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1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-06T13:30:54Z

Sergdpd: Put up initial stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian union territory election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1977
| election_date = 1 March 1980
| next_election = 1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1985
| seats_for_election = 30 seats in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 16
| registered = {{formatnum:319137}}
| turnout = 80.41%
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 14
| seats_before1 = 3
| popular_vote1 = 27.73%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}11

| party2 = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand_INC.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=17|oTop=03}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 10
| seats_before2 = 2
| popular_vote2 = 23.92%
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}8


| title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|CM]]
| before_election = [[President's rule]]
| after_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
}}
Elections to the '''[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in March 1980, to elect members of the 30 constituencies in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (then known as Pondicherry), in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/03/26/explained-puducherry-the-territory-of-coalitions-and-presidents-rule.html |title=Explained: Puducherry, the territory of coalitions and President's Rule |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]] |date=26 March 2021 |quote=5th election: 1980 .. The DMK was the single-largest party ... The Congress won 10 seats ... (and) formed a coalition that continued in power for three years, with M.D.R. Ramachandran of DMK as chief minister. |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/PDF/Se1980.PDF |title=Union Territory of Pondicherry Assembly - General Elections - 1980 |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref> The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] won the popular vote and the most seats, and [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/mar/28/big-troublein-little-puducherry-2282637.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 September 2022 |title=Big trouble in little Puducherry |author=Debjani Dutta |date=28 March 2021 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328053011/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/mar/28/big-troublein-little-puducherry-2282637.html |archive-date=28 March 2021 |quote=MDR Ramachandran govt of the DMK assumed charge on January 16, 1980, fell on June 24, 1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/pondicherry.HTML |title=Pondicherry Legislative Assembly |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

==Background ==

After sweeping to power in [[Tamil Nadu]] in June 1977, [[M. G. Ramachandran]] led the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] to victory in the [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry Assembly election in October]], winning 14 seats , aided by the shared language and cultural ties between the two regions.

In 1978, Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] proposed merging smaller Union Territories with neighbouring states. Puducherry, a former French enclave, was considered for merger with Tamil Nadu (along with [[Karaikal]]), while [[Mahé, India|Mahe]] and [[Yanam]] were proposed to be merged with Kerala and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. However, provisions in the treaty with [[France]] required the preservation of Puducherry’s distinct identity and mandated prior consultation with the French government before any change in its status.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 2019 |title=Forty Years Ago: January 5, 1979|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-january-5-1979/ |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=Indian express|language=en-IN }}</ref>

MGR reportedly supported the proposal, describing it as a “bitter but helpful medicine,” triggering widespread opposition across the Union Territory. Despite being in power, local AIADMK leaders and cadres opposed the move. The AIADMK government was dismissed in November 1978, and anti-merger agitations in January 1979 turned violent. Following strong resistance from the opposition parties like DMK and Congress, the Centre abandoned the proposal. The controversy over a proposed merger, significantly dented AIADMK’s popularity, leading to its rout in the 1980 election, where it failed to win a single seat, paving the way for the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] to form the government.

In the subsequent decades, political instability, defections, and dependence on the Centre, seen as contradictory to the Dravidian parties AIADMK and DMK advocacy of state autonomy, reportedly led them to view Puducherry as a political burden. Consequently, from the 1990s onward, their reduced focus enabled the [[Indian National Congress]] to re-emerge as a dominant force in the Union Territory.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2021 |title=How Dravidian parties have lost their hold over Puducherry|url=https://thefederal.com/puducherry-elections-2021/puducherrys-unique-political-history-and-how-dravidian-parties-lost-their-hold-over-the-ut |work=The Federal|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 1980.svg]]
|party1=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes1=68030|seats1=14|sc1={{increase}}11
|party2=[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|votes2=58680|seats2=10|sc2={{increase}}8
|party4=[[Janata Party]]|votes4=22892|seats4=3|sc4={{decrease}}4
|party5=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes5=4944|seats5=1|sc5={{increase}}1
|party20=Others|votes20=64778|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=26001|seats21=2|sc21={{decrease}}1
|total_sc=0
|invalid=11278
|electorate=319137
|source=ECI<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]] || 78.09% || G. Palani Raja || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,396 || 63.71% || A. V. Vaithilingam || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,456 || 29.77% || 3,940
|-
| 2 || [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]] || 72.91% || V. Kathirvelu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 3,948 || 51.63% || Ansari P. Duraisamy || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 1,716 || 22.44% || 2,232
|-
| 3 || [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]] || 65.46% || L. Joseph Mariadass || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 1,880 || 45.92% || V. Subbiah || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 1,082 || 26.43% || 798
|-
| 4 || [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]] || 73.12% || C. M. Achraff || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 2,898 || 69.36% || R. P. Joseph || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 716 || 17.14% || 2,182
|-
| 5 || [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]] || 77.39% || Sitha Vedanayagam || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,419 || 70.06% || C. N. Parthasarathy || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,177 || 28.14% || 3,242
|-
| 6 || [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]] || 75.61% || Na. Manimaran Alias Na. Marimuthu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,721 || 59.70% || P. K. Loganathan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,820 || 29.43% || 2,901
|-
| 7 || [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]] || 77.64% || P. Ramalingam || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,019 || 53.80% || B. Manimaran || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,110 || 28.25% || 1,909
|-
| 8 || [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]] || 82.30% || V. Kothandaraman Sababathy || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 5,258 || 48.39% || M. Manjini || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,950 || 27.15% || 2,308
|-
| 9 || [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]] || 81.94% || [[P. Subbarayan]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,900 || 57.57% || M. Pandurangan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,628 || 35.40% || 2,272
|-
| 10 || [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]] || 83.58% || G. Murugesan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 5,033 || 68.30% || N. Ramajayam || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 1,773 || 24.06% || 3,260
|-
| 11 || [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] || 89.86% || R. Subbaraya Gounder || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 4,201 || 49.89% || [[V. Vaithilingam]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 4,076 || 48.40% || 125
|-
| 12 || [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]] || 88.52% || M. A. Shanmugam || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,738 || 42.59% || K. R. Subramaniya Padayachi || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,725 || 31.05% || 1,013
|-
| 13 || [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]] || 84.08% || P. Uthiravelu || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 4,154 || 51.40% || A. Ramamurthy || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,562 || 31.70% || 1,592
|-
| 14 || [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]] || 79.81% || P. Cattavarayane || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 6,001 || 72.08% || D. Annamalai || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,269 || 27.26% || 3,732
|-
| 15 || [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]] || 89.22% || D. Ramachandran || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,598 || 61.09% || S. Manickavachakan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,566 || 38.91% || 2,032
|-
| 16 || [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]] || 80.70% || P. Murthy || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,122 || 66.48% || K. Dhakshinamurthy || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,374 || 30.82% || 2,748
|-
| 17 || [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]] || 82.20% || M. Venugopal || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,810 || 44.23% || S. Sellappan Alias Meenakshisundaram || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,065 || 35.58% || 745
|-
| 18 || [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]] || 84.39% || G. Perumal Raja || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,493 || 65.98% || R. Somasimdara || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,685 || 32.25% || 2,808
|-
| 19 || [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]] || 78.86% || V. Pethaperumal || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 4,824 || 48.85% || N. Kandeban || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,554 || 25.86% || 2,270
|-
| 20 || [[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]] || 76.53% || Renuka Appadurai || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 5,409 || 52.49% || N. Gurusamy || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 2,516 || 24.42% || 2,893
|-
| 21 || [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]] || 82.88% || [[M. O. H. Farook]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 8,980 || 78.68% || G. Gopalakrishnan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,126 || 18.63% || 6,854
|-
| 22 || [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]] || 84.62% || G. Panjavarnam || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,133 || 49.93% || T. Subbaiya || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,504 || 30.25% || 1,629
|-
| 23 || [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]] || 68.80% || V. M. Salih Maricar || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 4,778 || 55.25% || M. Jembulingam || {{party name with color|Janata Party}} || 2,194 || 25.37% || 2,584
|-
| 24 || [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]] || 78.17% || S. Savarirajan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 4,867 || 64.40% || [[S. Ramassamy]] || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,218 || 29.35% || 2,649
|-
| 25 || [[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T R Pattinam]] || 83.00% || [[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,315 || 57.35% || V. M. C. Varada Pillai || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,953 || 42.65% || 1,362
|-
| 26 || [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]] || 84.00% || N. V. Ramalingam || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,573 || 44.44% || A. Soundararengam || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,400 || 42.29% || 173
|-
| 27 || [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]] || 83.45% || M. Chandirakasu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 4,981 || 65.23% || P. Natesan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 1,751 || 22.93% || 3,230
|-
| 28 || [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]] || 77.20% || K. V. Raghavan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || 2,638 || 48.17% || C. V. Sulaiman Hajee || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,174 || 39.70% || 464
|-
| 29 || [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]] || 80.07% || N. K. Sachindranath || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 2,567 || 45.89% || A. V. Sreedharan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}} || 2,467 || 44.10% || 100
|-
| 30 || [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]] || 87.41% || [[Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,433 || 48.43% || Abdul Khader Jeelani Mohammed || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} || 2,165 || 43.09% || 268
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1980 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Puducherry Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=19 May 2022}}

{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:1980 State Assembly elections in India|p]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Puducherry]]
[[Category:1980s in Pondicherry]]

Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T14:16:25Z

Sergdpd: created first details w/ infobox...

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 78
| map_image = Constitution-Rishivandiyam.svg
| district = [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
| established = 1962
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[K. Karthikeyan]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Rishivandiyam
| electors = 273,571
| reservation =
}}

'''Rishivandiyam''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Kallakurichi district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 78. It comprises portions of [[Tirukkoyilur taluk|Tirukkoyilur]] and [[Sankarapuram taluk]]s. It is part of [[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

==Demographics==

{| class="wikitable" "width:300px"
|+ Demographics (2011)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/30/stories/2004043005930400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041118213931/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/30/stories/2004043005930400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 November 2004 |title =Multifarious issues for the electorate | date = 30 April 2004 | work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2009-07-20}}</ref>
! Category
! Data

|-
|[[Vanniyar]]
|32%
|-
|[[Mudaliar]]
|11 %
|-
| [[Konar (caste)|Konar]]
|09%
|-
|[[Kamma (caste)|Kamma Naidu]]
|08%
|-
|Muslims
|07%
|-
|Christians
|05%
|-
|Chettiars
|02%
|-
|Others
|05%
|-
|Total Electorate
|2,40,469
|-
|}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-viluppuram/news/210884 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|script-title=ta:ரிஷிவந்தியம் தொகுதியில் காங்கிரஸ் சார்பில் சிவராஜ் போட்டியிடுவது உறுதி |language=ta|year=2011 |access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| L. Anandan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. Anandan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

===Tamil Nadu===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[N. Dharmalingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2| [[M. Sundaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[S. Sivaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Ekal M. Natesan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Dr.M. Govindaraju
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan=3| S. Sivaraj
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Vijayakanth]]
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan=3| [[K. Karthikeyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|53.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|52.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|61.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.82}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Karthikeyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Cheziyan|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Radhika|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ashok Kumar|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 273521|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web|title=Rishivandiyam Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a078|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Karthikeyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=113,912 |percentage=53.56 |change=+6.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Santhosh |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,184 |percentage=33.94 |change=-2.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Suresh Manivannan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,066 |percentage=5.67 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Prabhu |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,387 |percentage=4.88 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,420 |percentage=1.14 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,508 |percentage=0.71 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,728 |percentage=19.62 |change= 9.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=212,686 |percentage=79.29 |change= -1.18 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=345|percentage=0.16 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268,231 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Karthikeyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=92,607 |percentage=47.08 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dhandapani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,104 |percentage=36.66 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. J. P. Vincent Jayaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=14,239 |percentage=7.24 |change=-45.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Pandiyan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=8,148 |percentage=4.14 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Barath |party=Independent politician |votes=1,710 |percentage=0.87 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Raphael Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,090 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,022 |percentage=0.52 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,503 |percentage=10.42 |change= -7.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=196,697 |percentage=80.47 |change= -2.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 244,427 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= -6.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vijayakanth]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=91,164 |percentage=53.19 |change=+37.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaraj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,369 |percentage=35.22 |change=-7.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vijayakanth |party=Independent politician |votes=7,355 |percentage=4.29 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Natarajan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=3,227 |percentage=1.88 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramajayam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,044 |percentage=1.19 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Selvaraju |party=Loktantrik Samajwadi Party (India) |votes=1,860 |percentage=1.09 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Rajasundaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,793 |percentage=1.05 |change=-0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Senthil |party=Independent politician |votes=1,587 |percentage=0.93 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,299 |percentage=0.76 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,795 |percentage=17.97 |change= 11.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=171,405 |percentage=82.87 |change= 14.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,830 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaraj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,793 |percentage=42.74 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Athinarayanan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,858 |percentage=36.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Govindan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=20,283 |percentage=15.82 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Govindaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,757 |percentage=2.15 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Raja Sundaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,992 |percentage=1.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marur N. Dharmalingam |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,511 |percentage=1.18 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,935 |percentage=6.19 |change= -17.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=128,194 |percentage=68.75 |change= 6.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,451 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -9.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaraj]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=57,108 |percentage=52.37 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=T. K. T. Murali |party=[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]] |votes=31,576 |percentage=28.96 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marudur N. Durairaj |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,470 |percentage=14.19 |change=+4.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,891 |percentage=4.49 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,532 |percentage=23.41 |change= -14.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=109,045 |percentage=62.34 |change= -5.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,987 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -8.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaraj]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=65,230 |percentage=61.34 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Annadurai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,166 |percentage=23.66 |change=-37.9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Durairaj |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,263 |percentage=9.65 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Subramanian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,971 |percentage=3.73 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,064 |percentage=37.67 |change= 2.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,344 |percentage=67.64 |change= 0.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,019 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Dr.M. Govindarajalu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,030 |percentage=61.56 |change=+53.31 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,899 |percentage=26.41 |change=-20.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vijalakshmi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=9,568 |percentage=10.15 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thoppalan |party=Independent politician |votes=918 |percentage=0.97 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,131 |percentage=35.15 |change= 29.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,263 |percentage=67.51 |change= -12.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,616 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ekal M. Netesa Vdyar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,030 |percentage=46.96 |change=+1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sivaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,069 |percentage=41.13 |change=-10.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Moorthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,436 |percentage=8.25 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vijayanan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,497 |percentage=2.44 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Venkataraman |party=India Farmers and Tailers Party |votes=746 |percentage=0.73 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,961 |percentage=5.83 |change= -0.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=102,287 |percentage=80.36 |change= 2.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,994 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaraj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,439 |percentage=51.95 |change=+0.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Natesha Udayar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,318 |percentage=45.82 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thoppalan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,040 |percentage=1.24 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,121 |percentage=6.12 |change= -0.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,619 |percentage=78.26 |change= 7.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,187 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sundaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,238 |percentage=51.11 |change=+12.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Deiveekan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,317 |percentage=44.54 |change=+12.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Govindasami |party=Independent politician |votes=2,552 |percentage=3.41 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Abdul Wahab |party=Independent politician |votes=703 |percentage=0.94 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,921 |percentage=6.58 |change= 0.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,810 |percentage=70.54 |change= 3.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,377 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sundaram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,530 |percentage=38.42 |change=-9.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Deivigam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,478 |percentage=32.32 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jayachandran |party=Janata Party |votes=12,177 |percentage=18.33 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. V. Keerthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,323 |percentage=8.01 |change=-43.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Govindarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=814 |percentage=1.23 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Abdulwahab |party=Independent politician |votes=685 |percentage=1.03 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,052 |percentage=6.10 |change= 2.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,448 |percentage=67.33 |change= -7.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,448 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Dharmalingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,350 |percentage=51.86 |change=+2.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,242 |percentage=48.14 |change=-0.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,108 |percentage=3.72 |change= 3.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,592 |percentage=74.87 |change= -1.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,419 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Anandan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,491 |percentage=49.60 |change=+8.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Anandan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,173 |percentage=49.00 |change=-9.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. T. Singaram |party=Independent politician |votes=750 |percentage=1.40 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=318 |percentage=0.60 |change= -17.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,414 |percentage=76.81 |change= 24.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,950 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Rishivandiyam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=L. Anandan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,057 |percentage=58.82 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Anadan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,544 |percentage=41.18 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,513 |percentage=17.64 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,601 |percentage=52.34 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,840 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.81|79.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]

Surinder Kumar Choudhary

2026-05-05T00:57:28Z

Sergdpd: new first bio v1

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start = 16 October 2024
| term_end =
| lieutenant_governor = [[Manoj Sinha]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| predecessor = [[President's rule]] {{efn|[[Kavinder Gupta]] was the last officeholder before Choudhary.}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional ministries}}
| term_start1 = 16 October 2024
| 1blankname1 = [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata1 = *[[Public Works]] (R&B)
*[[Industry (manufacturing)|Industries]]
*[[Commerce]]
*[[Mining]]
*[[Labour & Employment]]
*[[Skill Development]]
| predecessor1 = [[President's rule]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera]]
| term_start2 = 8 October 2024
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Ravinder Raina]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place = [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| profession = Politician
| party = [[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|20px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| other_party = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Ink Pot and Pen.png|20px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]]
[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| image = Surinder Kumar Choudhary.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Formal portrait, 2024
}}

'''Surinder Kumar Choudhary''' (born 1968) is an Indian politician, currently serving as the 9th deputy chief minister of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Surinder Choudhary? Nowshera MLA Picked As J&K's New Deputy CM By Omar Abdullah, surinder kumar always following hindutawa |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/who-is-surinder-choudhary-nowshera-mla-picked-as-jks-new-deputy-cm-by-omar-abdullah-2807526.html/amp |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> He has been a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] since 8 October 2024, representing the [[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]. Choudhary previously served as a [[List of members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|member of the Legislative Council]] (MLC) from the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Nowshera Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nowshera-election-result-2024-live-update-9077469.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nowshera vidhan sabha chunav result 2024 live : Surinder Kumar Choudhary From Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Won The Election |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/nowshera-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-and-losser-candidate-ravinder-raina-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-eci-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-result-2804195.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Surinder Kumar Choudhary was born in a [[Hindu]] [[Jats|Jatt]] family in 1968. Before joining politics, Choudhary was an employee of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. He contested his first Assembly election in 2009 from Nowshera as Bahujan Samaj Party candidate. In 2014 elections, he was a [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] candidate for Nowshera assembly constituency and lost to [[Ravinder Raina]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] by a margin of 10000 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=J&K's new Deputy CM is recent import to NC from BJP, Omar says 'kept promise to Jammu' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/jammu-kashmir-deputy-cm-nc-bjp-surinder-choudhary-omar-abdullah-9622967/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In April 2022, Choudhary resigned from PDP and joined BJP. He was general secretary of PDP at the time of his resignation. Choudhary cited reasons such as "people's love and affection" for delimitation under BJP government which divided Nowshera and Sunderbani into two distinct assembly constituencies.<ref name=":0" /> However, he quit BJP to join National Conference in July 2023, accusing Raina of "promoting family" and "corruption".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Surinder Kumar Choudhary? Here is why Omar Abdullah picked Nowshera MLA as J&K Deputy CM |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/10/16/who-is-surinder-kumar-choudhary-here-is-why-omar-abdullah-pick-nowshera-mla-as-jandk-deputy-cm.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2024 Assembly election, Choudhary contested again from Nowshera as a [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] candidate and polled a total of 35,069 votes, defeating Ravinder Raina by a margin of 7819 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is who in Omars cabinet |url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/who-is-who-in-omars-cabinet/340273 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Greaterkashmir |language=en}}</ref>

== Deputy chief minister ==
On 16 October 2024, Choudhary was sworn in as the deputy chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir in a ceremony held at Sher-e-Kashmir International Conference Centre (SKICC). The ceremony was presided over by Lieutenant Governor [[Manoj Sinha]]. Choudhary was joined by [[Sakeena Masood]], [[Javid Ahmad Dar]], [[Javed Ahmed Rana]] and [[Satish Sharma (politician)|Satish Sharma]] on the [[dais]] to take the oath of office as ministers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/omar-abdullah-sworn-in-as-first-cm-of-ut-jammu-and-kashmir/article68759594.ece | title=Omar Abdullah sworn in as J&K CM; Surinder Kumar Choudhary is Deputy CM | newspaper=The Hindu | last1=Ashiq | first1=Peerzada }}</ref> On 18 October 2024, an order was issued by Lieutenant Governor Sinha to allocate portfolios to council of ministers on the advice of chief minister. Choudhary was given the charge of Public Works (R&B), Industries and Commerce, Mining, Labour and Employment, and Skill Development.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-18 |title=J&K L-G allocates portfolios; who gets what in newly inducted Omar Abdullah-led cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/jk-l-g-allocates-portfolios-who-gets-what-in-newly-inducted-omar-abdullah-led-cabinet/article68767814.ece |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||54.16%||[[Ravinder Raina]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||42.09%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Lost}}||36.92%||[[Ravinder Raina]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||49.51%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Nowshera Assembly constituency|Nowshera]]||{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}||{{Lost}}||19.54%||Radhay Sham Sharma||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||26.47%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Surinder Kumar}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Rajouri district]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Surutti

2026-05-03T12:11:44Z

Sergdpd:

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Carnatic}}[[File:Harikambhoji_scale.svg|thumb|300x300px|''Surutti raga's Janaka raga Harikambhoji'' scale with Shadjam at C]]
{{Infobox ragam|name=Surutti|synonym=|image_name=|image_alt=|mela=|chakra=|type=|arohanam={{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|D2|N2|S'}}|avarohanam={{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|P|M1|R2|S}}|jeeva=|chhaya=|nyasa=|vishesha=|equivalent=[[Mixolydian mode]]|similar=}}'''Surutti''' is a [[Rāga|rāgam]] in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the janya ragam of 28th ''[[Melakarta]]'' rāgam [[Harikambhoji]] in the 72 ''melakarta'' rāgam system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raga Surutti - Raga Surabhi: Raga Surabhi |url=https://www.ragasurabhi.com/carnatic-music/raga/raga--surutti.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=www.ragasurabhi.com}}</ref><ref name="ragas" /> [[Subbarama Dikshitar]] classifies this a bhashanga raga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-03 |title=suruTTi - Madras Heritage and Carnatic Music |url=https://sriramv.com/2013/04/03/surutti/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=sriramv.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Its a Vakra raga (Zig-zag raga scale with seven notes in Arohana and nine in Avarohana)

The parent scale of this raga is equivalent to ''[[Khamaj]] [[thaat]]'' of [[Hindustani Music]].<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> The Janaka raga of this raga is known as '''Harikedāragowla''' in the [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school of music.<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" />

The notes of this raga is equivalent to [[Mixolydian mode]] of Western music but note order is zig-zag.

== Structure and Lakshana ==
Its {{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}} structure is as follows (see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):

* [[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|D2|8=N2|9=S'|foot=yes}}
* [[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|P|M1|R2|S|foot=yes}}

(notes used in this scale are ''chatushruti rishabham, antara gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam chatushruti daivatam, kaishiki nishadham'')

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Compositions ==
The Classical compositions in this rāgam:

*''Sri Venkatesa Girisham'', ''Angarakam Ashrayamyaham'', ''Balakuchambike'', ''Govindarajaya Namaste'', ''Balasubrahmanyam Bhajeham'', ''Sri Vanchanatham'' and ''Lalitha Parameswari'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] (Sanskrit)
*''Geetarthamu'', ''Ramachandra Nee Daya'', ''Pathiki Haaratheere Seethaapathiki'', ''Paramukham Elara'', ''Verevvare Gati'', ''Shrungarinchu'', ''Rama Deivama'' and ''Bhajana Parulakela'' by [[Tyagaraja]] Swami (Telugu)
*''Thillai Ambalattanai'' and ''Kanakasabhai Thirunatanam'' by [[Gopalakrishna Bharati|Gopalakrishna Bharathi]] (Tamil)
*''Parvai Ondre Podhume'' (Tamil), ''Kathaya Kathaya Rasane'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[Tillana]]'' by [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi|Oothukadu Venkatasubbaiyer]]
*''Neelavarna Pahimam'' by [[Irayimman Thampi]]
*''Vanga Kadal Kadaintha'', a [[Thiruppavai]] by [[Andal]] tuned by [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]]
*''Kaana Venum'' by [[Arunachala Kavi|Arunachala Kavirayar]] (Tamil)
*''Sivaperuman Kripai'' and ''Ninaindhurugum'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]] (Tamil)
*''Haridra Kumkumapriye'' by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]] (Sanksrit)
*''Shive Pahi'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[Tillana]]'' by [[Mysore Vasudevachar]]
*''Varuga Varuga'' by [[N. S. Chidambaram]]
*''[[Tillana]]'' by Madurai Srinivasan
*''[[Tillana]]'' by Jayashree Aravind
*Padam - ''Indendhu Vachitivira'' (Telugu) by [[Kshetrayya]] or Melattur Kashinathayya (Disputed)
*Padam - ''Kontegadu'' (Telugu) by [[Kshetrayya]]
*Padam - ''Adikkadi Kaiyyai'' (Tamil) by Vaitheeshwaran Koil Subbarama Iyer
*Padam - ''Alarsara Parithapam - Jalajabandhu'' (Manipravalam) by [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Maharaja Swati Tirunal]]
*Javali - ''Mariyada Teliyakane'' (Telugu) by [[Patnam Subramania Iyer|Patnam Subramanya Iyer]]
*Javali - ''Vega Neevu'' (Telugu) by [[Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar]]
*Javali - ''Manamalar Alithu'' (Tamil) by Thanjavur Shankara Iyer
*Javali - ''Varemi'' (Telugu) by [[Dharmapuri Subbarayar]]
*Javali - ''Mayaladi'' (Telugu) by Tachur Singarachari
*[[Varnam]] - ''Entho Prema'' (Telugu) by Pallavi Gopala Iyer
*Chouka [[Varnam]] - ''Samiyentani'' (Telugu) by [[Subbarama Dikshitar]]
*[[Varnam]] - ''Sami Nee Todi'' (Telugu) by Pallavi Seshaiyyer
*''Inthakante ghanamika ledu'' (Telugu) by [[Annamacharya]]

== Film Songs ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Language
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Singer
!Ref.
|-
|Alarshara Parithaapam
|[[Kuttyedathi]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|[[M. S. Baburaj|M S Baburaj]]
|[[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]]
|Kalamandalam Saraswathi, Machad Vasanthi
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=List of Malayalam Songs by Raga Surutti |url=https://en.msidb.org/songs.php?tag=Search&raga=Surutti&limit=7&page_num=1&sortorder=4&sorttype=2 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=en.msidb.org}}</ref>
|-
|Alarshara Parithaapam
|''[[Swathi Thirunal (film)|Swathi Thirunal]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|[[M. B. Sreenivasan|M B Sreenivasan]]
|[[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas|K J Yesudas]], [[B. Arundhathi|B Arundhathi]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Film Songs based on Ragas]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

{{Music-theory-stub}}

Devarapalle, East Godavari district

2026-05-03T10:46:04Z

Sergdpd: put up

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devarapalle
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.03|N|81.37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14796
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534313
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08813
| registration_plate = AP 39,40
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Devarapalle''' is a village in [[East Godavari district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in West Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=8 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134347/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archivedate=8 February 2015|format=PDF}}</ref> It is located in [[Devarapalli mandal]] in [[Kovvur revenue division]] and Gopalapuram Assembly Constituency

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Devarapalli had a population of 14796. The total population constitute, 7399 males and 7397 females with a sex ratio of 1000 females per 1000 males. 1546 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 71.65%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588260-devarapalle-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Devarapalle Population Census|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in East Godavari district]]

Bankhedi, Narmadapuram

2026-05-03T09:03:54Z

Sergdpd: Put up a stub first draft

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bankhedi
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.76|N|78.53|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Narmadapuram district]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13,667
| population_as_of = 2011
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 37]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 466221
}}
'''Bankhedi''' is a town and a [[Nagar Parishad]] in [[Narmadapuram District]] of Madhya Pradesh. It is also a [[tehsil]] headquarter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://narmadapuram.nic.in/%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b2/|title=तहसील | District Narmadapuram, Government of Madhyapradesh | India}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bankhedi is located at {{Coord|22.76|N|78.53|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Bankheri.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bankheri, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>
It has an average elevation of {{cvt|323|m}}.
It is located in the Satpura Ranges and Narmada basin.

==Demographics==
Bankhedi has a population of 13667 of which 7084 are males while 6583 are females as of Census 2011.
There are a total of 2922 families residing in Bankhedi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/488034-bankhedi-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Bankhedi Village Population - Bankhedi - Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Economy==
The region is predominantly [[Agrarian society|agrarian]]. Its people depend on farming and business. The main crops are wheat, maize and soybeans.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==Administration==

Bankhedi is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://narmadapuram.nic.in/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b8/|title=पुलिस | District Narmadapuram, Government of Madhyapradesh | India}}</ref>

Bankhedi Nagar Panchayat has a total administration of over 2,922 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://narmadapuram.nic.in/%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8/|title=नगरीय प्रशासन एवं विकास | District Narmadapuram, Government of Madhyapradesh | India}}</ref>

==Transport==

* [[Bankhedi railway station]] is on the [[Itarsi]]-[[Jabalpur]] rail line and is under the [[Jabalpur railway division]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://narmadapuram.nic.in/ Official website]
*[https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/hoshangabad/bankhedi Pin code]

{{Narmadapuram Division}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hoshangabad district]]

The Trial (2023 film)

2026-05-01T03:22:06Z

Sergdpd: new initial entry v1

{{Short description|Telugu-language thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{infobox film
| name = The Trial
| image = The Trial (2023 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Raam Ganni
| writer = Raam Ganni
| producer = Smriti Sagi Srinivas K Naidu
| music = Saravana Vasudevan
| editing = Srikanth Patnaik
| cinematography = Shrie Saikumaar Daara
| starring = [[Spandana Palli]] Yug Ram Vamsi Kotu
| studio =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|11|24}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Trial''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language feature film.<ref>{{cite news |title=தெலுங்கு சினிமாவில் முதல்முறை.. இன்வெஸ்டிகேட்டிவ் த்ரில்லராக உருவாகியுள்ள The Trial |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/telugu-interrogative-thriller-film-the-trial-to-hit-screens-on-november-24-149537 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=9 November 2023 |language=ta |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115144125/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/telugu-interrogative-thriller-film-the-trial-to-hit-screens-on-november-24-149537 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is directed and written by Raam Ganni and produced by Smriti Sagi and Srinivas K Naidu.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Telugu interrogative thriller film 'The Trial' first look is here..! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-telugu-interrogative-thriller-film-the-trial-first-look-is-here-/articleshow/99760043.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116075407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-telugu-interrogative-thriller-film-the-trial-first-look-is-here-/articleshow/99760043.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Spandana Palli, Yug Ram and Vamsi Kotu are in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Marimuthu |title=தெலுங்கில் முதல்முறையாக உருவாகிய புலனாய்வுப் படம் The Trail - வெளியான முக்கிய அப்டேட் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/first-time-investigative-film-in-telugu-and-the-trail-131699607249938.html |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115144131/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/first-time-investigative-film-in-telugu-and-the-trail-131699607249938.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Trail: Telugu's First Interrogative Film Set to Captivate Audiences In Theaters from November 24th |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-trail-telugus-first-interrogative-film-set-to-captivate-audiences-in-theaters-from-november-24th-836482 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=The Hans India |date=9 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114150100/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-trail-telugus-first-interrogative-film-set-to-captivate-audiences-in-theaters-from-november-24th-836482 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 24 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Trail - தெலுங்கில் வெளியாகும் முதல் விசாரணை திரைப்படம்! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/the-trail-telugu-movie-releasing-on-november-24th-in-theaters-471883 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[Zee Hindustan]] |date=9 November 2023 |language=ta |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115144126/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/the-trail-telugu-movie-releasing-on-november-24th-in-theaters-471883 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Telugu |first1=ntv |title=The Trail: థియేటర్ లోకి మరో ఇన్వెస్టిగేషన్ థ్రిల్లర్ వస్తుందిరోయ్.. |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/the-trail-release-date-fix-481104.html |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=[[NTV (India)]] |date=9 November 2023 |language=te-IN |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115144133/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/the-trail-release-date-fix-481104.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Premise==

Police Sub-inspector Rajeev is entrusted with the task of interrogating a woman, Rupa, under suspicion of her husband Ajay’s accidental death. After learning that Rupa is also a Sub-Inspector, Rajeev delves deeper into the case and uncovers some surprising facts.

==Cast==
* Spandana Palli as Sub-Inspector Roopa
* Yug Ram as Ajay, Roopa's husband
* Vamsi Kotu as Circle Inspector Rajeev
* Udhay Pulime
* Sakhi Uttada
* Jashwanth Perumalla
* Vazeer Ishaan

== Reception ==
Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "The Trial is an honest attempt by a young team. Director Raam Ganni impresses with his crisp narration and interesting thrills. Though the film lacks a strong motive, the thrills and crisp runtime make for a decent watch this weekend."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-trial-review-the-spandana-palli-crime-drama-is-an-honest-attempt-with-decent-thrills/302613a99b492|title=The Trial Movie Review: A technically strong thriller with decent narration|website=OTTPlay|access-date=2023-11-27|archive-date=2023-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201085515/https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-trial-review-the-spandana-palli-crime-drama-is-an-honest-attempt-with-decent-thrills/302613a99b492|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29900584}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trial}}
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park

2026-04-30T05:35:29Z

Sergdpd: new new pg basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name=Patna Zoo
|native_name=
|logo=
|logo_width=
|logo_caption=
|image=Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan.jpg
|image_caption=Patna Zoo
|date_opened=1973<ref name="kuchbhi"/>
|date_closed=
|location=[[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
|area= {{Convert|152.95|acre|ha}}
|coordinates={{Coord|25.596513|85.099304|type:landmark_region:IN_source:googlemaps|display=inline,title}}
|num_animals=800 <ref name="zoo_main"/>
|num_species= Trees: 300 species <ref name="zoo_main"/> Animals: 70 species Fish: 35 species Snakes: 5 species
|employees=
|annual_visitors= 45-55 lakh<ref>{{cite web|title=Patna Zoo|url=https://www.zoopatna.com/from_director_desk.aspx|publisher=zoopatna.com|access-date=25 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927040340/https://www.zoopatna.com/from_director_desk.aspx|archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>
|members=[[Central Zoo Authority of India|CZA]]<ref name="cza_list"/>
|exhibits=
|website={{URL|www.zoopatna.com}}
}}
'''Patna Zoo''' is located off [[Bailey Road, Patna|Bailey Road]] in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The park was opened to the public as a zoo in 1973. The park is [[Patna]]'s most frequented picnic spot, with more than 36,000 visitors on New Year's Day alone in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/New-Year-Weather-plays-spoilsport-dampens-spirit/articleshow/11332686.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/patna/30581076_1_patna-zoo-spoilsport-cloudy-weather|url-status=live|archive-date=30 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park-Patna's most frequented picnic spot |access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref>

==History==
The park was first established as a [[botanical garden]] in 1969. The then [[Governor of Bihar]], Sri [[Nityanand Kanungo]], provided almost {{convert|34|acre|ha}} of land from the [[Governor]] House campus for the garden. In 1972, Public Works added {{convert|58.2|acre|ha}} to this, and the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Revenue Department]] transferred {{convert|60.75|acre|ha}} to the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Forest Department]] to help expand the park.<ref name="zoo_main"/>

Since 1973, this park has been a biological park, combining a [[botanical garden]] with a [[zoo]]. The land acquired from the Public Works Department and the Revenue Department was declared [[protected forest]] by the state government on 8 March 1983.<ref name="zoo_main"/>
[[Image:Giraffe at patna zoo.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A giraffe at Patna Zoo]]
[[File:Sambar, Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park.jpg|alt=A Resting Antelope at Patna Zoo|thumb|200x200px|A resting antelope at Patna Zoo]]

==Animals and exhibits==
The zoo is currently home to over 800 animals of about 110 species, including [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[hippopotamus]], [[crocodile]], [[elephants]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[jackal]], [[black buck]]s, [[spotted deer]], [[peafowl]], [[hill myna]], [[gharial]], [[pythonidae|python]], [[Indian rhinoceros]], [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]], [[giraffe]], [[zebra]], [[emu]], and [[white peacock (bird)|white peacock]].<ref name="zoo_main"/>

Having started as a botanical garden, the park currently houses more than 300 species of trees, herbs and shrubs. Plant exhibits include a nursery for medicinal plants, an orchid house, a fern house, a glass house, and a rose garden.<ref name="zoo_main"/>

The park also includes an aquarium which is the largest revenue generator after the general admission fee. The aquarium has about 35 species of fish, and the snake house has 32 snakes belonging to 5 species.<ref name="zoo_main"/>

[[Image:Machli Ghar at Patna zoo.jpg|thumb|200px|Aquarium at Patna Zoo|alt=]]
==Conservation and births==
The Patna Zoo makes considerable effort to conserve and propagate endangered species from around the world. Breeding captive wild animals is a difficult challenge that the zoo has met with some notable success.

===Success===
* [[Indian rhinoceros|The great one-horned rhinoceros]] has been bred successfully several times in the past. In 2008, Patna Zoo earned acclaim for its breeding techniques.<ref name="rhino_breeding"/>
* A [[hippopotamus]] has given birth for the first time at the zoo to a male hippo on 19 April 2001.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} There have been several other hippo births since, including in 2007.<ref name="hippo_birth"/>
* A [[Leopard|leopardess]] named Reena at zoo gave birth to two cubs on 18 June 2001, marking the zoo's first successful leopard breeding in 16 years. She gave birth again to two cubs on 4 March 2002, within nine months.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-03-18 |title=Zoo welcomes new arrivals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/zoo-welcomes-new-arrivals/articleshow/4105231.cms |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* An [[alligator]] has bred for the first time in the zoo on 29 June 2001 and after that several time in past. The number of gharials or alligators here have gone up from 13 to 129 in the last five years.<ref name="ghariyals"/>
* A [[porcupine]] bred for the first time in the zoo on 12 June 2001 and gave birth to two baby porcupines.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}[[File:Rhino at rest.jpg|alt=One Horned Rhino in Water Puddle during Summer at Patna Zoo|thumb|243x243px|One-horned rhino in water puddle during summer at Patna Zoo]]

===Initiative===
* The zoo received a white tiger in the first week of March{{When|date=March 2011}} from [[Nandankanan Zoological Park|Nandankanan Zoo]], [[Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneshwar]]. This has improved the chances of breeding the tiger in the zoo.
* There is a single male zebra in the zoo. It is expected{{When|date=March 2011}} that a female zebra will arrive in the zoo if the Central Zoo Authority approves the proposal.

===Birds===
This place provides a good sighting for birders.

<gallery>
File:Jungle Babbler (Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park).jpg|[[Jungle babbler|Jungle Babbler]]
File:Black drongo (Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park).jpg|[[Black drongo]]
File:Black hooded oriole (Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park).jpg|[[Black-hooded oriole|Black hooded oriole]]
File:White throated kingfisher (Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park).jpg|[[White-throated kingfisher|White throated kingfisher]]
File:Oriental magpie robin (Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park).jpg|[[Oriental magpie-robin|Oriental magpie robin]]
File:Taiga flycatcher (Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park).jpg|[[Taiga flycatcher]]
File:Rufous treepie (Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park).jpg|[[Rufous treepie]]
File:Golden flameback woodpecker (Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park).jpg|[[Black-rumped flameback|Golden flameback woodpecker]]
</gallery>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sambar, Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park.jpg|[[Sambar deer|Sambar]]
File:An Elephant Family at Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park, Patna, Bihar, India.jpg|[[Elephant]]
File:Rhino at rest.jpg|[[Rhinoceros]]
File:Leopard Patna Zoo.JPG|[[Leopard]]
File:Swan Patna Zoo.JPG|[[Swan]]
File:Lion Patna Zoo.JPG|[[Lion]]
File:Central Lake at Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park, Patna (Bihar, India).jpg|Central Lake in the zoo
File:Monkey patna zoo.JPG|[[Monkey]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of botanical gardens in India]]
* [[Patna]]
* [[Eco Park, Patna]]

== References ==
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name="zoo_main">{{cite web |url=http://forest.bih.nic.in/SGBPark.htm |title=Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park |work=forest.bih.nic.in |publisher=Environment & Forest Dept., Government of Bihar |access-date=11 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016064243/http://forest.bih.nic.in/SGBPark.htm |archive-date=16 October 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="cza_list">
{{ZooOrg|cza|zoos|accessdate=4 July 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="kuchbhi">
{{Cite web
|url = http://www.kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html
|title = List of Zoos in India, from 1800 until now
|work = kuchbhi.com
|publisher = Kuchbhi
|access-date = 4 July 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111021205725/http://kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html
|archive-date = 21 October 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="rhino_breeding">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Earth/Flora__Fauna/Patna_zoo_on_global_map_for_rhino_breeding/articleshow/2991872.cms |title=Patna zoo on global map for rhino breeding |last=ANI |work=India Times|date=28 April 2008 |access-date=11 June 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="hippo_birth">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatraveltimes.com/travelnews/tn2007/tnsep07/tnsep07_05.html |title=Newborn Hippo cheers animal lovers at Patna Zoo |last=Kumar |first=Ajay |date=14 September 2007 |work=India Travel Times|access-date=11 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025954/http://www.indiatraveltimes.com/travelnews/tn2007/tnsep07/tnsep07_05.html |archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="ghariyals">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-04/patna/27743329_1_patna-zoo-ghariyals-zoo-authorities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025150759/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-04/patna/27743329_1_patna-zoo-ghariyals-zoo-authorities |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2012 |title=City zoo swarmed with ghariyals |last=Mishra |first=Dipak |date=4 May 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 June 2010}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|http://forest.bih.nic.in/SGBPark.htm}}

{{Zoos of India}}

{{Patna|state=collapsed}}
{{Protected areas of Bihar}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1973 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Zoos in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Patna]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Patna]]
[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Zoos established in 1973]]

Raj Prasad Upadhyay

2026-04-30T02:18:20Z

Sergdpd: created basic post nd citations

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raj Prasad Upadhyay
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|1|20}}
| birth_place = [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Sadar Assembly constituency|Sadar]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Sitaram Verma]]
| successor =
| father = Narayan Upadhyay
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Raj Prasad Upadhyay''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Sadar Assembly constituency]] of the [[Sultanpur district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18189/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref name="PRS">{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/raj-prasad-upadhyay |title=Raj Prasad Upadhyay |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/raj-prasad-upadhyay/ |title=Raj Prasad Upadhyay, BJP MLA from Sadar |website=ourneta.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/raj-prasad-upadhyay-bjp-2022-sadar-340-uttar-pradesh |title=Bjp Raj Prasad Upadhyay Candidate Sadar Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Election Result 2022 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hindi.news18.com/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/raj-prasad-upadhyay-sadar-candidate-s24a189c04/ |title=राज प्रसाद उपाध्याय Vidhan Sabha Chunav Results 2022 Live |publisher=[[News18]] |language=hi}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/sultanpur/jaisinghpur/news/raj-prasad-upadhyay-alias-raj-babu-said-the-country-became-strong-under-bjp-rule-129374838.html |title=जयसिंहपुर में निषाद पार्टी के प्रत्याशी ने की जनसभा:राज प्रसाद उपाध्याय उर्फ राज बाबू बोले, भाजपा राज में सशक्त हुआ देश |language=hi |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref name="PRS"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3541 |title=Raj Prasad Upadhyay(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SADAR(SULTANPUR) |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sadar-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923218-2022-03-09 |title=Sadar, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Raj Prasad Upadhyay defeats SP's Arun Verma with 11480 votes |date=10 March 2022 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Raj Prasad Upadhyay was born on 20 January 1959 in [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Ish Narayan Upadhyay.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Shiv Kumari on 11 May 1981, and they have two children.<ref name="UPLA"/>

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sadar Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyay, Raj Prasad}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Sultanpur district]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Heart Beat (TV series)

2026-04-28T06:20:48Z

Sergdpd: pg

{{Short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

{{about|the Indian Tamil-language series|the Indian Hindi-language series|Heartbeats (TV series){{!}}''Heartbeats'' (TV series)|other similarly-named series|Heartbeat#Television}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Heart Beat Tamil Web series.jpg
| caption = Poster
| genre = {{ubl|[[Medical drama]]|[[Romantic drama]]}}
| executive_producer = RJ Shyam Sundar
| writer = [[Deepak Sundarrajan]]
| director = {{ubl|[[Deepak Sundarrajan]]|Adbul Kabeez|Chidambaram Manivannan}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Deepa Balu]]|[[Anumol]]|[[Charukesh M]]|[[Karthik Kumar]] |[[Sabareesh]]|[[Yogalakshmi]]}}
| narrator = [[Deepa Balu]]
| composer = Saran Raghavan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 200
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|Padmini Velu|Rajavelu}}
| location = [[Chennai]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|Regimel Surya Thomas|K. Santhosa Pandi}}
| editor = {{ubl|Vignesh Arjun|Sreedhar M|Srinivasan K}}
| runtime = 18-30 minutes
| company = [[A Tele Factory]]
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|3|8}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Heart Beat''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[medical drama]] series starring [[Deepa Balu]] in the leading role, alongside [[Anumol]], [[Charukesh M]], [[Karthik Kumar]], [[Sabareesh]],[[Yogalakshmi]] and others in other important roles. The series is written by Deepak Sundarrajan and directed by Deepak Sundarrajan, Adbul Kabeez and Chidambaram Manivannan for [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hotstar-specials-heart-beat-gets-a-streaming-date/article67831954.ece|title=Hotstar Specials 'Heart Beat' gets a streaming date|date=10 February 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421022906/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hotstar-specials-heart-beat-gets-a-streaming-date/article67831954.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The series is similar to the popular US drama series, New Amsterdam and ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]''.<ref name="Heart Beat Review">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/heart-beat-review-indias-greys-anatomy-that-is-a-breath-of-fresh-air-review-108295876|title=Heart Beat Review: India's Grey's Anatomy Fails To Make A Mark Due To Sloppy Storytelling|date=8 March 2024|work=Times Now|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It focuses on the personal and professional lives of surgical interns, residents, and attendings at the fictional RK Multispeciality Hospital.<ref name="Heart Beat Review" /> It premiered on [[JioHotstar]] on 8 March 2024 and also dubbed simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] languages.

The first season of the series premiered on 8 March 2024 and ended on 23 August 2024 with 100 episodes. It also aired on [[Star Vijay]] from 24 November 2024 on every Sunday.

The second season of this series has started premiering from 22 May 2025 and ended on 6 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/deepa-balu-and-anumol-starrer-heart-beat-2-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/119939742.cms|title=Deepa Balu and Anumol starer 'Heart Beat 2' to launch Soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

The third season of this series is planned to get released by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQuAcx9ksLc/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #74E387
| episodes1 = 100
| start1 = {{Start date|df=y|2024|3|8}}
| end1 = {{End date|2024|8|23|df=yes}}
| color2 = #004000
| episodes2 = 100
| start2 = {{Start date|2025|05|22|df=yes}}
| end2 = 06 November 2025
}}

== Synopsis ==
===Season 1===
The series follows the life of Reena, the estranged daughter of renowned [[general surgeon]] Radhi, starting from her acceptance into the surgical [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] program at the fictional RK Hospital. The hospital was established by RK, whose son Arjun becomes Reena's love interest. During her time as an intern, Reena works alongside fellow interns Teju, Naveen, Rocky, Guna, and senior residents Anitha and Ravi, who each struggle to balance their personal lives with hectic schedules and stressful residency requirements. During their [[Internship (medicine)|internship]], they are overseen by Dr. Radhi, whose life complicates after Reena is revealed to be her daughter from her past life.

===Season 2===
Season 2 opens with Radhi adjusting to life outside the hospital after stepping away from her duties, while Reena struggles under the new leadership of Arjun, the recently appointed CEO. Encouraged by her children and her own sense of purpose, Radhi reclaims her role. The story follows Radhi and Reena dealing with their past, fuelled by the arrival of Reena's biological father and Radhi's past love interest, Dr. Vijay. Soon, both Reena and Vijay get to know the truth about each other but very soon the former meets with an accident.

== Cast ==
{{Cast indicator|appeared=Heart Beat characters|Y|m}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Cast and character appearances in ''Heartbeat (TV series)''
! Actor !! Character
!Description!! Season 1 !! Season 2
|-
| [[Deepa Balu]] || rowspan="2" | Dr.Reena Vijay
| rowspan="2" | A compassionate and resilient surgical resident who is the biological daughter of renowned surgeons Radhi and Vijay. She is the closest friend of Rocky, with whom she shares a special bond that develops throughout the series and also friends with Teju,Guna,Naveen.She is also Love interest of Arjun, navigating her career while trying to reconnect with her parents and complexities of their strained relationship. She often finds herself in trouble for prioritizing her patients' well-being over strict rules.|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
|Kanishka Vijaykumar {{ref|younger version of the character|Y}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" | Guest
|-
| [[Anumol]]|| rowspan="2" | Dr.Radhi Thiyagarajan
| rowspan="2" | Reena’s biological mother, A strict and workaholic chief surgeon known for her professional brilliance, who struggles to balance her career with a complicated personal life and a strained relationship with her past. || colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
|Sachana Namidass {{ref|younger version of the character|Y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" | Guest
|-
| [[Charukesh M]] || Arjun
| The supportive and loving son of the hospital's founder, who becomes the CEO and Manasha's,Reena's love interest, navigating professional challenges while being a steadfast presence in her life.|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| [[Karthik Kumar]]|| rowspan="2" | Dr.Vijay
| rowspan="2" | Reena's biological father and Radhi's former lover, whose unexpected return adds a layer of complexity and drama to the lives of the two main characters. Initially comes to RK Hospital from Mumbai as a medical investigator, now works in RK Hospital as a senior doctor. || Mentioned|| style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
|Roshan A {{ref|younger version of the character|Y}}
|
| style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" | Guest
|-
| [[Sabareesh]] || Dr.Ramakrishna "Rocky"
| A lighthearted and humorous medical intern who provides a comedic touch and much-needed relief to the intense atmosphere of the hospital and He is also the closest friend and bestie of Reena, with whom she shares all her emotions and secrets for comfort and Love interest for Charu. || colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Yogalakshmi || Dr.Tejasri "Teju"
| A relatable medical intern and a Love interest to Naveen and friend to Reena,Rocky,Guna, who struggles with the immense pressure of her residency while trying to maintain a normal personal life.|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| RG Ram || Dr.Naveen
| MNM's estranged younger son; A fellow medical intern. He is often part of the group of interns, navigating the challenges of their residency and personal lives and Love interest to Teju and friend of Reena,Rocky,Guna|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| [[Mohan Raman]]|| Thiyagarajan / "Thayagu"
| Radhi's father and Reena, Divya and Sid's grandfather|| style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" | Guest || style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| [[Padine Kumar]]|| Dr.Anitha
| Another senior medical intern. She is a versatile and dedicated professional who often works closely with Dr. Ravi. Her character goes through a "rollercoaster" of emotional shifts throughout the series.|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Guru Lakshman || Dr.Ravi
| A senior intern at the hospital. He is often seen alongside fellow senior intern Dr. Anitha, and their close relationship is a topic of speculation among the other interns. He is a dedicated professional but can be emotionally vulnerable, as shown when he freezes during a critical surgery.|| style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main ||Mentioned
|-
| Sarvhaa || Dr.Guna
| Another medical intern who is a friend of Reena,Naveen,Teju and close friend of Rocky and dated Dr.Anitha in Season 2. He is depicted as a supportive and reliable member of the intern group.|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| [[Amit Bhargav]]|| Madhan
| MNM (who is the rival of RK)'s eldest son; A recurring character who is always present and often adds to the drama. His character is noted for not giving off "villain vibes" despite being one of the more straight-up antagonists in the show.|| style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main || style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
| [[T. M. Karthik]]|| Dr.Preetham
| A manipulative and ill-willed doctor who tries to create discord among the hospital staff to usurp the CEO's position.|| || style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Jayarao || Dr. RK
| The chairman and founder of RK Multispeciality Hospital and Arjun's father. He is a key figure in the hospital's power dynamics and is concerned about his son's reckless behavior, hoping a good marriage will bring him stability. His declining health becomes a central point of drama in the series.|| style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main ||Mentioned
|-
| Chandrasekar Koneru || Dev
| Radhi's husband and Reena's stepfather|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Sharmila Thapa || Aruna
| A senior nurse in RK Hospital|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Ashwathy Agnihothri || Manasa
| MNM's daughter; a psychologist; She returns and informs Madhan (one of her brother) that she wants the hospital back, suggesting she has a past connection to the hospital and an agenda of her own.|| Mentioned|| style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Riya Manoj || Divya "Divi"
| Radhi and Dev's daughter; Reena's stepsister|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Diyansh K || Sid
| Radhi and Dev's son; Reena's stepbrother|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Akshathaa Ajit || Dr.Nilofer
| A new medical intern who joins RK Multispeciality Hospital in the second season and become friends with Rocky and Love interest of Dr.Kiran. She is a dedicated young doctor whose personal life, including an engagement, becomes a part of the series' storyline.|| || style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Shivaraman M || Dr.Kiran
| A new medical intern who joins the hospital in the second season and become friends with Rocky and Love interest of Dr.Nilofer. He is depicted as being interested in his colleague, Nilofer.|| || style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Abdool Lee || Dr.Kamalakannan
| A doctor at the hospital and Love interest of Amaya who gets confused by Amaya's twin sister, Abinaya, leading to a key moment where Amaya's lies are exposed .|| || style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| rowspan="2" | Roshni || Amaya
| One of the nurses in RK Hospital and a mysterious character with a hidden identity, whose lies about having a twin sister are eventually exposed, causing major plot twists and Love interest of Dr.Kamalakannan.|| || style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
|Abinaya
|an Unemployed; Amaya's twin
|
| style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
| [[Kavithalayaa Krishnan]]|| Ganesh
| Thayagu's friend and Radhi's neighbor who adopted Rina as his daughter|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| Devishree || Sharadha
| Ganesh's wife|| colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
|-
| [[Sindhu Shyam]]|| Jennifer
| A Classical dancer; Suryakant's ex-wife; Guna's mother|| colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
| [[Giri Dwarakish]]|| Dr.Ramanathan "Cinema Doctor"
| An amusing character known for his love of cinema. He is a senior figure at the hospital who provides a lighter, more entertaining dynamic to the series.|| style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main
| style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
| Syamantha Kiran || Suchitra Madhan "Suchi"
| Madhan's wife|| colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
| Varshini Suresh || rowspan="2" | Sonia
| rowspan="2" | Reena's best friend since childhood who settled in Kolkata by marriage|| colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
| Sherin Farhana {{ref|younger version of the character|Y}} || colspan="2" style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" | Guest
|-
| Revathi Elango || Bharathi
| Ravi's cousin turned wife|| style="background:#98FB98; text-align:center;" | Main ||
|-
| Aruljothi Arockiaraj || Charu
| Ramanathan's daughter; Rocky's love interest|| colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
| Samridha Sam || Agalya Madhan
| Madhan and Suchitra's daughter|| colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
| [[Riyaz Khan]]|| Suryakant
| An actor; Jennifer's ex- husband and Guna's father|| colspan="2" style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" | Guest
|-
| Indumathy Manikandan || Pallavi
| RK's wife and Arjun's mother|| style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" | Guest ||Mentioned
|-
| Dasarathy || MNM
| RK's business-rival; Father of Madhan, Manasa and Naveen|| style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" | Guest ||Mentioned
|-
| Saravanan Rajavel || Kishore
| RK hospital's compounder || style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring ||
|-
| Gaayathri Krishnan || Rani
| Ravi's mother|| style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring ||
|-
|Aghalya
|
|Teju's mother
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
|Theni Murugan
|
|Teju's father
| colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
|Nila
|
|Amaya and Abinaya's mother || || style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
|Jairam
|
|Amaya and Abinaya's father || || style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
|Vetri Kiran
|
| Nilofer's father || || style="background:#FFB6C1; text-align:center;" | Recurring
|-
| Yogi || Murugan
| Reena's hostel warden || style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" | Guest ||
|-
| [[Bose Venkat]] ||
| || style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" | Guest ||
|}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was announced by [[JioHotstar]] in early 2024, following the popularity of other [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[web series]] such as ''[[Mathagam]]'' and ''[[Label (TV series)|Label]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/disney-plus-hotstar-original-series-heart-beat-streaming-from-march-first-week-details-167051|title=Release date of Heart beat, a series about doctors|date=12 February 2024|work=ABP News|access-date=1 June 2024|language=ta|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405103949/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/disney-plus-hotstar-original-series-heart-beat-streaming-from-march-first-week-details-167051|url-status=live}}</ref> It was slated to be a [[medical drama]] titled ''Heart Beat'', written and directed by Deepak Sundarrajan, and produced by Padmini Velu and Rajavelu for A Tele Factory.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/heart-beat-web-series-in-hotstar-1709927807|title=New web series in Disney Hotstar|date=10 March 2024|work=Cineulagam|access-date=1 June 2024|language=ta|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405103952/https://cineulagam.com/article/heart-beat-web-series-in-hotstar-1709927807|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/heart-beat-disney-hotstar-announces-a-new-tamil-medical-drama/ad7d44db5f2|title=Heart Beat - Disney+ Hotstar announces a new Tamil medical drama|date=26 January 2024|work=OTT play|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224125110/https://www.ottplay.com/news/heart-beat-disney-hotstar-announces-a-new-tamil-medical-drama/ad7d44db5f2|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Malayalam actress [[Anumol]] plays the lead role in the series.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tamil|first1=Hindu|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-review/1213229-anumol-attention-grabbing-heartbeat-web-series.html|title=Anumol's 'Heart beat' series grabs attention|date=10 March 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|language=ta|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406185458/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-review/1213229-anumol-attention-grabbing-heartbeat-web-series.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Tamil|first1=Hindu|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-news/1191604-heart-beat-paattu-hotstar-specials-webseries-song-released.html|title=Song released for Heat beat series|date=31 January 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|language=ta|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405103952/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-news/1191604-heart-beat-paattu-hotstar-specials-webseries-song-released.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially actress [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] was considered but could not be cast due to date clashes.{{fact|date=November 2025}}

=== Release ===
The first trailer was released on 9 February 2024 featuring to Deepa Balu as Rina, a medical intern on her first day at work.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Feb/10/disney-hotstar-series-heart-beat-gets-a-release-date-51926.html|title=Disney+ Hotstar series Heart Beat gets a release date|date=10 February 2024|work=Cinema Express|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405104331/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Feb/10/disney-hotstar-series-heart-beat-gets-a-release-date-51926.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was announced on 11 February that the series would be released in Tamil and dubbed into other Indian languages.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/heart-beat-promotions-in-hotstar-1093730|title=Heart beat to premiere on March 8 on Disney Hotstar|date=13 February 2024|newspaper=[[Daily Thanthi]]|access-date=1 May 2024|language=ta|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405103955/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/heart-beat-promotions-in-hotstar-1093730|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also given a release date of 8 March 2024, coinciding with [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/heart-beat-ott-release-date-tamil-medical-drama-will-be-out-for-streaming-on-this-platform/43ac4b1a6824|title=Heart Beat OTT release date - Tamil medical drama will be out for streaming on THIS platform|date=11 February 2024|work=OTT play|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405104326/https://www.ottplay.com/news/heart-beat-ott-release-date-tamil-medical-drama-will-be-out-for-streaming-on-this-platform/43ac4b1a6824|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The theme song was released 25 January 2024 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kumudam.com/Disney-Hotstar-Releases-Theme-Song-for-Hotstar-Specials-Heartbeat-Series-|title=Disney Hotstar web series Heat beat theme song released|date=31 January 2024|work=[[Kumudam]]|access-date=1 May 2024|language=ta|archive-date=25 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425092845/https://kumudam.com/Disney-Hotstar-Releases-Theme-Song-for-Hotstar-Specials-Heartbeat-Series-|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist
| title1 = Heartbeat Paattu
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = Super Subu
| music1 = Madley Blues (Harish Venkat and Prashanth)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/heart-beat-series-disney-hotstar-release-heart-beat-song-details-165051|title=This is Heart beat song|date=1 February 2024|work=ABP news|access-date=1 May 2024|language=ta|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405104331/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/heart-beat-series-disney-hotstar-release-heart-beat-song-details-165051|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra1 = Harish Venkat
| length1 = 0:55
| title2 = Ondragum Aasaigal
| note2 = Season 2 Episode 92
| lyrics2 = A Pa Raja
| music2 = Sudharshan
| extra2 = Padmaja Sreenivasan
| length2 = 03:07
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt31862809}}

{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language medical television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Upcoming Tamil-language series]]

Sirpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T15:54:05Z

Sergdpd: new basic post more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{For|the similarly named constituency in Maharashtra|Shirpur Assembly constituency }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sirpur
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (1-Sirpur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Sirpur Assembly constituency within Telangana
| map_alt =
| district = [[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Komaram Bheem Asifabad]]
| division =
| state = [[Telangana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
| constituency_no = 1
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Palvai Harish Babu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = 170,164
}}

'''Sirpur Assembly constituency''' is one of 119 constituencies in Telangana Legislative Assembly
It is located in [[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district]] in state of Telangana, [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Palvai Harish Babu]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Kouthala]]
|-
| [[Bejjur]]
|-
| [[Kagaznagar, Telengana|Kagaznagar]]
|-
| [[Sirpur (T)]]
|-
| [[Dahegaon, Komaram Bheem|Dahegaon]]
|-
| Penchikalpet
|-
| Chintalamanepally
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| M. Buchaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|United Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[G. Venkatswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" | [[G. Sanjeeva Reddy]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" | K. V. Keshavalu
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan="2" | K. V. Narayana Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" | Palvai Purushotam Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[Palvai Rajyalaxmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Koneru Konappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | K. Sammaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2010
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Koneru Konappa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Palvai Harish Babu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirpur<ref name="Sirpur Assembly constituency 2023 Results">{{cite news |title=Sirpur Assembly constituency 2023 Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S291.htm |accessdate=21 December 2024 |work= |date=2023 |ref=Election Commission of India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221141256/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S291.htm |archivedate=21 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sirpur Constituency Election Results 2018 - 2023">{{cite news |title=Sirpur Constituency Election Results 2018 - 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/sirpur |access-date=29 June 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629154206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/sirpur |archive-date=29 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Palvai Harish Babu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 63,702
|percentage = 34.09
|change = +30.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Koneru Konappa]]|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|votes=60,614|percentage=32.43|change=-18.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[R. S. Praveen Kumar]]|votes=44,646|percentage=23.89|change=+23.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raavi Srinivas|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,427|percentage=4.51|change=-31.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,196|percentage=1.18|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=3,008|percentage=1.16|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,86,880|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Koneru Konappa]]
| votes = 83,088
| percentage = 50.57
| change = {{increase}}24.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Palvai Harish Babu]]|votes=59,052|percentage=35.94|change={{increase}}18.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kottapelli Srinivas|votes=6,279|percentage=3.82|change={{increase}}3.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Raavi Srinivas|votes=5,379|percentage=3.27|change={{decrease}}29.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Tallapalli Thirupathi|votes=4,039|percentage=2.46|change={{increase}}2.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,579|percentage=0.96|change={{increase}} 0.96}}
{{Election box majority|votes=24,036|percentage=14.80|change={{increase}}14.8}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,64,288|percentage=85.96|change={{increase}}5.45}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Koneru Konappa]]
| votes = 49,033
| percentage =32.41%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Kaveti Sammaiah
| votes = 40,196
| percentage = 26.57%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kokkirala Prem Sagar Rao
| votes = 26,955
| percentage = 17.82%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Raavi Srinivas Rao
| votes = 19,359
| percentage = 12.8%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,837
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,51,288
| percentage = 80.49%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
| loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

{{coord|17.52|77.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Komaram Bheem district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Nayanjyoti Sarma

2026-04-19T20:51:01Z

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{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{infobox writer
| name = Nayanjyoti Sarma
| image =Nayan Jyoti Sharma (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| Parents_name =
| |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|6|3}}
| birth_place = Kamarkuchi, [[Nalbari district]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| citizenship =
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Government Ayurvedic College, Guwahati]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Jaal Kota Jui'', 2022
| spouse = Mridushmita Bharadwaj
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = Munin Borkotoky Literary Award, 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Nayanjyoti Sarma Wins Munin Barkotoki Literary Award 2023 |url=https://m.guwahatiplus.com/article/nayanjyoti-sarma-wins-munin-barkotoki-literary-award-2023/29016 |access-date=16 June 2024 |publisher=guwahatiplus.com |date=6 November 2024}}</ref> [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Assamese|Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]], 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}
'''Nayanjyoti Sarma''' (born 3 June 1993) is an Assamese short story writer, author, Wikimedian and physician. He is currently working at Sushrusa Hospital in [[Nalbari]].<ref name=":-)"/> Sarma received the Munin Borkotoky Literary Award in November 2023 for his collection of short stories, ''Jaal Kota Jui''.<ref name=":-)">{{Cite news |date=16 June 2024 |title=Award a recognition to my literary works: Nayanjyoti |url=https://epaper.assamtribune.com/full-page-pdf/epaper/pdf/2024/06/16/the-assam-tribune/6081/epaper-page-5?infinitescroll=1 |work=Assam Tribune |pages=9}}</ref> For same book he received [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Assamese|Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar for Assamese]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref> Additionally, he was awarded the Pragjyotishpur Literature Award-2023 at the Pragjyotishpur Literature Festival, held from 29 September to 1 October in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Searching for Roots with Pragjyotishpur LitFest 2023 |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/watch-tower/searching-for-roots-with-pragjyotishpur-litfest-2023 |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.pratidintime.com |date=9 October 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dr. Sarma was born on 3 June 1993, in Kamarkuchi village, [[Nalbari district]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/v/MFMvpvJjGdL5DnEB/?mibextid=xfxF2i |title=Interview at News 18 Assam & NE |type=Social Media |language=Assamese}}</ref> His father is Khanindra Sharma, and his mother is Usha Devi. In 2010, he passed his High School Leaving Certificate Examination from Assam Academy, [[Nalbari]]. He completed his Higher Secondary education from [[Nalbari College]] in 2012. In 2017, he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|BAMS]] degree from [[Government Ayurvedic College, Guwahati]], and in 2021, he earned an MS in Shalya Tantra from the same college under [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]].<ref name="An Exclusive Interview with Dr. Nayanjyoti Sarma; Recipient of Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2024">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Nitish Raj |title=An Exclusive Interview with Dr. Nayanjyoti Sarma; Recipient of Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2024 |url=https://theliterarymirror.in/an-exclusive-interview-with-dr-nayanjyoti-sarma-recipient-of-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar-2024/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2YIYM7SG8AwS-6Gzn_PfHIl3f214-tCOxecvcT8yqHbh4lx5rgUXe7IoA_aem_rxnO0h8cMFTcyRHk4ZqEGQ&sfnsn=wiwspwa |date=26 June 2024}}</ref>

==Literary works==
* ''Jaal Kota Jui'' (2022, Purvayan Publications)
* ''Black Beauty'' (Translation, 2023, Assam Publications Board)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma, Nayanjyoti}}
[[Category:People from Nalbari district]]
[[Category:Assamese-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Department of Science and Technology (Bihar)

2026-04-18T17:14:14Z

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{{Short description|Department of Government of Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Department of Science, Technology and Technical Education, Bihar
| native_name_a = {{Lang|hi|विज्ञान प्रावैधिकी एवं तकनीकी शिक्षा विभाग, बिहार}}
| type = Department
| seal = Seal_of_Bihar.svg
| seal_size = 180
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1973}}
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Bihar]]
| headquarters = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25|36|22|N|85|06|54|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| minister1_name = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
| child1_agency = Department of Information Technology, Bihar
| website = {{URL|https://state.bihar.gov.in/dst/}}
}}
'''The Department of Science, Technology and Technical Education''' is a department of [[Government of Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/department-of-science-and-technology-dst-recruitment-2019-for11-junior-research-fellow-jrf-posts-1565176809-1|title=Department of Science and Technology (DST) Recruitment 2019 for11 Junior Research Fellow (JRF) Posts|last=|first=|date=2019-08-07|website=Jagranjosh.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304171120/https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/department-of-science-and-technology-dst-recruitment-2019-for11-junior-research-fellow-jrf-posts-1565176809-1|archive-date=2020-03-04|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> It is the administrative body for all technical institutions established by [[Government of Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dst.bih.nic.in/AboutUs.aspx|title=Department of Science & Technology :: About Us|website=www.dst.bih.nic.in|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> The department is responsible for the development and policy decision in the field of science and technology. It regulates scientific and technical education in colleges and universities of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dst.bih.nic.in/Functions.aspx|title=Official Website of Department of Science & Technology :: Functions|website=www.dst.bih.nic.in|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> DST was established a [[Bihar Engineering University]] in 2021.Bihar Engineering University (BEU), Patna has been established by the Government of Bihar vide Bihar Engineering University, ACT, 2021 (Act No. 20 of 2021), published in the Bihar Gazette No.-677 date 09/08/2021.[[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief minister of Bihar]] is the chancellor of Bihar Engineering University.

The Department of Science, Technology, and Technical Education (DSTTE), Bihar, maintains an active presence on various social media platforms to engage with the audience, disseminate information, and promote educational initiatives. The official social media handles of the department are regularly updated with news, events, policies, and opportunities related to science, technology, and technical education in the state. You can follow the Department on [https://www.facebook.com/DSTTEBihar Facebook], [https://x.com/DSTTEBihar Twitter], [https://www.instagram.com/dsttebihar/ Instagram], [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmZcVdrQ63wKrVLXLvJnTNQ YouTube] and LinkedIn. Through these platforms, the department aims to foster a vibrant community of learners, educators, and innovators, while encouraging public participation in the development and implementation of its programmes. Additionally, the department seeks to promote the exchange of science and technology knowledge, empowering the community to actively contribute to advancements in these fields.

== History ==
The department was originally called Industry and Technical Education Department and was controlled by Department of Industry, Bihar. It became an independent department in 1973. In 2007, the Department of Information Technology was split from the Department of Science and Technology to become an independent department.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://state.bihar.gov.in/dst/CitizenHome.html}} '''.''' [http://beu-bih.ac.in/BEUP/Default.aspx]

[[Category:Government departments of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists]]

K. S. Ramaswamy

2026-04-17T17:08:31Z

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{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. S. Ramaswamy Gounder
| alt = K. S. R.
| birth_date = 1922
| birth_place = Kugalur, [[Gobichettipalayam]], [[Madras]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 4 December 2004 (aged 82)
| death_place = [[Gobichettipalayam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| profession = [[Lawyer]], [[Activism|activist]], [[freedom fighter]]
| office = Union Deputy Minister for Home, Education and Social Welfare
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1972
| predecessor =
| successor =
| prime_minister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
| term_start2 = 1957
| term_end2 = 1962
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[P. G. Karuthiruman]]
| constituency2 = [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] ([[Rajya Sabha]])
| term_start3 = 1962
| term_end3 = 1974
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
| term_start4 = 1977
| term_end4 = 1980
| predecessor4 = [[P. A. Saminathan]]
| successor4 = C.Chinnaswamy
| constituency4 = [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]
}}

'''K. S. Ramaswamy Gounder''' ({{langx|ta| ராமசாமி கவுண்டர்}}) (1922 – 4 December 2004) was an Indian politician and former [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] elected from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam constituency]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1957|1957]] and [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1977|1977]] election. He was the union deputy minister for Home, Education and Social Welfare in Indira Gandhi's ministry. He is the son of the freedom fighter K.K Subbanna Gounder. He was appointed President of [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]]. He was awarded Chevalier and Sir.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf Volume I, 1957 Indian general election, 2nd Lok Sabha]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf Volume I, 1977 Indian general election, 6th Lok Sabha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>

==Political life==
Ramaswamy was a Member of the Second and Sixth [[Lok Sabha]]s from 1957 to 1962 and 1977 to 1979, representing the [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam constituency]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Ramaswamy was also a Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1962 to 1974, representing the State of [[Tamil Nadu]]. An able administrator, he served as a Union Deputy Minister in the Ministries of Home Affairs and Education and Social Welfare from 1967 to 1971 and 1971 to 1972 respectively.

An active parliamentarian, Ramaswamy was a member of the Estimates Committee from 1961 to 1962 and the Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament during the Sixth Lok Sabha from 1977 to 1979.

==Other works==
An agriculturist, advocate and industrialist by profession, Ramaswamy was associated with several social, religious and educational organisations. He was a member of the [[Delhi Zoological Park]] Council and the Indian Central Sugarcane Committee from 1960 to 1962; [[Coffee Board of India]] in 1966 and Correspondent, Gandhi Kalvi Nilayam High School for many years. He was instrumental in setting up the [[Gobi Arts and Science College]] in Gobichettipalayam. He was also associated with the [[Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women]] for some years.

A widely travelled person, he headed the Indian Olympic Contingent to the 1972 [[Munich Olympics]]. His followers have named an area in Chennai as Chevalier KSR Nagar.

==Awards==
* [[Knighthood|Chevalier]]
* [[Sir]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaswamy, K. S.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Erode district]]
[[Category:People from Gobichettipalayam]]
[[Category:People from Tiruppur district]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

JSW Steel

2026-04-15T07:05:03Z

Sergdpd: started

{{Short description|Indian multinational steel company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Overly detailed|date=September 2023}}
{{COI|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = JSW Steel Limited
| logo = JSW Steel logo.svg
| image = JSW Vijaynagar Works.png
| image_caption = JSW Vijaynagar Works, Toranagallu in the Bellary-Hospet, Karnataka, India
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|500228}}|{{NSE|JSWSTEEL}}|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1982}}
| founder = [[Sajjan Jindal]] (chairman)
| location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Sheshagiri Rao MVS, Jayant Acharya
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE019A01038}}
| industry = [[Steel]]
| products = Steel, flat steel products, long steel products, [[Wire|wire products]], plates
| subsid = Amba River Coke Asian Colour Coated Ispat Limited [[Bhushan Power & Steel|JSW Bhushan Power and Steel Ltd.]] Neotrex Steel Private Limited Hasuad Steel JSW Bengal Steel JSW Energy (Bengal) JSW Industrial Gases JSW Jharkhand Steel JSW Natural Resources Bengal JSW Utkal Steel [[Welspun Maxsteel Ltd]] JSW MI
| parent = [[JSW Group]]
| revenue = {{profit}}{{INRConvert|176010|c}} (2024)<ref name="Financials">{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/6d30269b-1b70-4783-b4b1-9fc4cfdcde32.pdf|title=JSW Steel Ltd. Financial Statements |website=bseindia.com}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|13380|c}} (2024)<ref name="Financials"/>
| net_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|8973|c}} (2024)<ref name="Financials"/>
| assets = {{profit}}{{INRConvert|228198|c}} (2024)<ref name="Financials"/>
| equity = {{up}}{{INRConvert|79776|c}} (2024)<ref name="Financials"/>
| num_employees = 38,446 (2024) (Including 25,145 contractual employees)<ref name="Financials"/>
| rating = {{plainlist|
* [[Carbon Disclosure Project]] A/Stable<ref>{{cite web|last=Anand|first=Saurav|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jsw-steel-s-cdp-rating-upgraded-to-a-11670919382145.html|title=JSW Steel's CDP Rating upgraded to A|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=13 December 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Fitch Ratings]] BB/Long Term Issuer Default Rating<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fitchratings.com/entity/jsw-steel-limited-93353696|title=Fitch Ratings JSW Steel Limited|website=[[Fitch Ratings]]}}</ref>
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.jswsteel.in/}}
}}

'''JSW Steel Limited''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[List of steel producers|steel producer]] based in [[Mumbai]] and is a flagship company of the [[JSW Group]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Weng |first1=Yuqing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf5PC_efNO8C&dq=JSW+Steel&pg=PA31 |title=Advanced Steels: The Recent Scenario in Steel Science and Technology |last2=Dong |first2=Han |last3=Gan |first3=Yong |date=2011-04-14 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-17665-4 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> After the [[JSW Ispat Steel|merger]] of [[Bhushan Power & Steel]], and [[Ispat Steel]] and Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Limited, JSW Steel became one of India's largest private sector steel companies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Sohini |date=2024-02-20 |title=Top 10 steel companies in India (2025) |url=https://blog.tatanexarc.com/da/top-steel-companies-in-india/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Tata nexarc Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
JSW Steel's history can be traced back to 1982, when the Jindal Group acquired [[Piramal Group|Piramal Steel Limited]], which operated a mini [[steel mill]] at [[Tarapur, Maharashtra|Tarapur]] in Maharashtra and renamed it as Jindal Iron and Steel Company (JISCO).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=S |first1=Sruthi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VZhEAAAQBAJ&dq=Piramal+Steel+Limited+acquired+by+Jindal+in+1982&pg=PA321 |title=Emerging Trends in Commerce & Management |publisher=Redshine Publication |isbn=978-93-93239-35-8 |editor1-last=S. |editor1-first=Sruthi |volume=2 |pages=321 |language=en |editor2-last=Murthy |editor2-first=Y. Suryanarayana |editor3-last=Santoki |editor3-first=Ashwinkumar |editor4-last=Shaik |editor4-first=Salauddeen |editor5-last=V. |editor5-first=Priyadarshini |editor6-last=G.R. |editor6-first=Sachindra |editor7-last=Singh |editor7-first=Dhirendra Bahadur |editor8-last=Gupta |editor8-first=Ravi Kumar |editor9-last=Dimple |editor10-first=Surbhi |editor10-last=Birla}}</ref> Soon after the acquisition the group set up its first steel plant in 1982 at [[Vasind]], near Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parikh |first1=Hiral |last2=Desai |first2=Devesh |date=2022 |title=A STUDY ON MAJOR STEEL COMPANIES OF INDIA. |url=https://hrdc.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/Publication/article?id=4845 |journal=Towards Excellence |language=en |volume=14 |issue=Special Issue 1 |issn=0974-035X |via=UGC-Human Resource Development Centre, [[Gujarat University]]}}</ref>

Later, in 1994, Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Limited (JVSL) was set up with its plant located at [[Toranagallu]] in the [[Bellary]]-[[Hospet]] area in the State of [[Karnataka]], the heart of the iron ore belt and spread over {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} of land. It is well connected to both the [[Mormugao Port Trust|Mormugao Port]] and [[New Mangalore Port|Mangalore Port]] and is 340 kilometres from [[Bangalore]]. It is said to be the sixth largest steel plant in the world.<ref name=":0" />

In the year 2005, JISCO and JVSL merged to form JSW Steel Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HC nod for Jisco & JVSL merger |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/hc-nod-for-jisco-jvsl-merger/articleshow/1006947.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref> It also set up a plant at [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] with an annual capacity of 1 million tonnes.<ref name=":1" />

== Operations ==
As of July 2023, the installed with a production capacity of 29.7 MTPA in India and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Tanya |date=2023-07-06 |title=JSW Steel posts 11% on-year growth in steel production during Q1FY24 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/jsw-steel-posts-11-on-year-growth-in-steel-production-during-q1fy24/3158705/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The company is aiming to boost the total steel production capacity to 38.5 MTPA by the financial year 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cornish |first=Chloe |date=2023-04-16 |title=Steelmaker JSW 'bullish' on grabbing share of India's infrastructure boom |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/213e6f6a-08e7-447b-b5a9-b5429c6729f6 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref>

As of April 2023, nearly 98% of JSW Steel's revenue comes from steel and related products — long rolled products (18%), galvanised coils/sheets (15%), CR coils/sheets (9%), plates/pipes (5%), other miscellaneous steel products (5%), and iron ore (2%), in that order. Overall, 70% of revenue is derived from India, and 30% is from overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Ashish |date=14 March 2023 |title=Equity Research Report: JSW Steel |url=https://www.sharescart.com/article/equity-research-report-jsw-steel |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Sharescart.com |language=en}}</ref> The company historical emphasis has primarily been on flat products, stemming from its origins in a cold rolling mill. As part of its corporate strategy, the company typically directs half of its flat products to downstream facilities for additional value-enhancing processes like galvanizing, coating, or tinning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Sambit |date=19 August 2023 |title=JSW Steel eyes higher share of long steel products in company's portfolio |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/jsw-steel-eyes-higher-share-of-long-steel-products-in-companys-portfolio/cid/1959961 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|Telegraph India]] |language=en}}</ref>

JSW Steel plans to utilize energy from a forthcoming 3,800-tonne hydrogen plant at its Vijayanagar facility, aiming to provide green steel at a premium price. The company has established an agreement with its affiliate, [[JSW Energy]], to procure green hydrogen and green oxygen for the production of sustainable steel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. Iyengar |first=Suresh |date=2023-07-25 |title=JSW Steel to source hydrogen power in 18-24 months |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-to-source-hydrogen-power-in-18-24-months/article67115744.ece |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Abhishek |date=2023-08-22 |title=Steel Ministry to review CBAM preparedness of India's steel mills |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/steel-ministry-to-review-cbam-preparedness-of-indias-steel-mills/article67223122.ece |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the company will earn [[carbon credits]] based on the amount of conventional thermal power that is substituted with green energy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-25 |title=From dirty steel to green biz, how JSW Group is reinventing itself |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/from-dirty-steel-to-green-biz-how-jsw-group-is-reinventing-itself/articleshow/99757037.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-19 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> By 2030, the company plans to set up a green steel plant to comply with the [[European Union]]’s [[Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Naman Suri, Mihir |date=2023-10-24 |title=JSW readies for CBAM era with 4 mt green steel unit |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jsw-readies-for-cbam-era-with-4-mt-green-steel-unit-11698085932124.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]] |language=en}}</ref> and gradually reduce it use of [[blast furnace]]s throughout its value chain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doshi |first=Menaka |date=2022-12-29 |title=JSW Steel Warns Europe Carbon Tariff Will Hurt Asia Firms |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-29/jsw-steel-warns-europe-carbon-tariff-will-hurt-asia-firms |access-date=2023-10-28}}</ref>

=== Plants ===

* '''JSW Vijaynagar Works''' (also known as Integrated Steel Plant, Vijaynagar): It is a flagship plant of the company, which also stands as the largest single-location steel manufacturing unit across India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Amreen |date=27 June 2018 |title=JSW Steel to invest Rs 75 bn in Karnataka to expand Vijayanagar facility |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jsw-steel-to-invest-rs-75-bn-in-karnataka-to-expand-vijayanagar-facility-118062700729_1.html |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref> At present, the plant is in the midst of a brownfield expansion aimed at increasing its current capacity from 13 MTPA to 18 MTPA by FY24. This expansion will cover 600 acres and involve the addition of a 4.5 MTPA blast furnace, two steel melt shops of 350 tonnes each, a 5 MTPA hot strip mill, alongside various other related facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Suresh P. |date=2022-01-07 |title=JSW Steel to invest ₹15,000 cr in expanding Vijayanagar capacity by 5 mtpa |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-to-invest-15000-cr-in-expanding-vijayanagar-capacity-by-5-mtpa/article38166668.ece |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In 2017-2018, a new ladle [[furnace slag]] recycling process was adopted at Vijayanagar Works as part of a new environmental and waste disposal strategy. The slag was stabilized using an alumina-based ladle-covering compound. The trials were conducted in two phases.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Bharati |first1=Sanghamitra |last2=Basavaraja |first2=V. M. |last3=Jagadeesha |first3=R. J. |last4=Jagteri |first4=K. |last5=Sah |first5=R. |last6=Prasad |first6=G. |last7=Behl |first7=T. |last8=Manjini |first8=S. |date=2019-09-14 |title=From waste to wealth: recycling the secondary resource from steel ladle as a flux in Si-killed steelmaking process |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03019233.2018.1432251 |journal=Ironmaking & Steelmaking |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=794–799 |doi=10.1080/03019233.2018.1432251 |s2cid=139537624 |issn=0301-9233|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Firstly, to prevent the dusting phenomenon in Al-killed steel ladle slag and generate lump slag, a suitable ladle covering compound was selected, and the slag was chemically modified. Secondly, the lump slag was utilized as a 100% replacement for synthetic slag in Si-killed steel ladles, reducing specific consumption from 1.2 kg per ton of liquid steel to zero.<ref name=":4" /> The report highlighted eliminating specific synthetic slag consumption at 1.2 kg per ton of liquid steel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varanasi |first1=Suguna Soumya |last2=Venu Madhava Rao |first2=M. |last3=Santanu |first3=Dey |last4=Alli |first4=Sankar Reddy |last5=Seshu Kumar |first5=D. S. V. |last6=Tangudu |first6=Anil Kumar |last7=Gollapalli |first7=Veerababu |last8=Pathak |first8=Ranjan Kumar |last9=Santhamma |first9=C. S. |date=2022-09-14 |title=Effect of recycling ladle furnace slag as flux on steel desulphurization during secondary steel making |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03019233.2022.2060459 |journal=Ironmaking & Steelmaking |language=en |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=813–820 |doi=10.1080/03019233.2022.2060459 |s2cid=250655311 |issn=0301-9233|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* '''JSW Dolvi Works''' (also known as Integrated Steel Plant, Dolvi): This plant was acquired by the company in 2010 from [[JSW Ispat Steel|Ispat Steel]] for $3 billion. It was first Indian steel plant to adopt a combination of ConArc technology for both steel-making and compact strip production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSW Steel starts production at Dolvi plant in Maharashtra |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/steel-news/-jsw-steel-starts-production-at-dolvi-plant-in-maharashtra/26482 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref> Whereas a blast furnace transforms iron ore into steel, ConArc utilizes iron pellets, which are essentially one step processed iron ore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Kausik |date=2011-02-15 |title=Sajjan Jindal intends to script turnaround story of Ispat Industries |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/sajjan-jindal-intends-to-script-turnaround-story-of-ispat-industries/articleshow/7498248.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2022, Dolvi Works obtained security protection from the [[Central Industrial Security Force]]. At that time, it was the 13th industrial facility in the private sector in India to be placed under CISF security apparatus.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-06-10 |title=JSW Group brings Dolvi Works under CISF cover |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/jsw-group-brings-dolvi-works-under-cisf-cover/article65514262.ece |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''JSW Sambalpur Works''' (also known as Integrated Steel Plant, Rengali): This plant was acquired by the company in 2019 after the liquidation of [[Bhushan Power & Steel]] by [[National Company Law Tribunal]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-05 |title=NCLT approves JSW Steel's ₹19,700 crore bid for Bhushan Power & Steel |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/manufacturing/jsw-snaps-up-second-stressed-steel-asset-with-bhushan-power-win-1567677583146.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Suresh P. |date=2021-03-05 |title=JSW's conditional acquisition plan gets the nod of Bhushan Power and Steel lenders |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsws-conditional-acquisition-plan-gets-the-nod-of-bhushan-steel-lenders/article33999859.ece |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> It added 3.5 MTPA to overall steel production capacity of the company.<ref name=":3" />
* '''JSW Salav Works:''' This plant was previously was owned by [[Welspun Group]] and it was purchased by the JSW Steel in 2014 for {{INRConvert|1000|c}}. It is located in near vicinity (within 40 km) of the JSW Dolvi Works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanjai |first=Ruchira Singh, P R. |date=2014-08-18 |title=JSW Steel to acquire Welspun Maxsteel for Rs1,000 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/r23zDVm5xuVfIOUGc5X8OJ/JSW-Steel-buys-Welspun-Maxsteel-for-Rs1000-crore.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* '''JSW Kalmeshwar Works''': It is India's first coated steel manufacturing facility, producing galvanized, Galvalume, and pre-painted galvanized/galvalume steel. The plant was acquired by the company from Ispat Steel, is situated 30 kilometers from [[Nagpur]] in [[Central India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-03 |title=JSW Steel completes merger of JSW Ispat |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-completes-merger-of-jsw-ispat/articleshow/20412086.cms |access-date=2023-11-22 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* '''JSW Tarapur Works:''' It is country's largest single location coated steel plant which manufactures of ultra thin coated products such as pre-painted galvanised/galvalume, galvanised and bare galvalume steel. It is located about 100 kilometers from Mumbai.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* '''JSW Vasind Works:''' The facility, situated 70 kilometers from Mumbai, is a complex equipped with cold rolling, galvanizing, and color coating capabilities.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* '''JSW Salem Works:''' The plant is located 350 kilometers from Chennai, is known for producing special alloy steel.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

== Merger and acquisitions ==
In 2007, JSW Steel formed a joint venture for a steel plant in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=JSW Steel to set up Rs 165 cr JV in Georgia |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-to-set-up-rs-165-cr-jv-in-georgia/articleshow/2659159.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref> Any by 2020, it sold of 39 percent stake which it held in JV to Georgian Steel Group Holdings Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JSW Steel arm completes sale of 39% stake in Georgian JV firm |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-arm-completes-sale-of-39-stake-in-georgian-jv-firm/articleshow/73739454.cms |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref>

In 2009, Japan's [[JFE Steel]], entered into a strategic partnership with JSW Steel to produce automotive steel products.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JSW Steel, Japan's JFE Steel tie up to make car steel in India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-japans-jfe-steel-tie-up-to-make-car-steel-in-india/articleshow/5247667.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref>

In 2014, it acquired [[Welspun Maxsteel Ltd|Welspun Maxsteel Limited]] in a deal valued at around INR 1,000 Crores.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JSW Steel to acquire Welspun Maxsteel Ltd in Rs 1,000-crore deal |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-to-acquire-welspun-maxsteel-ltd-in-rs-1000-crore-deal/articleshow/40380491.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JSW Steel completes acquisition of Welspun's steel business |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-completes-acquisition-of-welspuns-steel-business/article35509514.ece |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=24 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, JSW Steel Italy acquired 100% shares of Aferpi S.p.A, Piombino Logistics, and 69.27% of GSI Lucchini S.p.A's share capital from Cevitaly S.r.l for €55 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gaur |first=Vatsala |date=2018-05-18 |title=JSW buys Italy's Aferpi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-signs-pact-to-buy-aferpi-for-rs-600-crore-from-algerias-cevital/articleshow/64221394.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2019, JSW Steel acquired [[Bhushan Power & Steel]]. This resulted in the absorption of an integrated steel plant in [[Rengali Dam|Rengali]], [[Sambalpur]], with a capacity of 2.5 million tonnes annually.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhanjal |first=Swaraj Singh |date=2021-03-26 |title=JSW acquires Bhushan Power & Steel; creditors get Rs19,350 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jsw-acquires-bhushan-power-steel-creditors-get-rs19-350-crore-11616768408973.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

in 2020, [[JSW Ispat Steel]] was acquired by JSW Steel, 20 months after the latter acquired a controlling stake in Monnet Ispat Industries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-02 |title=Ispat merges with JSW Steel |language=en-IN |work=The Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jsw-ispat-special-steel-to-transfer-raipur-facilities-to-subsidiary-122021700470_1.html |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref>

In April 2021, the company acquired Plate and Coil Mill Division (PCMD) of [[Welspun Corp]] for a sum of ₹848.5 cr.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JSW Steel completes acquisition of Welspun's plates and coil mill business |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-completes-acquisition-of-welspuns-plates-and-coil-mill-business/articleshow/81853539.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-24 |title=JSW Steel completes acquisition of Welspun's steel business |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-completes-acquisition-of-welspuns-steel-business/article35509514.ece |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2021, JSW Steel acquired 51% stake in Neotrex Steel from [[JSW Group]] promoters and entered into an under-construction project to manufacture Low Relaxation [[Prestressed concrete|Prestressed Concrete]] (LRPC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-02 |title=JSW Steel acquires Neotrex Steel |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-acquires-neotrex-steel/article36791735.ece |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2022, JSW Steel initiated a process to acquire Central-India based National Steel & Agro (NSAIL) through resolution plan submitted under the corporate insolvency resolution process. The company makes flat steel products such as cold-rolled coil, galvanised corrugated sheets, colour coil and pre-painted profile sheets and owes lenders over Rs 1,600 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. S. |date=2022-10-07 |title=JSW Steel Coated Products gets LoI for National Steel and Agro Industries |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jsw-steel-coated-products-gets-loi-for-national-steel-and-agro-industries-122100701131_1.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Sangita |date=2022-10-08 |title=JSW Steel entity to buy National Steel & Agro |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-entity-to-buy-national-steel-agro/articleshow/94713997.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-24 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In May 2023, the company got the final nod from [[National Company Law Tribunal]] for the acquisition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-19 |title=JSW Steel to acquire National Steel & Agro Industries |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-to-acquire-national-steel-agro-industries/article66870985.ece |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2023, JSW Steel entered into an agreement via one of its subsidiary to acquire 31 percent stake in startup Ayena Innovation which deals in home furnishings and interior decoration sector.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-24 |title=JSW Steel arm enters into deal to buy 31 pc stake in startup Ayena |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-arm-enters-into-deal-to-buy-31-pc-stake-in-startup-ayena/articleshow/97275498.cms |access-date=2023-02-24 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-01-25 |title=JSW Steel arm buys stake in home furnishing start-up |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-arm-buys-stake-in-home-furnishing-start-up/article66429459.ece |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2023, JSW Steel reached an in-principle agreement with JFE Steel to establish a 50:50 joint venture to manufacture cold-rolled grain-oriented (CRGO) electrical steel in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Amritha |date=2023-05-22 |title=JSW Steel, JFE Steel to set up electrical steel manufacturing JV in India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/jsw-steel-jfe-steel-agree-to-establish-electrical-steel-manufacturing-jv-in-india-10638331.html |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-22 |title=JSW Steel, Japan's JFE Steel ink agreement to manufacture electrical steel in India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-steel-japans-jfe-steel-ink-agreement-to-manufacture-electrical-steel-in-india/articleshow/100422110.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In March 2024, JSW Steel Italy SRL inked an MoU with the [[Government of Italy]] to invest €140 million in restarting production at the Piombino plant.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-01 |title=JSW Steel Italy to restart production at Piombino |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-italy-to-restart-production-at-piombino/article67904431.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> JSW Steel's fate in Italy hinged largely on contracts from Italian railway authorities. Faced with this uncertainty and rising costs due to geopolitical issues like the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], the company explored disinvestment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2022 |title=Rail orders critical for survival of JSW Steel's Italian biz: Company exec |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rail-orders-critical-for-survival-of-jsw-steel-s-italian-biz-official-122060500772_1.html |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> However, this new agreement aims to double rail-making capacity to 600,000 tonnes per year in Piombino, enhancing local employment and reducing imports. Investments will modernize the rail mill with a tandem mill, head hardening facility, and longer rails (from 108 to 120 meters).<ref name=":5" />

=== Mining acquisitions ===
JSW Steel currently possesses a total of 13 iron ore mines, with nine located in Karnataka and four in [[Odisha]]. Additionally, they have obtained three coking coal mines. During the fiscal year 2022, the company fulfilled 43% of its iron ore needs from its own mines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Nevin |date=2023-04-07 |title=JSW Group: Life Beyond Steel |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/jsw-group-life-beyond-steel/112193 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2023, JSW Steel bagged iron ore blocks in the Surjagarh area of Maoist-affected [[Gadchiroli district]] in Maharashtra after bidding for a composite license through government auctions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arya |first=Shishir |date=2023-06-02 |title=JSW Steel, 4 others bag iron ore block in G'chiroli |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/jsw-steel-4-others-bag-iron-ore-block-in-gchiroli/articleshow/100691365.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As of 2023, discussions are underway between the company and [[BHP]] regarding the potential acquisition of the latter's Daunia and Faunus coking coal mines in [[Queensland]]. These mines possess a capacity of 20 million metric tons per annum (MTPA).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barman |first=Arijit |date=2023-05-22 |title=JSW eyes coal mines of Australia's BHP Group in potential $1.5-2 billion deal |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/jsw-eyes-coal-mines-of-australias-bhp-group-in-potential-1-5-2-billion-deal/articleshow/100405922.cms |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In the past, JSW Steel has additionally acquired mining assets in the [[United States]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=JSW Steel completes coal mine buy in US |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/jsw-steel-completes-coal-mine-buy-in-us/articleshow/5932637.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref> the [[Chile|Republic of Chile]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-01-17 |title=JSW gets mining rights in Chile for $52 million |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jsw-gets-mining-rights-in-chile-for-52-million-108011701093_1.html |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref> and [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2006 |first1=Baiju |last1=Kalesh |title=JSW acquires coal mines in Mozambique |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/jsw-acquires-coal-mines-in-mozambique/articleshow/1896290.cms |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Based on the latest information as of August 2023, JSW Steel is actively seeking partners to put forth a proposal to acquire a 75% share in [[Teck Resources]]' coal mining assets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-17 |title=India's JSW Steel considers 75% interest in Teck's coal business |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/indias-jsw-steel-considers-75-interest-tecks-coal-business-bloomberg-2023-08-17/ |access-date=2023-08-19}}</ref> This move could potentially compete with a substantial $8 billion bid made by the commodities giant [[Glencore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Vinicy |last2=Nair |first2=Dinesh |last3=Kalesh |first3=Baiju |date=2023-08-17 |title=India's JSW Weighs Majority Stake in Teck Coal Unit |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-17/india-s-jsw-weighs-majority-stake-in-teck-coal-unit |access-date=2023-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=2023-08-18 |title=JSW weighs majority stake in Teck coal unit |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/jsw-weighs-majority-stake-in-teck-coal-unit/3214193/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, media reports indicate that JSW Steel is vying against global steel giant [[Nippon Steel]] and other contenders to secure a 20% stake in Australia's [[Blackwater coal mine]] from Whitehaven Coal. Last October, Whitehaven acquired Blackwater and Daunia coal mines from [[BHP]] for $3.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Suresh P. |date=2024-02-19 |title=JSW Steel eyes $1 billion stake in Australian coal mine |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steel-eyes-1-billion-stake-in-australian-coal-mine/article67864265.ece |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=2024-02-20 |title=JSW Steel eyes stake in Australian mine |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-jsw-steel-eyes-stake-in-australian-mine-3398989/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==Ownership==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Largest shareholders (2026)<ref>{{Cite web |title=HDFC Bank Share Price - HDFC Bank Stock Price Live NSE, BSE {{!}} Angel one |url=https://www.angelone.in/stocks/hdfc-bank-ltd |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Angelone |language=en}}</ref>
!Rank
!Name of owner
!Percentage ownership
|-
|1
|[[JFE Holdings]]
|15.00
|-
|2
|O.P. Jindal Group of Cos.
|10.82
|-
|3
|JSW Holdings
|7.418
|-
|4
|Vividh Finvest
|5.863
|-
|5
|[[Life Insurance Corporation]]
|5.328
|-
|
|Others
|55.571
|-
|
|'''Total'''
|'''100.00'''
|}
== Awards and recognitions ==

* Porter Prize 2015 for Leveraging Unique Activities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-28 |title=Reliance Foundation, Tata Power, Apollo receive Porter Prize |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/reliance-foundation-tata-power-apollo-receive-porter-prize/articleshow/49141476.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[Deming Prize]] 2018 for JSW Vijaynagar Works.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-22 |title=JSW Steel's Vijayanagar unit awarded the Deming Prize |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jsw-steels-vijayanagar-unit-awarded-the-deming-prize/article25568664.ece |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Deming Prize 2019 for JSW Salem Works.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=デミング賞受賞報告講演要旨 JSW STEEL LIMITED, SALEM WORKS, INDIA |url=https://www.juse.or.jp/upload/files/2019Dprize_05_JSWS.pdf |access-date=19 July 2023 |website=[[Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers]]}}</ref>
* [[Dow Jones Sustainability Indices|S&P Dow Jones Sustainability Index]] 2021 for Emerging Markets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-17 |title=JSW Steel enters S&P DJSI Sustainability Index 2021 for Emerging Markets |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/jsw-steel-enters-sp-djsi-sustainability-index-2021-for-emerging-markets/articleshow/87761016.cms |access-date=2023-07-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* World Steel Association’s Steel Sustainability Champion (2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=worldsteel announces the 2022 Steel Sustainability Champions |url=https://worldsteel.org/media-centre/press-releases/2022/worldsteel-announces-the-2022-steel-sustainability-champions/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=worldsteel.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Great Places to Work Certified 2023-2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSW Steel Ltd., a Great Place to Work |url=https://www.greatplacetowork.com/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.greatplacetowork.com |language=en}}</ref>

== In media ==

=== Documentary ===

* ''JSW: Architect Of Dreams'', a documentary film premiered at [[National Geographic India]] on 16 March 2024.<ref>{{Citation |title=JSW: Architect Of Dreams {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} National Geographic {{!}} #SajjanJindal | date=17 March 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAGGwNaIeio |access-date=2024-03-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Nat Geo India's new documentary 'JSW: Architect Of Dreams' delves into the journey of a steel company JSW |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/nat-geo-indias-new-documentary-jsw-architect-of-dreams-delves-into-the-journey-of-a-steel-company-jsw/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Mistry |first=Janki |date=25 March 2024 |title=The Knight in Shining Armour: JSW Steel Ltd's Acquisition of Bhushan Power and Steel Ltd |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09728201231211724 |journal=[[Asian Journal of Management Cases]] |doi=10.1177/09728201231211724 |issn=0972-8201 |eissn=0973-0621|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Lokendra Raj |title=Indian Metallurgy: Indian Institute of Metals Series |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-981-99-5059-1 |location=Singapore |publication-date=16 November 2023 |pages=99–103 |chapter=JSW Steel—Journey with Speed and Innovation |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-5060-7_9}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Pitabas |last2=Stephen |first2=Tina |date=2017 |title=The Challenges at JSW Steel: Brand Valuation and Corporate Governance Issues |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218927517500080 |journal=[[Asian Case Research Journal]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=231–251 |doi=10.1142/S0218927517500080|url-access=subscription }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.jsw.in/}}
* Business data for JSW Steel Ltd: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170921193747/https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview/JSTL.NS Reuters] [https://www.google.com/finance/quote/JSWSTEEL:NSE Google Finance] [https://www.bloombergquint.com/stock/891577/jsw-steel-ltd BloombergQuint]

{{Steel industry of India}}
{{JSW Group}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{S&P CNX Nifty companies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jindal South West Ltd.}}
[[Category:Steel companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1982]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1982]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Mozhi (film)

2026-04-11T21:34:59Z

Sergdpd: Put up new post

{{short description|2007 film by Radha Mohan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mozhi film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Radha Mohan]]
| producer = [[Prakash Raj]]
| studio = [[Duet Movies]]
| writer = [[Viji (Writer/Director)|Viji]] (dialogue)
| screenplay = Radha Mohan
| story = Radha Mohan
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] [[Jyothika]] Prakash Raj [[Swarnamalya]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Guhan]]
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan]]
| distributor = [[Oscar Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2007|02|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mozhi''''' ({{Translation|Language}}) is a 2007 Indian Tamil language [[musical film|musical]] [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Radha Mohan]] and produced by [[Prakash Raj]]. The film stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Jyothika]], Prakash Raj, and [[Swarnamalya]]. The film's plot is about Karthik (Prithviraj), who falls in love with a deaf and mute girl, Archana (Jyothika), but she considers him her friend and disapproves of his love. The rest of the story revolves around Archana accepting Karthik's love.

The film was launched in 2006 and shot at several locations in India and [[Mauritius]]. [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] scored the music while the lyrics were written by Vairamuthu. Mu. Kasivishwanathan handled the editing and [[K. V. Guhan]] worked as the cinematographer. The dialogues were written by Viji. The film was released on 23 February 2007 and emerged as a critical and commercial success.

Jyothika won [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] at [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jyothikas-breathtaking-performances-in-tamil-movies/amp_etphotostory/89501660.cms |title=Jyothika's breathtaking performances in Tamil movies | the Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 December 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204113115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jyothikas-breathtaking-performances-in-tamil-movies/amp_etphotostory/89501660.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Sep/29/rajnikant-kamal-win-best-actor-state-awards-90207.html |title=Rajnikant, Kamal win best actor state awards |access-date=3 December 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203095601/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Sep/29/rajnikant-kamal-win-best-actor-state-awards-90207.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gktoday.in/tamilnadu-state-film-awards-2007-2008/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 December 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204111829/https://www.gktoday.in/tamilnadu-state-film-awards-2007-2008/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Reportedly, she also reached the final round of [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for her role,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/jyotika-talks-about-missing-national-award-article-108760153/amp |title=Jyotika opens up about missing award for Mozhi | Tamil News - Times Now |access-date=3 December 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203193315/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/jyotika-talks-about-missing-national-award-article-108760153/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> however she lost the award to [[Umashree]] for the Kannada film ''[[Gulabi Talkies]]'', by one vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/jyotika-talks-about-missing-national-award-article-108760153|title=Jyotika Recalls Missing The National Award For Mozhi By One Vote|date=25 March 2024|website=Times Now|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403120805/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/jyotika-talks-about-missing-national-award-article-108760153|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sify.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jo-misses-national-award-by-a-whisker-news-tamil-kkfr56ehcbh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305152827/http://www.sify.com/movies/jo-misses-national-award-by-a-whisker-news-tamil-kkfr56ehcbh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2014 |title=Jo misses National Award by a whisker! |website=[[Sify]] |date=8 September 2009 |access-date=3 December 2011}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Maatarani Mounamidi'' in 2012 and released to positive reviews.

''Mozhi'' was the first Tamil film receiving the fastest launch in the home video market. The producers tied up with optical disc maker [[Moser Baer]] for the release. The film was premiered in the Non prize section of [[2007 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/features/article_1304644.php/Preview_Acceptance_in_Cannes_bestows_prestige_and_honour |title=Preview: Acceptance in Cannes bestows prestige and honour|work=Monsters and Critics|date=15 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930195151/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/features/article_1304644.php/Preview_Acceptance_in_Cannes_bestows_prestige_and_honour |archive-date=30 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=cannes2007&jump=features&id=2542&articleid=VR1117965596|title=Cannes|author=Jon Weisman|work=Variety|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
Karthik and Vijayakumar alias Viji are best friends who are keyboard players in music composer [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]'s team. They are brilliant in their work of [[Re-recording (filmmaking)|rerecording]] and [[background score]]s. They are fun-loving, witty, and they share a great rapport. They come to live in an apartment complex building where they meet a handful of interesting people. Their irritable flat secretary, Ananthakrishnan ([[Brahmanandam]]), is not too happy about Karthik and Viji occupying the flat and asks him to vacate as bachelors are not allowed to live there. Preethi ([[Neelima Rani]]), a girl from one of those apartments, is head over heels in love with Karthik.

One day, Karthik sees a girl on the road and is quite impressed by her attitude and guts. Later, he finds out that the girl is Archana ([[Jyothika]]), a deaf and mute girl who lives in the same apartment with her grandmother. Karthik falls in love with her, and along with Viji, tries to find out more about her from her best friend Sheela ([[Swarnamalya]]). Karthik learns [[sign language]] from Sheela so that he can communicate with Archana. He wants to have her as his life partner, though she considers him as a good friend.

Archana gets angry with Karthik eventually when he proposes his love to her. She thinks that her baby will be disabled just like her. Her father abandoned her after he found out about her handicap, and she is afraid that Karthik will leave her as well if their baby is like her. Karthik tries to reason with her that her father was unaware of her condition, so it took him by surprise and he is ready to accept her and their future children because he knows and understands them. However, his pleas are to no avail. Archana begins avoiding Karthik, and Karthik is heartbroken.

A parallel plot involves Professor Gnanaprakasam ([[M. S. Bhaskar]]), who has lost his mental stability when his son Babu died. He refuses to accept the loss and lives in the year 1984, the year his son died. Later, Karthik helps him to break down and realize the grief of losing his son.

Ananthakrishnan also has an instance where he tries and fails to pursue a romantic relationship with a girl through various mishaps. He finally learns to like Karthik and Viji for who they are after Karthik helps Gnanaprakasam to come to his senses.

At the same time, Viji also falls in love with Sheela, who is a widow. Sheela and her parents agree to the marriage, and their marriage date is fixed. Archana decided not to attend the wedding as Karthik would be present, causing a rift between her and Sheela's friendship. This angers Karthik who confronts and tells to deal with her insecurities instead of hiding her true feelings like a coward. Breaking down to tears, Archana arrived on the wedding day and finally confesses to Karthik that she does indeed love him. The story thus concludes with a happy note of Viji and Sheela getting married and congratulating Karthik and Archana.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|

* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] as Karthik<ref name="H"/>
* [[Jyothika]] as Archana<ref name="H"/>
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Vijayakumar "Viji"<ref name="H"/>
* [[Swarnamalya]] as Angeline Sheela<ref name="S"/>
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Ananthakrishnan<ref name="S"/>
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Professor Gnanaprakasam<ref name="openingcredits">{{Cite AV media |title=Mozhi |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Duet Movies]] |year=2008 |time=2:03 to 3:20 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
* Balaji as Shanmugam<ref name="H"/>
* [[Vatsala Rajagopal]] as Archana's grandmother<ref name="H"/>
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Jaanu (Ananthakrishnan wife) <ref name="openingcredits"/>
* [[Neelima Rani]] as Preeti<ref name="openingcredits"/>
* Sangeetha Balan as the abusive man's wife<ref name="openingcredits"/>
* Geetha Ravishankar as Professor Gnanaprakasam's wife<ref name="openingcredits"/>
* [[Muthukaalai]] as the abusive man<ref name="openingcredits"/>
* Citizen Sivakumar as the priest during Viji and Sheela's wedding<ref name="openingcredits"/>
* Master Saisujith as Ananthakrishnan's son<ref name="openingcredits"/>
}}
[[Ganesh Babu]] and [[Ramya Subramanian]], uncredited, appear as Pichumani and Pannaiyar's daughter, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article12874943.ece|title=Itsy bitsy|date=12 May 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Nikhil Raghavan|url-access=subscription|access-date=19 August 2024|archive-date=18 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818230034/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article12874943.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vj-ramya-takes-a-kutty-break-from-social-media-to-unplug/articleshow/76001180.cms|title=VJ Ramya takes a 'kutty break' from social media to 'unplug'|date=26 May 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 August 2024|archive-date=28 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528072241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vj-ramya-takes-a-kutty-break-from-social-media-to-unplug/articleshow/76001180.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
{{quote box
| quote = "As a boy, I had seen such a girl living in my colony. She looked cute and moved about cheerfully. I would wonder what 'sound' meant to her. So later I felt it would be interesting to have a musician opposite this role".
| source = Radhamohan, in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' in July 2007.<ref name = "Deaf"/>
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}
Director Radha Mohan revealed that idea of ''Mozhi'' came from a little girl who stayed in his neighbourhood. He also revealed that he had [[Jyothika]] in his mind while writing down her character, she initially refused to act but later agreed after hearing the script.<ref name = "Deaf">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/making-a-point-silent-and-strong/article2271636.ece|title=Making a point, silent and strong|work=The Hindu|date=2 March 2007|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141204130932/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/making-a-point-silent-and-strong/article2271636.ece|archive-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> Prithviraj was selected after director was impressed with his performance in ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' (2006).<ref name="Deaf" /> Prasanna was originally selected for the role which was eventually portrayed by Prakash Raj.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3022584.ece|title=Mr. Timid gets tough|work=The Hindu|date=29 February 2008|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150106110926/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3022584.ece|archive-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> Many actresses refused to play the character of Jyothika's friend,<ref name="Deaf" /> finally Swarnamalya was selected to play the role, Swarnamalya agreed after hearing the script which gave equal importance to women characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-performers-enduring-passion-for-art/article1823858.ece|title=A performer's enduring passion for art|work=The Hindu|date=5 April 2007|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230926101443/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/A-performers-enduring-passion-for-art/article14744970.ece|archive-date=26 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-powerful-comeback-for-her/article1869619.ece|title=A powerful comeback for her|work=The Hindu|date=10 July 2007|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230926102111/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/A-powerful-comeback-for-her/article14790987.ece|archive-date=26 September 2023}}</ref>

[[Elango Kumaravel]] who earlier appeared in the director's previous films did not act in this film; instead he worked as a dubbing artist lending his voice for Brahmanandam.<ref name = "Deaf"/> M. S. Bhaskar played a professor who suffers from amnesia post an accident that caused him to lose his son.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/deserving-reward/article3022067.ece|title=Deserving reward|work=The Hindu|date=23 October 2009|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150106113847/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/deserving-reward/article3022067.ece|archive-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> Radha Mohan taught him the gait he used in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/theres-no-spontaneity-in-acting-every-actor-needs-to-do-homework/articleshow/48508566.cms|title=There's no spontaneity in acting; every actor needs to do homework|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 August 2015|first=M.|last=Suganth|access-date=13 May 2025|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725124652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Theres-no-spontaneity-in-acting-every-actor-needs-to-do-homework/articleshow/48508566.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Neelima Rani portrayed a supporting role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-first-break-neelima/article77032.ece|title=My First Break: Neelima|author=S. R. ASHOK KUMAR|work=The Hindu|date=7 January 2010|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200704160529/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-Neelima/article16836383.ece|archive-date=4 July 2020}}</ref> [[Ramya Subramanian]] made her film debut through this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ramya-subramaniam-shares-cryptic-post-after-backlash-for-naa-ready-dance-cover-2404890-2023-07-11|title=Ramya Subramaniam shares cryptic post after backlash for 'Naa Ready' dance cover|date=11 July 2023|website=India Today|access-date=18 August 2024|archive-date=18 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818225137/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ramya-subramaniam-shares-cryptic-post-after-backlash-for-naa-ready-dance-cover-2404890-2023-07-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's climax was shot at a church called "Church of Our Lady of Angels" situated at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref>{{cite news |author=KISHORE |first=KAVITA |date=3 March 2012 |title=A slice of history |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-slice-of-history/article2955750.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150106110910/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-slice-of-history/article2955750.ece |archive-date=6 January 2015 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Mozhi
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 February 2007
| recorded = 2007
| venue =
| studio = [[Varsha Vallaki Studios]]
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 29:18
| label = [[Saregama]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = [[Kaiyoppu]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. [[Vairamuthu]] penned the lyrics for all the songs. The song "Kannal Pesum" is a modification of the song "Elamankanniloode... I Am Thinking of You" ("Walking in the Moonlight") from the Malayalam film ''[[Sathyam Sivam Sundaram (2000 film)|Satyam Sivam Sundaram]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2023/06/05/vidyasagar-music-director-malayalam-movies-interview.html|title=Melodies and memories: Vidyasagar's impact on the music industry|first=M. R.|last=Harikumar|work=[[Onmanorama]]|date=5 June 2023|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162258/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2023/06/05/vidyasagar-music-director-malayalam-movies-interview.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All the songs were well received especially "Kaatrin Mozhi" and "Sevvanam".

A segment of [[Harry Belafonte]]'s version of the popular [[Jewish]] folk song [[Hava Nagila]] is played during the comedy scene between [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Brahmanandam]].

The audio was released on 2 February 2007 at [[Sathyam cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] in [[Chennai]].{{Cn|date=January 2025}} The album received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/13ssmoz.htm|title=Mozhi's music is excellent|date=13 February 2007|work=Rediff|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083327/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/13ssmoz.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=4099|title=Music Review — Mozhi (Tamil )|work=lokvani.com|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314115938/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=4099|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:18
| title1 = Kannal Pesum Penne
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Kaatrin Mozhi
| extra2 = Balram
| length2 = 5:52
| title3 = Sevvanam Selai Katti
| extra3 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| length3 = 4:45
| title4 = Mouname Unnidam
| extra4 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length4 = 1:16
| title5 = En Jannal Therivadhu
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length5 = 0:56
| title6 = Pesa Madandhayae
| extra6 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length6 = 4:44
| title7 = Aazha Kannaal
| extra7 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length7 = 1:09
| title8 = Kaatrin Mozhi (Female)
| extra8 = [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length8 = 5:53
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 23 February 2007. The film's official website was created by entertainment portal Indiaglitz.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/heres-the-cyber-language-of-mozhi-the-film--tamil-news-28980|title=Heres the cyber language of Mozhi the film!|work=indiaglitz.com|date=3 February 2007|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172306/http://www.indiaglitz.com/heres-the-cyber-language-of-mozhi-the-film--tamil-news-28980|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Telugu under the title ''Maataranai Mounamidi'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2012 |title=Maatarani Mounamidi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/maataraani-mounamidhi/movie-review/12313799.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006200146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/maataraani-mounamidhi/movie-review/12313799.cms |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Home media===
''Mozhi'' has been released in VCDs and DVDs by Moser Baer Home Video.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1804300.ece|title='Mozhi' to debut soon on Rs. 28 VCDs, Rs. 34 DVDs|work=The Hindu|date=1 March 2007|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150106110908/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1804300.ece|archive-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> The film had its television premiere on [[Kalaignar TV]] on 15 September 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kalaignar-tv-to-be-launched-today-takes-on-marans--sun/217079/0|title=Kalaignar TV to be launched today, takes on Marans' Sun|work=indianexpress.com|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150112012047/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kalaignar-tv-to-be-launched-today-takes-on-marans--sun/217079/0|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
''Mozhi'' received positive critical acclaim for its clean content, performance and music. A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Director Radha Mohan has once again proved that he can make a pucca family entertainer with characters that you can relate to. Mozhi is indeed gutsy, feel-good, real solid movie within the framework of commercial cinema".<ref name="S">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mozhi-review-tamil-14395490.html |title=Movie Review : Mozhi |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101055153/http://www.sify.com/movies/mozhi-review-tamil-14395490.html |archive-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote: "''Mozhi'' is a groundbreaking movie for Tamil cinema in many ways. It does not over-sentimentalise physical handicaps [..] The story is no-nonsense and without any unnecessary frills. Strong characterisation and excellent performances from the cast make this truly a remarkable film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/26ssmoz.htm|title=Pathbreaking Mozhi|work=rediff.com|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144130/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/26ssmoz.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "Mozhi is surely a film its producer can be proud of [..] Conceiving a simple yet poignant line, creating a screenplay that takes you along smoothly, and helming it, director Radha Mohan presents 'Mozhi' with panache".<ref name="H">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-dream-duet-once-again-mozhi/article2271635.ece|title=A dream duet once again! -- Mozhi|work=The Hindu|date=2 March 2007|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014154934/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/03/02/stories/2007030200260200.htm|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>

''Chennai Online'' wrote "With a neatly etched screenplay, some finely defined characters and a smooth flow of scenes, and humour strewn throughout, director Radha Mohan weaves an engaging tale that leaves you with a feeling of warmth and satisfaction. Vidyasagar's soft melodies, Kathir's aesthetically designed interiors, and Guhan's frames that give a rich glossy look, all enhance the film's entertainment value".<ref>{{cite web|work=Chennai Online|access-date=7 August 2023|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/03mozhi.asp|title=Mozhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711194657/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/03mozhi.asp|archive-date=11 July 2007}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Jyothika and Prithviraj and other actors, humour, dialogues, music and cinematography and noted a natural screenplay by Radha Mohan keeps the film moving without getting bored. He has combined all aspects of affection, love, anger and sadness to create a delicious feast and concluded saying ''Mozhi'' is not just a film that speaks but a film that everyone loves.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|access-date=17 April 2024|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-03-11/page/30/mode/2up|pages=30–31|date=11 March 2007|title=மொழி |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "For having made 'Mozhi' a film that one can watch with one's family and also learn a few valuable lessons, director Radha Mohan is to be lauded as one who has joined the rank of directors like Fazil".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mozhi |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/mozhi.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630060055/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/mozhi.shtml |archive-date=30 June 2007 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

===Box-office===
{{quote box
| quote = "The success of 'Mozhi' is very heartening. [sic] All of us knew what we were doing and it was an opportunity for us to say, "Hey, we're capable of this" and the audience have in turn said, "Guys, we love you." They won't forgive us if we do a clichéd movie".<ref>{{cite news |date=29 April 2007 |title=Prakash Raj on 'Mozhi' and more |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/prakash-raj-on-mozhi-and-more/article1835405.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141204130834/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/prakash-raj-on-mozhi-and-more/article1835405.ece |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
| source = Prakashraj, in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' in April 2007.
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}
Released on 23 February 2007, ''Mozhi'' faced competition from ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'', which was released on the same day. The film took a big opening at the Chennai box office,<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2007 |title=Chennai box-office (February 23–25) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14399597&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154150/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14399597&cid=13525926 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=16 January 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film continued to rank at first at the Chennai box office for five successive weeks,<ref>{{cite web |date=5 April 2007 |title=CBO (March 30 to April 1) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14424074&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021165528/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14424074&cid=13525926 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=16 January 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> being ousted only by the American film ''[[300 (film)|300]]'' during the [[Easter]] weekend.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2007 |title=CBO ( April 6 to 8) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14427079&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021165552/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14427079&cid=13525926 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=16 January 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was produced on a budget of $500,000 and it became a surprise hit grossing $2 million and declared one of the most commercially successful Tamil films of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=rediff.com: 2007's Top Tamil hits so far |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/02sd2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112123/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/02sd2.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="sify.com">{{cite web |date=11 July 2007 |title=COB |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14488812&page=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711152729/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14488812&page=5 |archive-date=11 July 2007 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=sify.com}}</ref> The positive response of the film has led to the generation of additional prints.{{cn|date=January 2026}} The film completed a theatrical run of 100 days. The film's 100-day function was held in the open air club house attached to Mayajaal multiplex on the ECR. Anjali Arora, a visually challenged lawyer, working as a legal advisor to the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Balu Mahendra, Ameer, Lingusamy and Sundar.C attended the function.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 June 2007 |title=Celebration time |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/celebration-time/article2247480.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126235301/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/celebration-time/article2247480.ece |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Legacy==
''Mozhi'' became an important film in the career of Prithviraj and Jyothika. The film proved that the people would accept stories based on disability if the film was presented in a new and innovative way.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 March 2007 |title=Off-beat films prove box office winners |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/offbeat-films-prove-box-office-winners/article1809352.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230926103058/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Off-beat-films-prove-box-office-winners/article14732630.ece |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film continued the trend of films with different themes that focused on realism.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Rajni can't |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/what-rajni-can-t--------/160149/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150112012054/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/what-rajni-can-t--------/160149/0 |archive-date=12 January 2015 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=indianexpress.com}}</ref> K. Jeshi of The Hindu placed the film in the category of films that propagate social issues along with other films like ''[[Sethu...|Sethu]]'' (1999), ''[[Kaadhal]]'' (2004), ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' (2006), ''[[Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi]]'' (2006) and ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2007 |title=Formula is passé, freshness is in |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3024024.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125080129/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3024024.ece |archive-date=25 November 2014 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Director [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] listed ''Mozhi'' as one of his favourite films.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/filmmakers-favourites/article2272999.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214004436/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/filmmakers-favourites/article2272999.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Documentary filmmaker Swarnavel says films such as ''Kaadhal'', ''Veyil'', ''Mozhi'' and ''Paruthi Veeran'' have pushed the envelope of mainstream Tamil cinema.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 July 2007 |title=A documentary filmmaker's passion for feature films |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-documentary-filmmakers-passion-for-feature-films/article1881725.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230926103342/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/A-documentary-filmmakerrsquos-passion-for-feature-films/article14805617.ece |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Actress [[Revathi]] stated that: "young film makers in particular have come up with some wonderful, well-researched movies featuring disability, such as Mozhi, Black, Deiva Thirumagal, Beautiful, and many others. These films, with their accurate detailing and brilliant portrayals don't paint disability as a tragedy, but show it as a part of life".<ref>{{cite news |author=Hema Vijay |date=20 September 2013 |title=By the people, for the people |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/by-the-people-for-the-people/article5149990.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150106110852/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/by-the-people-for-the-people/article5149990.ece |archive-date=6 January 2015 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In an interview to Times of India in 2008, [[Keerthi Chawla]] revealed that: "I'm looking for a role on the lines of the one played by Jyotika in Mozhi and Sridevi in Moondram Pirai".<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2009 |title=A thrilling experience |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2009/11/16&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar02501&AppName=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111740/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2009/11/16&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar02501&AppName=1 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=Times of India}}</ref> P. B. Ramasamy, head of Big FM, Chennai told to Hindu that: "Mozhi was a wholesome entertainer and I never got bored even for a minute. The movie made me smile throughout and for the first time while watching a film, I felt the urge to watch it all over again".<ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 2008 |title=Why I like... Mozhi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-mozhi/article3022721.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150112012051/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/why-i-like-mozhi/article3022721.ece |archive-date=12 January 2015 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Dancer Shweta Prachande who portrayed deaf and dumb character in a short film called Notes of Silence said she was inspired by Jothika's performance from the film to portray the character.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Silent Story |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-silent-story/771138/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124550/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-silent-story/771138/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=24 September 2015 |work=indianexpress.com}}</ref>

Scenes from the film have been parodied in ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010). [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]]'s love signals, [[Disha Pandey]]'s introduction scene and her friend character has been based on the film.<ref name="tamil">{{cite web |date=16 November 2009 |title=A Tamil film called Tamil Film |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2009%2F11%2F16&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar02501&AppName=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225812/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETM/2010/02/20&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar01601&AppName=1 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=4 March 2016 |work=Times of India}}</ref> The song "Kaatrin Mozhi" inspired a [[Kaatrin Mozhi|film of the same name]], which was also directed by Radha Mohan, and also stars Jyothika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaatrin Mozhi Review: Jyothika film tries to be Tumhari Sulu but fails |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kaatrin-mozhi-review-jyothika-film-tries-to-be-tumhari-sulu-but-fails-1389959-2018-11-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026070623/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kaatrin-mozhi-review-jyothika-film-tries-to-be-tumhari-sulu-but-fails-1389959-2018-11-16 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=26 October 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Accolades==
At the [[55th National Film Awards]] according to [[Sibi Malayil]], one of the jury member of feature film, Jyothika was one of the frontrunners for [[National Film Award for Best Actress]], along with [[Meera Jasmine]] for the Malayalam film [[Ore Kadal]] and [[Umashree]] for the Kannada film [[Gulabi Talkies]]. However, she lost to Umashree.<ref name="Sify.com"/>

'''2007 [[Vijay Awards]]'''
* Won - [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Prakash Raj]]
* Won - [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]] - Viji
* Nominated - [[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - Prakash Raj
* Nominated - [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Jyothika]]

'''2007 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]'''
* Won - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Second Feature Film]] - Prakash Raj
* Won - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - Jyothika
* Won - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - Vidyasagar
* Won - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)]] - M. S. Baskar

'''[[55th Filmfare Awards South]]'''
* Won - [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Tamil Male Playback Singer]] - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] for "Kannal Pesum Penne"
* Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Tamil Film]] - Prakash Raj
* Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Tamil Director]] - [[Radha Mohan]]
* Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Tamil Actress]] - Jyothika

==Dropped remake==
Boney Kapoor acquired the Hindi remake rights of the film in 2008; however it failed to materialize.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-05-27 |title=Mozhi to be remade in Hindi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mozhi-to-be-remade-in-hindi/articleshow/3073633.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=4 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104170909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mozhi-to-be-remade-in-hindi/articleshow/3073633.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2009 |title=Wanted scripts from Kodambakkam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Jul/06/wanted-scripts-from-kodambakkam-65644.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207050721/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Jul/06/wanted-scripts-from-kodambakkam-65644.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Radha Mohan}}
{{Prakash Raj}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Radha Mohan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian Sign Language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic musical films]]

Public Sector Undertakings in India

2026-04-08T15:57:54Z

Sergdpd: created basic stub needs work...

{{short description|Government-owned entities in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Socialism sidebar}}
'''Public Sector Undertakings''' ('''PSU''') in India are [[State-owned enterprise|government-owned entities]] in which at least 51% of stake is under the [[ownership]] of the [[Government of India]] or [[State governments of India|state governments]]. These types of firms can also be a joint venture of multiple PSUs. These entities perform commercial functions on behalf of the government.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaushik |first1=Kshama V. |last2=Dutta |first2=Kaushik |title=India Means Business |chapter=State-owned Enterprises or Public Sector Undertakings |date=2012 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10427/chapter-abstract/158255985 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=15 October 2023 |pages=86–106|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-807261-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/questions/Questions_Brochure.pdf |title=STATUTORY CORPORATIONS, COMPANIES AND OTHER BODIES IN WHICH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA HAVE FINANCIAL OR CONTROLLING INTEREST LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT|date=2021-09-01|work=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha}}</ref>
Depending on the level of government ownership, PSUs are officially classified into two categories: '''Central Public Sector Undertakings''' ('''CPSUs'''), owned by the central government or other CPSUs; and '''State Public Sector Undertakings''' ('''SPSUs'''), owned by state governments. CPSU and SPSU is further classified into Strategic Sector and Non-Strategic Sector. Depending on their financial performance and progress, CPSUs are granted the status of [[Maharatna]], [[Navaratna]], and [[Miniratna]] (Category I and II).

Following [[India's independence]] in 1947, the limited pre-existing industries were insufficient for [[sustainable economic growth]]. The [[Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956]], adopted during the [[Five-Year Plans of India|Second Five-Year Plan]], laid the framework for PSUs. The government initially prioritized strategic sectors, such as communication, irrigation, chemicals, and [[heavy industries]], followed by the [[nationalisation]] of [[corporation]]s. PSUs subsequently expanded into consumer goods production and service areas like contracting, consulting, and transportation. Their goals include increasing exports, reducing imports, fostering infrastructure development, driving economic growth, and generating job opportunities. Each PSU has its own recruitment rules and employment in PSUs is highly sought after in India due to high pay and its [[job security]], with most preferring candidates with a [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] score.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/careers/govt/psu-services/is-psu-a-government-job-public-sector-company-jobs-salary-more-/articleshow/94787399.cms | title=Is PSU a government job? Public Sector Company Jobs, Salary & more | newspaper=The Times of India | date=11 October 2022 }}</ref> These jobs are very well known for very high pay scale compared to other Government jobs such as UPSC, facilities such as [[bungalow]], [[pensions]] and other subsidized facility and for also very good [[planned city|planned townships]] settlement life. A PSU non-executives such as workers have a huge payscale difference compared to private sector.

In 1951, there were five PSUs under the ownership of the government. By March 2021, the number of such government entities had increased to 365.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Public Enterprises Survey 2019–20 {{!}} Department of Public Enterprises {{!}} MoHI&PE {{!}} GoI Page No. 1|url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/PE_Survery_Vol_II_English_2019_20_0.pdf|website=dpe.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> These government entities represented a total investment of about [[Indian rupee|₹]]16,410,000,000,000 as of 31 March 2019. Their total paid-up capital as of 31 March 2019 stood at about ₹200.76 lakh crore. CPSEs have earned a revenue of about ₹24,430,000,000,000 + ₹1,000,000,000,000 during the financial year 2018–19.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
{{further|Economic history of India}}
When India achieved independence in 1947, it was primarily an agrarian entity, with a weak industrial base. There were only eighteen state-owned [[Indian Ordnance Factories]], previously established to reduce the dependency of the [[British Indian Army]] on imported arms.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ofb.gov.in/index.php?wh=history&lang=en |title = Home | Ordnance Factory Board | Government of India}}</ref>

The British Raj had previously elected to leave agricultural production to the [[Private sector]], with tea processing firms, jute mills (such as the [[Acland Mill]]), [[Rail transport in India#History|railways]], electricity utilities, banks, coal mines, and steel mills being just some of the economic entities largely owned by private individuals like the industrialist [[Jamsetji Tata]]. Other entities were listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Early Days - 1|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|access-date=2021-05-15|website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

Critics of private ownership of India's agricultural and industrial entities—most notably Mahatma Gandhi's independence movement—instead advocated for a self-sufficient, largely agrarian, communal village-based existence for India in the first half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahatma Gandhi believed in a self-sufficient village economy |url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/bhuimali.php#:~:text=Gandhi%20is%20in%20favour%20of,soil%20and%20pollute%20the%20environment. |website=mkgandhi.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gosalia|first=Sushila|date=1979-03-01|title=The Gandhian model of self-reliance in the Indian economy|journal=Intereconomics|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=80–83|doi=10.1007/BF02930202|issn=1613-964X|hdl-access=free|hdl=10419/139599|s2cid=56358907}}</ref> Other contemporary criticisms of India's public sector targeted the lack of well-funded schools, public libraries, universities, hospitals and medical and engineering colleges; a lack seen as impeding an Indian replication of Britain's own industrialization in the previous century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Mushtaq|first=Muhammad Umair|date=January 2009|title=Public Health in British India: A Brief Account of the History of Medical Services and Disease Prevention in Colonial India|journal=Indian Journal of Community Medicine|volume=34|issue=1|pages=6–14|doi=10.4103/0970-0218.45369|issn=0970-0218|pmc=2763662|pmid=19876448 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Amrith|first=Sunil S.|date=Feb 2009|title=Health in India Since Independence|url=https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/gdi/publications/workingpapers/bwpi/bwpi-wp-7909.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chaudhary|first=Latika|date=March 2009|title=Determinants of Primary Schooling in British India|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022050709000400/type/journal_article|journal=The Journal of Economic History|language=en|volume=69|issue=1|pages=269–302|doi=10.1017/S0022050709000400|issn=0022-0507|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite SSRN |last=Chaudhary|first=Latika|date=2012-05-01|title=Caste, Colonialism and Schooling: Education in British India |language=en |ssrn=2087140}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odgers |first=George Allen |date=October 1925 |title=Education in British India |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phi-delta-kappan_1925-10_8_2/page/n1 |journal=The Phi Delta Kappan |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=1–6 |jstor=20257440 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

Post-Independence, the national consensus turned in favor of rapid industrialisation of the economy, a process seen as the key to economic development, improved living standards and economic sovereignty.<ref name="Eaindustry">{{cite web | url=http://eaindustry.nic.in/handbk/chap001.pdf | title=Chapter 1, Industrial Policy Handbook | publisher=Office of the Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry | work=Industrial Policy Handbook | access-date=17 September 2015 | page=2 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528135133/http://eaindustry.nic.in/handbk/chap001.pdf | archive-date=28 May 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Building upon the [[Bombay Plan]], which noted the necessity of government intervention and regulation in the economy, the first Industrial Policy Resolution announced in 1948 laid down in broad strokes such a strategy of industrial development. Later, the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] was formed by a cabinet resolution in March 1950 and the Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act was enacted in 1951 with the objective of empowering the government to take necessary steps to regulate industry.<ref name="Jadhav">{{cite web | url=http://www.drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Indian%20Industrial%20Policy%20Since%201956.pdf | title=Industrial Policy since 1956 | publisher=Dr. Narendra Jadhav | access-date=17 September 2015 | author=Jadhav, Narendra}}</ref>

The first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], promoted an economic policy based on [[import substitution industrialisation]] and advocated a [[mixed economy]].<ref name="Ghosh">{{cite book | title=Jawaharlal Nehru | publisher=Allied Publishers | author=Ghose, Shankar | year=1993 | page=243 | isbn=978-81-7023-369-5}}</ref> He believed that the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. India's second [[Five-Year Plans of India|five year plan]] (1956–60) and the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 emphasized the development of public sector enterprises to meet Nehru's national [[industrialisation]] policy. His vision was carried forward by [[V. Krishnamurthy]], a figure known as the "Father of Public sector undertakings in India". Indian statistician [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] was instrumental to its formulation, which was later termed the [[Feldman–Mahalanobis model]].<ref name="Ahluwalia">{{cite book | title=Productivity and Growth in Indian Manufacturing, ''part of'' Recent Developments in Indian Economy: With Special Reference to Structural Reforms, Part 2 | publisher=Academic Foundation | author=Ahluwalia, Isher J. |year=1993 | location=New Delhi | page=25 | isbn=978-81-7188-094-2}}</ref><ref name="Nayar">Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance Of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001)</ref>

In 1969, [[Indira Gandhi]]'s government [[nationalisation|nationalised]] fourteen of India's largest private banks, and an additional six in 1980. This government-led industrial policy, with corresponding restrictions on private enterprise, was the dominant pattern of Indian economic development until the [[1991 Indian economic crisis]].<ref name="Jadhav" /> After the crisis, the government began [[divestment|divesting]] its ownership of several PSUs to raise capital and privatize companies facing poor financial performance and low efficiency.<ref name="BSEPSU">{{cite web | url=http://www.bsepsu.com/historical-disinvestment.asp | title=Disinvestments-A Historical Perspective | publisher=[[Bombay Stock Exchange]] | access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Divestment">{{cite journal | title=Divestments in Public Enterprises: The Indian Experience |author=Sankar, T.L. |author2=Mishra, R.K. |author3=Lateef Syed Mohammed, A. | journal= International Journal of Public Sector Management| year=1994 | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=69–88 | doi=10.1108/09513559410055242}}</ref>

==Management and classification==
The public sector undertakings are headed by the head of board of directors also known as ''chairperson cum managing director cum chief executive officer'' and a ''vice chairperson cum deputy managing director cum co-chief executive officer'' along with the members of the board of directors also known as ''executive director cum c-level officer'' who are Group 'A' gazetted officers appointed by the [[President of India]] in case of central public sector undertakings, its subsidiaries & its divisions and appointed by the [[Governor (India)|Governor of States of India]] in case of state public sector undertakings, its subsidiaries & its divisions.

All of the public sector undertakings have been awarded additional financial autonomy. ''Public Sector Undertakings'' are [[Government|government establishment]]s that have comparative advantages", giving them greater autonomy to compete in the global market so as to "support [them] in their drive to become global giants".<ref name="announcement">[http://dpe.nic.in/nm1.htm Original govt. announcement about the Navratnas 1997] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209171125/http://dpe.nic.in/nm1.htm |date=9 February 2012 }}</ref> Financial autonomy was initially awarded to nine PSUs as ''Navratna'' status in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-maharatnas-navratnas-of-india/20100826.htm|title=Maharatnas, Navratnas: India's best PSUs!|website=Rediff}}</ref> Originally, the term ''[[Navaratna]]'' meant a talisman composed of nine precious gems. Later, this term was adopted in the courts of the Gupta emperor [[Vikramaditya]] and Mughal emperor [[Akbar]], as the collective name for [[Navaratnas|nine extraordinary courtiers]] at their respective courts.

In 2010, the central government established the higher ''Maharatna'' category, which raises a public sector unit's investment ceiling from ₹1,000 crore to ₹5,000 crores.<ref name="maharatna09">{{cite news|title=Maharatna status for mega PSUs gets nod|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/biz/india-business/Maharatna-status-for-mega-PSUs-gets-nod/articleshow/5375541.cms|date=25 December 2009|access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref> The ''Maharatna'' public sector units can now decide on investments of up to 15 per cent of their net worth in a project while the ''Navaratna'' companies could invest up to ₹1,000 crore without explicit government approval. Two categories of ''Miniratnas'' afford less extensive financial autonomy.

Guidelines for awarding ''Ratna''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bsepsu.com/maharatnas.asp|title=bsepsu.com|website=www.bsepsu.com|access-date=2016-07-25}}</ref> status are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Eligibility
! Benefits for investment
|-
|Maharatna ({{Translation|'''"Great Jewel" or "Mega Jewel"'''}})
|Three years with an average annual net profit of over ₹2,500 crores, OR
The average annual Net worth of ₹10,000 crores for three years, OR

Average annual Turnover of ₹20,000 crore for three years (against Rs 25,000 crore prescribed earlier)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=78 |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=31 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031132956/https://archive.india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=78 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|₹1,000 crore – ₹5,000 crores, or free to decide on investments up to 15% of their net worth in a project
|-
|Navaratna ({{Translation|'''"Nine Jewels"'''}})
|A score of 60 (out of 100), based on six parameters which include net profit, net worth, total manpower cost, the total cost of production, cost of services,  PBDIT (Profit Before Depreciation, Interest, and Taxes), capital employed, etc., AND
A PSU must first be a Miniratna and have 4 independent directors on its board before it can be made a Navratna.
|up to ₹1,000 crore or 15% of their net worth on a single project or 30% of their net worth in the whole year (not exceeding ₹1,000 crores).
|-
|{{Nowrap|Miniratna Category-I}} ({{Translation|'''"Small Jewel" or "Mini Jewel" Category-I'''}})
|Have made profits continuously for the last three years or earned a net profit of ₹30 crores or more in one of the three years
|up to ₹500 crore or equal to their net worth, whichever is lower.
|-
|{{Nowrap|Miniratna Category-II}} ({{Translation|'''"Small Jewel" or "Mini Jewel" Category-II'''}})
|Have made profits continuously for the last three years and should have a positive net worth.
|up to ₹300 crores or up to 50% of their net worth, whichever is lower.
|}

PSUs in India are also categorized based on their special non-financial objectives and are registered under Section 8 of [[Companies Act 2013|Companies Act]], 2013 (erstwhile Section 25 of Companies Act, 1956).

==Top profit making CPSUs==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Top Profit Making CPSUs in Financial Year 2021–22<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Public Enterprises Survey 2020–21 Volume 1 |url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/Download.pdf |website=Department of Public Enterprises {{!}} Ministry of Finance}}</ref>
!S. No.
!CPSE Name
!Net Profit (₹ crore)
!Share (%)
|-
|1
|[[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited]] (ONGC)

|40,305
|15.27
|-
|2
|[[Indian Oil Corporation|Indian Oil]] (IOCL)

|24,184
|9.16
|-
|3
|[[Power Grid Corporation of India]] (PGCIL)

|17,074
|6.48
|-
|4
|[[NTPC Limited]]
|16,111
|6.11
|-
|5
|[[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL)
|12,015
|4.55
|-
|6
|[[Coal India|Coal India Limited]] (CIL)

|11,202
|4.24
|-
|7
|[[GAIL (India) Limited]]
|10,364
|3.93
|-
|8
|[[REC Limited]]
|10,046
|3.81
|-
|9
|[[Power Finance Corporation|Power Finance Corporation Limited]] (PFC)
|10,022
|3.80
|-
|10
|[[NMDC Limited]]
|9,398
|3.56
|-
!colspan=2|Total (1-10)
!1,60,742
!60.91
|-
|
|Other CPSEs
|1,03,153
|39.09
|-
!colspan=2|Aggregated profit of profit-making CPSEs
!2,63,895
!100
|}

==List of CPSUs==
{{main|List of public sector undertakings in India}}

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) can be classified as Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) or State Public Sector Undertakings (SPSUs). CPSUs are administered by the [[Ministry of Heavy Industries]]. The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE), [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] is the nodal department for all the Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs).

As of 2025, there are 14 Maharatnas, 26 Navratnas and 65 Miniratnas (divided into Category 1 and Category 2).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-maharatna-and-navratna-companies-in-india-1467721897-1 |title=List of Maharatna and Navratna companies in India |work=Dainik Jagran |date=8 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://dpe.gov.in/about-us/management-division/list-maharatna-navratna-and-miniratna-cpses |title=List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna CPSEs |work=Ministry of Finance |access-date=24 September 2021 }}</ref>

===List of Maharatna===
# [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC)
# [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL)
# [[Bharat Petroleum]] (BPCL)
# [[Coal India]] (CIL)
# [[GAIL (India) Limited]] (formerly Gas Authority of India Limited)
# [[Hindustan Petroleum]] (HPCL)
# [[Indian Oil Corporation|Indian Oil]] (IOCL)
# [[NTPC Limited]] (formerly National Thermal Power Corporation)
# [[Power Grid Corporation of India]] (PGCIL)
# [[Power Finance Corporation|Power Finance Corporation Limited]] (PFC)
# [[REC Limited]] (formerly Rural Electrification Corporation Limited)
# [[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL)
# [[Oil India]] (OIL)
# [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL)

===List of Navratna===
# [[Bharat Electronics]] (BEL)
# [[Container Corporation of India]] (CONCOR)
# [[Engineers India]] (EIL)
# [[Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited]] (MTNL)
# [[National Aluminium Company]] (NALCO)
# [[NBCC (India) Limited]]
# [[NMDC Limited]]
# [[NLC India Limited]] (Neyveli Lignite)
# [[Rashtriya Ispat Nigam]] (RINL)
# [[Shipping Corporation of India]] (SCI)
# [[Rail Vikas Nigam]] (RVNL)
# ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL)
# [[Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers]] (RCF)
# [[Ircon International]] (IRCON)
# [[RITES Limited]]
# [[National Fertilizers|National Fertilizers Limited (NFL)]]
# [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation|Housing And Urban Development Corporation Limited]] (HUDCO)
# [[Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency]] (IREDA)
# [[Central Warehousing Corporation]] (CWC)
# [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders|Mazagon Dockyard Limited]] (MDL)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MDL Granted Navratna status by Govt. |date=25 June 2024 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/mazagon-dock-shipbuilders-share-price-psu-navratna-status-rights-investment-2024-returns-19433590.htm}}</ref>
# [[RailTel|RailTel Corporation of India Limited]] (RCIL)
# [[SJVN|SJVN Limited]] (SJVN)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=KAVACH tender is of around ₹7,000 crore and will open on September 19, says RailTel Corporation - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/kavach-tender-railtel-corporation-of-india-sanjai-kumar-chairman-and-managing-director-19470821.htm#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17256826178931&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/kavach-tender-railtel-corporation-of-india-sanjai-kumar-chairman-and-managing-director-19470821.htm |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[NHPC|NHPC Limited]]<ref name=":3" />
# [[Solar Energy Corporation of India]] (SECI)<ref name=":3" />
# [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation]] (IRCTC)
# [[Indian Railway Finance Corporation]] (IRFC)
# [[Numaligarh Refinery]] (NRL)

===List of Miniratna===
;Miniratna Category-I
{{div col|rules=yes}}
# [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI)
# [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation#Subsidiaries|ONGC Videsh Limited]]
# [[Antrix Corporation]] (ANTRIX)
# [[Balmer Lawrie]]
# [[Braithwaite & Co.]]
# [[Bharat Coking Coal Limited]] (BCCL)
# [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] (BDL)
# [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]] (BEML)
# [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL)
# [[Bridge and Roof Company (India)]]
# [[Central Electronics Limited]] (CEL)
# [[Central Coalfields Limited]] (CCL)
# Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited
# Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI)
# [[Chennai Petroleum Corporation]] (CPCL)
# [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL)
# [[Cotton Corporation of India|Cotton Corporation of India Limited]] (CCIL)
# [[EdCIL (India) Limited]] (EdCIL)
# [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) (to be upgraded to Navratna)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Anuradha |date=2026-02-19 |title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders set for Navratna status as DPE clears proposal, final nod awaited |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/garden-reach-shipbuilders-set-for-navratna-status-as-dpe-clears-proposal-final-nod-awaited/articleshow/128571774.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
# [[Goa Shipyard]] (GSL)
# [[Hindustan Copper]] (HCL)
# [[HLL Lifecare]]
# [[Hindustan Newsprint]]
# Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited
# Hindustan Steelworks Construction Ltd.
# HSCC India Limited
# [[Indian Tourism Development Corporation]] (ITDC)
# [[Indian Rare Earths]] (IRE)
# [[India Trade Promotion Organisation]] (ITPO)
# [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company]] (KIOCL)
# [[Mahanadi Coalfields]] (MCL)
# [[MOIL (company)|MOIL Limited]] (MOIL)
# [[Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited]] (MRPL)
# Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL)
# [[Mishra Dhatu Nigam]]
# [[MMTC Ltd.]] (MMTC)
# [[MSTC Limited]]
# [[National Fertilizers]] (NFL)
# National Projects Construction Corporation
# [[National Small Industries Corporation]] (NSIC)
# [[National Seed Corporation]] (NSC)
# [[Northern Coalfields]] (NCL)
# [[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited]] (NEEPCL)
# [[Pawan Hans|Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited]]
# [[Projects and Development India Limited]] (PDIL)
# [[Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers]] (RCF)
# [[Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India]]
# [[South Eastern Coalfields]] (SECL)
# [[Telecommunications Consultants India]] (TCIL)
# [[THDC India Limited]]
# [[Western Coalfields]] (WCL)
# [[WAPCOS Limited]]
{{div col end}}

;Miniratna Category-II (9)
# Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India
# Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Limited
# Engineering Projects (India) Limited
# [[FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals India|FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals (India) Limited]]
# [[HMT Limited|HMT International Limited]]
# Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited
# Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited (FSNL)
# [[MECON Limited|MECON]]
# [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NFDC)
# Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Limited

===List of Other CPSUs===
# [[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India]]
# Agrinnovate India Ltd.
# AFC India Limited
# Anushakti Vidhyut Nigam Limited
# Aravali Power Company Private Limited (APCPL) Jharli, Jhajjar
# [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam]]
# [[Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals]] Limited
# Bengal Immunity Limited
# [[Bharat Broadband Network]] (BBNL)
# Bharat Coal Gasification and Chemicals Ltd (BCGCL)
# [[Bharat Gold Mines Limited]]
# [[Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation]]
# Bharat Refractories Limited, Bokaro
# Bharat Wagon and Engineering
# [[Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran]]
# [[BHAVINI]]
# BEML Midwest ltd.
# BHEL Electrical Machines Ltd. (EML)
# [[Bhor Sagar Port Limited]]
# Biotech Consortium India Limited
# Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Ltd (BVFCL)
# Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited
# [[BrahMos Aerospace]]
# Bundelkhand Saur Urja Limited
# Convergence Energy Services Limited
# [[Common Service Centres|CSC e-Governance Services India Limited]]
# Cement Corporation of India
# Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Limited (CIWTC)
# Certification Engineers International Limited
# [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]]
# Chenab Valley Power Projects
# [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] (DVC)
# [[Dedicated freight corridors in India]]
# [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
# [[Delhi Transco Limited]]
# [[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
# [[Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation]]
# [[Digital India Corporation]]
# [[Dredging Corporation of India]]
# [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]] (ECIL)
# [[Energy Efficiency Services Limited]] (EESL)
# Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India
# Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited
# [[Fertiliser Corporation of India|Fertilizer Corporation of India]]
# [[Food Corporation of India]] (FCI)
# Fresh & Healthy Enterprises Limited
# [[Gliders India]]
# Green Gas Limited
# Green Valley Renewable Energy Limited
# Grid Conductors Ltd
# Hemisphere Properties India Limited
# [[Hindustan Antibiotics]] Limited
# Hindustan Fertilizers Corporation Limited (HFCL)
# [[Hindustan Insecticides]]
# [[Hindustan Organic Chemicals Limited]] (HOCL)
# Hindustan Prefab Limited
# Hindustan Salts Limited
# [[Hindustan Shipyard|Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL)]]
# Hindustan Teleprinters Limited (HTL)
# [[HURL Barauni]]
# Hindustan Vegetable Oils Corporation
# HSCC (India) Limited
# IHB Limited (a joint venture of [[Indian Oil Corporation|IOCL]], [[Hindustan Petroleum|HPCL]] & [[Bharat Petroleum|BPCL]])
# Indian Dairy Machinery Company Ltd. (IDMC)
# India Debt Resolution Company Limited (IDRCL)
# [[India Government Mint]]
# India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL)
# [[India Optel]]
# India Ports Global Limited
# India SME Asset Reconstruction Company Limited
# Indian Financial Technology and Allied Services
# Indian Highway Management Company Limited (IHMCL)
# [[Indian Immunologicals Limited]]
# Indian Medicine Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd.
# [[Rail Vikas Nigam#New SPVs under formation|Indian Port Rail Corporation Limited(IPRCL)]]
# Indian Potash Limited
# Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd
# Indian Vaccine Corporation Limited
# [[Indraprastha Gas]] Limited
# Indradhanush Gas Grid Limited (IGGL)
# Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services
# [[IFCI Ltd|Industrial Finance Corporation of India Limited]]
# Inland & Coastal Shipping Ltd.
# [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]]
# Instrumentation Limited
# Intelligent Communication Systems India Limited (ICSIL)
# Irrigation and Water Resources Finance Corporation Limited
# Jal Power Corporation Ltd.
# [[Jute Corporation of India]]
# Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited
# Karnataka Vijayanagar Steel Limited, NMDC Steel
# Khadi Natural
# Khanij Bidesh India Ltd.
# [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]]
# [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]
# Konkan LNG
# Krishnapatnam Railway Company Limited
# Life Spring Hospitals (P) Ltd.
# [[Madras Fertilizers]]
# [[Mahanagar Gas]]
# Millennium Telecom Ltd.
# Meja Urja Nigam Private Limited (MUNPL)
# [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]
# [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] (NHIDCL)
# National Highways Logistics Management Company
# National High Power Test Laboratory (NHTPL)
# Narmada Hydroelectric Development Corporation
# National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation Limited
# [[National Informatics Centre|National Informatics Centre Services Inc.]] (NIC)
# [[National Jute Manufactures Corporation Limited]]
# National Land Monetisation Corporation (NLMC)
# [[National Payments Corporation of India]] (NPCI)
# National Projects Construction Corporation Ltd (NPCC)
# [[National Textile Corporation]]
# NIIF Infrastructure Finance Limited
# [[NewSpace India Limited]]
# NEPA Mills Ltd.
# NSEIT
# [[NSPCL]] ('''N'''TPC- '''S'''AIL '''P'''ower '''C'''ompany '''L'''imited)
# [[Open Network for Digital Commerce]]
# Orissa Drugs & Chemicals Ltd (ODCL)
# [[Petronet LNG]]
# Pipavav Railway Corporation Ltd. (PRCL)
# [[Power System Operation Corporation]]
# [[Praga Tools]]
# Prize Petroleum Company Limited
# Protean eGov Technologies Ltd (Formerly NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited)
# [[PTC India]] (formerly Power Trading Corporation India Limited)
# Punjab Logistics Infrastructure Limited
# Railway Energy Management Company Limited (REMCL)
# Rajasthan Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Limited (RDPL)
# Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited
# [[Ratnagiri Gas and Power]]
# [[Ratle Hydroelectric Plant|Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation]] (RHPC)
# Receivables Exchange of India Ltd (RXIL)
# [[Sagar Mala project|Sagar Mala]] Development Company
# Semiconductor Complex Limited
# Smith Stanisteet Pharmaceuticals Limited
# Sethusamudram Corporation Limited
# [[Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India]]
# Sponge Iron India Ltd (SIIL)
# STCI Finance Limited
# State Farms Corporation of India
# Talcher Fertilizers Limited.
# Tourism Finance Corporation Of India Ltd.
# The Industrial Credit Company Limited
# UTI Infrastructure Technology and Services Limited (UTIITSL)
# Triveni Structurals Limited
# Utkarsha Aluminium Dhatu Nigam Limited
# UV Asset Reconstruction Company Limited
# [[Indo-Russia Rifles]] (IRRPL)
# [[Munitions India]]
# [[Troop Comforts]]
# [[Yantra India]]
# Tusco Limited.

==List of CPSUs privatized==

* [[Air India]] – sold to [[Tata Group]] in 2021
* [[Axis Bank]], split from [[UTI Asset Management|UTI]] was privatized in 2007<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/axis-banks-original-promoter-fully-exits-after-three-decades/articleshow/99914473.cms | title=Axis Bank's original promoter fully exits after three decades | newspaper=The Times of India | date=May 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Bharat Aluminium Company]] – sold to [[Vedanta Limited]] in 2000
* [[CMC Limited]] – sold to [[Tata Consultancy Services]] in 2001, merged with TCS in 2016
* Lagan Engineering – in 2001
* [[Hindustan Zinc|Hindustan Zinc Limited]] – sold to [[Vedanta Limited]] in 2001<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-20/india-business/27263364_1_public-sector-privatisation-labour-unions |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103165120/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-20/india-business/27263364_1_public-sector-privatisation-labour-unions |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Winners and losers of HZL privatisation}}</ref>
* HTL Limited - sold to [[HFCL]] in 2001
* [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Udyog Limited]] - sold to [[Suzuki]]
* [[Modern Food Industries]] – sold to [[Hindustan Unilever]] in 2000
* Neelachal Ispat Nigam Limited - sold to Tata Steel Long Products in 2022
* Paradeep Phosphates Limited(PPL) - sold to Adventz Group in 2001
* [[Tata Communications|Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited]] – sold to [[Tata Group]] in 2002
* [[Jessop & Company]] – sold to Ruia Group in 2003 but bankrupt in 2013 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/jessop-and-co-west-bengal-government-mamata-banerjee-bifr-216287-2013-11-01 | title=Jessop and Co, one of India's oldest companies, faces closure | date=2 November 2013 }}</ref>
* [[ICICI Bank]], ICICI Ltd. a government entity, parent company of ICICI Bank was [[Reverse takeover|merged]] with ICICI Bank leading to its privatization in 2002.
* [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited]] – sold to [[Reliance Industries]] in 2002 and merged with reliance in 2007.
* [[Infrastructure Development Finance Company|IDFC]] in 2005 via IPO cutdown ownership from 100% to 34.91%<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/government-may-sell-stakes-in-idfc-tata-communications-via-etf-route/articleshow/47007330.cms?from=mdr | title=Government may sell stakes in IDFC, Tata Communications via ETF route | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=22 April 2015 | last1=Tiwari | first1=Dheeraj }}</ref> In October 2024 IDFC merged into IDFC Bank leading to full privatization.<ref>{{cite web | title=IDFC FIRST Bank announces completion of IDFC Ltd merger | Company Business News | date=28 September 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/idfc-first-bank-announces-completion-of-idfc-ltd-merger-11727485752194.html }}</ref>
* [[Protean eGov Technologies]], formerly known as NSDL e-Gov Infrastructure Limited (a subsidiary of [[National Securities Depository Limited|NSDL]]), [[Government of India]] to sell stakes via SUUTI (Specified Undertaking of The Unit Trust of India), [[IDBI Bank]], [[Union Bank of India]] and [[State Bank of India]] through IPO in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/HDFC-Bank-To-Sell-2-Stake-In-NSDL-IPO/10-07-2023-483676 | title=HDFC Bank to Sell 2% Stake in NSDL IPO }}</ref>

==List of Central PSUs (Financial Services)==
{{main|Public sector banks in India}}

===Nationalised banks===
Currently there are '''12''' Nationalised Banks in [[India]] (Government Shareholding power is denoted in %, {{as of|2024|09|30|lc=y}}):

* [[State Bank of India]] (57.51%)
* [[Bank of Baroda]] (63.97%)
* [[Union Bank of India]] (74.76%)
* [[Punjab National Bank]] (70.08%)
* [[Canara Bank]] (62.93%)
* [[Punjab & Sind Bank|Punjab and Sind Bank]] (98.25%)
* [[Indian Bank]] (73.84%)
* [[Bank of Maharashtra]] (86.46%)
* [[Bank of India]] (73.38%)
* [[Central Bank of India]] (93.08%)
* [[Indian Overseas Bank]] (96.38%)
* [[UCO Bank]] (95.39%)

===Regional rural banks===
Currently there are 28 Regional Rural Banks in India, as of 1 May 2025:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rbi.org.in/scripts/Bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=3657|title=list of SCB}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
'''Andhra Pradesh'''
*Andhra Pradesh Grameena Bank

'''Arunachal Pradesh'''
*[[Arunachal Pradesh Rural Bank]]

'''Assam'''
*[[Assam Gramin Vikash Bank]]

'''Bihar'''
*[[Bihar Gramin Bank]]

'''Chhattisgarh'''
*[[Chhattisgarh Rajya Gramin Bank]]

'''Gujarat'''
*[[Gujarat Gramin Bank]]

'''Haryana'''
*[[Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank]]

'''Himachal Pradesh'''
*[[Himachal Pradesh Gramin Bank]]

'''Jammu and Kashmir'''
*[[Jammu and Kashmir Grameen Bank]]

'''Jharkhand'''
*[[Jharkhand Rajya Gramin Bank]]

'''Karnataka'''
*[[Karnataka Grameena Bank]]

'''Kerala'''
*[[Kerala Gramin Bank]]

'''Madhya Pradesh'''
*[[Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank]]

'''Maharashtra'''
*[[Maharashtra Gramin Bank]]

'''Manipur'''
*[[Manipur Rural Bank]]

'''Meghalaya'''
*[[Meghalaya Rural Bank]]

'''Mizoram'''
*[[Mizoram Rural Bank]]

'''Nagaland'''
*[[Nagaland Rural Bank]]

'''Odisha'''
*[[Odisha Grameen Bank]]

'''Puducherry'''
*[[Puduvai Bharathiar Grama Bank]]

'''Punjab'''
*[[Punjab Gramin Bank]]

'''Rajasthan'''
*[[Rajasthan Gramin Bank]]

'''Tamil Nadu'''
*[[Tamil Nadu Grama Bank]]

'''Telangana'''
*[[Telangana Grameena Bank]]

'''Tripura'''
*[[Tripura Gramin Bank]]

'''Uttar Pradesh'''
*[[Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank]]

'''Uttarakhand'''
*[[Uttarakhand Gramin Bank]]

'''West Bengal'''
*[[West Bengal Gramin Bank]]

{{div col end}}

===Nationalized insurance companies===
Currently there are 7 Nationalized Insurance Companies (Government Shareholding power denoted in %, as of 1 April 2020):

*[[Life Insurance Corporation]](96.50%)
*[[General Insurance Corporation of India]] (85.78%)
*[[New India Assurance]] (85.44%)
*[[National Insurance Company]](100%)
*[[The Oriental Insurance Company]](100%)
*[[United India Insurance Company]](100%)
*[[Agriculture Insurance Company of India]](100%)

===Nationalized Market exchanges===
*[[Bombay Stock Exchange]]
*Metropolitan Stock Exchange
*[[Multi Commodity Exchange]]
*[[National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange]]
*[[National Stock Exchange of India]]

== List of State PSUs ==

===Gujarat===
{{main|List of agencies of the government of Gujarat}}

===Kerala===
{{main|Public sector undertakings in Kerala}}

===Maharashtra===
{{main|Category:State agencies of Maharashtra}}

*Maharashtra Industrial Township Limited

===Tamil Nadu===
{{main|List of agencies of the government of Tamil Nadu}}

== See also ==

* [[State ownership]]
** [[State-owned enterprise]] (SOE), American and global term for similar to PSU
** [[State-owned enterprises of China]], Chinese SOE/PSU
** [[List of government-owned companies]]
** Wikipedia categorises
*** [[:Category:Government-owned companies by country|Government-owned companies by country]] (category)
*** [[:Category:Lists of companies|Lists of companies]] (category)
** [[List of privatizations by country#India|List of privatizations]]
* [[Indian company law]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{State-owned enterprises by country|Asia}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of government agencies by country|India]]
[[Category:Lists of government agencies in India|Public]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India| ]]
[[Category:Public sector in India| ]]
[[Category:India government-related lists]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies|India]]

Shivaji III of Kolhapur

2026-04-06T03:42:21Z

Sergdpd: new initial entry basic info

{{Short description|Raja of Kolhapur from 1838 to 1866}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Shivaji V.gif|thumb|250px|Babahaseb Maharaj]]

'''Babasaheb Maharaj''' (26 December 1830 – 4 August 1866), also known as '''Shivaji III''', was [[Raja]] of [[Kolhapur]] of the [[Bhonsle]] [[dynasty]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Malgonkar |first=Manohar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126238/page/n565/mode/2up?q=%22shivaji%20iv%22 |title=Chhatrapatis Of Kolhapur |date=1960 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |pages=528–541}}</ref> He ruled from 1838 to 1866. During his reign, he was granted a personal [[salute]] of 19 guns with a hereditary salute of 17 guns. He was succeeded by [[Rajaram I of Kolhapur]].

==Personal life==

Shivaji III married twice:

* 1. Sundrabai Bhonsle (1835–1866). Married at Kolhapur in 1847 and had two sons:
** 1. Yuvraj Shahaji Bhonsle(24 August 1848 – March 1849)
** 2. Maharajkumar...(no name) (1855–1857)
* 2. Ahilyabai Barodekarin Bhonsle (1842–1895). Daughter of Ganpatrao Gaekwad, Maharaja of Baroda. Married at Baroda 1854 and had one son:
** Maharajkumar...(no name) (1858–1863)

==Titles==

* 1830–1838: [[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]] Shivaji [[Bhonsle]]
* 1838 – 24 May 1866: Shivaji III Shahaji [[Raja]] of [[Kolhapur]]
* 24 May – 4 August 1866: Shivaji III Shahaji Raja of Kolhapur, [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]

==Honours==

* [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (KCSI), 1866

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Bhonsle|Bhonsle dynasty]] (Kolhapur line)||26 December 1830||4 August 1866}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[Shahaji of Kolhapur|Shahaji]] (as Raja of Kolhapur)
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Kolhapur|Raja of Kolhapur]]
| years = 1838–1866
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Rajaram I of Kolhapur]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivaji 05}}
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1866 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]

{{India-hist-stub}}
{{Maharashtra-stub}}

The Pink Mirror

2026-04-05T10:50:13Z

Sergdpd: new first pg from scratch

{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gulabi Aaina The Pink Mirror
| image = The Pink Mirror.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sridhar Rangayan]]
| writer = Sridhar Rangayan
| starring = Edwin Fernandes Ramesh Menon Deepak Sonavane Rufy Baqal Rishi Raj
| producer = Saagar Gupta
| distributor = [[Solaris Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2006|01|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 40 minutes
| language = [[Hindi]]
| country = [[India]]
}}
'''''The Pink Mirror''''', titled '''''Gulabi Aaina''''' in India, is an Indian film drama produced and directed by [[Sridhar Rangayan]]. It is said to be the first Indian film to comprehensively focus on Indian transsexuals with the entire story revolving around two transsexuals and a [[homosexual|gay]] teenager's attempts to seduce a man, Samir (Rufy Baqal). The film explores the [[taboo]] subject of [[transsexuals]] in India which is still much misunderstood and ridiculed.

In 2003, the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] banned this film. The censor board cited that the film was 'vulgar and offensive'. The filmmaker appealed twice again unsuccessfully. The film still remains [[List of films banned in India|banned in India]], but was screened at numerous festivals all over the world and won awards. The critics have applauded it for its sensitive and touching portrayal of marginalized communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/3689509.stm|title=BBC Review|publisher=|access-date=2 January 2008|archive-date=23 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723151657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/3689509.stm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yidff.jp/docbox/22/box22-2-e.html|title=YIDFF: Publications: DocBox: #22|website=www.yidff.jp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://queerindia.blogspot.com/2006/05/banned-banned-and-banned-again.html|title=Queer India: Banned, banned and banned again!|date=19 May 2006|publisher=}}</ref>

India's foremost gay activist Ashok Row Kavi says in his review, "The wonder is that it was not made before. The reality is that it is here now." India's leading newspaper, ''The Indian Express'', wrote, "This is more than just the 'peeping into the closet' that Rangayan intended. It's almost throwing the doors wide open for the world to look in!"

The film has received tremendous support and critical acclaim from reviewers, festival directors and global audiences. It was screened at more than 70 international [[List of film festivals|film festivals]] and won a couple of awards. The film is also used as part of university archives and libraries as resource material in academic courses.

== Plot ==
The film centers around two [[drag queen|drag performers]]: Bibbo, a [[Bollywood]] [[fashion designer]], and Shabbo, a dancer, who have a strenuous and often volatile relationship with each other. Though they are known to quarrel often, they are always able to reconcile soon after an argument and prove to the other that they care about them.

They both have an attraction to Samir, an aspiring actor whom Bibbo claims is her driver, despite Bibbo not owning a car. The situation is further complicated by Mandy, Shabbo's young Western apprentice, who reveals he is [[gay]] and admits to being attracted to Samir. Throughout the escapades and comedic antics that occur during the scuffle to win Samir's heart, Bibbo learns Shabbo's secret that he is [[HIV]]-positive, and is not above revealing his secret to Samir or possibly even the entire city.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Actor !! Character !! Role
|-
| Ramesh Menon || Bibbo || A Bollywood fashion designer: loud, raucous and vitriolic. She loves campy drag humor and thinks she is a master at seducing men. When she sees Shabbo and Mandy stealing her current boyfriend Samir, she gets very upset and nasty.
|-
| Edwin Fernandes || Shabbo|| A dancer: soft, sensuous, and equally malicious. When she comes to Bibbo's house, she falls for Samir and makes attempts to seduce him. During a fight, Bibbo learns that Shabbo is HIV positive.
|-
| Rishi Raj || Mandy || A young pesky teenager just about peeping out of his closet... a western closet – a westernized teenager who says he is 'gay', much to the ire of Bibbo who calls herself 'kothi' (transgender). Mandy falls for Samir, creating a triangle.
|-
| Rufy Baqal || Samir || The handsome aspiring actor whom Bibbo claims to be her driver. Upon meeting Samir, Shabbo begins her attempts to seduce Samir, even if it means doing so before Bibbo's eyes.
|}

== Festivals ==
The movie has been shown at many film festivals<ref>[https://www.imoovie.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=2888&category_id=85&manufacturer_id=0&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=1 imoovie.com page about the festivals]</ref>
*Fire Island Film Festival
*12th Le Festival Question de Genre – Gay Kitschcamp
*Fire Island Film and Video Festival
*18th Turin International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival
*Digital Talkies Film Festival
*6th Pink Apple Gay and Lesbian Film Festival
*San Francisco International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival
*Queer Filmstan
*Austin Gay & Lesbian International Film Festival
*Indianapolis LGBT Film Festival
*Barcelona International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival
*Hamburg International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival
*Cork Film Festival
*Lehigh Valley Queer Film Festival
*Chicago Lesbian & Gay International Film Festival
*Out Takes Dallas Lesbian & Gay Film Festival
*Rhode Island International Film Festival
*Translations – Seattle Transgender Film Festival, USA (May 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://threedollarbillcinema.org/08/translations|title=Three Dollar Bill Cinema: translations|website=threedollarbillcinema.org|access-date=12 June 2009|archive-date=10 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510083228/http://threedollarbillcinema.org/08/translations|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*[[New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival|Jury Award]] for Best Feature, [[Fire Island, New York]], USA
*Best Film of the Festival, Question de Genre, [[Lille, France]]

== Other related films ==

Since ''The Pink Mirror'', its director, Sridhar Rangayan, has made 5 more films dealing with [[homosexual|gay]] and [[transgender]] people:

''[[Yours Emotionally]]'' (2006) is a film about a passionate love story between a British Asian from UK and a small town Indian youth. The film received good reviews for its bold and groundbreaking narrative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/Issues/2006-06-14/film/movies_full.html|title=Review in East Bay Express|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101073110/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/Issues/2006-06-14/film/movies_full.html|archivedate=1 November 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It has been released on DVD by Waterbearer Films.

''[[68 Pages]]'' (2007) is a film about the lives of five people who fight all odds to survive. It is about stigma and discrimination faced by HIV+ people – a transsexual bar dancer, a commercial sex worker, a gay couple, a heterosexual ID user and a municipality sweeper. The film derives its name from 68 pages of a counselors diary. This film had its world premiere at the International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK 2007) in December 2007.

''[[Purple Skies]]'' (2014) is a 2014 movie directed by Sridhar Rangayan and produced by Public Service Broadcasting Trust and Solaris Pictures. It documents the opinions of lesbians, bisexuals and trans men in India. It was broadcast on Doordarshan in 2015.

''[[Breaking Free (film)|Breaking Free]]'' is a 2015 film directed by Sridhar Rangayan and produced by Solaris Pictures. In this documentary, filmmaker and gay activist Sridhar Rangayan embarks on a personal journey to expose the human rights violations faced by the LGBTQ community in India due to a draconian law Section 377 and homophobic social mores of a patriarchal society. The film was selected to be part of the Indian Panorama (non-Fiction) and screened at International Film Festival of India in 2015. It won the Rajat Kamal National Award for Best Editing (Non-Fiction) in 2016 for its editors Pravin Angre and Sridhar Rangayan. It also won the Barbara Gittings Human Rights Award at qFLIX Philadelphia in 2016.

''[[Evening Shadows]]'' (2018) is a movie set in South India and Mumbai, 'Evening Shadows' is a tender heartwarming story about a mother-son bond that has to withstand the ravages of time, distance and truths.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0386499 ''The Pink Mirror'' IMDb page]
*[http://www.solarispictures.com/ga.htm ''The Pink Mirror'' Official Site]
*[https://thepinkmirror.blogspot.com/ ''The Pink Mirror'' Blog]

{{LGBT in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pink Mirror, The}}
[[Category:HIV/AIDS in Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian transgender-related films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]

Nitin Goswami

2026-04-04T03:27:39Z

Sergdpd: created some info nd citations...

{{Short description|Indian television and film actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nitin Goswami
| image = 
| birth_place = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India
| occupation = Actor, model
| years_active = 2013–present
| known_for = ''[[Sarojini – Ek Nayi Pehal]]'', ''[[Deewani]]''
}}

'''Nitin Goswami''' is an Indian television and film actor known for his work in Hindi television series such as ''[[Sarojini – Ek Nayi Pehal]]'' and ''[[Deewani]]'', as well as for his appearance in the film ''[[Badmashiyaan]]'' (2015).<ref name="TOIProfile">{{cite web |title=Nitin Goswami: I don't enjoy putting up details about my personal life on social media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nitin-goswami-i-dont-enjoy-putting-up-details-about-my-personal-life-on-social-media/articleshow/112736938.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=Nitin Goswami On The Shift From TV To Films And OTT: While Pursuing Opportunities Is Essential, Abandoning One For Another Isn’t Advisable |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/nitin-goswami-on-the-shift-from-tv-to-films-and-ott-while-pursuing-opportunities-is-essential-abandoning-one-for-another-isnt-advisable |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Goswami was born in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
He completed his schooling in Hisar before moving to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a career in acting and modelling.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Career ==
Goswami began his career as a model and later transitioned to acting in Hindi television shows.

He gained early recognition through appearances in popular television series such as ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' and ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'', often portraying supporting or antagonistic roles.
His breakthrough came with the lead role in ''[[Sarojini – Ek Nayi Pehal]]'' on [[Zee TV]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In 2015, Goswami made his Bollywood debut with the romantic comedy film ''[[Badmashiyaan]]''.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

He later appeared in the web series ''Hasratein'' in 2022, and as of 2024, he portrayed the lead role in the television show ''[[Deewani]]'' on [[Dangal TV]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=Nitin Goswami returns to TV after five years with Deewani, says he was eager to return to the medium |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nitin-goswami-returns-to-tv-after-five-years-with-deewani-says-he-was-eager-to-return-to-the-medium/articleshow/108566632.cms |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Badmashiyaan]]'' || — || Bollywood debut
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' || Supporting role || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2015–2016 || ''[[Sarojini – Ek Nayi Pehal]]'' || Supporting role || [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2017-2019 || ''[[Siddhi Vinayak]]'' || Lead role || [[&TV]]
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Deewani]]'' || Lead role || [[Dangal TV]]
|-
| 2025 || ''Sanam Mere Humraaz'' || Lead role || [[Dangal TV]]
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Platform !! Notes
|-
| 2022 || ''Hasratein'' || — || —
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9530205}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/nitin_goswamii/ Nitin Goswami on Instagram]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Nitin}}
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

R. Sarathkumar

2026-03-24T16:55:10Z

Sergdpd: reworked article additionally and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Indian actor and politician (born 1954)}}
{{For|disambiguation|Sarath (disambiguation){{!}}Sarath}}
{{Indian name|Sarathkumar|Ramanathan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Sarathkumar
| image = R Sarath Kumar At The Vaanam Kottatum Audio Launch (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sarathkumar at Vaanam Kottatum Audio Launch
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 25 July 2001
| term_end = 31 May 2006 | 1blankname = [[List of vice presidents of India|Chairman]]
| 1namedata = [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] [[Krishan Kant]]
| constituency = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office1 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2011
| term_end1 = 21 May 2016
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| predecessor1 = [[Karuppasamy Pandian|V. Karuppasamy Pandian]]
| successor1 = S. Selvamohandas Pandian
| constituency1 = [[Tenkasi (state assembly constituency)|Tenkasi]]
| office2 = President of the [[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi]]
| term_start2 = 31 August 2007
| term_end2 = 12 March 2024
| 2blankname2 = General Secretary
| 2namedata2 = {{ubl|Karu. Nagarajan|''Himself''}}
| 1blankname2 = Vice-President
| 1namedata2 = {{ubl|[[A. Narayanan]]|[[Radhika Sarathkumar]]}}
| predecessor2 = ''position established''
| successor2 = ''position abolished''
| office4 = General Secretary of the [[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi]]
| president4 = ''Himself''
| term_start4 = 27 January 2016
| term_end4 = 12 March 2024
| predecessor4 = Karu. Nagarajan
| successor4 = ''position abolished''
| office5 = President of the [[Nadigar Sangam|South Indian Artistes' Association]]
| term_start5 = 2006
| term_end5 = 2015
| predecessor5 = [[Vijayakanth]]
| successor5 = [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
| birth_name = Ramanathan Sarathkumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|07|14}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024{{nbnd}}present)
| otherparty = {{ubl
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (1996{{nbnd}}2006)
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (2006-2007)
|[[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi]] (2007{{nbnd}}2024)
|[[BJP]] (2024-Present)
}}
| spouse = {{unbulleted list
|{{marriage|Chaya|1984|2000|reason=divorced}}
|{{marriage|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]|2001}}
}}
| relatives = {{ubl
|[[M. R. Radha]] (father in law)
|[[Nirosha]] (sister-in-law)
|[[M. R. R. Vasu]] (brother in law)
|[[Radha Ravi]] (brother in law)
|[[Ramki]] (co-brother)
|[[Abhimanyu Mithun]] (son-in-law)
}}
| children = 4 (including [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar|Varalaxmi]])
| education = {{ubl|[[The New College, Chennai]]|[[Loyola College, Chennai]]}}
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|politician|filmmaker|bodybuilder}}
| awards = {{ubl
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award#MGR Award|MGR Award]] (1996)
| [[Kalaimamani| Kalaimamani]] (1993)
}}
| nickname = {{hlist|Supreme Star|Super Hero}}
}}
'''Ramanathan Sarathkumar''' (born 14 July 1954) is an Indian actor, politician and former bodybuilder who works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]] in addition to [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. He has acted in more than 150 films and won two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and three [[Filmfare Awards South]].<ref name="The Hindu interview1">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/speaks-his-mind/article4121491.ece |title=Speaks his mind |author=T. Saravanan |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=4 January 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=NK |first=Jarshad |title=For south Indian movie stars, the glitter is in their title |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/entertainment/for-south-indian-movie-stars-the-glitter-is-in-their-title/slideshow/18360511.cms |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=4 January 2014 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Originally a bodybuilder and later journalist, in 1986, Sarathkumar started his acting career in the Telugu film ''Samajamlo Sthree''. He first acted in negative roles, and later played supporting roles before establishing himself as a lead actor in subsequent years, earning him the titles Super Hero and Supreme Star in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chellappan |first1=Kumar |date=14 March 2024 |title=Tamil films super hero Kumar joins BJP |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/india/tamil-films-super-hero-kumar-joins-bjp.html |work=The Pioneer |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Suganth |first1=M |date=1 May 2022 |title=Exclusive: As long as you select your roles with care, you can be relevant: Sarath Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/as-long-as-you-select-your-roles-with-care-you-can-be-relevant-sarath-kumar/articleshow/91241415.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

In 2007, he launched a new political party [[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi]] (AISMK) in [[Tamil Nadu]], claiming to carry out the ideals of [[K. Kamaraj]]. He is the former [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tenkasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Tenkasi constituency]]. He served as the president of the [[Nadigar Sangam]] from 2006 to 2015 for three consecutive terms.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |title=Actor Sarath Kumar launches own party |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/actor-sarath-kumar-launches-own-party/213959/ |date=1 September 2007 |access-date=4 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sarath-kumar-s-hat-trick-news-tamil-mgbiPMafhhj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311052606/http://www.sify.com/movies/sarath-kumar-s-hat-trick-news-tamil-mgbiPMafhhj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2014 |title=Sarath Kumar's hat trick |date=1 June 2012 |access-date=4 January 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Sarathkumar with Raadhika at 62nd Britannia Filmfare South Awards 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Sarathkumar with his wife Radhika at the [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]] in 2015]]
R. Sarathkumar has been married twice. His first marriage was with Chaya Devi in 1984 and the couple had two daughters, [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar|Varalaxmi]] (born 1985) and Pooja (born 1987).<ref>{{cite web |date=16 July 2015 |title=Tamil celebrities who married more than once |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/Tamil-celebrities-who-married-more-than-once/Tamil-Celebrities-who-married-more-than-once/photostory/48093709.cms |access-date=25 November 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sarathkumar And Chaya Got Divorced |url=http://www.pellipetakulu.com/start0/sarathkumar-and-chaya-got-divorced |access-date=25 November 2016 |publisher=pellipetakulu.com}}</ref> Varalaxmi is an actress in the [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film industry]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 March 2013 |title=Varalaxmi celebrates in Andaman |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Varalaxmi-celebrates-in-Andaman/articleshow/18807763.cms |access-date=25 November 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

While still married to Chaya, Sarathkumar had a highly publicised affair with actress [[Nagma]] during the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 1998 |title=It is rose season again! |url=http://minnoviyam.com/star/track19.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991013124149/http://minnoviyam.com/star/track19.html |archive-date=13 October 1999 |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=minnoviyam}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Meena |date=12 February 2012 |title='Bollywood has double standards' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywood-has-double-standards/articleshow/11850403.cms |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Sarathkumar and Chaya got divorced in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Movie News: March edition |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/98/Mar/news3.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430054302/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/98/Mar/news3.htm |archive-date=30 April 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |publisher=dinakaran.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil actress Nagma |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/actress/nagma.php |access-date=25 November 2016 |publisher=movies.bizhat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2012 |title=Bollywood has double standards |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-has-double-standards/articleshow/11850403.cms |access-date=25 November 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Sarathkumar married actress [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] in 2001. They were friends when they worked together in Kargil, they also paired in two films: ''[[Namma Annachi]]'' and ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]''. The couple has a son named Rahul, who was born in 2004. He has also a stepdaughter, Rayanne Hardy, who was born to his wife Radhika with her ex-husband, Richard Hardy, in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarath: Radhika's Next Groom! |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Gossip.htm |access-date=4 January 2014 |publisher=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 February 2011 |title=Sarathkumar-Radikaa celebrate 10th wedding anniversary! |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2011/02/sarathkumar-radikaa-celebrate-10th.html |access-date=4 January 2014 |publisher=kollyinsider.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Malathi Rangarajan |date=31 December 2004 |title=Entertainment / Interview : Managing a mega show |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102490400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211103440/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102490400.htm |archive-date=11 February 2005 |access-date=4 January 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=6 July 2004 |title='I bully you a lot more now' |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/06/stories/2004070600510100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710150143/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/06/stories/2004070600510100.htm |archive-date=10 July 2004 |access-date=4 January 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> She married [[cricketer]] [[Abhimanyu Mithun]], on 28 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 August 2016 |title=Raadhika Sarathkumar's daughter Rayane and cricketer Abhimanyu tie the knot |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dileep-appeals-public-support-after-wedding-requests-media-not-publish-negative-reports |access-date=25 November 2016 |publisher=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sarathkumar was born on 14 July 1954 to Ramanathan and Pushpaleela, a Tamil family in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="bday">{{cite web |title=Sarath kumar celebrates 54th birthday |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39983.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718030522/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39983.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2008 |website=IndiaGlitz |date=15 July 2008 |access-date=17 June 2011}}</ref> His father Ramanathan worked at the [[All India Radio]] before joining the [[Press Information Bureau]] of India, while his mother Pushpaleela was a housewife. Sarathkumar is the youngest child in his family, he had two siblings; an elder brother, the late Sudarshan Ramanathan and an elder sister Mallika Kandaswamy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/11-12-98/sarath1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210194055/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/11-12-98/sarath1.htm |archive-date=10 February 2001 |title=Cine Biography Supreme Star Sarath Kumar (Part-1) |access-date=21 November 2016 |publisher=dinakaran.com}}</ref> His mother Pushpaleela died on 26 October 2013.<ref name="AISMK"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sarathkumar-bereaved/article5277119.ece |title=Sarathkumar bereaved |date=27 October 2013 |access-date=4 January 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

Sarathkumar started his schooling at the Raja Muthiah High School, after his family relocated from Delhi to [[Chennai]]. He then moved on to the Central School in the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]], and finished at [[St. Patrick's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]]. Being an avid sports enthusiast, he played football, cricket and hockey, representing his school and college teams. He also joined the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]], becoming an Air Wing Cadet. He was one of the cadets who marched in the Republic Day Parade of 1970. After completing his pre-university levels at [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], he was subsequently graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from [[The New College, Chennai|The New College]].<ref name="AISMK">{{cite web |url=http://www.aismk.in/about-the-leader |title=About the Leader – AISMK |access-date=4 January 2014 |publisher=aismk.in}}</ref>

He later became a bodybuilder and earned the "Mr. Madras University" title in 1974. He then moved to [[Bangalore]] to work for the newly started Tamil newspaper [[Dinakaran]], he started as a cycle boy distributing newspapers to shops and later graduated to become a reporter for the same newspaper. After successfully establishing the circulation, he moved on to Chennai. He shifted his energies towards running his own business, a travel agency in Chennai and meeting Kannadasan who elevated him to become a producer.<ref name="AISMK"/>

He is fluent in all major [[South India#Languages|South Indian languages]] and is quite proficient in [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name="The Hindu interview2">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sarath-speak/article4124936.ece |title=Sarath Speak |author=T. Saravanan |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=4 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213038/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sarath-speak/article4124936.ece |archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref>

==Acting career==

===1986–1991: Early career===
Sarathkumar made his acting debut in 1986, in the Telugu film ''Samajamlo Sthree'' at the behest of a producer friend. Sarathkumar was originally cast to play the lead role in ''[[Chinna Poove Mella Pesu]]'' (1987) directed by [[Robert–Rajasekar]] but the producers insisted on having one familiar face and he was replaced by actor [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-director-robert-dead/article25637871.ece |title=Cinematographer, director Robert dead |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=1 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 1988, while running his travel agency in Chennai, Sarathkumar got an opportunity to act as well as produce in the Tamil film ''[[Kan Simittum Neram]]''.<ref name="AISMK"/> The film was directed by Kannadasan and he co-starred with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]].
In 1989, R. Sarathkumar was spotted by Raju, the personal make-up man of actor [[Vijayakanth]], who recommended him to the ''[[Pulan Visaranai]]''{{'}}s team. Finally, R. Sarathkumar acted as a villain in ''Pulan Visaranai'' and the film turned out to be a blockbuster. He won a Cinema Express Award for Best Villain for his role, which brought him more film offers.<ref name="The Hindu interview2"/>

In 1990, he teamed up for the second time with Kannadasan for the film ''Mr. Karthik'', which flopped at the box office. Thereafter, he appeared in antagonist roles in Tamil films such as ''[[Pudhu Padagan]]'', ''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]'', ''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]'', ''[[Engitta Mothathay]]'', ''Jagathalaprathapan'' and in Telugu films such as ''Vishnu'', ''[[Magaadu (1990 film)|Magaadu]]'' and ''[[Balachandrudu]]''. He acted in few Tamil films in supporting roles such as ''[[Salem Vishnu]]'', ''[[Sirayil Sila Raagangal]]'', ''[[Mounam Sammadham]]'' and ''[[Puriyaadha Pudhir]]''. ''Puriyaadha Pudhir'' marked the first collaboration with Sarathkumar and director K. S. Ravikumar. He also acted in his first venture as a hero in ''[[Palaivana Paravaigal]]'' under [[Senthilnathan]]'s direction, who at that time gave consecutive hits. In 1991, he acted in twelve Tamil films and three Telugu films, mostly in supporting roles and four films in lead roles, but he continued to act in few films as a villain. In the start of 1991, he acted in negative roles in the Telugu film ''[[Stuartpuram Police Station]]'', starring [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Vijayashanti]], ''Namma Ooru Mariamma'', ''[[Vetri Padigal]]'' and ''[[Pudhu Manithan]]''. He acted as a retired military officer in ''[[Chithirai Pookkal]]'' and played the second hero role in the blockbuster film ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]''. In May 1991, he appeared in lead roles in Senthilnathan's ''[[Kaaval Nilayam]]'' and [[K. S. Ravikumar]]'s rural drama film ''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]'', and starred as Chiranjeevi's brother in the Telugu film ''[[Gang Leader]]'', the three were commercially successful.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51635.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115064008/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51635.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 November 2009 |title=Call him Dr K S Ravikumar |date=12 November 2009 |access-date=20 August 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In July 1991, he acted in ''[[Archana IAS]]'', co-starring [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] and acted in the role of the father ''[[Vaidehi Kalyanam]]''. At the end of 1991, he played a small role in the Telugu film ''Surya IPS'', a negative role in [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]]'s ''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]'' and starred in a lead role in [[Senthilnathan]]'s ''[[Thangamana Thangachi]]''.

===1992–1993: Lead roles===
In 1992, he has acted in 10 films as protagonist and 2 films as antagonist including the Telugu film ''Agreement'', directed by [[Manivannan]] and [[P. C. Sreeram]]'s ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]''. In the beginning of 1992, he acted in Senthilnathan's ''[[Ilavarasan]]'', alongside [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Manivasagam]]'s ''[[Periya Gounder Ponnu]]'' and ''[[Sivantha Malar]]''. In mid-1992, he worked in K. S. Ravikumar's ''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]'', co-starring [[Rajani (actress)|Sasikala]] and in Senthilnathan's ''[[Idhuthanda Sattam]]''. He then starred in the action film ''[[Suriyan]]'', directed by Pavithran and it became his first big break. The film won positive reviews and became highly successful at the box office; he received a ''Cinema Express Award Best Actor Special Award'' for the role in which he shaved his head.<ref name="awards">{{cite web |title=More about Sarath Kumar |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/actors/sarath_kumar_about.php |access-date=11 January 2014 |publisher=bizhat.com}}</ref> Subsequently, Sarathkumar was catapulted to fame, his fan base was growing exponentially and he became selective in accepting new assignments.<ref name="1992 box-office">{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Run-of-the-mill fare |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=1 January 1993 |access-date=21 September 2013 |page=7 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930101&printsec=frontpage}}</ref> Soon, he was in competition with "Puratchi Kalaignar" [[Vijayakanth]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ayyappa Prasad |title=Of film gods, devotees and the rage |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=30 October 1992 |access-date=8 October 2013 |page=7 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RpBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1621%2C3435798}}</ref> In the end of 1992, he acted in the action film ''[[Thai Mozhi]]'', co-starring [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], ''[[Ellaichami]]'', Manoj Kumar's ''[[Samundi]]'' and Senthilnathan's ''[[Natchathira Nayagan]]'', making their fifth and last collaboration. ''[[Thai Mozhi]]'' was released to mixed reviews and ''Samundi'', despite unfavourable reviews, managed to run for more than 100 days.<ref name="1992 box-office"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Thrilling but lacks punch |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 October 1993 |access-date=8 October 2013 |page=7 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QJBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=947%2C2847338}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Rings a bell |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=25 September 1993 |access-date=21 September 2013 |page=7 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920925&printsec=frontpage}}</ref> In the start of 1993, he acted in ''[[Aadhityan]]'', co-starring [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] and [[Pandiarajan]] and in ''[[Dasarathan]]'', produced by [[Mani Ratnam]] and S. Sriram. ''Aadhityan'' was released to negative reviews, while the much-hyped ''Dasarathan'' failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Puerile yarn |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=22 January 1993 |access-date=21 September 2013 |page=7 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AIplAAAAIBAJ&hl=fr&pg=1872%2C1953122}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Actor with many hats to wear |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/23/stories/2005092302790100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213230153/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/23/stories/2005092302790100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2006 |access-date=8 October 2013 |date=23 September 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In mid-1993, he starred in [[Suresh Krissna]]'s ''[[Vedan]]'', co-starring [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], in ''[[Munarivippu]]'' alongside [[Heera Rajagopal]] and in his fourth collaboration with director K. S. Ravikumar; ''[[Band Master]]'', again with Heera Rajagopal and [[Ranjitha]]. ''Band Master''released to negative reviews, whereas ''[[Munarivippu]]'' was well received critically.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=All gloss, no stuff |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=7 May 1993 |access-date=21 September 2013 |page=7 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8ZFlAAAAIBAJ&hl=fr&pg=1590%2C831246}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Surprise, without notice |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=18 June 1993 |access-date=21 September 2013 |page=6 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930618&printsec=frontpage}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Nothing to crow about |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=9 July 1993 |access-date=21 September 2013 |page=6 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AIplAAAAIBAJ&hl=fr&pg=1872%2C1953122}}</ref>
In the end of 1993, he acted in the thriller film ''[[Moondravadhu Kann]]'', he teamed up with the Suriyan team (consisting of director Pavithran, cinematographer [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]], comedian [[Goundamani]], villain [[Babu Antony]] and the editor duo [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]]) for the second time in ''[[I Love India]]'' and worked in the comedy film ''[[Kattabomman (film)|Kattabomman]]''. ''Moondravadhu Kann'' was a hit at the box office and Kattabomman was labelled as a "disaster", but Malini Mannath of ''The New Indian Express'' stated that "Sarath seems to have improved on his expressions".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Best left unseen |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=12 November 1993 |access-date=21 September 2013 |page=6 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19931112&printsec=frontpage}}</ref> His 1992 Telugu film ''Agreement'' was dubbed into Tamil as ''Idhayam Ullavan'' and fetched highly negative reviews upon release.<ref>{{cite journal |author=K. Vijiyan |title=Bogged down with too many songs |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=16 October 1993 |access-date=28 August 2013 |page=28 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=x8G803Bi31IC&dat=19931016&printsec=frontpage}}</ref> Malini Mannath criticised his choice of scripts and films.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Festival's flops and surprises |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=10 December 1993 |access-date=21 September 2013 |page=6 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JX9lAAAAIBAJ&hl=fr&pg=1359%2C3289430}}</ref>

===1994–1999: Breakthrough and success===
In the start of 1994, he worked in ''[[Aranmanai Kaavalan]]'' and in the Telugu film ''[[Captain (1994 film)|Captain]]'', directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]. ''Aranmanai Kaavalan'' was released to positive reviews while ''Captain'' was released to largely negative reviews and failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=What a surprise! |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=25 February 1994 |access-date=22 August 2013 |page=6 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940225&printsec=frontpage}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Jerky, insipid |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=4 March 1994 |access-date=22 August 2013 |page=6 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i4llAAAAIBAJ&hl=fr&pg=473%2C3931154}}</ref> In mid-1994, he played three roles in ''[[Namma Annachi]]'' and in Manoj Kumar's masala film ''[[Raja Pandi]]'', he played a cameo appearance, as himself in the comedy film ''[[Killadi Mappillai]]'' and he appeared in a guest role for Pavithran's film ''[[Indhu]]''. ''Namma Annachi'' and ''Rajapandi'' were released to unfavourable reviews. K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' stated for ''Namma Annachi'': "to do all three roles is just to generate more publicity for Sarath and the movie".<ref>{{cite journal |author=K. Vijiyan |title=Triple role just to generate publicity |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=25 June 1994 |access-date=28 August 2013 |page=24 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WiJOAAAAIBAJ&pg=2046%2C1738029}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Hostage of revenge |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=16 September 1994 |access-date=28 August 2013 |page=6 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940916&printsec=frontpage}}</ref> His next venture was K. S. Ravikumar's ''[[Nattamai]]'', alongside [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], in which he played a dual role. The film became a blockbuster and achieved cult status. His performance was highly praised by critics and also fetched him several notable awards, including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] and [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Cinema Express Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="awards"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Malini Mannath |title=Just end |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 November 1994 |access-date=28 August 2013 |page=6 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E5JlAAAAIBAJ&hl=fr&pg=1838%2C3762683}}</ref> It was followed by ''[[Magudikkaran]]'' in which he appeared in a guest appearance. After the failure of ''Captain'' and the success of ''Nattamai'', R. Sarathkumar decided to focus only on Tamil cinema. The next year, he worked in the village drama ''[[Veluchami]]'', [[P. Vasu]]'s ''[[Coolie (1995 film)|Coolie]]'', ''[[Nadodi Mannan (1995 film)|Nadodi Mannan]]'' and the crime film ''[[Ragasiya Police]]''. ''Veluchami'' opened to favourable reviews with K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' claiming that "Sarathkumar shows more maturity with his acting".<ref>{{cite journal |author=K. Vijiyan |title=Good acting, pretty face in Sarath Kumar's latest |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=4 February 1995 |access-date=21 September 2013 |page=24 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NHBhAAAAIBAJ&pg=3593%2C870319}}</ref> The four films were commercial failures.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/soc.culture.tamil/fwLpyN6aWTk/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |title=Tamil Movie News—1995 Review |date=9 January 1996 |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> In 1996, he acted in [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]'s first film ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]''. The film turned out to be a hit.<ref name="A. Venkatesh">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-summa-nachunu-irukku-comic-story-peppy-tunes/article4750106.ece |title=Audio Beat: Summa Nachunu Irukku |author=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=25 May 2013 |access-date=21 August 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> He then starred in the action film ''[[Nethaji]]'', alongside [[Lisa Ray]]; the film was a failure at the box office.

[[File:Shaik Mydeen with R. Sarathkumar.jpg|thumb|Sarathkumar with Shaik Mydeen]]

In 1997, he acted in ''[[Aravindhan]]'', co-starring [[R. Parthiepan]], [[Nagma]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]. The film failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz.html |title=A-Z (I) – INDOlink |access-date=20 August 2013 |publisher=indolink.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331005748/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz.html |archive-date=31 March 2009}}</ref> His next venture ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]'', directed by [[Vikraman]] and produced by [[R. B. Choudary]] was a blockbuster. He played a dual role in the film. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor in Tamil and Cinema Express Award for Best Actor for the second time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980824/23650774.html |title=Cinema Express awards presented |date=11 August 1998 |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/03/20/stories/2011032050070400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323122023/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/03/20/stories/2011032050070400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2011 |title=Cinema Plus / Columns : ITSY-BITSY |author=Nikhil Raghavan |date=20 March 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> In the end of 1997, he acted in the [[Sundar C]] comedy film ''[[Janakiraman]]'' which was a commercial hit. The next year, he played in ''[[Moovendhar]]'', directed by [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]], Sundar C's assistant director. The film, released to negative reviews, failed at the box office. After ''Nattamai'', he re-teamed with K. S. Ravikumar in ''[[Natpukkaga]]'', the film was well received critically and turned out to be a blockbuster. R. Sarathkumar won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for the third time and the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]] for the second time. He made a cameo appearance in Vikraman's ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''. He then starred in the Telugu film ''Preminchanu Nene'' and in ''[[Simmarasi]]'', directed by Erode Soundar, K. S. Ravikumar's former dialogue writer. ''Simmarasi'' was released to unfavourable reviews, but Sarathkumar was praised for his role.<ref>{{cite journal |author=K. Vijiyan |title=Bumper year for Tamil movies |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=28 December 1998 |access-date=11 January 2014 |page=4 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BldIAAAAIBAJ&hl=fr&pg=6948%2C5481959}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120609215000/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/Simma_Rasi_23215.html Simma Rasi: Movie Review]}}. Indolink.com. Retrieved on 8 April 2014.</ref> In the start of 1999, he acted in R. Chandra's ''[[Chinna Durai (1999 film)|Chinna Durai]]'', co-starring with [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]. It was followed by ''[[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]]'', the remake of the Telugu film ''[[Auto Driver]]'', in which Sarathkumar paired with [[Pooja Batra]] and teamed up for the second time with the director Suresh Krissna. In the end of 1999, he acted in K. S. Ravikumar's ''[[Paattali]]''.

===2000–2008: Experimentation in various roles ===
In 2000, he starred in Super Good Films, ''[[Maayi]]'' and made a guest appearance in ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]''. Despite facing controversy, ''Maayi'' proved to be successful at the box office with a reviewer citing that "In the title role of a totally underplayed character, Sarathkumar surely makes a mark".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/03/19/stories/04192231.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216014642/http://www.hindu.com/2000/03/19/stories/04192231.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2013 |title=PT threatens stir against 'Maayi' |author=Radha Venkatesan |date=19 March 2000 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> In the start of 2001, he acted in the action film ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' and went on to appear as himself in ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'', both directed by Sundar C. He co-starred with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in ''[[Vinnukum Mannukum]]'', directed by [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]] and produced by R. B. Choudary. The film, released after many troubles and eventually failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Hot%20News%20For%20You%20010520011.htm |title=Vinnukkum Mannukkum |access-date=20 August 2013 |publisher=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref> He then acted in [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]'s ''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]''. His next release was K. S. Ravikumar's family drama ''[[Samudhiram]]''; he acted alongside [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Manoj Bharathiraja]]. Despite negative reviews,<ref>[http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=186&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english Samuthiram – Tamil Movie Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701063427/http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=186&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english |date=1 July 2020 }}. Thiraipadam.com. Retrieved on 8 April 2014.</ref> the film was a commercial success. The next year, he appeared in ''[[Thenkasi Pattanam]]'', alongside [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] and ''[[Samasthanam]]'', alongside Malayalam actor [[Suresh Gopi]], both were two hero-subjects. Sarathkumar's first 2003 release was ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'', directed by Suresh, and the film was successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/03/12/stories/2004031202260301.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404012038/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/03/12/stories/2004031202260301.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2004 |title=Gambeeram |author=Malathi Rangarajan |date=12 March 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 August 2013}}</ref> However, his second film ''[[Paarai (film)|Paarai]]'', a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Mahayanam]]'', directed by K. S. Ravikumar was an average grosser.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/28south.htm |title=Sarath Kumar celebrates |date=28 June 2003 |access-date=21 August 2013 |work=rediff.com}}</ref> His third film was ''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]'', directed by Suryaprakash, who previously directed the successful ''Maayi''. His performance was praised by critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/diwan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041031072518/http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/diwan.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2004 |title=AllIndianSite.com – Diwan – It's All About movie |access-date=21 August 2013 |publisher=kollywood.allindiansite.com}}</ref> In the start of 2004, he acted in the action films ''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'' and ''[[Gambeeram]]''; both were average grosser.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-box-office-march-update-news-tamil-kkfvM3fadfi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126095458/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-box-office-march-update-news-tamil-kkfvM3fadfi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2011 |title=Tamil box office March update! |date=15 March 2004 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In the making for the last five years, ''[[Maanasthan]]'' was released to average reviews.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140131102612/http://www.sify.com/movies/manasthan-review-tamil-13500715.html Movie Review : Manasthan]. Sify.com. Retrieved on 8 April 2014.</ref> His next venture ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]'', in which he co-starred with [[Namitha]] and [[Vadivelu]], an action masala film, directed by [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]], was a decent hit. He was also introduced as a playback singer in ''Aai''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13636497 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229090755/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13636497 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2004 |title='Aei' success meet in Chennai! |date=25 December 2004 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In 2005, he starred in [[Hari (director)|Hari]]'s ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]'', alongside newcomer [[Nayanthara]]. The film was released on the Pongal weekend to positive reviews and was successful at the box office. Sarathkumar's performance fetched very positive reviews with a reviewer citing: "another splendid performance from Sarathkumar".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/14south2.htm |title=rediff.com: Pongal Releases, 2005 |date=14 January 2005 |access-date=21 August 2013 |work=rediff.com}}</ref> He appeared in guest appearances in the Telugu film ''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]'' and his wife's production ''[[Jithan]]''. The success of A. Venkatesh's ''Aai'' resulted in the film's team collaborating to make a film in a similar genre, ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]'', which also featured Namitha and Vadivelu. The film was a hit at the box office, and marked the A. Venkatesh and Sarathkumar combination's third hit in a row.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chanakya-opens-big-news-tamil-kkfvzHcjcif.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314041128/http://www.sify.com/movies/chanakya-opens-big-news-tamil-kkfvzHcjcif.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2014 |title=Tamil box office March update! |date=25 September 2005 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In 2006, he directed and acted in his 100th film ''[[Thalaimagan]]'', produced by his wife Radhika under the "Radaan Media works" banner. The film failed at the box office. The next year, he starred in [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'', which released to positive reviews, but ended up as an average grosser. Sarathkumar signed up for a Malayalam film, ''Vaitheeswaran'', and a film directed by K. S. Ravikumar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/16/stories/2007021620260200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218080334/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/16/stories/2007021620260200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2007 |title=I don't have time for politics now |author=S.R. Ashok Kumar |date=16 February 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 August 2013}}</ref> He then played a cameo appearance as himself in [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]'s ''[[Maya Kannadi]]''. Sarathkumar's last 2007 release was ''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]'', a remake of the Malayalam hit ''Lion'', marking his third collaboration with director Suresh. This was his first film after he launched his own political party in Tamil Nadu. The film, released to largely negative reviews, failed at the box office. In 2008, his only release was the supernatural film ''[[Vaitheeswaran]]'', which was released to negative reviews.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/03/21/stories/2008032160040200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324134319/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/03/21/stories/2008032160040200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 March 2008 |title=Speak less, please! – Vaitheeswaran |author=Malathi Rangarajan |date=21 March 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 August 2013}}</ref>

===2009–2014: Supporting Actor===
[[File:Sarathkumar with Salman Khan at CCL match, India.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Sarathkumar with Salman Khan at CCL match, India.]]
In the start of 2009, he acted in the film ''[[1977 (film)|1977]]'', donning six different looks. The film, made with a whopping budget of 15 crores, was directed and produced by newcomer G. N. Dinesh Kumar. The film, which released to negative reviews, took an average opening and was declared a flop at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavitra |date=9 March 2009 |title=It's Bland, James Bland |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/09tamil-review-1977.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123034746/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/09tamil-review-1977.htm |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14867939&cid=13525926 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211094214/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14867939&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2011 |title=Chennai Box Office: March 6–8, 2009 |author=Malathi Rangarajan |date=10 March 2009 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2009-kollywood-hits-misses-news-tamil-kkfrfMiibaa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010030945/http://www.sify.com/movies/2009-kollywood-hits-misses-news-tamil-kkfrfMiibaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2012 |title=2009– Kollywood Hits & Misses! |date=31 December 2009 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In October 2009, Sarathkumar made his debut in Malayalam through ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'', in which he co-starred with [[Mammootty]] and he played the role of [[Edachena Kunkan]]. The historical period film was directed by [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]. For the film, Sarathkumar won the [[Vanitha Film Awards]] for Best Supporting Actor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-17/news-interviews/27764102_1_malayalam-film-pazhassi-raja-mammootty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030070047/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-17/news-interviews/27764102_1_malayalam-film-pazhassi-raja-mammootty |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2013 |title=Sarath, Mammootty to act in Malayalam film |date=17 June 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 August 2013}}</ref> After the release of ''Pazhassi Raja'', Sarathkumar was flooded with offers in Malayalam. ''[[Jaggubhai]]'' was released on 29 January 2010, the film, directed by K. S. Ravikumar, became the tenth collaboration between the director and the actor. The film, facing serious piracy problems before its release, bombed ultimately at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamil.way2movies.com/exclusivesingle_tamil/Re-%E2%80%98Koll%E2%80%99-of-2010-Hits-and-Flops--11-63873.html |title=Re 'Koll' of 2010 Hits and Flops – Exclusive |date=3 January 2011 |access-date=22 August 2013 |publisher=tamil.way2movies.com |archive-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112024147/http://tamil.way2movies.com/exclusivesingle_tamil/Re-%E2%80%98Koll%E2%80%99-of-2010-Hits-and-Flops--11-63873.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He then made a guest appearance in [[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumitha]]'s comedy film ''[[Kola Kolaya Mundhirika]]''. In the end of 2010, he acted in the Malayalam film ''[[Oridathoru Postman]]'', which was a flop at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article168778.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112060556/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article168778.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2014 |title=Meera Nandan regrets film choices |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=22 August 2013 |publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> In early 2010, he acted in his first Malayalam film ''[[The Metro (film)|The Metro]]'' as a solo hero, which bombed at the Kerala box office.<ref name="sify">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sarathkumar-is-still-hot-in-malayalam-news-malayalam-lcil3Hccdij.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211094659/http://www.sify.com/movies/sarathkumar-is-still-hot-in-malayalam-news-malayalam-lcil3Hccdij.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2011 |title=Sarathkumar is still hot in Malayalam! |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=22 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He appeared in an extended cameo in ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'', directed by [[Joshiy]], starring alongside [[Mohanlal]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], and [[Suresh Gopi]]. The film was a blockbuster.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myfirstshow.com/news/view/4935/A-multi-starrer-film-%E2%80%98Christian-Brothers.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130822114735/http://www.myfirstshow.com/news/view/4935/A-multi-starrer-film-%E2%80%98Christian-Brothers.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 August 2013 |title=A multi starrer film 'Christian Brothers' |access-date=22 August 2013 |publisher=myfirstshow.com }}</ref> In mid-2011, Sarathkumar played the role of a [[transgender]] person in [[Raghava Lawrence]]'s ''[[Muni 2: Kanchana]]''. The film became a commercial success in both Tamil and Telugu, he won for his performance a [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lawrence-s-kanchana-strikes-gold-news-tamil-libkKThadff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926085637/http://www.sify.com/movies/lawrence-s-kanchana-strikes-gold-news-tamil-libkKThadff.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 September 2011 |title=Lawrence's Kanchana strikes gold |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=22 August 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In early 2012, he accepted [[Soundarya R. Ashwin|Soundarya]]'s offer for an important role in the film ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'', starring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Deepika Padukone]]. He played lead role in the Malayalam film ''[[Achante Aanmakkal]]'' as an IPS officer.<ref name="sify" /> He then starred in his first Kannada film ''[[Saarathi]]'', which was a blockbuster, followed by the Telugu film ''[[Genius (2012 film)|Genius]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2011-success-rate-of-kannada-films-increased/215982-62-132.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801235134/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2011-success-rate-of-kannada-films-increased/215982-62-132.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title=2011: Success rate of Kannada films increased |date=29 December 2011 |access-date=22 August 2013 |publisher=ibnlive.in.com}}</ref> The next year, he played the role of a police officer in the Kannada film ''[[Myna (film)|Myna]]''. His next venture was ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'', a remake of the Malayalam hit film ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' and co-produced by his wife Radhika Sarathkumar, in which he played the role of a traffic police commissioner. The film became a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/news-interviews/38277206_1_chennaiyil-oru-naal-sarath-kumar-prasanna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111204918/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/news-interviews/38277206_1_chennaiyil-oru-naal-sarath-kumar-prasanna |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2014 |title=Chennaiyil Oru Naal, a success |date=4 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> He then appeared in the Telugu film ''[[Chandee]]'', playing the role of a police officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131108/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/chandi-review-disappointing-revenge-drama |title='Chandi' review: Disappointing revenge drama |date=10 November 2013 |access-date=15 September 2014 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=20 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220033142/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131108/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/chandi-review-disappointing-revenge-drama |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the beginning of 2014, he played the role of a CBI officer in ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' and ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'', which were shot simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nimirnthu-nil-review-tamil-15050838.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310182224/http://www.sify.com/movies/nimirnthu-nil-review-tamil-15050838.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2014 |title=Movie Review : Nimirnthu Nil |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Jenda-Pai-Kapiraju-postponed-again/articleshow/39543587.cms |title=Jenda Pai Kapiraju postponed again? |date=3 August 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He then appeared in "India's first photorealistic performance capture film" ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'', co-starring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kochadaiyaan-Must-be-Viewed-as-Animated-Film-Warns-Ravikumar/2014/03/11/article2103071.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313013457/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kochadaiyaan-Must-be-Viewed-as-Animated-Film-Warns-Ravikumar/2014/03/11/article2103071.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2014 |title='Kochadaiyaan' Must be Viewed as Animated Film, Warns Ravikumar |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film is followed by Malayalam film, ''[[Asha Black]]'' and was simultaneously released in Tamil as ''Nee Naan Nizhal''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-asha-black-is-boring-and-insipid-south/20141013.htm |title=Review: Asha Black is boring and insipid |website=Rediff |language=en |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>

===2015–present===
In 2015, he appeared in a cameo appearance in ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' directed by [[S. Shankar]], and his next ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' in dual roles, directed by [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] while Sarathkumar wrote the story and the screenplay was by written crime novelist Rajeshkumar. Then he starred in the Telugu film ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sandamarutham-suffers-from-illusions-of-being-grand/article6917264.ece |title=Sandamarutham: Suffers from illusions of being grand |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=20 February 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 October 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-jenda-pai-kapiraju-to-be-dubbed-in-tamil-as-velan-ettuthikkum/articleshow/64316258.cms |title=Nani's 'Jenda Pai Kapiraju' to be dubbed in Tamil as 'Velan Ettuthikkum' |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> He interprets the role of [[Sikandar Lodi]] in the Kannada film ''[[Santheyalli Nintha Kabira]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/21/sarathkumar-gets-nostalgic-about-his-bangalore-days-1900971.html |title=Sarathkumar gets nostalgic about his Bangalore days |website=The New Indian Express |date=21 November 2018 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> Sarath kumar
accumulates films in second roles like ''[[Nenorakam]]'' (2017), ''[[Raajakumara]]'' (2017), ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Everything-you-want-to-know-about-Rajakumara/articleshow/50148541.cms |title=Everything you want to know about Rajakumara |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jaya-janaki-nayaka-review-the-ultimate-protector/article19479762.ece |title=Jaya Janaki Nayaka review: The ultimate protector |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=12 August 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 October 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He made his comeback in Tamil cinema as the main lead in the thriller film, ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal 2]]'' (2017), a spirit sequel to the 2013 ''Chennaiyil Oru Naal''. As reviewed by sify.com, "Sarathkumar is the only saving grace, he looks perfect as a stylish police officer and the actor is the main reason to watch the film until the end".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/chennayil-oru-naal-2-review-a-tedious-watch-review-tamil-rktljqhedbbbc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019100355/http://www.sify.com/movies/chennayil-oru-naal-2-review-a-tedious-watch-review-tamil-rktljqhedbbbc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2017 |title=Review : Chennayil Oru Naal-2: Review-A tedious watch (2017) |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> For the ''Hindu'' press, "this is a role that he can perform in his sleep. The film opened to mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chennaiyil-oru-naal-2-review-a-film-punished-by-weak-writing/article19882769.ece |title=Chennaiyil Oru Naal 2 review: A film punished by weak writing |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=19 October 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 October 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2018, he starred in a series of Telugu action movies like ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]'', ''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]'', ''[[Saakshyam]]'' and ''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]''. In 2019, he acted in the Kannada movie ''[[Seetharama Kalyana]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=130 artistes come together for 'Seetharama Kalyana' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/20/130-artistes-come-together-for-seetharama-kalyana-1900407.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 November 2018 |access-date=18 November 2023 }}</ref> In 2020, ''[[Vaanam Kottattum]]'' from Dhana and [[Mani Ratnam]] is a neat family entertainer with some good emotional moments and memorable performance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vaanam Kottatum |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vaanam-kottatum-tamil-movie-22726 |work=India Glitz |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> He starred in pivotal supporting character Periya [[Paluvettaraiyar|Pazhuvettaraiyar]] from ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022) of filmmaker [[Mani Ratnam]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vallavan |first1=Prashanth |date=6 October 2022 |title=Interview {{!}} Sarath Kumar: Periya Pazhuvettaraiyar is a noble man |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/oct/06/interview-sarath-kumar-periya-pazhuvettaraiyar-is-a-noble-man-2505332.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> He played a father character in family entertainer ''[[Varisu]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dewan |first1=Aswin |date=16 January 2023 |title=Sarath Kumar thanks Varisu team and fans of Vijay for stupendous success |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/16/sarath-kumarwatching-varisu-is-an-experience-38824.html |work=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> The second part of the historic epic drama ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2023) was released to massive opening.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ponniyin Selvan 2 movie review and box office collection LIVE updates: Khushbu watches the film in IMAX at the US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/s-2-review-ponniyin-selvan-2-movie-review-box-office-collection-live-updates-ponniyin-selvan-part-2-review-rating-aishwarya-rai-vikram-trisha-krishnan-karthi-jayam-ravi/liveblog/99815203.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 April 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> He also did key roles in movies like ''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]'' (2023) and ''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]'' (2023) to expand his fan base in Telugu.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=BVS |date=2 December 2023 |title=Kollywood star Sarathkumar gets busy in Telugu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/021223/sarathkumar-joins-vishnu-manchus-kannappa.html |work=Decan Chronicle |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> Tamil crime thrillers ''[[Por Thozhil]]'' (2023) and ''[[Paramporul]]'' (2023) were both commercial successes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajendran |first1=Gopinath |date=9 June 2023|title='Por Thozhil' movie review: Sarath Kumar and Ashok Selvan shoulder a brilliant investigative thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/por-thozhil-movie-review-sarath-kumar-and-ashok-selvan-shoulder-a-brilliant-investigative-thriller/article66949059.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajendran |first1=Gopinath |date=1 September 2023 |title='Paramporul' movie review: A wannabe thriller that suffers from an identity crisis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paramporul-movie-review-a-wannabe-thriller-that-suffers-from-an-identity-crisis/article67257437.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> He also seen in the Malayalam film ''[[Bandra (film)|Bandra]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarath Kumar, Mohan Babu Come Together For 'Kannappa' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sarath-kumar-mohan-babu-come-together-for-kannappa--news-329813 |magazine=Outlook |agency=IANS |date=9 November 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> Sarathkumar's starred in ''[[The Smile Man]]'' (2024), which received positive reviews from the audience, who praised the actor's performance in a captivating and unique role.<ref>{{cite news |title='The Smile Man' OTT release date: When and where to watch Sarathkumar's milestone film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-smile-man-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-sarathkumars-milestone-film/articleshow/117450728.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 January 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref> In 2025, the film ''[[3BHK]]'' is positioned as a relatable family drama that combines heartfelt performances with strong writing and direction.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Siddharth and Sarathkumar starrer ‘3BHK’ set for its OTT premiere on August 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharth-and-sarathkumar-starrer-3bhk-set-for-its-ott-premiere-on-august-1/articleshow/122991334.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 July 2025 |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==

===1994-1995===
[[File:Journalist Swamy with Sarathkumar (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Sarathkumar in 2013]]
In his early days as an actor, R. Sarathkumar was considered to be close to [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) supremo [[Jayalalithaa]].<ref name="awards3">{{cite news |title=Star wars |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19951031-jayalalitha-to-use-sarath-kumar-to-checkmate-rajnikanth-politically-807893-1995-10-30 |date=31 October 1995 |access-date=12 January 2014 |newspaper=India Today}}</ref> However, Sarath's proximity to Jayalalithaa landed him in deep trouble when the film ''[[Nattamai]]'' (1994), which was still running in Tamil Nadu theatres, was aired by Jayalalithaa's television channel JJ TV, using a videotape, which Sarathkumar gave her for personal viewing at her residence. However, this caused a furore in the film industry as the producer [[R. B. Choudary]] threatened action against Sarathkumar for misusing a tape given to him for personal viewing. An embarrassed Sarathkumar explained that he was taken by surprise and that he never expected Jayalalithaa to give it to the channel for the telecast. He sought an explanation from both Jayalalitha and JJ TV, but without success. The ruling party reacted predictably, using every forum to attack Sarathkumar. He, in turn, realising that the public was behind him, announced his decision to join hands with [[Rajinikanth]], who supported the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) – [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC) alliance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalitha's unlucky stars |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19951231-actor-sharad-kumar-joins-the-fray-against-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalitha-808118-1995-12-30 |author=G. C. Shekhar |date=31 December 1995 |access-date=12 January 2014 |newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref name="political career">{{cite web |title=Sarath Kumar quits DMK |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14181920&cid=13151866 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314094321/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14181920&cid=13151866 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2014 |date=11 April 2006 |access-date=12 January 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=M.L. |first1=Ahuja |title=Electoral Politics and General Elections in India, 1952–1998 |publisher=Mittal Publications |orig-date=1st. Pub. 1998 |page=301 |chapter=On the Campaign Trail |isbn=978-8-170-99711-5 |year=1998}}</ref>

===1996-2006===
In 1996, Sarath Kumar entered politics, joining the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). In 1998, the DMK's leader [[Karunanidhi]] asked Sarathkumar to contest the Lok Sabha elections from [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]]. [[1998 Indian general election|In the election]], DMK lost very badly and the alliance could muster only 9 seats compared to the 39 seats it swept in 1996. Even though DMK lost badly in many constituencies, Sarathkumar was defeated by the AIADMK candidate [[Kadambur R. Janarthanan]] by a margin of only 6904 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elections 98 |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/aug/tn36.htm |access-date=2 February 2014 |work=rediff.com}}</ref> In July 2001, the party made him a [[Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Rajya Sabha member]], but he resigned before the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 Assembly elections]] to join the AIADMK along with his wife [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Starry blow to DMK, Sarath Kumar joins AIADMK |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_starry-blow-to-dmk-sarath-kumar-joins-aiadmk_1023443 |author=Arun Ram |date=11 April 2006 |access-date=12 January 2014 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> In October 2006, his wife Radhika was dismissed from AIADMK for anti-party activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarath Kumar, Radhika face different problems |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/20/stories/2006042005080500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421150940/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/20/stories/2006042005080500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2006 |author=V. Jayanth |date=20 April 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> He also quit AIADMK in November 2006, quoting that his role as president of the [[Nadigar Sangam|South Indian Artistes' Association]] needed "undivided attention".<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarath Kumar quits AIADMK |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/07/stories/2006110709330600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017112354/http://hindu.com/2006/11/07/stories/2006110709330600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2007 |author=V. Jayanth |date=7 November 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>

===2007–present===
{{See also|All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi}}
Sarathkumar launched his own political party the [[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi]] on 31 August 2007. Sarathkumar said: "We are disillusioned by the [[Dravidian parties]], which had done little to develop the state despite being in power for four decades".<ref name="indianexpress"/> Just before [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 Assembly elections]], Sarathkumar joined the AIADMK alliance and his party was allotted two seats.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sarath-kumars-party-gets-two-seats-in-aiadmk-alliance/article1525926.ece Sarath Kumar's party gets two seats in AIADMK alliance]. The Hindu (10 March 2011). Retrieved on 8 April 2014.</ref> His party contested as part of the AIADMK alliance and won in two assembly constituencies – [[Tenkasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Tenkasi]] and [[Nanguneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Nanguneri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/19/stories/2011031963960400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322190412/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/19/stories/2011031963960400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2011 |title=Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Jayalalithaa establishes direct contact with leaders of AIADMK alliance |date=19 March 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> Sarathkumar won from [[Tenkasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Tenkasi]] and Ernavur A. Narayanan won from [[Nanguneri (State Assembly Constituency)|Nanguneri]].<ref>[http://www.newsreporter.in/tenkasi-constituency-election-results-2011-sarath-kumar-r-of-aismk-wins-tamil-nadu Tenkasi constituency election results 2011 : Sarath Kumar R of AISMK WINS – Tamil Nadu]. NewsReporter.in (13 May 2011). Retrieved on 8 April 2014.</ref> In January 2016, Ernavur A. Narayanan has been expelled from the party for not abiding by the party rules and indulging in anti-party activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sarath-kumar-expels-party-mla-ernavur-narayanan/article8160387.ece |title=Sarath Kumar expels party MLA Ernavur Narayanan |date=28 January 2016 |access-date=21 November 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 Assembly elections]], Sarath Kumar lost in [[Tiruchendur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchendur Constituency]] to DMK Candidate [[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]].<ref name="2016 election">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamilnadu2016/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2016-tamil-film-action-heroes-lose-out/article8621209.ece |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2016: Tamil film action heroes lose out |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=21 November 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In November 2017, Sarathkumar said in an interview for [[The Hindu]] : "For the last 10 years, I have been closely associated with AIADMK. In fact, I have even been identified as the party's propaganda secretary. Though I don't regret this identification, my party couldn't grow. Now, I want to focus on my party and be seen as a possible Chief Minister candidate".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sarathkumar-wants-to-be-seen-as-possible-cm-candidate/article20461972.ece |title=Want to be seen as possible CM candidate: Sarathkumar |date=16 November 2017 |access-date=14 August 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He merged his [[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi]] with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 12 March 2024, at [[Chennai]].<ref name="merger">{{Cite news |title=Actor Sarath Kumar-led AISMK Merges With BJP For Lok Sabha Polls In Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/actor-sarath-kumar-led-aismk-merges-with-bjp-for-lok-sabha-polls-in-tamil-nadu-article-108427616 |work=Times Now |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref>

== Legal issues ==

=== Cheque bounce case ===
In 2014, Radiance Media Private Ltd. filed a petition claiming that Magic Frames, a company where Sarathkumar and his wife Radhika are partners, borrowed ₹1.50 crore and later Sarathkumar took an additional loan of ₹50 lakhs in an agreement that the amount would be returned by March 2015. In 2017, Radiance media alleged that Magic Frames issued seven cheques as repayment and all of the [[Dishonoured cheque|cheques bounced]] for which seven cases were filed.<ref name="nm146719">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=7 April 2021 |title=Actors Radikaa, Sarath Kumar sentenced to one year in jail for financial fraud |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/actors-radikaa-sarath-kumar-sentenced-one-year-jail-financial-fraud-146719 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Sarathkumar, wife sentenced to one year imprisonment in cheque bounce case |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/04/07/actor-sarathkumar-radhika-sentenced-one-year-imprisonment.html |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Madras High Court]] had declined to quash the criminal proceedings in the pending cases after the couple moved the high court to quash them.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 May 2019 |title=Cheque-bounce case: Prosecution proceedings against Sarath Kumar upheld |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/May/09/prosecution-proceedings-against-actor-upheld-1974438.html |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Sarathkumar and Radhika were convicted in the case by the Special Court on 7 April 2021. The court sentenced them to one year in prison and a fine of ₹3.3 crore.<ref name="nm146719" /> On the same day Sarathkumar, received relief from the court for the sentence and the court issued [[arrest warrant]] to his wife Radhika since she had not appeared in court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=Big relief for Sarathkumar, but his wife Raadhika gets arrest warrant...Here's what happened! |url=https://www.thenewstuff.in/big-relief-sarathkumar-his-wife-raadhika-gets-arrest-warrantheres-what-happened |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=The New Stuff |language=en}}</ref>

=== Income tax raid ===
In April 2017, Income Tax officers raided Sarathkumar, Tamil Nadu Health Minister [[C. Vijayabaskar|C Vijayabaskar]] and others in relation to accusations of bribing voters in the RK Nagar by-election, which was held following the death of [[J. Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RK Nagar Bypolls: Ahead Of Contest, Income Tax Raids On Tamil Nadu Minister C Vijayabaskar, Actor Sarathkumar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/tax-raids-on-tamil-nadu-minister-c-vijayabaskar-actor-sarath-kumar-ahead-of-rk-nagar-by-polls-1678404 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="7crore-radaanraid">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=11 April 2017 |title=I-T raids continue, Radikaa Sarathkumar's Radaan Mediaworks under scanner |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/i-t-raids-continue-radikaa-sarathkumar-s-radaan-mediaworks-under-scanner-60181 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en |ref=7crore-Radikaraid}}</ref> A day before the Income Tax raids, Sarathkumar's party, AISMK, declared its support for [[TTV Dhinakaran|TTV Dinakaran]], the candidate endorsed by [[V. K. Sasikala|V. K Sasikala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |title=IT raids on TN minister Vijaya Baskar, actor Sarathkumar and on others |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/income-tax-raids-tn-health-minister-vijaya-baskar-locations-across-state-59960 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=The News Minute |date=7 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> [[The Hindu]], citing I-T department sources, had reported that Sarathkumar allegedly received Rs 7 crore from Vijayabaskar, with WhatsApp messages confirming the transaction.<ref name="7crore-radaanraid" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=7 April 2017 |title=I-T searches reveal ₹89 crore was distributed in R.K. Nagar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/i-t-department-raids-premises-of-tn-minister-vijayabhaskar/article17859127.ece |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In April and May 2017, the IT department recorded Sarathkumar and his daughter Rayane's sworn statements, in which they confessed to acquiring Rs 2 crore from controversial businessman J. Sekar Reddy in May 2016. According to the records, Sarathkumar stated that the transaction hadn't been documented in the books and that he found out about it while campaigning in [[Tiruchendur]]. He told the IT department that the payment had been received by his daughter, who subsequently notified his employees. Additionally, he stated that the Rs 2 crore was to be used for acting and film production, and that he would report it as income for the 2016-17 financial year and pay the required taxes promptly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIADMK spent Rs 641 crore in 2016 to bribe its way back to power |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/2019/04/12/aiadmk-spent-rs-641-crore-in-2016-to-bribe-its-way-back-to-power.html |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> Four days after the Income Tax Department raided Sarathkumar's home, Income Tax officers raided his wife Radikaa Sarathkumar's production company, Radaan Mediaworks, in Chennai.<ref name="7crore-radaanraid" />

==Electoral career ==
===Lok Sabha Elections Contested===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 90%"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote percentage
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote percentage
!Reference
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election]]|||[[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{Lost}}||40.29||[[M. R. Kadambur Janarthanan]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||41.44||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf#page=239 |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1998 to the 12th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |format=PDF |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf#page=239 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

===Rajya Sabha Elections Contested===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 90%"
!Year
!Election
!Party
!PC Name
!Result
|-
|2001
|[[Rajya Sabha]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Won}}
|}

===Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 90%"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote percentage
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote percentage
!Reference
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]|||[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]||[[All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi|AISMK]]||{{Won}}||54.30||[[Karuppasamy Pandian]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||40.78||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=740&cid=222 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114225326/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=740&cid=222 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 November 2013 |title=Tenkasi Assembly Election 2011, Tamil Nadu |access-date=21 November 2016 |publisher=empoweringindia.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]|||[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Lost}}||37.38||[[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||52.97||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/10-Detailed%20Resultstamil.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215123203/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/10-Detailed%20Resultstamil.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==Journalism career==
After finishing his studies, Sarathkumar started out as a newspaper boy, managing newspaper circulation before moving on to become a reporter. After establishing Dinakaran in [[Bangalore]], he was called to Chennai to expand their business there.<ref name="AISMK"/>

Sarathkumar is now the founder and editor of Media Voice weekly magazine in Tamil. One of the key value propositions that ''Media Voice'' brings to the table is Sarath's personal interview each month with a news-maker discussing current issues. "Although I am a politician and actor now, the journalist in me is still alive. I love multitasking", said Sarath. The Hindu states: From such humble beginnings, he has learnt to live an inspired life, and is the strong leader that society needs.<ref name="The Hindu interview1"/>

==Filmography==
{{Main|R. Sarathkumar filmography}}

==Awards==
; Honours
* [[Kalaimamani]] (1993)<ref name="awards"/><ref name="awards1">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiafilm.com/actors.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830073701/http://www.indiafilm.com/actors.htm |archive-date=30 August 2009 |title=Sarath Kumar |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=indiafilm.com}}</ref>

; [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
* 1994 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Nattamai]]''<ref name="awards"/><ref name="awards1"/><ref name="awards2">{{cite web |url=http://aismktuticorin.in/ourleader.php |title=AISMK – Awards |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=aismktuticorin.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815181522/http://aismktuticorin.in/ourleader.php |archive-date=15 August 2014}}</ref>
* 1996 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award|M.G.R. Award]]<ref name="awards"/><ref name="awards2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2004 |title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=19 October 2009}}</ref>
* 1998 – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor – ''[[Natpukkaga]]'' / ''[[Simmarasi]]''<ref name="awards2"/>

; [[Filmfare Awards South]]
* 1994 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor]] – ''Nattamai''<ref name="awards"/><ref name="awards1"/>
* 1997 – Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor – ''Suryavamsam''
* 1998 – Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor – ''Natpukkaga''<ref name="awards2"/>

; Cinema Express Award
* 1990 – Cinema Express Award for Best Villain – Tamil – ''[[Pulan Visaranai]]''<ref name="awards"/><ref name="awards1"/><ref name="awards2"/>
* 1992 – Cinema Express Award Special Prize for Best Actor – ''[[Suriyan]]''<ref name="awards"/>
* 1994 – [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Cinema Express Award for Best Actor]] – ''Nattamai''<ref name="awards"/>
* 1997 – Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – ''Suryavamsam''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980824/23650774.html |title=Cinema Express awards presented |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=expressindia.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
* 2000 – Chevalier Sivaji Ganesan Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/15meera.htm |title=Meena wins award for best actress |access-date=2 February 2014 |work=rediff.com}}</ref>

; Other awards
* 1997 – Dinakaran Cinema Best Actor Award – ''Suryavamsam''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/dkn1997/1997dkn.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701014658/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/dkn1997/1997dkn.htm |archive-date=1 July 2008 |title=DINAKARAN CINEMA AWARD – 1997 |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=dinakaran.com}}</ref>
* 1997 – Cinema Fans' Association Best Actor Award – ''Suryavamsam''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/24-07-98/sarath.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622010116/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/24-07-98/sarath.htm |archive-date=22 June 2008 |title=Awards For Sarath Kumar & Meena |access-date=27 December 2014 |publisher=dinakaran.com}}</ref>
* 2005 – Sivaji Ganesan Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/8779.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219110844/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/8779.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2014 |title=Bharat Cine Awards (MGR Sivaji Awards) |date=2 January 2006 |access-date=2 February 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
* 2006 – MGR – Sivaji Awards – ''[[Thalaimagan]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/11263.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219113324/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/11263.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2014 |title=MGR Sivaji Awards – A Star Studded Event |date=2 January 2007 |access-date=2 February 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
* 2009 – [[Asianet Film Awards#Honour Special Jury Award|Asianet Film Awards Special Jury Award]] – ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Pazhassi Raja]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/04/stories/2010010450860200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106052709/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/04/stories/2010010450860200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2010 |title='Pazhassi Raja' selected as best film |date=4 January 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>
* 2009 – [[Vanitha Film Awards|Vanitha Film Awards for Best Supporting Actor]] – ''Pazhassi Raja''<ref>[http://www.keralatv.in/2010/02/vanitha-film-awards-2009-announced/ Vanitha film awards 2009 announced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314185108/http://www.keralatv.in/2010/02/vanitha-film-awards-2009-announced/ |date=14 March 2016 }}. Keral TV. Retrieved 11 February 2010.</ref>
* 2009 – Sathyan Memorial Film Awards for Best Supporting Actor – ''Pazhassi Raja''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/13/stories/2010011352670300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118093040/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/13/stories/2010011352670300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2010 |title=Sathyan memorial film awards announced |date=13 January 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>
* 2009 – Jai Hind Patriotic Pride Award – ''Pazhassi Raja''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/jai-hind-film-awards-announced/article524443.ece |title=Jai Hind film awards announced |date=20 July 2010 |access-date=2 February 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* 2009 – Mathrubhumi Amrita Special Jury Award – ''Pazhassi Raja''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amritatv.com/mafa/award.html |title=Mathrubhumi Amrita Film Awards, 2010 |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=amritatv.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216042002/http://www.amritatv.com/mafa/award.html |archive-date=16 December 2012}}</ref>
* 2011 – [[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor]] – ''[[Muni 2: Kanchana]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/winners.php |title=SIIMA Awards: 2011 Winners |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223054946/http://www.siima.in/winners.php |archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>
* 2011 – [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]] – ''Muni 2: Kanchana''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82978.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620195003/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82978.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2012 |title=6th Annual Vijay Awards: Kamal, ARR & top celebs grace the occasion |date=18 June 2012 |access-date=2 February 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
* 2013 – Rainbow Ambassador Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennaidost.com/chennai-rainbow-film-festival/awards/ |title=Awards Chennai Dost |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=chennaidost.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220050723/http://chennaidost.com/chennai-rainbow-film-festival/awards/ |archive-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>
* 2013 – Norway Tamil Film Festival Icon of Tamil Cinema Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntff.no/news/Norway%20Tamil%20Film%20Festival |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival – Tamilar Awards for the year 2013 |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=21 November 2016 |publisher=ntff.no}}</ref>
* 2016 – Incisive Charisma award by WE Magazine<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twicsy.com/ |title=Twicsy | The world's largest social media marketing resource |access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref>
* 2019 – [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]] for ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|0764877}}
*[http://aismkparty.com/ Akila India Samathuva Makhal Katchi]

{{FilmfareTamilBestActor}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestActor}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarathkumar, R.}}
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male bodybuilders]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi politicians]]

Nitin Nabin

2026-03-24T05:37:16Z

Sergdpd: basic corrected layout after review additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nitin Nabin
| image = Nitin nabin (1) (1).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Nabin in 2025
| office = 11th [[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|National President of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| leader =
| vice_president =
| predecessor = [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]]
| successor =
| term_start = 20 January 2026
| term_end =
| term_label2 = Working
| term_start2 = 15 December 2025
| term_end2 = 20 January 2026
| predecessor2 = Jagat Prakash Nadda
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| status3 = Elected
| term_start3 = 10 April 2026
| term_end3 =
| successor3 =
| succeeding3 = [[Prem Chand Gupta]]
|constituency3 =[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]
| office4 = [[Government of Bihar|Minister of Road Construction, Government of Bihar]]
| term_end4 = 16 December 2025
| successor4 = [[Dilip Kumar Jaiswal]]
| term_start4 = 26 February 2025
| 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata4 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor4 = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| term_start5 = 9 February 2021
| term_end5 = 9 August 2022
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = Nitish Kumar
| predecessor5 = [[Mangal Pandey (politician)|Mangal Pandey]]
| successor5 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| office6 = [[Government of Bihar|Minister of Urban Development & Housing, Government of Bihar]]
| term_end6 = 16 December 2025
| term_start6 = 20 November 2025
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = Nitish Kumar
| predecessor6 = [[Jibesh Kumar]]
| successor6 = Vijay Kumar Sinha
| term_start7 = 15 March 2024
| term_end7 = 26 February 2025
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = Nitish Kumar
| predecessor7 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| successor7 = [[Jibesh Kumar]]
| office8 = [[Government of Bihar|Minister of Law & Justice, Government of Bihar]]
| term_start8 = 15 March 2024
| term_end8 = 26 February 2025
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = Nitish Kumar
| predecessor8 = [[Shamim Ahmad]]
| successor8 = Mangal Pandey
| office9 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start9 = 24 November 2010
| predecessor9 = ''Constituency established''
| constituency9 = [[Bankipur Assembly constituency|Bankipur]]
| term_start10 = 11 May 2006
| term_end10 = 24 November 2010
| constituency10 = [[Patna West Assembly constituency|Patna West]]
| predecessor10 = Nabin Kishore Prasad Sinha
| successor10 = ''Constituency abolished''
| birth_name = Nitin Nabin Sinha
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|05|23}}<ref>{{cite web |title=बिहार विधान सभा सचिवालय - सप्तदश बिहार विधान सभा मे माननीय सदस्यों की जन्म तिथि एवं टर्मवार सूची |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427090929/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live |language=Hindi}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Bihar]], India (present-day [[Jharkhand]])
| education =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father =
| mother =
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Dr. Deepmala Shrivastava
| residence = {{ubl|3, Telar Road, [[Patna]]}}
}}

'''Nitin Nabin''' (born 23 May 1980) is an Indian politician, political organiser, and activist who has been serving as the 16th [[List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|national president]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) since January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nitin Nabin elected national BJP president unopposed: To take charge January 20; PM Modi to attend event|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nitin-nabin-elected-national-bjp-president-unopposed-to-take-charge-january-20-pm-modi-to-attend-event/articleshow/126684522.cms|access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref> He was the national working president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from December 2025 to January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar minister Nitin Nabin appointed BJP's National Working President |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-minister-nitin-nabin-appointed-bjp-national-working-president-XXXXXX |work=India Today |date=14 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP gets new chief: Bihar minister Nitin Nabin appointed national working president; to replace JP Nadda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-gets-new-chief-bihar-minister-nitin-nabin-appointed-national-working-president/articleshow/XXXXXX.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref> He is the youngest president of the party, rising to the post at the age of 45.
He also served as a minister in the [[Nitish Kumar]]–led [[Government of Bihar]], holding the Ministry of Road Construction portfolio from 2024 to 2025 and Ministry of Urban housing and development and [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law]] and Justice. He currently represents the [[Bankipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bankipur]] constituency in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Nitin Nabin: 45 year old leader takes charge as the youngest ever BJP chief - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/who-is-nitin-nabin-45-year-old-leader-takes-charge-as-the-youngest-ever-bjp-chief-511687-2026-01-20 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=20 January 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Nitin Nabin Sinha was born on 23 May 1980 in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] in a [[Hindu]] [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha]] family. He is the son of veteran BJP leader and former MLA Nabin Kishore Prasad Sinha. Following his father's death in 2006, he entered active electoral politics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/BJP-leader-Navin-Kishore-dead/articleshow/1354658.cms |title=BJP leader Navin Kishore dead |work=The Times of India |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref>

He completed his intermediate education in 1998 from C. S. K. M. Public School, Delhi.

==Political career==
Nabin won his first election in a by-election from Patna West in 2006 and became a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJPs-Nitin-Navin-wins-Patna-West-seat/articleshow/1507095.cms |title=BJP's Nitin Navin wins Patna West seat |work=The Times of India |date=27 April 2006 |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref>

After constituency delimitation, he began representing the [[Bankipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bankipur]] seat. He has been re-elected in the 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections. In the 2025 election, he secured 98,299 votes and defeated [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] candidate Rekha Kumari by a margin of 51,936 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bankipur Assembly election result 2025: Nitin Nabin wins by over 51,000 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-election-2025/bankipur-result-XXXXXX |work=India Today |date=November 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

Nabin has held multiple ministerial portfolios in the Government of Bihar. He served as Minister of Road Construction from February 2021 to August 2022 and was reappointed to the same portfolio in February 2025 and served till December 2025. Between March 2024 and February 2025, he served as Minister of Urban Development & Housing and Minister of Law & Justice. His tenure had included initiatives related to road infrastructure, urban housing and welfare measures such as support for journalists and incentives for ASHA and Mamta workers.

In March 2026, BJP Nominated Nabin In Rajya Sabha election from Bihar.<ref name="rsnomi">{{Cite web |title=BJP president Nitin Nabin set for Rajya Sabha entry; party rewards performers with tickets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-announces-nine-nominees-for-biennial-rajya-sabha-polls-party-president-nabin-nominated-from-bihar/article70698886.ece/ |date=3 March 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=রাজ‍্যসভার প্রার্থী বাছাইয়ে শিকে ছিঁড়ল 'আদি' নেতার, পশ্চিমবঙ্গ থেকে রাহুল সিংহকে মনোনয়ন, বিহার থেকে নবীন নিতিন |trans-title='Old' leaders gets a break in Rajya Sabha candidate selection, Rahul Singh nominated from West Bengal, Nabin Nitin from Bihar |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/rahul-sinha-and-nitin-nabin-are-nominated-for-rajya-sabha-candidate-from-west-bengal-and-bihar-by-bjp-leadership-dgtl/cid/1671670 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=3 March 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Party organisation roles==
Nabin has held several organisational positions within the BJP. He has served as National General Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] (BJYM) and State President of BJYM Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-bjp-mla-nitin-navin-slams-shatrughan-sinha-1177641.html |title=BJP MLA Nitin Nabin appointed BJYM Bihar president |work=News18 Hindi |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref> During his association with BJYM, he participated in youth mobilisation campaigns, including the National Unity Yatra in Jammu and Kashmir and a tribute march from Guwahati to Tawang commemorating the martyrs of the 1965 war. He has also served as BJP in-charge for [[Sikkim]] and as co-in-charge for [[Chhattisgarh]], contributing to organisational activities and electoral campaigns in those states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nitin Nabin takes charge of Chhattisgarh BJP, replaces Om Mathur |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/nitin-nabin-takes-charge-of-chhattisgarh-bjp-replaces-om-mathur-1503317569.html |work=The Statesman |date=6 July 2024 |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

==National President of BJP==
In December 2025, the BJP parliamentary board appointed Nabin as the National Working President of the party. He succeeded [[J. P. Nadda]] as national president in January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nitin Nabin Becomes BJP National President, Succeeds JP Nadda |url=http://brutimes.com/news/bjp/nitin-nabin-bjp-national-president |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nitin Nabin elected BJP national president unopposed in move seen as generational shift |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nitin-nabin-elected-bjp-national-president-unopposed-as-party-signals-leadership-reset-prnt/cid/2143463 |website=telegraphindia |access-date=20 January 2026 |language=en-in}}</ref>

==Political timeline==
* 1980 – Born on 23 May in Ranchi, Bihar (formerly)
* 1998 – Completed intermediate education
* 2006 – Won by-election from Patna West and became MLA
* 2010 – Re-elected as MLA from Bankipur
* 2015 – Re-elected as MLA from Bankipur
* 2017 – Filed sedition complaint against a Congress leader
* 2020 – Won fourth consecutive term as MLA
* 2021–2022 – Minister of Road Construction, Bihar
* 2024–2025 – Minister of Urban Development & Housing and Law & Justice
* 2025 – Re-elected as MLA from Bankipur
* December 2025 – Appointed National Working President of BJP<ref name="BJP gets new chief: Bihar minister Nitin Nabin appointed national working president; to replace JP Nadda">{{cite news |title=BJP gets new chief: Bihar minister Nitin Nabin appointed national working president; to replace JP Nadda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-appoints-bihar-minister-nitin-nabin-partys-working-president/articleshow/125960933.cms |access-date=16 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216070326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-appoints-bihar-minister-nitin-nabin-partys-working-president/articleshow/125960933.cms |archive-date=16 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Nitin Nabin takes charge as BJP working president">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Nitin Nabin takes charge as BJP working president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitin-nabin-takes-charge-as-bjp-working-president/article70399535.ece |access-date=16 December 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216070403/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitin-nabin-takes-charge-as-bjp-working-president/article70399535.ece |archive-date=16 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* January 2026 – Appointed National President of BJP
* March 2026 - Nominated in Rajyasabha from Bihar.<ref name="rsnomi" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabin, Nitin}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Fathi Hamad

2026-03-23T11:24:44Z

Sergdpd:

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Palestinian politician (born 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Fathi Ahmad Hamad
| native_name = فتحي أحمد حماد
| image = Gaza police exercise in 2011 (01).jpg
| caption = Hamad (second from right, in white shirt) participates in Gaza police exercise in 2011
| office = Minister of Interior of the Gaza Strip
| term_start = April 2009
| term_end = 2 June 2014
| primeminister = [[Ismail Haniyeh]]
| predecessor = [[Said Seyam]]
| successor = [[Rami Hamdallah]]
| office2 = Member of [[Hamas Political Bureau]]
| term_start2 = 2012
| term_end2 =
| office3 = Member of the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]]
| term_start3 = 18 February 2006
| term_end3 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|01|03}}
| birth_place = [[Beit Lahia]], [[Administration of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip, Palestine]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Hamas]]
| spouse =
| children = 24<ref>{{cite web |title=حركة المقاومة الإسلامية - حماس |url=http://hamas.ps/ar/politicalofficemember/36 |website=hamas.ps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206153122/http://hamas.ps/ar/politicalofficemember/36 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |trans-title=Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas}}</ref>{{psc|2026|date=January 2026}}
| education = Qalandia Institute (1982) [[Al-Quds Open University]] (2006) [[Islamic University of Gaza]] (2012) Omdurman University (2020)
}}
'''Fathi Ahmad Hamad''' ({{langx|ar|فتحي أحمد حماد}}, also spelled '''Fathi Hammad'''; born 3 January 1961) is a Palestinian politician and member of the [[Hamas]] political bureau. He was [[Interior Minister of the Palestinian National Authority|Interior Minister]] in the Hamas-administered [[Gaza Strip]] from 2009 to 2014.

==Biography==
In 1983, Hammad joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. He is the founder and Vice President of [[Dar Al Quran]].<ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.webgaza.net/gaza_strip/north_gaza/people_profiles/Hammad_Fathi.htm|title=Fathi Hammad - Who is Fathi Ahmad Hammad?|website=webgaza.net}}</ref>

From 1988 to 1994, Hamad was in Israeli prison. He was also arrested three times by the [[Palestinian Authority]] and spent 2 years in Palestinian jails.<ref name="Wapo">{{cite news |last1=Balousha |first1=Hazem |title=Palestinian leader says he is proud to be branded a ‘global terrorist’ by U.S. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/palestinian-leader-says-he-is-proud-to-be-branded-a-global-terrorist-by-us/2016/09/18/d2aac6c8-492f-4040-8b76-2c0a37ea4653_story.html |access-date=5 December 2023 |date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207183610/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/palestinian-leader-says-he-is-proud-to-be-branded-a-global-terrorist-by-us/2016/09/18/d2aac6c8-492f-4040-8b76-2c0a37ea4653_story.html |archive-date=7 December 2020}}</ref>

Hamad became a [[Hamas]]-affiliated member of the [[Palestinian Legislative Council]] in 2006, representing his home town of [[Beit Lahia]] in [[North Gaza Governorate]]. He also leads the Hamas Public Affairs Department and the chairman of al-Ribat Communications and Artistic Productions<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_quds_tv.htm |title=Hamas Expands Reach Through Media |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006001824/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_quds_tv.htm |archive-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> - a Hamas-run company which produces Hamas's radio station, [[Al-Aqsa Voice Radio]], its television station, [[Al-Aqsa TV]] and its bi-weekly newspaper, ''The Message''.<ref name="palpress">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722014609/http://www.palpress.ps/english/print.php?ChannelID=18033 ''Hamas officially announces Fathi Hamad new Interior Minister'']. Palestinian Press, 27 April 2009</ref><ref name="guardian_johnson">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/may/15/hamasandantisemitism|title=Hamas and antisemitism|last=Johnson|first=Alan|date=15 May 2008|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Under his direction, the station broadcast children's show ''[[Tomorrow's Pioneers]]'', which received heavy criticism for its [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] and [[Islamism|Islamist]] content. Hamad defended the contents of the show, stating "it does not violate any moral or professional standard."<ref>{{Cite web |last=al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=9 August 2007 |title=Hamas TV airs anti-Israel kids show despite protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL11403455/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>

In April 2009, Hamad was appointed [[Interior Minister of the Palestinian National Authority|Interior Minister]] in the Hamas-administered [[Gaza Strip]], replacing [[Said Seyam]] who had been assassinated by [[Israel]] during the [[Gaza War (2008–2009)|2008–2009 Gaza War]].<ref name="palpress"/><ref name=maan_approved>[http://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=514753 ''New Hamas cabinet approved by lawmakers'']. Ma'an, 27 August 2012</ref> He ceased being Interior Minister in June 2014 on the formation of the [[Palestinian Unity Government of June 2014|Fatah–Hamas unity government]]. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Algemeiner |first1=The |title=In Farewell Speech, Hamas Interior Minister Calls on Fatah to Join Jihad (VIDEO) |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2014/06/11/hamas-interior-minister-calls-on-fatah-to-join-jihad-in-farewell-speech/#:~:text=June%2011%2C%202014%206:12,2 |website=Algemeiner.com |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> According to the United States, Hamad used his position as interior minister to "coordinate terrorist cells."<ref name=Designate />

In November 2009, Waad, a Gaza charity headed by Hamad, offered a $1.4 million [[bounty (reward)|bounty]] to any [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab citizen of Israel]] who [[Kidnapping|abducts]] an Israeli soldier. While Palestinian militant groups have frequently called on Arab-Israelis to capture soldiers, this marked the first time money had been offered.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas-linked group offers cash reward for capture of IDF soldiers |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Haaretz |date=20 November 2009 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1129188.html}}</ref>

In September 2016, the [[U.S. Department of State]] named Hamad a [[Specially Designated Terrorist]], outlawing U.S. citizens and companies from doing business with him and freezing his assets in areas under U.S. jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/blacklisted-hamas-official-us-shows-total-bias-for-israel/|title=Blacklisted Hamas official: US shows 'total bias' for Israel|website=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name=Designate>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-designates-senior-hamas-official-a-global-terrorist/|title=US designates senior Hamas official a 'global terrorist'|website=[[The Times of Israel]]| agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> The designation named Hamad as the founder and director of Hamad's [[Al-Aqsa TV]], which the U.S. said aired "programs designed to recruit children to become Hamas armed fighters and suicide bombers." In response, Hamad told the ''[[Washington Post]]'' that he "was proud that I managed to anger America."<ref name="Wapo" />

He provides funding and military instruction to the West Bank branch of Hamas, founded by prisoners released in the 2011 [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange]]. According to Palestinian officials, Hamad was behind a cell planning suicide bombings and other attacks in [[Abu Dis]].<ref name=Designate />

Hamad arranged for Yahya Sinwar's widow to be remarried in Turkey, and was believed to be smuggling Hamas members and their families out of Gaza during the [[2023 Gaza War]], arranging for fake passports, fictitious medical records, and assistance from the embassies of sympathetic countries.<ref>{{cite web |last1="The Week" News Desk |title=Slain Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar’s wife fled Gaza with fake passport, remarried in Turkey: Report |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/middle-east/2025/07/24/slain-hamas-leader-yahya-sinwar-s-wife-fled-gaza-with-fake-passport-remarried-in-turkey-report.html |website=The Week |access-date=18 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, Hamad narrowly escaped an [[Israeli attack on Doha|Israeli assassination attempt]] that killed 5 other Hamas members in Doha, Qatar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leading Hamas Official Makes First Comments Since Israeli Attack in Doha |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=17 September 2025 |access-date=18 January 2026 |language=en |last=Usaid |first=Siddiqui |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/17/leading-hamas-official-makes-first-comments-since-israeli-attack-in-qatar}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
According to Hamas' website, Hamad has 24 children. Some sources claim that [[Yaqeen Hamad|Yaqeen Khader Fathi Hamad]], who was killed in 2025, was his daughter.

== Views ==
Hamad is viewed in Gaza as a powerful, but extreme, loose cannon, who operates independently of and kept at arm's length by Hamas. He is well-known as one of the most radical figures in Hamas.<ref name="Wapo" /><ref name=Designate /> Hamad was a central figure opposing reconciliation with the Fatah-dominated Palestinian Authority.

A speech made by Hamad, broadcast on Al-Aqsa TV in February 2008, has been used as evidence by Israel and others that Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups make use of [[human shields]].<ref name="mfa">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Hamas+war+against+Israel/Video_civilians_military_goals_Jan+2009.htm |title=Video: Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals |date=11 January 2009 |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=28 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Landes |first1=Richard |date=December 2009 |title=Goldstone's Gaza Report: Part One: A Failure of Intelligence |journal=Middle East Review of International Affairs |publisher=Global Research in International Affairs Center (GLORIA) |volume=13 |issue=4 |url=http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2009/12/landes1.html#_edn21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413232650/http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2009/12/landes1.html#_edn21 |archivedate=13 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=157&doc_id=1304 |title=Eye-witnesses: Hamas used human shields in Gaza war |first1=Itamar|last1=Marcus|first2=Barbara|last2=Crook|first3=Nan|last3=Jacques Zilberdik |date=16 September 2009 |publisher=Palestinian Media Watch |accessdate=28 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hudsonny.org/2009/09/un-investigation-of-israel-discredits-itself-and-undercuts-human-rights.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801210525/http://www.hudsonny.org/2009/09/un-investigation-of-israel-discredits-itself-and-undercuts-human-rights.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title=UN Investigation of Israel Discredits Itself and Undercuts Human Rights |first=Alan M.|last=Dershowitz |date=16 September 2009 |work=Hudson New York |publisher=Hudson Institute |accessdate=28 April 2010 }}</ref> In an interview which aired on Al-Aqsa TV on 14 December 2010 (as translated by [[MEMRI]]), Hamad stated that "the Jews have become abhorred and loathed outcasts because they live off corruption and the plundering of the peoples." <ref>[https://www.memri.org/reports/hamas-interior-minister-fathi-hammad-americans-and-jews-are-abhorred-worldwide-americans-are Hamas Interior Minister Fathi Hammad: The Americans and the Jews Are Abhorred Worldwide; The Americans Are Led by the Jews, "Outcasts Who Live Off Corruption and Plundering"], MEMRITV, 14 December 2010, Clip No. 2734.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spoerl |first1=J. S. |title=Parallels between Nazi and Islamist Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26870795 |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |access-date=18 January 2026 |volume=31 |issue=1–2 |pages=210–244 |year=2020 |quote=The suggestion that leaders such as Fathi Hammad have abandoned anti-Semitism is hardly credible}}</ref>

In 2011, Hamad predicted Israel's destruction in 12 years, saying "we are working toward that goal day and night."<ref>{{cite web |title=Fathi Hamad, minister of the interior of the de-facto Hamas administration and responsible for enforcing the lull in the Gaza Strip, also handles terrorist squads and promotes terrorist attacks in Judea and Samaria |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/20499/ |publisher=Meir Amit Terrorism Information Center |access-date=18 January 2026 |date=4 July 2013 |quote=On August 13, 2011, interviewed by an Iranian news agency, Fathi Hamad said that in 12 years "Israel would collapse and be wiped off the map." He said the Arabs and Muslims were becoming more numerous and stronger while there were fewer and fewer Jews. He said the State of Israel would be destroyed and "we are working toward that goal day and night."}}</ref>

In a speech broadcast on [[Egypt]]ian Al-Helma TV on 23 March 2012, Hamad condemned Egypt over the fuel shortage in the Gaza Strip, and stated, "Half of the Palestinians are Egyptians and the other half are Saudis."<ref>Hamas Minister of the Interior and of National Security Fathi Hammad Slams Egypt over Fuel Shortage in Gaza Strip, and Says: "Half of the Palestinians Are Egyptians and the Other Half Are Saudis," Memritv Clip 3389, http://www.memri.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3389.htm, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAfENxzv2mc
</ref>

In late July 2018, Hamad called on Muslims to kill Zionist Jews in a funeral speech at the Great Omari Mosque in Gaza City:
"O Muslims, wherever you find a Zionist Jew, you must kill him because that is an expression of your solidarity with the al-Aqsa Mosque and an expression of your solidarity with your Jerusalem, your Palestine and your people,"<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas official tells Gazans: O Muslims, wherever you find a Zionist Jew, you must kill him |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-official-tells-gazans-o-muslims-wherever-you-find-a-zionist-jew-you-must-kill-him |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |date=26 July 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, Hamad, as a senior Hamas official, was reported to oppose [[Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process|reconciliation with Fatah]], and urged a resumption of war against Israel. He was implicated in the assassination attempt on Prime Minister [[Rami Hamdallah]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-condemns-murderous-terror-attack-on-pa-convoy/|title=Abbas condemns 'murderous terror attack' on PA convoy|first=Khaled Abu|last=Toameh|website=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/something-is-rotten-in-the-kingdom-of-hamas/|title=Something is rotten in the terrorist kingdom of Hamas|first=Avi|last=Issacharoff|website=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In July 2019, Hamad urged members of the [[Palestinian diaspora]] to kill Jews in Palestine and also across the globe. His comments were characterized as [[incitement to genocide]] by [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Guardian, Independent and Telegraph ignore Hamas official's call for genocide > CAMERA UK |url=https://camera-uk.org/2019/07/16/guardian-independent-and-telegraph-ignore-hamas-officials-call-for-genocide/ |accessdate=10 May 2020 |work=CAMERA UK |date=16 July 2019}}</ref> and the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]].<ref name=Wiesenthal>{{cite news |title='A Fatwa for Genocide' – Wiesenthal center slams Hamas charter |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/a-fatwa-for-genocide-wiesenthal-center-slams-hamas-charter-595634 |accessdate=10 May 2020 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=14 July 2019 |quote=The Simon Wiesenthal Center slammed Hamas in a press release on Sunday, pointing out that the terrorist group's charter contains "a Fatwa for genocide" and the statement by senior Hamas official Fathi Hammad, who called on Palestinians living around the world to "go out and slaughter and kill Jews."}}</ref> His rhetoric was condemned by other Palestinians.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rasgon |first1=Adam |title=Hamas official walks back call to Palestinian Diaspora to kill 'Jews everywhere' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-distances-itself-from-official-who-urged-murder-of-jews-everywhere/ |accessdate=16 July 2019 |work=The Times of Israel|quote=But our brothers [in the diaspora] are still preparing. They are trying to prepare. They are warming up. A long time has passed with them warming up. All of you 7 million Palestinians abroad, enough of the warming up. You have Jews everywhere and we must attack every Jew on the globe by way of slaughter and killing, if God permits. Enough of the warming up}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas official calls on Palestinians abroad to kill Jews |url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/hamas-official-calls-on-palestinians-abroad-to-kill-jews |accessdate=16 July 2019 |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref> The deliberate killing of civilians is said by mainstream Islamic scholars to be [[haram|prohibited]] in Islamic law.<ref name="tnh">{{cite web |last1=Aly |first1=Heba |title=The New Humanitarian {{!}} Islamic law and the rules of war |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/2014/04/24/islamic-law-and-rules-war |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |access-date=14 April 2024 |language=en |date=24 April 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Said Seyam]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Minister of Interior of the Gaza Strip|years=2009–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rami Hamdallah]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamad, Fathi Ahmad}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Palestinian politicians]]
[[Category:Al-Quds Open University]]
[[Category:Government ministers of the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government]]
[[Category:Individuals related to Iran sanctions]]
[[Category:Interior ministers of the Palestinian National Authority]]
[[Category:Islamic University of Gaza alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Palestinian militants]]
[[Category:Palestinian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from North Gaza Governorate]]
[[Category:Politicians from the Gaza Strip]]

Urvashi Dholakia

2026-03-23T11:00:07Z

Sergdpd:

{{short description|Indian television actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| name = Urvashi Dholakia
| image = Urvashi Dholakia in 2025.jpg
| caption = Dholakia in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|07|09}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]''}}
| years_active = 1984–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]''|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''|''[[Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii]]''|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]''}}
| children = 2
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Urvashi Dholakia|Full list]]
| website =
}}
'''Urvashi Dholakia''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈʊɾʋəʃi d̪ʱoːˈlaːkɪjaː|pron}}; born 9 July 1979) is an [[List of Indian television actresses|Indian television actress]]. She is best known for her role of [[Komolika (character)|Komolika]] in the long running television series ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]],'' for which she won the [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role]] and the [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role]] five times, and for winning the reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]''.<ref name="birthday 1"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss winners 'Lost and Found' |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bigg-boss-winners-lost-and-found}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dholakia was born on 9 July 1979 to a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] mother and a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] father.<ref>{{cite news |title=Urvashi Dholakia to judge Gujarati reality show |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/urvashi-dholakia-judge-gujarati-reality-show-174804850.html |date=2 November 2011 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="birthday 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/kasautii-zindagii-kays-urvashi-dholakia-aka-original-komolika-celebrates-41st-birthday-in-style-see-pics-inside-1029971 |title=PICS: Kasautii Zindagii Kay's Original Komolika, Urvashi Dholakia Celebrates 41st Birthday in Style! |date=10 July 2019 |work=[[ABP Live]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711002646/https://www.abplive.in/television/kasautii-zindagii-kays-urvashi-dholakia-aka-original-komolika-celebrates-41st-birthday-in-style-see-pics-inside-1029971 |archivedate=11 July 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dholakia married at age 16 and had twin boys, Kshitij and Sagar, at age 17; she has raised them as a [[single mother]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Urvashi Dholakia as mother |url=http://tvgupshup.com/urvashi-dholakia-and-her-twin-sons-are-her-prized-possession/ |year=2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173755/http://tvgupshup.com/urvashi-dholakia-and-her-twin-sons-are-her-prized-possession/ |archive-date=13 July 2018 |website=TVGupshup |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>

==Career==

===Early career (1985–2000)===
Dholakia made her acting debut at 6 in a TV commercial for [[Lux (soap)|Lux soap]] with [[Revathi]].<ref name="te">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040128/asp/calcutta/story_2831030.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026022157/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040128/asp/calcutta/story_2831030.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2012 |title=Serial thriller |date=28 January 2004 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> As a child she appeared as Rajlaxmi in the [[Doordarshan]] TV series ''[[Shrikant (TV series)|Shrikant]]''. Her first TV adult role was in Doordarshan's ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]'' as Shilpa followed by ''Waqt Ki Raftar''.<ref name="best">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/06/01/stories/2006060101590200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228184545/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/06/01/stories/2006060101590200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2007 |title=Sinfully yours: Arguably the biggest vamp on the small screen, Urvashi Dholakia.. |date=1 June 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

===Widespread recognition (2000–2011)===
The 2000s decade came as a golden period in bringing Dholakia to the top list of most popular actresses up until then, as she achieved a lot of universal acclaim and awards success for her great performances in the [[Ekta Kapoor]] shows ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]'', ''[[Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii]]'', ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' and ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]''.<ref name=Pisharoty2004>{{cite news |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |title=The queen of bad things |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/12/stories/2004081200470200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804002558/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/12/stories/2004081200470200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2017 |date=12 August 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>

Among these, the [[Komolika (character)|character of Komolika]] in ''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'' (2001–2008), one of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest running television series at that point]], went on to be opined by many reviews as the most iconic villainess till date, winning her [[List of awards and nominations received by Urvashi Dholakia|a number of recognitions]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Since then, Dholakia and Kapoor have collaborated many times.

===''Bigg Boss'' and more (2013–2019)===
In 2012, she participated in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]'' and on 12 January 2013, she emerged as the winner of the season.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/bigg-boss-6-finale-live-urvashi-dholakia-crowned-the-winner_126163.htm |title=Urvashi Dholakia television's favorite ''Komolika'' crowned the winner of Bigg Boss 6 |date=12 January 2013 |work=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> As of 2017, she is featured in [[Colors TV]]'s historical fantasy series ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' as Queen Iravati.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/urvashi-dholakia-chandrakanta-colors-comeback-ekta-kapoor-komolika-indian-television-vamp-4726672/ |title=Urvashi Dholakia on her comeback in Chandrakanta, Ekta Kapoor giving her a magic wand and her pride in others imitating Komolika |date=29 June 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=28 July 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Television comeback (2022–present)===
Dholakia in 2022 again came back to fiction genre in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 6]]'' as Urvashi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Naagin 6 Character Revelation: Urvashi Dholakia will play Tejashwi Prakash's mother, Sudha Chandran will be the villain |work=news ncr |url=https://www.newsncr.com/entertainment/naagin-6-character-revelation-urvashi-dholakia-will-play-tejashwi-prakashs-mother-sudha-chandran-will-be-the-villain/ |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410204627/https://www.newsncr.com/entertainment/naagin-6-character-revelation-urvashi-dholakia-will-play-tejashwi-prakashs-mother-sudha-chandran-will-be-the-villain/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable" text-align:center;"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
!Notes

|-
| 1987 || ''[[Shrikant (TV series)|Shrikant]]'' || Rajlakshmi
|
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]'' || Shilpa
|
|-
| 1995 || ''Zamana Badal Gaya'' || Anju Mathur
|
|-
| 1997 || ''Waqt Ki Raftar'' ||
|
|-
| 2000–2001 || ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]'' || Sonia
|
|-
| 2000-2002 || ''[[Mehndi Tere Naam Ki]]'' || Pooja
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Shaktimaan]]'' || Mansi Sharma
|
|-
| 2001-2002 || ''[[Karam (TV series)|Karam]]'' || Aditti
|
|-
| 2001–2002 || ''[[Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii]]'' || Sonia
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'' || Preet
|
|-
| 2001–2008 || ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' || [[Komolika (character)|Komolika Majumdar]]
|
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahaan]]'' || Shweta
|
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kahani Terrii Merrii]]''|| Kajol
|
|-
| 2003–2007 || ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'' || Archana "Archie" Khanna
|
|-
| 2008–2009 || ''[[Comedy Circus]]'' || Contestant
|
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Sacch Ka Saamna]]'' || Guest
|
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai]]'' || Karishma Mehra
|
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]'' || Contestant
|
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Dil Se Di Dua... Saubhagyavati Bhava?]]'' || Dr. Komolika Rana
|
|-
| 2012–2013 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]'' || Contestant
|Winner
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]'' || Guest
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Badi Door Se Aaye Hai]]'' || 555
|
|-
| 2017–2018 || ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' || Queen Iravati Singh
|
|-
| 2018 || ''Juzzbaat'' || Guest
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019 || ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' || rowspan="2" | Mohini
|
|-
|''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|
|-
| ''Kitchen Champion 5'' || Guest
|
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
|Contestant
|8th place
|-
|2020
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
| rowspan="2" |Guest
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2022
|''[[Bigg Boss 15]]''
|
|-
|2022-2023
|| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 6]]''|| Urvashi Kataria
|
|-
| 2023-2024; 2025
| ''[[Pushpa Impossible]]''
| Devi Singh Shekhawat
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 11]]''
| Contestant
|16th place
|-
|2025
|''[[Power of Paanch]]''
| [[Director general of police|DGP]] Aasma Mazhar
|
|-
|2026
|''The 50''
| Contestant
|Semi Finalist
|-
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable" text-align:center;"
! Year
! Movie
! Role
! Language
|-
| 1986 || ''Babul'' || Rani "Rannu" / Nandini "Nannu" Singh || rowspan="3" | Hindi
|-
|1988 || ''[[Kab Tak Chup Rahungi]]'' || Laxmi
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Izzat (1991 film)|Izzat]]'' || Anu
|-
|2006 || ''Swapnam'' || Yamini/Komolika || Malayalam/Hindi
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Urvashi Dholakia}}

== See also ==

* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|3576158}}

{{Indian Telly Award Best Negative Actress}}
{{Indian Television Academy Awards}}
{{Bigg Boss}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dholakia, Urvashi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) winners]]

Thanjavur Junction railway station

2026-03-23T07:08:01Z

Sergdpd: new a pg basic info

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Thanjavur Junction
| native_name = <hr/>Tanjore Junction
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Thanjavur Junction.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance of Thanjavur railway station
| address = Gandhiji Road, Thanjavur-1, Tamil Nadu
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.7781|N|79.1381|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|60|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| line = Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line Tiruchirappalli–Nagapattinam line
| platform = 5
| tracks = 7
| structure = Standard on ground
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}}
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TJ<ref name="stn_code" />
| division = {{rwd|Tiruchirappalli}}
}}
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 28 January 2020
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_dot_label = Thanjavur
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]##Location in India
| route_map = {{Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Thanjavur Junction''' (station code: TJ<ref name="stn_code">{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=8 |format=PDF |date=2023–24}}</ref>) is an NSG–3 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=3 |format=PDF |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a junction railway station in [[Thanjavur district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and serves [[Thanjavur]], earlier known as Tanjore.

==History==
Thanjavur is located on the "main line" of the railway system in the [[Coromandel coast]] connecting Chennai with Tiruchirappalli via [[Villupuram]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai]], [[Kumbakonam railway station|Kumbakonam]] and Thanjavur junction.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://irfca.org/articles/metric/delta.html| title= Four Cauvery Delta Branches | publisher= IRFCA | access-date = 3 January 2014}}</ref>
In 1861 the Great Southern of India Railway (GSIR) built the {{convert|125|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] line between Nagapattinam and Tiruchirapalli (then known as Trichinopoly) and the line was opened to traffic next year.<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html| title=IR History: Early Days – I| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1832–1865)| access-date = 3 January 2014 }}</ref> It was a new development south of [[Chennai]]. After [[South Indian Railway Company]] took over GSIR in 1874, the Nagapattinam–Tiruchirapalli line was converted to {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre gauge]] in 1875.<ref name=irfcaii>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| title=IR History: Early Days – II| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| access-date = 3 January 2014}}</ref>

The South India Railway Company laid a {{convert|715|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long metre gauge trunk line from [[Chennai]] to [[Tuticorin]] via [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore]], [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Thanjavur]] in 1880.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/18/stories/2004121800560100.htm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050122035444/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/18/stories/2004121800560100.htm| url-status= dead| archive-date= 22 January 2005| title=Chugging into the past|date=18 December 2004| work= [[The Hindu]]| access-date = 3 January 2014 }}</ref> The {{convert|82.67|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long [[Tindivanam]]–[[Cuddalore]] Port (then known as Cuddalore Junction) sector, {{convert|27.60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long Cuddalore Port–Porto Novo sector, {{convert|19.71|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long Shyali–Mayiladuthurai sector and {{convert|70.42|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long Mayiladuthurai–Thanjavur sector were opened in 1877, connecting [[Tindivanam]] to the already opened [[Tiruchirappalli]]–[[Nagapattinam]] line.

Three rail lines branch for Thanjavur Junction:
# Towards north for [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]].
# Towards east for {{stnlnk|Nidamangalam Junction}}.
# Towards west for {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}.

==Accident==
On 8-1-1958 at about 6:25 hours while backing No. 101 Madras-Egmore–Dhanushkodi Boat Mail on the platform line of Tanjore Junction, its rear portion bumped against the rear portion of No 112 Tenkasi Passenger which was stationary on the other end of this platform, having arrived earlier.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1518/1/lsd_02_04_17-02-1958.pdf page 27</ref>

==Gauge conversion==
The Cuddalore Port–Vadalur sector was converted in 2003.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/16/stories/2004081612410300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030142539/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/16/stories/2004081612410300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 October 2004 | title=Trichur rly division nets Rs. 23.77 cr. Passenger earnings |date=16 August 2004| work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date = 30 December 2013 }}</ref> After conversion work of the Thanjavur–Tiruvarur broad-gauge section was opened to traffic in 2006 and Tiruvarur–Nagore section in 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/more-trains-in-pipeline-for-delta-districts-says-southern-railway-gm/article1469210.ece| title= More trains in pipeline for delta districts, says Southern Railway GM|work=The Hindu|date=19 February 2011| access-date = 3 January 2014}}</ref>

==Electrification==
New electrification survey in 2012–13 had been sanctioned in the Railway budget for the Karaikkal/Karaikkal Port–Nagapattinam-Thiruvarur-Needamangalam-Thanjavur–Tiruchirappalli and Nagapattinam–Velankanni sectors.<ref>{{cite web | quote = Work has been started for electrification of Tpj to Karaikal. Tanjore to villupuram mainline electrification also. |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,746 | title = Specific items for Southern Railway in Railway Budget 2012-13 | work = New Railway Electrification Surveys sanctioned in 2012–13 | access-date = 3 January 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115192249/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C746 | archive-date = 15 January 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The Electrification of Tiruchirappalli-Thanjavur-Kumbakonam-Mayiladuthurai section was completed in the end of 2020 and it was commissioned on 14 February 2021.

== Projects and development ==
It is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under ''Amrit Bharat Station Scheme'' of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IndiaRailInfo|2164}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Thanjavur}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system1=Indian Railways
|line1=Southern Railway zone|left1=Titte|type1=Chennai–Thanjavur line
|line2=Southern Railway zone|left2=Mariamman Koil|right2=Alakkudi|type2=Tiruchirappalli–Nagapattinam branch line
}}

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Trichy railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Tamil Nadu]]

Wilmington, Delaware

2026-03-22T01:17:39Z

Sergdpd: correct content per standard format for accuracy

{{Short description|Largest city in Delaware, United States}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wilmington, Delaware
| settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in Delaware|City]]
| nicknames = Corporate Capital of the World, Chemical Capital of the World
| motto = "In the middle of it all"<ref>{{cite news|title=New signs welcome folks to Delaware's largest city|date=December 7, 2012|last=Min|first=Shirley|url=http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/delaware-feature/48043-new-signs-welcome-folks-to-delawares-largest-city|work=[[WHYY-FM]] News|access-date=March 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045231/http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/delaware-feature/48043-new-signs-welcome-folks-to-delawares-largest-city|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Wilmington, Delaware, USA.jpg
| alt1 = Downtown Wilmington
| caption1 = Downtown Wilmington
| image2 = Dam front web.jpg
| alt2 = Delaware Art Museum
| caption2 = [[Delaware Art Museum]]
| image3 = Nemours Mansion and Gardens - Wilmington DE -juni 2012- (7654902150).jpg
| alt3 = Nemours Mansion and Gardens
| caption3 = [[Nemours Estate]]
| image4 = Blue rocks in wilmington (3483188876).jpg
| alt4 = Daniel S. Frawley Stadium
| caption4 = [[Daniel S. Frawley Stadium]]
| image5 = Quaker Hill HD.JPG
| alt5 = Quaker Hill
| caption5 = [[Quaker Hill Historic District (Wilmington, Delaware)|Quaker Hill Historic District]]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of the City of Wilmington.png
| image_seal = Seal of Wilmington, Delaware.png
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| mapframe-point = none
| pushpin_map = Delaware#USA
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label = Wilmington
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{USA}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Delaware}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Delaware|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle]]
| named_for = [[Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Wilmington, Delaware|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[John Carney (Delaware politician)|John Carney]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = March 1638 as Fort Christina and Christinaham
| established_title1 = Incorporated
| established_date1 = 1731 as Willingtown
| established_title2 = Chartered
| established_date2 = 1739 (borough) March 7, 1832 (city)
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_10.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 31, 2021|archive-date=October 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026060908/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_10.txt|url-status=live}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_total_sq_mi = 17.19
| area_land_sq_mi = 10.89
| area_water_sq_mi = 6.29
| area_urban_sq_mi = 213.35
| area_total_km2 = 44.52
| area_land_km2 = 28.22
| area_water_km2 = 16.30
| population_density_km2 = 2512.48
| area_urban_km2 = 552.58
| area_metro_km2 = 2859
| area_metro_sq_mi = 1103.86
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 70,898
| population_urban = 484,926 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|87th]])
| population_metro = 723,993 (US: 82nd)([[Delaware Valley|Wilmington Metropolitan Division]])
| population_density_urban_km2 = 877.57
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2272.91
| population_density_metro_km2 = 253.23
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 655.87
| population_density_sq_mi = 6510.38
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_ft = 92
| elevation_max_m = 100
| elevation_max_ft = 330
| elevation_max_footnotes = (Mount Salem Hill)
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| coordinates = {{coord|39|44|45|N|75|32|48|W|region:US-DE_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = 19801–19810, 19850, 19880, 19884–19886, 19890–19899
| area_code = [[Area code 302|302]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 10-77580
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 214862<ref>{{cite gnis|214862|Wilmington}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|wilmingtonde.gov}}
}}

'''Wilmington''' is the [[List of municipalities in Delaware|most populous city]] in the U.S. state of [[Delaware]]. It lies at the [[confluence]] of the [[Christina River]] and [[Brandywine Creek (Christina River tributary)|Brandywine Creek]], near where the Christina flows into the [[Delaware River]].
The population was 70,898 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="2020Census">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Delaware |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/wilmingtoncitydelaware,DE/PST045219 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717055323/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/wilmingtoncitydelaware,DE/PST045221 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the [[county seat]] of [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle County]] and one of the major cities near the [[Delaware Valley]] metropolitan area.

First settled by [[Swedish colonization of the Americas|Swedish settlers]] in 1638, the modern city of Wilmington was built on the site of [[Fort Christina]], which was the first Swedish settlement in North America, and Kristinehamn, which was planned to be the capital of [[New Sweden]]. Control of the area shifted before it was formally incorporated as the Village of Willingtown in 1731, then later granted Borough Charter within the [[Delaware Colony]] as Wilmington in 1739, named after [[Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington]]. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, Wilmington developed as an industrial hub with industries in shipbuilding, milling, and later chemical manufacturing, largely influenced by [[DuPont]]. Its modern economy is focused on national banking and finance institutions.

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2021}}
{{for timeline}}
[[File:FORT CHRISTIANA, WILMINGTON, NEW CASTLE COUNTY, DELAWARE.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Fort Christina]] monument, location of the first [[Swedish diaspora|Swedish]] settlement in North America and the principal settlement of the [[New Sweden]] colony]]
Wilmington is built on the site of the settlement Kristinehamn, which was planned by {{ill|Peter Mårtensson Lindeström|sv|Pedher Lindheström}} to be the capital of the colony of [[New Sweden]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Jacobsson|first=Nils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8hHAAAAIAAJ|title=Per Lindeström Resa Till Nya Sverige 1653—1656|trans-title=Per Lindeström's Journey to New Sweden 1653—1656|publisher=Wahlström & Wistrand|year=1923|publication-place=Stockholm|page=9|language=sv|quote=Han uppgjorde även planritningen till den svenska koloniens tilltänkta huvudstad, »Kristinehamn», ej långt från fort Kristina på den plats, där nu staden Wilmington ligger, och biträdde f. ö. den nye guvernören, Johan Rising, med råd och dåd.|trans-quote=He also drew up the plan for the intended capital of the Swedish colony, "Kristinehamn", not far from [[Fort Christina|Fort Kristina]] on the site where the city of Wilmington now stands, and assisted the new governor, [[Johan Risingh|Johan Rising]], with advice and action.}}</ref> and [[Fort Christina]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Peter|author-link=Pehr Kalm|volume=II|publication-place=Stockholm|publisher=Lars Salvii|year=1756|title=En Resa Til Norra America Bå Kungliga Svenska Wetenskaps Academiens befallning Och Publici kostnad|trans-title=A Journey to North America by order of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and at the expense of the public|via=the [[Internet Archive]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/enresatilnorraam02kalm/page/272 272]|quote=Om morgonen reste jag ned til Wilmington, eller som det fordom kallades af de Svänska, Christina, hvilket är belägit 30 Ängelska mil frän Philadelphia uti SW.|trans-quote=In the morning I traveled down to Wilmington, or as it was formerly called by the Swedes, Christina, which is situated 30 English miles south west from Philadelphia.|language=sv}}</ref> the first [[Swedish colonization of the Americas|Swedish settlement]] in North America. The modern city also encompasses other Swedish settlements, such as Timmerön / Timber Island (along [[Brandywine Creek (Christina River tributary)|Brandywine Creek]]), Sidoland (South Wilmington), Strandviken (along the [[Delaware River]] near Simonds Gardens) and Översidolandet (along the [[Christina River]], near Woodcrest and Ashley Heights).

The area now known as Wilmington was settled by the [[Lenape]] (or Delaware Indian) band led by Sachem (Chief) Mattahorn just before [[Henry Hudson]] sailed up the Len-api Hanna (translated as "People Like Me River," now known as the Delaware River) in 1609. The area was called "Maax-waas Unk" or "Bear Place" after the Maax-waas Hanna (Bear River) that flowed by (present [[Christina River]]). It was called the Bear River because it flowed west to the "Bear People", who are now known as the People of [[Conestoga (people)|Conestoga]] or the [[Susquehannocks]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

The Dutch heard and spelled the river and the place as '''Minguannan'''. When settlers and traders from the [[Swedish South Company]] under [[Peter Minuit]] arrived in March 1638 on the ''[[Fogel Grip]]'' and ''[[Kalmar Nyckel]]'', they purchased Maax-waas Unk from Chief Mattahorn and built [[Fort Christina]] at the mouth of the Maax-waas Hanna (which the Swedes renamed the [[Christina River]] after [[Queen Christina of Sweden]]). The area was also known as "The Rocks", and is located near the foot of present-day Seventh Street. Fort Christina served as the headquarters for the colony of [[New Sweden]] which consisted of, for the most part, the lower [[Delaware River]] region (parts of present-day [[Delaware]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[New Jersey]]), but few colonists settled there.<ref name="MONROE">{{Citation |last=Munroe |first=John A. |title=Colonial Delaware: A History |year=1978 |publisher=KTO Press |location=Millwood, New York |series=A History of the American colonies |isbn=978-0-527-18711-8 |oclc=3933326 |page=16 }}</ref><ref name="MCCORMICK">{{Citation |last=McCormick |first=Richard P. |author-link=Richard Patrick McCormick |title=New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609–1789 |series=New Jersey Historical Series |volume=1 |year=1964 |publisher=[[D. Van Nostrand Co.]] |location=Princeton, New Jersey |oclc=477450 |page=12 }}</ref> Dr. Timothy Stidham (Swedish:''Timen Lulofsson Stiddem'') was a prominent citizen and doctor in Wilmington. He was born in 1610, probably in Hammel, Denmark, and raised in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden. He arrived in [[New Sweden]] in 1654 and is recorded as the first physician in Delaware.<ref>{{Citation |last=Scharf |first=J. Thomas |author-link=John Thomas Scharf |title=History of Delaware, 1609–1888 |volume=1 |year=1888 |oclc=454559306 |page=471 |chapter=XXIV. Medicine and medical men |chapter-url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=100;id=mdp.39015011346874;page=root;seq=622;num=470 |publisher=L. J. Richards |location=Philadelphia |hdl=2027/mdp.39015011346874 |lccn=01013423 |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-date=August 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820094922/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=100;id=mdp.39015011346874;page=root;seq=622;num=470 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Stidham |first=Jack |year=2001 |title=The descendants of Dr. Timothy Stidham |periodical=Swedish Colonial News |place=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[The Swedish Colonial Society]] |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=16 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |oclc=37868632 |access-date=May 14, 2011 |url=http://www.colonialswedes.org/Images/Publications/SCNewsF01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604051253/http://www.colonialswedes.org/Images/Publications/SCNewsF01.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Wilmington founding stamp.JPG|thumb|left|Founding of Wilmington stamp. (See [[New Sweden]].)]]
[[File:Old Town Hall Wilmington.JPG|thumb|left|[[Old Town Hall (Wilmington, Delaware)|Old Town Hall]], [[Georgian architecture|late-Georgian]] / [[Federal architecture|early-Federal]] style]]

The most important Swedish governor was Colonel [[Johan Printz]], who ruled the colony under Swedish law from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by [[Johan Rising]], who upon his arrival in 1654, seized the Dutch post [[Fort Casimir]], located at the site of the present town of [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]], which was built by the Dutch in 1651. Rising governed New Sweden until the autumn of 1655, when a Dutch fleet under the command of [[Peter Stuyvesant]] subjugated the Swedish forts and established the authority of the Colony of [[New Netherland]] throughout the area formerly controlled by the Swedes. This marked the end of Swedish rule in North America.

Beginning in 1664, [[British colonization of the Americas|British colonization]] began; after a series of wars between the [[Anglo–Dutch Wars|Dutch and English]], the area stabilized under British rule, with strong influences from the [[Quaker]] communities under the auspices of [[Proprietor]] [[William Penn]]. A [[borough]] charter was granted in 1739 by [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]], which changed the name of the settlement from Willingtown, after Thomas Willing (the first developer of the land, who organized the area in a grid pattern similar to that of its northern neighbor Philadelphia),<ref>{{Citation |last=Munroe |first=John A. |title=History of Delaware |edition=5th |page=57
|year=2006 |publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]] |location=Newark, Delaware |isbn=0-87413-947-3 |oclc=68472272
|chapter=The Lower Counties on the Delaware |quote=Originally, the new community was called Willingtown, after Thomas Willing, an English merchant who settled there and began selling town lots in 1731 after marrying the daughter of a Swedish landowner, Andrew Justison
}}</ref><ref>Justison, Willing's father-in-law, purchased the land from the family of [[Samuel Peterson]].</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ferris |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Ferris |publisher=Wilson & Heald (eBook: The Darlington Digital Library) |year=1846 |chapter-format=eBook |location=Wilmington, Delaware |oclc=124509564 |page=202 |title=A History of the Original Settlements on the Delaware from its Discovery by Hudson to the Colonization under William Penn |chapter=Part III. Chapter II. History of Wilmington |chapter-url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?idno=31735054778653;view=toc;c=darltext |access-date=May 15, 2011 |archive-date=June 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623050312/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?idno=31735054778653;view=toc;c=darltext |url-status=live }}</ref> to Wilmington, presumably after the British Prime Minister [[Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington|Spencer Compton]], [[Earl of Wilmington]], who took his title from [[Long Man#Wilmington, East Sussex|Wilmington, East Sussex]], in southern England.

Although during the [[American Revolutionary War]] only one small battle was fought in Delaware, British troops occupied Wilmington shortly after the nearby [[Battle of Brandywine]] on September 11, 1777. The British remained in the town until they vacated Philadelphia in 1778.

In 1800, [[Eleuthère Irénée du Pont]], a [[Huguenot|French Huguenot]], emigrated to the United States. Knowledgeable in the manufacture of [[gunpowder]], by 1802 DuPont had begun making the explosive in a mill on the Brandywine River north of [[Brandywine Village]] and just outside the town of Wilmington.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Powder Mill: 1802 |url=http://www2.dupont.com/Heritage/en_US/1802_DuPont/1802_first_powder_mill/1802_first_powder_mill_overview.html |work=DuPont home, English-US version |publisher=[[DuPont]] |location=Wilmington, Delaware |access-date=January 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608134448/http://www2.dupont.com/Heritage/en_US/1802_DuPont/1802_first_powder_mill/1802_first_powder_mill_overview.html |archive-date=June 8, 2009 |url-status=live }} ''Archive attempt via WebCitation.org failed May 14, 2011.''</ref> The [[DuPont]] company became a major supplier to the U.S. military.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.hsd.org/DHE/DHE_what_industry_DuPont.htm |title=The DuPont Company |encyclopedia=Delaware History Online Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Delaware Historical Society]] |location=Wilmington, Delaware |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603235525/http://www.hsd.org/DHE/DHE_what_industry_DuPont.htm |archive-date=June 3, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Located on the banks of the [[Brandywine River]], the village was eventually annexed by Wilmington city.
[[File:Hagley DuPont Wagon.jpg|thumb|Original DuPont powder wagon]]

The greatest growth in the city occurred during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Delaware, though officially remaining a member of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]], was a [[Border states (American Civil War)|border state]] and divided in its support of both the Confederate and the Union causes. The war created enormous demand for goods and materials supplied by Wilmington including ships, railroad cars, gunpowder, shoes, and other war-related goods.

By 1868, Wilmington was producing more iron ships than the rest of the country combined{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} and it rated first in the production of gunpowder and second in carriages and leather. Due to the prosperity Wilmington enjoyed during the war, city merchants and manufacturers expanded Wilmington's residential boundaries westward in the form of large homes along tree-lined streets. This movement was spurred by the first horsecar line, which was initiated in 1864 along Delaware Avenue.

[[File:Wilmington, Del. (2674627824).jpg|thumb|right|Map of Wilmington, Delaware, 1874]]

The late 19th century saw the development of the city's first comprehensive park system. [[William Poole Bancroft]], a successful Wilmington businessman influenced by the work of [[Frederick Law Olmsted]], led the effort to establish open parkland in Wilmington. [[Rockford Park]] and [[Brandywine Park]] were created due to Bancroft's efforts.

Both World Wars stimulated the city's industries. Industries vital to the war effort – shipyards, steel foundries, machinery, and chemical producers – operated around the clock. Other industries produced such goods as automobiles, leather products, and clothing. In desperate need of workers more and more minorities moved to the north and settled in places like Wilmington. This led to tensions that occasionally boiled over like the [[Wilmington, Delaware race riot of 1919]].

The post-war prosperity again pushed residential development further out of the city. In the 1950s, more people began living in the suburbs of North Wilmington and commuting into the city to work. This was made possible by extensive upgrades to area roads and highways and through the construction of [[Interstate 95]], which cut through several of Wilmington's neighborhoods and accelerated the city's population decline. Urban renewal projects in the 1950s and 1960s cleared entire blocks of housing in the Center City and East Side areas.

The [[Wilmington riot of 1968]], a few days after the April 4 [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]], became national news. On April 9, Governor [[Charles L. Terry Jr.]] deployed the [[Delaware Army National Guard|National Guard]] and the [[Delaware State Police]] to the city at the request of Mayor John Babiarz. Babiarz asked Terry to withdraw the National Guard the following week, but the governor kept them in the city until his term ended in January 1969. This is reportedly the longest occupation of an American city by state forces in the nation's history.<ref name="Boyer">{{Citation |last=Boyer |first=William W. |title=Governing Delaware: Policy Problems In The First State |access-date=May 14, 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xN3pzLSQN8IC&pg=PA57 |format=eBook |page=57 |chapter=Chapter Three: The Governor as Leader |year=2000 |publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]] (eBook: Google) |location=Newark, Delaware |isbn=0-87413-721-7 |oclc=609154858 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xN3pzLSQN8IC&pg=PA56 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606212918/http://books.google.com/books?id=xN3pzLSQN8IC&pg=PA57 |archive-date=June 6, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1980s, job growth and office construction were spurred by the arrival of national banks and financial institutions in the wake of the 1981 Financial Center Development Act, which liberalized the laws governing banks operating within the state, and similar laws in 1986. Today, many national and international banks, including [[Bank of America]], [[Capital One]], [[JPMorgan Chase & Co.|Chase]], and [[Barclays]], have operations in the city, typically credit card operations.

==Geography==
[[File:Wilmington aerial.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of Wilmington]]

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|17.0|mi2|km2}}, of which {{convert|10.9|mi2|km2}} is land and {{convert|6.2|mi2|km2}} is water. The total area is 36.25% water.

The city sits at the confluence of the [[Christina River|Christina]] and [[Delaware River|Delaware rivers]], approximately {{convert|33|mi|km}} southwest of [[Philadelphia]]. [[Wilmington station (Delaware)|Wilmington Train Station]], one of the southernmost stops on Philadelphia's [[SEPTA]] rail transportation system, is also served by [[Northeast Corridor]] [[Amtrak]] passenger trains. Wilmington is served by [[Interstate 95 in Delaware|I-95]] and [[Interstate 495 (Delaware)|I-495]] within city limits. In addition, the twin-span [[Delaware Memorial Bridge]], a few miles south of the city, provides direct highway access between Delaware and New Jersey, carrying the [[Interstate 295 (Delaware)|I-295]] eastern bypass route around Wilmington and Philadelphia, as well as [[U.S. Route 40 in Delaware|US 40]], which continues eastward to [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]].

These transportation links and geographic proximity give Wilmington some of the characteristics of a [[satellite city]] to Philadelphia, but Wilmington's long history as Delaware's principal city, its urban core, and its independent value as a business destination makes it more properly considered a small but independent city in the Philadelphia [[metropolitan area]].

Wilmington lies along the [[Atlantic Seaboard fall line|Fall Line]] geological transition from the [[Piedmont (United States)|Mid-Atlantic Piedmont Plateau]] to the [[Atlantic Coastal Plain]]. East of Market Street, and along both sides of the Christina River, the Coastal Plain land is flat, low-lying, and in places marshy. The Delaware River here is an [[estuary]] at sea level (with twice-daily high and low tides), providing [[sea level|sea-level]] access for ocean-going ships.

On the western side of Market Street, the Piedmont topography is rocky and hilly, rising to a point that marks the watershed between the Brandywine River and the Christina River. This watershed line runs along Delaware Avenue westward from 10th Street and Market Street.

These contrasting topography and soil conditions affected the industrial and residential development patterns within the city. The hilly west side was more attractive for the original residential areas, offering springs and sites for [[Mill (grinding)|mill]]s, better [[air quality]], and fewer [[mosquitoes]].

==Neighborhoods==
[[File:Wilmington A Place to be Somebody.jpg|thumb|Typical sign on major [[thoroughfare]]s entering Wilmington]]

The city of Wilmington is made up of the following neighborhoods:<ref>{{cite web |title = Wilmington Neighborhoods |url = http://www.wilmingtonde.gov/pdf/maps/City_Neighborhood_Areas.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101130213020/http://wilmingtonde.gov/pdf/maps/City_Neighborhood_Areas.pdf |archive-date = November 30, 2010 |publisher = City of Wilmington, Delaware |date = February 14, 2005 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all |access-date = August 14, 2009}}</ref>

===North of the Brandywine River===
[[File:Brandywine Village.JPG|thumb|[[Brandywine Village Historic District|Brandywine Village]]]]
* Baynard Village
* Brandywine Hills – This neighborhood of approximately 225 homes in northern Wilmington was started in the 1930s. The streets in the neighborhood are named after famous American and English authors, including Byron, Emerson, Hawthorne and Milton. It is bounded by Lea Boulevard, Rockwood Road, Miller Road, and Market Street<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Brandywine_Hills |title=Brandywine Hills |publisher=Neighborhood Link |date=September 22, 2010 |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=May 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527145048/http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Brandywine_Hills |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Brandywine Village<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brandywinevillage.org/ |title=Greater Brandywine Village |publisher=Greater Brandywine Village |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135239/http://www.brandywinevillage.org/ |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* Eastlawn
* Eastlake
* Gander Hill - site of [[Howard R. Young Correctional Institution]]
* Harlan
* Ninth Ward – Originally a post-Civil War political creation, the city's Ninth Ward has long been an area with owner-occupied residences. The Ninth Ward was integrated as a result of population shifts in the 1960s and remains a stable, working-class neighborhood.
* Prices Run - west of [[U.S. Route 13 in Delaware|Northern Boulevard]]
* [[Riverside–11th Street Bridge]] – in the northeastern part of the city between the [[Northeast Corridor]] and [[U.S. Route 13 in Delaware|Northern Boulevard]].
* Triangle – a group of homes built in the 1920s whose corresponding streets along I-95 and Baynard Boulevard and 18th Street and Concord Avenue loosely form a triangle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://triangle.home.att.net/ |title=The Triangle Neighborhood Association |year=2009 |location=Wilmington, Delaware |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309204005/http://triangle.home.att.net/ |archive-date=March 9, 2009 }}</ref> It is bounded by W 18th St., Baynard Boulevard, Concord Ave., and Broom St.

===East of I-95===
[[File:Quaker Hill HD.JPG|thumb|[[Quaker Hill Historic District (Wilmington, Delaware)|Quaker Hill]]]]
* Center City (Downtown)
* East Side
* Justison Landing
* LOMA
* Midtown Brandywine – Located on the banks of the Brandywine River, Midtown Brandywine is bordered by North Washington Street, East 11th Street, North French Street and South Park Drive. Homes in the neighborhood were first established in the late 1800s as the Brandywine River became home to several mills and trading posts. Midtown Brandywine's boundaries include the Brandywine Park, Fletcher Brown Park, the Hercules building, a neighborhood adopted pocket park, and several notable restaurants and eateries. The neighborhood is also home to "The Little Church", previously known as The Old Presbyterian Church. Originally built on Market Street between 9th and 10th streets, the gambrel-roofed church was relocated to its current site on South Park Drive in 1917 and has since become synonymous with Midtown Brandywine.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=October 9, 2010 |url=http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Midtown_Brandywine |title=Midtown Brandywine Neighbors Association |publisher=Neighborhood Link |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527145156/http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Midtown_Brandywine |archive-date=May 27, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Quaker Hill<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quakerhillhistoric.org/ |title=Quaker Hill Historic Preservation Foundation |publisher=Quaker Hill Historic Preservation Foundation |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=October 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008162132/http://www.quakerhillhistoric.org// }}</ref> – From a country hilltop in the 19th century to rows of city homes today, Quaker Hill (which surrounds the historical Quaker Friends Meeting House) has watched its neighborhood become much more modernized over the last three centuries. This city district was founded by Quakers William Shipley and Thomas West in the early 18th century. The nearby Meeting House keeps Quaker Hill closely tied to its rich history. The cemetery of the Wilmington Friends House is the burial site of the abolitionist Thomas Garrett and John Dickinson, signer of the U.S. Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wilmingtondefriendsmeeting.org/ |title=Wilmington Monthly Meeting of Friends |publisher=Wilmington Friends Meeting |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=April 18, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418021108/http://www.wilmingtondefriendsmeeting.org/index.htm }}</ref>
* Riverfront<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riverfrontwilm.com/ |title=Riverfront Wilmington |publisher=Riverfront Development Corporation |date=June 26, 2010 |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=February 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221182516/http://riverfrontwilm.com/ }}</ref> – Formerly a hub for manufacturing and the city's shipbuilding industry, which began to see a rapid series of state-sponsored urban renewal and gentrification projects beginning in the late 1990s. The neighborhood is currently home to landmarks such as the Wilmington Blue Rocks' Baseball Stadium and the Shipyard Shops.
* Southbridge
* Trinity Vicinity – This neighborhood is located in the center of Wilmington, next to the Trinity Church and Interstate 95. A collection of row homes and detached houses, many of which were originally built in the late 19th century. The revitalization of the neighborhood was aided by the Urban Homesteading Act in the 1970s. The neighborhood was designated as a historic district in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trinityvicinity.org/ |title=Trinity Vicinity.org Website |publisher=Trinity Vicinity Neighborhood Association |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=October 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015173928/http://www.trinityvicinity.org/ }}</ref>
* Upper East Side (East Brandywine)
* West Center City
* 11th St. Bridge<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/11th_St_Bridge |title=11th Street Bridge Civic Association |archive-date=May 19, 2011 |publisher=Neighborhood Link |access-date=May 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519023523/http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/11th_St_Bridge |url-status=live }}</ref>

===West of I-95===
[[File:2401 Baynard Wilmington DE.JPG|thumb|House on [[Baynard Boulevard Historic District|Baynard Boulevard]]]]
[[File:1001 Monroe Wilm DE.jpg|thumb|[[Shipley Run Historic District|Shipley Run]]]]
[[File:Sam DuPont.JPG|thumb|[[Samuel Francis Du Pont]], an 1884 statue by [[Launt Thompson]] in [[Rockford Park]]]]
* Bayard Square
* Browntown – areas in the city that were originally populated by Polish immigrants. Today, the Polish community maintains a strong presence, while other ethnicities have moved in the neighborhood's borders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Hedgeville |title=Hedgeville Community Association |archive-date=May 27, 2011 |publisher=Neighborhood Link |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527145146/http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Hedgeville |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Canby Park – About 1930 the Wilmington City Council renamed Southwest Park as Canby Park in honor of Henry and [[William Marriott Canby]].<ref name=JSTOR>{{cite web|title=Canby, William Marriott (1831–1904)|website=JSTOR, Global Plants|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000150660|access-date=August 17, 2021|archive-date=August 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817185147/https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000150660|url-status=live}}</ref> Canby Park Estates is on one side of the park.
* Cool Spring & Tilton Park – bounded loosely by Pennsylvania Avenue on the north, West 7th Street on the south, North Jackson Street on the east and North Rodney Street on the west. The neighborhood is home to two Catholic schools, [[Ursuline Academy (Delaware)|Ursuline Academy]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ursuline.org/content/co-ed-and-single-sex |publisher = Ursuline Academy |access-date = July 19, 2012 |title = Co-ed and Single Sex |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130605090816/http://www.ursuline.org/content/co-ed-and-single-sex |archive-date = June 5, 2013 |df = mdy-all}}</ref> and [[Padua Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.paduaacademy.org/page.aspx?pid=315 |publisher= Padua Academy |access-date= July 19, 2012 |title= Padua Academy: About Us |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120312234634/http://www.paduaacademy.org/page.aspx?pid=315 |archive-date= March 12, 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The neighborhood is also the location of the private University & Whist Club and the Holy Trinity [[Greek Orthodox]] Church, which hosts an annual Greek cultural festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/wilmington-de/coolsprings |title=Neighborhoodlink.com |publisher=Neighborhood Link |access-date=October 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714162728/http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/wilmington-de/coolsprings/ |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref>
* Delaware Avenue
* The Flats – The Flats was founded by businessman William Bancroft who developed the neighborhood in 1901 under the Woodlawn Company, now known as the Woodlawn Trustees, with the intention of creating affordable homes for working class residents of Wilmington. The predominantly minority community is currently in the process of gaining authorization for a $100 million revitalization to be performed in seven phases over 12 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20130818/NEWS/308180081/After-demolition-neighborhood-reborn |title=After demolition, a neighborhood reborn |first=Andrew |last=Staub |date=August 17, 2013 |newspaper=The News Journal |location=Wilmington, Delaware |access-date=August 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821130724/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20130818/NEWS/308180081/After-demolition-neighborhood-reborn |archive-date=August 21, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Forty Acres – This historically Irish neighborhood, rural until the mid-19th century, developed from the farmland of Joshua T. Heald. One of the city's first suburbs, the neighborhood is centered on the St. Ann's Roman Catholic Church. The name Forty Acres is taken from the fertility of the farmland. One acre of the land was said to be worth {{convert|40|acre|m2}} one might find someplace else. The neighborhood exists northeast of Delaware Avenue, southwest of Riddle Avenue, east of Union Street and west of DuPont Street, with Lovering Avenue as its eastern boundary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Forty_Acres |title=Forty Acres Civic Association |archive-date=May 19, 2011 |publisher=Neighborhood Link |access-date=May 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519023847/http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Forty_Acres |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Greenhill
* Happy Valley – a small collection of late 19th-century row houses on the southeastern slope to Brandywine Park, between Adams Street, Van Buren Street (I-95), Wawaset Street and Gilpin Avenue. This neighborhood also includes a significant number of more modern townhouses (1970's) designed by architect Richard Chalfant.
* Hedgeville
* The Highlands – located between Pennsylvania Avenue and Delaware Avenue, the Highlands neighborhood, centered on 18th Street southeast of Rockford Park, was developed by Joshua Heald in the 19th century for affluent, middle-class residents. It contains detached and semi-detached houses of exuberant architectural detailing, representing numerous popular styles of the time.
* Hilltop – This area located along 4th Street and roughly bordered by Lancaster Avenue, Jackson Street, Clayton Street has remained one of the most diverse neighborhoods in the city since the late 19th century. Today, this area is home to one of the city's fastest growing segments – the Hispanic community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.wilmington.de.us/neighborhood/Hilltop/wg_introduction.htm |title=Hilltop Neighborhood Working Group |publisher=City of Wilmington |work=Community Services: Neighborhoods |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=June 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628220346/http://www.ci.wilmington.de.us/neighborhood/Hilltop/wg_introduction.htm }}</ref> Historically, Westside/Hilltop was one of the two of city's most crime and drug plagued neighborhoods based on the number of service calls for police. In the Westside/Hilltop area, drug related calls was 285 in 1989 and 808 in 1990. "This increase in reported drug activity coincides with similar increases in other cities which were related to the growth of the crack cocaine trade."<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Harris|first1=Richard J|last2=O'Connell|first2=John P|last3=Mande|first3=Mary J|last4=Kane|first4=James|date=September 1999|title=Evaluation of Operation Weed & Seed in Wilmington, Delaware|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/181088NCJRS.pdf|publisher=State of Delaware Document Number 100703-990904|page=14|access-date=October 5, 2020|archive-date=October 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010200519/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/181088NCJRS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Little Italy, Wilmington|Little Italy]] – this neighborhood consists of the area around Union Street and Lincoln streets, between Pennsylvania Avenue and Lancaster Avenue. Anchored by the immigration waves of the late 19th century and early 20th century, Little Italy has retained its roots, even as neighborhood remodeling projects update the scenery. A central feature of the neighborhood is the St. Anthony of Padua Roman Catholic Church. The neighborhood hosts an annual Italian Festival in the summertime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discoverlittleitaly.com/ |title=Welcome to Little Italy |publisher=Little Italy Neighborhood Association |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=June 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608192107/http://www.discoverlittleitaly.com/home.htm }}</ref>
* St. Elizabeth Area – The St. Elizabeth area is anchored by the St. Elizabeth Parish at 809 S. Broom St., considered the heart of the Catholic community. This historic church, built on the grounds of the Banning Estate, dates back to 1908.
[[File:Trolley Square mall in Wilmington, northeast side.jpg|thumb|right|One side of the Trolley Square mall. The third store from the left on the lower level was once the computer repair shop that became the originating location of the [[Hunter Biden laptop controversy|Hunter Biden laptop saga]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2023/03/17/hunter-biden-sues-wilmington-delaware-laptop-repairman-john-paul-mac-isaac/70020444007/ | title=Hunter Biden is suing Trolley Square laptop repairman at center of data leak | first=Xerxes | last=Wilson | newspaper=The News Journal | location=New Castle, Delaware | date=March 17, 2023 }}</ref>]]
* Trolley Square – settled in the 1860s after the city's trolley line had extended into farmland once owned by the Shallcross and Lovering families. The city's former trolley depot and bus barn was located on the spot where the Trolley Square shopping complex now sits. The neighborhood lies between Harrison Street, Pennsylvania Avenue, Lovering Avenue and the CSX Transportation railroad track.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Trolley Square Delaware Shopping, Activities, Events |publisher=Trolley Square Merchant Association |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=May 9, 2009 |url=http://www.visittrolleysquare.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509164843/http://www.visittrolleysquare.com/}}</ref> The depot and other buildings were demolished in 1974 and the mall opened in 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hagley.org/librarynews/trolley-square-wilmington%E2%80%99s-streetcar-system-and-delaware-coach-company | title=Trolley Square, Wilmington's Streetcar System, and the Delaware Coach Company | first=Clayton | last=Ruminski | publisher=Hagley Museum and Library | date=September 22, 2016 }}</ref>
* Wawaset
* Wawaset Heights
* [[Wawaset Park, Wilmington, Delaware|Wawaset Park]] – The neighborhood was constructed by the Dupont Company in 1918 to provide a residential community for their employees. Baltimore architect Edward L. Palmer Jr. was chosen to design the community, which was to have a mix of single family homes and smaller attached Prior to the development of houses. The neighborhood was constructed on a {{convert|50|acre|m2|adj=on}} plot. Prior to its construction, the tract of land had been used as a horse racing track and a fairground. Wawaset Park was placed on the Register of Historic Places in 1986. The neighborhood is bounded by Pennsylvania Avenue, West 7th Street, Woodlawn Avenue and Greenhill Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |archive-date=May 19, 2011 |url=http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Wawaset_Park_Maintenance_Corp |title=Wawaset Park Maintenance Corp. |publisher=Neighborhood Link |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519022054/http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Wawaset_Park_Maintenance_Corp |url-status=live }}</ref>
* West Hill
* Westmoreland – detached housing developed in the 1950s, as part of the suburban movement that followed the end of World War II. Its location is adjacent to the original [[Wilmington Country Club]], bounded by Ogle Avenue, Dupont Road, the Wilmington High School property and the Ed "Porky" Oliver Golf Course.
* [[Union Park Gardens]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Union_Park_Gardens |title=Union Park Gardens |publisher=Neighborhood Link |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606011227/http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/Union_Park_Gardens |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Historic districts and Conservation District===
The City of Wilmington designates nine areas as historic districts and one area as a conservation district. The historic districts are the Baynard Boulevard, Kentmere Parkway, Rockford Park, Cool Spring/Tilton Park, the tri-part sections of the Eastside, St. Marys and [[Holy Trinity Church (Old Swedes)|Old Swedes Church]], [[Quaker Hill Historic District (Wilmington, Delaware)|Quaker Hill]], Delaware Avenue, Trinity Vicinity, and Upper/Lower Market Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wilmingtonde.gov/districts/index.htm |title=City Historic Districts |work=Community Services |publisher=City of Wilmington |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=January 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125145215/http://wilmingtonde.gov/districts/index.htm}}</ref> The conservation district is Forty Acres.

===Gallery===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
Image:BrandywineAcadHABS1934.jpg|The Brandywine Academy building
Image:Wilmington Meetinghouse.JPG|Friends Meeting House in Quaker Hill
Image:Cathedral of Saint Peter, Wilmington DE.jpg|Cathedral of Saint Peter in Quaker Hill
Image:Old custom House.JPG|[[Old Customshouse (Wilmington, Delaware)|Old Customshouse]]
Image:Woodward Houses Wilmington.JPG|[[Woodward Houses]]
Image:Delaware Children's Theatre 01.jpg|[[Delaware Children's Theatre|New Century Club]]
Image:Delaware swedish tercentenary half dollar commemorative obverse.jpg|[[Holy Trinity Church (Old Swedes)|Old Swedes Church]] depicted on the 1937 [[Delaware Tercentenary half dollar]] coin
</gallery>

===Surrounding municipalities===
{{Geographic location
|Northwest = [[Greenville, Delaware]]
|North = [[Talleyville, Delaware]]
|Northeast = [[Bellefonte, Delaware]]
|West = [[Elsmere, Delaware]]
|Center = Wilmington, Delaware
|South = [[New Castle, Delaware]]
|Southwest = [[Newport, Delaware]]
|Southeast = [[Pennsville, New Jersey]]
|East = [[Penns Grove, New Jersey]]
}}

==Climate==
[[File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Wilmington Area, DE(ThreadEx).svg|thumb|right|Climate chart for Wilmington]]
Wilmington has a warm [[temperate climate]] or [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''), with hot and humid summers, cool to cold winters, and precipitation evenly spread throughout the year. In July, the daily average is {{convert|76.8|°F|1}}, with an average 21 days of {{convert|90|°F|0}}+ highs annually. Summer thunderstorms are common in the hottest months. The January daily average is {{convert|32.4|°F|1}}, although temperatures may occasionally reach {{convert|10|°F|0}} or {{convert|55|°F}} as fronts move toward and past the area. Snowfall is light to moderate, and variable, with some winters bringing very little of it and others witnessing several major snowstorms; the average seasonal total is {{convert|20.2|in|cm}}. Extremes in temperature have ranged from {{convert|-15|°F|0}} on February 9, 1934, up to {{convert|107|°F|0}} on August 7, 1918, though both {{convert|100|°F|0}}+ and {{convert|0|°F|0}} readings are uncommon; the last occurrence of each was June 24, 2025, and February 5, 1996, respectively.

{{Weather box
|location = Wilmington, Delaware ([[New Castle County Airport]]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1894–present
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 75
|Feb record high F = 78
|Mar record high F = 86
|Apr record high F = 97
|May record high F = 98
|Jun record high F = 102
|Jul record high F = 103
|Aug record high F = 107
|Sep record high F = 100
|Oct record high F = 98
|Nov record high F = 85
|Dec record high F = 75
|year record high F = 107
|Jan avg record high F = 63.1
|Feb avg record high F = 63.8
|Mar avg record high F = 73.8
|Apr avg record high F = 83.3
|May avg record high F = 89.1
|Jun avg record high F = 93.5
|Jul avg record high F = 95.8
|Aug avg record high F = 93.8
|Sep avg record high F = 89.7
|Oct avg record high F = 82.6
|Nov avg record high F = 72.3
|Dec avg record high F = 64.2
|year avg record high F = 96.9
|Jan high F = 41.4
|Feb high F = 44.1
|Mar high F = 52.5
|Apr high F = 64.2
|May high F = 73.5
|Jun high F = 82.2
|Jul high F = 86.8
|Aug high F = 84.9
|Sep high F = 78.5
|Oct high F = 67.0
|Nov high F = 55.9
|Dec high F = 46.0
|year high F = 64.8
|Jan mean F = 33.5
|Feb mean F = 35.5
|Mar mean F = 43.2
|Apr mean F = 53.9
|May mean F = 63.5
|Jun mean F = 72.6
|Jul mean F = 77.6
|Aug mean F = 75.8
|Sep mean F = 68.9
|Oct mean F = 57.2
|Nov mean F = 46.6
|Dec mean F = 38.2
|year mean F = 55.5
|Jan low F = 25.6
|Feb low F = 27.0
|Mar low F = 33.9
|Apr low F = 43.5
|May low F = 53.4
|Jun low F = 63.0
|Jul low F = 68.3
|Aug low F = 66.6
|Sep low F = 59.3
|Oct low F = 47.3
|Nov low F = 37.4
|Dec low F = 30.3
|year low F = 46.3
|Jan avg record low F = 9.7
|Feb avg record low F = 12.0
|Mar avg record low F = 18.9
|Apr avg record low F = 30.2
|May avg record low F = 39.2
|Jun avg record low F = 49.9
|Jul avg record low F = 58.3
|Aug avg record low F = 56.0
|Sep avg record low F = 45.1
|Oct avg record low F = 33.4
|Nov avg record low F = 23.3
|Dec avg record low F = 16.4
|year avg record low F = 7.4
|Jan record low F = −14
|Feb record low F = −15
|Mar record low F = 2
|Apr record low F = 11
|May record low F = 30
|Jun record low F = 40
|Jul record low F = 48
|Aug record low F = 43
|Sep record low F = 32
|Oct record low F = 23
|Nov record low F = 11
|Dec record low F = −7
|year record low F = -15
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 3.23
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.83
|Mar precipitation inch = 4.16
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.51
|May precipitation inch = 3.57
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.67
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.41
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.98
|Sep precipitation inch = 4.38
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.68
|Nov precipitation inch = 3.06
|Dec precipitation inch = 3.85
|year precipitation inch = 45.33
|Jan snow inch = 6.1
|Feb snow inch = 7.8
|Mar snow inch = 3.1
|Apr snow inch = 0.1
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.0
|Nov snow inch = 0.2
|Dec snow inch = 2.9
|year snow inch = 20.2
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 10.8
|Feb precipitation days = 10.0
|Mar precipitation days = 11.2
|Apr precipitation days = 11.1
|May precipitation days = 11.7
|Jun precipitation days = 11.0
|Jul precipitation days = 10.0
|Aug precipitation days = 8.9
|Sep precipitation days = 8.8
|Oct precipitation days = 8.9
|Nov precipitation days = 8.8
|Dec precipitation days = 10.6
|year precipitation days = 121.8
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 3.5
|Feb snow days = 3.5
|Mar snow days = 1.7
|Apr snow days = 0.1
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.2
|Dec snow days = 1.7
|year snow days = 10.7
|source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
|url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=phi
|title = NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = June 18, 2021
|archive-date = March 5, 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120305104542/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=phi
|url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=NCEI>{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013781&format=pdf
|title = Station: Wilmington New Castle CO AP, DE
|work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020)
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = June 18, 2021
|archive-date = June 11, 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210611115146/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013781&format=pdf
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Wilmington, Delaware.tab
| title=Wilmington monthly weather statistics
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1820= 5268
|1830= 6628
|1840= 8367
|1850= 13979
|1860= 21258
|1870= 30841
|1880= 42478
|1890= 61431
|1900= 76508
|1910= 87411
|1920= 110168
|1930= 106597
|1940= 112504
|1950= 110356
|1960= 95827
|1970= 80386
|1980= 70195
|1990= 71529
|2000= 72664
|2010= 70851
|2020= 70898
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US1077580 |title=Census - Geography Profile: Wilmington city, Delaware |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=October 1, 2021 |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613225130/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US1077580 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Wilmington city, Delaware – Racial and ethnic composition''' {{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}
!Race / ethnicity (''NH = Non-Hispanic'')
!Pop 1980<ref>{{Cite web |title=1980 census |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1980/volume-1/delaware/1980a_deabcd-04.pdf |access-date=June 19, 2024}}</ref>
!Pop 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delaware: 1990 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-9.pdf |access-date=June 19, 2024}}</ref>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Wilmington city, Delaware|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US1077580&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Wilmington city, Delaware|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US1077580&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Wilmington city, Delaware|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US1077580&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!% 1980
!% 1990
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|30,952
|28,987
|23,352
|19,770
|style='background: #ffffe6; |18,892
|44.09%
|40.52%
|32.14%
|27.90%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |26.65%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|35,665
|36,911
|40,545
|40,170
|style='background: #ffffe6; |38,627
|50.81%
|51.60%
|55.80%
|56.70%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |54.48%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|68
|141
|133
|158
|style='background: #ffffe6; |116
|0.10%
|0.20%
|0.18%
|0.22%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.16%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|132
|307
|468
|648
|style='background: #ffffe6; |907
|0.19%
|0.43%
|0.64%
|0.91%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.28%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|N/A
|N/A
|14
|4
|style='background: #ffffe6; |21
|N/A
|N/A
|0.02%
|0.01%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.03%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|71
|111
|110
|137
|style='background: #ffffe6; |342
|0.10%
|0.16%
|0.15%
|0.19%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.48%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed-race or multiracial]] (NH)
|N/A
|N/A
|894
|1,176
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,570
|N/A
|N/A
|1.23%
|1.66%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3.62%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|3,307
|5,072
|7,148
|8,788
|style='background: #ffffe6; |9,423
|4.71%
|7.09%
|9.84%
|12.40%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |13.29%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''70,195'''
|'''71,529'''
|'''72,664'''
|'''70,851'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''70,898'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 70,898 people, 31,754 households, and 13,572 families residing in the city. The most reported ancestries in 2020 were:<ref>{{cite web |title=TOTAL POPULATION |url=https://data.census.gov/table?t=-06:-1000E:-3000F:-4000G:-5000K:-7000E:-8000B&g=160XX00US1077580&d=DEC+Detailed+Demographic+and+Housing+Characteristics+File+A |website=data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>
* [[African Americans|African American]] (33.4%)
* [[Irish people|Irish]] (9.1%)
* [[Germans|German]] (6.2%)
* [[English people|English]] (6.1%)
* [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] (6.1%)
* [[Italians|Italian]] (5.5%)
* [[Mexicans|Mexican]] (3.8%)
* [[Polish people|Polish]] (2.3%)
* [[Scottish people|Scottish]] (1.6%)
* [[French people|French]] (1.1%)

===2010 census===
As of the census of 2010, there were 70,851 people, 28,615 households, and 15,398 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|6,497.6|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 32,820 housing units at an average density of {{convert|3,009.9|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}} and with an occupancy rate of 87.2%. The racial makeup of the city was 58.0% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 32.6% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.4% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.0% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], <0.1% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 5.4% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 2.6% from two or more races. 12.4% of the population were [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race. [[Non-Hispanic Whites]] were 27.9% of the population in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/10/1077580.html |title=Wilmington (city), Delaware |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=May 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707041815/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/10/1077580.html |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> compared to 40.5% in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delaware – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=May 14, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 }}</ref> As of the census of 2000, the largest ethnicities included: [[Irish American|Irish]] (8.7%), [[Italian American|Italian]] (5.7%), [[German American|German]] (5.2%), [[English American|English]] (4.4%), and [[Polish American|Polish]] (3.6%).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190521214830/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=May 21, 2019
|title=2010 SF1 Data for Wilmington, Delaware
|work=[[City-Data]]
|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
|access-date=November 17, 2011

}}</ref>

There were 28,615 households, out of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.5% were married couples living together, 24.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.2% were non-families. 38.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.18.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 24.4% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.

According to ACS one-year estimates for 2010, the median income for a household in the city was $32,884, and the median income for a family was $37,352. Males working full-time had a median income of $41,878 versus $36,587 for females working full-time. The per capita income for the city was $24,861. 27.6% of the population and 24.9% of families were below the poverty line. 45.7% of those under the age of 18 and 16.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_CP03&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213129/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_CP03&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=2010 SF1 Data for Wilmington, Delaware|work=[[City-Data]]|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref>

==Economy==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin-left:1em;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="background-color:tan;"|'''Top city employers as of 2019''' Source: ''Comprehensive Annual Financial Report''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=City of Wilmington Comprehensive Annual Financial Report|url=https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/home/showdocument?id=8872|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828202845/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/home/showdocument?id=8872|archive-date=August 28, 2020|access-date=August 28, 2020|page=187|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
! Rank !! Company or organization!! #
|-
| 1
| [[Delaware|State of Delaware]]
|14,199
|-
|2
| [[ChristianaCare]]
|11,308
|-
|3
| [[University of Delaware]]
|4,493
|-
|4
| [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]
|4,300
|-
|5
| [[Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware|Nemours Children's Health]]
|3,795
|-
|6
| [[DuPont]]
|3,500
|-
|7
| [[AstraZeneca]]
|2,500
|-
|8
| [[YMCA in America|YMCA]] of Delaware
|2,469
|-
|9
| [[Christina School District]]
|2,390
|-
|10
| [[Red Clay Consolidated School District|Red Clay School District]]
|2,200
|}

[[File:Bank Center.jpg|thumb|[[WSFS Bank]]'s headquarters in downtown Wilmington]]

Much of Wilmington's economy is based on its status as the most populous city in Delaware.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Contributing to the economic health of the downtown and Wilmington Riverfront regions has been the presence of [[Wilmington station (Delaware)|Wilmington Station]], through which 665,000 people passed in 2009.<ref name=Taylor2010>{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=April 3, 2010 |title=Delaware transportation: For now, it's a headache on all sides of the tracks |periodical=The News Journal (Delawareonline) |place=New Castle, Delaware |publisher=Gannett |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/2000998191.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Apr+3%2C+2010&author=ADAM%20TAYLOR&pub=The+News+Journal&desc=For+now%2C+it%27s+a+headache+on+all+sides+of+the+tracks&pqatl=google |access-date=July 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624225337/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/2000998191.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Apr+3%2C+2010&author=ADAM%20TAYLOR&pub=The+News+Journal&desc=For+now%2C+it%27s+a+headache+on+all+sides+of+the+tracks&pqatl=google |archive-date=June 24, 2012 |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> In terms of growth, {{as of|2018|lc=y}} the city was seeing nearly $450M worth of private investments,{{How often|date=November 2020}} multi-million dollars of city infrastructure improvements, and significant improvements to their transportation infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilmtoday.com/attractions/growth-wilmington-tipping-point/|title=Growth in Wilmington Reaching a "Tipping Point"|date=November 8, 2018|website=Wilmington Today|language=en-US|access-date=April 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430213633/https://www.wilmtoday.com/attractions/growth-wilmington-tipping-point/|archive-date=April 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Wilmington has become a national financial center for the credit card industry, largely due to regulations enacted by former [[List of Governors of Delaware|Governor]] [[Pete du Pont|Pierre S. du Pont IV]] in 1981. The Financial Center Development Act of 1981, among other things, eliminated the [[usury]] laws enacted by most states, thereby removing the cap on interest rates that banks may legally charge customers. Major credit card issuers such as [[Barclays|Barclays Bank of Delaware]] (formerly [[Juniper Bank]]), are headquartered in Wilmington. The Dutch banking giant [[ING Groep N.V.]] headquartered its U.S. internet banking unit, [[ING Direct]] (now Capital One 360), in Wilmington. [[Wilmington Trust]] is headquartered in Wilmington at [[Rodney Square]]. Barclays and Capital One 360 have very large and prominent locations along the waterfront of the [[Christina River]]. In 1988, the Delaware legislature enacted a law which required a would-be acquirer to capture 85 percent of a Delaware chartered corporation's stock in a single transaction or wait three years before proceeding. This law strengthened Delaware's position as a {{Weasel inline|text=safe haven for corporate charters during an especially turbulent time filled with hostile takeovers.|date=July 2024}}

Wilmington's other notable industries include insurance (American Life Insurance Company [ALICO], Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Delaware), [[retail banking]] (including the Delaware headquarters of: Wilmington Trust (now a branch of [[M&T Bank]], after Wilmington Trust merged with M&T in 2011), [[PNC Bank]], [[Wells Fargo]], [[JPMorgan Chase]], [[HSBC]], [[Citizens Financial Group|Citizens Bank]], [[WSFS Bank|Wilmington Savings Fund Society]], and Artisans' Bank), and legal services. A General Motors plant was closed in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bal-wilmington-gm-plant-0601,0,7972596.story |title=(Unknown) |publisher=Baltimoresun.com |date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=October 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155129/http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bal-wilmington-gm-plant-0601%2C0%2C7972596.story |archive-date=June 4, 2011 }}</ref> Wilmington is home to one [[Fortune 500]] company, [[DuPont|E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/states/DE.html |title=Fortune 500 2012: Delaware |publisher=CNN |date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=July 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721001215/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/states/DE.html |archive-date=July 21, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Science and Technology are also thriving as companies such as [[Incyte]], [[Chemours]], [[Corteva]], [[Solenis]] and ZipCode call Wilmington home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siteselection.com/issues/2018/sep/delaware-the-fast-track-to-innovation.cfm|title=Delaware: The Fast Track to Innovation {{!}} Site Selection Magazine|last=Arend|first=Mark|website=Site Selection|language=en|access-date=April 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430212742/https://siteselection.com/issues/2018/sep/delaware-the-fast-track-to-innovation.cfm|archive-date=April 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, the city is the corporate domicile of more than 50% of the publicly traded companies in the United States, and over 60% of the Fortune 500.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Delaware chartered corporations rely on the state's [[Delaware Court of Chancery|Court of Chancery]] to decide legal disputes, which places legal decisions with a judge instead of a jury. The Court of Chancery, known both nationally and internationally for its speed, competence, and knowledgeable judiciary as a [[court of equity]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.instituteforlegalreform.com/lawsuit-climate.html |title = Lawsuit Climate: 2010 |work = instituteforlegalreform.com |publisher = [[Institute for Legal Reform]] |location = Washington, D.C. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512173650/http://www.instituteforlegalreform.com/lawsuit-climate.html |archive-date = May 12, 2011 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all |access-date = December 21, 2010}}</ref> is empowered to grant broad relief in the form of injunctions and restraining orders, which is of particular importance when shareholders seek to block or enjoin corporate actions such as mergers or acquisitions. The Court of Chancery, as a statewide court, may hear cases in any of the state's three counties. A dedicated-use Chancery courthouse was constructed in 2003 in Georgetown, Sussex County.<ref name="2006 Annual Report of the Delaware Judiciary">{{cite web|title=CELEBRATING THE TRADITION OF EXCELLENCE – COURTS AND COURTHOUSES|url=https://courts.delaware.gov/aoc/AnnualReports/FY06/TraditionofExcellence.pdf|access-date=February 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224165429/http://www.courts.delaware.gov/AOC/AnnualReports/FY06/TraditionofExcellence.pdf|archive-date=February 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It has hosted high-profile complex corporate trials such as the [[Michael Eisner#The Walt Disney Company|Disney shareholder litigation]].

Because Delaware is the official state of incorporation for so many American companies, the [[United States Bankruptcy Court]] for the District of Delaware, located in Wilmington, is one of the busiest of the 94 federal bankruptcy courts located around the United States.

Delaware has among the strictest rules in the U.S. regarding out-of-state legal practice, allowing no reciprocity to lawyers who passed the bar in other states.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://courts.delaware.gov/bbe/faq.htm#7 |title=Frequently Asked Questions for the Board of Bar Examiners |publisher=Delaware Judiciary |access-date=October 9, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826155456/http://courts.delaware.gov/bbe/faq.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2010 }}</ref>

==Arts and culture==
[[File:Old Swedes front corner 1.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Holy Trinity Church (Old Swedes)]]]]
Wilmington has many museums, galleries, and gardens, as well as many ethnic festivals and other events throughout the year. Notable among its museums is the [[Delaware Art Museum]] whose collection focuses on American art and illustration from the 19th to the 21st century, and on the English Pre-Raphaelite movement of the mid-19th century.

===Festivals===
Wilmington boasts a vibrant and diverse ethnic population, celebrated through several festivals each spring and summer. The most popular is the Italian Festival, held by [[St. Anthony's Roman Catholic Church (Wilmington, Delaware)|St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church]] in the second week of June, featuring traditional Italian music, food, and games. Other similar events are the Greek Festival organized by Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church and the Polish Festival hosted by St. Hedwig's Catholic Church, each showcasing cuisine, games, music and entertainment. Haneef's African Festival celebrates African American heritage, while the [[Big August Quarterly]], held since 1814, honors African American religious freedom.<ref>{{cite book |title=State names, seals, flags, and symbols |author=Shearer, Barbara Smith |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-31534-5 |page=258}}</ref> IndiaFest, hosted by the Indo American Association of Delaware, showcases Indian culture.<ref>{{cite web| title = Indiafest 2009| work = IAAD- Indo American Association of Delaware| url = http://www.iaadelaware.org/| access-date = December 1, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090831131034/http://www.iaadelaware.org/| archive-date = August 31, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> Wilmington also observes Hispanic Week, coinciding with [[National Hispanic Heritage Month]], which includes a pageant, parade, music, cuisine, and a carnival on the Riverfront.

The [[Clifford Brown Jazz Festival]] is a week-long outdoor music festival held each summer in Wilmington's [[Rodney Square]]. The ''Peoples' Festival'' is an annual tribute to [[Bob Marley]], who once lived in Wilmington trying to earn money enough to establish his [[Tuff Gong#Recording studio|Tuff Gong music studio]] in Jamaica. Started in 1994, the Peoples' Festival features [[reggae]] and [[world beat]] musicians playing original music and [[Bob Marley and the Wailers]] songs and is held on the Wilmington riverfront each summer. The ''Riverfront Blues Festival'', a three-day music festival held each August in the Tubman-Garrett Riverfront Park, features prominent blues acts as well as artists from the local area.

Seasonal events include an annual [[Christmas tree]]-lighting ceremony related to the Christmas holiday at [[Rockwood Museum and Park]].<ref name=ochristmastree>{{Citation |author=staff |date=December 3, 2011 |title=O christmas tree |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |edition=Delaware Online |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20111203/NEWS/112030327/-1/NLETTER01/O-christmas-tree |access-date=December 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818104748/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20111203/NEWS/112030327/-1/NLETTER01/O-christmas-tree |archive-date=August 18, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wilmington's memorial day parade is the oldest continuous parade in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/Home/Components/News/News/2937/225|title=City News {{!}} Wilmington, DE|website=www.wilmingtonde.gov|access-date=April 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418152009/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/Home/Components/News/News/2937/225|archive-date=April 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Wilmington Riverfront===
[[File:Wilmington Riverfront.JPG|thumb|The ''[[Kalmar Nyckel]]'' with the Wilmington skyline in the background]]

In the 1990s, the city launched a campaign to revitalize the former shipyard area known as the Wilmington Riverfront.<ref name="riverwalk">{{cite web|url=https://delawaretoday.com/life-style/the-wilmington-riverfronts-unexpected-evolution/ |title=The Wilmington Riverfront's Unexpected Evolution |author=Nagengast, Larry |publisher=Delaware Today |date=April 4, 2016 |access-date=March 3, 2025 }}</ref> Delaware Theatre Company was at the forefront of this movement, opening its current space on Water Street in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delawaretheatre.org/about_history |title=History of the Delaware Theatre Company |publisher=Delaware Theatre Company |access-date=January 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628230045/http://www.delawaretheatre.org/about_history |archive-date=June 28, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other key developments included [[Kahunaville]], later to become the Delaware Children’s Museum, and [[Daniel S. Frawley Stadium]], home to the [[Wilmington Blue Rocks]] minor league baseball team.<ref name="riverwalk" /> The [[Chase Center on the Riverfront]] opened as the First USA Riverfront Arts Center in 1998 to hold traveling exhibitions but was repurposed into the city's [[convention center]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Milford|first=Maureen|date=July 5, 1998|title=Revitalizing the Riverfront in Wilmington, Del.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/05/realestate/revitalizing-the-riverfront-in-wilmington-del.html|access-date=August 21, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The groundbreaking of Justison Landing in 2006 marked the start of Wilmington's largest residential project since Bancroft Park was built after World War II. Outlet shops, restaurants and a riverfront market have also opened along the {{convert|1.2|mi|km|adj=on}} riverwalk.<ref name="riverwalk" />

===Places of interest===
{{See also|National Register of Historic Places listings in Wilmington, Delaware}}
[[File:Wilmington Rodney Square.jpg|thumb|[[Rodney Square]], Center City, Wilmington]]
{{New Netherland}}
* [[Brandywine Zoo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brandywinezoo.org/ |title=Brandywine Zoo |publisher=Brandywine Zoo |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026021152/http://brandywinezoo.org/ |archive-date=October 26, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Delaware Art Museum]]
* [[The Delaware Contemporary]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedcca.org/ |title=Delaware Center for the Contemporary Arts |publisher=Thedcca.org |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904012633/http://www.thedcca.org/ |archive-date=September 4, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Delaware Center for Horticulture]]
* Delaware Children's Museum
* [[Delaware Children's Theatre]]
* [[Delaware Historical Society]]
* [[Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame]]
* Delaware Theatre Company<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delawaretheatre.org/ |title=Delaware Theatre Company |publisher=Delawaretheatre.org |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725224709/http://www.delawaretheatre.org/ |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* DuPont Playhouse
* Frank Furness Railroad District, a collection of railroad buildings designed by [[Frank Furness]]
* [[Fort Christina|Fort Christina State Park]]
* [[Grand Opera House (Wilmington, Delaware)|Grand Opera House]]
* [[Kalmar Nyckel|Kalmar Nyckel Foundation & Tall Ship]]
* [[Holy Trinity Church (Old Swedes)|Holy Trinity (Old Swedes') Church]]
* Riverfront Market
* Rockford Tower
* [[Rodney Square]]
* [[Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery]]
* [[Wilmington Blue Rocks]], [[South Atlantic League]] baseball
* [[Wilmington Drama League]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wilmingtondramaleague.org/ |title=Wilmington Drama League |publisher=Wilmingtondramaleague.org |date=December 13, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129044713/http://wilmingtondramaleague.org/ |archive-date=November 29, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The Wilmington Library<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wilmlib.org/ |title=Wilmington Public Library |publisher=Wilmlib.org |date=October 5, 2010 |access-date=October 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201204310/http://wilmlib.org/ |archive-date=December 1, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Wilmington Riverfront
* [[Wilmington State Parks]], which includes [[Brandywine Park]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brandywinepark.org/ |title=Friends of Wilmington Parks |publisher=Brandywinepark.org |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016132445/http://www.brandywinepark.org/ |archive-date=October 16, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sports and recreation==

===Sports===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Club
! scope="col" | Sport
! scope="col" | League
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Founded
! scope="col" | Championships
|-
| [[Delaware Blue Coats]]
| [[Basketball]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[NBA G League]]
| [[Chase Fieldhouse]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013
| (1) 2023
|-
| [[Wilmington Blue Rocks]]
| [[Baseball]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Minor League Baseball|MiLB]] ([[South Atlantic League]])
| [[Frawley Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1993
| (5) 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2019
|-
| [[Delaware Black Foxes]]
| [[Rugby league]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[USA Rugby League|USARL]]
| [[Eden Park Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| None
|-
|[[Bearfight FC]] of Wilmington
|[[Soccer]]
|[[United States Adult Soccer Association]]
|Traveling Team
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013
| None
|-
|[[Wilmington Rugby Football Union]]
|[[Rugby union]]
|[[USA Rugby]]
|[[Alapocas Run]]
|1974<ref>{{Cite web |title=WRFC Club History.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8OYW3qN0qmIamVkYXl3SnNSTjA/edit?resourcekey=0-3I2IhpTtZtgym3lDmDdszg&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=Google Docs}}</ref>
|None
|}

[[File:Frawley.Stadium.JPG|thumb|[[Frawley Stadium]]]]

The [[Wilmington Blue Rocks]], a [[Minor League Baseball]] team affiliated with the [[Washington Nationals]], plays at [[Daniel S. Frawley Stadium]]. The stadium is also the home of the [[Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame]].

Since their founding in 2015, the [[USA Rugby League]] expansion club [[Delaware Black Foxes]] have been based in the city at [[Eden Park Stadium]].

In 2013, [[Bearfight FC]] of Wilmington was founded as the only [[United States Adult Soccer Association]] hailing from [[Delaware]], qualifying them as the sole representative of The First State in the [[Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup]].

The Wilmington Country Club is a country club and golf course located just outside of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wilmingtoncc.com|title=Wilmimgton Country Club|publisher=wilmingtoncc.com|access-date=April 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422142642/https://wilmingtoncc.com/|archive-date=April 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Ed "Porky" Oliver Golf Club is a public course located within the city limits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edolivergolfclub.com|title=Ed Oliver Gold Club|publisher=edolivergolfclub.com|accessdate=May 29, 2020}}</ref> Rock Manor is a public course located just outside of the city limits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockmanorgolf.com|title=Rock Manor Golf|publisher=rockmanorgolf.com|accessdate=May 29, 2020}}</ref>

The [[Delcastle Tennis Center]] is a tennis center located in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://delcastletenniscenter.com/|title=Delcastle Tennis Center|publisher=delcastletenniscenter.com|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128053136/https://delcastletenniscenter.com/|archive-date=November 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Outdoor recreation===
The [[Wilmington State Parks]] are a group of [[List of Delaware state parks|four parks]] in Wilmington operated by the Delaware State Park system. The four parks are Brandywine Park, including the [[Brandywine Zoo]] and Baynard Stadium, Alapocas Woods Natural Area, H. Fletcher Brown Park and Rockford Park. Admission to the parks is free, but a fee is charged for admittance to the [[zoo]]. The parks, within minutes of each other, are open year-round from sunrise to sunset. The zoo is open daily from 10:00 am until 4:00 pm, May through November. Rockford Tower and Rockford Park is open from 10:00 am until 4:00 pm on Saturdays and Sundays, from May 1 until October 31. The parks are patrolled by Delaware State Park Rangers whose headquarters office is in Brandywine Park.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.destateparks.com/wilmsp/wilmsp.htm | title = Wilmington State Parks | access-date = September 27, 2007 | publisher = [[Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001182913/http://www.destateparks.com/wilmsp/wilmsp.htm | archive-date = October 1, 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The City of Wilmington also operates 55 parks and recreational facilities across the city.

===Running===
[[File:Northern-delaware-greenway-wilmington-de.jpg|thumb|Northern Delaware Greenway]]
The [[Delaware Distance Classic]] is a 15K road race held in October by the Pike Creek Valley Running Club (PCVRC). The course has rotated every few years based on sponsorship and is currently located in nearby Delaware City. The event began in 1983 as a fundraiser for the PCVRC, and the Mike Clark Legacy Foundation has been the beneficiary for the last few years.

The Caesar Rodney Half Marathon is a {{convert|21.0975|km|mi|adj=on}} road race held annually since 1964 on the second Sunday in March.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrsnv.com/evt/home.jsp?id=2308 |title=American Lung Association – Event Information |publisher=Mrsnv.com |access-date=October 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209143704/http://www.mrsnv.com/evt/home.jsp?id=2308 |archive-date=February 9, 2009 }}</ref> Billed by race organizers as the "granddaddy of Delaware road races", it generally draws more than 1,000 runners from 20 states and several countries. From the starting line at Wilmington's [[Rodney Square]], runners flow past the scenic revitalized riverfront, through Rockford Park and back to Rodney Square at the Caesar Rodney statue. Proceeds benefit the [[American Lung Association]] of Delaware.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://action.lung.org/site/TR?fr_id=8530&pg=entry|title=2014 Caesar Rodney Half Marathon & 5K – Wilmington, DE – American Lung Association – Events|work=lung.org|access-date=January 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090403/http://action.lung.org/site/TR?fr_id=8530&pg=entry|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Run for the Buds 1/2 Marathon, 1/2 Marathon Relay, and 5K Run/Walk is held annually at Rockford Park in mid-October. Proceeds benefit people with intellectual disabilities through the [[Down Syndrome]] Association of Delaware.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.runforthebuds.com |title=DSA Delaware |publisher=Run for the Buds |access-date=July 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214211553/http://www.runforthebuds.com/ |archive-date=December 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cycling===
The Wilmington Grand Prix is held annually and is considered one of the premier criterium-style bike races in the country. Now in its 11th year, it is part of USA Cycling's National Race Calendar, a collection of only the most elite races. Weekend festivities include a street festival, a time trial on Monkey Hill, criterium races in downtown Wilmington at both the amateur and pro level, a 50 km Media Fondo, a 100 km Gran Fondo, and a leisurely Governor's Ride.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wilmgrandprix.com/about/|title=About - Wilmington Grand Prix|access-date=January 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116161505/http://wilmgrandprix.com/about/|archive-date=January 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additionally, the [[East Coast Greenway]] passes through Wilmington and its immediate suburbs for 10.4 miles as part of the scenic Northern Delaware Greenway, which includes steep hills, heavily forested sections and paved portions that lead through downtown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delawaregreenways.org/portfolio_page/northern-delaware-greenway-trail/ |title=Northern Delaware Greenway Trail |website=Delaware Greenways |access-date=January 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116162432/http://delawaregreenways.org/portfolio_page/northern-delaware-greenway-trail/ |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenway.org/explore-by-state/de |title=Welcome to the East Coast Greenway in Delaware |website=East Coast Greenway |access-date=June 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703021708/http://www.greenway.org/explore-by-state/de |archive-date=July 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Government==
The Wilmington City Council consists of thirteen members. The council consists of eight members who are elected from geographic districts, four elected at-large and the City Council President. The Council President is elected by the entire city. The [[Mayor of Wilmington, Delaware|Mayor of Wilmington]] is also elected by the entire city.

The current mayor of Wilmington is [[John Carney (Delaware politician)|John Carney]] (D).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.delawarepublic.org/politics-government/2025-01-08/former-gov-john-carney-sworn-in-as-wilmington-mayor-alongside-new-members-of-city-council | title=Former Gov. John Carney sworn in as Wilmington mayor alongside new members of City Council | date=January 8, 2025 |publisher=Delaware Public Media|author-first1=Sarah|author-last1=Petrowich}}</ref> The current city council members are listed in the table below.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Council Members – Wilmington City Council|url=https://www.wilmingtoncitycouncil.com/council-members/|access-date=July 18, 2021|language=en|archive-date=July 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718015647/https://www.wilmingtoncitycouncil.com/council-members/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! District !! Councilperson !! Party !! First elected since|-
|-
|President || Ernest "Trippi" Congo II || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic || 2008
|-
|Treasurer|| DaWayne Sims|| {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic|| 2021
|-
|1 || Coby J. Owens || {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic || 2025
|-
|2 || Shané Darby|| {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic || 2021
|-
|3 || Zanthia Oliver || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic || 2017
|-
|4 || Michelle Harlee || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic || 2017
|-
|5 || Chrisitan Willauer || {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic || 2025
|-
|6 || Yolanda McCoy || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic || 2017
|-
|7 || Chris Johnson || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic || 2019
|-
|8 || Nathan Field || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic || 2021
|-
|rowspan=4|At-large || Maria Cabrera|| {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic || 2021 (2013-2017)
|-
| Alexander D. Hackett|| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic || 2024
|-
| James Spadola || {{Party shading/Democratic}}| Democratic || 2021
|-
| Latisha Bracy || {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic || 2022
|}

The [[Delaware Department of Correction]] [[Howard R. Young Correctional Institution]], renamed from Multi-Purpose Criminal Justice Facility in 2004 and housing both pretrial and posttrial male prisoners, is located in Wilmington. The prison is often referred to as the "Gander Hill Prison" after the neighborhood it is located in. The prison opened in 1982.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://doc.delaware.gov/BOP/PrisonMPCJF.shtml |title=Howard R. Young Correctional Institution |date=August 18, 2010
|work=[[Delaware Department of Correction]] |publisher=State of Delaware |archive-date=August 18, 2010 |access-date=August 30, 2010
|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818232419/http://www.doc.delaware.gov/BOP/PrisonMPCJF.shtml }}</ref>

Many Wilmington City workers belong to one of several Locals of the [[American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees]] union.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unions' pact with Wilmington saves 235 jobs |first=Mike |last=Chalmers |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110514/NEWS02/105140352/-1/NLETTER01/Unions--pact-with-Wilmington-saves-235-jobs |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |publisher=Gannett |location=New Castle, Delaware |date=May 14, 2011 |at=DelawareOnline |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240525083304/https://www.webcitation.org/5ygFHNXjm?url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110514/NEWS02/105140352/-1/NLETTER01/Unions--pact-with-Wilmington-saves-235-jobs%3Fsource=nletter-news |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Crime===
{{Infobox UCR
|city_name= Wilmington
|year= 2019
|homicide= 24
|rape= 19
|robbery= 326
|aggravated_assault= 689
|violent_crime= 1,058
|burglary= 569
|larceny_theft= 2,121
|motor_vehicle_theft= 460
|arson= 2
|property_crime= 3,150
|source_url= https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/table-8/table-8-state-cuts/delaware.xls
|source_name= 2020 FBI UCR Data
|notes= 2019 population: 70,624
}}

In early 2019, the city of Wilmington released a report highlighting that the crime rate in 2018 had been at its lowest in recent history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilmtoday.com/monthly-featured/encouraged-hopeful-and-committed-public-safety-in-wilmington-improved-greatly-in-2018|title=Encouraged, Hopeful and Committed: Public Safety in Wilmington Improved Greatly in 2018|publisher=WilmToday|date=January 11, 2019|access-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403132423/https://www.wilmtoday.com/monthly-featured/encouraged-hopeful-and-committed-public-safety-in-wilmington-improved-greatly-in-2018/|archive-date=April 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to 2018, Wilmington was consistently ranked among the most dangerous cities in the United States, along with several other cities in the [[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia Metropolitan Area]], such as [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]], [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]], and [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], New Jersey, and [[Chester, Pennsylvania]]. In the 2000s, while most cities had seen a decrease in crime and murder, Wilmington had broken its record for homicides in a single year multiple times. In 2017, Wilmington saw an even steeper increase in crime. By August 2017, Wilmington had already eclipsed the homicide total of 2016 despite only being 2/3 through the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.delawareonline.com/webapps/crime/|title=Wilmington Shootings|website=data.delawareonline.com|language=en|access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816064910/http://data.delawareonline.com/webapps/crime/|archive-date=August 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Wilmington recorded 28 homicides, making for a rate of 39.5 per 100,000 residents, which is ten times the national average.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Local/RunCrimeJurisbyJuris.cfm|title=Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics|website=www.ucrdatatool.gov|access-date=August 15, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wilmington frequently appears on [[NeighborhoodScout|NeighborhoodScout's]] "Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in the United States" list. In 2017, Wilmington was ranked as the 5th most dangerous city in the US.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/blog/top100dangerous|title=Top 100 most dangerous places to live in the USA - NeighborhoodScout|date=January 1, 2017|work=NeighborhoodScout|access-date=August 15, 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305074810/https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/blog/top100dangerous|archive-date=March 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearby cities such as Camden, New Jersey, and Chester, Pennsylvania, also ranked in the top 15. In early 2017, the mayor's office as well as many public advocates called for comprehensive action to reduce astronomical crime rates in Wilmington, as the city saw a shooting almost every other day throughout the spring, and by May, the city had already seen 15 homicides. According to the WPD's 2018 Compstat report, shooting incidents decreased to a level not seen in Wilmington in more than 15 years. When compared to the average number of shooting incidents from 2003 through 2017, which is 108, the 72 shooting incidents in 2018 represent a 33% decrease over the 15-year period average.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/government/public-safety/wilmington-police-department/compstat-reports|title=COMPSTAT REPORTS|publisher=City of Wilmington, DE|access-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133425/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/government/public-safety/wilmington-police-department/compstat-reports|archive-date=April 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Police===
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2011}}
[[File:Wilmington, Delaware police van.jpg|thumb|left|WPD van at Rodney Square]]

The Wilmington Police Department (WPD), is authorized to deploy up to 289 officers in motor vehicles, on foot, and on bicycle. Its operations are accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies. As of 2023, its chief of police is Wilfredo Campos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Police |url=https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/government/public-safety/wilmington-police-department/wpd-command-staff |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409113502/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/government/public-safety/wilmington-police-department/wpd-command-staff |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |access-date=September 25, 2023 |publisher=City of Wilmington}}</ref>

In 2002, the Wilmington Police Department started a program known to some in the neighborhoods as ''jump-outs'' in which unmarked police vans would patrol crime-prone neighborhoods late at night, suddenly converge at street corners where people were [[loitering]] and detain them temporarily. Using loitering as probable cause, the police would then photograph, search, and [[fingerprint]] everyone present. Along with apprehending anyone with drugs or weapons, it was thought that this program would improve the police's database of fingerprints and [[eye-witness]]es for use in future crime investigations. Some citizens protested that such a practice was a violation of [[civil right]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taylor|first=Adam|date=August 25, 2002|title=Wilmington police photo policy under fire|newspaper=The News Journal|publisher=The News Journal Co.|location=Wilmington, DE|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/newsjournal/local/2002/08/25wilmingtonpolic.html|url-status=dead|access-date=October 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020901111015/http://www.delawareonline.com/newsjournal/local/2002/08/25wilmingtonpolic.html|archive-date=September 1, 2002}}</ref>

Also in 2002, the entire downtown business district was placed under video monitoring. Wilmington was the first city in the United States to monitor the entire business district using video monitoring. The city claims this has helped prevent and reduce crime.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 8, 2002|title=Mayor Baker And Downtown Visions Announce Expansion And Completion Of The City's Downtown Video Safety Partnership Program|url=http://www.ci.wilmington.de.us/pressreleases/pr021108.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021208032411/http://www.ci.wilmington.de.us/pressreleases/pr021108.htm|archive-date=December 8, 2002|access-date=October 5, 2020|website=City of Wilmongton Press Release}}</ref>

===Fire department and EMS===
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2021}}
The Wilmington Fire Department (WFD) is led by Chief John Looney<ref>{{Cite press release|title=John Looney Is Appointed Chief of the Wilmington Fire Department|url=https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/Home/Components/News/News/5475/225|access-date=June 9, 2021|website=City News {{!}} Wilmington, DE|archive-date=June 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609175015/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/Home/Components/News/News/5475/225|url-status=live}}</ref> and maintains five engine companies, two ladder companies, a rescue squad company, and a marine company (fireboat) fire fighting fleet.

Emergency medical services are provided through contract with the city's St. Francis Hospital, whose EMS division operates a minimum five BLS transport units at all times of the day. Advanced Life Support services in the City of Wilmington are provided by New Castle County's EMS Division with two city-based medic units. All Wilmington firefighters since 2002 are trained to the EMT-B level and serve as first responders for life-threatening emergencies.

==Education==

===Primary and secondary schools===
[[File:Charter School of Wilm-1.JPG|thumb|The former [[Wilmington High School (Delaware)|Wilmington High School]] houses [[Cab Calloway School of the Arts]] and [[Charter School of Wilmington]].]]
Wilmington is served by the [[Brandywine School District|Brandywine]], [[Christina School District|Christina]], [[Red Clay Consolidated School District|Red Clay]], and [[Colonial School District (Delaware)|Colonial]] school districts for elementary, junior high, and high school public education.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st10_de/schooldistrict_maps/c10003_new_castle/DC20SD_C10003.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: New Castle County, DE|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=June 18, 2021|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616210849/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st10_de/schooldistrict_maps/c10003_new_castle/DC20SD_C10003.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Of those four, Colonial is the only one which has no schools located in the Wilmington city limits.<ref name=Rodel>{{cite web|url=http://www.rodelfoundationde.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/28.-Wilmington-Deck.pdf|title=Additional Detail: City of Wilmington|publisher=Rodel Foundation of Delaware|date=November 2015|accessdate=July 1, 2021|page=2/12|archive-date=July 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702025652/http://www.rodelfoundationde.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/28.-Wilmington-Deck.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cab Calloway School of the Arts]] of the Red Clay district is in the Wilmington city limits. The [[New Castle County Vocational-Technical School District]] operates [[Howard High School of Technology]] in the city of Wilmington.

{{As of|2020}} there are no comprehensive traditional public high schools in the Wilmington city limits, and most high school-aged students in the city attend high schools in suburban areas away from the city. Cris Barrish and Mark Eichmann of [[WHYY-TV|WHYY]] wrote that these suburban comprehensive high schools "struggle academically".<ref name=BarrishEichmann>{{cite web|last1=Barrish|first1=Cris|last2=Eichmann|first2=Mark|url=https://whyy.org:443/episodes/could-bringing-back-wilmington-high-help-fix-school-inequities/|title=Could bringing back Wilmington High help fix school inequities?|publisher=[[WHYY-TV|WHYY]]|date=January 18, 2020|accessdate=July 3, 2021|archive-date=August 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232830/https://whyy.org/episodes/could-bringing-back-wilmington-high-help-fix-school-inequities/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Wilmington also hosts several [[charter school]]s. {{As of|November 2015}} there were 11 [[charter schools]] in the city limits.<ref name=Rodel/> These include the [[Charter School of Wilmington]], Great Oaks Charter School, Kuumba Academy Charter School, East Side Charter School, and a [[magnet school]], [[Cab Calloway School of the Arts]] which focuses on the performing arts. The Charter School of Wilmington and Cab Calloway School of the Arts are housed in the building of the former Wilmington High School. Great Oaks Charter School and Kuumba Academy are housed in the Community Education Building, formerly known as Bracebridge IV, acquired by Bank of America from MBNA Corp. in 1997 and donated to The Longwood Foundation in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cebde.org/our-journey-in-time.html|title=Our Journey In Time|website=Community Education Building|language=en|access-date=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329120737/http://www.cebde.org/our-journey-in-time.html|archive-date=March 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:David W. Harlan Elementary School in Wilmington, Delaware.jpg|thumb|David W. Harlan Elementary School in Wilmington (of the [[Brandywine School District]])]]

Historically, [[Wilmington High School (Delaware)|Wilmington High School]], [[P.S. du Pont High School]], and [[Howard High School (Wilmington, Delaware)|Howard High School]] were racially segregated schools in Wilmington, with Wilmington High and P.S. du Pont serving white students and Howard serving Black students.<ref name=BarrishEichmann /> Following the 1954 ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' ruling, schools in New Castle County desegregated, but de facto segregation persisted as Wilmington became predominantly Black, while surrounding districts remained mostly white.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} A 1968 Delaware law prevented merging districts, and by 1969, Wilmington, du Pont, and Howard were the city's main high schools.<ref name=BarrishEichmann /> In response to segregation, a 1976 court ruling required busing students between Wilmington and suburban districts.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The [[Wilmington School District]] and ten suburban school districts merged into the [[New Castle County School District]] in 1978. That district was divided into four districts (Brandywine, Christina, Red Clay, and Colonial) in 1981.<ref name=Delgovhist>{{cite web|url=https://archives.delaware.gov/delaware-agency-histories/new-castle-county-school-district/|title=New Castle County School District|publisher=Government of Delaware|access-date=2025-03-31}}</ref> The new districts were aiming for racial balance.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Wilmington High continued under the Red Clay District until 1999, and Howard and P.S. du Pont were repurposed. Public opinion was divided, with some African Americans supporting education within the city, while suburban parents resisted busing due to safety concerns.<ref name=BarrishEichmann /> In 2015, Delaware's education secretary supported reopening a comprehensive high school in Wilmington, a proposal still debated in 2020 due to fears of racial resegregation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Watson|first=John|url=https://whyy.org/articles/wilmington-high-school-the-time-has-come/|title=Wilmington High School: the time has come|publisher=[[WHYY-TV|WHYY]]|date=March 16, 2015|accessdate=July 3, 2021|archive-date=July 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704005238/https://whyy.org/articles/wilmington-high-school-the-time-has-come/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BarrishEichmann/>

There are many private elementary and secondary schools in Wilmington, including<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.privateschoolreview.com/county_private_schools/stateid/DE/county/10003|title=New Castle County, DE Private Schools - PrivateSchoolReview.com|work=privateschoolreview.com|access-date=December 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221003601/http://www.privateschoolreview.com/county_private_schools/stateid/DE/county/10003|archive-date=December 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Salesianum|Salesianum School]], [[Serviam Girls Academy]], Nativity Preparatory of Wilmington,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nativitywilmington.org/|title=Nativity Preparatory School of Wilmington|access-date=December 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007130024/http://nativitywilmington.org/|archive-date=October 7, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ursuline Academy (Delaware)|Ursuline Academy]], [[Tower Hill School]], [[St. Elizabeth High School (Delaware)|St. Elizabeth High School]], and [[Padua Academy]]. With 17.6% of the area students enrolled in private schools, the Wilmington area ranks as one of the top ten metropolitan areas in the country for the percentages of students in private school.<ref>{{cite news |author=Davidson |first=Jacob |title=You'll Never Guess the City Where Private School Is Most Common – TIME |work=MONEY.com |url=https://money.com/private-school-enrollment-cities-highest/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415231033/https://money.com/private-school-enrollment-cities-highest/ |archive-date=April 15, 2021}}</ref> [[The Tatnall School]] and [[Wilmington Friends School]] have Wilmington postal addresses but are located outside of the city limits.

===Colleges and universities===
There are several colleges operating in the city of Wilmington:
* [[Delaware State University]] – Wilmington Campus
* [[Delaware Technical & Community College]] – Wilmington Campus
* [[Goldey-Beacom College]]
* [[University of Delaware]] – Wilmington Campus and Downtown Building
* [[Wilmington University]] – Wilmington Campus
* Wilmington University School of Law
* [[Widener University Delaware Law School]]

Closed:
* [[Delaware College of Art & Design]]

===Public libraries===
Wilmington Library maintains the Wilmington Branch and the North Wilmington Branch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wilmington.lib.de.us/north-branch/|title=North Wilmington Branch|publisher=Wilmington Library|access-date=2025-03-30}}</ref>

New Castle County Library operates the Woodlawn Library in the Wilmington city limits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newcastlede.gov/344/Woodlawn-Library|title=Woodlawn Library|publisher=New Castle County Library|access-date=2025-03-30|quote=2020 W. Ninth St Wilmington, DE 19805 }} - This specific address is in [https://www.choosewilmingtonde.org/media/userfiles/subsite_167/files/zoning-map.pdf the Wilmington city limits].</ref> There are other libraries outside of the city limits, of which several have Wilmington post office addresses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newcastlede.gov/287/Branches|title=Branches|publisher=New Castle County Library|access-date=2025-03-30}}</ref>

==Media==
{{see also|List of newspapers in Delaware|List of radio stations in Delaware|List of television stations in Delaware}}

===Radio and television===
The Wilmington area is home to five FM radio stations and four AM radio stations. A sixth FM radio station is located in Southern New Jersey and is included in the Wilmington radio market surveys:
* 91.3-FM [[WVUD]]—Non-commercial radio ([[University of Delaware]], [[Newark, Delaware]])
* 91.7-FM [[WMPH]]—Non-commercial high school radio
* 93.7-FM [[WSTW]]—[[Contemporary hit radio|Pop contemporary hits]]
* 96.9-FM W245CJ—Hispanic format
* 99.5-FM [[WVCW (FM)|WVCW]]—[[Christian radio|Christian]]
* 101.7-FM [[WDEL-FM]]—[[Talk radio|News Talk Information]] (Canton, New Jersey)
* 103.7-FM [[WXCY-FM]]—[[Country music|Country]]
* 1150-AM [[WDEL (AM)|WDEL]]—News Talk Information
* 1290-AM [[WWTX]]—[[Sports talk]]
* 1380-AM [[WTMC]]—Travel Information
* 1450-AM [[WILM (AM)|WILM]]—News Talk Information

Additionally, many radio stations from [[Philadelphia]] reach Wilmington. Wilmington is part of the [[Philadelphia#Media|Philadelphia television market]]. Three of the market's stations are licensed to Wilmington: [[WPPX]], [[WDPN-TV]], and [[WHYY-TV]].
{{Philly TV}}
{{Philly Radio}}

===Newspaper===
* ''[[The News Journal]]'', founded as the ''Delaware Gazette'' in 1785. Daily circulation as of 2004 and 2007 exceeded 100,000, placing the newspaper among the top 100 in the United States, based on circulation.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/99999999/ADVERTISING01/51010011/Circulation
|title=Circulation
|date=February 14, 2008
|work=delawareonline
|publisher=Gannett
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203143524/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/99999999/ADVERTISING01/51010011/Circulation
|archive-date=February 3, 2012
|access-date=June 7, 2011
|quote=Source: ABC Audit Report, 12/26/04
|url-status=live

}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.burrellesluce.com/top100/2007_Top_100List.pdf
|title=Top 100 US Daily Newspaper
|year=2007
|publisher=BurellesLuce
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325040129/http://www.burrellesluce.com/top100/2007_Top_100List.pdf
|archive-date=March 25, 2009
|access-date=June 7, 2011
|quote= Source: Audit Bureau of Circulations figures for six-month period ending 3.31.07 }}</ref>
* ''Wilmington Sunday Star'' (1881–1954)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://guides.lib.udel.edu/delawarenewspapers |title=Delaware Newspapers |publisher=Delaware Library |access-date=December 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212220224/http://guides.lib.udel.edu/delawarenewspapers |archive-date=December 12, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* WilmToday, founded in 2016 to cover the latest news

===Portrayal in popular culture===
* Wilmington's skyline and other aerial shots of the city stood in for the fictional town of Arcadia in the television program ''[[Joan of Arcadia]]''.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Mullinax| first = Gary| title = TV version of God hanging out in Wilmington| newspaper = The News Journal| location = Wilmington, Delaware| pages = A1| publisher = Gannett Corporation| date = October 31, 2003| url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/1819848181.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Oct+31%2C+2003&author=GARY+MULLINAX&pub=The+News+Journal&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=TV+version+of+God+hanging+out+in+Wilmington| access-date = July 8, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120624221835/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/1819848181.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Oct+31%2C+2003&author=GARY+MULLINAX&pub=The+News+Journal&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=TV+version+of+God+hanging+out+in+Wilmington| archive-date = June 24, 2012| url-status = dead}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
* The 1999 film ''[[Fight Club]]'' (adapted from [[Chuck Palahniuk]]'s [[Fight Club (novel)|novel of the same title]]) is set in Wilmington. City officials rejected the filmmakers' request to film in Delaware, so the movie's exterior shots were filmed in Los Angeles.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
* ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' (SNL) skits portraying [[Joe Biden]] often mention his residency in Wilmington. For example, in the [[cold open]]ing of the May 12, 2012, episode, Biden pouts in his Washington, D.C., bedroom, which features an aerial picture of the downtown Wilmington skyline with "DELAWARE" printed along the bottom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hulu.com/watch/360884#s-p6-sr-i1 |title=Cold Opening: Obama visits Biden |date=May 12, 2012 |work=Saturday Night Live |publisher=[[Hulu]] |access-date=July 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629065258/http://www.hulu.com/watch/360884#s-p6-sr-i1 |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In November 2015, ABC announced a pilot for a legal drama starring [[Jada Pinkett Smith]] set in Wilmington. The show would have been called ''Murder Town''. Mayor Dennis Williams reacted strongly, calling the actors in the show "has beens". The pilot was passed over by ABC in August 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title = New ABC drama 'Murder Town' set in Wilmington|url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/11/11/tv-wilmington-murder-town/75601032/|website = USA TODAY|access-date = February 6, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180114161405/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/11/11/tv-wilmington-murder-town/75601032/|archive-date = January 14, 2018|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/entertainment/2016/08/12/murder-town-tv-show-probably-dead-point/88614690/|title='Murder Town' TV show 'probably dead at this point'|access-date=January 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925002521/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/entertainment/2016/08/12/murder-town-tv-show-probably-dead-point/88614690/|archive-date=September 25, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==

===Transportation===

====Highways====
[[File:2022-07-20 15 31 33 View south along Interstate 495 (Wilmington Bypass) from the overpass for East 12th Street in Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware.jpg|thumb|I-495, the largest highway passing through the city, bypasses downtown to the east along the shore of the Delaware River.]]

[[Interstate 95 in Delaware|Interstate 95]], which splits Wilmington roughly into eastern and western halves, provides access to major markets in the Northeast and nationwide. [[Interstate 495 (Delaware)|Interstate 495]] is a [[bypass (road)|bypass]] passing through the east side of the city, and [[Interstate 295 (Delaware – New Jersey)|Interstate 295]] is south of the city, crossing the [[Delaware River]] into [[New Jersey]] on the [[Delaware Memorial Bridge]]. [[U.S. Route 13 in Delaware|U.S. Route 13]] passes north–south through the eastern part of Wilmington, entering the city from the south along Dupont Highway before following Heald Street, the [[one-way pair]] of Church Street northbound and Spruce Street southbound, and Governor Printz Boulevard. [[U.S. Route 13 Business (Wilmington, Delaware)|U.S. Route 13 Business]] passes north–south through the center of Wilmington, entering the city from the south on Market Street before splitting into Walnut Street northbound and Market Street southbound, following Walnut Street northbound and King Street southbound in the downtown area, and following Market Street northeast out of the city to Philadelphia Pike. [[U.S. Route 202 in Delaware|U.S. Route 202]] follows I-95 through Wilmington before heading north onto Concord Pike through a business area to the north of the city. State routes serving Wilmington include [[Delaware Route 2]], which follows the one-way pair of Lincoln Street eastbound and Union Street westbound in the western part of the city before heading west out of the city along Kirkwood Highway; [[Delaware Route 4]], which heads southwest from the downtown area along Maryland Avenue; [[Delaware Route 9]], which enters the city from the south along New Castle Avenue before crossing the Christina River and heading west through the center of the city along 4th Street; [[Delaware Route 9A]], which provides access to the Port of Wilmington; [[Delaware Route 48]], which heads west from the downtown area along Lancaster Avenue; [[Delaware Route 52]], which follows Delaware Avenue and Pennsylvania Avenue northwest out of the city to Kennett Pike; and [[Delaware Route 202]], which follows Concord Avenue through the northern part of the city to connect to US 202 at Concord Pike.<ref name=DelDOT>{{Delaware road map|year=2008}}</ref>

In Wilmington, streets are laid out in a grid, with north–south streets named and east–west streets north of Lancaster Avenue/Front Street numbered from 2nd Street and increasing to the north, while east–west streets south of Lancaster Avenue/Front Street are named. Lancaster Avenue/Front Street serves as the divider between north and south while Market Street serves as the divider between east and west.<ref name=DelDOT/> There are 34 [[red light camera]]s in the city of Wilmington situated at 31 intersections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Light Camera Safety Program|publisher=The City of Wilmington, Delaware|url=https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/residents/red-light-camera-safety-program|access-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108095641/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/residents/red-light-camera-safety-program|archive-date=November 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Parking in downtown Wilmington is regulated by on-street [[parking meter]]s along with commercial [[parking lot]]s and [[parking garage]]s operated by the Wilmington Parking Authority, Colonial Parking, and [[SP Plus Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Downtown Parking|publisher=The City of Wilmington, Delaware|url=https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/residents/parking-in-wilmington/where-do-i-park-downtown|access-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612232935/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/residents/parking-in-wilmington/where-do-i-park-downtown|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Railroads====
[[File:Wilmington Station from parking garage, July 2014.JPG|thumb|Wilmington Station, which is served by Amtrak and SEPTA Regional Rail]]

Wilmington is served by the [[Wilmington station (Delaware)|Joseph R. Biden Jr. Wilmington Rail Station]], with frequent service between [[Boston, Massachusetts]], and [[Washington, D.C.]], via [[Amtrak]]'s [[Northeast Corridor]]. [[SEPTA Regional Rail]] provides frequent additional local commuter rail service to [[Philadelphia]] along the [[Wilmington/Newark Line]]. Amtrak has a major maintenance shop and yard in northeast Wilmington that maintains and rebuilds the agency's Northeast Corridor electric locomotive fleet. The Amtrak Training Facility is also located in Wilmington, as well as Amtrak's Consolidated National Operations Center (CNOC).<ref name=derailplan/>

Two freight railroads, [[CSX]] and [[Norfolk Southern]], also serve Wilmington. Norfolk Southern serves Wilmington along [[trackage rights]] on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor, the [[Shellpot Secondary]] line heading through the eastern part of Wilmington as a bypass of the Northeast Corridor, and the New Castle Secondary line heading south to [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]] and [[Porter, Delaware|Porter]]. CSX serves Wilmington along its [[Philadelphia Subdivision]] line running between Philadelphia and Baltimore. Both CSX and Norfolk Southern have a major freight-yard in the area; CSX operates the Wilsmere Yard to the west of the city in [[Elsmere, Delaware|Elsmere]] and Norfolk Southern operates the Edgemoor Yard to the northeast of the city in [[Edgemoor, Delaware|Edgemoor]].<ref name=derailplan>{{cite web|title=Delaware State Rail Plan|publisher=Delaware Department of Transportation|date=2011|url=https://deldot.gov/Publications/reports/srp/pdfs/srp_final.pdf|access-date=March 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412184749/https://deldot.gov/Publications/reports/srp/pdfs/srp_final.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Buses====
[[DART First State]] operates public bus service with approximately 30 bus lines serving the city and the surrounding suburbs as well as inter-county service to [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]], the state capital, and seasonal service to [[Lewes, Delaware|Lewes]]. Many DART First State bus routes operating in Wilmington serve [[Wilmington Transit Center]] and/or [[Rodney Square]], the main bus transit hubs in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dartfirststate.com/information/routes/index.shtml|title=Routes and Schedules|publisher=DART First State|access-date=August 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815034410/http://www.dartfirststate.com/information/routes/index.shtml|archive-date=August 15, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Greyhound Lines]] operates interstate bus service out of the [[Wilmington Bus Station (Delaware)|Wilmington Bus Station]] at the rail station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wilmington Bus Station|publisher=Greyhound Lines|url=https://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/us/delaware/wilmington/bus-station-180060|access-date=December 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103347/https://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/us/delaware/wilmington/bus-station-180060|archive-date=December 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Airports====
[[Wilmington Airport (Delaware)|Wilmington Airport]] (ILG) is located a few miles south of downtown, and offers scheduled passenger service operated by [[Avelo Airlines]]. Wilmington Airport also serves as a base for both the Delaware Army National Guard and Delaware Air National Guard. The closest major international airport is [[Philadelphia International Airport]] (PHL).

===Seaport===
Wilmington is also served by the [[Port of Wilmington (Delaware)|Port of Wilmington]], a modern full-service deepwater port and marine terminal handling over 400 vessels per year with an annual import/export cargo tonnage of 5 million [[ton]]s. The Port of Wilmington handles mostly international imports of fruits and vegetables, automobiles, steel, and bulk products.

===Utilities===
[[Delmarva Power]], a subsidiary of [[Exelon]], provides electricity and natural gas to Wilmington.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delmarva.com/connect-with-us/about-us/service-territory/|title=Service Territory|publisher=Delmarva Power|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525061222/http://www.delmarva.com/connect-with-us/about-us/service-territory/|archive-date=May 25, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gas Delivery Service Area|publisher=Delmarva Power|url=http://www.delmarva.com/my-home/natural-gas/our-service-area/|access-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815062712/http://www.delmarva.com/my-home/natural-gas/our-service-area/|archive-date=August 15, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city's Department of Public Works provides water and sewer service to Wilmington and some surrounding unincorporated areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Public Works|publisher=The City of Wilmington, Delaware|url=https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/government/city-departments/department-of-public-works|access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816064710/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/government/city-departments/department-of-public-works|archive-date=August 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite map|title=Geographic Information|publisher=New Castle County, Delaware|url=https://gis.nccde.org/gis_viewer/|access-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142809/https://gis.nccde.org/gis_viewer/|archive-date=March 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The city's water supply comes from the [[Hoopes Reservoir]] to the northwest of the city and from a dam along the [[Brandywine Creek (Christina River)|Brandywine Creek]] in the city, with water mains pumping the water from these sources to facilities in the city, where the water is treated and stored or distributed to customers.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McVarish|first1=Douglas C.|last2=Mancl|first2=Timothy J.|last3=Meyer|first3=Richard|title=From Creek to Tap: the Story of Wilmington's Public Water System|publisher=City of Wilmington, Delaware|date=2014|url=http://cdm16397.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16397coll17/id/0|access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816063123/http://cdm16397.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16397coll17/id/0|archive-date=August 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The city's Department of Public Works also provides trash collection and recycling to Wilmington.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trash Collection|publisher=The City of Wilmington, Delaware|url=https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/residents/keeping-wilmington-clean/trash-collection|access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816064744/https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/residents/keeping-wilmington-clean/trash-collection|archive-date=August 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Health care===
[[File:NCHDE 2.jpg|thumb|[[Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware]]]]

[[Christiana Care Health System]], a health network headquartered in Wilmington, runs [[Wilmington Hospital]] on the edge of downtown Wilmington and [[Christiana Hospital]] in suburban Christiana, as well as various satellite health centers throughout the area. St. Francis Hospital, a member of [[Trinity Health (Livonia, Michigan)|Trinity Health]], is located in the west end of Wilmington. The [[Nemours Foundation]] runs [[Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware]] in North Wilmington, just outside the city proper.

The city has one of the highest per capita rates of HIV infection in the United States, with disproportionate rates of infection among African-American males.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=October 30, 2009 |archive-date=March 26, 2009 |title=2006–2008 Statewide Coordinated Statement of Need & Comprehensive Treatment Plan |publisher=State of Delaware |url=http://www.delawarehiv.org/docs/2006-2008_SCSN_CHTP.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326142811/http://www.delawarehiv.org/docs/2006-2008_SCSN_CHTP.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |author-link=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=June 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2009 |title=Cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005 |periodical=HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report |volume=17 |archive-date=September 27, 2009|place=Atlanta, Georgia |publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2005report/pdf/2005SurveillanceReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927133853/http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2005report/pdf/2005SurveillanceReport.pdf }}</ref> Efforts by local advocates to create [[needle exchange]] programs to reduce the spread of infection were obstructed for several years by downstate and suburban state legislators but a program was finally approved in June 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebody.com/content/art23570.html |title=Delaware: Legislature Finally OKs Needle Exchange Program |date=June 30, 2006 |work=CDC HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention News Update |publisher=The HealthCentral Network |location=New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606113939/http://www.thebody.com/content/art23570.html |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=October 30, 2009 |quote=Adapted from:News Journal 06.30.2006; Cris Barrish |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sister cities==
{{SisterCities|Wilmington|six}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sistercitieswilmington.org/ |title=Sister Cities of Wilmington website |publisher=Sistercitieswilmington.org |access-date=October 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022043235/http://www.sistercitieswilmington.org/ |archive-date=October 22, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Fulda]], Germany
* [[Kalmar]], Sweden
* [[Olevano sul Tusciano]], [[Province of Salerno|Salerno]], [[Campania]], Italy
* [[Osogbo]], Nigeria
* [[Watford]], [[Hertfordshire]], England, United Kingdom

Wilmington is additionally a partner city of [[Nemours]], France.

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Wilmington, Delaware}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Philadelphia|Delaware}}
* [[List of mayors of Wilmington, Delaware]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Wilmington, Delaware]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Wilmington, Delaware]]
* [[USS Wilmington|USS ''Wilmington'']], 3 ships

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Timeline of Wilmington, Delaware#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Wilmington, Delaware}}
'''Published in the 18th and 19th centuries'''
* {{Cite book |publisher = At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews |location = Boston, Massachusetts |author = Jedidiah Morse |author-link=Jedidiah Morse |title = The American Gazetteer |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n609/mode/2up |chapter=Wilmington |date = 1797 |ol = 23272543M }}
* {{Citation |title = Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad guide book |author = Charles P. Dare |date = 1877 |oclc = 37266637 |chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/philadelphiawilm00dare#page/66/mode/2up |chapter = Wilmington |ol = 23325294M }}

'''Published in the 20th century'''
* Carol Hoffecker: ''Corporate Capital: Wilmington in the Twentieth Century'', Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikivoyage|Wilmington (Delaware)}}
{{AmCyc Poster|Wilmington (Delaware)|Wilmington, Delaware}}
* [https://www.wilmingtonde.gov/ Wilmington, Delaware]
* [https://www.visitwilmingtonde.com/ Wilmington Visitors Bureau]
* [http://www.oldwilmington.net/ Historic Wilmington Archive]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Wilmington (Delaware)|display=Wilmington, a city, a port of entry and the county-seat of New Castle county, Delaware, U.S.A. |short=x}}

{{Wilmington, Delaware}}
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[[Category:Wilmington, Delaware| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1638]]
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Love U Muddu

2026-03-21T01:45:05Z

Sergdpd: Put up info

{{short description|Indian Kannada language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love U Muddu
| image = Love U Muddu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kumaar L
| producer = Kishan T. N.
| writer = Kumaar L
| story =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Siddu Moolimani]] Reshmaa L [[Rajesh Nataranga]] [[Tabla Nani]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
| cinematography = Krishna Deepak
| editing = C. S. Deepu
| studio = Kishan Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|11|07}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Love U Muddu''''' is a 2025 [[Kannada language]] [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by Kumaar L.<ref>{{cite web |title=Director Kumar steps into romantic territory with Love U Muddu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/13/kannadanews2025aug13director-kumar-steps-into-romantic-territory-with-love-u-muddu |website=The New Indian Express|date=13 August 2025}}</ref> The film is produced by Kishan T. N under his banner Kishan Enterprises.<ref>{{cite web |title=Love U Muddu to hit the theatres on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/30/love-u-muddu-to-hit-the-theatres-on-this-date |website=Cinema Express.com |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Siddu Moolimani]] and Reshmaa in the lead roles along with [[Rajesh Nataranga]], [[Tabla Nani]] and Girish Subbaiah in key supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Oct/31/reshmaa-takes-centre-stage-in-love-u-muddu|title=Reshmaa takes centre stage in Love U Muddu|website=Cinema Express.com|date=2 November 2025|language=en}}</ref> The music for the film is composed by [[Aniruddha Sastry]] and cinematography is by Krishna Deepak.

The film is based on the real life love story of young couple Akash Narayankar and Anjali Shinde (famous as anjalibai official) from [[Solapur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Love U Muddu to immortalise a celebrated real-life romance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Nov/05/kannadanews2025nov04love-u-muddu-to-immortalise-a-celebrated-real-life-romance |website=The New Indian Express|language=en-IN |date=5 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://udayavani.com/sandalwood-news/real-story-behind-Love-u-muddu-movie-734091?lang=kn|title=ಸೊಲ್ಲಾಪುರದ ಜೋಡಿಯ ನಿಜ ಘಟನೆಯೇ ʼಲವ್‌ ಯು ಮುದ್ದುʼ|website=Udayavani.com|date=4 November 2025|language=kn-IN}}</ref> Filming took place around [[Bangalore]] and [[Karkala]] districts of [[Karnataka]], India.{{fact|date=March 2026}}

== Cast ==
* [[Siddu Moolimani]] as Karna
* Reshmaa L as Sumati
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]]
* [[Tabla Nani]]
* Girish Shivanna
* Srivatsa Shyam as Dinesh
* Apoorva
* Swathi Gurudatth

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Aniruddha Sastry]] and the audio was marketed by MRT Music. The single "Love You Muddu" was released on 14 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Love U Muddu title track released|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/20/love-u-muddu-title-track-released |website=Cinemaexpress.com |date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Eegeega Nanaganthu
| length1 = 4:49
| lyrics1 = Siddu Kodipura
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
| title2 = Baruthide Aluvu
| length2 = 4:13
| lyrics2 = Kumar
| extra2 = Jaskaran Singh
| title3 = Love U Muddu
| length3 = 4:13
| lyrics3 = Aniruddha Sastry
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Aishwarya Rangarajan, Surabhi Bharadwaj
| total_length = 13:02
}}

== Reception ==
Susmita Sameera from [[The Times of India]] rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and summarized "The message of Love You Muddu is simple yet powerful. When you truly love someone, commitment itself becomes an act of courage. It becomes the act of choosing again and again even when everything is against you. If you are someone who connected with films like Love 360 or the Love Mocktail series, this film is definitely worth watching for its genuine heart and emotional honesty".<ref>{{cite web |title=Love You Muddu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/kannada/a-quiet-sincere-tribute-to-unshakeable-love/movie-review/125148503.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|38428491}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]

Revathi Ramachandran

2026-03-15T04:09:45Z

Sergdpd: created some details first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Revathi Ramachandran
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|5|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Bharatanatyam dancer, choreographer, teacher, arts administrator
| years_active = 1972–present
| known_for = Director of [[Kalakshetra Foundation]] (2018–2023), exponent of Suddha Nrittam
| awards = [[Kalaimamani]], Nadana Maamani, Yuva Kala Bharathi, Isai Kalai Chelvar, Natya Kala Sikhamani, Arsha Kala Bhushanam, Vani Kalasudhakar, Singarmani
| education = M.A. in Economics
}}

'''Revathi Ramachandran''' (born 21 May 1960) is an Indian [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, choreographer, teacher, and arts administrator. She served as the Director of the [[Kalakshetra Foundation]] in [[Chennai]] from April 2018 to October 2023.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |title=Revathi Ramachandran to be Kalakshetra director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/revathi-ramachandran-to-be-kalakshetra-director/article23395879.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2018-03-27 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> A specialist in the Melattur style of Bharatanatyam, she is recognized as the sole exponent of Suddha Nrittam, a temple dance tradition revived by her guru, Mangudi Dorairaja Iyer.<ref name="CCRT">{{cite web |title=Revathi Ramachandran |url=https://ccrtindia.gov.in/artists_profile/revathi-ramachandran/ |website=[[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training]] (CCRT) |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ramachandran was born on 21 May 1960 in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="CCRT" /> Her mother, Jaya Venkatraman, a student of musician [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], introduced her to dance.<ref name="Sruti">{{cite web |title=Revathi Ramachandran and Thankamani Kutty |url=https://www.sruti.com/index.php/printeditions/sruti-back-issues-individual/revathi-ramachandran-and-thankamani-kutty |website=[[Sruti (magazine)|Sruti]] |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> She completed her arangetram in 1972 at age twelve and holds an M.A. in Economics.<ref name="CCRT" /><ref name="Sruti" /> In her youth, she captained the Tamil Nadu Women's Basketball team in the early 1980s and briefly worked at Indian Bank before pursuing dance full-time.<ref name="Sruti" /><ref name="Hindu2018">{{cite news |title=It's time to give back, says Kalakshetra's new director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/its-time-to-give-back-says-kalakshetras-new-director/article23838265.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2018-04-19 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>

== Dance career ==
Trained by Guru Mangudi Dorairaja Iyer in the Melattur style of [[Bharatanatyam]], Ramachandran is the sole practitioner of Suddha Nrittam, a temple dance form he revived.<ref name="CCRT" /> She also studied nattuvangam under Guru Bhagavatulu Seetarama Sarma at Kala Peetham, Chennai, [[veena]] under Kalpagam Swaminathan, and [[Kuchipudi]] under [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]], and received guidance from [[Padma Subrahmanyam]].<ref name="Narthaki">{{cite web |title=Profile: Revathi Ramachandran |url=https://narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl100.html |website=Narthaki |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref><ref name="HinduGanga">{{cite news |title=Revathi Ramachandran's Jagat Pavani Ganga conveys a message with grace |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/revathi-ramachandrans-jagat-pavani-ganga-conveys-a-message-with-grace/article20477347.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2017-11-16 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>
As an A-grade artist of [[Doordarshan]], she has performed solo recitals and dance-dramas across India at venues such as Sri Krishna Gana Sabha (1981, 1986, 1991, 1995, 2002, 2003), Sri Parthasarathy Swami Sabha, Music Academy, Chennai (1997, 2003), Chidambaram Natyanjali Festival (1988), Mamallapuram Dance Festival, and festivals organized by Narada Gana Sabha, Kartik Fine Arts, and Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.<ref name="CCRT" /> Internationally, she has performed in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, and at the World Conference on Peace and Religion.<ref name="CCRT" /> Notable performances include a 1992 tour with the International Dance Alliance’s ballet ''Krishnam Vande Jagatgurum'' and a choreographic workshop for India Dance Wales in Cardiff, UK, in 2004.<ref name="CCRT" />

Her productions, such as ''Jagat Pavani Ganga'', ''Devi'', and ''Upanishad Bharatham'', explore spiritual themes from the [[Upanishads]].<ref name="HinduGanga" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Dancers interpret Upanishads in different ways |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dancers-interpret-upanishads-in-different-ways/article6317511.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Upanishad Bharatham: Narada Gana Sabha's annual Natyarangam festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/upanishad-bharatham-narada-gana-sabhas-annual-natyarangam-festival-will-be-held-from-august-49/article6267589.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-08-01 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> Other works include ''Sri Venkatesa Suprabhatam'', ''Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Karavalambam'', ''Thennadu Udaiya Sivane Potri'', ''Ambalathil Aadum Jyothi'', ''Navavidha Bhakthi'', ''Aayar Kula Thilakam'', ''Jaya Jaya Bharatham'', and ''Lakshmi Vaibhavam'', which highlight themes of worship and Indian culture.<ref name="CCRT" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Many moods, many mudras |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/Many-moods-many-mudras/article15126148.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2016-09-08 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rhythm, movement, rasa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/rhythm-movement-rasa/article7662515.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2015-09-17 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> She founded Kala Sadhanalya, a Bharatanatyam school in Abiramapuram, Chennai, dedicated to the Melattur style, and serves as secretary of the International Dance Alliance, Madras chapter.<ref name="CCRT" /><ref name="HinduFresh">{{cite news |title=Taking a fresh route |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/Taking-a-fresh-route/article13372188.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2016-02-04 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>

Ramachandran received a fellowship from the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] in 1989 to research [[Bhagavata Mela]], a traditional dance-drama.<ref name="CCRT" /> She has assisted scholars like T.S. Parthasarathy, Arudra, and [[R. Nagaswamy]] by demonstrating Suddha Nrittam and Tiru Tala Jati during their lectures.<ref name="CCRT" /> She organizes an annual festival in memory of her guru, Mangudi Dorairaja Iyer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Homage to a Kalakshetra genius |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/homage-to-a-kalakshetra-genius/article22826018.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2018-02-22 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> She has also contributed to media, providing video footage for the CD-ROM ''Bharatanatyam'' by Info-Drive, directing the Doordarshan serial ''Deiveega Thirumanangal'', and producing ''Bharatha Deviyin Parimanangal'' and dance sequences for ''Jnaana Parambarai'' and ''Manam Kulir Margazhi''.<ref name="CCRT" />
Her awards include the [[Kalaimamani]], Nadana Maamani, Yuva Kala Bharathi (1992), Isai Kalai Chelvar (1993), Natya Kala Sikhamani, Arsha Kala Bhushanam, Vani Kalasudhakar (2005), Singarmani (1983), and Best Dancer awards from the Music Academy (1988) and Narada Gana Sabha.<ref name="CCRT" /><ref name="Narthaki" />

== Directorship at Kalakshetra ==
Appointed Director of the [[Kalakshetra Foundation]] in April 2018 by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Union Ministry of Culture]], Ramachandran succeeded [[Priyadarsini Govind]].<ref name="The Hindu"/> Her tenure, originally three years, was extended until October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalakshetra Foundation director gets extension |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kalakshetra-foundation-director-gets-extension/article33590833.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> She aimed to make Kalakshetra’s dance, music, and allied arts programs more accessible.<ref name="Hindu2018" />
In 2021, she faced criticism for allegedly mishandling a food poisoning outbreak at the Kalakshetra hostel, with reports that students were asked to apologize for raising concerns.<ref>{{cite news |title=Food poisoning at Kalakshetra: Students asked to apologise for raising issue |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/food-poisoning-kalakshetra-students-asked-apologise-raising-issue-143586 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=2021-03-01 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> In 2023, protests arose over sexual harassment allegations against four faculty members, including Hari Padman, who was arrested in April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalakshetra sexual harassment case: Faculty member arrested |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chennai-news/kalakshetra-sexual-harassment-case-faculty-member-arrested-101680753456789.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2023-04-07 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> Students claimed Ramachandran dismissed complaints and led the Internal Complaints Committee, raising conflict-of-interest concerns.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explained: What is the controversy at Chennai's Kalakshetra Foundation? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/kalakshetra-foundation-chennai-controversy-sexual-harassment-allegations-8542662/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2023-04-10 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu State Commission for Women investigated over 90 complaints and summoned Ramachandran to review the committee’s operations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalakshetra sexual harassment case: TN women's panel summons director |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalakshetra-sexual-harassment-case-tn-womens-panel-summons-director-175878 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref> An inquiry led by retired Justice K. Kannan recommended administrative reforms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalakshetra inquiry recommends administrative overhaul |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kalakshetra-inquiry-committee-recommends-administrative-overhaul/article66909323.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2023-05-25 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>
Ramachandran resigned on 31 October 2023, and was succeeded by Aneish Rajan, Deputy Secretary at the Union Ministry of Culture.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalakshetra director Revathi Ramachandran steps down |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kalakshetra-director-revathi-ramachandran-steps-down/article67467781.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2023-11-01 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ramachandran lives in Abiramapuram, Chennai. Her daughter, Manaswini, is a Bharatanatyam dancer and manages Kala Sadhanalya when Ramachandran is occupied with administrative responsibilities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Woman at the helm |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/woman-helm-672987.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=2018-06-10 |access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Revathi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]

Sudama

2026-03-06T08:00:41Z

Sergdpd: correct intro per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Childhood friend of Hindu deity Krishna}}
{{For|the village in Nepal|Sudama, Nepal}}
{{redirect|Kuchela|the 1936 Indian devotional film|Kuchela (film)|the Trinidadian hot relish|Kuchela (relish)|the village in India|Kuchela, Mainpuri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Sudama
| spouse = Sushila<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSjcQ7Sm5E4C&dq=sudama+sushila&pg=PA97 | title=The Indian Subcontinent in Literature for Children and Young Adults: An Annotated Bibliography of English-language Books | isbn=9780313254895 | last1=Khorana | first1=Meena | year=1991 | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>
| texts = [[Puranas]]
| image = Sudama bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in Dwarka. ca 1775-1790 painting.jpg
| caption = Sudama bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in [[Dvaraka]]. ca 1775-1790 painting.
}}

'''Sudama''' ({{Langx|sa|सुदामा|translit=Sudāmā}}),<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-05-07 |title=Sudama, Sudāmā: 13 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sudama |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> also known as '''Kuchela''' ({{Langx|sa|कुचेल|translit=Kucela}}),<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2016-08-19 |title=Kucela, Kucelā, Ku-cela: 12 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kucela |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> is a childhood friend of the [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] [[Krishna]]. The story of his visit to [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] to meet his friend is featured in the [[Bhagavata Purana]].

In their legend, Sudama and Krishna study together as children at [[Sandipani]]'s [[Ashram|ashrama]], believed to have been at Ujjain. Leading a life of abject poverty, Sudama's wife urges him to go to Krishna, and request his assistance. Carrying some handfuls of parched rice as a gift, Sudama visits his old friend at Dvaraka, who receives him with honour. After discerning Sudama's unrevealed poverty, Krishna creates various luxurious palaces for his friend where his hut had stood, which the former sees when he returns home.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=sudama+story&pg=PT1184 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=1184 |language=en}}</ref>

==Legend==
In one iteration of his legend, Sudama, along with [[Tulasi in Hinduism|Tulasi]], are stated to have once resided in Krishna's own abode, [[Goloka]], before a curse by [[Radha]] forced them to be born on earth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pintchman |first=Tracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-9Hq-DOXnEC&dq=bhagavata+purana+sudama&pg=PA82 |title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares |date=2005-08-18 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8256-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref>

Accordingly, Sudama was born into a poor [[Brahmin]] family. He received his education as a pupil of Sandipani, who was also the [[guru]] of [[Krishna]]. While Sudama had only known poverty, his friend Krishna was from a royal family of [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsha]] lineage. Despite this difference in socioeconomic status, they were educated in the same way. According to one story, Krishna and Sudama were sent to the forest to get firewood for a [[Homa (ritual)|havana]], and the guru patni (guru's wife) had sent food with Sudama for both of them. After some time collecting firewood, they got tired and rested under a tree. Krishna mentioned to Sudama then that he wanted to drink water, and Sudama responded by saying that water should not be drank on an empty stomach, hiding from Krishna the fact that he had food. Krishna was tired and fell asleep on Sudama's lap, and after Krishna slept Sudama started eating the food. Krishna being omnipresent discovered this, and said to Sudama that he heard him eating something. Sudama lied to Krishna saying that what he heard must be his teeth clattering because of the cold, and he couldn't even repeat the Vishnu [[Sahasranama]] distinctly. Krishna responded that he believed him and mentioned that he knew that Sudama wouldn't eat anything alone without sharing with him, but he just wanted to check as he heard the sound. Despite this incident, their friendship did not waver. However, upon reaching adulthood, while Krishna became the ruler of Dvaraka, and became reputed for his deeds, while Sudama remained a humble and impoverished villager. [[File:Krishna welcoming Sudama, from a Bhagavata Purna - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Krishna]] welcomes Sudama, from the 17th-century manuscript of ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''. [[Freer Gallery of Art]]|250x250px]]

The [[Bhagavata Purana]] narrates that the reason Sudama was extremely poor despite being Krishna's friend is because he had lied to Krishna. Eventually, Sudama's starving wife implored her husband to visit Krishna and tell him of his impoverishment, stating that as the refuge of his devotees and a patron of Brahmins, he would no doubt shower his old friend with wealth. Despite his reluctance to seek help from Krishna, Sudama agreed, if only to see the deity, which would accrue [[Punya (Hinduism)|punya]]. He asked his wife if there was anything he could bring his friend as a gift, and she was able to procure four handfuls of parched and beaten rice for him to take to Dvaraka. He entered the palace of Krishna, and found the deity seated on a couch with his favourite queen, [[Rukmini]]. Overjoyed at the sight of his old friend, Krishna made him sit on his own couch, and washed his feet, according to custom. He offered his friend a number of refreshments and smeared his body with pastes and perfumes. Rukmini herself attended on him, holding a whisk, to the astonishment of the women of the palace. Krishna and Sudama conversed about their boyhood days at the ashrama of Sandipani. Krishna recounted an incident when the duo were once tasked with bringing fuel from the forest during a great storm, wandering aimlessly as they held each other's hands, until their preceptor found them. The deity jovially asked his friend if he had brought any presents for him. Ashamed of what he had brought, Sudama did not respond. Being omniscient, Krishna declared that the grains of parched rice that had been brought to him were his favourite food, and swallowed one grain of it. Rukmini prevented him from having anymore, for the abundance of her consort's act overwhelmed the world. After spending the night in the palace, the Brahmin begun his journey back home, feeling small because he had been ashamed to ask for anything, but also content because he had obtained a [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshana]] of the deity. He decided that Krishna had been merciful to deny him of wealth. Sudama returned to find that his humble hut had been transformed into several seven-storied palaces, filled with beautiful gardens and parks. He was welcomed by splendid musicians and singers. Delighted, his wife rushed to embrace him, looking like the goddess [[Lakshmi]] herself as she cried tears of joy. The flabbergasted Brahmin entered his house, finding that it resembled [[Svarga]] itself with its facilities and opulence. Sudama exulted in the generosity of the deity, for having smiled upon him during his time of misfortune. His wife and he enjoyed the worldly pleasures they had been blessed with without attachment, and grew even more devoted to Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press |url=https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranagitapress_201907/page/n1317/mode/2up |title=Bhagavata Purana Gita Press |pages=453–460}}</ref> [[File:Sudama returns home to find in place of it, a golden palace, the gift of Krishna, ca 1775-1790 painting.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Sudama returns home to find in place of it, a golden palace, the gift of Krishna, ca 1775-1790 painting.]]The generosity of Krishna and his friendship with Sudama is associated with the celebration of the festival of [[Akshaya Tritiya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&dq=sudama+akshaya+tritiya&pg=PT39 |title=Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings |date=2015-11-25 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-85890-04-8 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Balarama]]

*[[Rukmini]]
*[[Draupadi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]

Kaadhal Solla Vandhen

2026-03-03T02:57:34Z

Sergdpd: brief refined intro based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kaadhal Solla Vandhen.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Boopathy Pandian]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*S. Jayakumar
*Meena Jayakumar
}}
| writer = Boopathy Pandian
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Yuthan Balaji|Balaji Balakrishnan]]
*[[Meghana Raj]]
}}
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = Rana
| editing = {{plainlist|
*[[Praveen K. L.]]
*[[N. B. Srikanth]]
}}
| studio = S3 Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|08|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kaadhal Solla Vandhen''''' ({{translation|I came to express my love}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Boopathy Pandian]], starrijg [[Yuthan Balaji|Balaji Balakrishnan]] and [[Meghana Raj]]. The film was produced by S3 Films and features music scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. It was released on 13 August 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2010 |title=Friday Fury- August 13 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14953068 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714100429/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-13-news-tamil-kkguP9adgcj.html |archive-date=14 July 2012 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], 'Nanu' Prabhu, a carefree teenager, joins college and falls deeply in love with his senior Sandhya at first sight. Undeterred by their age difference, Prabhu pursues Sandhya with unwavering determination, aided by his best friend Petha Perumal, a [[Gluttony|glutton]]. Sandhya views Prabhu as just a friend, but as they commute to college together, their friendship blossoms. However, complications arise when Aravind, one of Sandhya's batchmates and a one-sided lover, disapproves of Sandhya's association with Prabhu.

Under the guise of assisting Aravind, Prabhu cultivates a closer relationship with Sandhya. Aravind and his friends soon realize Prabhu's intentions, and tensions escalate. Aravind attempts to win Sandhya's heart, but Prabhu foils his plans. As Prabhu's absence makes Sandhya's heart grow fonder, she draws closer to him and his family. One day, Sandhya receives a call from her father, requesting her to meet a prospective groom in [[Chennai]]. This news devastates Prabhu, who considers proposing to Sandhya when handing her the ticket but ultimately hesitates.

Upon Sandhya's return from Chennai, she reveals that she did not connect with the groom, delighting Prabhu. Emboldened, Prabhu confesses his love to Sandhya during a heated argument with a senior. However, Sandhya reports the incident to the college principal and, feeling uneasy, departs for her hometown, [[Karaikudi]]. Undeterred, Prabhu follows Sandhya to Karaikudi, apologizes, and persuades her to return to Trichy. Upon their return, Prabhu reaffirms his enduring love for Sandhya.

Sandhya attempts to test Prabhu's feelings, hoping to prove that his emotions are mere infatuation. However, her efforts yield no results, leaving her increasingly entwined in Prabhu's affection. Prabhu's parents, witnessing their son's all-consuming love for Sandhya, withdraw him from college and have him assist his father at work. Sandhya meets Prabhu to announce the completion of her exams and her impending departure home, urging him to move on and reconsider college the following year. However, Prabhu remains silent, secretly planning an emotional proposal by staging an accident with the help of a friendly bus driver.

Unbeknownst to Prabhu, Sandhya has developed feelings for him and intends to propose. The next day, Prabhu hands a suicide letter to Sandhya's friend, who delivers it to Sandhya in the exam hall. Fate intervenes when the arranged bus driver takes leave due to his wife's delivery and another driver takes charge. As Sandhya rushes to prevent Prabhu's supposed suicide, the driver attempts to contact him but fails. In a tragic twist, the bus avoids Prabhu, but a speeding van strikes and kills him instantly. Prabhu's parents arrive just in time to witness their son's lifeless body. Overcome with grief, Sandhya cradles Prabhu in her lap, surrounded by the gathering crowd, and weeps uncontrollably.

Five years later, Sandhya returns to their alma mater as a lecturer, still unmarried and cherishing memories of Prabhu.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Yuthan Balaji|Balaji Balakrishnan]] as 'Nanu' Prabhu
* [[Meghana Raj]] as Sandhya
* Karthik Sabesh as Petha Perumal
* [[R. Sundarrajan]] as Prabhu's father
* Ashwin as Aravind Singh
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Professor
* Sevvalai Rasu as Prabhu's neighbor
* Boys Rajan as College Principal
* Usha Elizabeth Suraj as Prabhu's mother
* Heera
* Pollachi Selvam
* Thangadurai as Singh's sidekick (uncredited)
* Ravi as Bus Driver
* Thanjai Ragupathy
* Tajkhan
* Master Surya as Young Prabhu
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Doctor (Guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==

[[Yuthan Balaji|Balaji Balakrishnan]] and [[Meghana Raj]], daughter of actors [[Sundar Raj]] and [[Pramila Joshai]], made their debut in leading roles.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |author=Sangeetha |first=P |date=2010-06-22 |title=Bhoopathi 's love tales! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Bhoopathi-s-love-tales/articleshow/6074946.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626031826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Bhoopathi-s-love-tales/articleshow/6074946.cms |archive-date=26 June 2010 |access-date=2010-06-26 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}</ref> The film's shooting was primarily carried on in and around [[Perambalur]], with major portions being filmed at the Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaadhal Solla Vandhen
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 16 June 2010
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:02
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| prev_title = [[Baana Kaathadi]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Thillalangadi]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

The film score and soundtrack are composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The soundtrack album, which was released on 16 June 2010 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]], [[Chennai]],{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} consists of 5 songs, all of which being [[solo (music)|solo numbers]] and notably featuring only male voices, with the fourth song "Saamy Varugudhu" being sung by real [[Hindu priest]]s (poosaris). The film did feature another song as part of the film score that was not included in the soundtrack.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:02
| all_lyrics = [[Na. Muthukumar]], except where noted
| title1 = Oh Shala
| lyrics1 = Saradhi
| extra1 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| note1 = Saradhi
| length1 = 4:16
| title2 = Oru Vaanavillin Pakkathilae
| lyrics2 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length2 = 4:48
| title3 = Enna Enna Aagiraen
| lyrics3 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length3 = 4:38
| title4 = Saamy Varugudhu
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra4 = Chidambaram Sivakumar Poosari & Chorus
| length4 = 3:38
| title5 = Anbulla Sandhya
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length5 = 5:42
}}

;Not in the soundtrack
:Other music featured in the film includes:
# Yedho Ondru Unnai, sung by [[Haricharan]], composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]

==Reception==
''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Now, if only the director had shown some logic and rationale in the story instead of re-working several other earlier films, this movie might have lived up to the promise it generates in the first half".<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-08-13 |title=Kadhal Solla Vandhen fails to impress |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-tamil-kadhal-solla-vandhen/20100813.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231094614/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-tamil-kadhal-solla-vandhen/20100813.htm |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "humour in the lines, fun-filled moments, and a racy pace which keeps the audience engaged for most part".<ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 2010 |title=Kadhal Solla Vandhen |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/aug/16/kadhal-solla-vandhen-178677.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231094609/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/aug/16/kadhal-solla-vandhen-178677.html |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Boopathy Pandian}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films directed by Boopathy Pandian]]

Ram Gopal (dancer)

2026-03-01T17:39:24Z

Sergdpd: fix formatting also

{{Short description|Indian dancer and choreographer (1912 – 2003)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Gopal
| image = Portrait of Ram Gopal LCCN2004662942.jpg
| caption = Ram Gopal, photograph by [[Carl Van Vechten]], 1938.
| birth_name = Bissano Ram Gopal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|11|20}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date|2003|10|12}}
| death_place = [[Croydon]], [[South London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| occupation = [[Dancer]], [[Choreography (dance)|choreographer]]
| years_active =
| honours = [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
}}
'''Bissano Ram Gopal''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (20 November 1912<ref>His passport gives his year of birth as 1917, but his contemporaries insisted it must have been closer to 1912 – [https://www.theguardian.com/india/story/0,12559,1061626,00.html]</ref> – 12 October 2003) was an Indian dancer and choreographer who performed mostly as a soloist and toured extensively throughout his lengthy career. A modernist, he blended the classical Indian dance with balletic choreography,<ref name=guard2003/> and along with [[Uday Shankar]] was among the first to showcase [[Indian classical dance]] in the West starting in the 1930s,<ref name=exp/> Polish critic [[Tadeusz Zelenski]] called him "the [[Vaslav Nijinsky|Nijinsky]] of India".

As a choreographer, he is most known for his productions, ''Legend of the Taj Mahal'', ''Dance of the Setting Sun'' and ''Dances of India''.<ref name=tele/> He is also noted for "Radha-Krishna", his collaboration with British<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dolin |first=Anton |title=Markova Her Life and Art |date=1953 |publisher=W.H. Allen |location=London |language=English |asin=B0000CINVF}}</ref> ballerina Dame [[Alicia Markova]], in 1960.<ref name=nytjack/>

==Early life and training==
Gopal was born in [[Bangalore]], India. He was named Bissano, being born on 20 November (Bees = 20 in [[Hindi]]). He had a Burmese mother and a [[Rajput]] father who was a barrister.<ref name=guard2003/><ref name=tele>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Ram Gopal |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1444926/Ram-Gopal.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 October 2003 }}</ref> They lived in a mansion called Torquay Castle. His grandmother was a well known dancer. Drawn to dance early on in his life, he learned [[Kathakali]] from Guru Kunju Kurup and Chandu Panickar. Once he danced at the annual garden party of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] without his father's permission, but the Maharaja persuaded his father to allow him to receive further dance training.<ref name=deccan>{{cite news |title=Ram Gopal: the legend |author=Leela Ramanathan |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov02/at4.asp |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=26 October 2003 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505104959/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov02/at4.asp |archivedate=5 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

While in this early forties, he discovered Guru [[Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai]] of [[Pandanallur style]] under whom he started learning Bharatanatyam, followed by Muthukumaran Pillai;<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |title=Ambassador of Indian dance |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/24/stories/2003102401720500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031110171622/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/24/stories/2003102401720500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2003 |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 October 2003 }}</ref> he also learned [[Kathak]] from Sohanlal and Bowri Prasad and even [[Manipuri dance]], all of which he assimilated into his choreographies in the coming decades.<ref name=deccan/>

==Career==
He was invited to the United States by [[La Meri]], an American dancer who specialised in non-Western forms of dance to tour with her through Asia in the 1930s. He made his solo debut in New York City on 1 May 1938, at the [[46th Street Theatre]].<ref name=nytjack>{{cite news |title=Ram Gopal, Dancer Who Opened Western Eyes to India, Dies|author=Jack Anderson|authorlink=Jack Anderson (dance critic)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/15/obituaries/15GOPA.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 October 2003 }}</ref> His [[impresario]] was Polish writer {{Ill|Aleksander Janta-Połczyński|pl}}, who organized Gopal's tournée across Poland in June 1938.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tomasik |first=Krzysztof |title=Homobiografie |date=2014 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej |isbn=978-83-64682-22-3 |edition=Wyd. 2., popr. i poszerz |location=Warszawa |language=pl |chapter=Kłamać, aby żyć (Aleksander Janta-Połczyński)}}</ref> In 1939, Gopal was invited to Paris, where he went with Kathak dancer, Sohanlal.<ref name=hindu/> and in the same year he made his London debut at the [[Aldwych Theatre]] to immediate fame and went on to meet not just Queen Mary, but also made friends with leading figures of the ballet.<ref name=tele/> He returned to India with Ensa during the World War II, ending the professional relationship with Janta-Połczyński.<ref name=tele/><ref name=":0" /> After the war, he returned and noted dancer, Nijinsky came to "inspect him" in 1948.<ref name=tele/>

He toured extensively as a soloist and with his company both before and after World War II, and soon they were known for their costumes, staging and lighting.<ref name=guard2003/> He appeared at the New York Golden Anniversary International Dance Festival at NYC's City Center in 1948 where he represented India, the [[Jacob's Pillow]] Dance Festival in the [[Berkshires]] in 1954 and [[Edinburgh Festival]] in 1956.<ref name=nytjack/> He collaborated with ballerina Dame [[Alicia Markova]] to create a duet "Radha-Krishna" in 1960, based on [[Hindu mythology]], in which she danced as [[Radha]], while he danced as [[Krishna]]. Today their collaboration is commemorated at the [[National Portrait Gallery, London]] where her bronze bust stands next to his full-length portrait by [[Feliks Topolski]].<ref name=tele/><ref name=nytjack/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/914347/Ram-Gopal |title=Ram Gopal |website=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref> In the later years, he also danced with [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] in Bangalore, and toured with [[Kumudini Lakhia]].<ref name=exp/> Another successful dance partnership was with the young and talented Tara Chaudhri whom Ram was very fond of. Dance critic, Cyril Beaumont editor of "Dance Journal", wrote about his dancing, "what impresses one most about Ram Gopal's dancing is the manner in which he is able to assimilate the characteristics of the four schools of technique so completely different in style, costume and mood."<ref name=deccan/>

He also danced in the Mumbai school run by the Austrian expressionist dancer [[Hilde Holger]], with whom he remained friends and collaborated with her in their experimental dance style pieces.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hildeholger.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114194324/http://www.hildeholger.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 November 2006 |title=Hilde Holger: Central European Expressionist Dancer |publisher=hildeholger.com |date=2007 |access-date=18 December 2012 }}</ref>

In Kay Ambrose's book published in 1950, ''"Classical Dances and Costumes of India,"'' the book is introduced by Ram Gopal, with foreword by Arnold Haskell containing 53 illustrations from photographs and many drawings by the author. In this introduction is included a letter Ram Gopal wrote to Kay Ambrose from Bangalore, his birthplace in February 1942. The book has many photos and illustrations of Ram Gopal performing these classical dances.

He published ''Indian Dancing'' in 1951, and his autobiography ''Rhythms in the Heavens'' in 1957;<ref name=exp>{{cite news |title=Classical dancer Ram Gopal dies in London |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/33522/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=16 October 2003 }}</ref> he also opened two dance schools for a short while, first in Bangalore before moving to England and later "Academy of Indian Dance and Music" in London in 1962. In his later years he lived in London, Venice and the South of France.<ref name=nytjack/>

The French filmmaker Claude Lamorisse made two films about him: "Aum Shiva" and "Ram".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/140054?view=credit |title=BFI {{!}} Film & TV Database {{!}} AUM SHIVA (1970)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214171617/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/140054?view=credit |archive-date=14 February 2012 }}</ref> Gopal featured in the Indian-born British documentary filmmaker [[Sarah Erulkar]]'s short ''Lord Siva Danced'' (1947).

He received an [[Order of the British Empire]] ([[OBE]]) for services to dance in 1999,<ref name="guard2003">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Naseem |date=13 October 2003 |title=Obituary: Ram Gopal: Classical Indian dancer who introduced the west to the ethos and discipline of his homeland's traditional art |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/oct/13/guardianobituaries.india}}</ref> and the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama in 1990.<ref name=exp/>

==Personal life==
During the 1960s, while living in [[Chelsea, London]] he was briefly married to Edith Alexander, though the marriage ended only a few years later, with her death. The couple had no children.<ref name=tele/>

He died in Norbury Care Home in [[Croydon]], [[South London]], UK,<ref>Theatre World, Vol. No. 60 (2003–2004), {{ISBN|1-55783-650-7}}/{{ISBN|1-55783-651-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://narthaki.com/info/profiles/profil29.html |title=ObiTribute: Ram Gopal (1912–2003) |author=Ashish Mohan Khokar}}</ref> where he spent the last three years of his life after unsuccessfully attempting to settle down in his native Bangalore. His stay was sponsored by the Lamorrise family, [[Croydon Council]] and the [[Royal Ballet]] Benevolent Fund. After cremation his ashes were scattered on the grounds of Lamorrise family chateau in South of France where, he had spent a decade as a house guest of Mrs Claude Lamorrise.<ref name=red>{{cite web |title=Dancer Ram Gopal's ashes to be scattered in France|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/23uk2.htm |date=23 October 2003 |website=[[Rediff.com]] News }}</ref> Pam Cullen, former cultural advisor to the [[India House (Indian High Commission in London)|Indian High Commission]] and Gopal's close friend, became the executor of the "Ram Gopal Estate" and donated some of his costume pieces, especially ornate headgears to [[V&A Museum]], London.<ref name=red/><ref>{{Citation |title=Theatre costume |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O107051/theatre-costume/?print=1 |work=V&A Museum |access-date=2023-11-02}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Indian dancing'', by Ram Gopal, Serozh Dadachanji. Phoenix House, 1951.
* ''Ram Gopal: rhythm in the heavens : an autobiography'', by Ram Gopal. Secker and Warburg, 1957

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0329708|Ram Gopal}}
* {{cite news |title=Ram Gopal; Took Indian Dance to a Global Audience|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-oct-18-me-gopal18-story.html |newspaper=LA Times |date=18 October 2003 }}
* [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O106799/theatre-costume/?print=1 Headdress was worn by Gopal in the ''Dance of the Setting Sun'' and ''Lord of Shiva'' dances (Image)] at [[V&A Museum]]

{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopal, Ram (Dancer)}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian people of Burmese descent]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Emigrants from British India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Dancers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British male dancers]]
[[Category:British choreographers]]
[[Category:British autobiographers]]
[[Category:British male autobiographers]]
[[Category:20th-century British dancers]]
[[Category:British people of Burmese descent]]

Rajendra II

2026-02-25T02:47:39Z

Sergdpd: created first details basic info...

{{Short description|Chola emperor from 1052 to 1063}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajendra Chola II
| title = Rajendradeva, Parakesarivarman
| image = Rajendra map new.svg
| alt =
| caption = [[Chola Empire]] under Rajendra Chola II
| succession = [[Chola Empire|Chola Emperor]]
| reign = 28 May 1052 – 1063<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |title=The Cholas |publisher=University of Madras |year=1935 |url=https://archive.org/details/CholasI/page/n362/mode/1up?view=theater |page=343 |access-date=29 July 2025}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Rajadhiraja Chola I|Rajadhiraja I]]
| successor = [[Virarajendra]]
| spouse = Rajarajan Arumoliyar alias Tennavan Mādevi, empress of Rajendradeva,<ref name="A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Tiruchchirappalli District, page 186">''A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Tiruchchirappalli District, page 186''</ref> Uruttiran Arumoli alias Pirudi Mādeviyar,<ref name="Epigraphy By Archaeological Survey of India. Southern Circle, page 76">''Epigraphy By Archaeological Survey of India. Southern Circle, page 76''</ref> Kō Kilānadigal
| spouse-type = Empresses
| issue = * Madhurandhagi
* [[Utthama Chola]]
| house =
| father = [[Rajendra Chola I]]
| mother = Mukkokilan Adigal
| birth_name = Vikraman
| birth_date = 997
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1064|||997|||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], [[Chola Empire]] (modern day [[Jayankondam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| succession2 = Co-Regent of the [[Chola Empire]]
| reign2 = 1044–1052
| cor-type2 = Emperor
| coronation2 = [[Rajadhiraja Chola I|Rajadhiraja I]]
| predecessor2 = [[Rajadhiraja Chola I|Rajadhiraja I]]
| successor2 = Rajamahendra
| dynasty = [[Chola dynasty|Chola]]
}}
{{Chola history}}

'''Rajendra Chola II''' (997–1063), often referred to as '''Rajendradeva Chola''', was the [[Chola Empire|Chola emperor]] from 28 May 1052 to 1063.<ref name="auto1"/>
Rajendra II succeeded his brother [[Rajadhiraja I]] after his death at the [[Battle of Koppam]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI|title=Cholas I|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Rajendra had served as a Co-regent under his brother from 1044 to 1052. When he acceded the throne, the Chola Empire was at its peak stretching from Southern India to Vengai ([[Bengal]]) to parts of [[Southeast Asia]]. Rajendra had maintained the territories of his predecessor. During his reign, the Chola Empire was prosperous and had a large influence in trade throughout the [[Indian Ocean]].

As a prince, Rajendra helped put down revolts in [[Pandya Nadu]] and [[Srivijaya]]. During his early reign, he put down several rebellions in Sri Lanka. Rajendra also straightened Chola influence and control in [[Principality of Ruhuna|Ruhuna]] in southern Sri Lanka. He established several garrisons and governors to maintain stronger rule and prevent future revolts.

In May 1052, the Cholas were suffering from losses against the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] in the [[Battle of Koppam]] after the death of [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja I]]. Rajendra's strong leadership led the Cholas to a strategic triumph of the Cholas over the Western Chalukyas in the otherwise tragic battle.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English}}</ref> Conflicts with the Western Chalukyas continued throughout his reign. Rajendra's forces were victorious in the [[Battle of Kudal-Sangamam]] leading to greater Chola influence in the Krishna river.<ref name="auto"/>

== Early life and accession ==
Rajendra II was born around 997 CE to [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]] and his wife Mukkokilan Adigal. He was the fifth oldest out of nine children.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=228}} As a prince, Rajendra helped put down several rebellions [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya Nadu]] and [[Srivijaya]]. He also helped his father conquer the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa]] and [[Principality of Ruhuna|Ruhuna]] bringing all of Sri Lanka under Chola rule.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> After his father's death in 1044, Rajendra served as a Co-regent under his brother [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja I]] who ascended the throne. Rajadhiraja was later killed in the [[Battle of Koppam]] in 1052. Rajendra was made king as Rajadhiraja's children were too young and inexperienced.<ref name="Ancient Indian History and Civilization, page 384" /> Since he ascended the throne during a [[Chalukya–Chola wars|time of war]], [[Jayamkondar|Jayamkondar's]] ''[[Kalingattuparani]]'' describes him as ''"The one who wore the crown on the big battlefield."''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=wisdomlib.org |date=2017-08-05 |title=Rajendra Deva II (a.d. 1052-1064) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/middle-chola-temples/d/doc211906.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Several [[Prashasti]] above version of the Koppam battle is found only in the Chola inscriptions. A Chalukyan account of the battle is only found in a later inscription dated c. 1071, which recounts this incident after a gap of almost 15 years and which only mentions the death of Rajadhiraja.<ref name="auto2"/>

== Reign ==
=== Revolts in Sri Lanka ===
[[File:Colombo museum Rajendra Chola II inscription, 1054-1063 AD.png|left|thumb|a Pillar containing Inscriptions of Rajendra II at the [[Colombo National Museum]].|406x406px]]Under the reign or Rajendra's father Rajendra I, The kingdom of [[Principality of Ruhuna|Ruhuna]] were annexed bringin all of Sri Lanka under Chola occupation. During this time, the Tamil trading guilds Thisaiayiratthu Annuruvar tarded in Anuradhapura further increased their activities in the Island.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.190</ref> Under Rajendra II, several garrisons and governors were established to maintain stronger rule. Rajendra also pushed for tighter control over Ruhuna where several revolts took place.

However this period was also met with revolts by the local [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese People]]. Rajendra put down several early rebellions and further straightened Chola rule in the island. In 1055 Sinhalese prince [[Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Vijayabahu I]], who later became the king of Polonnaruwa attempted to expel Chola forces. Gradually the wider conflict developed into a prolonged, back and forth struggle of raids and counter-raids, with the forces of Vijayabahu advancing upon Polonnaruwa and then falling back to fortresses in [[Dakkhinadesa]] and Rohana to withstand retaliatory Chola attacks and sieges.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}} By 1058, Rohana became independent of chola occupation. Vijayabahu established himself in Wakirigala and organized his army for a fresh attempt to capture Polonnaruwa, however this failed and his troops were defeater by Rajendra's son [[Utthama chola|Uttama]]. During this time, he also had to face rebellions from other Sinhala leaders fighting for the throne.

Rajendra eventually sent forces to Sri Lanka to counter the revolt. Rajendra's son Uttama, the Chola governor of Polonnaruwa expelled Vijayabahu's forces.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allan |first=J. |date=July 1935 |title=Studies in Cōla History and Administration. Madras University Historical Series, No. 7. By K. A. Nilakanta Sastri. 9½ × 6½, pp. vii + 210, pls. 4. Madras: University of Madras, 1932. Sh. 6. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00087347 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=527–528 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x00087347 |s2cid=164123910 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Chola troops also arrived at Ruhuna which was the center of Vijayabahu's rebels. Several clashes continued between the Sinhalese and Chola forces. Rajendra and Uttama eventually put down the revolt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gopalachari |first=K. |date=October 1956 |title=Other: A History of South India. ''By'' K. A. Nilakanta Sastri. (Bombay, Oxford University Press, 1955, pp. 486, Rs. 12/-) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492845601200444 |journal=India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=507a–507 |doi=10.1177/097492845601200444 |s2cid=153508982 |issn=0974-9284|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Battle of Koppam ===
[[File:Chola Empire map2.png|thumb|Chola territories under Rajendra II.c. 1059 CE<nowiki>''</nowiki>]]{{Main|Battle of Koppam}}
[[File:Koppal Fort.jpg|left|thumb|The Fort of [[Koppal]] the site of the [[Battle of Koppam]] |250x250px]]
The [[Chola]] forces were in battle with the Chalukyan army at Koppam ([[Koppal]]) located on the [[Tungabhadra River]] in 1053–54 AD.<ref name="Ancient Indian History and Civilization, page 384">''Ancient Indian History and Civilization, page 384''</ref><ref name="The Cambridge Shorter History of India, page 190">''The Cambridge Shorter History of India, page 190''</ref> [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja I]] was personally leading the Chola army from atop a war elephant to help rally the retreating Cholas. Prince Rajendra, the younger brother of Rajadhiraja, was holding himself in reserve. The Chalukyan army then concentrated on the elephant on which the Chola king was riding and wounded him mortally. Seeing the emperor falling dead, the Chola army retreated in disarray.<ref name="ReferenceB">Ancient Indian History and Civilization von Sailendra Nath Sen p.384</ref> At that stage Rajendra entered the fray. Once again the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] army concentrated on the leader. Rajendra-II was as valorous as his brave father and was a born leader of men. He immediately sensed that with the death of their King Rajadhiraja-I, the Chola army was in a disarray, he announced his taking over as the next Chola monarch and ordered the capable Chola army to continue fighting without letting up.<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen: p.384</ref> His unparalleled response and restoration of order by deciding to lead from the front on the battlefield simply re-galvanized his army which had among its ranks, several generals serving the Chola army from the times of Raja Raja I and Rajendra Chola I. He had many nephews and . Needless to add, the Chalukya army was simply unprepared for this kind of a reaction from any army which had lost its original leader and were simply no match. From inscriptions of Rajendra-II, we know that his elder brother Rajadhiraja-I was killed in the battle at Koppam in which Rajendra-II had participated along with his other brothers. Even Rajendra-II had been injured initially and had withdrawn from the battle, but he came back and turned the tables on the Ahavamalla (Someshvara-I) who called himself 'Trailokyamalla' – lord of three worlds). From an inscriptions of his from [[Manmangalam|Manimangalam]] we understand that at the end of the battle, the Chalukyas were defeated and a number of officers of their army lay dead on the field. In this battle multiple opponents viz. Jaysinghan, the younger brother of the Salukki, Pulikesi, Dasapanman etc., were killed by Rajendra.<ref name="South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2), page 62">''South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2), page 62''</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2|author=Benjamin Lewis Rice|publisher=Government Press, 1930 – Karnataka (India)|page=1074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Indian Inscriptions Volume_3 - Rajgopala-Perumal Temple Inscriptions at Manimangalam @ whatisindia.com |url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_3/no_29_manimangalam.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.whatisindia.com}}</ref>

An inscription from 1058 CE on the south wall of the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara Temple]] in Thanjavur mentions the Battle of Koppam:<ref>{{Cite book |last=(Hosakote) |first=Hultzsch, E. (Eugen), 1857-1927, ed. and tr. Venkayya, V. B., ed. and tr. Krishna Sastri, H. |title=Tamil inscriptions in the Rajarajesvara temple at Tanjavur and other miscellaneous records of the Chola, Pallava, Pandya and Vijayanagara dynasties. |date=1916 |publisher=Printed and Pub. by the superintendent, Gov't Press |oclc=28279421}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Hail! Prosperity ! "While the army of his elder brother was at {his) back, the king(who wielded) the sceptre {and) was embraced by {the goddess of) Prosperity, conquered the seven and a half lakshas of [[Kuntala country|Irattapadi]]. (He) did not meet with opposition in battle; and(his) drum was sounding through the eight directions. Having heard (this) report, ([[Someshwara I|Ahavamalla]]) proceeded to [[Koppal|Koppam]] on the bank of the great river and fought against (him). (But he) converted into reeking corpses (that) covered the earth the whole warlike army of [[Someshwara I|Ahavamalla]]. Having perceived this, [[Someshwara I|Ahavamalla]] became afraid, incurred disgrace and ran away. (The king) (i.e.,[[Rajendra Chola II|Rajendra II]]) seized his elephants and horses, troops of camels, women and treasures, and anointed himself (in commemoration) of the victory.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ia600607.us.archive.org/6/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.34589/2015.34589.South-indian-Inscriptions-Tamil-Inscriptions-Of-Rajraja-Rajendra-chola-And-Others-In-The-Rajarajesvara-Temple-At-Tanjavur_text.pdf | title=List of yolumes constituting the new imperial series of the reports of the archaeological suryey of India | website=us.archive.org}}</ref>|source=}}

[[Ottakoothar|Ottakoothar's]] ''Vikrama Cholan Ula'' mentions:''<ref name=":0" />''{{blockquote|The King [Rajendra II] with his one elephant in a fierce war,
conquered his enemies in the city of [[Koppal|Koppam]] and took over their thousand elephants|author=Ottakoothar|source=Vikrama Cholan Ula, verse 20}}

Kollapuram is identified with [[Kolhapur]] in present-day Maharashtra.<ref name="The early history of the Deccan, Volume 1, page 327">''The early history of the Deccan, Volume 1, page 327''</ref> Based upon other inscriptions of Rajendra, historian Hultzsch has proposed that the Kollapuram war was an earlier expedition, in which Rajendra had participated under his elder brother Rajdhiraja.<ref name="The Cōḷas, page 279">''The Cōḷas, page 279''</ref> This view is also held by a few other historians who credit the burning of Kalyanapuram, the capital of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] and the planting of victory at Kollapuram, again two separate events, to [[Rajadhiraja Chola I]].<ref name="The Chālukyas of Kalyāṇa and the Kalachuris, page 172">''The Chālukyas of Kalyāṇa and the Kalachuris, page 172''</ref>

=== Later Chalukyan conflicts ===

{{Main|First Battle of Kudal-Sangamam}}

[[Chalukyas]], anxious to wipe out the disgrace of Koppam, invaded the Chola country in great force c 1062 C.E. The armies met at the Muddakaru river (at the junction of the [[Tungabhadra]] and the [[Krishna River]]).<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The Chalukya commander Dandanayaka Valadeva was killed and the Cholas led by Rajamahendra resisted the invasion. Virarajendra Chola was also present in the battle fighting at the side of Rajamahendra.<ref name="auto"/>

The Western Chalukyan expedition to take [[Vengi]] was also thwarted by the Cholas at the same battlefield. Subsequently, [[Someshvara I|Someshwara-I]] also engaged the Chola army under Rajendra-II and Virarajendra at Kudalasangamam, the result was yet another heavy defeat for the Chalukyan king.<ref name="auto"/>

== Legacy ==
=== Patronage of art ===
When he was a co-regent of his elder brother, [[Rajadhiraja Chola I]], he shared the latter's workload by taking care of the internal affairs of the state. He was a great patron of dance and theatre, and encouraged various artists and poets on several occasions. For example, he passed a royal order in 1056 to provide paddies and other rations to Santi Kuttan Tiruvalan Tirumud Kunran alias Vijaya Rajendra Acharyan(named after Rajadhiraja) for enacting ''RajaRajeswara Natakam'' (a musical), in the [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]], [[Thanjavur]].<ref name="Bharatanatyam, the Tamil heritage, page 42">''Bharatanatyam, the Tamil heritage, page 42''</ref><ref name="Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (A.D. 985-1070), page 266">''Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (A.D. 985–1070), page 266''</ref> Accordingly, the dancer was to get 120 ''Kalam'' paddy for this purpose and that he and his descendants were to perform the musical regularly during the annual festival.<ref name="Archaeology and art: Krishna Deva felicitation volume, Part 2, page 554">''Archaeology and art: Krishna Deva felicitation volume, Part 2, page 554''</ref>

[[File:Ulagalantha Perumal6.JPG|left|thumb|Sculptures of [[Vishnu]] on the gopuram of the [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]]]]

=== Ulagalantha Perumal Temple ===
[[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]] in [[Tirukoilur]] was expanded during rajendra's reign.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Marr |first=J. R. |date=June 1978 |title=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam: Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (A.D. 985–1070). xxxii, 425 pp., 206 plates. Faridabad: Thomson Press (India) Ltd., 1975. Rs. 180. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00125327 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=430 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00125327 |s2cid=162284886 |issn=0041-977X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to an inscription dating to 1058 CE, the central shrine([[gopuram]]) of the temple, which was built partly of brick, had cracked. The local governor Ranakesari Rama insisted that the shrine should be reconstructed which rajendra had agreed. The new shrine was constructed from fine black [[granite]], a stronger and more durable material. This was so the shrine would last longer without constant repair and reconstruction. five [[stupa]]s were also built enclosing the verandah and a ''mandapa'' in front of the temple.<ref name=":1" /> The central deity was also decorated with [[pearl]]s. This straightened the foundation of the temple allowing it to last to this day.

=== Agastheeswar temple ===
[[File:Agastianpalli4.JPG|thumb|The main shrine of the [[Agastheeswar Temple|Agastheeswar temple]] was likely completed during the time of Rajendra. ]]
Rajendra had granted the town of Ulakkaiyur 100 kalanjus of gold to build a stone temple. This temple, known as the [[Agastheeswar Temple]], was dedicated to [[Shiva]]. an inscription from 1137 states that the temple was built by the residents of Ulakkaiyur.<ref name=":1" /> Initially the temple construction was stopped in the middle. the amount of gold rajendra granted was not entirely used on the construction of the temple. The servants of the temple also complained about mistreatment by the villagers. Rajendra was unhappy about this. He alter convinced the residents of to complete the foundational work of the temple and install an Idol of Somaskandar, a form of shiva.

=== Other temples and inscriptions ===
Rajendra expanded the [[Veetrirundha Perumal Temple]] in 1059. He briefly renamed it Vinnamangalam after his birth name Vikrama.''<ref name=":0" />'' He also issued 120 ''kalams'' of paddy [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]] for an [[Historical reenactment|reenactment]] play known as "''Rajarajesvara nata-kam"'' about the conquests of [[Rajaraja I]].

== Family ==

A number of his relatives are known to us from a record of his from the fourth year of his reign. These are a paternal uncle, four younger brothers, six sons and two grandsons. One of these younger brothers was [[Virarajendra Chola]] on whom he conferred the title Karikala solan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2|author=Benjamin Lewis Rice|publisher=Government Press |date=1930 |location=Karnataka (India)|page=1074}}</ref> Other titles conferred on the members of the royal family by the king include Chola-Pandyan, Chola-Gangan, Chola-Ayodhyarajan and Chola-Kanyakubjan. According to historian Nilakanta Sastri, these titles denoted the provinces that were administered by these Chola princes.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Indian Administration: Medieval period, Volume 2 of History of Indian Administration, Baij Nath Puri|author=Baij Nath Puri|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |date=1975|page=51}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Text Series, Volume 147|publisher=Pali Text Society |date=1965|page=41}}</ref>

== Conquests==
Rajendra, like his predecessors, already had control of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan kingdom]]. After vanquishing the Chalukya Someshvara I, he undertook a further expedition to [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] as well as to Ilangai (Sri Lanka) whose king Manabharanan was aided by the Kalinga King Vira Salamegha. He also had under his control other provinces such as Ayodhya, Kanyakubja, Rattapadi, Kadaram.

An inscription in the 10th year of the reign of Rajendra Chola II is found on a menhir in Meppara near Rajkumari, Idukki District, Kerala. The inscription is highly damaged. The name of the king is said to be Rajendra and the prasasti of the king mentions Irattappadi Ezharai and the battle with Ahavamalla on the banks of "Periyar" i.e. the river Thungabhadra ([[Mepara Inscription]]).<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Ajith |date=2017 |title=Chola Inscription on a Menhir from Mepara, Rajakumari Panchayat, Idukki District, Kerala |url=https://www.academia.edu/34564119 |journal=Tamiḻiyal: Journal of Tamil Studies |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |volume=95 |pages=78–85 |issn=0022-4855}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). ''The CōĻas'', University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* {{cite book |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K.A. |date=1955 |title=A History of South India |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |edition=Reprint 2002}}
* {{cite journal |last=Spencer |first=George W. |date=May 1976 |title=The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |number=3 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.2307/2053272 |jstor=2053272|s2cid=154741845 }}
* The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire By Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti
* Ancient Indian History and Civilization By Sailendra Nath Sen
* Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1 By Benjamin Lewis Rice, Mysore (India : State). Archaeological Dept, Mysore Archaeological Survey
* The early history of the Deccan, Volume 1 By Ghulām Yazdānī
* Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture By K.V. Raman
* The Chālukyas of Kalyāṇa and the Kalachuris By Balakrishnan Raja Gopal
* [[Epigraphia Indica]] and record of the Archæological Survey of India, Volume 7 By Archaeological Survey of India
* Bharatanatyam, the Tamil heritage By Lakshmi Viswanathan
* Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (A.D. 985–1070) By S. R. Balasubrahmanyam
* Archaeology and art: Krishna Deva felicitation volume, Part 2 By Krishna Deva, Chitta Ranjan Prasad Sinha, Bipin Kumar Jamuar, Umesh Chandra Dwivedi, Shri Bhagwan Singh

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola]]|before=[[Rajendra Chola I]]|after=[[Virarajendra Chola]] |years=1051–1063 CE}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:Chola emperors]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Arjun Sarja filmography

2026-02-19T11:04:45Z

Sergdpd: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Filmography for Arjun Sarja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Arjun Sarja.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sarja in 2019]]
[[Arjun Sarja]] is an Indian actor, producer and director who works predominantly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] cinema and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]. He also established his career in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] cinema apart from a few [[Hindi film|Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]] films. He debuted as an actor in the film ''[[Simhada Mari Sainya]]'' in Kannada in the year 1981. Sarja had acted in more than 160 movies. He has directed 12 films and also produced and distributed a number of films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/feb/04/as-a-director-i-should-be-open-to-directing-all-genres-arjun-sarja-1768357.html |title=As a director, I should be open to directing all genres: Arjun Sarja |website=The New Indian Express |date=5 February 2018 |access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> After starring in numerous Kannada films with minor roles, he starred in his first movie as an independent actor in ''Male Bantu Male''. In 1984, Sarja made his Tamil debut in [[Rama Narayanan]]'s film ''[[Nandri]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.in.com/live-tv/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010051833/https://www.in.com/live-tv/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=LIVE TV {{!}} Watch Indian TV Channels {{!}} Live Streaming and Catchup TV {{!}} LIVE News Online |website=in.com |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref> During the subsequent years he acted in many Telugu and Kannada films portraying lead and supporting roles in ''[[Trimurtulu]]'' (1987), ''[[Premagni]]'' (1989), ''[[Prathap (1990 film)|Prathap]]'' (1990) and ''[[Shivanaga]]'' (1992).

Sarja made his directorial debut with the film ''[[Sevagan]]'' in 1992. In 1993, he starred in his first breakthrough film as a contemporary actor in [[S. Shankar]]'s ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'', which opened to positive reviews, while Sarja went on to win the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]]. He then starred in commercially successful films such as ''[[Jai Hind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]'' (1994), ''[[Karnaa]]'' (1995), and the crime drama film ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kurudhipunal]]'' (1995). In 1999, he starred in the political thriller ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999). Sarja won critical acclaim for portraying an ambitious television reporter who became the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] for a day. The film ran for over 100 days in theaters and won awards on a regional scale.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/maverick-maker/article3460457.ece |title=Maverick maker |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 May 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 January 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2000, he starred in [[Vasanth]]'s film ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]''. He appeared in several action films in which he directed and featured in lead roles are ''[[Ezhumalai]]'' (2002) and ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]'' (2003), while also starred in ''[[Arasatchi]]'' (2004). The films, ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' (2004) and ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]'' (2007) were box office hits, while several were average grossers including ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]'' (2006), ''[[Vathiyar]]'' (2006) and ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]'' (2008). He portrayed the role of the Hindu deity [[Hanuman]] in [[Krishna Vamsi]]'s devotional film ''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]'' (2004).

Since 2010, Sarja has attempted to change his "action king" image and played negative roles. In 2011, he starred alongside [[Ajith Kumar]] in [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s crime thriller ''[[Mankatha]],'' which became a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-review--pcmaejihfihbi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925182012/http://www.sify.com/movies/mankatha-review--pcmaejihfihbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2018 |title=Review : (2011) |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> The following year he appeared in Kannada film ''[[Prasad (2012 film)|Prasad]]'', for which he won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]]. He then starred in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' (2013), in which he portrayed in the role of a smuggler, which went on to become a box office failure. In a directorial venture, ''[[Jai Hind 2]]'' became a box office success in Kannada, while the Tamil and Telugu versions failed at the box office. In 2017, he starred in his 150th film ''[[Nibunan]]'' which was simultaneously made in Kannada as ''Vismaya''. He then acted in the Telugu film ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]'', followed by the Tamil action movie [[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|''Irumbu Thirai'']] (2018), which later became a blockbuster at the box office.

== As actor ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films and roles
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1981
| scope="row" | ''[[Simhada Mari Sainya]]''
| rowspan="2" |Arjun
| rowspan="7" |[[Kannada]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-07 |title=Innovative and bold explorations |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/innovative-and-bold-explorations/article19443892.ece |access-date=2023-02-13 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213040146/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/innovative-and-bold-explorations/article19443892.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
| scope="row" | ''[[Aasha (1983 film)|Aasha]]''
|
|<ref name="F">[https://kannada.filmibeat.com/interview/arjun-sarja-exclusive-interview-on-the-movie-abhimanyu-016912.html Interview on the movie Abhimanyu] ''[[Oneindia|Filmbeat]]''</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Prema Yuddha''
| Raja
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/prema-yuddha-1983 | title=Prema Yuddha (1983) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |website=Chiloka.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |1984
| scope="row" | ''Pooja Phala''
| Kumar
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/pooja-phala-1984 | title=Pooja Phala (1984) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |website=Chiloka.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Prema Jyothi''
| Anand
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/prema-jyothi-1984 | title=Prema Jyothi (1984) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=Chiloka.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Male Bantu Male''
| Subbu
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/male-bantu-male?type=0&id=7ca97c60a95411e984541bf90d34e6f0 | title=Male Bantu Male (1984) Movie: Watch Full Movie Online |website=Jiocinema.com }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Pralayanthaka]]''
| Arjun
|Guest appearance
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/pralayanthaka-1984 | title=Pralayanthaka (1984) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=Chiloka.com }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Nandri]]''
|Murugan
| rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=22 June 2017 |title=I've completed 150 films; let me experiment at least now |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ive-completed-150-films-let-me-experiment-at-least-now/articleshow/59252540.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231025133234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ive-completed-150-films-let-me-experiment-at-least-now/articleshow/59252540.cms |archive-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Kadamai''
|Jeeva
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kadamai-22854 |title=Kadamai (1984) – Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |website=Cinestaan.com |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" |1985
| scope="row" | ''[[Naagam (1985 film)|Naagam]]''
|CID officer
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/2495/1985-naagam|title = Naagam (1985)|website=Tamilmdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Maa Pallelo Gopaludu]]''
|Gopalam
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/22/veteran-telugu-film-director-kodi-ramakrishna-is-no-more-10233.html|title=Veteran Telugu film director Kodi Ramakrishna is no more|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Ilamai]]''
|Arjun
| Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/2466/1985-ilamai|title = Ilamai (1985)|website=Tamilmdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Terror''
| Kaali
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://moviegq.com/movie/terror-8819 | title=Terror 1985 Telugu Movie Wiki, Cast Crew, Songs, Videos, Release Date|website=Moviegq.com }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Bangaru Chilaka''
| Raja
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moviegq.com/movie/bangaru-chilaka-1500|title = Bangaru Chilaka 1985 Telugu Movie Wiki, Cast Crew, Songs, Videos, Release Date|website=Moviegq.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Engal Kural]]''
|Raja
| rowspan="5" | Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10127906/|title=Engal Kural|date=15 August 1985|access-date=29 June 2022|website=IMDb.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Yaar? (film)|Yaar?]]''
|Major Jagan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://letterboxd.com/film/yaar/|title=Yaar? (1985)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Letterboxd.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Vesham''
|Ashok
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vesham-24785|title=Vesham (1985) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Avan (1985 film)|Avan]]''
|Johnny
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/avan-16978|title = Avan (1985) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Sivappu Kili''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tamilmoviesdatabase.com/movie/sivappu-kili/ |title=Sivappu Kili |website=Tamil Movies Database |language=en-US |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" |1986
| scope="row" | ''Naga Devatha''
|School master
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/naga-devatha-1986-tamil-movie | title=Naga Devatha (1986) |website=Filmiclub.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Na Ninna Preetisuve]]''
|Pruthvi
|Kannada
|
|<ref name="F"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Kutra''
|Arjun
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moviegq.com/movie/kutra-4601|title=Kutra 1986 Telugu Movie Wiki, Cast Crew, Songs, Videos, Release Date|website=Moviegq.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Prathidwani''
|Ravi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/ABGA/info|title = Prathidwani (1986)}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Kotigadu''
|Koti
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://moviegq.com/movie/kotigadu-4496 | title=Kotigadu 1986 Telugu Movie Wiki, Cast Crew, Songs, Videos, Release Date }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Kulirkaala Megangal]]''
|Prem
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://letterboxd.com/film/kulirkaala-megangal/|title=Kulirkaala Megangal (1986)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Letterboxd.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''En Sabadham''
|Vijay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/en-sabatham|title=En Sabatham on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Mannemlo Monagadu''
|Arjun
| rowspan="4" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://spicyonion.com/title/mannemlo-monagadu-telugu-movie/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301145238/https://spicyonion.com/title/mannemlo-monagadu-telugu-movie/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=1 March 2022 | title=Mannemlo Monagadu }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Cowboy No. 1''
|Vijay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1360859/|title=Cowboy No. 1|access-date=29 June 2022|website=IMDb.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Konaseema Kurradu''
|Rambabu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8747280/|title=Konaseema Kurradu|access-date=29 June 2022|website=IMDb.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" |1987
| scope="row" | ''Manavadostunnadu''
|Babu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bharat-movies.com/telugu/info/manavadostunnadu.htm |title=Manavadostunnadu. Manavadostunnadu Movie Cast & Crew. |website=bharat-movies.com |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Kalyana Kacheri''
|Vadivelu
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/kalyana-kacheri-1987-tamil-movie|title = Kalyana Kacheri (1987)}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Sankar Guru (1987 film)|Sankar Guru]]''
|Inspector Shankar Guru
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://letterboxd.com/film/shankar-guru/|title = Shankar Guru (1987)}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Chinnari Devatha''
|Inspector Babu
| rowspan="8" |Telugu
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://naamusiq.com/chinnari-devatha-1987.html | title=Chinnari Devatha 1987 Telugu Movie Songs Mp3 Download Free Naasongs |website=Naamusiq.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Thayaramma Thandava Krishna''
|Thandava Krishna
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACIF |title=Thayaramma Thandava Krishna (1987) |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Trimurtulu]]''
|Siva
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/trimurtulu|title=Trimurtulu on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Monagadu''
|Vijay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/ABZU |title=Monagadu (1987) |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Garjinchina Ganga''
|Gopi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sensongsmp3.tv/garjinchina-ganga-1987-songs/|title = Garjinchina Ganga Mp3 Songs Free Download 1987 Telugu|website=Sensongsmp3.tv|date = 8 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Prathispandhana''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/prathispandhana-1987-telugu-movie|title=Prathispandhana (1987)|website=Filmiclub.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Nyayaniki Sankellu''
|Nethaji
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0834132/ |title=Nyayaniki Sankellu|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Rakshasa Samharam''
|Babu / Arjun
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8833484/ |title=Rakshasa Samharam|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" |1988
| scope="row" | ''Doctor Gari Abbai''
|Kranthi
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8714164/ |title=Doctor Gari Abbai |website=[[IMDb]] |date=April 1988}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Thaimel Aanai]]''
|Raja
| rowspan="1" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/thaimel-aanai-songs-T0003244|title=Thaimel Aanai Songs Download, Thaimel Aanai Tamil MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Tamil Songs|website=Raaga.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Chattamtho Chadarangam''
|Madhu
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citwf.com/film59340.htm |title=CHATTAMTHO CHADARANGAM - Film / Movie |website=www.citwf.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226065101/http://citwf.com/film59340.htm |archive-date=2012-12-26}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Veguchukka Pagatichukka''
|Bhargava
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/veguchukka-pagatichukka-1988-telugu-movie|title=Veguchukka Pagatichukka (1988)|website=Filmiclub.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Vettai''
|
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/2668/1986-vettai| title=Vettai }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Dhaayam Onnu''
|Arun (Raja / Ilaiyaraja / Arjun / Ignatius Immanuel Inbaraj)
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamilmoviesdatabase.com/movie/dhayam-onnu/ | title=Dhayam Onnu | work=Tamil Movies Database }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Pattikkattu Thambi''
|Chinna Thambi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pattikattu-thambi-23873 |title=Pattikattu Thambi (1988) – Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |website=Cinestaan.com |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Siripuram Chinnodu''
|Ravi
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/ADFP|title=Siripuram Chinnodu (1988)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Coolie''
|Gopi
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/8302?ed=Tolly | title=Coolie (1988) Telugu Movie Review, Rating - Arjun Sarja |website=Thecinebay.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Thaai Paasam''
|Raja
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protamil.com/arts/tamil-films/1988/thaai-paasam.html|title=Thaai Paasam - 1988 Year Tamil Films, Cinema, Movie, Arts|website=Protamil.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[August 15 Raatri]]''
|Abhimanyu
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0361324/ |title=August 15 Rathri|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |1989
| scope="row" | ''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu''
|Raja
| rowspan="6" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamilmoviesdatabase.com/movie/vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu/ | title=Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu | work=Tamil Movies Database }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Padicha Pulla''
|Kasi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/fr/Ilaiyaraaja-Padicha-Pulla/release/14726415 |title=Ilaiyaraaja – Padicha Pulla (1989, Vinyl)|website=[[Discogs]]|year=1989 }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[En Thangai (1989 film)|En Thangai]]''
|Pandiyan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8947968/ |title=En Thangai|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Sonthakkaran]]''
|Rajadurai
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.protamil.com/arts/tamil-films/1989/sonthakkaran.html|title=Sonthakkaran - 1989 Year Tamil Films, Cinema, Movie, Arts|website=Protamil.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Annanukku Jai (1989 film)|Annanukku Jai]]''
|Kaali
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=16 June 2020 |title=''அந்த 'சொப்பனசுந்தரி'...'' - கங்கை அமரன் விளக்கம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/559739-karagattakkaran-31-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601131007/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/559739-karagattakkaran-31-years.html |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Enga Annan Varattum''
|Manikkam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/2893/1989-enga-annan-varattum|title=Enga Annan Varattum (1989)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Tamilmdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Premagni]]''
|Vikram
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/premagni|title=Premagni on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |1990
| scope="row" | ''[[Paattali Magan]]''
|Gopi
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/pattali-magan|title=Pattali Magan on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Manaivi Oru Manickam]]''
|Vijay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/3001/1990-manaivi-oru-manickam|title=Manaivi Oru Manickam (1990)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Tamilmdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Periya Idathu Pillai]]''
|Vijay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/3024/1990-periya-idathu-pillai|title=Periya Idathu Pillai (1990)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Tamilmdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Prathap (1990 film)|Prathap]]''
|[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Prathap
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/prathap-1990 | title=Prathap (1990) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |website=Chiloka.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Aatha Naan Pass Ayittaen]]''
|Chinnasamy
| rowspan="7" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/3077/1990-aatha-naan-pass-ayittaen|title=Aatha Naan Pass Ayittaen (1990)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Tamilmdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Thangaikku Oru Thalattu]]''
|Gopi / Prakash
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/3081/1990-thangaikku-oru-thalattu|title=Thangaikku Oru Thalattu (1990)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Tamilmdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
| scope="row" | ''[[Thanga Thamaraigal]]''
|Ramu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/thanga-thamaraigal-18484|title=Thanga Thamaraigal (1991) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Enga Ooru Sippai]]''
|Rasaiyya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/3126/1991-enga-ooru-sippai|title=Enga Ooru Sippai (1991)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Tamilmdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |1992
| scope="row" | ''[[Sevagan]]''
|DSP Sanjay
|Also director
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/sevagan|title=Sevagan on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mudhal Kural]]''
|Karan
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/mudhal-kural.html#crew | title=Mudhal Kural Movie (1992): Release Date, Cast, Review, Trailer, Story, Budget, Box Office Collection }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Annan Ennada Thambi Ennada]]''
|Shankar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spicyonion.com/movie/annan-ennada-thambi-ennada/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229134518/http://spicyonion.com/movie/annan-ennada-thambi-ennada/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 December 2013|title=Annan Ennada Thambi Ennada|website=Spicyonion.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Police Lockup]]''
|Arjun
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/09/25/police-lockup-1992/ | title=Police Lockup – ಪೊಲೀಸ್ ಲಾಕಪ್ (1992/೧೯೯೨) |website=Kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com| date=25 September 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Snehada Kadalalli]]''
|Krishna
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/snehada-kadalalli-1992 | title=Snehada Kadalalli (1992) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=Chiloka.com }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Shivanaga]]''
|Shiva
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/shivanaga-1992 | title=Shivanaga (1992) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=Chiloka.com }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |1993
| scope="row" | ''[[Pratap (1993 film)|Pratap]]''
|Pratap
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 1993 |title=One-man army |pages=7 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930430&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 January 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Gokulam]]''
|Kannan
|Guest appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gokulam-22719|title=Gokulam (1993) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Alimayya]]''
|Anantha
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/alimayya-1993 | title=Alimayya (1993) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=Chiloka.com }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
|Krishnamoorthy (Kicha)
| rowspan="7" |Tamil
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/au/film610600.html|title=Gentleman (1993)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Filmaffinity.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Dhuruva Natchathiram (1993 film)|Dhuruva Natchathiram]]''
|Suriyadevan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/3399/1993-dhuruva-natchathiram|title=Dhuruva Natchathiram (1993)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Tamilmdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Karpagam Vanthachu]]''
|Sakthivel
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.valaitamil.com/movies/karpagam-vanthachu_tamil-movie_3839.html|title=Karpagam Vanthachu|website=Valaitamil.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Rojavai Killathe]]''
|Alexander (Duraipandi)
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/rojavai-killathe-18280/cast-crew|title=Rojavai Killathe (1993) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1994
| scope="row" | ''[[Jaihind (1994 film)|Jaihind]]''
|ACP Bharath
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=11 June 1994 |title=Strong family theme saves this action movie |pages=13 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gs1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6530%2C130379 |access-date=13 March 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mettupatti Mirasu]]''
|Chinnadurai
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spicyonion.com/movie/mettupatti-mirasu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507155504/http://spicyonion.com/movie/mettupatti-mirasu/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 May 2013|title=Mettupatti Mirasu|website=Spicyonion.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Sadhu (film)|Sadhu]]''
|Sathyamoorthy (Sakthi)
|
|<ref>[https://www.yeclo.com/telemiroir/titles/180038] {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Maa Voori Maaraju]]''
|Suribabu
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.atoztelugulyrics.in/tag/maa-voori-maaraju/ | title=Maa Voori Maaraju (1994)|website=Atoztelugulyrics.in | date=20 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1995
| scope="row" | ''[[Mudhal Udhayam]]''
|Seenu
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240216200129/https://www.cinimi.com/movie/14907/comments/] </ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Karnaa]]''
|Vijay / Karnaa
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8180730/ |title=Karnaa |website=[[IMDb]] |date=14 April 1995}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]''
|Abbas IPS
|Tamil
|Bilingual film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kuruthipunal-17579/cast-crew|title=Kuruthipunal (1995) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Ayudha Poojai]]''
|Krishnasamy
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ayudha-poojai-16981|title=Ayudha Poojai (1995) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1996
| scope="row" | ''[[Sengottai (film)|Sengottai]]''
|SP Sekhar IPS
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://flixable.com/amazon-prime-video/title/sengottai/ |title=Sengottai (1996) - Amazon Prime Video|website=Flixable.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Drohi]]''
|Abbas IPS
|Telugu
|Bilingual film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/drohi-1996-telugu-movie|title = Drohi (1996)|website=Filmiclub.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Subash (film)|Subash]]''
|Colonel Subash
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mio.to//album/Vidyasagar/Subash+%281996%29|title=Subash (1996) - Vidyasagar|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Mio.to}}</ref>
|-
|1997
| scope="row" | ''[[Adimai Changili]]''
|Karthikeyan (Kannan)
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamilmoviesdatabase.com/movie/adimai-sangili/ | title=Adimai Sangili|website=Tamilmoviesdatabase.com }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1998
| scope="row" | ''[[Kondattam]]''
|Raja (Ramu)
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11898492/ |title=Kondattam |website=[[IMDb]] |date=6 February 1998}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Thayin Manikodi]]''
|Arjun
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://letterboxd.com/film/thaayin-manikodi/|title=Thaayin Manikodi (1998)|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Letterboxd.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Zulm-O-Sitam]]''
|Arjun
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] Debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0395827/ |title=Zulm-O-Sitam |website=[[IMDb]] |date=19 September 1998}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Subhavartha]]''
|Rajendra Prasad (Raja)
|Telugu
|Partially re-shot in Tamil as ''Mannavaru Chinnavaru''
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://spicyonion.com/title/subhavartha-telugu-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407015006/http://spicyonion.com/title/subhavartha-telugu-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 April 2017|title=Subhavartha|website=Spicyonion.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |1999
| scope="row" | ''Nanbaa''
| Unknown
| rowspan="10" |Tamil
| Shelved Movie
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mossymart.com/shop/nanbaa-cinema-shooting-and-other-tamil-film-hits-audio-cd/| title=Nanbaa- Cinema Shooting and other Tamil Film hits Audio CD}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Suriya Paarvai]]''
|Vijay
|Partially re-shot in Telugu as ''Hello Friend''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moviegq.com/movie/hello-friend-3461|title=Hello Friend 1999 Telugu Movie Wiki, Cast Crew, Songs, Videos, Release Date|website=Moviegq.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mannavaru Chinnavaru]]''
|Rajendra Prasad (Raja)
|Partially reshot version of Telugu film ''Subhavartha''
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/mannavaru-chinnavaru| title=Mannavaru Chinnavaru| work=Screen4Screen}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Suyamvaram]]''
|ACP Sanjay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/15swa.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: The review of Swayamvaram |website=Rediff.com |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]''
|Seetharam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ihQWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-xQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4392,784310 |title=New Straits Times – Google News Archive Search |website=News.google.com |access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mudhalvan]]''
|Pughazhendi
|
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2000
| scope="row" | ''[[Sudhandhiram]]''
|Vishwa
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-sudhandhiram/article28003222.ece |title=Film Review: ''Sudhandhiram'' |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 February 2000}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]''
|Karthikeyan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/04ss.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: No kiss for this miss |website=Rediff.com |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Vaanavil]]''
|Surya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/vaanavil.html|title=Vaanavil Movie (2000): Release Date, Cast, Review, Trailer, Story, Budget, Box Office Collection|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
| scope="row" | ''[[Vedham]]''
|Vijay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/24/stories/09240223.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030302012015/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/24/stories/09240223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2003 |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Film Review: Vedham |date=2001-08-24 |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]''
| Manjunatha
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/sri-manjunatha-2001|title=Sri Manjunatha (2001) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|website=Chiloka.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]''
|Krishna
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/hanumanjunction.html |title=Telugu Cinema – Preview – Hanuman Junction – Editor Mohan – Jagapati Babu, Venu, Arjun, Laya, Sneha |website=idlebrain.com |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205828/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/hanumanjunction.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2002
| scope="row" | ''[[Ezhumalai]]''
|Ezhumalai
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cineserie.com/movies/3220625/|title=Ezhumalai (Film, 2002) — CinéSéries|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Cineserie.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| scope="row" | ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]''
|ACP Parasuram
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cineserie.com/movies/3132515/|title=Parasuram (Film, 2003) — CinéSéries|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Cneserie.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Ottran]]''
|Karthik
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.letsott.com/ottran-2003?type_id=34&type=genre |title=Ottran (2003)|website=Letsott.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2004
| scope="row" | ''[[Puttintiki Ra Chelli]]''
|Sivanna
|Telugu
|Partially re-shot in Tamil as ''Anbu Sagotharan''
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/puttintiki-ra-chelli |title=Puttintiki Ra Chelli on Moviebuff.com |website=Moviebuff.com |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]''
|[[Hanuman|Lord Anjaneya]]
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/sri-anjaneyam.html|title=Sri Anjaneyam Movie (2004): Release Date, Cast, Review, Trailer, Story, Budget, Box Office Collection|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Arasatchi]]''
|Siddharth
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/arasatchi-review-tamil-pclv8mcdficgc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228200919/http://www.sify.com/movies/arasatchi-review-tamil-pclv8mcdficgc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2016|title=Arasatchi|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]''
|Giri (Shiva)
| rowspan="9" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2963004/ |title=Giri |website=[[IMDb]] |date=January 2004}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Jai Soorya]]''
|Jai Anand IAS / Surya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/jaisurya.html|title=Jaisurya Movie (2004): Release Date, Cast, Review, Trailer, Story, Budget, Box Office Collection|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
| scope="row" | ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]''
|Chinna
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spicyonion.com/movie/chinna/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708160700/http://spicyonion.com/movie/chinna/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 July 2013|title=Chinna|website=Spicyonion.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Aanai]]''
|Vijay IPS
|
|<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/11/stories/2005031100230200.htm] {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
| scope="row" | ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]''
|Kasi
|Partially re-shot in Telugu as ''Sivakasi''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/madrasi.html|title=Madrasi Movie (2006): Release Date, Cast, Review, Trailer, Story, Budget, Box Office Collection|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sivakasi-review-telugu-movie-8024|title=Sivakasi review. Sivakasi Telugu movie review, story, rating|website=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Vathiyar]]''
|Annadurai
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6765648/|title=Vathiyar|date=10 November 2006|access-date=29 June 2022|website=IMDb.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
| scope="row" | ''[[Manikanda]]''
|Manikanda / Raja
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/manikanda.html#story|title = Manikanda (2007) | Manikanda Movie | Manikanda Tamil Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|website=Filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]''
|Inspector Marudhamalai
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/marudhamalai.html#story|title = Marudhamalai (2007) | Marudhamalai Movie | Marudhamalai Tamil Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|website=Filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Thavam]]''
|Marudhamalai
|Guest appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/thavam-2007-tamil|title=Thavam on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008
| scope="row" | ''[[Swagatam]]''
|Srikanth
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1156337/|title=Swagatam|date=25 January 2008|access-date=29 June 2022|website=IMDb.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]''
|Durai (Raja)
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/durai.html|title = Durai (2008) | Durai Movie | Durai Tamil Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|website=Filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Thiruvannamalai (film)|Thiruvannamalai]]''
|Easwaran / Guruji
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/thiruvannamalai-19-12-08.html|title=THIRUVANNAMALAI MOVIE REVIEW - Behindwoods.com - Thiruvannamalai Movie Review Thiruvannamalai Movie Gallery Tamil Actor Arjun Actress Pooja Gandhi Perarasu Karunaas Saikumar Music by Srikanth Deva Directed by Perarasu Produced by Pushpa Kandasamy Written by Perarasu Images Gallery Stills|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Final Cut of Director|Bommalattam]]''
|Vivek Varma IPS
|Partially version of Hindi as ''Final Cut of Director''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/bommalattam.html|title =Bommalattam– Movie Review}}</ref>
|-
|2009
| scope="row" | ''[[Vayuputra]]''
|Himself
|Kannada
|Guest appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/vayuputra.html|title = Vayuputra (2009) | Vayuputra Movie | Vayuputra Kannada Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|website=Filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
| scope="row" | ''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]''
|Ashok Deva
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/rama-rama-krishna-krishna.html#story|title = Rama Rama Krishna Krishna (2010) | Rama Rama Krishna Krishna Movie | Rama Rama Krishna Krishna Telugu Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos|website=Filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''
| rowspan="2" |Anwar Hussain IPS
| rowspan="2" |Tamil-Malayalam
| rowspan="2" |Tamil-[[Malayalam]] bilingual film; Malayalam Debut
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mio.to//album/Vandae+Maatharam+%282010%29|title=Vandae Maatharam (2010) - D. Imman|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Mio.to}}</ref>
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vande-matharam-review-malayalam-movie-9395|title=Vande Matharam review. Vande Matharam Malayalam movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Vallakottai (film)|Vallakottai]]''
|Muthuvel (Vayuputhran)
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/vallakottai.html|title=Vallakottai (2010) | Vallakottai Tamil Movie | Vallakottai Movie: Release Date, Cast, Review, Trailer, Story, Budget, Box Office Collection|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2011
| scope="row" | ''[[Mankatha]]''
|ACP Prithviraj
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ecranlarge.com/films/868838-mankatha-le-coup-de-poker |title=Mankatha - le Coup de Poker - Film (2011) |website=www.ecranlarge.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001204702/https://www.ecranlarge.com/films/868838-mankatha-le-coup-de-poker |archive-date=2021-10-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
| scope="row" | ''[[This Weekend]]''
|Dr. Sanjay
|[[Hindi]]
|Partially re-shot in Tamil and Telugu as ''Kaattupuli'' and ''Aranyam'', respectively
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/aranyam.html|title=Aranyam Movie (2012): Release Date, Cast, Review, Trailer, Story, Budget, Box Office Collection|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Maasi (film)|Maasi]]''
|Inspector Masilamani
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/mar-12-03/maasi-review.html|title=MAASI REVIEW - MAASI MOVIE REVIEW|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Prasad (2012 film)|Prasad]]''
|Shankar
|Kannada
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/prasad.html|title=Prasad Movie (2012): Release Date, Cast, Review, Trailer, Story, Budget, Box Office Collection|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
| scope="row" | ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]''
|Bergmans
|Tamil
|[[Vijay Award for Best Villain]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cineserie.com/movies/2759286/|title = Kadal (Film, 2013)|website=Cineserie.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Attahasa]]''
|D.G.P. [[K. Vijay Kumar]]
|Kannada
|Partially re-shot in Tamil as ''Vana Yuddham''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/fr/films/attahasa|title = Attahasa|website=Mubi.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal]]''
|Paul Harris Rosario
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cineserie.com/movies/3149480/|title = Moondru per Moondru Kaadhal (Film, 2013)|website=Cineserie.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| scope="row" | ''[[Jaihind 2]]''
| rowspan="2" |Abhimanyu
| rowspan="2" |Tamil-Telugu-Kannada
| rowspan="2" |Multilingual film
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/jai-hind-2-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Jai Hind 2 Telugu Movie Review | Jai Hind 2 Review | Arjun Jai Hind 2 Movie Review | Jai Hind 2 Telugu Review | Jai Hind 2 Movie Review | Arjun Jai Hind 2 rating | Jai Hind 2 review and rating | Rashi Khanna in Jai Hind 2|date=8 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/abhimanyu.html#story|title = Abhimanyu (2014) | Abhimanyu Movie | Abhimanyu Kannada Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Abhimanyu''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
| scope="row" | ''[[Game (2016 film)|Game]]''
|DCP Sharat Chandra
|Kannada
| rowspan="2" | Kannada–Tamil bilingual film
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/531536/a-suave-taut-thriller.html |title=A suave taut thriller |work=Deccan Herald |last=Vishwanath |first=S|date=28 February 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Oru Melliya Kodu''
|DCP Shakthivel
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020716/oru-melliya-kodu-movie-review-despite-glitches-worth-a-watch.html|title = Oru Melliya Kodu movie review: Despite glitches, worth a watch|date = 2 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Final Cut of Director]]''
|Vivek Varma IPS
|Hindi
||Partially re-shot in Tamil as ''Bommalattam''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nana-patekar-plays-a-director-in-final-cut-imagegallery-0-bollywood-omutGPeaabidi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429100638/https://www.sify.com/movies/nana-patekar-plays-a-director-in-final-cut-imagegallery-0-bollywood-omutGPeaabidi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2022|title=Nana Patekar plays a director in 'Final Cut'|work=Sify}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
| scope="row" | ''[[Nibunan]]''
| rowspan="2" |DSP Ranjith Kalidoss
| rowspan="2" |Tamil-Kannada
| rowspan="2" |
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/action-king-arjun-150-and-counting/article19342274.ece |title=150 and counting: Tamil 'action King' Arjun |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=24 July 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 January 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Vismaya''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/jul/29/vismaya-review-a-smart-thriller-1635025.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731131846/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/jul/29/vismaya-review-a-smart-thriller-1635025.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2017|title=Vismaya review: A smart thriller|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Lie (film)|Lie]]''
|Padmanabham
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/lie.html|title=Lie Movie (2017): Release Date, Cast, Review, Trailer, Story, Budget, Box Office Collection|website=Filmibeat.com|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
| scope="row" | ''[[Prema Baraha]]''
| rowspan="2" | Flight captain
| rowspan="2" |Kannada-Tamil
| rowspan="2" | Special appearance: Kannada–Tamil bilingual film
|<ref name=":5">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-message-in-a-film-is-as-important-as-the-characters-says-arjun/article22680073.ece |title=The 'message' in a film is as important as the characters, says Arjun |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=7 February 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 January 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''Solli Vidava''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/6424/2018-solli-vidava|title = Solli Vidava (2018)}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]''
|Dr. Rama Krishna Raju
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/allu-arjun-naa-peru-surya-naa-illu-india-mahesh-babu-bharat-ane-nanu-new-release-dates-5074388/ |title=Mahesh Babu's Bharat Ane Nanu and Allu Arjun's Naa Peru Surya Naa Illu India get new release dates |date=2018-02-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]''
|Sathyamoorthy (White Devil)
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-samanthas-irumbu-thirai-to-release-on-may-11/articleshow/63876835.cms |title=Vishal-Samantha's 'Irumbu Thirai' to release on May 11 |website=The Times of India |date=23 April 2018 |language=en |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
| scope="row" | ''[[Kolaigaran]]''
|DCP Karthikeyan
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/kolaigaran/movieshow/64459746.cms |title=Kolaigaran Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes |work=The Times of India |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
|[[Karna]]
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kurukshetra-film-review-rare-mythological-treat-but-lacks-originality/article28969391.ece |title='Kurukshetra' review: Rare mythological 3D treat, but lacks originality |last=Bharadwaj |first=K. v Aditya |date=2019-08-09 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-10-26 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Jack & Daniel]]''
|Daniel Alexander IPS
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/jack-daniel-teaser-dileep-locks-horns-with-arjun-sarja-6034584/ |title=Jack Daniel teaser: Dileep locks horns with Arjun Sarja |date=2019-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''
|Sathyamoorthy "Moorthy" (Mask)
|Tamil
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-to-lock-horns-with-arjun-sarja-for-thriller-1380900-2018-11-02 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to lock horns with Arjun Sarja for thriller |newspaper=India Today |language=en |access-date=2019-10-25 |agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| scope="row" |''[[Friendship (2021 film)|Friendship]]''
| Sylender
|Tamil
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/arjun-sarja-harbhajan-singhs-film-friendship-unveil-its-first-look-motion-poster-today-4-pm-538931 |title=Arjun with Harbhajan Singh in Friendship – PINKVILLA |website=PINKVILLA |date=5 June 2020 |language=en |access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]''
|Anandan
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suniel-shetty-arjun-join-mohanlals-marakkar-movie/articleshow/65869828.cms |title=Suniel Shetty, Arjun join Mohanlal's Marakkar movie |website=The Times of India |date=19 September 2018 |language=en |access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| scope="row" |''[[Khiladi (2022 film)|Khiladi]]''
|Arjun Bharadwaj
| Telugu
|
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/actor-arjun-sarja-joins-the-cast-of-ravi-teja-s-upcoming-movie-khiladi-945269.html |title=Actor Arjun Sarja joins the cast of Ravi Teja's upcoming movie 'Khiladi' |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Oppanda]]''
| Sanjay Rangaswamy
| Kannada
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Arjun Sarja, Radhika Kumaraswamy's Oppanda gets a release date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/arjun-sarja-radhika-kumaraswamys-oppanda-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/89407645.cms|access-date=2022-02-09|website=The Times of India|date=7 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2023
| scope="row" |''[[Leo (2023 Indian Film)|Leo]]''
|Harold Das
|Tamil
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-28 |title=Arjun Sarja sports a stunning new look; Fans ask whether the actor is preparing for 'Thalapathy 67' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-sarja-sports-a-stunning-new-look-fans-ask-whether-the-actor-is-preparing-for-thalapathy-67/articleshow/97397606.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Virunnu]]''
| rowspan="2" | Deva Narayanan
|Malayalam
|rowspan=2|Bilingual film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-film-shoots-resume-kannan-thamarakkulams-movie-virunnu-goes-on-floors-in-peermedu/articleshow/84519381.cms|title = Malayalam film shoots resume: Kannan Thamarakkulam's movie 'Virunnu' goes on floors in Peermedu|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=18 July 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Virundhu''
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Aug/31/virundhu-movie-review-this-action-flick-has-its-moments-but-is-hampered-by-chaotic-treatment|title = Virundhu Movie Review: This action flick has its moments but is hampered by chaotic treatment}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]''
| Rakshith
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=EXCLUSIVE Magizh Thirumeni pens heartfelt note to Ajith Kumar: 'Vidaamuyarchi is a triumph of perseverance and we owe you' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/magizh-thirumeni-pens-heartfelt-note-to-ajith-kumar-vidaamuyarchi-is-a-triumph-of-perseverance-and-we-owe-you-9739170/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=theindianexpress|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aghathiyaa]]''
| Dr. Siddharthan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=EXCLUSIVE Pa. Vijays next directorial titled 'Aghathiyaa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jiivas-next-with-pa-vijay-titled-aghathiyaa/articleshow/114018941.cms |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=timesofindia |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Theeyavar Kulai Nadunga]]''
|Inspector Magudapathy
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 Aug 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Theeyavar Kulaigal Nadunga|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Aug/31/its-a-wrap-fortheeyavar-kulaigal-nadunga-47142.html |access-date=31 Aug 2023 |website=cinemaexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Seetha Payanam]]''
|Giri
|Telugu
|rowspan=1|Guest appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=EXCLUSIVE Arjun Sarja's next directorial titled 'Seetha Payanam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-sarjas-next-directorial-titled-seetha-payanam/articleshow/114303613.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=timesofindia |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|#AGS28
|{{tba}}
|Tamil
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 Aug 2025 |title=Arjun, Abhirami and Preity Mukhundhan to collaborate on a family entertainer|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/20/arjun-abhirami-and-preity-mukhundhan-to-collaborate-on-a-family-entertainer |access-date=20 Aug 2025 |website=cinemaexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== As director, producer, writer and distributor ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of films and roles
! rowspan="2" |Title
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="4" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Language
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
! width="65" |Director
! width="65" |Producer
! width="65" |Writer
! width="65" |Distributor
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sevagan]]''
| 1992
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Prathap (1993 film)|Prathap]]''
| 1993
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jai Hind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]''
|1994
| {{yan}}
|
| {{yan}}
|
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Karnaa|Karna]]''
|1995
|
|
| {{yan}}
|
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thayin Manikodi]]''
|1998
| {{yan}}
|
| {{yan}}
|
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thutta Mutta]]''
|1998
|
| {{yan}}
|
|
|Kannada
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Suyamvaram]]''
|1999
| {{yan}}
|
|
|
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vedham]]''
|2001
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ezhumalai]]''
|2002
| {{yan}}
|
| {{yan}}
|
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]''
|2003
| {{yan}}
|
| {{yan}}
|
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]''
|2006
| {{yan}}
|
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vathiyar]]''
|2006
|
|
| {{yan}}
|
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thavam]]''
|2007
|
| {{yan}}
|
| {{yan}}
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]''
|2008
|
|
| {{yan}}
|
|Tamil
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vayuputra]]''
|2009
|
| {{yan}}
|
|
|Kannada
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jai Hind 2]]'' ''[[Jai Hind 2|Abhimanyu]]''
| 2014
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| Tamil Kannada Telugu
| Multilingual; Sequel to ''[[Jai Hind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]''
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Prema Baraha]]'' ''[[Solli Vidava]]''
|2018
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| Kannada Tamil
| Bilingual film
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Pogaru|Semma Thimiru]]''
|2021
|
|
|
|{{yan}}
|Tamil
|Tamil dubbed version of Kannada film ''Pogaru''; Distributor only
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Martin (2024 film)|Martin]]''
|2024
|
|
|{{yan}}
|
|Kannada
|Story only
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Seetha Payanam]]''
|2026
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| {{yan}}
| Telugu
|
|-
|}

== As singer ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of films and songs
!Film
!Year
!Song
!Music director
!Notes
|-
! scope="row" |''Jai Hind''
|1994
|"Ootathuma"
|Vidyasagar
|Sang the beginning lyrics "Thanni Vechu"
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mudhal Udhayam]]''
|1995
| "Raasi Nalla Raasi"
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Karnaa]]''
|1995
| "Hello Miss Chellama"
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|Spoke dialogues in the beginning, Sang alongside Chetan, Swarnalatha
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Subash (film)|Subash]]''
|1995
|"Hero Honda"
|Vidyasagar
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]''
|2003
| "Chittukuruvi"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Sang alongside [[Swarnalatha]], [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jai Soorya]]''
|2004
| "Kattuna Avala Kattuvenda"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|Sang alongside [[Vadivelu]]
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|+List of series and roles
! scope="col" |Series Name
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
! scope="col" |Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Survivor (Tamil season 1)|Survivor Tamil]]''
|2021
|Host
|[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|Zee Tamil
|Debut in Television
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=New reality show 'Survivor' to premiere soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-reality-show-survivor-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/84817190.cms |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=[[Times Of India]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarja, Arjun}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Gar Mandaran

2026-02-11T13:58:04Z

Sergdpd: improve article after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gar Mandaran
| other_name = Garh Mandaron
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Gar Mandaran Park and mound in Hooghly district 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Historic Gar Mandaran mound
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.874799|N|87.665972|E|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 42
| population_total = 6,264
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712612 (Mandaran)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03221
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Goghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goghat]]
| website = {{URL|http://hooghly.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gar Mandaran''' is a [[village]] and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Goghat II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Arambag subdivision]] of the [[Hooghly district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Overview==
The ruins of a fort at Gar Mandaran provided the setting for [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s 1865 novel ''[[Durgeshnandini]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/banking-on-history-religion-to-attract-tourists-in-hooghly/article2486151.ece | title = Banking on history, religion to attract tourists in Hooghly | publisher = The Hindu, 26 September 2011 | access-date = 24 June 2017}}</ref>

''Durgeshnandini'' is a romantic novel, based partly on history and partly on hearsay. The story centres around the attack and occupation of Gar Mandaran stronghold of Raja Birendra Singh, linked to the [[History of Bankura district#Bishnupur kingdom|Bishnupur Raj]], by the Pathans who were then entrenched in Odisha. The Mughal general [[Man Singh I|Man Singh's]] son, Jagat Singh, was despatched to keep the Pathans at bay. Jagat Singh fell in love with Tilottama, the beautiful daughter of Raja Birendra Singh. The Pathans captured the fort, killed Raja Birendra Singh and held Jagat Singh and Tilottama, but a fatal attack on the Pathan general Kotlu Khan, turned things around.<ref name= bankim>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ytOhDQAAQBAJ&q=Gar+Mandaran&pg=PT27 | title = Builders of Modern India: Bankim Chandra Chattejee|first= S.K.|last=Bose | work = Visions of the Past | year = 1974| publisher = Publications Division, Government of India | isbn = 9788123022697| access-date = 24 June 2017}}</ref>

''Durgeshnandini'', published in 1865, took the literary world by storm and was considered an epoch-making novel. It went through 13 editions during Bankim Chandra's life-time.<ref name= bankim/>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|87|46|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Arambagh subdivision in Hooghly district''' M: municipal city/ town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|53|50|N|87|41|40|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1=Goghat | numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Goghat]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|5|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Khanakul | numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Khanakul]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|10|N|87|39|30|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=Kamarpukur | numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Kamarpukur]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|40|N|87|57|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Pursurah| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Pursurah]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|56|45|N|87|41|18|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Bengai| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Bengai]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|53|35|N|87|53|55|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Keshabpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Keshabpur, Hooghly]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|25|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Radhanagore| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagore]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|25|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Shrirampur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Shrirampur, Arambagh]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|43|41|N|87|52|30|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Natibpur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Natibpur, Hooghly]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|0|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Dakshin Narayanpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dakshin Narayanpur]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|53|20|N|87|46|48|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11= Arambag| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Arambag]] (M)| shape-color11= #800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|52|10|N|87|39|57|E}}| label-pos12=bottom|label12= Gar Mandaran| numbered12=H| mark-title12= Gar Mandaran (H)|shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black 
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|54|0|N|87|32|13|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= Badanganj| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Badanganj]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|48|44|N|87|46|6|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14= Bali Dewanganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Bali Dewanganj]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|30|N|87|51|44|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15= Bhalia| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhalia]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|51|41|N|87|48|45|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Dihi|labela16= Bayara| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Dihi Bayara]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|10|N|87|33|25|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Fului| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Fului]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|46|32|N|87|48|30|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Gourhati| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Gourhati]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|51|20|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Hamirbati| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Hamirbati]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|52|15|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20= Hat Basantapur| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Hat Basantapur]] (H) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|50|N|87|32|17|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= Kayapat| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Kayapat]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|50|30|N|87|49|39|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22= Kanpur| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Kanpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|49|30|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos23=bottom|label23= Madhabpur| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Madhabpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|53|10|N|87|35|52|E}}| label-pos24=bottom|label24= Mamudpur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Mamudpur, Arambagh]] (H) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|53|5|N|87|37|2|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25= Memanpur| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Memanpur]] (H) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|48|30|N|87|56|13|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26= Parul| numbered26=H| mark-title26= [[Parul, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|54|5|N|87|37|45|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Satberia| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Satberia]] (H) |shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|53|0|N|87|34|1|E}}| label-pos28=left|label28= Shyambazar| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Shyambazar, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|43|40|E}}|label29= Dwarakeswar|labela29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=60| label-pos29=top| label-size29=11| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|10|E}}|label30= Mundeswari|labela30= River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=11| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|label31= Rupnarayan |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=80| label-pos31=top| label-size31=11| mark-size31=0| mark-title31=none
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|58|40|E}}|label32= Damodar |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=85| label-pos32=top| label-size32=11| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none}}

===Area overview===
The Arambagh subdivision, presented in the map alongside, is divided into two physiographic parts – the Dwarakeswar River being the dividing line. The western part is upland and rocky – it is extension of the terrain of neighbouring Bankura district. The eastern part is flat alluvial plain area. The railways, the roads and flood-control measures have had an impact on the area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-19|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 25 September 2020 }}</ref> The area is overwhelmingly rural with 94.77% of the population living in rural areas and 5.23% of the population living in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 25 September 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Gar Manadaran is located at {{coord|22.874799|N|87.665972|E|display=inline}}.

==History==
[[File:Tomb of Syed Ismail Gazi at Garh Mandaran 01.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Syed Ismail Gazi at Garh Mandaran]]
The area housed a fortress (Garh in Bengali) in [[Medieval India|medieval times]], that was under the control of [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] chieftains bearing the surname Sura who exercised considerable influence on the [[Rarh region]]. The Thirumurai inscription of Rajendra Chola, describing [[Chola Expedition of the Ganges|his Bengal campaigns]] lists one Ranasura as the ruler of the region. A few decades later, the [[Ramacharitam|Ramacharita]] mentions a Lakshmisura of Aparamandara in the list of [[Samanta|vassals]] of [[Ramapala]]. Popular tradition in Bengal has it that [[Vijaya Sena]] had entered into a matrimonial alliance with the Sura chieftains. The [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] king of Utkala, [[Narasingha Deva I|Narasimhadeva I]] captured the fort from the [[Bengal Sultanate]] following his victory in the Battle of Umurdan in 1256. . The fort remained under the control of Utkala kings till the reign of [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati]] ruler [[Kapilendra Deva|Kapilendradeva]] but his son [[Prataparudra Deva|Prataparudradeva]] lost it to Bengali Sultan [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Alauddin Hussain Shah]]. [[Mukunda Deva|Mukundadeva]] had briefly regained control of the fort but he was chased out by a large [[Bengal Sultanate conquest of Orissa|invasion force]] led by [[Kalapahar|Kalapahad]]. {{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} When the frontiers of Bengal were expanded during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]], there were three prominent administrative zones in the Saptagram area – Sirkar [[Saptagram|Satgaon]], Sirkar Selimabad and Sirkar Mandaran.<ref>{{cite book |last=Patree |first=Purnendu |author-link=Purnendu Patri |year=1995 |orig-year=First published 1979 |title=Purano Kolkatar Kathachitra |publisher=Dey's Publishing |language=bn |pages=65–71 |isbn=81-7079-751-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Rupendra Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRmDwAAQBAJ&dq=Grave+in+Garh+Mandaran&pg=PT104|title=The Archaeology of Coastal Bengal|date=2018-01-19|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-909180-5|language=en}}</ref> The tomb of warrior [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]] is situated in the mound of Gar Mandaran.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CENSUS 1961|first=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK|title=PLACES OF TOURISTS' INTEREST|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5181/1/44369_1961_HOO.pdf|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gar Mandaran had a total population of 6,264 of which 3,242 (52%) were males and 3,022 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 734. The total number of literate persons in Gar Mandaran was 4,100 (74.14% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Gar Mandaran is on Kamarpukur-Gar Mandaran-Kajla road.<ref>Google maps</ref> It is 2 km from [[Kamarpukur]].

==Education==
Gar Mandaran High School is a Bengali-medium co-educational institution. It was established in 1944.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/gar-mandaran-high-school/19121204703 | title = Gar Mandaran High School | publisher =ICBSE | access-date = 24 June 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Garh Mandaran}}

{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]

K. P. A. C. Sunny

2026-02-07T23:11:49Z

Sergdpd: stub

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam actor (1934–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. P. A. C. Sunny
| image=
| birth_name = Sunny D'Cruz
| birth_date = 18 April 1934
| occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]]
| birth_place = [[Chavara]], [[Quilon]], [[Travancore]]
| death_date = 18 April 2006 (aged 72)
| spouse = Mercy<ref>[http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo1.php?searchtext=K.P.A.C.+Sunny&pigsection=Actor&picata=1&Search=Search Cinidiary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927062401/http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo1.php?searchtext=K.P.A.C.+Sunny&pigsection=Actor&picata=1&Search=Search |date=27 September 2013 }} {{unreliable source?|date=August 2017}}</ref>
| parents = Jacob
| children = Deepa, Roopa
| years_active= 1961–2006<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060421154202/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/21890.html Cinema News | Movie Reviews | Movie Trailers] {{unreliable source?|date=August 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''K. P. A. C. Sunny''' (18 April 1934 – 18 April 2006) was an Indian actor in [[Malayalam movie]]s. He acted in more than 400 Malayalam films. He occupied the movie industry for four decades.

==Background==
Sunny was born as Sunny D'Cruz in [[Chavara]], then [[Travancore]] on 18 April 1934. His father's name is Jacob. He completed his education at Chavara English Medium High School and graduated from [[Fatima Mata National College]], [[Kollam]]. He established as a good actor while at school, where he also scripted a drama titled ''Sneham Anaswaramanu''. He was elected as College Arts Club Secretary during college life. He also worked in Kala Nilayam. He worked as an Accountant in State Small Scale Agricultural Corporation from 1964. After joining K.P.A.C drama troupe he adopted K.P.A.C as a prefix for his name. In 2004, he received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] for Drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-a-ksna/465 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Drama |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

Sunny died from a heart attack on 18 April 2006, which was his 72nd birthday.<ref>[http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?a=5496 Malayalachalachithram] {{unreliable source?|date=August 2017}}</ref> He was survived by his wife Mercy and two daughters.

==Filmography==
=== 1970s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Madhuvidhu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Kochaniyathi]]'' || Reghu ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Professor (1972 film)|Professor]]'' || Hostel Warden ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Swargaputhri]]'' || Thampi ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1974 || ''[[Nadeenadanmare Avasyamundu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neelakannukal]]'' || Cheriyan Muthalali ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1975 || ''[[Velicham Akale]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pennpada]]'' || Ramdas ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaarya Illaatha Raathri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Priyamulla Sophia]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1976 || ''[[Panchami (film)|Panchami]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
| ''[[Hridayam Oru Kshethram]]'' || Dr. Sunny ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1977 || ''[[Rathimanmadhan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vidarunna Mottukal]]'' || Sulu's husband ||
|-
| ''[[Agninakshathram (1977 film)|Agninakshathram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Itha Ivide Vare]]'' || Thug ||
|-
| ''[[Muhoorthangal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1978 || ''[[Kaithappoo]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rowdy Ramu]]'' || Dasappan ||
|-
| ''[[Nakshathrangale Kaaval (film)|Nakshathrangale Kaaval]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maattoly]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1979 || ''[[Tharangam (1979 film)|Tharangam]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
| ''[[Irumbazhikal]]'' || School Master ||
|-
| ''[[Enikku Njaan Swantham]]'' || Naanu ||
|-
| ''[[Indradhanussu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kayalum Kayarum]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Chuvanna Chirakukal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Driver Madyapichirunnu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Sudhikalasam'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|}

=== 1980s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1980 || ''[[Angadi (film)|Angadi]]'' || Vishvanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Theenalangal]]'' || Damodharan master ||
|-
| ''[[Karimpana]]'' || Sunny ||
|-
| ''[[Eden Thottam]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
| ''[[Naayattu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arangum Aniyarayum]]'' || Prathapan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1981 || ''[[Thaaraavu]]'' || Thevan ||
|-
| ''[[Kolilakkam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]'' || Pappan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1982 || ''[[John Jaffer Janardhanan]]'' || Nanu ||
|-
| ''[[Thuranna Jail]]'' || Kuttan Pilla ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Swapname Ninakku Nandi]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1984 || ''[[Adaminte Vaariyellu]]'' || Eeppachan ||
|-
| ''[[April 18 (film)|April 18]]'' || DIG Santhosh Varma||
|-
| ''[[Kodathy]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Minimol Vathicanil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Piriyilla Naam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sandarbham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Umaanilayam]]'' || Raveendranath ||
|-
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1985 || ''[[Principal Olivil]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Varma ||
|-
| ''[[Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu]]'' || Indu's father ||
|-
| ''[[Yathra]]'' || District Forest Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Eeran Sandhya]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Boeing Boeing (1985 film)|Boeing Boeing]]'' || Sreekandan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kudakeezhil]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Viswanathan Nair ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1986 || ''[[Aayiram Kannukal]]'' || Fr. Alexander||
|-
| ''[[Sukhamo Devi]]'' || Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[Moonnu Masangalku Mumbu]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| ''[[Rajavinte Makan]]'' || K. Venkitachalam, Public Prosecutor ||
|-
| ''[[Meenamasathile Sooryan]]'' || Jail Warden||
|-
| ''[[Doore Doore Oru Koodu Koottam]]'' || School manager ||
|-
| ''Sunil Vayassu 20'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Swamy Sreenarayana Guru]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1987 || ''[[Irupatham Noottandu]]'' || Koshy ||
|-
| ''[[Aalippazhangal]]'' || Dr. Madhavan ||
|-
| ''[[Theertham (film)|Theertham]]'' || Dr. Ashokan||
|-
| ''[[Vrutham]]'' || Barrister Vinod Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomiyile Rajakkanmar]]'' || Vishwambaran ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1988 || ''[[Aparan (film)|Aparan]]'' || Kuriyachan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]'' || C.I. Alex ||
|-
| ''[[August 1 (film)|August 1]]'' || Vishwam ||
|-
| ''[[Mukthi]]'' || Thomas Varghese ||
|-
| ''Inquilabinte Puthri'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| ''Ambalakkara Panchaayath'' || ||
|-
| ''Vida Parayaan Maathram'' || Psychiatrist ||
|-
| ''[[Dhwani]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Isabella (1988 film)|Isabella]]'' || Alby ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1989 || ''[[Adikkurippu]]'' || Karthikeyan ||
|-
| ''Agnipravesham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The News (film)|News]]'' || George Thomas ||
|-
| ''[[Naduvazhikal]]'' || Koshy ||
|-
|}

=== 1990s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1990 || ''[[Arhatha]]'' || Commissioner Sreenivasan ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]]'' || D.I.G Ayyappan Marar I.P.S ||
|-
| ''[[Naale Ennundengil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Veena Meettiya Vilangukal'' || Viswanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Indrajaalam]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Narayana Swamy ||
|-
| ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'' || Sreedhara Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Lal Salam (1990 film)|Lal Salam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maanmizhiyaal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadathanadan Ambadi]]'' || Chandrappan's Brother ||
|-
| ''Vacation'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1991 || ''[[Mahazar]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomika (film)|Bhoomika]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nayam Vyakthamakkunnu]]'' || Sadasivan ||
|-
| ''Oru Prathyeka Ariyippu'' || S.P. Rajasekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Chakravarthy (1991 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aanaval Mothiram]]'' || D.I.G. Michael Kurien ||
|-
| ''[[Onnaam Muhurtham]]'' || Shekhara Kurup ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1992 || ''[[Thalastaanam]]'' || Minister Nandakumar Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Kunukkitta Kozhi]]'' || Vakkachan ||
|-
| ''[[Priyapetta Kukku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanagaram]]'' || Shankara Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Kizhakkan Pathrose]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Ennodu Ishtam Koodamo]]'' || Arathi's Uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Kauravar]]'' || Kanaran ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1993 || ''Kulapathi'' || Abdu ||
|-
| ''[[Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni]]'' || Rajagopal ||
|-
| ''Journalist'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''Thalamura'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1994 || ''[[Varaphalam]]'' || Sahadevan ||
|-
| ''Moonnaam Loka Pattaalam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' || Kunju Moideen Sahib ||
|-
| ''[[Vendor Daniel State Licency]]'' || Dy.SP Krishnankutty Nair ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1995 || ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' || Sulaiman || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Achan Kombathu Amma Varampathu]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''Peter Scott'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| 1997 || ''Shobhanam'' || Thampan ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]'' || Ezhupunna Mathew Tharakan ||
|-
|}

=== 2000s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''Rapid Action Force'' || CI Jacob ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Five Fingers (2005 film)|Five Fingers]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1460296}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=KPAC%20Sunny&limit=75 K P A C Sunny at MSI]


{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunny, K. P. A. C.}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kollam]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

D. Satya Prakash

2026-02-06T06:23:37Z

Sergdpd: new

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = D. Satya Prakash
| image = Satya prakash.jpg
| caption = Prakash in 2017
| birth_name = Dattatreya Satya Prakash
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kadur]], [[Chikmagalur]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|Director|Lyricist|Producer|Distributor}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| website = [https://satyapicture.com/ Satya Pictures]
}}
'''D. Satya Prakash''' is an Indian filmmaker in [[Kannada cinema]]. His works often focus on social issues and human relationships. His debut film was ''[[Rama Rama Re...]]'' (2016), which is followed by ''[[Ondalla Eradalla]]'' (2018). He then directed ''[[Man of the Match (film)|Man of the Match]]'' (2022). His latest venture is ''[https://www.sunnxt.com/kannada-movie-x-and-y-2025/detail/228008 X&Y]'' (2025). Before making commercial films, Prakash directed the short film ''Jayanagara 4th block''.<ref name="youtube1">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmK91AxPA1A |title=Jayanagar 4th Block ( a kannada short film ) |publisher=YouTube |date=2013-12-28 |accessdate=2020-01-21}}</ref>

For ''Rama Rama Re...'', Prakash received the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Director's First Time Best Film]]. ''Ondalla Eradalla'' won two awards at the [[66th National Film Awards]] including the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/making-ondalla-eradalla-was-sensitive-and-risky-d-satya-prakash/articleshow/70618886.cms |title=Making Ondalla Eradalla was sensitive and risky: D Satya Prakash | Kannada Movie News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2019-08-11 |accessdate=2020-01-21}}</ref>

Prakash was selected as one of 20 "changemakers" by ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' in 2020 for being "one of the important filmmakers in Kannada today".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://20in20.deccanherald.com/d-satya-prakash?id=1|title = D Satya Prakash|date = 27 December 2019}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
D Satya Prakash was born in [[Kaduru]], [[Chikmagalur district]], [[Karnataka]] to K C Dattatari, a businessman, and Geetha, a homemaker. He completed schooling in [[Kaduru]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]], and [[Bangalore]].

After completing his Diploma in Computer Sciences from [[DVS Polytechnic College]] [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]. He shifted to Bangalore to pursue his interest in cricket. He was a part of league level matches and sports events.

==Career==
Prakash worked as assistant director with [[T. S. Nagabharana]], assisting on films including ''[[Nam Yajamanru]]'' starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Dr.Vishnuvardhan]], and ''[[Kamsale Kaisale]]''. During his five years of internship he collaborated with [[V. Manohar]], music director for writing lyrics and was involved in dialogue writing for various scripts as well.

===Jayanagara 4th Block===

''Jayanagara 4th Block'' is a story revolving around the friendship between an actor, a florist, and a retired school teacher. It explores the beauty of relationships among strangers and their journey of rediscovering happiness in an inanimate place 4th Block Jayanagar. This was an experimental film highlighting the existence of pure intentions in a society that’s misunderstood. The script was written by the lead actor [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjaya]]; [[screenplay]] and direction were by Prakash. The film received more than a million views on [[YouTube]],<ref name="youtube1"/> and won accolades in film festivals.{{which|date=January 2020}}

===Rama Rama Re===

''[[Rama Rama Re...]]'' was Satya Prakash's debut commercial film. Released on 21 October 2016, it was written and directed by Satya Prakash. It is a story of a convict on [[death row]]. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in 2018 as Aatagadaraa Siva by [[Rockline Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aatagadara-siva-review-plot-so-poignant/article24473882.ece|title= Aatagadara Siva review : Plot so poignant |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2018}}</ref>

===Ondalla Eradalla===

''[[Ondalla Eradalla]]'' is about a seven-year-old boy Sameera and his pet cow Banu. The journey of the boy in search of his lost cow, while traveling through city and meeting new people with selfish intentions on the pretext of helping. The film tries to explore the complexities of human nature and qualities such as innocence and empathy masked by selfishness. As the story unfolds, it also unveils the positive thoughts within negatively portrayed people.<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

===Man of the Match===

''[[Man of the Match (film)]]'' <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/d-sathya-prakash-talks-about-his-latest-film-man-of-the-match/article36628106.ece|title=D Sathya Prakash talks about his latest film 'Man of the Match' |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 September 2021 |last1=Anandraj |first1=Shilpa }}</ref> is D. Satya Prakash's third creative work in cinema. It has been produced jointly by [[PRK Productions]],<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jun/28/puneeth-rajkumars-production-house-rolls-out-man-of-the-match-2322297.html|title= Puneeth Rajkumar's production house rolls out 'Man of the Match'}}</ref> the company of Kannada Superstar, [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], in collaboration with Satya and Mayura Pictures. The movie follows A Director who calls for an audition and makes a movie out of it by creating conflicts between the artists who attended the audition.

=== X&Y ===
[https://www.sunnxt.com/kannada-movie-x-and-y-2025/detail/228008 ''X&Y''] is D. Satya Prakash's latest venture, produced under the Satya Pictures banner. The film follows the story of an unborn soul who pleads with the Creator for a chance to experience life on Earth. Entrusted with a mission to find his future parents and unite them before he can be born, the soul embarks on his journey. However, once on Earth, he encounters harsh realities, struggles, and emotional turmoil. The vibrant world he had long desired proves far more challenging than expected, leaving him disillusioned and regretful of his decision, ultimately yearning to return to the Creator and renouncing the wish to be born.

== Filmography ==
=== Directed Features ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Producer !! Notes
|-
|2013
|''Jayanagar 4th Block''
|{{Yes}} ||{{No}}
|Short Film<ref>{{Citation|last=Kannada Kolour|title=Jayanagar 4th Block ( a kannada short film )|date=2013-12-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmK91AxPA1A|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[Rama Rama Re...|''Rama Rama Re'']]
|{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}
|Remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as "[[Aatagadharaa Siva]]"
|-
|2018
|''[[Ondalla Eradalla]]''
|{{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
|2022
|''[[Man of the Match (film)|Man of the Match]]''
|{{Yes}} ||{{Yes}} || Released on [[Prime Video|Amazon Prime]]
|-
|2025
|''[https://www.sunnxt.com/kannada-movie-x-and-y-2025/detail/228008 X&Y]''
|Yes
|Yes
|
|}

=== Writer ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''Bhagyaraj''
|
|-
|''[[Endendigu]]''
|Dialogue Writer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Urvi (film)|Urvi]]''
|Dialogue Writer<ref>{{Citation |title=Urvi (2017) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6203964/fullcredits |access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Happy New Year (2017 film)|Happy New Year]]''
|writer [[Vijay Raghavendra|Vijay Raghavendra's]] episode.<ref>{{Citation |title=Happy New Year (2017) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6417762/fullcredits |access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Kaalapatthar]]''
|
|-
|2025
|''Unlock Raghava''
|
|}

=== Distributor ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="17" |2022
|Four Walls
|Kannada
|-
|Gilki
|Kannada
|-
|Son of India
|Telugu
|-
|Reddygarintlo Rowdism
|Telugu
|-
|Purushothama
|Kannada
|-
|Balaraju
|Telugu
|-
|Bypassroad
|Kannada
|-
|Vikipedia
|Kannada
|-
|3.0
|Kannada
|-
|Shubamangala
|Kannada
|-
|Kambalihula
|Kannada
|-
|Hubali Dhaba
|Kannada
|-
|"O"
|Kannada
|-
|Kasagiputagalu
|Kannada
|-
|Kullana Hendati
|Kannada
|-
|Dwipatra
|Kannada
|-
|Shambo Shiva Shankara
|Kannada
|-
| rowspan="21" |2023
|Sri Balaji Photo Studio
|Kannada
|-
|Sakuchi
|Kannada
|-
|Paalaar
|Kannada
|-
|Arambha
|Kannada
|-
|Chowkabhara
|Kannada
|-
|Ondanki Kadu
|Kannada
|-
|Daamayana
|Kannada
|-
|Nimmellara Ashirwada
|Kannada
|-
|Aura
|Kannada
|-
|Bun Tea
|Kannada
|-
|Vasantakaalada Hoogalu
|Kannada
|}

=== Lyricist===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!song
|-
|2016
|''[[Rama Rama Re...]]''
|All songs
|-
|2018
|''[[Ondalla Eradalla]]''
|All songs
|-
|2018
|''[[Churikatte]]''
|Sanchondu Illi Sanchari Yagi
|-
|2022
|''[[Man of the Match (film)|Man of the Match]]''
|Enadru Madoke Munchane
|-
|2023
|Dooradarshana
|Taayi Usire
|-
|2023
|Harikathe Alla Girikathe
|Gir Gir Gitle Zamana
|-
|2025
|X&Y
|Kunthi Karna
|}

== Awards ==
[[File:National award.jpg|thumb|D Satya Prakash receiving National Award from Vice President Shri Venkaiah Naidu.]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Rama Rama Re...|Rama Rama Re]]
|[[2016 Karnataka State Film Awards]] || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Director's First Time Best Film|Best Debutant Director]]||{{won}} ||<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-award-winners-for-2016/articleshow/58130032.cms Karnataka State Film Award Winners for 2016]</ref>
|-
|[[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] ||First Best Kannada film ||{{won}} ||<ref>[[9th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2017]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=November 2020}}
|-
|[[64th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/64th-filmfare-south-awards-2017-heres-malayalam-tamil-telugu-tamil-nomination-lists-730110|title=64th Filmfare South Awards 2017: Here's Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Tamil nomination lists|work=ibtimes.com|date=8 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|''[[Ondalla Eradalla]]''
|[[66th National Film Awards]]
|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="66thaward">{{cite press release|title=66th National Film Awards|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|accessdate=11 August 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/23/ondalla-eradalla-remake-rights-in-huge-demand-1967855.html|title=Ondalla Eradalla remake rights in huge demand|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/four-kannada-movies-win-big-at-national-film-awards-753230.html|title=Four Kannada movies win big at National Film Awards|date=2019-08-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-08-09}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Third Best Film|Third Best Film]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms|title=KARNATAKA STATE FILM AWARDS 2018: RAGHAVENDRA RAJKUMAR AND MEGHANA RAJ BAG TOP HONOURS; CHECK OUT ALL WINNERS|date=10 January 2020|accessdate=21 January 2020|website=bangalore mirror}}</ref>
|-
|Critics Choice Film Awards(CCFA) || Best Kannada Film || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/ondalla-eradalla-movie-got-best-movie-award-in-mumbai-critics-choice-awards-2019-036873.html|title = ಮುಂಬೈ ವಿಮರ್ಶಕರಿಂದ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪಡೆದ 'ಒಂದಲ್ಲಾ ಎರಡಲ್ಲಾ' ಚಿತ್ರ|date = 22 April 2019}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satya Prakash, D}}
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Asavadi Prakasarao

2026-01-29T01:15:01Z

Sergdpd: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian poet (1944–2022)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Resume-like|date=January 2021}}
{{Overly detailed|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Asavadi Prakasa Rao
| image = Asavadi Prakasa Rao.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Prakasa Rao releasing a book in 2017
| birth_name = Aasadi Prakasam
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|08|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Korivipalli]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|02|17|1944|08|02|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Penukonda]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Telugu lecturer
| years_active =
| known_for = Writer, poet, critic, scholar and speaker
| notable_works =
| spouse = Vaduguru Lakshmi Devi
| mother = Kullaayamma
| father = Teacher Pakkiirappa
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2021) [[Kala Ratna]]
}}
'''Asavadi Prakasa Rao''' (2 August 1944 – 17 February 2022) was an Indian [[poet]], [[critic]], [[translator]] and [[scholar]], who is known for his poetry and prose works. He is noted for his significant contribution to [[Telugu literature|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit literature]]. In January 2021, he was awarded India's fourth-highest civilian award the [[Padma Shri]] in the Arts and Literature category.<ref name=Timesofindia>{{cite news |title=Three from Andhra Pradesh get Padma Shri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/three-from-ap-get-padma-shri/articleshow/80454719.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andhra CM YS Jagan congratulates four Telugu Padma Shri award recipients |url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/andhra-cm-ys-jagan-congratulates-four-telugu-padma-shri-award-recipients-112112 |publisher=Telugu Bulletin |date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarma |first1=U Atreya |title=Dr. Asavadi Prakasa Rao – A Literary Luminary with a Fund of Goodwill |url=https://www.boloji.com/articles/49404/dr.-asavadi-prakasa-rao |publisher=Boloji |date=6 November 2016}}</ref> As Ashtavadhani, he gave 170 performances and wrote and published 50 books across various genres.<ref>{{cite news |title=Four artistes from Telugu states honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/four-artistes-telugu-states-honoured-padma-shri-142169 |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> His most notable literary contribution is his performance of [[Avadhanam]] – a literary performance.<ref name=Timesofindia/> He received an honorary [[D Litt]] from [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]] and a Distinguished Teacher award from the Department of Higher Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=setumag>{{cite news |title=Asavadi Prakasa Rao |url=https://www.setumag.com/2017/08/Author-Asavadi-Prakasa-Rao.html |publisher=Setumag.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Asavadi Prakasarao was born to Kulayamma and Fakeerappa on 2 August 1944 in [[Korivipalli]]. His teacher Nanduri Ramakrishnamacharya changed his name to the optimist Prakash Rao.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Noted poet, Padma Shri awardee Asavadi Prakasa Rao passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/feb/18/noted-poet-padma-shri-awardee-asavadi-prakasa-rao-passes-away-2420926.html|access-date=18 February 2022|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Born into a Dalit family, he spent his childhood in the villages of [[Beluguppa]] and Sirpi. He did his primary education in the social welfare schools in those villages. He was educated at Potti Sriramulu Municipal Boys' School and Rajendra Municipal High School in [[Anantapur]]am between 1953 and 1959. He completed [[Pre-university course|PUC]] at Government Arts College, Anantapur, between 1960 and 1961. He also completed [[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]] in 1962–65 from the same colleger.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

He later worked for a few days in Eluru as a lower divisional clerk after passing in the [[Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission|APPSC]] Group-4 examination. He left that job as an obstacle to his progress and worked as a Telugu scholar in Venkatadripalle, Y. Rampuram, Kanekal, Kurli Zilla Parishad schools between 1965 and 1968. He earned a [[Master of Arts|M. A.]] in Telugu Linguistics from Anantapur PG Center (affiliated to [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati]]) between 1968 and 1970. Starting in 1970, he worked as an Andhra lecturer in Government Junior College, [[Rayadurg]]am, Government Degree Colleges in Anantapur, Guntakallu, Nagari, Punganur and Penukonda. He served as the Principal of Penukonda Government Degree College and retired in 2002.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== Career ==
Prakasarao was accepted as a teacher in [[Avadhanam]] education. He made his first Avadhanam in 1963 at the age of 19.<ref name=":0" /> He was regarded as the only Dalit Avadhāni in Andhra literature. He performed 171 Avadhanams, a double octave, not only in Andhra Pradesh but also in other parts of India such as Taruttani, Arakkonam, Pallipattu, Hosur, Bengaluru, Bellary, Donimalai, Delhi etc. His observations were also broadcast on television and radio. He also gave some [[Impromptu]] performances.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

== Death ==
Prakasarao died from cardiac arrest at his home in [[Penukonda]], on 17 February 2022, at the age of 77.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ప్రముఖ సాహితీవేత్త ఆశావాది ప్రకాశరావు మృతి పట్ల పలువురి సంతాపం.. నేత్రదానం చేసిన ఆశావాది!|url=https://m.ap7am.com/flash-news-735913/famous-poet-asavadi-prakasa-rao-passes-away|access-date=19 February 2022|work=ap7am.com|language=Telugu|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219054205/https://m.ap7am.com/flash-news-735913/famous-poet-asavadi-prakasa-rao-passes-away|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Anantapur: Telugu poet Asawadi passes away|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/anantapur-telugu-poet-asawadi-passes-away-729921|access-date=18 February 2022|work=[[The Hans India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
* ''Pushpanjali'' (1968)
* ''Varadarajasathakam'' (1969)
* ''Niryoshthya Krishna Shatakam'' (1972)
* ''Vidyabhushan'' (1973)
* ''Merupu Teegalu'' (1976)
* ''Orchestra'' (1979)
* ''Chellappillaraya Charitramu'' (1982)
* ''Sri Raptati Parichaya Parijatamu'' (1986)
* ''Sahayachari Sahiti Sahacharyamu'' (1986)
* ''Potana Bhagavatamu – Third Skandhamu'' (1986)
* ''Antaranga Taranagalu'' (1988)
* ''Prahalada Charithra – A Comparative Study of Erranna-Potana'' (1989)
* ''Jyotissuprabhatamu'' (1989)
* ''Hanumat Stotramanjari'' (1989)
* ''Subramanya Stotrakadambamu'' (1990)
* ''Lokalilasooktamu'' (1990)
* ''Deevasesalu'' (1992)
* ''Avadhana Chaatuvulu'' (1993)
* ''Ramakatha Kalasham'' (1993)
* ''Avadhana Deepika'' (1998)
* ''Domavadhani Sahitikunjara Murtimatvamu'' (1998)
* ''Avadhana Kaumudi'' (2000)
* ''Avadhana Vasantham'' (2001)
* ''Subodhini Vyakaranam'' (2003)
* ''Parvatishatakamu'' (2003)
* ''Avadhana Kalathoranam'' (2003)
* ''Pratyusha Pavanaalu'' (2006)
* ''Nadichepadyam Nanduri'' (2006)
* ''Prasarakiranalu'' (2007)
* ''Samaradhana'' (2007)
* ''Atmatattva Prabodhamu'' (2007)
* ''Bhagavata Saurabhamu'' (2008)
* ''Sameeksha Sravanthi'' (2008)
* ''Suvarnagopuram'' (2008)
* ''Avadhana Vinodham – Fun Speech'' (2008)

== Awards and honours ==
* [[Kala Ratna|Kala Ratna Award]] from [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<ref name="setumag" />
* Jashuva Padya Kavita Puraskaram from Telugu Academy<ref name="setumag" />
* [[Padma Shri]] from [[Government of India]]<ref name="Timesofindia" />
*[[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]] – Honorary Doctorate (D.Litt) Awarded
*Loknayak Foundation, Visakhapatnam – Avadhana Shiromani Award
*Worship Cultural Institution Hyderabad – Life Achievement Award
*Bharti Sahitya Samiti, Guntakallu – Kandukuri Veeresalingam Centenary Award
*Andhra Sangh, Hosur – Sri Krishnadevarayala Coronation Award
*[[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]] – Karyamapudi Rajamannar Dharmanidhi Award
*Sri Doma Venkataswamy Gupta Sahityapeeth, Kadapa – Shatavadhani Award
*Department of Higher Education, Government of India – Best Faculty Award
*T. Subbaramireddy Foundation, Vijayawada – Kalabandhu Award
*Department of Telugu Language, University of Bangalore – Joshua Dharmanidhi Award
*Arunabharati, Banaganapally – Ugadi Literary Award
*Kalakaumudi, Rajampeta – Centenary Poets Award
*Daggubati Venkateswara Rao, Visakhapatnam – Aatmeeyapuraskaram
*Andhra Pradesh Official Language Society – Linguist Award
*Erranna Peethamu, Ongolu – Best Theoretical Writing Award
*AMP Sahitya Akademi, Hyderabad – Silver Jubilee Award
*'Daivajnasekhara' GVR Raju, Bellary – Saptati Award
*Harijan Sevak Sangh (MP), Vijayawada – Gandhian Poet Award
*Tenugubharathi Sahitya Parishad, Uyyuru – Best Literary Award
*Kallepu Sagara Rao, Hyderabad – Spiritual Award
*American Telugu Association Regional Conferences, Hyderabad – New Year's Award
*'Kaviratna' Paladi Lakshmi Kanthanshreshti, Kadapa – Sashtipurti Award
*Bhagyalakshmi Foundation, Badwell – Distinguished Literary Service Award
*Friendship Forum of India, New Delhi – India Excellence Award
*Sahitya Gaganmahal, Penukonda – Anantha Animutyalu Award
*Lalithakala Parishad, Anantapur – Mandala Manikyalu Award
*Sardardji Friends Association, Proddatur – Best Literary Producers Award
*Kalajyoti, Dharmavaram – Sahitya Saraswati Award
*Nanduri Ramakrishnamacharya Sahityapeeth, Hyderabad – Nanduri Memorial Annual Award
*Anantha Kalapeetham, Anantapur – Poetry Award
*Department of Culture, Government of India – Rashtrakavi Award
*Rapaka Ekambaracharyas, Hyderabad – Retirement Award
*Pushpagiri Mahasansthanam, Kadapa – Sankranti Poet Award
*AMP First Harijan Mahasabha, Hyderabad – Telugu Velugu Award
*Akkiraju Ramapathirao Hyderabad – Birthday Spiritual Award
*Sri Rajarajanarendra Andhra Language Institute, Hanmakonda – Centenary Award
*Gauturaju Hanumantrao, Hyderabad – Gauturaju Literary Culture
*Keasvatthayya, PENUKONDA – Gold gandapendera honor
*Kshirasagara Sahitya, Hyderabad – Kanakabhishekam
He was honored by [[Babu Jagjivan Ram]], Bejwada Gopalareddy, [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]], [[Konijeti Rosaiah]], Nedurumalli Janardhanareddy, Mandali Buddhaprasad, PVRK Prasad, Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad, [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] etc.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== Books ==

* Kalyanavani – Shanthi Narayana (Editor)
* Asavadi Prakasarao Sahityamu – Anushilana – Mankala Ramachandran – Ph.D. Theoretical text
* Aksharakireeti Asavadi – P. Ramasubbareddy (Editor)
* Avadhanacharya Asavadi – Madabhushi Ananthacharya
* Asavadi Kavithatarangam – Y. Shantamma
* Asavadi Rachana Drukhpatham – Y. Shantamma
* Asavadi Granthavalokanam – R. Rangaswamy Gowda (Editor)
* Asavadi Antaratarangalu – An Observation – N. Hemawati (M.Phil. Theoretical Essay)
* Hiranmayi – Special edition on the Asavadi Literary Golden Jubilee{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asavadi, Prakasarao}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language writers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kala Ratna]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Sports in Maharashtra

2026-01-22T15:39:05Z

Sergdpd: new basic post w/ refs

{{Short description|Overview of situation of sport in Indian state, Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
Sports play an integral part of culture in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. [[Cricket]] is the most popular spectator sport in the state. Other popular sports include [[kabaddi]] and [[kho kho]], which are played in rural areas, and [[field hockey]], [[badminton]], and [[table tennis]], which are more common in urban areas, schools, and colleges. In the state's southern rural regions, annual wrestling championships such as [[Hind Kesari]] and [[Maharashtra Kesari]] are held. Games like [[Viti-Dandu]] and variations of [[Tag (game)|Tag]] are played among children.

The [[Mumbai cricket team]] represents Mumbai, [[Palghar district|Palghar]], and [[Thane district|Thane]] districts in Indian domestic cricket, whilst the [[Maharashtra cricket team]] represents the rest of the state. [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]] (MCA) governs cricket in the state except for the Mumbai region. The state is home to international standard stadiums including [[Wankhede stadium]] in [[Mumbai]] and [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]] in [[Pune]]. In the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), the [[Mumbai Indians]] franchise represents the state from Mumbai; the [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|women's team]] plays in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]. The [[Maharashtra Open]], a tennis [[ATP Tour 250]] tournament, is annually held in Balewadi Stadium, Pune. In addition, Pune hosted the [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]].

==History==
=== Pre-colonial sports ===
{{See also|Traditional games of India}}
In [[ancient India]], a [[martial art]] called ''mallavidya'' was practiced. It was a form of [[grappling]] that was more complex than [[wrestling]], and was performed in earthen mud pits called ''akhadas'' or ''talims'', some of which can still be found in Maharashtra today. Historical depictions of the martial art can be seen on archaeological sculptures from the region at numerous locations, such as [[Kharosa]] or Pavnar.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dhebar|first1=Kush|date=2018|title=Grappling as Projected in the Archaeological Finds of Ancient and Medieval India|url=http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume6/46.pdf|journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=6|pages=908–925|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

[[Baji Rao II]], the last [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], was a patron of strength and wrestling competitions during the early 19th century. Under his patronage, the sport of [[Mallakhamba|''malkhamb'']] (pole gymnastics) was developed in Pune by Balambhat Deodhar. After Baji Rao lost power and was exiled to northern India, Deodhar brought malkhamb and mallavidya to other Maratha-ruled states such as [[Vadodara|Baroda]] and [[Gwalior]]. In the later 19th and early 20th centuries, other rulers such as those of [[Kolhapur]] and [[Aundh, Pune|Aundh]] were also patrons of organised wrestling and sporting festivals.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maguire|first1=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaHdu9qd-e8C&pg=PA129|title=Sport across Asia: politics, cultures and identities |date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415884389|edition=1|pages=129}}</ref> Among the rulers of these princely states, [[horse riding]], [[wrestling]], [[fencing]], [[archery]], and [[shooting]] gained popularity.<ref name="indfy1">{{cite web|date=2011-10-04|title=Sports of Maharashtra|url=http://www.indfy.com/maharashtra/sports.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101011449/http://www.indfy.com/maharashtra/sports.html|archive-date=2013-11-01|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=Indfy.com}}</ref>

=== Imported sports under British rule ===
{{See also|Sport in British India}}
[[British Raj|British rule]] in India drastically changed the landscape of sports in Maharastra. Like in other regions of India, British rulers and aristocrats enjoyed outdoor sports and built facilities for their own leisure.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Winchester|first1=Simon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zD1Ugfq9KwC&q=poona+british+golf+boat+racecourse+cantonment&pg=PP12|title=Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj|last2=Morris|first2=Jan|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0192805966|edition=New|location=Oxford|page=151}}</ref> This led to the introduction of several [[British sports]], including cricket, and the development of the new game of badminton.<ref>Tennyson, C., 1959. They taught the world to play. Victorian Studies, 2(3), pp. 211–222.</ref> New infrastructure—such as the building of a dam at [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]] in 1860—allowed for recreational boating on the [[Mula-Mutha River|Mula-Mutha river]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kincaid|first1=Charles Augustus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXwNjkn-HPsC&q=rajwade+shivaji+dadaji&pg=PA133|title=History of the Maratha People Volume 1|last2=Parasnis|first2=Rao Bahadur Dattatraya Balavant|date=1918|publisher=Oxford University press|isbn=978-1176681996|edition=2010|location=London|page=224}}</ref> In addition, the colonial rulers introduced horse racing; some racecourses built during this period, such as the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]] and [[Pune Race Course]], are still in operation today.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|editor-last1=Menon|editor-first1=Dilip M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxDB5GBCpNEC&q=%22gowd+saraswat+brahmin%22+marathi&pg=PA1|title=Cultural history of modern India|date=2006|publisher=Social Science Press|isbn=978-8187358251|location=New Delhi|pages=1–30}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|editor-last1=Mills|editor-first1=James H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utL2wVTFfmQC&q=%22kho-kho%22++poona+gymkhana+1914&pg=PR7|title=Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India|last1=Sen|first1=Satadru|date=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1843310334|location=London|pages=129, 141}}</ref>

By the late 19th century, the British had constructed numerous sports clubs that were exclusively white or restricted based on religion, such as Poona Europeans, Poona Parsees, and Poona Hindu Gymkhana. While many of the religion-based clubs were dominated by educated [[Brahmin]]s, there were also some lower-caste sports stars such as the brothers [[Palwankar Baloo]] and [[Vithal Palwankar]], who played cricket in the early 20th century.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Indigenous sports under British rule ===
At the same time that imported sports were being developed by the British, indigenous sports continued to change and develop. However, after [[Indian Civil Service]] officer [[Walter Charles Rand|Walter Rand]] was assassinated in 1897 by the [[Chapekar brothers]] who ran a wrestling venue in Pune, British colonial authorities viewed these indigenous sports venues with suspicion.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|editor-last1=Maguire|editor-first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LYZQyDBvRIC|title=Sport across asia: politics, cultures and identities 7|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415884389|edition=1|location=New York}}</ref> A committee was established in 1914 in order to set rules for [[Kho kho|kho-kho]].<ref>Mahesh, D., 2015. A Comparative Study of Physical Fitness Among Kho-Kho and Kabaddi Male Players. ''International Journal'', ''3''(7), pp. 1594–1597.[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C39&q=+COMPARATIVE+STUDY+OF+PHYSICAL+FITNESS+AMONG+KHO-KHO+AND+KABADDI+MALE+PLAYERS.+International+Journal%2C&btnG=]</ref> The formalization of Indian sports continued in the region, and the Deccan Gymkhana sports club was instrumental in organizing the first Indian delegation to an Olympic games, which participated in the [[1920 Summer Olympics|1920 games in Antwerp]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Steven|editor1=Chris Hallinan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8BuCcSj8HoC&q=pune++dorabji+tata+deccan&pg=PA167|title=Social and cultural diversity in a sporting world|date=2008|publisher=Emerald|isbn=9780762314560|edition=1st|location=Bingley, UK|pages=172–175}}</ref> Other clubs, such as the Maharashtra Mandal club, which formed in the early 20th century, promoted physical culture and education by hosting both indigenous and Western sports.<ref name="Routledge" /><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Mills|editor-first1=James H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utL2wVTFfmQC&q=%22kho-kho%22++poona+gymkhana+1914&pg=PR7|title=Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India|last1=Sen|first1=Satadru|date=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1843310334|location=London|pages=128–136}}</ref>

Other indigenous sports and exercises developed as well, especially [[yoga]]. In the 1920s, [[Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi]], the ruler of [[Aundh State]], helped popularize the series of yoga positions called [[Surya Namaskar]], a flowing sequence of salutations to the sun. This series contained popular [[asana]]s (positions) such as [[Urdhva Mukha Shvanasana|upward]] and [[Downward Dog Pose|downward dog]] and [[Uttanasana]] which helped to popularize [[yoga as exercise]].<ref name="ET 2018">{{cite news|last1=Doctor|first1=Vikram|date=15 June 2018|title=Bhawanrao Shrinivasrao Pant Pratinidhi: The man who promoted Surya Namaskar|work=The Economic Times (India)|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bhawanrao-shrinivasrao-pant-pratinidhi-the-man-who-promoted-surya-namaskar/articleshow/64607546.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pant |first1=Pratinidhi |last2=Morgan |first2=Louise |title=The Ten-Point Way to Health = Surya Namaskars... Edited with an introduction by Louise Morgan |date=1938 |orig-year=1929 |publisher=J. M. Dent |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.3650thetenpointwaytohealth}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Elliott |author-link=Elliott Goldberg |year=2016 |title=The Path of Modern Yoga: The History of an Embodied Spiritual Practice |location=Rochester, Vermont |publisher=[[Inner Traditions – Bear & Company|Inner Traditions]] |isbn=978-1-62055-567-5 |title-link=The Path of Modern Yoga |pages=180–207}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Silva |last2=Mehta |first2=Mira |last3=Mehta |first3=Shyam |date=1990 |title=Yoga: The Iyengar Way |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |pages=146–147 |url=https://archive.org/details/yogaiyengarway0000meht_j6a9 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1910s, local Indian organizations were established in order to propagate and develop [[Indian physical culture]]. One such organization, initially called Hanuman Akhara, was formed in 1922 by the Vaidya brothers in [[Amravati]] and eventually became the Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak mandal (HVPM). A satellite organization of the HVPM helped to revise the rules for [[kabaddi]] in the 1930s after the [[National Council of YMCAs of India|Indian YMCA]] had first formulated the rules in earlier years.<ref name="ChakrabortyChakrabarti2013">{{cite book|author1=Subhas Ranjan Chakraborty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdfdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|title=The Politics of Sport in South Asia|author2=Shantanu Chakrabarti|author3=Kingshuk Chatterjee|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-99836-5|pages=30–}}</ref>

==Administration==
The Directorate of Sports and Youth Services (Maharashtra) is the governing body which is responsible for sports in Maharashtra. The directorate is a part of the School Education and Sports Department of the [[Government of Maharashtra]] and is let by the Sports and Youth Welfare Minister of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Directorate of Sports and Youth Services|url=https://sports.maharashtra.gov.in/sports_web/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226152644/https://sports.maharashtra.gov.in/sports_web/|archive-date=26 December 2020|access-date=26 December 2020|website=sports.maharashtra.gov.in|publisher=Directorate of Sports and Youth Services}}</ref>

The Maharashtra Olympic Association, affiliated with the [[Indian Olympic Association]], is responsible for the selection and participation of the state's contingent in the [[Olympic Games]], [[Commonwealth Games]], [[Asian Games]], and for the [[South Asian Games]] in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Olympic Association,Constitution|url=https://maharashtraolympic.com/constitution/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226152637/https://maharashtraolympic.com/constitution/|archive-date=26 December 2020|access-date=26 December 2020|website=Maharashtra Olympic Association}}</ref>

The [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]] is the governing body for [[cricket]] activities in Maharashtra and for the [[Maharashtra cricket team]]. It is affiliated with the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]].<ref name="{{Cite web}}...">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/mca-elections-kakatkar-is-mca-boss-players-left-in-lurch/articleshow/71417838.cms |title=MCA Elections: Kakatkar is MCA boss; players left in lurch - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 October 2019 |location=India |access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/charity-commissioner-asks-mca-to-get-its-constitution-confirmed-by-coa/articleshow/71483223.cms |title=Charity Commissioner asks MCA to get its constitution confirmed by CoA - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 October 2019 |location=India |access-date=2019-10-10 |archive-date=2020-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226152640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/charity-commissioner-asks-mca-to-get-its-constitution-confirmed-by-coa/articleshow/71483223.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/while-maha-cricket-assn-tries-to-keep-cricket-going-coach-of-state-ranji-team-says-sport-thriving-in-pune/story-nPb4bB0PVWw4P3gEmnrm3M.html |title=While Maha Cricket Assoc tries to keep cricket going, coach of state Ranji team says sport thriving in Pune |date=2019-04-15 |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=India |access-date=2019-10-10 |archive-date=2020-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226152636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/while-maha-cricket-assn-tries-to-keep-cricket-going-coach-of-state-ranji-team-says-sport-thriving-in-pune/story-nPb4bB0PVWw4P3gEmnrm3M.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Maharashtra Cricket Association is one of three cricket associations based in Maharashtra, along with [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] and [[Vidarbha Cricket Association]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lockdown headache for Maharashtra's BCCI trio |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/dec/02/lockdown-headache-for-maharashtras-bcci-trio-2231064.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=2 December 2020 |access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref>

The [[Western India Football Association]] (WIFA) is the governing body for [[association football|football]] in Maharashtra, and was established on 12 July 1911. It is affiliated with the [[All India Football Federation]], the sport's national governing body for all of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=WIFA-Western India Football Association |url=https://khelnow.com/football/governingbody/wifa-western-india-football-association |website=Khelnow |access-date=26 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Sports policy ===
The Maharashtra government announced its first sports policy in 1996, the first Indian state to do so.<ref name="DirectorateofSports1">{{cite web|title=Directorate of Sports and Youth Services, About US|url=https://sports.maharashtra.gov.in/sports_web/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226152644/https://sports.maharashtra.gov.in/sports_web/|archive-date=26 December 2020|access-date=26 December 2020|website=sports.maharashtra.gov.in|publisher=Directorate of Sports and Youth Services}}</ref> After five years, in 2001, the state government launched a second sports policy for a ten-year period, which had the motto "Fitness for all through Sports". As part of this policy, the Sports Infrastructure Development Plan was created<ref name="DirectorateofSports1" /> and a reservation was made for a sportsperson in government and semi-government jobs. In 2012, a third sports policy was declared, which created financial assistance to prepare the state for participation in international competitions.<ref name="DirectorateofSports1" />

== Indigenous sports ==
[[Traditional games of India|Indian sports]]—include [[badminton]], [[kabaddi]], [[kho kho]], [[atya patya]], [[langdi (sport)|langdi]], and [[mallakhamba]]—originated in or were formalised in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Katrin Bromber|author2=Birgit Krawietz|author3=Joseph Maguire|title=Sport Across Asia: Politics, Cultures, and Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaHdu9qd-e8C&pg=PA129|date=15 February 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-11431-2|page=129}}</ref><ref name="GazetteGOM-201302809">{{cite web|url=http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Poona/PART%20III/Chap%20%283%29/Games.htm|title=Games |work=Gazette|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> In rural areas of Maharashtra, [[Pehlwani|kusti]] (Indian mud wrestling) and bullock cart competitions can regularly be seen during the annual [[Jatra (Maharashtra)|''jatra'']] carnival. The Maharashtran government has supported kusti in the state by constructing two permanent training centers for the sport in the [[Kolhapur]] area.<ref name="Alter1992">{{cite book|author=Joseph S. Alter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|title=The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India|date=3 August 1992|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07697-6|page=82}}</ref>

===Indian wrestling===
{{See also|Maharashtra Kesari}}[[File:Javlakushti 2.JPG|thumb|right|A kushti competition at Jawla in [[Solapur district]] ]]

Despite cricket's dominance in most of India, wrestling has maintained its popularity in Maharashtra, especially in the rural regions of the state and [[Kolhapur district]].<ref name="indfy2">{{cite web |date=2011-10-04 |title=Sports of Maharashtra |url=http://www.indfy.com/maharashtra/sports.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101011449/http://www.indfy.com/maharashtra/sports.html |archive-date=2013-11-01 |access-date=2013-10-21 |publisher=Indfy.com}}</ref> One famous wrestler from the state was [[Khashaba Jadhav]], who won a bronze medal in the [[1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki Olympics]]; he was the first citizen from the newly independent nation of India to win an Olympic medal in an individual sport.<ref name="indfy2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=2011-10-05|title=Wrestling in Maharashtra|url=http://theindiansportal.com/news/index.php/other-sports/wrestling/198-wrestling-maharashtra|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Theindiansportal.com}}</ref>

In [[Pehlwani|kusti]], a style of traditional wrestling, matches are typically held in a clay or dirt pit<ref>{{cite web|title=Tehelka - India's Independent Weekly News Magazine|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=hub280712Mud.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021153316/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=hub280712Mud.asp|archive-date=2013-10-21|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Archive.tehelka.com}}</ref> in which the soil is mixed with [[ghee]] and other materials.<ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web|author=Dileep said...|date=2010-04-21|title=KUSHTI - Traditional Indian Wrestling: MAHARASHTRA WRESTLING - KUSHTI PHOTOS|url=http://kushtiwrestling.blogspot.in/2010/04/maharashtra-wrestling-kushti-photos.html|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Kushtiwrestling.blogspot.in}}</ref> This sport encompasses an ancient subculture in which wrestlers live and train together and following strict rules on diet and leisure. The focus is on living a pure life and building one's strength and skills, and abstaining from drinking, smoking, and sex.<ref name="blogspot1" /> The wrestlers' diets consist of [[milk]], [[almonds]], ghee, eggs, and [[Chapati|chapattis]].<ref name="blogspot1" /> Kusti represents the intersection of sports, politics, and culture and is deeply embedded in the agrarian economy of rural Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news|author=P. Sainath|title=Wrestling with the rural economy|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/wrestling-with-the-rural-economy/article5286230.ece|access-date=2013-10-31}}</ref>

Another style of wrestling popular in Maharashtra is that associated with [[Hind Kesari]], a wrestling championship established in 1958 and affiliated with the All India Amateur Wrestling Federation (AIAWF).<ref>{{cite news|date=2010-10-30|title=Hind Kesari Kushti kicks off|newspaper=Indian Express|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hind-kesari-kushti-kicks-off/704681/|access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref> Most common in the rural areas of western Maharashtra, wrestlers train in schools called ''taleems'', in which wrestling gurus instruct students on both physical and moral instruction in a style of wrestling that blends spiritual and secular practices.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|author=P. Sainath|title=The culture and crisis of kushti|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/the-culture-and-crisis-of-kushti/article5297790.ece|access-date=2013-10-31}}</ref> The largest tournaments in the state draw top wrestlers from the region and even outside India, including from [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], and several African nations.<ref name="thehindu1" />

==Field hockey==
[[File:H M NIMAL.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Hiranna M. Nimal]], silver medalist at the 1962 Asian Games]]

[[Field hockey]] is one of the most popular sports in Maharashtra. Up to thirty domestic tournaments of the sport are held in a calendar year in Pune alone,<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-08-17|title=Field Hockey in Maharashtra|url=http://theindiansportal.com/news/index.php/mha-history|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=Theindiansportal.com}}</ref> such as the All India Bombay Gold Cup Hockey Tournament and the All India Aagha Khan Hockey Tournament.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|author=Special Correspondent|title=Big boost for Bombay Gold Cup hockey|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/big-boost-for-bombay-gold-cup-hockey/article5250007.ece|access-date=2013-10-20}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|author=Hafiz Atif Malik-Lahore- Pakistan|title=Bombay Gold Cup Hockey tournament to begin from April 15|date=28 May 2010|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/2009-04-12/522798news.html|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=Zeenews.india.com}}</ref> The state is home to three hockey clubs playing in different leagues, and was home to a now-defunct club called the [[Maratha Warriors]], who competed in the [[Premier Hockey League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maratha Warriors beat Hyderabad Sultans | Other Sports - Hockey | NDTVSports.com|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/19142-maratha-warriors-beat-hyderabad-sultans|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=Sports.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to rediff.com: Premier Hockey League|url=http://in.rediff.com/sports/phl06team4.htm|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=In.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maratha Warriors: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Maratha Warriors|url=http://www.ndtv.com/topic/maratha-warriors|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=Ndtv.Com}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Magicians]] are based in Mumbai and play in the [[Hockey India League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Magicians Tickets. Hero Hockey India League Tickets|url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/sport/hockey-india-league/mumbai-magicians/|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=In.bookmyshow.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Magicians|url=http://thefansofhockey.com/hockey-india-league/mumbai-magicians|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=The Fans of Hockey}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Marines]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-03-30|title=Mumbai Marines|url=http://thefansofhockey.com/wsh/mumbai-marines|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=The Fans of Hockey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Press Trust of India|date=2012-03-31|title=Mumbai Marines down Chennai Cheetahs Other Sports - HockeyNDTVSports.com|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=Sports.ndtv.com}}</ref> and the [[Pune Strykers]] play in the [[World Series Hockey]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune Strykers|url=http://punestrykers.com/Home.aspx|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=Pune Strykers}}</ref>

[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]] serves as the home venue of the Mumbai Marines and Mumbai Magicians, and used to be the home venue of the Maratha Warriors. The stadium hosted the [[1982 Men's Hockey World Cup]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> [[PCMC Hockey Stadium]] serves as the home venue of the Pune Strykers.<ref>{{cite web|title=PCMA Hockey Stadium -Famous Stadium in Maharashtra|url=http://www.indiamapped.com/stadiums-in-india/maharashtra-pcmc-hockey-stadium/|access-date=2013-10-20|publisher=Indiamapped.com}}</ref>

Many individual Maharashtrian have also contributed to India's hockey legacy. [[Tushar Khandekar]] is referred to as "the Goal Poacher".<ref name="indfy2" /> [[Hiranna M. Nimal]] was a silver medalist at the [[1962 Asian Games]] and also represented Maharashtra in many other national and international leagues.<ref name="indfy2" /> Other notable hockey stars from the state include [[Dhanraj Pillay]] and [[Viren Rasquinha]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==Cricket==
{{See also|List of Marathi people#Cricket|label 1=List of cricketers from Maharashtra}}
[[File:Mumbai, India, Rajabai Clock Tower and palm trees.jpg|thumb|Playing cricket at Oval Maidan, Mumbai]]
[[File:Wankhede ICC WCF.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Wankhede Stadium]] during the first innings of the 2011 ICC World Cup Final between Sri Lanka and India]]

[[Cricket]] is played at domestic and international levels in Maharashtra and is consistently supported by people from most parts of the state. Maharashtra is home to the [[Maharashtra cricket team]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Squad Ranji Trophy Plate League, 2011/12 Cricket Squads|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-plate-league-2011/content/squad/538987.html|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> [[Vidarbha cricket team]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Vidarbha Cricket Home|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/team/2179.html|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> [[Veer Marathi]] cricket franchise,<ref>[http://www.cricwaves.com/cricket/142/0/veer-marathi/1/team_player cricwaves]</ref><ref>[http://www.ccl.in/owners-lounge.php#veer-marathi-td owners-lounge]</ref> [[Mumbai Indians]],<ref>{{cite web|date=2008-01-24|title=Mumbai Indians , Club Profile, Info, Updates and Stats|url=http://www.sportzvision.com/46_mumbai-indians_profile.html|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Sportzvision.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Indians (MI) team dlf cpl t20 team performance and news|url=http://www.realfound.com/mumbai-indians-t20-team/|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Real Found}}</ref> and the regionally dominant [[Mumbai cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MCA Under 16, Under 19, Under 22 & Ranji Trophy Teams of Mumbai Cricket Association|url=http://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/MCATeams.asp|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Mumbaicricket.com}}</ref> The Mumbai cricket team was the dominant franchise for much of the 20th century, winning the first [[Ranji Trophy]] Championship over North India in 1935<ref>{{cite web|date=1935-03-12|title=The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/15/15308.html|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Cricketarchive.com}}</ref> and winning fifteen consecutive Ranji Trophy victories between 1958–1973.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Cricket team - News, Stats and Info About the Cricket Team|url=http://www.sportspundit.com/cricket/teams/1717-mumbai-cricket-team|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Sportspundit.com}}</ref> Mumbai is the most successful team in the history of the Ranji Trophy championship, winning 40 titles over the course of its history, as well as the most successful team in the [[Irani Cup]], with 16 titles won.<ref>{{cite news|date=2013-01-29|title=Mumbai's super success in Ranji Trophy|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130129/sports-cricket/gallery/mumbais-super-success-ranji-trophy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130155940/http://deccanchronicle.com/130129/sports-cricket/gallery/mumbais-super-success-ranji-trophy|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 30, 2013|access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Abhishek Mukherjee|date=2013-06-13|title=Ranji Trophy: The heroes who held Mumbai's fort when the big stars were away on national duty... Part 3 of 3 - Cricket News & Articles|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Ranji-Trophy-The-heroes-who-held-Mumbai-s-fort-when-the-big-stars-were-away-on-national-duty-Part-3-of-3/22476|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=CricketCountry.com}}</ref>

The Mumbai cricket team is overseen by the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] and the Maharashtra cricket team is overseen by the [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wankhede Stadium | India | Cricket Grounds|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58324.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529062654/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58324.html|archive-date=2014-05-29|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> The Mumbai cricket team and Mumbai Indians both have their home grounds at [[Wankhede Stadium]], an international cricket ground. Both teams play in the [[Indian Premier League]], of which the Mumbai Indians was one of eight founding members in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai : Mumbai Stadiums : Wankhede Stadium|url=https://www.mumbai.org.uk/stadiums/wankhede-stadium.html|access-date=30 December 2020|website=Mumbai Commercial Capital of India}}</ref>

The Maharashtra Cricket Association set up a T20 franchise league called Maharashtra Premier League (MPL) in 2023, which has six teams. It sold the franchise rights for 57 crore rupees for three years through open bidding. The inaugural season was expected to start on 15 June 2023, at the association's Pune's stadium.

Maharashtra is home to India's first cricket museum, Blades of Glory, which is based in Pune and run by Rohan Pate, a former cricketer. It opened during the 2013 Indian Premier League season.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-07-04|title=Blades of Glory: Cricket history in a room | Cricket Articles, Analysis & Opinions|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/blades-of-glory-cricket-history-in-a-room/12640|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Wisden India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sidhanta Patnaik|date=2012-07-08|title=Blades of Glory: Cricket history in a room Cricket - Specials NDTVSports.com|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/features/specials/193184-blades-of-glory-cricket-history-in-a-room|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Sports.ndtv.com}}</ref>

==Football==
[[File:Balewadi Athletics Stadiums Interior.jpg|thumb|200px|India versus Vietnam football match in the [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]] ]]

[[Association football|Football]] is another popular sport in many parts of the state, with the [[FIFA World Cup]] and the English [[Premier League]] being followed widely.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |title=Forget cricket, soccer is new media favourite |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=2011-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032327/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Maharashtra Football Pyramid consists of district leagues, each of which are broken into sub-leagues. This pyramid operates during the whole calendar year, but at different times. In the [[I-League]], Mumbai was represented by [[Mumbai FC]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/28foot.htm |title=Mumbai Football Club launched |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=2010-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702234130/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/28foot.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mahindra United]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/07/stories/2003080705022100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030903171107/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/07/stories/2003080705022100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-09-03 |title=Mahindra United in summit clash |date=2003-08-07 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref> and [[Air India (football club)|Air-India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200810101668.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |publisher=Hindu.com |date=2008-10-10 |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=2011-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714003007/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200810101668.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pune FC]] was established in August 2007 and is a recently founded football club in the I-League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/09/23/1517301/i-league-crystal-ball-series-pune-fc |title=I-League Crystal Ball Series: Pune FC |publisher=Goal.com |date=2009-09-23 |access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref> There is local rivalry among the Mumbai-based clubs Air India FC and Mumbai FC, and state rivalry with Pune FC. Matches between these teams are called the "Maha Derby", as they are played in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiablooms.com/SportsDetailsPage/2011/sportsDetails140511d.php |title=Pune FC eye revenge in Maha-Derby |publisher=Indiablooms.com |date=2004-01-01 |access-date=2013-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101231314/http://www.indiablooms.com/SportsDetailsPage/2011/sportsDetails140511d.php |archive-date=2014-11-01 }}</ref> Maharashtra is also represented in the [[Santosh Trophy]] by the [[Maharashtra football team]], who last won the trophy in the [[Santosh Trophy 1999–2000|1999–2000 season]].<ref>{{cite web|date=1970-01-01|title=WIFA- The Western India Football Association|url=http://wifa.in/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203539/http://www.wifa.in/|archive-date=2018-09-14|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Wifa.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=56th Santosh Trophy 2000|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1999-00st.html|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Indianfootball.de}}</ref>

The [[Western India Football Association]] (WIFA) signed a deal with Sporting Ace, a sports management company, to infuse new investments into Maharashtra football. The [[Mumbai District Football Association]] (MDFA) is the organisation responsible for association football in and around Mumbai. The MDFA organises around seven leagues that contain more than 300 club sides in total, in addition to being responsible for six of India's I-League sides.<ref>{{cite web|date=2006-08-28|title=Mahindra Football League launched|url=http://indiaabroad.com/sports/2006/aug/28foot.htm|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Indiaabroad.com}}</ref>

Seven-a-side football is also hugely popular in Maharashtra. The eighth Motilal Mathurawala Trophy Seven-a-side Junior National Football Championship was held in Pune.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/7aside-football-maharashtra-win/690988/ |title=7-a-side football: Maharashtra win |newspaper=Indian Express |date=2010-10-01 |access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref>

===Football clubs in Maharashtra===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Club
! scope="col" | Primary league
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Established
! scope="col" | Status
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Air India FC]]
| [[I-League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 1952
| Active
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Mahindra United FC]]
| [[I-League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 1962
| Defunct (2010)
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[DSK Shivajians]]
| [[I-League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 1987
| Defunct (2017)
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Bengal Mumbai FC]]
| [[Mumbai Football League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 1998
| Defunct (2011)
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Kenkre FC]]
| [[I-League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 2000
| Active
|-

! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[ONGC FC]]
| [[I-League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 2006
| Active
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[PIFA Sports FC]]
| [[Mumbai Football League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 2006
| Active
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Mumbai Tigers FC]]
| [[Mumbai Football League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | None
| 2006
| Defunct (2014)
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Mumbai FC]]
| [[I-League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 2007
| Defunct (2017)
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Pune FC]]
| [[I-League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2007
| Defunct (2016)
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC]]
| [[Mumbai Football League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 2011
| Active
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Mumbai City FC]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| 2014
| Active
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[FC Pune City]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2014
| Defunct (2019)
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Bharat FC]]
| [[I-League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2014
| Defunct (2015)
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[FC Pune City (women)]]
| [[Indian Women's League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| 2017
| Defunct (2018)
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Maharashtra Oranje FC]]
| [[Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League]]
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | [[Cooperage Ground]]
| 2017
| Active
|-
|}

==American football==
Maharashtra has two club franchises which play [[American football]] in the [[Elite Football League of India]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|agency=PTI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713200323/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-05/top-stories/29854352_1_gridiron-sport-lukewarm-response |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-13 |title=Gridiron league launched in India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2011-08-05 |access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Gladiators]] is a team based in Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Gladiators|url=http://www.eflifans.com/teams/gladiators/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024130822/http://www.eflifans.com/teams/gladiators/|archive-date=2013-10-24|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=[[Elite Football League of India]]}}</ref> and the [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]] is a team based in Pune with the [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]] as its home stadium.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-09-18|title=Pune Marathas Video Profile - The Elite Football League of India|url=http://www.efli.com/video-profiles/pune-marathas-profile|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021103748/http://www.efli.com/video-profiles/pune-marathas-profile|archive-date=2013-10-21|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=[[Elite Football League of India]]}}</ref> Maharashtra hosted the First Youth National American Football Championship in 2007<ref name="blogspot2007">{{cite web |author=B D Narayankar |url=http://bdnarayankaratsakaltimes.blogspot.in/2007/06/manipur-lifts-first-american-football.html |title=B D Narayankar Corner: Manipur lifts first American Football Trophy |publisher=Bdnarayankaratsakaltimes.blogspot.in |date=2007-06-12 |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=2013-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021105813/http://bdnarayankaratsakaltimes.blogspot.in/2007/06/manipur-lifts-first-american-football.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in which the [[Mumbai Gladiators]] and [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]] played their first match against each other.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> However, neither team won the championship, which was instead won by the visiting Manipur team.<ref name="blogspot2007"/>

==Derby (horse racing)==
[[File:Bombay18.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]] ]]

The [[horse racing]] season in Maharashtra starts in mid-November and ends in the last week of April. Every February, Mumbai holds [[derby (horse race)|derby]] races at the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mallya-diageo-fight-for-mcdowell-derby/articleshow/1233374.cms |title=Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby - The Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=17 January 2007 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=2012-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024032334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mallya-Diageo-fight-for-McDowell-Derby/articleshow/1233374.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 1986, [[McDowell's Indian Derby]] has been sponsored by liquor baron [[Vijay Mallya|Vijay Mallya's]] UB Group as [[The McDowell's Indian Derby]].

The Mahalaxmi Racecourse horse racing track is one of two racecourses in Maharashtra. The track is oval with a {{convert|2400|m}} straight chute spread over approximately {{convert|225|acre|km2 sqmi}}. It was built in 1883<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiarace.com/MumbaiTurf.aspx |title=IndiaRace.com |publisher=IndiaRace.com |access-date=2013-10-26}}</ref> and modelled on the [[Caulfield Racecourse]] in [[Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web |author=RWITC |url=http://www.rwitc.com/comeracing/mumbairacecourse.php |title=Home |publisher=RWITC |date=2013-10-19 |access-date=2013-10-26 |archive-date=2014-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625050537/http://rwitc.com/comeracing/mumbairacecourse.php |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pune Race Course]] is the second racecourse in Maharashtra. It was built in 1830 and covers {{convert|118.5|acre|ha}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=RWITC |url=http://www.rwitc.com/comeracing/puneracecourse.php |title=Home |publisher=RWITC |date=2013-10-19 |access-date=2013-10-26 |archive-date=2014-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207235106/http://rwitc.com/comeracing/puneracecourse.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Grand Prix==
In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the [[F1 Powerboat Racing|F1 powerboat world championship]], and the [[Force India]] F1 team car was unveiled in Mumbai in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/motorSportsNews/idUKL2521523620080125 |title=Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai |date=25 January 2008 |agency=Uk.reuters.com |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=2008-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129132715/http://uk.reuters.com/article/motorSportsNews/idUKL2521523620080125 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2011, the city plans to build its own F1 track and various sites were assessed, of which the authorities have narrowed down to either Marve-Malad or Panvel-Kalyan. If approved, the track will be clubbed with a theme park and will spread over {{convert|400 to 500|acres|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ashley D'Mello |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Formula-One-track-soon/articleshow/7351368.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811120902/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-24/mumbai/28367465_1_formula-one-theme-park-panvel |url-status=live |archive-date=2011-08-11 |title=Formula One track soon |date=2011-01-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=January 2024}}

==Marathon==
===Mumbai Marathon===
In 2004, the annual [[Mumbai Marathon]] was established as a part of "[[The Greatest Race on Earth]]". The Mumbai Marathon is an annual international marathon held on the third Sunday of January. The Standard Chartered Mumbai Marathon is India's biggest charity platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unitedwaymumbai.org/marathon.htm |title=Standard Chartered Mumbai Marathon | United Way Mumbai - Helping Build Sustainable Communities |publisher=United Way Mumbai |access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref>

===Pune Marathon===
The [[Pune International Marathon]] is an annual marathon held in [[Pune]]; it was established in 1983 and was the first Indian marathon to be certified by the [[Association of International Marathons and Distance Races|AIMS]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.marathonpune.com/ |title=Pune International Marathon |date=2020-12-26 |access-date=2020-12-26 }}</ref> The [[Athletics Federation of India]] has awarded the status of National Marathon Championship to the Pune International Marathon.<ref name=autogenerated3 >{{cite news |url=https://worldsmarathons.com/marathon/pune-international-marathon |title=Pune International Marathon |work=World Marathon |date=2020-12-26 |access-date=2020-12-26 }}</ref> Funds raised from the race are donated to [[Project Concern International]], an NGO working towards [[HIV/AIDS]] awareness and prevention.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

{| class="wikitable"
|+Race types of Pune International Marathon<ref>{{cite news|date=2020-12-26|title=Pune International Marathon Race Info|work=Pune International Marathon|url=http://www.marathonpune.com/raceinfo.html|access-date=2020-12-26}}</ref>
|-
! No !! Race Name !! Distance (in kilometers)
|-
| 1|| Men's & Women's Marathon || 42.195
|-
| 2|| Men's & Women's Half Marathon || 21
|-
| 3|| Women's Half Marathon|| 21
|-
| 4|| Men's & Women's 10 km || 10
|-
| 5|| Men's & Women's 5 km || 5
|-
| 6|| Wheelchair (Machine & Hand) || 3.5

|}

==Tennis==
[[File:Mens Doubles Final.jpg|thumb|200px|2007 [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]] men's doubles finals]]

[[ATP 250]] [[Maharashtra Open]] is annually organised in Pune. It is India's only international level [[tennis]] tournament, with singles and doubles male players from the country and abroad participating. It is organised by Maharashtra Lawn Tennis Association, which is the governing body of this sport in the state.

Maharashtra has a franchise-based tennis league, the [[Maharashtra Tennis League]] (MTL), which is India's first league format in tennis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/maharashtra-tennis-league--restless--mayur-readies-for-big-leap/1061599/ |title=Maharashtra Tennis League: 'Restless' Mayur readies for big leap |newspaper=Indian Express |date=2013-01-19 |access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://maharashtratennisleague.in/beta/ |title=Maharashtra Tennis League 2013 |publisher=Maharashtratennisleague.in |date=2013-01-16 |access-date=2013-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522030320/http://maharashtratennisleague.in/beta/ |archive-date=2014-05-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2012-11-02|title=Maharashtra tennis league launched in Pune, News - Sports - Pune Mirror,Pune Mirror|url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/7/20121102201211020830381481b3d856b/Maharashtra-tennis-league-launched-in-Pune.html|access-date=2013-10-27|publisher=Punemirror.in}}</ref> The MTL launched with a total of 80 players and five teams: the Mumbai Blasters, Sharp Smashers, Baseline Bombers, Accurate Aces, and Dazzling Deuces.<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-05-01|title=Daily] Vardhan wins highest price in inaugural Maharashtra Tennis League|url=http://www.sportzpower.com/?q=content/sportzpower-daily-vardhan-wins-highest-price-inaugural-maharashtra-tennis-league|access-date=2013-10-27|publisher=SportzPower}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Team Names | Maharashtra Tennis League|url=http://maharashtratennisleague.in/beta/team-nameslogos/|access-date=2013-10-27|publisher=Maharashtratennisleague.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Tennis League Teams|url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx?issue=10872013010400000000001001&page=19&article=79420e8d-787a-435f-bf42-c0c100b2cc91|access-date=October 27, 2013}}</ref> Each team in the league consists of six players, at least two of which must be women and at least one of which must be from Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|date=2012-11-02|title=Maharashtra tennis league launched in Pune - Pune Mirror,Pune Mirror|url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/7/20121102201211020830381481b3d856b/Maharashtra-tennis-league-launched-in-Pune.html|access-date=2013-10-27|publisher=Punemirror.in}}</ref>

One famous Maharashtrian tennis player was [[Gaurav Natekar]], a former [[Davis Cup]] player<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-09-16|title=Gaurav Natekar : | THE ONE STOP SPORTS SHOP in Pune | Fitness equipment & Sports accessories in Pune|url=http://www.natekarsports.com/node/42|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=Natekarsports.com}}</ref> and seven-time Indian National Tennis Champion. He was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] for Tennis in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gaurav Natekar Profile - Photos, Wallpapers, Videos, News, Movies, Gaurav Natekar Songs, Pics|url=http://www.in.com/gaurav-natekar/profile-100371.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021174049/http://www.in.com/gaurav-natekar/profile-100371.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-21|access-date=2013-10-21|publisher=In.com}}</ref>

Mumbai has hosted the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]], an [[International Series Tournaments|International Series]] tournament of the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP World Tour]], in [[2006 Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open|2006]] and [[2007 Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open|2007]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 |title=Columns - CBSSports.com |publisher=Sportsline.com |access-date=2013-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918093423/http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 |archive-date=2012-09-18 }}</ref> The tournaments were played on [[Hard (tennis)|outdoor hard courts]] at the [[Cricket Club of India]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.wettpoint.com/en/archiv/tennis-open-mumbai-2007.html |title=Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open Mumbai 2007 ATP Tour Tennis Tournament Results and Schedules - Tennis Statistics Wettpoint |publisher=Tennis.wettpoint.com |access-date=2013-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.wettpoint.com/en/archiv/tennis-open-mumbai-2006.html |title=Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open Mumbai 2006 ATP Tour Tennis Tournament Results and Schedules - Tennis Statistics Wettpoint |publisher=Tennis.wettpoint.com |date=2006-09-25 |access-date=2013-10-29}}</ref>

==Chess==
[[File:Rohini Khadilkar 1982 Luzern.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Rohini Khadilkar]] (Mumbai) a former women's [[chess]] champion of India ]]

Maharashtra has a five-decade-long [[chess]] culture.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212023/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-03/chess/28375487_1_ravindra-dongre-team-chess-championship-maharashtra-chess-association Maharashtra Chess League in offing - Times Of India]</ref> The first chess association in Maharashtra was formed in 1921 and was known as the South Maharashtra Chess Club.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://aicf.in/affiliates/ ::Maharashtra Chess Association ::]</ref> The Sangali Chess Society was established in 1930.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The Southern Maratha Country Chess Association originated in 1955. With the growth of the game in the state, the first chess body in Mumbai, known as the Bombay Chess Association, was established in 1944. Open chess tournaments started in the city in 1945.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Then, in 1950, the All India Chess Federation was started in Mumbai and held tournaments at the national level for five years afterwards in Mumbai. The first Inter-State Championship was held in 1960.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In 1963, the Bombay Chess Association and Southern Maratha Country Chess Association merged to form the [[Maharashtra Chess Association]].

The Maharashtra Chess League, the first-ever [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] style chess league in India, started the PYC Hindu Gymkhana club in Pune on 24 April 2013.<ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/maharashtra-chess-league-to-kick-off-in-city-today/1106796/ Maharashtra Chess League to kick off in city today - Indian Express]</ref> The tournament played on a league-cum-knock-out basis. Each team played the other five teams once, with the top four teams at the end of the league stage making it to the semifinals.<ref name="autogenerated2" />

Maharashtra has produced many notable chess players, including [[Abhijit Kunte]], [[Praveen Thipsay]], [[Rohini Khadilkar]], and [[Anupama Gokhale]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports}}
* [[Sport in India]]
* [[Outline of Maharashtra]]
* [[Marathi people]]
* [[Culture of Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Maharashtra}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Maharashtra}}
* [http://maaa.co.in/ Maharashtra Amateur Athletic Association]
* [http://paaom.org/ Para Athletic Association of Maharashtra]

{{Sport in India}}
{{Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Sport in Maharashtra| ]]

Kandi subdivision

2026-01-17T15:38:28Z

Sergdpd: content update

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kandi subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = File:Kandi (subdivision) in Murshidabad.svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.95|N|88.03|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1,200.76
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,155,645
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kandi subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Overview==
The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. Kandi subdivision lies in the Mayurakshi Dwaraka plain in the south-eastern corner of the [[Rarh]] region. The Rarh region is undulating and contains mostly [[clay]] and [[laterite|lateritic]] clay based soil.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Subdivisions===
Murshidabad district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.2, 2.4(a) | work = Note: At the time of uploading of the revised version of this page the internet version of the District Statistical Handbook had been taken off but there is a print version | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2017 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Murshidabad Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|[[Barhampur subdivision|Barhampur]]||[[Baharampur]]||1,195.57||1,725,525||80.15||19.85
|-
|Kandi||[[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]]||1,200.76||1,155,645||93.21||6.79
|-
|[[Jangipur subdivision|Jangipur]]||[[Jangipur (WB)|Jangipur]]||1,097.82||1,972,308||56.43||43.57
|-
|[[Lalbag subdivision|Lalbag]]||[[Murshidabad]]||1019.10||1,253,886||92.36||7.64
|-
|[[Domkol subdivision|Domkol]]||[[Domkol]]||837.88||996,443||97.55||2.45
|-
|[[Murshidabad district]]|| ||5,324.00||7,103,807||80.28||19.72
|-
|}

{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|57|0|N|88|13|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, Murshidabad district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centres Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|4|29|N|88|14|36|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ajodhya Nagar | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Ajodhya Nagar]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|5|40|N|88|17|11|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Banjetia| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Banjetia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|56|19|N|88|14|1|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Barua| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Barua, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|4|8|N|88|15|46|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Chaltia| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chaltia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|37|N|88|16|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Cossimbazar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Cossimbazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|6|58|N|88|14|32|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Goaljan| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Goaljan]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|7|44|N|88|13|56|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Gopjan| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Gopjan]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|5|14|N|88|14|56|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Gora Bazar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Gora Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|3|45|N|88|14|19|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Haridasmati| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Haridasmati]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|4|55|N|88|16|38|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Sibdanga Badarpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Sibdanga Badarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|49|N|88|6|9|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Salar| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Salar, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|6|46|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Berhampore| numbered12=M| mark-title12=[[Berhampore]] (M) | shape-color12= #800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|55|25|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Beldanga| numbered13=M| mark-title13=[[Beldanga]] (M) | shape-color13= #800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|57|36|N|88|1|48|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Kandi| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Kandi, Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|1|49|N|88|11|27|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Karnasuvarna| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Karnasuvarna]] (H)| shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|55|55|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Amtala | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Amtala, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|8|40|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Daulatabad | numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Daulatabad, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|3|10|N|88|25|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hariharpara | numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Hariharpara]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|54|41|N|88|27|25|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Naoda | numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Naoda]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|51|34|N|88|15|18|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Rejinagar | numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Rejinagar]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|55|24|N|88|13|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Sarulia | numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Sarulia]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|51|50|N|88|11|55|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Shaktipur | numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Shaktipur]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|55|17|N|88|25|55|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Surangapur | numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Surangapur]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|53|17|N|88|4|59|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Bharatpur | numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Bharatpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|56|16|N|87|56|5|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Burwan | numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Burwan]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|3|14|N|88|7|3|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Gokarna | numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Gokarna, West Bengal]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|54|32|N|87|57|35|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Gram Salkia | numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Gram Salkia]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|2|3|N|87|59|7|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Khargram | numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Khargram]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|5|23|N|87|59|24|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Nagar | numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Nagar, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|53|23|N|87|59|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30= Panchthupi | numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchthupi]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|46|30|N|88|12|0|E}} | label31= Bhagirathi |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31= -80| label-pos31=right| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|56|0|N|88|4|0|E}} | label32= Mayurakshi |labela32=River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= -55| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|9|0|N|88|4|0|E}} | label33= Dwaraka |labela33= River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 60| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|59|0|N|88|28|0|E}} | label34= Jalangi |labela34= River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= -70| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|50|51|N|88|13|48|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35=Tomb of Mir Madan| numbered35=H| mark-title35= [[Tomb of Mir Madan]] (H)| shape-color35=#AA6666}}

===Administrative units===
Kandi subdivision has 5 police stations, 5 community development blocks, 5 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samitis]], 50 [[gram panchayat]]s, 552 [[mouza]]s, 510 inhabited villages, 1 municipality and 1 [[census town]]. The municipality is: [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]]. The census town is: Salar. The subdivision has its headquarters at [[Kandi, Murshidabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2017 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref>

===Police stations===
Police stations in Kandi subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabd |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 17 May 2017 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.murshidabadpolicewb.gov.in/# | title = Murshidabad District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823011111/http://www.murshidabadpolicewb.gov.in/ | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Police station ||Area covered km2||Municipal town || CD Block
|-
|[[Kandi, Murshidabad#Police station|Kandi]]|| n/a ||[[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]]||[[Kandi (community development block)|Kandi]]
|-
|[[Khargram#Police station|Khargram]]|| n/a || - ||[[Khargram (community development block)|Khargram]]
|-
|[[Burwan#Police station|Burwan]]|| n/a || - ||[[Burwan (community development block)|Burwan]]
|-
|[[Bharatpur, Murshidabad#Police station|Bharatapur]]|| n/a || - ||[[Bharatpur I]]
|-
|[[Salar, Murshidabad#Police station|Salar]]|| n/a || - ||[[Bharatpur II]]
|-
|}

===Gram Panchayats===
The subdivision contains 50 [[gram panchayat]]s under 5 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 August 2017}}</ref>

* [[Kandi (community development block)|Kandi]] CD Block - Andulia, Hizole, Kumarsanda, Purandarpur, Gokarna-I, Jashahari Anukha–I, Mahalandi–I, Gokarna–II, Jashahari Anukha–II and Mahalandi–II.
* [[Khargram (community development block)|Khargram]] CD Block - Eroali, Jaipur, Kirtipur, Padamkandi, Balia, Jhilli, Mahisar, Parulia, Indrani, Khargram, Margram and Sadal.
* [[Burwan (community development block)|Burwan]] CD Block - Burwan–I, Kalyanpur–II, Panchthupi, Sundarpur, Burwan–II, Kharjuna, Sabaldaha, Biprasekhar, Kuli, Sabalpur, Kalyanpur–I, Kurunnorun and Sahora.
* [[Bharatpur I]] CD Block - Alugram, Bharatpur, Gundiria, Sijgram, Amlai, Gadda, Jajan and Talgram.
* [[Bharatpur II]] CD Block - Kagram, Salar, Simulia, Tenya–Baidyapur, Malihati, Salu and Talibpur.

===Blocks===
Community development blocks in Kandi subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 May 2017 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302072706/http://dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 | archive-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Murshidabad Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Muslims]] %||[[Hindus]] %||Decadal Growth Rate 2001-2011 %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Kandi (community development block)|Kandi]]||[[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]]||227.48||220,145||16.29||1.54||60.65||38.82||14.01||65.13|| -
|-
|[[Khargram (community development block)|Khargram]]||[[Nagar, Murshidabad|Nagar]]||318.45||272,332||21.93||0.89||54.22||45.43||16.42||63.56|| -
|-
|[[Burwan (community development block)|Burwan]]||[[Gram Salkia]]||299.66||257,466||24.51||1.15||43.06||56.76||14.74||68.96|| -
|-
|[[Bharatpur I]]||[[Bharatpur, Murshidabad|Bharatpur]]||183.72||172,702||13.82||0.25||57.45||42.39||14.45||62.93|| -
|-
|[[Bharatpur II]]||[[Salar, Murshidabad|Salar]]||158.50||176,368||18.70||0.11||57.71||42.16||17.47||66.07||1
|-
|}

==Economy==
===Infrastructure===
All inhabited villages in Murshidabad district have power supply.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 96-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 11 September 2017}}</ref>

See the individual block pages for more information about the infrastructure available.

===Agriculture===
Murshidabad is a predominantly agricultural district. A majority of the population depends on agriculture for a living. The land is fertile. The eastern portion of the Bhagirathi, an [[alluvium|alluvial]] tract, is very fertile for growing [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aus]] paddy, jute and [[rabi crop]]s. The Kalantar area in the south-eastern portion of the district, is a low lying area with stiff dark clay and supports mainly the cultivation of Aman paddy. The west flank of the Bhagirathi is a [[laterite|lateritic]] tract intersected by numerous [[Beel|bils]] and old riverbeds. It supports the cultivation of Aman paddy, sugar cane and mulberry.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 17-19: Soil and cropping pattern, Land and land-use pattern | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

Given below is an overview of the agricultural production (all data in tonnes) for Kandi subdivision, other subdivisions and the Murshidabad district, with data for the year 2013-14.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad |work = Table 18.1. Data for subdivisions/ district calculated by totalling the CD Block data provided |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 26 June 2017 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block/ Subdivision ||Rice||Wheat || Jute ||Pulses||Oil seeds||Potatoes||Sugarcane
|-
|[[Kandi (community development block)|Kandi]]||140,043||608||3,555||1,411||2,872||8,300||4,265
|-
|[[Khargram (community development block)|Khargram]]||124,132||125||41||101||3,609||29,960||80,757
|-
|[[Burwan (community development block)|Burwan]]||42,272||2,314||445||1,486||1,973||37,401||8,196
|-
|[[Bharatpur I]]||120,191||966|| - ||1,809||782||4,613||12,060
|-
|[[Bharatpur II]]||60,569||144||2,145||11||119||5,612||1,368
|-
|'''Kandi subdivision'''||487,207||4,157||6,186||4,818||9,355||85,886||106,646
|-
|[[Barhampur subdivision]]||268,587||109,091||914,791||5,758||35,315||39,914||160,221
|-
|[[Jangipur subdivision]]||207,472||45,261||207,425||9,374||12,375||38,197||52,344
|-
|[[Lalbag subdivision]]||68,034||20,304||427,450||7,809||22,592||40,997||3,295
|-
|[[Domkol subdivision]]||80,899||109,518||730,393||16,755||33,410||117,082||25,023
|-
|[[Murshidabad district]]||1,112,199||288,331||2,286,245||44,514||113,047||322.076||347,529
|-
|}

==Education==
Murshidabad district had a literacy rate of 66.59% (for population of 7 years and above) as per the census of India 2011. Barhampur subdivision had a literacy rate of 72.60%, Kandi subdivision 66.28%, Jangipur subdivision 60.95%, Lalbag subdivision 68.00% and Domkal subdivision 68.35%.<ref name=2handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 10 September 2017 | url-status = usurped | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archivedate = 29 July 2017}}</ref> Given in the table below is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Murshidabad district for the year 2013-14:<ref name=2handbook2014/>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution
!width="30"|Student
!width="30"|Institution
!width="30"|Student
!width="30"|Institution
!width="30"|Student
!width="30"|Institution
!width="30"|Student
!width="30"|Institution
!width="30"|Student
!width="30"|Institution
!width="30"|Student
!width="30"|Institution
!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Barhampur subdivision|Barhampur]]
|align="center"|728
|align="center"|88,371
|align="center"|107
|align="center"|13,364
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|31,214
|align="center"|92
|align="center"|162,613
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|17,418
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|2,796
|align="center"|2,278
|align="center"|100,164
|-
|align=left|Kandi
|align="center"|672
|align="center"|66,030
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|11,248
|align="center"|46
|align="center"|32,752
|align="center"|61
|align="center"|87,482
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|7,830
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|400
|align="center"|1,717
|align="center"|74,370
|-
|align=left|[[Jangipur subdivision|Jangipur]]
|align="center"|747
|align="center"|144,416
|align="center"|72
|align="center"|14,159
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|30,004
|align="center"|76
|align="center"|194,025
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|15,335
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|500
|align="center"|2,793
|align="center"|160,236
|-
|align=left|[[Lalbag subdivision|Lalbag]]
|align="center"|601
|align="center"|72,429
|align="center"|74
|align="center"|8,997
|align="center"|24
|align="center"|22,174
|align="center"|66
|align="center"|120,454
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|13,088
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|759
|align="center"|2,082
|align="center"|93,891
|-
|align=left|[[Domkol subdivision|Domkol]]
|align="center"|432
|align="center"|52,177
|align="center"|73
|align="center"|11,791
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|23,201
|align="center"|47
|align="center"|86,672
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|7,211
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|2,457
|align="center"|1,612
|align="center"|74,330
|-
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district]]
|align="center"|3,180
|align="center"|423,423
|align="center"|431
|align="center"|59,559
|align="center"|154
|align="center"|139,345
|align="center"|342
|align="center"|651,246
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|60,882
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|6,912
|align="center"|10,482
|align="center"|502,991
|-
|}
Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=2handbook2014/>
The following institutions are located in Kandi subdivision:
*[[Kandi Raj College]] was established in 1950 by the Kandi Raj family at [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kandirajcollege.com/ | title = Kandi Raj College | publisher = KRC |accessdate = 12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/KandiRajCollege/Kandi_Raj_College.shtml | title = Kandi Raj College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Raja Birendra Chandra College]] was established in 1965 at [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]]. It was earlier known as Kandi Raj College of Commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rbcckandi.in/ | title = Raja Birendra Chandra College | publisher = RBCC Kandi |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Bimal Chandra College of Law]] was established at Kandi in 2002 with the untiring efforts of [[Atish Chandra Sinha]], a doyen of the Kandi Raj family. It is affiliated with the [[University of Kalyani]] and approved by the [[Bar Council of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bcckandi.org/ | title = Bimal Chandra College of Law | publisher = BCCL |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Panchthupi Haripada Gouribala College]] was established in 1996 at [[Panchthupi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://panchthupihgcollege.in/Founder.html | title = Panchthupi Haripada-Gouribala College| publisher = PH-GC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*Sunil Dhar Memorial B.P.Ed. College, a college for physical education, was established at Panchthupi in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SunilDharMemorialBPEdCollege/SunilDharMemorialBPEdCollege.shtml | title = Sunil Dhar Memorial B.P.Ed College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Nagar College]] was established in 1998 at [[Nagar, Murshidabad|Nagar]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nagarcollege.in/courses%20Offered.html | title = Nagar College | publisher = NC | access-date = 12 September 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Muzaffar Ahmed Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1986 at [[Salar, Murshidabad|Salar]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/MuzaffarAhmedMahavidyalaya/Muzaffar_Ahmed_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Muzaffar Ahmed Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Murshidabad district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 June 2017 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors*
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Barhampur subdivision|Barhampur]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|15
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|71
|align="center"|1,645
|align="center"|282
|align="center"|149,393
|align="center"|2,094,027
|-
|align=left|Kandi
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|30
|align="center"|567
|align="center"|68
|align="center"|85,624
|align="center"|1,005,056
|-
|align=left|[[Jangipur subdivision|Jangipur]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"|12
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|590
|align="center"|62
|align="center"|141,427
|align="center"|1,043,548
|-
|align=left|[[Lalbag subdivision|Lalbag]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|483
|align="center"|65
|align="center"|105,562
|align="center"|1,154,275
|-
|align=left|[[Domkol subdivision|Domkol]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|33
|align="center"|252
|align="center"|44
|align="center"|45,110
|align="center"|802,309
|-
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district]]
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|18
|align="center"|70
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|216
|align="center"|2,537
|align="center"|521
|align="center"|527,116
|align="center"|6,099,215
|-
|}
.* Excluding nursing homes

Medical facilities in Kandi subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds)<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
Kandi Subdivisional Hospital, [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]], 250 beds 
Home for Lunatic Vagrants, Mahalandi, 10 beds

'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Burwan Rural Hospital, Burwan CD Block, [[Burwan]], 30 beds 
Khargram Rural Hospital, Khargram CD Block, [[Khargram]], 50 beds 
Gokarna Rural Hospital, Kandi CD Block, Gokarna, 15 beds 
Bharatpur Rural Hospital, Bharatapur I CD Block, [[Bharatpur, Murshidabad|Bharatpur]], 30 beds 
Salar Rural Hospital, Bharatpur II CD Block, [[Salar, Murshidabad|Salar]], 30 beds

'''Primary Health Centres''': (CD Block-wise)(CD Block, PHC location, beds)<ref name=medical/> 
Kandi CD Block: Bahara (6), Purandarpur (10), Lakshmikantapur (2) 
Bharatpur I CD Block: Amlai (4), Jajan (10) 
Bharatpur II CD Block: Kagram (6), Simulia, [[Duttabarutia]] (6), Talibpur (10), Tenya (4) 
Burwan CD Block: Kuli (6), Kharjuna (Subaldaha) (4), [[Panchthupi]] (10), Sundarpur (10) 
Khargram CD Block: Margram (10), Jhili, Nonadanga (10), Parulia, Debiparulia (10), Indrani (2)

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Kandi subdivision were as follows:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18|date= 15 February 2006 | access-date= 9 September 2017|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats and/or municipal areas
|-
|[[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]||None||[[Kandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kandi]]||None||[[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]] municipality, [[Kandi (community development block)|Kandi]] CD Block, and Satui Chaurigachha GPs of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Burwan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Burwan]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]||Biprasekhar, Burwan I, Burwan II, Kharjuna, Kuli, Kurunnorun, Panchthupi, Sabaldaha, Sabalpur, Sahora and Sundarpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Burwan (community development block)|Burwan]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Gadda, Jajan and Gundiria GPs of [[Bharatpur I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||5 assembly segments in [[Barhampur subdivision]]|| ||
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]||None||[[Khargram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargram]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]|| [[Khargram (community development block)|Khargram]] CD Block, and Kalyanpur I and Kalyanpur II GPs of [[Burwan (community development block)|Burwan]] CD Block
|-
| || ||4 assembly segments in [[Jangipur subdivision]] and 2 assembly segments in [[Lalbag subdivision]]|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Murshidabad District}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandi Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Murshidabad district]]

Padine Kumar

2026-01-16T03:38:17Z

Sergdpd: created initial bio first draft

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padine Kumar
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| othername =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2020–present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Padine Kumar''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]], such as ''[[Take Diversion]]'' (2022), ''[[Seesaw (film)|Seesaw]]'' (2025) and ''[[Surrender (2025 film)|Surrender]]'' (2025), and in the two seasons of the TV series [[Heart Beat (TV series)|''Heart Beat'']].

==Career ==
Padine initially appeared in the serial ''[[Nayagi (TV series)|Nayagi]],'' which aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] in 2020 playing a small role as Shalini. She made her film debut in a "central role"<ref name="indiatimes2" /> alongside Sivakumar and [[Ramachandran Durairaj|Ramachandran Duraira]] in the 2022 film ''[[Take Diversion]],'' which was directed by Sivaani Senthil.<ref name="pressreader">{{Cite web |title=Press Reader |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20210727/282175064148393 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310022624/https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20210727/282175064148393 |archive-date=2022-03-10 |access-date=2022-06-03 |via=PressReader}}</ref>

She later appeared in ''[[Seesaw (film)|Seesaw]]'' (2025) and ''[[Surrender (2025 film)|Surrender]]'' (2025).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-heart-beat-actress-padine-kumar-i-believe-cinema-can-change-anything-if-it-portrays-good/photostory/109503135.cms|title=Exclusive! Heart Beat actress Padine Kumar: I believe cinema can change anything if it portrays good|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 April 2024 }}</ref> Her performance in ''Seesaw'' was described as follows: she "delivers a passable performance, her character primarily serving as a barometer for Aadhavan’s mental state, which fluctuates depending on her presence or absence."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seesaw Movie Review: Much ado about nothing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/seesaw/movie-review/116907310.cms |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Padine, who started a career as [[Cardiology|cardiologist]] before acting,<ref name=":0" /> is also known for playing the role of Dr Anitha in the [[medical drama]] TV series ''[[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/exclusive-heart-beat-2-actress-padine-kumar-anitha-is-a-versatile-character-so-i-see-this-as-a-challenge-for-me/photostory/121335307.cms|title=Exclusive! Heart Beat season 2 actress Padine Kumar: Anitha is a versatile character, so I see this as a challenge for me!|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 May 2025 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="1"|2022 || ''[[Take Diversion]]'' || Yazhini ||<ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2021 |title='Take Diversion' is a film on 70s kids, 90s kids and 2K kids! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/take-diversion-is-a-film-on-70s-kids-90s-kids-and-2k-kids/articleshow/81748300.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306115747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/take-diversion-is-a-film-on-70s-kids-90s-kids-and-2k-kids/articleshow/81748300.cms |archive-date=2022-03-06 |access-date=2022-06-03 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025 ||''[[Seesaw (film)|Seesaw]]'' || Malavika ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-31 |title=നട്ടി നടരാജ്, നിഷാന്ത് റൂസ്സോ; ഇൻവെസ്റ്റിഗേറ്റീവ് ക്രൈം ത്രില്ലർ 'സീസോ' ജനുവരി 3ന് |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/tamil-movie-seesaw-an-investigative-crime-thriller-is-releasing-on-january-3-mm-706898.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Surrender (2025 film)|Surrender]]'' || Lalitha ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-22 |title='Heart Beat' fame Padinekumar set to make her Kollywood debut with Gowtham Ganapathy's Surrender |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/heart-beat-fame-padinekumar-set-to-make-her-kollywood-debut-with-gowtham-ganapathys-surrender/articleshow/122832393.cms |access-date=2025-08-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role!! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2020
|''[[Nayagi (TV series)|Nayagi]]''
|Shalini
|{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
|-
|2023
|''Kanni Raasi''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-05 |title=Blacksheep's BS Value Streams Fantasy Web Series 'Kanni Raasi' |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/blacksheeps-bs-value-streams-fantasy-web-series-kanni-raasi/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Start Music (TV series)|Start Music]]''
|Contestant
|{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
|-
|2024
|''[[Samayal Express]]''
|Guest
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Tv Show Samayal Express Season 1 - Full Cast and Crew |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/tamil/tv-shows/samayal-express-season-1/all-cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024{{endash}}2025
|''[[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat]]'' [[Heart Beat (TV series)|(seasons 1 and 2]])
|Dr. Anitha
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2025
|''[[Vera Maari Trip]]''
|Paaru / Paarvathi
|{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
|-
|2025
|''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya|Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya season 3]]''
|Contestant
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heartbeat2-fame-ashwathy-deepa-balu-and-padinekumar-to-grace-oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya/articleshow/123183706.cms|title=Heartbeat2 fame Ashwathy, Deepa Balu and Padinekumar to grace Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya|date=8 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2025-present
|''Dhoolpet Police Station''
|Masani
|{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm15998872}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Padine}}

[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Ca (Indic)

2026-01-10T22:40:47Z

Sergdpd: put up

{{short description|Letter "Ca" in Indic scripts}}
{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Ca
|bengcp = 099A |bengimg = Bengali Letter Ca.svg
|tibtcp = 0F45 |tibtimg = Tibetan Ca.svg
|tamlcp = 0B9A |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-சச.svg
|thaicp = 0E08
|mlymcp = 0D1A
|sinhcp = 0DA0
|brahcp = 11018 |ashokaimg = Brahmi c.svg
|devacp = 091A |devaimg = Devanagari च.svg
| hbchar = צ ,ץ
| grchar = Ϻ (Ͷ), Ͳ (Ϡ)
| lachar =
| cychar = Ц, Ч, Ћ, Џ
|ipa = t͡ʃ t͡ɕ t͡s c|iast = ca |iscii = B8
}}

'''Ca''' is the sixth consonant of Indic [[abugida]]s. In modern [[Brahmic scripts|Indic scripts]], ca is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|ng]], which is probably derived from the North Semitic letter [[tsade]] (reflected in the Aramaic [[File:Sade 1.svg|10px]], "ts"), with an inversion seen in several other derivatives,<ref>{{cite book|last=Bühler|first=Georg|title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet|url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft|year=1898|page=[https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/68 68]|publisher=Strassburg K.J. Trübner}}</ref> after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|13px]].

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]].
The values of the different forms of च are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>
*च {{IPA|hi|t͡ɕɐ|}} = 6 (६)
*चि {{IPA|hi|t͡ɕi|}} = 600 (६००)
*चु {{IPA|hi|t͡ɕu|}} = 60,000 (६० ०००)
*चृ {{IPA|hi|t͡ɕr̩|}} = 6,000,000 (६० ०० ०००)
*चॢ {{IPA|hi|t͡ɕl̩|}} = 6{{e|8}} (६०८)
*चे {{IPA|hi|t͡ɕeː|}} = 6{{e|10}} (६०१०)
*चै {{IPA|hi|t͡ɕai|}} = 6{{e|12}} (६०१२)
*चो {{IPA|hi|t͡ɕoː|}} = 6{{e|14}} (६०१४)
*चौ {{IPA|hi|t͡ɕau|}} = 6{{e|16}} (६०१६)

==Historic Ca==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ca as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|Ca]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad c.svg|13px|Ca]]. The Tocharian Ca [[Image:Tocharian letter ca.gif|18px|Ca]] did not have an alternate [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form. The third form of ca, in Kharoshthi ([[file:Буква CА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter CA.svg|15px|Ca]]) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

===Brahmi Ca===
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|Ca]], Ca, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Tsade]] [[File:Sade 1.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the Greek [[San (letter)|San]]. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ca can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Ca historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi c.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar c.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka c.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat c.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad c.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Ca===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter ca.gif|25px|Ca]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|Ca]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Ca with vowel marks
|-
! Ca !! Cā !! Ci !! Cī !! Cu !! Cū !! Cr !! Cr̄ !! Ce !! Cai !! Co !! Cau !! Cä
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter ca.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter caa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ci.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter cii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter cu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter cuu.gif|37px]] ||  ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter ce.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter cai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter co.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter cau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter cä.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ca===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква CА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter CA.svg|15px|Ca]] is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic [[Tsade]] [[File:Sade 1.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[San (letter)]], in addition to the Brahmi Ca.

==Devanagari script==
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Ca''' ('''च''') is the sixth consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|ka]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|13px]]. In Marathi, च is sometimes pronounced as {{IPA|mr|t͡sə|}} or {{IPAblink|t͡s}} in addition to {{IPA|hi|t͡ʃə|}} or {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}, while in Nepali, the {{IPAblink|t͡s}} pronunciation is standard, and deviates with regard to dialect. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter ચ and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘓.

===Devanagari-using Languages===
Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari च with vowel marks
|-
! Ca !! Cā !! Ci !! Cī !! Cu !! Cū !! Cr !! Cr̄ !! Cl !! Cl̄ !! Ce !! Cai !! Co !! Cau !! C
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|च
|चा
|चि
|ची
|चु
|चू
|चृ
|चॄ
|चॢ
|चॣ
|चे
|चै
|चो
|चौ
|च्
|}


===Conjuncts with च===
[[File:Devanagari Ca half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Ca.]]
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.<ref name="KNAB">{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

====Ligature conjuncts of च====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* Repha र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RCa.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RCa.svg|125px]]
* च্ (c) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature cra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CRa.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + न (na) gives the ligature cna:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CNa.svg|100px]]

====Stacked conjuncts of च====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
* ब্ (b) + च (ca) gives the ligature bca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct BCa.svg|100px]]
* भ্ (bʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature bʰca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct BhCa.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cba:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CBa.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + च (ca) gives the ligature cca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CCa.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CDda.svg|100px]]
* छ্ (cʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature cʰca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChCa.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + ज (ja) gives the ligature cja:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CJa.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cjña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CJNya.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + क (ka) gives the ligature cka:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CKa.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + ल (la) gives the ligature cla:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CLa.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CNga.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CNya.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + व (va) gives the ligature cva:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CVa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + च (ca) gives the ligature dca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DCa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḍca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdCa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḍʱca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhCa.svg|100px]]
* ध্ (dʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature dʱca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DhCa.svg|100px]]
* घ্ (ɡʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ɡʱca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct GhCa.svg|100px]]
* ह্ (h) + च (ca) gives the ligature hca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct HCa.svg|100px]]
* ज্ (j) + च (ca) gives the ligature jca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct JCa.svg|100px]]
* झ্ (jʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature jʰca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct JhCa.svg|100px]]
* क্ (k) + च (ca) gives the ligature kca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KCa.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature kʰca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhCa.svg|100px]]
* ल্ (l) + च (ca) gives the ligature lca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct LCa.svg|100px]]
* ळ্ (ḷ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḷca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct LlCa.svg|100px]]
* म্ (m) + च (ca) gives the ligature mca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct MCa.svg|100px]]
* न্ (n) + च (ca) gives the ligature nca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NCa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ŋca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgCa.svg|100px]]
* ञ্ (ñ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ñca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NyCa.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + च (ca) gives the ligature pca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PCa.svg|100px]]
* फ্ (pʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature pʰca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PhCa.svg|100px]]
* स্ (s) + च (ca) gives the ligature sca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SCa.svg|100px]]
* श্ (ʃ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShCa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṣca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsCa.svg|100px]]
* त্ (t) + च (ca) gives the ligature tca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TCa.svg|100px]]
* थ্ (tʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature tʰca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ThCa.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṭca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtCa.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṭʰca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthCa.svg|100px]]
* व্ (v) + च (ca) gives the ligature vca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct VCa.svg|100px]]
* य্ (y) + च (ca) gives the ligature yca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct YCa.svg|100px]]

==Bengali script==
The Bengali script চ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham c.svg|13px]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, च. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter চ will sometimes be transliterated as "co" instead of "ca". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /t͡ʃo/.
Like all Indic consonants, চ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali চ with vowel marks
|-
! ca !! cā !! ci !! cī !! cu !! cū !! cr !! cr̄ !! ce !! cai !! co !! cau !! c
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|চ
|চা
|চি
|চী
|চু
|চূ
|চৃ
|চৄ
|চে
|চৈ
|চো
|চৌ
|চ্
|}

===চ in Bengali-using languages===
চ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. 

===Conjuncts with চ===
Bengali চ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Unlike other Bengali letters, Ca does not tend towards stacked ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
* চ্ (c) + চ (ca) gives the ligature cca:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Cca.svg |100px]]
* চ্ (c) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ccha.svg |100px]]
* চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ccʰra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Cchra.svg |100px]]
* চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ccʰra, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Cchva.svg |100px]]
* চ্ (c) + ঞ (ña) gives the ligature cña:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Cnya.svg |100px]]
* চ্ (c) + ব (va) gives the ligature cva, with the [[va phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Cva.svg |100px]]
* চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature cya, with the [[ya phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Cya.svg |100px]]
* ঞ (ñ) + চ (ca) gives the ligature ñca:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NYca.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + চ (ca) gives the ligature rca, with the [[Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha|repha]] prefix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rca.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature {{langr|sa|ṛcya}}, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rcya.svg |100px]]
* শ্ (ʃ) + চ (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SHca.svg |100px]]

== Gurmukhi script ==
'''Chachaa''' {{IPA|pa|t͡ʃət͡ʃːɑ|}} ('''ਚ''') is the eleventh letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [t͡ʃət͡ʃːɑ] and is pronounced as /t͡ʃ/ when used in words. It is derived from the [[Laṇḍā]] letter ''ca'', and ultimately from the Brahmi ''ca''. Gurmukhi chachaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /t͡ʃ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

== Gujarati Ca ==
[[File:Gujarati letter Ca.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Ca.]]
'''Ca''' ('''ચ''') is the sixth consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the 16th century Devanagari Ca [[Image:Devanagari च.svg|13px|Ca]]with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|Ca]]. The Gujarati letter ''Ca'' (ચ) should not be confused with the Gujarati vowel ''[[A (Indic)#Gujarati A|A]]'' (અ), and care should be taken when reading Gujarati script texts not to confuse the two.

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ચ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|cə|}} or {{IPAblink|c}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Ca !! style="width:7%;"| Cā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Ci !! style="width:7%;"| Cī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Cu !! style="width:5%;"| Cū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Cr !! style="width:5%;"| Cl !! style="width:5%;"| Cr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Cl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Cĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ce !! style="width:5%;"| Cai !! style="width:7%;"| Cŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Co !! style="width:6%;"| Cau !! style="width:7%;"| C
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Ca Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Ca syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}

===Conjuncts with ચ===
[[File:Gujarati letter Ca half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Ca.]]
Gujarati ચ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature RCa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RCa.svg|100px]]
* ચ્ (c) + ર (ra) gives the ligature CRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct CRa.svg|100px]]
* ચ્ (c) + ન (na) gives the ligature CNa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct CNa.svg|100px]]
* શ્ (ʃ) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature ŚCa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct ShCa.svg|100px]]

== Thai script ==
'''Cho chan''' ('''จ''') is the eighth letter of the [[Thai script]]. It falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], ''cho chan'' is pronounced as [tɕ] at the beginning of a syllable and is pronounced as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. There are three other letters whose names contain cho in [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]] (and hence in the Unicode names), but their sounds at the beginning of syllable are [tɕʰ]. The ninth letter of the alphabet, ''cho ching'' (ฉ), is also named c''ho'' and falls under the high class of Thai consonants. The tenth and twelfth letters of the alphabet, ''cho chang'' (ช) and ''cho choe'' (ฌ), are also named c''ho'', however, they all fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the [[Thai alphabet#Pinthu|{{Transliteration|th|pinthu}}]]''—''an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, ''chan'' (จาน) means ‘plate’. ''Cho chan'' corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘च’.

==Javanese script==
{{main|Ca (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ca==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Ca.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Ca
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Ca.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Ca
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Ca.
}}
'''Ca''' ('''చ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|C]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಚ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.

==Malayalam Ca==
[[File:Malayalam letter Ca.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Ca]]
'''Ca''' ('''ച''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|C]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Ca.svg|x15px|Ca]] ''Ca''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
[[File:Malayalam Ca matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Ca matras: Ca, Cā, Ci, Cī, Cu, Cū, Cr̥, Cr̥̄, Cl̥, Cl̥̄, Ce, Cē, Cai, Co, Cō, Cau, and C.]]

===Conjuncts of ച===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].
* ച് (c) + ച (ca) gives the ligature cca:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct CCa.svg]]
* ഞ് (ñ) + ച (ca) gives the ligature ñca:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NyCa.svg]]

==Odia Ca==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Ca.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Ca
| image2 = Odia subjoined Ca.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Ca
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Ca.
}}
'''Ca''' ('''ଚ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|C]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham c.svg|x15px|Ca]] ''Ca''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Ca with vowel matras
|-
! Ca !! Cā !! Ci !! Cī !! Cu !! Cū !! Cr̥ !! Cr̥̄ !! Cl̥ !! Cl̥̄ !! Ce !! Cai !! Co !! Cau !! C
|-
| {{big|ଚ}} || {{big|ଚା}} || {{big|ଚି}} || {{big|ଚୀ}} || {{big|ଚୁ}} || {{big|ଚୂ}} || {{big|ଚୃ}} || {{big|ଚୄ}} || {{big|ଚୢ}} || {{big|ଚୣ}} || {{big|ଚେ}} || {{big|ଚୈ}} || {{big|ଚୋ}} || {{big|ଚୌ}} || {{big|ଚ୍}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of ଚ ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
* ଚ୍ (c) + ଚ (ca) gives the ligature cca:
[[File:Odia conjunct CCa.svg]]
* ଚ୍ (c) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa:
[[File:Odia conjunct CCha.svg]]
* ଞ୍ (ñ) + ଚ (ca) gives the ligature ñca:
[[File:Odia conjunct NyCa.svg]]

==Kaithi Ca==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Ca.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Ca
| image2 = Kaithi Ca half form.svg
| alt2 = Kaithi half-form letter Ca
| footer = Kaithi consonant and half-form Ca.
}}

'''Ca''' ('''𑂒''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|C]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham c.svg|x15px|Ca]] ''Ca''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Kaithi Ca with vowel matras
|-
! Ca !! Cā !! Ci !! Cī !! Cu !! Cū !! Ce !! Cai !! Co !! Cau !! C
|-
| {{big|𑂒}} || {{big|𑂒𑂰}} || {{big|𑂒𑂱}} || {{big|𑂒𑂲}} || {{big|𑂒𑂳}} || {{big|𑂒𑂴}} || {{big|𑂒𑂵}} || {{big|𑂒𑂶}} || {{big|𑂒𑂷}} || {{big|𑂒𑂸}} || {{big|𑂒𑂹}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑂒 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂒୍ (c) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature cra:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct CRa.svg|100px]]

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂒 (ca) gives the ligature rca:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct RCa.svg|100px]]

==Tirhuta Ca==
[[File:TIRHUTA LETTER CA.svg|thumb|right|100px|Tirhuta consonant Ca]]

'''Ca''' ('''𑒔''') is a consonant of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi c.svg|13px|C]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham c.svg|x15px|Ca]] ''Ca''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Tirhuta Ca with vowel matras
|-
! Ca !! Cā !! Ci !! Cī !! Cu !! Cū !! Cṛ !! Cṝ !! Cḷ !! Cḹ !! Cē !! Ce !! Cai !! Cō !! Co !! Cau !! C
|-
| {{big|𑒔}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒰}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒱}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒲}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒳}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒴}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒵}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒶}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒷}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒸}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒹}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒺}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒻}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒼}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒽}}
| {{big|𑒔𑒾}}
| {{big|𑒔𑓂}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑒔 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit [[virama]]. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

* 𑒔୍ (c) + 𑒔 (ca) gives the ligature cca:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct CCa.svg]]
* 𑒔୍ (c) + 𑒕 (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct CCha.svg]]
* 𑒔୍ (c) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature cra:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct CRa.svg]]
* 𑒔୍ (c) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature cva:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct CVa.svg]]
* 𑒘୍ (ñ) + 𑒔 (ca) gives the ligature ñca:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NyCa.svg]]
* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒔 (ca) gives the ligature rca:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct RCa.svg]]
* 𑒬୍ (ʃ) + 𑒔 (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct ShCa.svg]]
* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒔 (ca) gives the ligature tca:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct TCa.svg]]

==Comparison of Ca==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ca, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Ca
|devacp = 091A |devaimg = Devanagari च.svg
|bengcp = 099A |bengimg = Bengali Letter Ca.svg
|tamlcp = 0B9A |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-சச.svg
|telucp = 0C1A
|oryacp = 0B1A
|kndacp = 0C9A
|mlymcp = 0D1A
|gujrcp = 0A9A
|gurucp = 0A1A

|brahcp = 11018 |ashokaimg = Brahmi c.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka c.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad c.svg
|kharcp = 10A15
|siddcp = 11593 |siddimg = Siddham c.svg
|grancp = 1131A
|tibtcp = 0F45 |tibtimg = Tibetan Ca.svg
|phagcp = A844
|zanbcp = 11A10
|newacp = 11414
|bhkscp = 11C13
|shrdcp = 11196
|mymrcp = 1005
|lanacp = 1A27
|talucp = 1988
|khmrcp = 1785
|laoocp = 0E88
|thaicp = 0E08
|tavtcp = AA8A
|tavt2cp = AA8B
|sinhcp = 0DA0
|cakmcp = 1110C
|talecp = 1953
|diakcp = 11911
|saurcp = A897
|chamcp = AA0C
|modicp = 11613
|nandcp = 119B3
|soyocp = 11A61
|sylocp = A80C
|gongcp = 11D7B
|kthiimg = Kaithi Ca.svg | kthicp = 11092
|tirhcp = 11494
|lepccp = 1C06
|limbcp = 1906 |limbimg = Лимбу буква CO. Limbu Letter CO.png
|mteicp = ABC6
|marccp = 11C76
|takrcp = 1168F
|dogrcp = 1180F
|khojcp = 1120E
|sindcp = 112C0
|mahjcp = 11159
|multcp = 1128A
|balicp = 1B18
|batkcp = 1BE1
|bugicp = 1A0C
|javacp = A995
|makacp = 11EE9
|rjngcp = A939
|sundcp = 1B8E
|gonmcp = 11D11
|tochimg = Tocharian letter ca.gif
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi ca.svg
| armiimg = Sade 1.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Ca.svg
}}

==Character encodings of Ca==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Ca in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ca from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Ca
|devacp = 091A |devaimg = Devanagari च.svg
|bengcp = 099A |bengimg = Bengali Letter Ca.svg
|tamlcp = 0B9A |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-சச.svg
|telucp = 0C1A
|oryacp = 0B1A
|kndacp = 0C9A
|mlymcp = 0D1A
|gujrcp = 0A9A
|gurucp = 0A1A
|iscii = B8

|brahcp = 11018 |ashokaimg = Brahmi c.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka c.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad c.svg
|kharcp = 10A15
|siddcp = 11593 |siddimg = Siddham c.svg
|grancp = 1131A
|tibtcp = 0F45 |tibtimg = Tibetan Ca.svg
|tibtaltcp = 0F95
|phagcp = A844
|zanbcp = 11A10
|newacp = 11414
|bhkscp = 11C13
|shrdcp = 11196
|mymrcp = 1005
|lanacp = 1A27
|talucp = 1988
|khmrcp = 1785
|laoocp = 0E88
|thaicp = 0E08
|tavtcp = AA8A
|tavt2cp = AA8B
|sinhcp = 0DA0
|cakmcp = 1110C
|talecp = 1953
|diakcp = 11911
|saurcp = A897
|chamcp = AA0C
|modicp = 11613
|nandcp = 119B3
|soyocp = 11A61
|sylocp = A80C
|gongcp = 11D7B
|kthiimg = Kaithi Ca.svg | kthicp = 11092
|tirhcp = 11494
|lepccp = 1C06
|limbcp = 1906 |limbimg = Лимбу буква CO. Limbu Letter CO.png
|mteicp = ABC6
|marccp = 11C76
|takrcp = 1168F
|dogrcp = 1180F
|khojcp = 1120E
|sindcp = 112C0
|mahjcp = 11159
|multcp = 1128A
|balicp = 1B18
|batkcp = 1BE1
|bugicp = 1A0C
|javacp = A995
|makacp = 11EE9
|rjngcp = A939
|sundcp = 1B8E
|gonmcp = 11D11
}}

==See also==
* [[Kaph]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

==Further reading==
* Kurt Elfering: ''Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar''. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, {{ISBN|3-7705-1326-6}}
* Georges Ifrah: ''The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer''. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, {{ISBN|0-471-39340-1}}.
* B. L. van der Waerden: ''Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik''. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, {{ISBN|3-7643-0399-9}}
* {{Cite journal
| issn = 0035-869X
| pages = 109–126
| last = Fleet
| first = J. F.
| title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers
| journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
| date = January 1911
| volume = 43
| doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995
| jstor = 25189823
}}
* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995| jstor = 25189823 | pages = 109–126 | volume = 43 | journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers | publisher = Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | year = 1911| last1 = Fleet | first1 = J. F.}}
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

[[Category:Indic letters]]

Sal languages

2026-01-01T23:02:48Z

Sergdpd: fixed formatting and added references

{{Short description|Branch of Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Sal
|altname=Brahmaputran Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw
|region=[[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam1=[[Sino-Tibetan]]
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Central Tibeto-Burman languages]] (?)
|child1=[[Boro–Garo languages|Boro–Garo]]
|child2=[[Konyak languages|Konyak]]
|child3=[[Jingpho–Luish languages|Jingpho–Luish]]
|child4=[[Chairel]] {{extinct}}
|glotto=brah1260
|glottorefname=Brahmaputran
}}

The '''Sal languages''', also known as the '''Brahmaputran languages''', are a branch of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] spoken in [[northeast India]], as well as parts of [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]] (Burma), and [[China]].

==Alternative names==
''[[Ethnologue]]'' calls the group "Jingpho–Konyak-Garo–Bodo", while [[Scott DeLancey]] (2015)<ref name="DeLancey2015"/> refers to it as "Bodo-Konyak-Garo-Jinghpaw" (BKJ). Glottolog lists this branch as “[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/brah1260 Brahmaputran (brah1260)]”, as the languages occur around the [[Brahmaputra Valley]].

==Classification within Sino-Tibetan==
[[Scott DeLancey]] (2015)<ref name="DeLancey2015">DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)." ''Cahiers de linguistique - Asie oriental'' 44(2):122-149. December 2015. {{doi|10.1163/19606028-00442p02}}</ref> considers the Sal languages, which he refers to as Garo-''Bodo-Konyak-Jinghpaw'' (BKJ), to be part of a wider [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] group.

==Internal classification==
{{harvcoltxt|Benedict|1972|p=7}} noted that the [[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]], [[Konyak languages|Konyak]], and [[Jingpho language|Jingpho]] (Kachin) languages, as well as the extinct [[Chairel language]], shared distinctive roots for "sun" and "fire".

{{harvtxt|Burling|1983}} proposed a grouping of the Bodo–Garo, Konyak (Northern Naga), and Jingpho languages, characterized by several shared [[Lexical Innovation|lexical innovations]], including:
* *sal "sun"<ref>{{cite web |title=STEDT Etymon #2753 |url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/2753 |website=stedt.berkeley.edu |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
* *war "fire"<ref>{{cite web |title=STEDT Etymon #2152 |url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/2152 |website=stedt.berkeley.edu |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
* *s-raŋ "sky"<ref>{{cite web |title=STEDT Etymon #3571|url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/3571 |website=stedt.berkeley.edu |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
* *wa "father"<ref>{{cite web |title=STEDT Etymon #5484|url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/5484|website=stedt.berkeley.edu |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
* *nu "mother"<ref>{{cite web |title=STEDT Etymon #1621|url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/etymon/1621|website=stedt.berkeley.edu |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
Burling (1983) called the proposed group Sal, after the words ''sal'', ''san'' and ''jan'' for "sun" in various of these languages.
{{harvcoltxt|Coupe|2012|pp=201–204}} argues that some of Burling's proposed innovations are either not attested across the Sal languages, or have cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages. Nevertheless, Matisoff (2013)<ref name="Matisoff2013"/> accepts Burling's Sal group, and considers *s-raŋ 'sky/rain' and *nu 'mother' to be the most convincing Sal innovations.

The family is generally presented with three branches ({{harvcolnb|Burling|2003|p=175}}, {{harvcolnb|Thurgood|2003|p=11}}):
* The [[Bodo–Garo languages]], including the [[Bodo languages|Bodo]] and [[Koch languages|Koch]] languages, are spoken in the northeast Indian states of [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Tripura]].
* The [[Konyak languages]] are spoken by the [[Naga people]] in southeastern [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and northeastern [[Nagaland]] (both in northeastern India). This group is called Eastern Naga by {{harvcoltxt|Burling|1983}} and Northern Naga by other authors. (The remaining languages of Nagaland belong to the separate [[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga]] group.)
* The Kachinic or [[Jingpho–Luish languages]] include [[Jingpho language|Jingpho]] (Jinghpaw, Singhpo or Kachin), spoken in northern [[Burma]] and adjacent regions, and the [[Luish languages|Luish]] (or Sak) languages spoken in western Burma.

Shafer had grouped the first two as his Baric division, and {{harvcoltxt|Bradley|1997|p=20}} also combines them as a subbranch.

Bradley (1997) tentatively considers [[Pyu language (Burma)|Pyu]] and [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]] to be possibly related to Sal, but is uncertain about this.

Peterson (2009)<ref name="Peterson2009">Peterson, David A. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070911/http://ic.payap.ac.th/sino-tibetan-conference/Conference%20Handbook.pdf?v=1256612245 "Where does Mru fit into Tibeto-Burman?"] Paper presented at ''The 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics'' (ICSTLL 42), November 2009, [[Payap University]], [[Chiang Mai|Chiangmai]], [[Thailand]].</ref> considers [[Mruic languages|Mru-Hkongso]] to be a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, but notes that Mru-Hkongso shares similarities with Bodo–Garo that could be due to the early split of Mruic from a Tibeto-Burman branch that included Bodo–Garo.

===van Driem (2011)===
The '''Brahmaputran''' branch of van Driem (2011) has three variants:
*[[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]] and [[Konyak languages|Konyak]].<ref name=vanDriem2014>{{harvtxt|van Driem|2014}}</ref>
*Bodo–Garo, Konyak, and [[Dhimalish languages|Dhimalish]].<ref name=vanDriem2001>{{harvcoltxt|van Driem|2001|pp=397–398, 403}}</ref>
*Bodo–Garo, Konyak, Dhimalish, and [[Kachin–Luic languages|Kachin–Luic]].<ref name=vanDriem2001/>
The smallest is his most recent, and the one van Driem considers a well-established low-level group of Sino-Tibetan.<ref name=vanDriem2011>{{citation | last = van Driem | first = George L.
| title = Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar
| journal = Himalayan Linguistics Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | year = 2011
| url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2641q8vv
| postscript = .}}</ref> However, Dhimalish is not accepted as a Sal language by [[Glottolog]].<ref>Hammarstrom, et al. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dhim1245</ref> Sotrug (2015)<ref>Sotrug, Yeshy T. (2015). ''Linguistic evidence for madeskā kirãntī. The phylogenetic position of Dhimalish''. Bern: University of Bern Master’s Thesis, 22 June 2015.</ref> and Gerber, et al. (2016)<ref>Gerber, Pascal, Tanja Gerber, Selin Grollmann. 2016. ''[https://www.academia.edu/30259338/Links_between_Lhokpu_and_Kiranti_some_observations Links between Lhokpu and Kiranti: some observations]''. Kiranti Workshop. CNRS Université Paris Diderot, 1-2 Dec 2016.</ref> consider Dhimalish to be particularly closely related to the [[Kiranti languages]] rather than to the Sal languages.

===Matisoff (2012, 2013)===
[[James Matisoff]] (2012)<ref name="Matisoff2012">Matisoff, James. 2012. [https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/2012_MSA_Languages/pdf/JAM_Jingpho-Luish_20121003.pdf Re-examining the genetic position of Jingpho: can the Sal hypothesis be reconciled with the Jingpho/Nungish/Luish grouping?]. Paper presented at the [https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/2012_MSA_Languages/ Mainland Southeast Asian Languages: The State of the Art in 2012] workshop, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, 29 November - 1 December 2012.</ref> makes the following observations about the Sal grouping.

*Although [[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]] and Northeastern Naga ([[Konyak languages|Konyak]]) are indeed closely related, Jingpho and Northeastern Naga (Konyak) seem to be even more closely related to each other than Jingpho and Bodo-Garo are to each other.
*[[Luish languages|Luish]] is the Tibeto-Burman branch most closely related to Jingpho, for which further evidence is provided in Matisoff (2013).<ref name="Matisoff2013">Matisoff, James A. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/16300693/Re-examining_the_genetic_position_of_Jingpho_putting_flesh_on_the_bones_of_the_Jinghpho_Luish_Relationship Re-examining the genetic position of Jingpho: putting flesh on the bones of the Jingpho/Luish relationship]. ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 36(2). 1–106.</ref>
*Similarities between Jingpho and [[Nungish languages|Nungish]] are due to contact. Thus, Nungish is not particularly closely related to Jingpho, and is not a Sal language. On the other hand, [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]] appears to be more closely related to Nungish than to Jingpho.

Matisoff (2012) notes that these Tibeto-Burman branches did not split off neatly in a tree-like fashion, but rather form a [[linkage (linguistics)|linkage]]. Nevertheless, Matisoff (2013:30)<ref name="Matisoff2013"/> still provides the following [[Stammbaum]] for the Sal branch.

{{tree list}}
*'''Sal'''
**[[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]]
**Jingpho-Konyak
***[[Konyak languages|Konyakian]] (Northern Naga)
***[[Jingpho–Luish languages|Jingpho-Asakian]]
****[[Jingpho language|Jingphoic]]
****[[Luish languages|Asakian]]
{{tree list/end}}

The unclassified extinct [[Taman language (Sino-Tibetan)|Taman language]] of northern Myanmar displays some similarities with Luish languages, Jingpho, and Bodo-Garo, but it is undetermined whether Taman is a Sal language or not.<ref>Huziwara, Keisuke. 2016. [https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/219018 タマン語の系統再考 / On the genetic position of Taman reconsidered]. In ''Kyoto University Linguistic Research '' 35, p.1-34. {{doi|10.14989/219018}} ([https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/219018/1/kulr35_1.pdf PDF])</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation
| first = Paul K. | last = Benedict | author-link = Paul K. Benedict
| title = Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus
| location = Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]
| year = 1972 | isbn = 978-0-521-08175-7
| url = http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/Benedict_1972_Sino-Tibetan-Conspectus.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| last = Bradley | first = David | author-link = David Bradley (linguist)
| chapter = Tibeto-Burman languages and classification | pages = 1–71
| chapter-url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bradley1997tibeto-burman.pdf
| editor-last = Bradley | editor-first = David
| title = Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas
| series = ''Papers in South East Asian linguistics'' | volume = 14
| location = Canberra | publisher = Pacific Linguistics | year = 1997
| isbn = 978-0-85883-456-9
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| title = The Sal Languages
| first = Robbins | last = Burling | author-link = Robbins Burling
| journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | year = 1983 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–32
| url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/burling1982sal.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = The Tibeto-Burman languages of northeast India
| last = Burling | first = Robbins | author-mask = 2
| title = Sino-Tibetan Languages | pages = 169–191
| editor1-last = Thurgood | editor1-first = Graham
| editor2-last = LaPolla | editor2-first = Randy J.
| location = London | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| given = Alexander R. | surname = Coupe
| title = Overcounting numeral systems and their relevance to sub-grouping in the Tibeto-Burman languages of Nagaland
| journal = Language and Linguistics | year = 2012 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 193–220
| url = http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/13.1/j2012_1_09_0854.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| last = van Driem | first = George | author-link = George van Driem
| title = Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region
| publisher = BRILL | year = 2001
| isbn = 978-90-04-12062-4
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| last = van Driem | first = George | author-mask = 2
| chapter = Trans-Himalayan | pages = 11–40
| chapter-url = http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2014a.pdf
| title = Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area
| editor1-first = Thomas | editor1-last = Owen-Smith
| editor2-first = Nathan W. | editor2-last = Hill
| location = Berlin | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | year = 2014
| isbn = 978-3-11-031083-2
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| chapter = A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages
| last = Thurgood | first = Graham | author-link = Graham Thurgood
| title = Sino-Tibetan Languages | pages = 3–21
| editor1-last = Thurgood | editor1-first = Graham
| editor2-last = LaPolla | editor2-first = Randy J.
| location = London | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1
| postscript = .
}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Sal languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sal languages| ]]

Dhauladhar

2025-12-31T21:02:27Z

Sergdpd: brief updated citations for consistency and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{short description|Himalayan mountain range in India}}
{{Distinguish|Dhaulagiri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
[[File:Dhauladhar.jpg|thumb|A cottage in the laps of Dhauladhar ranges in the Kangra valley.]]

'''Dhauladhar''' ({{langx|hi|[[wikt:धौलाधार|धौलाधार]]}}) ({{lit|The White Range}}){{sfnp|Singh|2000|p=2}}{{efn|The word “Dhaula” {{lang|hi|धौला}} means absolutely pure, clear, ''nirmal'' (clean), and ''dhar'' {{lang|hi|धार}} means range.}} is a mountain range which is part of a [[Lower Himalayan Range|lesser Himalayan]] chain of mountains in northern India. It rises from the [[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik]] hills, to the north of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] and [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India|Mandi]]. [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], the headquarters of [[Kangra district]] and the [[winter capital]] of the [[Indian state|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], lies on its southern [[Spur (mountain)|spur]] in the [[Kangra Valley]].<ref name=imp>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_293.gif Dhaula Dhar] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', v. 11, ''p. 287.''</ref> [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] lies to the North of this range.

== Overview ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
The Dhauladhar range is one of the ranges of the [[Himalayas|Middle Himalayas]]. They begin from near [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]] at the northwest end of Himachal Pradesh and pass through the state to the vicinity of the bank of the [[Beas River]] in the [[Kulu district]] of Himachal Pradesh. They begin to merge with the [[Pir Panjal]] near [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]. They are entirely in Himachal Pradesh. They are distinctive in their typical dark granite rocky formations with a remarkably steep rise culminating in sharp streaks of snow and ice at the top of their crested peaks. This distinctive profile is best seen from the [[Kangra Valley]] from where they seem to shoot up almost vertically.

The elevation of the Dhauladhars ranges widely from 3,500 m to nearly 6,056 m. The highest peak in the range is the [[Hanuman Tibba]], 5,982 metres (19,626 ft) above sea level. There are several peaks which are close to 5500 m (17,000 ft). From the banks of the [[Beas River]] in Kulu, the range curves towards the town of [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], Himachal Pradesh, India. Then, running north, it passes through Bada Bhangal, joins the [[Pir Panjal Range]] and moves into Chamba.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

[[File:Dhauladhar peak from McLeod Ganj.jpg|thumb|596x596px|Moon Peak (4,650 metres) in the Dhauladhar range from [[McLeod Ganj]].|alt=|center]]

The Dhauladhars have a peculiar topography. Although mostly composed of [[granite]], the flanks of the range exhibit frequent formations of [[slate]] (often used for the roofs of houses in the region), [[limestone]] and [[sandstone]]. Ascending from any side is difficult, given the near vertical incline. This calls for highly technical trekking and mountaineering. There is very little habitation on the range given the harsh conditions. But meadows abound near the crest providing rich pastures for grazing where large numbers of [[Gaddi people|Gaddi]] shepherds take their flocks. The top of the crest is buried under vast expanses of thick snow. [[Triund]], approached from the hill station of [[McLeod Ganj]], is the nearest and most accessible snow line in the Indian Himalayas. The range has rich flora and fauna.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Peaks, virgin and scaled, have drawn mountaineers from all over the world. Some of the well-known ones are Mun (4610 m) near Dharamshala, [[Manimahesh Kailash Peak|Manimahesh Kailash]] ({{lang|hi|मणिमहेश कैलाश}}) (5653 m) in the sacred Manimahesh region, Gauri Junda (4946 m), near the Talang pass, which is commonly referred to as the 'Dhauladhar Matterhorn',<ref>[https://peakvisor.com/peak/dhauladhar-matter-horn.html Dhauladhar Matter Horn] ''Peakvisor''</ref> Christmas (4581 m), Toral (4686 m), Dromedary (4553 m), Riflehorn (4400 m), Lantern (5100 m), Arthur's Seat (4525 m), Camel (4520 m), Slab (4570 m), and several other named and unnamed peaks.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
Due to the position of the range it receives two [[monsoon]]s a year with heavy rains; where the mountains have not been heavily logged, there are dense pine and [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]] forests.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

There are [[glacial lake]]s in the Dhauladhars. Prominent among them is the [[Lama Dal|Lam Dal]] which is the biggest with a circumference of about 2.5 km. It is a very [[sacred lake]] and considered to be the abode of [[Lord Shiva]] alongside [[Manimahesh Lake]]. Each year pilgrims take a holy dip in August and September just when the [[Manimahesh]] [[yatra]] begins. There are other very sacred lakes like the Nag Dal/Nag Chattri Dal. This lake owes its history to the Bhagsunag Temple and is considered sacred. It is dedicated to the Nag Devta or the Lord King Cobra. The other beautiful lakes are the Chanderkup Dal above the [[Lama Dal|Lam Dal]], [[Kareri Lake]] below the Minkaini Pass, [[Dehnasar Lake]] across the Sari Pass and the very sacred Kali Kund just 150 m below the Lam Dal at an elevation of 3900 m and approachable from Minkiani Pass (4250 metres).

One of the major passes across this range is the [[Indrahar Pass]]. At an altitude of 4,342 metres (14,245 ft) above mean sea level, near the tourist town of [[Dharamshala]] in Himachal Pradesh, Indrahar Pass forms the border between [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] and [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] districts. It is part of a popular trekking route from Dharamshala Including [[Triund|Triund Trek]], Mun Peak Expedition from the [[Indrahar Pass]], [[Kareri Lake|Seven Lake Trek Lake]] starting from [[Kareri Lake]], [[Kareri Lake|Kareri Lake Trek]], [[Lama Dal|Lam Dal Lake Trek]] increases substantial tourist traffic during the trekking season between April and October.

The Dhauladhar mountain range became visible after 30 years in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], less than 200 km away, after pollution levels came down amidst the [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]] in March 2020.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-viral/mountain-range-in-himachal-pradesh-visible-from-jalandhar-in-punjab-see-pics/story-i8WTNfT9nAl8k7gp5TJTGI.html Mountain range in Himachal Pradesh visible from Jalandhar in Punjab] ''Hindustan Times''</ref>
[[File:SAVE 20250922 143436.jpg|center|thumb]]

== Gallery ==
{{gallery |perrow=3
|File:Dhauladhar mountain ranges,view from Dharamshala.jpg|Dhauladhar mountain ranges, view from Dharamshala<ref>[https://www.justahotels.com/blogs/awe-inspiring-dhauladhar-view-adventurous-paragliding-activities-in-dharamshala/ Dhauladhar View] ''jüSTa''</ref>
|File:Panoramic view of McLeod Ganj during winters, 2005.jpg|
|File:Montaro Dhauladhar (foto de Dharamsala).jpg|Dhauladhar from [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]]
|File:Snow peaked dhauladhar mountain ranges.jpg|
|File:Ghoomakad hut overlooking the Dhauladhars and Dharamshala.jpg|A panoramic view of the Dhauladhar range showing its ascent from Dari(1100m) in the Kangra Valley to Kundli Pass(4550m)
|File:Dharamsala-douladhar-range.jpg|Dhauladhar range
}}

== See also ==
* [[Rupin Pass]]
* [[Indrahar Pass]]
* [[Kundli Pass]]
* [[Jalsu Pass]]
* [[Minkiani Pass]]
* [[Thamsar Pass]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mian Goverdhan |year=2000 |title=Himachal Pradesh: History, Culture & Economy |edition=5th |editor-first=C.L. |editor-last=Gupta |editor2-first=Kulbhushan |editor2-last=Chandel |publisher=Minerva Publishers & Distributors |location=Shimla}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.flyoctane.com/ team "flyoctane" paragliding professional in India, now at Himachal Pradesh.]
* [http://www.mcllo.com Mcllo.com - Dhauladhar Trek -An Informative, Travel and Community website of Kangra Valley, Dharamsala, McleodGanj]
* [https://www.holidaymoods.in/kareri-lake-trek Kareri Lake Trek Dhauladhar]

{{coord|32|29|10|N|76|05|50|E|type:mountain_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Geography of Kangra district]]
[[Category:Mountains of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himalayas]]

Mahabal's day gecko

2025-12-16T04:01:11Z

Sergdpd: Put up new stub

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cnemaspis mahabali.jpg
| genus = Cnemaspis
| species = mahabali
| authority = Sayyed, Pyron, & DiLeepkumar, 2018
| synonyms =
}}
'''Mahabal's day gecko''' ('''''Cnemaspis mahabali''''') is a species of [[gecko]] found in [[India]].<ref name="The Reptile Database">{{cite news|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=mahabali&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Cnemaspis+mahabali%27%29%29|title=Cnemaspis mahabali|website=The Reptile Database|accessdate=2018-12-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Sayyed, A., Pyron, R.A. & Dileepkumar, R. (2018) Four new species of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from the northern Western Ghats, India. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 12 (e157), 1–29.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63375172}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahabal's day gecko}}
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]

{{gecko-stub}}

Veronica Serrato

2025-12-06T15:35:17Z

Sergdpd: enhanced content and updated info based on references

{{short description|American immigration lawyer}}

[[File:Veronica_Serrato.jpg|thumb|Cinco de mayo award presentation, Veronica Serrato]]
'''Veronica Serrato''' is an American immigration lawyer. She is a recipient of the [[Ohtli Award]], the highest award given by the Mexican government to people serving Mexicans abroad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://bostonbar.org/docs/default-document-library/member_notes_051718.html?sfvrsn=2|title=Member Notes|website=bostonbar.org|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125034159/https://bostonbar.org/docs/default-document-library/member_notes_051718.html%3Fsfvrsn%3D2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Education and early life ==
Serrato was born in Chicago;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lowellsun.com/ci_31921535/uml-grad-helps-immigrants-chart-course-citizenship|title=uMass Amherst-grad-helps-immigrants-chart-course-citizenship|date=2018-06-04|website=Lowell Sun|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> her parents immigrated to the US from [[Moroleón|Moroleon, Guanajuato]], Mexico.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/articles/2019/project-citizenship-veronica-serrato/|title=Paving the Way to Citizenship|website=Boston University|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/06/02/citizenship-applications-soar-massachusetts/Z4tEf72avhBTfreik763BN/story.html|title=Citizenship applications soar in Mass. - The Boston Globe|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> Serrato attended [[Harvard University]] for her undergraduate degree (A.B. in 1984) and [[Boston University School of Law]] for her J.D, graduating in 1988.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> She was the first in her family to attend college.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Serrato was the founding executive director of [[Project Citizenship]], a non-profit focused on helping [[Legal permanent residents (United States)|legal permanent residents]] (green card holders) become American citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lowellsun.com/ci_32613734/through-these-doors-path-citizenship|title=Through these doors, a path to citizenship|date=2019-05-04|website=Lowell Sun|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2018/07/10/boston-non-citizen-voting|title=Should Boston allow non-citizens with legal status to vote? {{!}} Boston.com|website=www.boston.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-12|title=Veronica Serrato {{!}} Project Citizenship|url=https://projectcitizenship.org/advisors___ambassado/veronica-serrato/|access-date=2021-01-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128144450/https://projectcitizenship.org/advisors___ambassado/veronica-serrato/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Under her leadership, 8,300 immigrants achieved US citizenship. According to Congresswoman [[Katherine Clark]] (D-MA), it is the largest citizenship provider in New England.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://katherineclark.house.gov/2017/2/clark-to-bring-project-citizenship-director-as-guest-to-trump-address|title=Clark to Bring Project Citizenship Director as Guest to Trump Address|date=2017-02-27|website=Congresswoman Katherine Clark|language=en|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> They are "unapologetically pro-immigrant."<ref name=":3" />

In 2019, Project Citizenship and [[Ropes & Gray|Ropes and Gray]] sued [[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|USCIS]] for their plan to remove fee waivers for the naturalization process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ropesgray.com/en/newsroom/news/2019/11/Ropes-Gray-Project-Citizenship-Sue-USCIS-to-Protect-Access-to-Citizenship-for-Low-Income-Immigrants|title=Ropes & Gray and Project Citizenship Sue USCIS to Protect Access to Citizenship for Low-Income Immigrants|website=www.ropesgray.com|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>

Prior to Project Citizenship, Serrato served as a Senior Attorney at Volunteer Lawyers Project. She served as a Clinical Instructor and later, Domestic Violence Specialist, at the Legal Services Center of [[Harvard Law School]], where she handled [[Domestic violence in the United States|domestic violence]] cases.<ref name=":3" />

== Awards and honors ==

* Ohtli Award, Mexican government, 2018<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://projectcitizenship.org/veronica-serrato-honored-ohtli-award/|title=Verónica Serrato Honored with the Ohtli Award|date=2018-05-07|website=Project Citizenship|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
* Silver Shingle Award, [[Boston University School of Law]], 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/law/2019/08/20/immigrants-rights-human-trafficking-mentorship-program-breakfast/|title=Immigrants' Rights & Human Trafficking Mentorship Program Breakfast {{!}} School of Law|website=www.bu.edu|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
* Guest of [[Katherine Clark|Congresswoman Katherine Clark]], State of the Union Address, 2017<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/28/us/politics/in-their-choice-of-guests-trump-and-congressional-democrats-sent-dueling-messages.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/28/us/politics/in-their-choice-of-guests-trump-and-congressional-democrats-sent-dueling-messages.html|title=In Their Choice of Guests, Trump and Congressional Democrats Sent Dueling Messages|last1=Buchanan|first1=Larry|date=2017-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-01-25|last2=Parlapiano|first2=Alicia|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*Sarah B. Ignatius Award for Excellence in Law, PAIR Project, Boston, June 2020
*Spirit of Boston award, Mayor Martin Walsh, November 2019
*Massachusetts Association of Hispanic Attorneys, 2019 Organization of the Year Award
*Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly Top Women in the Law Award, October 2014
*Boston University School of Law Public Interest Attorney Award, April 13, 2014[[File:Clark_Pelosi_Serrato.jpg|thumb|Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, Veronica Serrato, and Congresswoman Katherine Clark]]
* Victor Garo Public Service Award, Boston University School of Law, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/law/2015/10/05/pro-bono-kickoff-honors-veronica-serrato-88/|title=Pro Bono Kickoff Honors Veronica Serrato ('88) {{!}} School of Law|website=www.bu.edu|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref>
* Community Hero, ABCD<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abcdheroes.org/veronica-serrato/|title=Veronica Serrato|website=ABCD Community Heroes Celebration|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125034159/http://abcdheroes.org/veronica-serrato/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serrato, Veronica}}
[[Category:Boston University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Boston University alumni]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Chicago]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Boston]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:American nonprofit executives]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ohtli Award winners]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Chenab Valley

2025-11-22T01:56:39Z

Sergdpd: new a data w/ sources

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Chenab Valley/Header}}
{{WikiProject status|semi-active|parent=|type=geo|sc1=|sc2=}}
{{Shortcut|WP:CVJK|WP:CHENABVALLEY}}
Chenab Valley is a region in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and most of the articles related to it are stubs. Also, there are many articles to write which should be on Wikipedia. So here is space for interested people who want to contribute.

'''Social Media'''

{{facebook|ChenabValleyWikipedia}}

'''Introduction'''
{{TOC right}}
Welcome to '''WikiProject Chenab Valley'''. Several Wikipedians have formed this collaboration resource and group dedicated to improving Wikipedia's coverage of [[Chenab Valley]] and the organization of information and articles on this topic. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions and various resources; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians interested in the topic. If you would like to help, please [[#Participants|add yourself as a participant]] in the project, inquire on the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Chenab Valley|talk page]], and see the [[#Open tasks|to-do list]], below.


== Goals ==
*To provide guidelines and recommendations for articles that describe aspects of [[Chenab Valley]].
*To improve Wikipedia's coverage of [[Chenab Valley]] by creating, expanding, and maintaining factual articles,
*To serve as the point of discussion for issues related to [[Chenab Valley]] in Wikipedia.

== Scope ==

The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Chenab Valley]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Chenab Valley]].

==Editing advice ==


===Manual of Style===
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style}}
===Indic scripts in lead===
Avoid the use of Indic scripts in the [[WP:Manual of Style/Lead section|lead sections]] or [[WP:Infobox|infoboxes]]. Instead, use [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] pronunciation guides, which are more international. Exceptions are articles on the script itself, articles on a language that uses the script, and articles on texts originally written in a particular script. This does not apply to articles that are not predominantly within the scope of WikiProject Chenab Valley.

== Open tasks ==

{{to do}}

== Participants ==

Please feel free to add yourself here:
{{button|[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chenab Valley/Members|Click here to add yourself]]}}
===List of Users===
# {{User|TheChunky}}
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===Member userboxes===
* Place the following code <code><nowiki>{{User:TheChunky/Userboxes/userchenabvalley}}</nowiki></code> on your userpage to display the following userbox. 
{{User:TheChunky/Userboxes/userchenabvalley}} 
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<center>To check new articles related to '''WikiProject Chenab Valley''' click below button 
<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">{{Clickable button 2|Wikipedia:WikiProject Chenab Valley/Article alerts|Click here|class=mw-ui-progressive}}</div></center>
=== Featured content ===


{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Article
! style="width:5em;"| Rank
|-
| [[Chenab Valley]]
! scope="row"| <div class="center">"Top 1"</div>
|-
| [[Bhalessa]]
! scope="row"| <div class="center">"Top 2"</div>
|}
<hr>
===Biography===
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Chenab Valley/Biography}} <hr>
===Politics===
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Chenab Valley/Politics}}
<hr>
===Geography===
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Chenab Valley/Geography}}
<hr>
===Culture===
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Chenab Valley/Culture}}

== Review and assessment ==
=== Assessment ===
*The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chenab Valley/Assessment|assessment]]''' focuses on assessing the quality of Wikipedia's Chenab Valley-related articles. While much of the work is done in conjunction with the [[WP:1.0]] program, the article ratings are also used within the project itself to aid in recognising excellent contributions and identifying topics in need of further work.

The ratings are done in a distributed fashion through parameters in the {{tl|WikiProject Chenab Valley}} project banner; this causes the articles to be placed in a set of categories that serves as the basis for an [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment|Assessment]]

=== Peer review ===
The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chenab Valley#Peer review|peer review]]''' conducts peer reviews of Chenab Valley-related articles on request; this helps to obtain ideas for further improvement by having contributors who may not have previously worked on particular articles examine them. Project members are invited to submit articles to the department in lieu of using the generic peer review process.

=== Statistics ===
{{Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Chenab Valley articles by quality log}}

== WikiProject Chenab Valley notice ==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WikiProject Chenab Valley}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Chenab Valley for guidelines.

To use it, place
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Related [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Bhaderwah]]

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==Tools==
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*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Reflinks|Reflinks]] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
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{{Wikipedia help pages}}
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Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences

2025-10-13T08:36:37Z

Sergdpd: done.

{{Short description|Research center in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
{{One source|date=August 2020}}
}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Center of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences
| image = Cbcsalld.jpg
| established = 2002
| type = [[Research Institute| Public research institute]]
| head = Dr. Bhoomika Rastogi Kar
| city = [[Allahabad]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| website = [http://www.cbcs.ac.in/ www.cbcs.ac.in]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

'''Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences''' (also known as CBCS<ref>{{Cite web|title = Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Allahabad|url = http://www.cbcs.ac.in|website = www.cbcs.ac.in|access-date = 2016-01-26}}</ref>) is an independent [[research center]] dedicated to the study of cognitive science and neuroscience. It is affiliated to the [[University of Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== History ==
CBCS was formally inaugurated on 2 February 2003 by the then [[Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]].

CBCS was granted 'Centre with Potential for Excellence' status by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] for three consecutive cycle since 2002. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-09-18 |title=Behavioural Science Centre gets potential for excellence status |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/behavioural-science-centre-gets-potential-for-excellence-status/articleshow/10026167.cms |access-date=2025-10-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Laboratories and other facilities ==
An interdisciplinary research centre, CBCS has several labs to dedicated to the study of brain and mind. It has multiple seminar halls and its own library. It has a computer lab with high end computers equipped to run [[Cognitive science#Behavioral experiments|behavioral experiments]].

The centre has [[Electroencephalography|electroencephalograph]] (EEG), [[transcranial magnetic stimulation]] (TMS) and a [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging]] (fMRI) machine to study the [[Neurophysiology|neurophysiological]] aspect of the human mind. The centre also has eye trackers to study the cognitive processes like perception, attention, memory and language. The centre is broadly divided by the following lab and research groups:

*Cognitive Neuroscience Lab
*Neuroinformatic & Intelligent Computing Lab
*Visual Cognition Lab
*Psycholinguistics Lab
*Biofeedback Lab
*Virtual Reality Lab
*Neuropsychology Lab
*Neuroimaging and fMRI Lab

== Academics and Admission ==
The center offers a Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree, an integrated M.Sc.-PhD program with different exit options and PhD training in Cognitive Sciences. These programs aim to develop a solid foundation in cognitive science with an emphasis on interdisciplinary learning environment.

Admissions to the programs are primarily made through the Cognitive Science Joint Entrance Test (COGJET), organized along with [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]], followed by an interview.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COGJET-2025 |url=https://www.cogjet2025.in/ |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=www.cogjet2025.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Interview invites are also given to candidates with a valid [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] score in various relevant engineering and sciences subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSc Programme – Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences (CBCS) |url=https://cbcs.ac.in/academics/msc/ |access-date=2025-10-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2002]]

Awaz – Dil Se Dil Tak

2025-09-22T03:50:17Z

Sergdpd: Put up basic stub needs work

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| runtime = 30 minutes
| director = [[Arvind Babbal]] Santosh Bhatt
| num_seasons = 1
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2003|08|10|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2004|03|02|df=yes}}<ref name="ITDC">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb133.htm|title=Zee to phase out 'Awaz' in three weeks|access-date=2004-02-16|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125023837/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb133.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| num_episodes = 119
}}
'''''Awaz – Dil Se Dil Tak''''' is an Indian television series which aired on [[Zee TV]] channel. A Mumbai-London flight gets hijacked and a tussle ensues between the passengers and the hijackers resulting in a plane crash.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/awaaz.htm | title=Indiantelevision.com's First Take on Zee TV's Awaaz - Dil Se Dil Tak' | publisher=Indiantelevision.com | accessdate=2013-04-17 | archive-date=20 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420140221/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/awaaz.htm | url-status=dead}}</ref> The show began from 10 August 2003 and ended by 2 March 2004.<ref name="ITDC"/>

==Overview==
The opening episodes introduce the various characters of the serial and simultaneously unfold the conspiracy of a plane hijack. The plot builds up with focus on the ill-fated A.P.-106 Mumbai to London flight.

The hijackers board the plane but are unable to take charge of the flight. In an ensuing fight between the hijackers and the crew members the plane crashes.

Search operation for the debris of the aircraft is ordered, but nothing is found. The world is shocked by the news of the tragedy.

The story takes an unexpected turn when 18 people out of 426 passengers survive but are marooned on an island. These 18 people have nothing in common except that they were together on the ill-fated flight. Each one tries to survive on his/her own but gradually realizes that their survival depends on their unity and collective spirit. A bond starts building amongst them and slowly they come to terms with the reality.

Meanwhile, the families of the victims are mourning the loss of their loved ones. Some are going through denial while others are trying to cope with the loss.

As time passes the passengers start believing that they are stranded on this island for the rest of their lives. But destiny has something else in store for them. They are rescued and are reunited with their families. The exhilaration of returning to their homes is combined with the pain of shattering relationships.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]]
* [[Amit Sadh]] as Bhaskar Gupta
* Raj Singh Verma as Neeraj
* [[Moonmoon Banerjee]] as Ritika Bhaskar Gupta
* [[Amit Behl]]
* [[Ram Kapoor]] as ACP Vishal Kapoor / DCP Vishal Kapoor
* [[Varun Badola]] as Aman
* [[Govind Namdev]] as Bhai Ji
* [[Sudhir Pandey]] as Harjeet Singh
* [[Yash Sinha]] as Vinay (Vinu) Tiwari
* [[Manasi Salvi]] as Sargam Vinay Tiwari
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Harjeet Singh's Wife
* Aamir Dalvi as Karan
* [[Ritu Chaudhary]] as Ritika Bhaskar Gupta
* [[Alka Kaushal]]
* [[Savita Prabhune]] as Mrs. Gupta (Pramod and Bhaskar's Mother)
* Gautam Chaturvedi as Pramod Gupta
* [[Lata Sabharwal]] as Lata Pramod Gupta
* Nagesh Salwan
* Naresh Suri as Mr. Gupta (Pramod and Bhaskar's Father)
* Benika Bisht
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Police Commissioner Raj Desai
* Meenakshi Verma as Mrs. Desai
* Dimple Inamdar as Sargam
* Sai Ballal as Tanya's Father
* [[Shama Deshpande]] as Tanya's Mother
* [[Navni Parihar]]
* [[Pooja Gandhi]] as Tanya
* Zoya Chaudhary
* [[Vineet Kumar]]
* [[Barkha Madan]]
* Rahul Lohani as Nisaar Ahmed
* Indu Verma as Esha Vishal Kapoor
* Nisaar Khan
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uqmrNUCdQY AWAAZ DIL SE DIL TAK on Zee Cafe UK]

[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in London]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television shows about aviation accidents or incidents]]

Virewala Kalan

2025-08-13T21:34:48Z

Sergdpd: new initial post more to come

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Virewala Kalan
| other_name = ਵੀਰੇਵਾਲਾ ਕਲਾਂ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.676005|74.528357|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 1139
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate = PB04
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Virewala Kalan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਵੀਰੇ ਵਾਲਾ ਕਲਾਂ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veere Wala Kalan · Punjab 151212, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Veere+Wala+Kalan,+Punjab+151212/@30.6772253,74.5069003,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x391761c399d10ee1:0xd3e89a5acdced5c2!8m2!3d30.677656!4d74.5258213!16s/g/12hlgyf3p!5m1!1e1?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYwNC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Veere Wala Kalan · Punjab 151212, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 1139 of which 598 are males while 541 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virewala kalan Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35497-virewala-kalan-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPS VEERE WALA KALAN {{!}} District Faridkot,Governmnet of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/gps-veere-wala-kalan/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 428 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=63}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

National Commission on Farmers

2025-08-06T00:30:39Z

Sergdpd: brief updated lead for consistency further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian government commission}}
{{Distinguish|text=the Swaminathan Report on [[Save Silent Valley|Silent Valley]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = National Commission on Farmers
| nativename = राष्ट्रीय किसान आयोग
| nativename_r =
| type = Commission
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| image = Emblem of India.svg
| image_size = 100px
| image_caption = Emblem of India
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2004|11|18}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Government of India]]
| headquarters =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = [[M.S. Swaminathan]]
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| footnotes =
| parent_department =
}}
The '''National Commission on Farmers''' ('''NCF''') is an Indian [[Government agency|commission]] constituted on 18 November 2004 under the chairmanship of Professor [[M.S. Swaminathan]] to address the nationwide calamity of [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmers suicides]] in India.<ref name="PrsIndiaSummary2">{{Cite web|title=Swaminathan Report Summary|url=http://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/report-summaries/swaminathan-report-national-commission-on-farmers--662/|website=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040701104404/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053006270100.htm M.S. Swaminathan to head National Commission on Farmers]</ref> The Terms of Reference reflected the priorities listed in the Common Minimum Programme. The NCF submitted four reports in December 2004, August 2005, December 2005 and April 2006 respectively. The fifth and final report was submitted on 4 October 2006. The reports contain suggestions to achieve the goal of "faster and more [[inclusive growth]]" as envisaged in the Approach to 11th Five Year Plan and are collectively termed the M.S. Swaminathan report for farmers<ref name="PrsIndiaSummary2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/NCF3.pdf|title=National Commission on Farmers 3rd Report|work=agricoop.nic.in|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820071046/https://www.agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/NCF3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The final report of the Commission was focused on causes of farmer distress and the rise in [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmer suicides in India]] and recommended addressing them through a holistic national policy for farmers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} PRSIndia |url=https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/swaminathan-report-national-commission-farmers |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

The key recommendations from the Commission incorporated in Revised Draft National Policy for Farmers include asset reforms covering land, water, [[livestock]], and bioresources farmer-friendly support services; and curriculum reforms in the agriculture universities <ref>{{Cite web |title=India Budget {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/es2006-07/chapt2007/chap810.pdf |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.indiabudget.gov.in}}</ref>

==Composition==
'''The composition of the reconstituted National Commission on Farmers is as under:<ref>[http://agricoop.gov.in/sites/default/files/NCF%20Report-01.pdf National Commission on Farmers All Reports]</ref>'''
* '''Chairman –''' [[M. S. Swaminathan|M.S. Swaminathan]]
* '''Full-time Members –''' [[Ram Badan Singh]], Y.C. Nanda
* '''Part-time Members –''' R. L. Pitale, Jagadish Pradhan, Chanda Nimbkar, [[Atul Kumar Anjan]]
* '''Member Secretary –''' Atul Sinha

==Terms of reference==
# Work out a comprehensive medium-term strategy for food and nutrition security .
# Propose methods of enhancing the productivity, profitability, stability, and sustainability of the major farming systems
# Bring about the synergy between technology and public policy
# Suggest measures to attract and retain educated youth in farming
# Suggest policy reforms designed to enhance investment in Agricultural Research, increase the flow of rural credit to farmers
# Formulate special programs for dryland farming
# Suggest measures for enhancing the quality and cost competitiveness of farm commodities
# Recommend measures for the credit, knowledge, skill, technological and marketing empowerment of women
# Suggest methods of empowering members of elected local bodies to discharge their role in conserving and improving the ecological foundations for [[sustainable agriculture]] effectively

== Implementation ==
{{Expand section|date=November 2021}}
Its implementation is not done yet due to lack of funds by government in these suggestions.

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Dheeraj|date=27 December 2020|title=Reality Belies Modi Govt Claims of Implementing Swaminathan Commission's Report|url=https://thewire.in/government/reality-belies-modi-government-implementing-swaminathan-commission-recommendations|website=The Wire}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Swaminathan|first=M. S.|date=January–June 2016|title=National Policy for Farmers Ten Years Later|url=http://www.ras.org.in/national_policy_for_farmers_ten_years_later|journal=Review of Agrarian Studies|volume=6|issue=1|pages=133–144}}
*{{Cite news|date=8 August 2018|title=Swaminathan panel report being implemented: Agriculture minister|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/swaminathan-panel-report-being-implemented-agriculture-minister/articleshow/65329118.cms?from=mdr}}
*{{Cite news|date=2016-03-12|title=Implement recommendations of commission on farmers|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/implement-recommendations-of-commission-on-farmers/article8344291.ece|issn=0971-751X}}
*{{Cite web|last=Pradhan|first=Bijoy|date=29 December 2020|title=Farmers ignorant of Swaminathan commission recommendations|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/dec/29/farmers-ignorant-of-swaminathancommission-recommendations-2242581.html|website=The New Indian Express}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian commissions}}

[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Indian farmers]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2004]]