Guntakal–Bangalore section|Dodballapur Railway line]], southern & western boundary of [[Yelahanka Tank]], Tank Bund Road, Cross Road, Main Road, Bazar Road (extended to the railway line), railway line, NES Main Road.
|-
| South || By [[State Highway 9 (Karnataka)|Dodballapur Road]], Crossroad, Cross Road, Puttenahalli Road, Cross Road, Main Road, KHB Road, 4th B Cross (Yelahanka CMC ward boundary), 4th Main.
|-
| West || By Yelahanka CMC ward boundary, eastern & northern boundary of Ananthpura village, and southern & western boundary of Harohalli village (BBMP limits).
{{end}}

Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=BBMPR_ward_master_BBMP+Restructuring|url=http://bbmp.gov.in/documents/10180/460906/BBMPR_ward_master_BBMP+Restructuring+03-08-2015.pdf/89caf820-58a7-4d73-a785-7082f250d7d7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224162612/http://bbmp.gov.in/documents/10180/460906/BBMPR_ward_master_BBMP+Restructuring+03-08-2015.pdf/89caf820-58a7-4d73-a785-7082f250d7d7|archive-date=24 December 2019}}</ref>

==Salient features (2020 delimitation)==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%"
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |
Ward No.
| 1
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Ward Name
| Kempegowda
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Assembly Constituency
| [[Yelahanka (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Yelahanka]]
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Lok Sabha Constituency
| [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Area (km2)
| 9.6905
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Population (2011)
| 47075
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Popn density (2011)
| 4858
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Male Population (2011)
| 25023
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Female Population (2011)
| 22052
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |SC Population (2011)
| 5105
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |ST Population (2011)
| 1403
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Localities in the ward:
| ISRO Layout, Naganahalli, Harohalli, Harohalli kere, Srinidhi Layout, KEB Layout 1st Phase, CRPF Campus, Balaji Layout, Kenchenahalli, Heritage Estate, Vinayaka Layout, Puttanahalli, DUO Marvell Layout, Anantapura, Nisarga Layout, Mahalakshmi Layout, Ramanashri California Garden Layout, Atturu, Muneshwara Layout, Ananda Nagar, Yelahanka 5th Stage, KSSIDC Industrial Estate, Airforce Quarters, Wheel & Axle Plant (P), Kamakshamma Layout,
Yelahanka Satellite Town (P), Chowdeshwari Layout.
|-
! rowspan="4" style="padding: 2px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 120%;" | {{Rotate text|-90|Boundary}}
! style="padding: 5px;" |North
| By Existing Ward Boundary (2009 delimitation) BBMP Boundary Limit.
|-
! style="padding: 5px;" |East
| By Existing Ward Boundary (2009 delimitation), [[Yelahanka-Bangarpet line|Chikkaballapur Railway line]] up to [[Guntakal–Bangalore section|Dodballapur Railway line]], Yelahanka Lake Southside Boundary.
|-
! style="padding: 5px;" |South
| By Tank Bund Road, Railway over bridge and joining towards [[Yelahanka-Bangarpet line|Chikkaballapur Railway line]] and [[Guntakal–Bangalore section|Dodballapur Railway line]], [[Rail Wheel Factory|Wheel and Axle plant Railway line from Yelahanka Junction]], Jayaprakash Narayan Nagar Road, [[State Highway 9 (Karnataka)|Dodballapur road]], Yeshwanthpura Road (Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan Road), Puttenahalli Road (1st Main Road), 4th Main (Shiva Mandir Road), 6th Main, 5th Cross, Attur Road, Veerasagara Main Road.
|-
! style="padding: 5px;" |West
| By Existing Ward Boundary (2009 delimitation) BBMP Boundary Limit.
|-
|}
<ref>{{cite web|title=BBMP ward delimitation 2020|url=http://bbmpwards2019.com/wardPdfs/1.pdf|date=24 December 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>http://bbmpwards2019.com/PDF/BBMP%20Final%20Delimitation-Gazte%20-%20Kannada.pdf {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>http://bbmpwards2019.com/PDF/BBMP%20Final%20Delimitation-Gazte%20-%20English.pdf {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==Salient features (2023 delimitation)==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explainer: Changes in the 225 BBMP wards between the proposed and final delimitations |url=https://opencity.in/explainer/explainer-changes-in-the-225-bbmp-wards-between-the-proposed-and-final-delimitations/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=OpenCity |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBMP Ward first list |url=http://bbmpdelimitation2023.com/PDF/Delimitation%20of%20225%20Wards%20in%20BBMP%20-Schedule.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228171012/http://bbmpdelimitation2023.com/PDF/Delimitation%20of%20225%20Wards%20in%20BBMP%20-Schedule.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=bbmpdelimitation2023.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBMP ward modified |url=http://bbmpdelimitation2023.com/PDF/Corrigendum%20Notification.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228171010/http://bbmpdelimitation2023.com/PDF/Corrigendum%20Notification.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=bbmpdelimitation2023.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBMP |url=http://bbmpdelimitation2023.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822030018/http://bbmpdelimitation2023.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=bbmpdelimitation2023.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%"
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |
Ward No.
| 1
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Ward Name
| Chowdeshwari
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Assembly Constituency
| [[Yelahanka (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Yelahanka]]
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Lok Sabha Constituency
| [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Area (km2)
| 3.37
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Population (2011)
| 42775
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Popn density (2011)
| 12693
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Male Population (2011)
| 22369
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Female Population (2011)
| 20406
|-
| style="padding: 10px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 100%;" | *
! style="padding: 5px;" |Localities in the ward:
| KSSIDC Industrial Area, [[Rail Wheel Factory|Wheel and Axle plant]], Chowdeshwari Layout, Air Force Quarters, [[Yelahanka Satellite Town]] (Part), [[Yelahanka]] (Part), Kamakshiamma Layout
|-
! rowspan="4" style="padding: 2px; font-family: monospace; font-size: 120%;" | {{Rotate text|-90|Boundary}}
! style="padding: 5px;" |North
| By Storm Water Drain
|-
! style="padding: 5px;" |East
| Railway Line (Yelahanka to Chikballapur line), Yelahanka Lake Limits (western), Tank Bund Road ([[List of wards in Bangalore (2009–2023)|Existing Ward Boundary - 2009 delimitation]]), Main Road, ([[List of wards in Bangalore (2009–2023)|Existing Ward Boundary - 2009 delimitation]]), Majid Road, ([[List of wards in Bangalore (2009–2023)|Existing Ward Boundary - 2009 delimitation]]), Bazaar Road ([[List of wards in Bangalore (2009–2023)|Existing Ward Boundary - 2009 delimitation]]), Main Road, Cross Road, CMC Road, NES Main Road
|-
! style="padding: 5px;" |South
| By Doddaballapura Road, Yelahanka New Town Main Road (Yeshwanthapura Road)
|-
! style="padding: 5px;" |West
| Attur Road, 3rd Cross Road, Yelahanka 4th Phase Main (4th Main) Road, Shiva Mandir Road, 4th B Cross, KHB (6th Cross) Road, KHB Colony Road, Puttenahalli Main Road, Doddaballapura Road
|-
|}

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Population Overview of Yelahanka Ward<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&action=wardinfo&wardid=196|title = Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palika}}</ref>
!Ward
!Population
!Census Year
!Delimitation Year
|-
|Chowdeshwari
|19626
|2001
|2009
|-
|Chowdeshwari
|36602
|2011
|2009
|-
|Chowdeshwari
|47075
|2011
|2020
|-
|Chowdeshwari
|42775
|2011
|2023
|}

==Elected representatives==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election Year!!Ward Name!!Name of Corporator!!Party Affililiation!!Reservation category
|-
|[[2010 Greater Bengaluru Municipal Corporation election|2010]]||Kempegowda||[[K. V. Yashoda]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Chowdeshwari Ward (Ward No:1)|url=http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&action=wardinfo&wardid=196|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2020|publisher=vigeyegpms.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601084543/http://www.vigeyegpms.in/bbmp/?module=public&action=wardinfo&wardid=196 |archive-date=1 June 2015 }}</ref>||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]||Backward Category A (Women)
|-
|[[2015 Greater Bengaluru Municipal Corporation election|2015]]||Kempegowda||[[R. Padmavathi]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bbmp-corporators-and-their-contact-numbers-2015-7710 |title= BBMP corporators and their contact numbers – 2015|date= 15 September 2015| publisher= citizenmatters.in|access-date = 23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://karsec.gov.in/PreElectionHandler.ashx?id=65&Key=R |title= BBMP corporators – 2015| publisher= karsec.gov.in|access-date = 23 March 2020}}</ref>||[[Indian National Congress]]||General (Women)
|-
|2024|| || || ||
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of wards in Bangalore (2010-2020)]]
* [[List of wards in Bangalore]]
* [[2010 Greater Bengaluru Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2015 Greater Bengaluru Municipal Corporation election]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://vigeyegpms.in/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407115903/https://vigeyegpms.in/ |date=7 April 2022 }}
* [https://bbmp.gov.in/]

{{Bangalore}}

[[Category:Municipal wards of Bengaluru]]

Chowmein (slur)

2025-08-23T19:24:18Z

Sergkwi: new entry

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|date=August 2025}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{about|the racial slur|the dish|Chow mein}}

'''Chowmein''' is a racial slur originating from [[India]] that is used against [[Chinese people]], or other [[Asian people]] perceived to be Chinese. The phrase originates from [[Chow mein]], which is a Chinese-American dish.

"Chowmein" is often used against [[Northeast Indians]], where harmful [[stereotypes]] cause people to abuse Northeast Indians and call them "chowmein".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/let-s-talk-about-racism-don-t-call-us-chinki-momo-chowmien-asks-a-northeastern-woman/story-SJckp4InptNV6Te29dlItJ.html|title=Let's talk about racism | Don’t call us 'chinky, momo, chowmein,' says a Northeastern woman|date=May 16, 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> This may be due to them looking similar to stereotypical East Asian people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20200619140502-oxrkp|title=Spat on and abused: Coronavirus fuels racism in India|website=news.trust.org}}</ref>

==World Chess Championship incident==
A newspaper reporting on the [[World Chess Championship]] in 2024 used the headline "Sambhar outwits chowmein" was heavily criticized for using the term chowmein to describe [[Ding Liren]], with the headline being called racist.<ref>https://storypick.com/gukesh-dommaraju-victory-racist-headline/</ref><ref>https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/newspaper-slammed-for-racist-sambhar-outwits-chow-mein-headline-on-d-gukeshs-win-this-is-sick-wrong-on-ever-level-648308.html</ref>
==See also==
*[[Ching chong]]
*[[Racism in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{term-stub}}

[[Category:Anti-Asian slurs]]

Sajad Shaheen

2025-07-09T14:01:34Z

Sergkwi: added article...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Vikar Rasool Wani]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Sajad Shaheen''' is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Banihal Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Banihal, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Sajad Shaheen wins Banihal with 33128 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/banihal-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612930-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Banihal Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/banihal-election-result-2024-live-update-9077440.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||36.37%||Imtiaz Ahmed Shan||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||29.66%||<ref name="Banihal Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=8 October 2024 |title=Banihal Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/constituency-show/banihal |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709135951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/constituency-show/banihal |archivedate=9 July 2025 |accessdate=9 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Banihal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0855.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709135949/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0855.htm |archive-date=9 July 2025 |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Lost}}||22.55%||[[Vikar Rasool Wani]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30.65%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Lost}}||9.56%||[[Vikar Rasool Wani]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17.38%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}
== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaheen, Sajad}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Ramban district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Prana pratishtha

2025-05-25T01:58:30Z

Sergkwi: Creating a stub basic info...

{{Short description|Hindu religious ceremony}}
{{italic title}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''''Prana pratishtha''''' ({{IAST3|prāṇa pratiṣṭhā}}) is the [[Ritual|rite]] or [[ceremony]] by which a ''[[murti]]'' (devotional image of a deity) is consecrated in a [[Hindu temple]]. The Sanskrit terms ''prana'' means "life" and ''pratishtha'' means "to be established." Following detailed steps outlined in the Vedic scriptures, verses ([[mantra]]s) are recited to invite the deity to reside in the ''[[murti]]'' (image).<ref name="elgood14">Heather Elgood (2000), Hinduism and the Religious Arts, Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-0304707393}}, pages 14–15, 32–36</ref> Practised in the temples of [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]], the ritual is considered to infuse life into the Hindu temple, and bring to it the numinous presence of divinity and spirituality.<ref name="elgood14"/><ref name="bharne53">V Bharne and K Krusche (2012), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1443841375}}, page 53</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''prāna pratishthā'' is a compound Sanskrit term combining ''prāna'' and ''pratishthā.'' ''Prana'', which comes from the root "''pra''", meaning "to breathe". This term refers to life or vital energy, the essence for living beings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monier-Williams |first=Monier |title=Sanskrit-English dictionary: etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages |last2=Leumann |first2=Ernst |last3=Capeller |first3=Carl |date=1994 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0200-9 |edition=New ed., greatly enl. and improved |location=New Delhi |pages=654}}</ref>

''Pratishtha'', derived from the root verb "''stha''", which means "to be established", and the prefix "''prati''", which means "toward". ''Pratishtha'' signifies the act of consecrating, installation, or establishing in a permanent position. This term typically used in the context of installing a deity in the temples.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivaram |title=The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary: containing appendices on Sanskrit prosody and important literary and geographical names of ancient India |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0567-5 |edition=4., rev. & enlarged ed., repr |location=Delhi |pages=1079}}</ref>

When the two terms are combined, it refers to the ritual of establishing life force into the ''[[murti]]'' (image) becoming the sacred embodiment of such deity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gonda |first=Jan |title=The ritual functions and significance of grasses in the religion of the Veda |date=1985 |publisher=North-Holland Publ. Co |isbn=978-0-444-85634-0 |series=Verhandelingen / Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde |location=Amsterdam |pages=45}}</ref>

==In Hinduism==

=== Philosophical significance ===
The origins of ''prāna pratishthā'' are rooted in ancient Vedic traditions, where rituals were performed to invoke the divine into objects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burrow |first=T. |title=Vedic Ritual: the nonsolemn rites |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/j-gonda-vedic-ritual-the-nonsolemn-rites-handbuch-der-orientalistik-2-abt-4-bd-i-abschn-xiv-516-pp-leiden-ejbrill-1980-guilders-148/0165C3A20B6BECD6ED9B485BD0B4AA73 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=187–188 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0005477X |issn=1474-0699|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Gonda-1980">{{Cite book |last=Gonda |first=J. |title=Vedic ritual: the non-solemn rites |date=1980 |publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=978-90-04-06210-8 |series=Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung, Indien; Religionen |location=Leiden}}</ref> The understanding is that God can be both intrinsic and transcendent and accessible through physical symbols (''[[murti]]s'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=An introduction to Hinduism |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |edition=15. print |location=Cambridge}}</ref> Through ''pran pratishtha'', devotees can interact with the divine in a personal manner.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shulman |first=Daṿid |title=Tamil temple myths: sacrifice and divine marriage in the South Indian Śaiva tradition |date=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-61607-0 |edition=[Repr. d. Ausg.] Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1980 |series=Princeton legacy library |location=Princeton, N.J}}</ref> These practices were meticulously documented in the scriptures such as the [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]] and [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantras]] with guidelines on how to perform such rituals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Richard H. |title=Ritual in an oscillating universe: worshiping Śiva in medieval India |date=1992 |publisher=Princeton Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-691-07386-6 |location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref>

This ritual is most common with temple installations, however, household deities are also consecrated for worship.<ref name="Cort-2001">{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |title=Jains in the world: religious values and ideology in India |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 |location=New York}}</ref>

=== Key elements ===
The ''prana pratishtha'' ceremony involves several steps from purification rites to the [[invocation]] of the deity through the steps outlines in the scriptures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goudriaan |first=Teun |title=Hindu Tantric and Śākta literature |last2=Gupta |first2=Sanjukta |date=2024 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-93-88540-38-4 |edition=Reprint 2021 |series=A history of Indian literature / Series editor Jan Gonda Vol. 2, Epics and Sanskrit religious literature |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
# Purification (''Shuddhi'') - the ''[[murti]]'' is cleansed and purified to remove impurities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bühnemann |first=Gudrun |title=Pūjā: a study in Smārta ritual |date=1988 |publisher=Inst. f. Indologie d. Univ. Wien, Sammlung De Nobili |isbn=978-3-900271-18-3 |series=Publications of the De Nobili Research Library |location=Vienna}}</ref>
# Invocation (''Avahana'') - the deity is invoked into the ''murti'' through specific mantras and rituals prescribed in the scriptures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padoux |first=André |title=Vāc: the concept of the word in selected Hindu Tantras |date=1990 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0257-3 |series=The SUNY series in the Shaiva traditions of Kashmir |location=Albany}}</ref>
# Infusion of life (''Prana pratishtha'') - this is the core of the ritual where ''pran'' is put into the ''murti'' through various mantras.<ref name="Gonda-1980" />
# Offerings (''Upachara'') - they deity is offered items such as flowers, fruits, and incense, symbolizing sustenance for the divine in the ''murti''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |title=Hinduism: past and present |last2=Harshav |first2=Barbara |last3=Michaels |first3=Axel |last4=Michaels |first4=Axel |date=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-08953-9 |location=Princeton, N.J. Oxford}}</ref>

==In Jainism==

=== Concept ===
In Jainism, performing ''prana pratishtha'' in Jain temples is symbolic of the ideal qualities of the Tirthankaras rather than a divine presence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana =: Jaina iconography |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-218-5 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> ''Prana'' refers to the vital energy in all living beings emphasizing the principle of non-violence (ahimsa) towards all life forms.<ref name="Dundas-2002">{{Cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |edition=2nd |series=Library of religious beliefs and practices |location=London; New York}}</ref> Thus, the focus of ''prana pratishtha'' is invoking a spiritual presence to inspire devotees.<ref name="Cort-2001" />

=== Philosophical significance ===
The philosophical foundation of ''prana pratishtha'' in Jainism is rooted in [[anekantavada]]. Depending on the observer's spiritual views, the physical image can represent multiple meanings.<ref name="Dundas-2002" />

The focus of the ritual is solely on mental and physical purity derived from the non-violence principle.<ref name="Cort-2001" />

=== Ritual process ===
The ritual begins where the image is bathed, purified, and adorned with sacred items. Following this, verses are recited and other ritual invocations occur.<ref name="lisaowen44">Lisa Owen (2012), Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora, BRILL, {{ISBN|978-9004206298}}, pages 44, 146–147, 184–186</ref> The ritual of consecrating an image to bring "life to temple" is attested in medieval Jain documents.<ref name="lisaowen44" />

== References ==
<references />
*

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism footer small}}

[[Category:Rituals in Hindu worship]]

Tirupati Ganga Jatara

2025-05-05T02:45:39Z

Sergkwi: added a article...

{{Short description|Annual folk festival in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Tirupati Ganga Jatara
|observedby = [[Hindu]]s in [[Tirupati district]] and surrounding areas
|image =
|caption =
|nickname =
|longtype = [[Hindu]], cultural
|begins = First Tuesday of Vaisaka masam
|ends = Second Tuesday of Vaisaka masam
|date = Varies per Hindu [[Lunisolar calendar]]
|celebrations = Veshas, Animal sacrifices, offering Pongal, Ambali, Sarees, Sapparalu
|type = Hindu, cultural
|date2016 = 17 May (Tuesday)
|date2017 = 16 May (Tuesday)
|date2018 = 15 May (Tuesday)
}}

{{Infobox temple
| country = {{IND}}
| state = {{flagicon image|}}[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| location = TATA Nagar,[[Tirupati]]
| image = Tirupati gangamma Temple.jpg
| image_upright = 2.0
| alt =
| caption = Tirupati gangamma Temple during fifth day of annual Tirupati gangamma jatara
| elevation_m =
| deity = Gangamma
| website =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.65|N|79.42|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Tirupati Gangamma Jatara''' is the annual [[folk festival]] of [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Ganga Jatara' off to a colourful start |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ganga-jatara-off-to-a-colourful-start/article7178470.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 May 2015|first=A.D.|last=Rangarajan|accessdate=10 December 2018}}</ref> It is a week long event which falls between the first and second weeks of May every year. This festival is to offer [[prayer]]s to the [[Goddess]] Gangamma, the [[Gramadevata]] (the goddess protecting the region) of Tirupati. The Goddess Gangamma is considered the sister of God [[Venkateshwara|Venkateshwara Balaji]], the presiding deity of the [[Venkateshwara Temple]], located in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.

This [[folk festival]] is celebrated grandly at the Tirupati city famous temple of Goddess Gangamma (sister of lord Venkateshwara) called Tataiahgunta Gangamma Temple located on the east side of [[Tirupati]] city .

==Legend==
Sri Tataiahgunta Gangamma is Grama Devatha of Tirupati city. Once upon a time when Tirupati and surrounding areas were ruled by Palegondulu, harassment of women was enormous – they used to [[rape]] and harass any woman seen. During this time, in a village "Avilala", the Goddess Gangamma was born and grew into a beautiful woman. When the Palegondulu wanted to harm Goddess Gangamma, she with her grace and power was about to kill him. Palegondulu, fearing her, hid in a remote place.

To take him out of hiding, the Gangamma planned "Ganga Jathara" where the people in Tirupathi do vichitra veshadarana and curse Gangamma for a period of 7 days. On the seventh day, the Palegondulu comes out of hiding and was killed by Goddess Gangamma for the LokaKalyanam (well being of all people).

==About==
Ganga Jatara, the folk festival of Tirupati, begins with the formal ''Chatimpu'' (announcement) around midnight of Tuesday. The Gangamma Jatara is held by the viswakarma Mirasi Achari family – Eepuri Devarjuluachari and Kasi shankara Achari take charge of Jatara festival and make all arrangements.

The Gangamma Jatara is a very famous local festival for the people of Tirupati. It is done every year in May. As the Gangamma temple was in the banks of Thathaya gunta, the temple is famously known as "Tataiahgunta Gangamma Temple".

Priests performed the initiatory rituals and tied `Vadibalu' to the `Viswaroopa Sthambam' in front of the temple, that set the stage for the [[fete]]. Men making the ''Chatimpu'' roam through the old town beating {{Transliteration|tl|dappus}} to announce that the festival has begun and hence the residents should not leave the town till the festival is over.

Priests make the traditional huge clay idol of the goddess at the temple's portico. Everyone during the festival comes and prays to the goddess to offer her pongal, sarees, [[turmeric]] and [[kumkum]], etc.

During the last day of festival, the [[portico]] will be smashed it into pieces at the auspicious moment. Devotees then clamour around to get the [[clay]] smithereens, which they consider as sacred, to be either preserved in the ‘Puja' room or consumed by mixing it in water. Though there is a ban on animal sacrifice, [[goat]]s and [[fowl]]s were chopped at will at a corner of the temple.

This festival is being celebrated on 13, 14 and 15 May every year, in most of the areas in undivided chittoor district (like [[Tirupati]], [[Chittoor]] and [[Palamaner]] etc.), [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].

==The Festival==
===Day 0: Chatimpu===
The Jatara (Folk Festival) officially begins with Chatimpu (official announcement) during midnight of 2nd Tuesday of the month of May. Traditionally town folk stay away from streets during Chatimpu. This announcement is carried out by playing musical instruments known as Dappu.

===Day 1: Bhairagi Vesham===
The day after chatimpu is Bhairagi Vesham. On this day, (Wednesday) people used to smear their body with white color paste (Namam Kommu) and wear a [[garland]] made of "Rella kaya" ([[fruit]]). They will hold [[neem]] leaves with the hand and also tie their waist with neem leaves. Devotees will walk to the temple through the city and will leave those neem leaves and Rella Kaya graland there at the temple after the darshan of the Goddess. Devotees will do such procession on each day for the rest of the festival duration.

===Day 2: Banda Vesham===
On this day devotees used to smear their body with [[kumkum]] color paste and ties a ribbon to the head.

===Day 3: Thoti Vesham===
On this day devotees used to smear their body with [[charcoal]] and wears a garland made out of neem leaves.

===Day 4: Dora vesham===
On this day devotees used to smear their body with sandal paste (Chandanam) and wears a garland made out of neem leaves and lemons.

===Day 5: Mathangi Vesham===
Gangamma who killed Palegadu in Dhora Vesham, consoled Chieftain's wife in Mathangi Vesham.

===Day 6: Sunnapu kundalu===
On the sixth day of the festival, the devotees anoint their body with white paste and apply dots with charcoal. And carries a pot (Veyyi kalla Dutta) on their head. Upon reaching the temple the devotees goes around the temple three times carrying the pot on their head. Leaves the pot there in the temple after the 3rd round and go for the goddess Darshan.

===Day 7: Gangamma Jatara===
The last day of the festival is celebrated as Ganga Jatara. During this day, all Gangamma temples in Tirupati are flocked with lakhs of devotees. People used to visit the temple and offer "pongallu" and/or Sarees to Gangamma. Few Devotees used to have darshan of Gangamma by wearing "Sapparalu" (A special gopuram like object made of [[bamboo]]) along with "Dappu Vaidyam" (A [[musical instrument]]). "Ragi Ambali" is served to the devotees visiting temples all over the city.

After midnight, a clay idol of Gangamma (Viswaroopam) is installed in front of the Temple. A guy will dress up like "Perantallu" and will remove the chempa (cheek) of viswaroopam which is referred to as "Chempa Tholagimpu". The clay is later distributed to the Devotees who are believed to have curing powers. By this event the entire seven-day Jatara will come to an end.

==Offerings==
===Animals===
Devotees offer the goddess [[goats]] and [[chicken|hen]]s.

===Pongal===
Women prepare [[Pongal (dish)|pongal]] (a dish prepared with [[rice]], [[mung bean]]s and [[sugar]]) in the temple and offer it to the goddess.

===Walking on knees===
Similarly, there is another practice for women to come on their knees from their homes to the temple. First, they roll a [[coconut]] on the road and then walk on their knees up to the point, pick up the coconut and roll it again. These practices bear testimony to the strong faith the native residents of Tirupati have in the goddess.

===Drinks===
‘Ragi Ambali', a drink made of [[finger millet|ragi]], [[curd]] and [[rice]], is offered to the goddess and is then distributed to the devotees.<ref>{{cite news|title=‘Gangamma jatara’ draws crowds|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/gangamma-jatara-draws-crowds/article18472177.ece|date=17 May 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=10 December 2018}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In the movie [[Pushpa 2: The Rule]] hero [[Allu Arjun]] dresses in Mathangi Vesham.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=Decoding Allu Arjun's androgynous jatara look in Pushpa 2 The Rule teaser |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/decoding-allu-arjuns-androgynous-jatara-look-in-pushpa-2-the-rule-teaser-101712562853653.html |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hindu Temples in Tirupati]]
*[[Tirupati]]
*[[Gangamma Jatara]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tirupati topics}}

[[Category:Festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati]]

Ashok Leyland Viking

2025-04-23T17:11:35Z

Sergkwi:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox UK Bus
|name = Ashok Leyland Viking
|image = MTC Bus 21G.JPG
|caption = [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] 183hp BS III Viking in April 2011
|manufacturer = [[Ashok Leyland]]
|production = 1976 - Present
|assembly =
|layout = Front Engine Rear wheel drive
|capacity =
|floortype = Step entrance
|doors =
|length =
|width =
|weight =
|related = [[Albion Viking]]
|engine =Inline-6 Diesel engine
|powerout = 160 bhp, 180 bhp
|transmission =
|predecessor =
|successor = }}

The '''Ashok Leyland Viking''' is a front engined bus [[chassis]] manufactured by [[Ashok Leyland]] that is primarily intended for intercity, urban to rural duties and was introduced in 1976.<ref>[https://www.ashokleyland.com/history The Viking appears] Ashok Leyland</ref> It was based on the English [[Albion Viking]]. Since then, Viking has attracted a lot of buyers in private and government sectors in India. It was the first bus with an [[Alternator (automotive)|alternator]] in India. The Viking chassis also has a larger front overhang that facilitates placing the front door before front axle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/ashok-leyland-31/information/company-history|title=Ashok Leyland Ltd.|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-08-01}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/how-ashok-leyland-gets-india-on-the-move/article8988739.ece/amp/|title=How Ashok Leyland gets India on the move|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-08-01|language=en}}</ref>

In 1997, a [[Naturally aspirated engine|naturally aspirated]] [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] engine option specifically designed for [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] was introduced. The company also launched a two step entry Viking bus chassis in 2003, as an alternative to the three step entry buses of that time. This chassis had a floor height of 860mm.<ref name=":0" />

Currently the Viking lineup consists of [[Diesel engine|diesel]] and CNG engines conforming to [[BS VI]] norms. The chassis is also available in 4 wheelbase options. The chassis has an intelligent [[exhaust gas recirculation]] ('iEGR) system, which is a modified version of the original exhaust gas recirculation system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.motorindiaonline.in/buses/ashok-leyland-bus-market-leadership-set-to-continue/|title=Ashok Leyland bus market leadership set to continue/|website=www.motorindiaonline.in|access-date=2018-08-01}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trucksbuses.com/buses/chassis/inter-city/ashok-leyland-viking-180-hp|title=Ashok Leyland Viking 180 HP Bus {{!}} TrucksBuses|website=www.trucksbuses.com|access-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801222409/http://www.trucksbuses.com/buses/chassis/inter-city/ashok-leyland-viking-180-hp|archive-date=2018-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globeleyland.com/buses.html|title=Globe Auto Parts (Regd)|website=globeleyland.com|access-date=2018-08-01}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Ashok Leyland]]
[[Category:Bus chassis]]
[[Category:Bus transport in India]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1976]]