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Jamiat Ahle Hadith Jammu and Kashmir

2026-05-06T19:54:04Z

Sera: Adding A Page...

{{Short description|Islamic religious organization}}{{More references|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Jamiat Ahle Hadith Jammu and Kashmir
| formation = 1940
| logo = Jamiat e Ahlihadith Jammu And Kashmir.jpg
| logo_caption = Logo of Jamiat Ahle Hadith Jammu and Kashmir
| named_after =
| predecessor = Anjuman e Ahle Hadith Kashmir
| founder = [[Syed Hussain Shah]]
| founding_location = [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| type = [[Non-governmental organisation]], Islamic non profit
| status = [[Trust (business)|Trust]]
| purpose = [[Dawah]], Islamic
puritan education, humanitarian assistance
| headquarters = Barbarshah, [[Lal Chowk]], [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| region_served = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| language = [[Arabic]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| leader_title = President (Sadder)
| leader_name = [[Dr Abdul Latif Sheikh Al-Kindi]]
| main_organ = Majlis e Shoora, Majlis i Mashawarat ,Waqf e Tanzeem Trust Srinagar, salfia Muslim Educational and research Trsut(SMERT) Jammu and Kashmir
| parent_organization =
| affiliations = [[Jamiat Ahle Hadith]]

[[Markazi Jamiat Ahl-e Hadith Hind]]
| website = {{URL|jahjk.org}}
}}

'''Jamiat Ahle Hadith Jammu and Kashmir''' ({{Lit|Organisation of the People of Hadith in Jammu and Kashmir}}) is a Salafi organization based in [[Srinagar]], in [[India]]n-administrated [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jamiat e Ahlihadith Kashmir |work=Asia Speaks |url=https://www.asiaspeaks.net/?p=384 |access-date=1 August 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801055106/https://www.asiaspeaks.net/?p=384 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 2011 |title=Ahlihadith Movement In Kashmir |work=[[Kashmir Reader]] |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2020/11/11/ahl-i-hadith-movement-in-kashmir/}}</ref> The main motive of the organisation is to practice and propagate the Quran and Hadees in accordance to the Salafi Thought.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The organization has many educational centres across the state. In 2011, under the leadership of [[Showkat Ahmed Shah|Showkat Ahmad Shah]], Jamiat Ahle Hadith planned to open a global university, named the Trans World Muslim University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irfan |first=Shams |date=2009-10-10 |title=Trans World Muslim University |url=https://kashmirlife.net/trans-world-muslim-university-795/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-16 |title=Moulana Showkat assassination case solved, claims J&K police |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/moulana-showkat-assassination-case-solved-claims-jk-police/articleshow/8000226.cms |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After the assassination of Shah, the plan was abandoned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transworld Muslim University by 2010: Jamiat Ahle Hadees |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/transworld-muslim-university-by-2010-jamiat-ahle-hadees/30480.html |website=[[Greater Kashmir]]}}</ref>

Jamiat Ahle Hadith's headquarters are located in Eidgah, Srinagar, where religious conferences are held.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamiat Ahlihadees to hold two days Islamic conference at Eidgah Srinagar |url=http://onlykashmir.in/jamiat-ahlihadees-to-hold-two-days-islamic-conference-at-eidgah-srinagar/ |website=onlykashmir.in |access-date=12 March 2017 |archive-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313042449/http://onlykashmir.in/jamiat-ahlihadees-to-hold-two-days-islamic-conference-at-eidgah-srinagar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{As of|2024|March}}, Dr. Abdul Lateef Al-Kindi is its current president for a three-year term, while Mushtaq Ahmad Wani serves as the general secretary. Mufti Muhammad Yaqoob Baba Al-Madani serves as the [[Grand Mufti|grand mufti]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Education ==
It is primarily an Islamic organisation devoted to the propagation of Islamic teachings in Jammu and Kashmir. It operates numerous primary Islamic educational institutions in almost every locality of the state.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} It also operates modern contemporary educational institutions which number around 150, which include [[Higher Secondary Certificate|higher secondary schools]], [[Secondary school|high schools]] and primary schools.

== Notable people ==
* [[Syed Hussain Shah]]
* [[Mohammad Anwar Shopiani]]
* [[Showkat Ahmed Shah]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamiat-e-Ahle Hadith, JandK}}
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Ahl-i Hadith]]
[[Category:1922 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Salafi groups]]
[[Category:20th-century establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations established in 1922]]

Main Actor Nahin Hoon

2026-05-06T09:16:07Z

Sera: New New Article Needs Work.

{{Short description|2025 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Main Actor Nahin Hoon {{small|I'm Not an Actor}}
| image = Main Actor Nahin Hoon.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aditya Kripalani]]
| writer = Aditya Kripalani
| producer = {{ubl
| Sweta Chhabria Kripalani
| Aditya Kripalani
| Faizuddin Siddiqui
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
* [[Chitrangada Satarupa]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Rishika Baruah Sumit Singh Ajinkya Pandit
| editing = Hrishikesh Petwe
| music = '''Score:''' [[Aditi Ramesh]] Amlan Ray
| studio = Mumba Devi Motion Pictures Side Hero Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor = Platoon Distribution {{small|(India)}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|3|16|[[Cinequest Film & Creativity Festival|U.S.]]|2025|11|7|U.K.|2026|5|8|India|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=I'M NOT AN ACTOR |url=https://tickets.cinequest.org/websales/pages/info.aspx?evtinfo=464027~a12ee803-7eae-437e-8208-1c4d52da2020&epguid=7efbe3d5-ed8f-4f46-a549-d16662292204& |website=[[Cinequest Film & Creativity Festival|cinequest.org]] |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>|ref2=<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2025 |last=Sharma |first=Priyanka |title=I Am Not An Actor director on film's message: Accept people as they are |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/i-am-not-an-actor-director-aditya-kripalani-on-nawazuddin-siddiqui-film-message-accept-people-as-they-are-2813345-2025-11-06 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 121 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm Not an Actor |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/im-not-an-actor-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmzmzi1 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Main Actor Nahin Hoon ({{lang|en|I'm Not an Actor}})''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by [[Aditya Kripalani]]. The film stars [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Chitrangada Satarupa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Main Actor Nahin Hoon movie details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/main-actor-nahin-hoon/movieshow/130186436.cms |access-date=22 April 2026 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwivedie |first=Jaya |last2=Hindi |first2=India TV |date=2026-04-01 |title=चार फिल्म फेस्टिवल्स में छाई नवाजुद्दीन सिद्दीकी की फिल्म, अब भारत में होगी रिलीज |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-film-main-actor-nahin-hoon-shines-at-four-film-festival-now-set-for-release-in-india-2026-04-01-1208247 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

The film is scheduled for theatrical release in India on 8 May 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Main Actor Nahin Hoon to release on May 8 |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/entertainment/nawazuddin-siddiquis-main-actor-nahi-hoon-releasing-in-india-11295789 |access-date=22 April 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghav |first=Jyoti |title=नवाजुद्दीन की 'मैं एक्टर नहीं हूं' का टीजर रिलीज; इस दिन सिनेमाघरों में दस्तक देगी फिल्म |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/main-actor-nahin-hoon-teaser-nawazuddin-siddiqui-chitrangada-satarupa-aditya-kripalani-movie-release-date-2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows a struggling actor in Mumbai who connects with a retired banker based in Frankfurt through online acting sessions. As their interactions deepen, they confront personal struggles, emotional challenges, and cultural differences while forming an unexpected bond across continents.

== Cast ==
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Adnan Baig
* [[Chitrangada Satarupa]] as Mouni Roy

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by [[Aditya Kripalani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2026-04-11 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui: नूरानी चेहरा नहीं, किस फिल्म के लिए नवाजुद्दीन सिद्दीकी ने नहीं लिया 1 भी रुपया? |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/nawazuddin-siddiqui-did-not-charge-fees-for-main-actor-nahin-hoon-reveals-director-aditya-kripalani-3749288.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> It is produced by Kripalani along with Sweta Chhabria Kripalani and Faizuddin Siddiqui, with [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] also serving as a producer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacob |first=Yvonne |date=2025-02-13 |title=Exclusive: Aditya Kripalani on how 'Main Actor Nahin Hoon' breaks boundaries and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-aditya-kripalani-on-how-main-actor-nahin-hoon-breaks-boundaries-and-more/articleshow/118208245.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film was shot simultaneously across [[India]] and [[Germany]], with both actors performing in real time through video calls during production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2026-04-08 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui’s ‘I’m Not an Actor’ Set for India Theatrical Run via Platoon One Films (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/nawazuddin-siddiqui-im-not-an-actor-india-theatrical-run-1236711213/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film is composed by Aditi Ramesh, Amlan Ray and Rabbi Shergill.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vij |first=Palak |date=16 April 2026 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui’s Main Actor Nahin Hoon trailer out, film explores identity and human connection |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/nawazuddin-siddiqui-s-main-actor-nahin-hoon-trailer-out-film-explores-identity-and-human-connection-article-13890863.html |access-date=22 April 2026 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film ''I'm Not an Actor'' had its world [[premiere]] at the [[Cinequest Film Festival]] on 16 and 18 March 2025 at [[Hammer Theatre|Hammer Theatre Center]] and the [[California Theatre (San Jose)|California Theatre]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2025 |last=Shah |first=Mona |title=Cinequest 2025 Celebrates Indian Storytelling |url=https://indiacurrents.com/cinequest-2025-celebrates-indian-storytelling/ |website=[[India Currents]] |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref>

It also had its United Kingdom premiere at the opening night of the Bradford International Film Festival (BRADIFF) on 28 October 2025 at the [[Pictureville Cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRADIFF Opening Night: UK Premiere - I'm Not An Actor including Producer & Director Q&A |url=https://bradiff2025.eventive.org/schedule/bradiff-opening-night-uk-premiere-i-m-not-an-actor-including-producer-director-q-a-68c5bd4dbc9783d41288fdf7 |website=eventive.org |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BRADIFF Opening Night: UK Premiere – I’m Not An Actor including Producer & Director Q&A |url=https://itsoninbradford.co.uk/events/bradiff-opening-night-uk-premiere-im-not-an-actor-including-producer-director-qa/ |website=It's On In Bradford |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref> The film was released theatrically across the United Kingdom on 7 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2025 |last=Redwood |first=Francis |title=New Indian film 'I'm Not an Actor' to show in Bradford |url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/25598791.new-indian-film-im-not-actor-show-bradford/ |website=[[Telegraph & Argus]] |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2025 |last=Khanna |first=Aditi |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui's 'I'm Not An Actor' opens across UK cinemas |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/entertainment/nawazuddin-siddiquis-im-not-an-actor-opens-across-uk-cinemas/3076446 |website=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref>

''Main Actor Nahin Hoon'' is scheduled for theatrical release in India on 8 May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwivedie |first=Jaya |last2=Hindi |first2=India TV |date=2026-04-01 |title=चार फिल्म फेस्टिवल्स में छाई नवाजुद्दीन सिद्दीकी की फिल्म, अब भारत में होगी रिलीज |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-film-main-actor-nahin-hoon-shines-at-four-film-festival-now-set-for-release-in-india-2026-04-01-1208247 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipients
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| 2025
|[[New York Indian Film Festival]]
| Best Actor
|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2025 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui wins Best Actor at NYIFF for powerful role in I'm Not an Actor |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/nawazuddin-siddiqui-wins-best-actor-at-nyiff-for-powerful-role-in-i-m-not-an-actor-article-13175327.html |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35517755}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Frankfurt]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hesse]]
[[Category:Films shot in Germany]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]

Jithender Reddy

2026-05-05T23:22:47Z

Sera: Adding A Entry

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Virinchi Varma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jithender Reddy.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Virinchi Varma]]
| screenplay = Virinchi Varma
| story = Muduganti Ravinder Reddy
| producer = Muduganti Ravinder Reddy
| starring = {{plain list|
* Rakesh Varre
* Vaishali Raj
* [[Riya Suman]]
* [[Subbaraju]]
* [[Ravi Prakash]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
| editing = Raamakrishna Reddy Arram
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| studio = Muduganti Creations
| released = {{Film date|2024|11|8|df=y|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jithender Reddy''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by [[Virinchi Varma]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=7 November 2024 |title='Jithender Reddy' team expresses confidence on film's content |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/jithender-reddy-team-expresses-confidence-on-films-content-919986 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The film features Rakesh Varre, Vaishali Raj, [[Riya Suman]], [[Subbaraju]] and [[Ravi Prakash]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer Of Rakesh Varre's Upcoming Telugu Film Jithender Reddy Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/trailer-of-rakesh-varres-upcoming-telugu-film-jithender-reddy-out-8877655.html |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 8 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2024 |title=Jithender Reddy Theatrical Release on November 8 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/jithender-reddy-theatrical-release-on-november-8-1832218 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=November 2024}}

==Cast==
* Rakesh Varre as Jithender Reddy
** Ruthvik Varma as young Jithender Reddy
* Vaishali Raj as Lawyer Sharada, Jithender’s love-interest
* [[Riya Suman]] as Gayathri
* [[Subbaraju]] as Gopanna
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Gunman Gattaiah, Gayathri’s father
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as [[Naxalism|Naxalite]] Sai anna
* Kishore Kumar Polimera as Balaram
* Meka Ramakrishna as Jithender’s father
* Bindu Chandramouli as Jithender's mother
* Rama Rao Jadhav
* Prem Sagar

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack is composed by [[Gopi Sundar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024 |title="Lachhimakka" from Jithender Reddy released |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/lachhimakka-from-jithender-reddy-released |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Rambabu Gosala
| all_music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| title1 = A aa E ee U uu
| length1 = 5:17
| extra1 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| title2 = Dheera Ra Ra
| length2 = 4:52
| extra2 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| title3 = Lachimakka
| length3 = 4:06
| extra3 = [[Mangli]]
| title4 = Ee Matti Bangaram
| length4 = 5:53
| extra4 = Ritesh G Rao
| title5 = Election Campaign
| length5 = 2:16
| extra5 = Sai Charan Bhaskaruni
}}

== Release ==
''Jithender Reddy'' was originally scheduled to release on 3 May 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakesh Varre's Action Drama Jithender Reddy To Release On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rakesh-varres-action-drama-jithender-reddy-to-release-on-this-date-8835890.html |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> but was rescheduled and released on 8 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=21 October 2024 |title='Jithender Reddy' gears up for Nov 8 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/jithender-reddy-gears-up-for-nov-8-release-916082 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the same rating echoing the same about the performance of Rakesh Varre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=Jitender Reddy Review: A partly engaging political thriller |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/jitender-reddy-review-a-partly-engaging-political-thriller-review-115080211 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Aditya Devulapally of the ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave a rating of 1 out of 5 and criticised the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=8 November 2024 |title=Jithender Reddy movie review: A dull political tribute with no spirit and little craft |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Nov/08/jithender-reddy-movie-review-a-dull-political-tribute-with-no-spirit-and-little-craft |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|29415777}}
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films directed by Virinchi Varma]]

Yasser Usman

2026-04-30T00:46:15Z

Sera: starting post

{{Short description|Indian television journalist}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yasser Usman
| image = Yasser Usman.jpg
| caption = Yasser Usman in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1980s
| birth_place = India
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Oxford]]
* [[University of Delhi]]
* [[Ramjas College]]
* [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]
}}
| occupation = Writer,TV anchor, film journalist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Yasser Usman''' (born 1980s) is an Indian television journalist, author, news presenter, and biographer. He began his career by working as a television presenter and was awarded the [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award]] for his contribution. Usman has been recognised by the media as one of India's most successful film biographers.

As a biographer, Usman's meticulously researched books primarily focus on the great cinematic journeys of stars, delving not only into their stardom but also their turbulent personal lives and tragic downfalls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The curious life of an unauthorised Bollywood biographer |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-curious-life-of-an-unauthorised-bollywood-biographer/cid/1671484 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

His latest biography is ''[[Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story|Guru Dutt An Unfinished Story]]''. Before this book, Usman wrote the ''Untold'' trilogy, a series of three biographies on Hindi cinema- Bollywood. It started with ''[[Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar]]'' (2014), which marked his debut as a biographer, and concluded with ''[[Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy]]'' (2018). Along with ''[[Rekha: The Untold Story]]'' (2016), ''Rajesh Khanna'' was nominated for the [[Crossword Book Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-20 |title=Book seeks to reveal unknown facets of Rajesh Khanna's life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/book-seeks-to-reveal-unknown-facets-of-rajesh-khannas-life/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2025, Usman's first work of fiction, a crime novel called [https://www.simonandschuster.co.in/authors/Yasser-Usman/182623328 ''As Dark As Blood''] was published by [[Simon & Schuster]].

== Early life ==
Yasser Usman was born in the 1980s in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yasser Usman |url=https://penguin.co.in/book_author/yasser-usman/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref> After finishing his schooling in several cities of [[Uttar Pradesh]], he moved to [[Delhi]] to attend the [[University of Delhi]] and the [[Ramjas College]], graduating with a [[Master of Science]] degree in environmental studies at the latter. He subsequently joined the [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]], training as a journalist for radio and television.<ref name="Yasser Usman">{{cite web |url=http://www.yasserusman.com/more-about-yasser/ |title=More About Yasser |website=YasserUsman.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509062145/http://www.yasserusman.com/more-about-yasser/ |archive-date=9 May 2021 |url-status=live |date=2021 |last=Usman |first=Yasser |access-date=9 May 2021 }}</ref> He was part of a professional film [https://www.linkedin.com/in/yasserusman/ screenwriting] course at the University of Oxford.

== Career ==
=== Journalism ===
He started a career with the television company B.A.G. Films, and followed it by working for [[CNN-News18|Channel 7]]; he produced a reality sports show titled ''Speedster'', hosted the film review show ''Premier 7'' and wrote-directed ''Raaz: Forensic Files Se'', a television show on forensic science in India.<ref name="Yasser Usman" /> After resigning from Channel 7, Usman worked on an investigative show, ''Benaqab'', and served as the [[creative consultant]] for ''The Tony B Show'', a talk show aired on [[Channel V]] in 2006.<ref name="Yasser Usman" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k6/sep/seprel38.htm |title=Star News launches 'Benaqab' |date=23 September 2006 |website=Indian Television |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126165801/http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k6/sep/seprel38.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Usman joined [[ABP Live|Star News]] (later renamed ABP News) in 2007, in which he specialized in the non-fiction programming part; he directed several documentaries about sports and biographies of political figures and film personalities. In addition to working as a film critic and commentator, he hosted ABP News' digital show ''Cinema Uncut with Yasser Usman''.<ref name="Yasser Usman" /> In 2012, Usman won the [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award]] for his contribution to film and television journalism.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ramnath-goenka-awards-the-storytellers/ |title=Ramnath Goenka Awards: The Storytellers |date=14 September 2014 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027161030/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ramnath-goenka-awards-the-storytellers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, the website Filmymonkey, on which he served as the founding editor, was launched.<ref name="Yasser Usman" />

In his stints with IBN7, Star News, ABP Network and CricketnMore, Yasser worked on implementing digital-first strategies. As the editorial in-charge and lead producer of 120+ large-scale television series, he won market-leading awards <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/yasser-usman/ | title=Yasser Usman }}</ref> like the Ramnath Goenka Award for excellence in journalism, Red Ink Awards, News Television (NT) award (thrice), and the Indian Telly award.

In 2022, Usman joined CricketnMore.com, the award-winning multilingual sports website (Cricket, Football, Tennis, Badminton, Kabaddi, etc) as the Consulting Editor and Digital Content Strategist. Working towards product development, he launched many new digital shows and conceptualized content which contributed towards high viewership and digital success. He hosted a show ''Cricket Tales With Yasser Usman''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-28 |title=Cricket Tales - Interesting Stories from The World of Cricket - video Dailymotion |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8gp8do |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Dailymotion |language=en}}</ref> from London. The series covers interesting stories from the world of cricket.

In 2023, Usman started working as a Columnist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khaleej Times - Search |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/search |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> writing on cinema for [[Khaleej Times]], UAE's longest-running English daily newspaper, published in [[Dubai]].

In 2024, Usman began writing about [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn01zz163n6o Indian cinema] for the [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdekxz2g630o BBC] and [https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/c628n10n0d8o BBC Hindi]. He also presented a special [https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/c2ln0gd8q85o video series] on Bollywood for [https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/cwyx0x17x92o BBC Hindi.] He is also currently serving as a consultant across the entertainment, sports, and news genres.

Usman also contributes to NDTV India as a [https://www.ndtv.com/authors/yasser-usman-8481 columnist and author], exploring the intersections of [https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/a-tigmanshu-dhulia-irrfan-jugalbandi-why-haasil-remains-a-cult-classic-22-years-since-its-release-8470945 cinema and popular culture] through his writings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yasser Usman {{!}} Yasser Usman News {{!}} Author and Columnist, NDTV- NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/authors/yasser-usman-8481 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Author ===
In 2014, Usman made his debut as an author with ''[[Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar]]'', a [[Penguin Books]] biography about the actor and politician [[Rajesh Khanna]]. The writing started when he was in [[Mumbai]] to record a show for ABP News, at the same time he got to know about Khanna's death in 2012. [[Vijay Lokapally]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' labelled it as an exception tribute to Khanna,<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Lokapally |first=Vijay |author-link=Vijay Lokapally |date=12 December 2014 |title=A star only too human |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/a-star-only-too-human/article6686013.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201051026/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/a-star-only-too-human/article6686013.ece |archive-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> but Gautam Chintamani of ''[[India Today]]'' observed that Usman did not detail much of his films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chintamani |first=Gautam |date=9 February 2015 |title=Superstar-crossed actor |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/books/story/20150209-rajesh-khanna-indias-superstar-loneliness-bollywood-817385-2015-01-29 |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301105127/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/books/story/20150209-rajesh-khanna-indias-superstar-loneliness-bollywood-817385-2015-01-29 |archive-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> Following the publication, Usman said he received handwritten letters and emails from Khanna's fans, saying that they were surprised about Khanna's loneliness, motivating him to research other popular film stars' lives.<ref name="Rekha">{{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Rekha: The Untold Story |title-link=Rekha: The Untold Story |date=29 August 2016 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |isbn=978-81-93284-18-6 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>:ix<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotnala |first=Stutee |date=11 September 2016 |title='Rekha was glamorous, wild she wanted marriage' |work=The Asian Age |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/rekha-was-glamorous-wild-she-wanted-marriage-763 |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814021447/https://www.asianage.com/books/rekha-was-glamorous-wild-she-wanted-marriage-763 |archive-date=14 August 2020}}</ref>

Usman's next book, ''[[Rekha: The Untold Story]]'', is about the actress [[Rekha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-yasser-usmans-rekha-untold-story/ |title=Book Review: Yasser Usman's Rekha – The Untold Story |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=20 September 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710002207/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-yasser-usmans-rekha-untold-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The second biography of the actress after [[Mohan Deep]]'s ''[[Eurekha!]]'' (1999),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=8 September 2016 |title='Rekha was honest about everything and Bollywood tried to tame her': biographer Yasser Usman |url=https://scroll.in/reel/815942/rekha-was-honest-about-everything-and-bollywood-tried-to-tame-her-biographer-yasser-usman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217084335/https://scroll.in/reel/815942/rekha-was-honest-about-everything-and-bollywood-tried-to-tame-her-biographer-yasser-usman |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Usman's one-year research for this work included collecting archives of magazine issues about Rekha and interviewing her contemporaries, around 40 to 50 people.<ref name="Rekha" />:x–xii<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/rekha-the-untold-story-bollywood-yasser-usman-books-3021017/ |title=I wanted to make the reader think differently about Rekha, says Yasser Usman on his latest book |last=Majumdar |first=Anushree |date=9 September 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026093749/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/rekha-the-untold-story-bollywood-yasser-usman-books-3021017/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Asian Age]]''{{'s}} Nayare Ali wrote it as "a book that anyone who is a fan or even fascinated by the star, would be tempted to read".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Nayare |date=11 September 2016 |title=Rekha, the eternal fighter |work=[[The Asian Age]] |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/rekha-eternal-fighter-689 |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219024731/http://www.asianage.com/books/rekha-eternal-fighter-689 |archive-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> Rohini Nair of ''[[Firstpost]]'' saw the book reveals nothing "untold" about the actress, and felt Usman relied entirely on the existing sources.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Rohini |date=6 September 2016 |title=Rekha's biography claims to tell the enigmatic star's 'untold story': Does it? |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rekhas-biography-claims-to-tell-the-enigmatic-stars-untold-story-does-it-2992356.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922095302/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rekhas-biography-claims-to-tell-the-enigmatic-stars-untold-story-does-it-2992356.html |archive-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran from ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote positively of the book's prose, calling it "fast-paced and lucidly written with plenty of spice, making it a perfect airplane read".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=11 September 2016 |title=Want to know how Bollywood treats its women? This book on actor Rekha's life is an eye-opener! |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/want-know-how-bollywood-treats-its-women-book-actor-rekhas-life-eye-opener-49704 |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811040127/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/want-know-how-bollywood-treats-its-women-book-actor-rekhas-life-eye-opener-49704 |archive-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>

Usman's other two books: ''[[Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy]]'' and ''[[Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story]]'', also garnered a generally positive reception. Published in 2018, the former details the life of the actor [[Sanjay Dutt]] and is the last of his ''Untold'' trilogy, reflecting the use of the word "untold" in the title of Usman's first three books.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Yasser |date=25 March 2018 |title=A life not seen through rose-tinted glasses |work=The Asian Age |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/250318/a-life-not-seen-through-rose-tinted-glasses.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301105127/https://www.asianage.com/books/250318/a-life-not-seen-through-rose-tinted-glasses.html |archive-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> It was controversial after Dutt decried that the book was published without his authorisation.<ref name="interview">{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Eekta |date=10 August 2018 |title='I am so tired of goody-goody hagiographies' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/sanjay-dutt-biography-biopic-yasser-usman-i-am-so-tired-of-goody-goody-hagiographies-5131903/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605161135/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/sanjay-dutt-biography-biopic-yasser-usman-i-am-so-tired-of-goody-goody-hagiographies-5131903/ |archive-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''{{'s}} Sanjukta Sharma praised Usman's deep research and his neutral point of view,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/MR8b4LKPQiyNFwkgJt625I/Do-we-need-to-retell-the-Bollywood-bad-boy-story.html |title=Do we need to retell the Bollywood bad boy story? |last=Sharma |first=Sanjukta |date=24 March 2018 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616035154/https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/MR8b4LKPQiyNFwkgJt625I/Do-we-need-to-retell-the-Bollywood-bad-boy-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Film Companion]]'' listed it as one of the "top seven books on cinema of the year".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/books/top-7-books-on-cinema-in-2018/ |title=Top 7 Books On Cinema In 2018 |last=Das |first=Aprita |date=19 December 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806153857/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/books/top-7-books-on-cinema-in-2018/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story]]'', released in 2021 by [[Simon & Schuster]], describes the life of the filmmaker [[Guru Dutt]]. It was after watching Dutt's films at the 2004 [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]] when Usman was motivated to write about him. While researching for the book, Usman was met with the lack of free-domain archives of Dutt's interviews.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/interviews/guru-dutt-was-an-immensely-poor-communicator-in-real-life |title=Guru Dutt was an immensely poor communicator in real life |last=Bose |first=Sushmita |date=11 March 2021 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412021849/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/interviews/guru-dutt-was-an-immensely-poor-communicator-in-real-life |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/%E2%80%98Beyond-their-stardom,-the-stars-are-humans%E2%80%99 |title='Beyond their stardom, the stars are humans' |last=Saxena |first=Shefali |date=26 January 2021 |work=[[Asian Voice]] |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412083801/https://www.asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/%E2%80%98Beyond-their-stardom,-the-stars-are-humans%E2%80%99 |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''The Hindu'', Mini Anthikad Chhibber appreciated the book's remembrances by Dutt's sister, the artist [[Lalita Lajmi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-review-black-white-and-shades-of-grey/article34168235.ece |title='Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story' review: Black, white and shades of grey |last=Chhibber |first=Mini Anthikad |date=27 March 2021 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411062340/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/guru-dutt-an-unfinished-story-review-black-white-and-shades-of-grey/article34168235.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In his review for Business Standard, the reviewer Chintan Girish Modi wrote, "''Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story'' is a moving account of a creative genius who was influenced by Hollywood melodrama, German expressionism, Bhakti poetry, and the Bauls of Bengal."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Modi |first=Chintan Girish |date=2021-01-15 |title=Guru Dutt, in sharp focus |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/guru-dutt-in-sharp-focus-121011501521_1.html |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref> Sathya Saran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', however, gave a scathing review.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/aug/08/guru-dutts-anunfinished-story-an-unsuccessful-attempt-2340985.html |title=Guru Dutt's 'An Unfinished Story': An unsuccessful attempt |date=8 August 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |last=Saran |first=Sathya |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808174911/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/aug/08/guru-dutts-anunfinished-story-an-unsuccessful-attempt-2340985.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' featured the book in their "The Most Interesting Reads of the Week" listing,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-picks-the-most-interesting-reads-of-the-week/story-NQRbNopsTQVfwU6B7RH8aP.html |title=HT Picks: The most interesting reads of the week |date=8 January 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129105759/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-picks-the-most-interesting-reads-of-the-week/story-NQRbNopsTQVfwU6B7RH8aP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' included it in their year-end "Page Turners of 2021".<ref name="The Telegraph's listing">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/page-turners-of-2021-biography/cid/1845542 |title=Page Turners of 2021: Biography and Memoirs |date=31 December 2021 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119091723/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/page-turners-of-2021-biography/cid/1845542 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Asian Voice (London)'' praised the book saying, "a mirror that reflects the hard-hitting realities of cinema ever since its inception. It is a narrative that shatters the myths, the rose-tinted glasses with which we as viewers look up to the film industry."<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABPL |title=Book Review: Guru Dutt An Unfinished Story... |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/Book-Review-Guru-Dutt-An-Unfinished-Story |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=www.asian-voice.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Fiction ===
Yasser Usman's first work of fiction [https://www.simonandschuster.co.in/authors/Yasser-Usman/182623328 ''As Dark As Blood''], a thriller novel, was published in January 2025 by [https://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/authors/Yasser-Usman/182623328 Simon & Schuster.] Usman created a central character of a Delhi cop, Inspector Roshan Rana, a seasoned officer in Delhi Police who has a reputation for catching psychopathic murderers. The book is described as <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/books/As-Dark-as-Blood/Yasser-Usman/9788197949296 |title=As Dark as Blood |date=2025-01-24 |isbn=978-81-979492-9-6 |language=en}}</ref> "'''Gripping, atmospheric, and emotionally charged, ''As Dark as Blood'' is much more than a sharp crime thriller. Layered with intrigue and psychological depth it leaves you breathless until the last page."'''

== Reception ==
Yasser Usman has been recognised by the media as one of India's most successful film biographers<ref name="Juggernaut">{{Cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=On Nepotism and Casting 'Ouch' Moments |work=the lowdown |url=http://blog.juggernaut.in/bollywood-nepotism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026071624/http://blog.juggernaut.in/bollywood-nepotism/ |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=28 February 2021 |publisher=[[Juggernaut Books]]}}</ref> and gained a reputation for his writings that primarily focus on what is called the "dark side" of [[Bollywood]].<ref name="unauthorised" /> All of his books are unauthorised biographies;<ref name="interview" /> writing for ''The Telegraph'' in 2018, "However, 'unauthorised' doesn't mean 'irresponsible'. It only means I was going to have a harder time piecing together the narrative."<ref name="unauthorised">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-curious-life-of-an-unauthorised-bollywood-biographer/cid/1671484 |title=The curious life of an unauthorised Bollywood biographer |last=Usman |first=Yasser |date=11 October 2018 |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=The Telegraph |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812012100/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-curious-life-of-an-unauthorised-bollywood-biographer/cid/1671484 |url-status=live }}</ref> This has once led him to controversy after his book on Sanjay Dutt was published when Dutt criticised Usman for not asking for his permission to write the book.<ref name="interview" /> Usman's books on Rajesh Khanna and Rekha were nominated for the [[Crossword Book Award]] in the biography category.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/crossword-to-celebrate-indian-writing-with-14th-raymond-crossword-book-award |title=Crossword to celebrate Indian writing with 14th Raymond Crossword Book Award |last=Pimputkar |first=Sonali |date=29 November 2016 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506110921/https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/crossword-to-celebrate-indian-writing-with-14th-raymond-crossword-book-award |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/devdutt-pattanaik-sadhguru-shortlisted-for-crossword-book-award/story-NkYLxspcQfm15Lg7zwiyzO.html |title=Devdutt Pattanaik, Sadhguru shortlisted for Crossword Book Award |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=21 February 2022 |date=4 December 2017 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921044532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/devdutt-pattanaik-sadhguru-shortlisted-for-crossword-book-award/story-NkYLxspcQfm15Lg7zwiyzO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=[[Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar]] |date=5 December 2014 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-9-351-18875-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=[[Rekha: The Untold Story]] |date=29 August 2016 |publisher=[[Juggernaut Books]] |isbn=978-81-93284-18-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=[[Sanjay Dutt: The Crazy Untold Story of Bollywood's Bad Boy]] |date=13 March 2018 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |isbn=978-81-93284-18-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=[[Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story]] |date=7 January 2021 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-93-86797-89-6 }}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website|yasserusman.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Yasser}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]

Shankar Laad

2026-04-27T01:11:23Z

Sera: starting new pg

{{Short description|Indian politician and lawyer (1940–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shankar Laad
| image = Shankar Laad.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Laad on his 50th birthday
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|8|14|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|4|1|1940|8|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_place = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[Goa]]
| resting_place =
| nickname =
| alma_mater = [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]], [[Pune]]
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Lawyer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
| awards =
| office1 = Member of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Dabolim Assembly constituency|Dabolim]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 1977
| term_end1 = 1980
| office2 = '''Law Minister''' in Goa, Daman and Diu government
| term_start2 = 1977
| term_end2 = 1979
| appointer2 = [[Shashikala Kakodkar]]
}}
'''Shankar Vishveshwar Laad''' (14 August 1940 – 1 April 2016) was an Indian politician from Goa who served as the state's Law Minister in the cabinet of [[Chief Minister of Goa|Chief Minister]] [[Shashikala Kakodkar]] from 1977 to 1979.<ref name="TOIDeath16">{{Cite news |date=2016-04-02 |title=Former Goa law minister Shankar Laad dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/former-goa-law-minister-shankar-laad-dead/articleshow/51656221.cms |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shankar Vishveshwar Laad was born on 14 August 1940 in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[Portuguese Goa]]. He studied at the St. Joseph's Institute, Vasco. He later studied [[B. Com.]] and [[LL. B.]] at [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]], [[Pune]].<ref name="GoaAssemblyPDF">{{Cite web |title=Laad, Shri Shankar Vishveshwar (4th Legislative Assembly) |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/uploads/members/148_promember_LaadShriShankarVishveshwar.pdf |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Goa Legislative Assembly}}</ref>

==Early political career==
Laad was President of the Marmagao Municipal Council from 6 October 1976 to 11 July 1977. Further, he was a member of the [[Jaycee]]s in Vasco and later became its President in 1976.<ref name="GoaAssemblyPDF" />

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
Laad was elected to the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] during the fourth term (1977–1979).<ref name="GoaAssemblyPDF" /> He belonged to the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP) and was among the legislators who supported Shashikala Kakodkar when she served as Goa’s only woman chief minister.<ref name="TOIRemember16">{{Cite news |date=2016-10-29 |title=Remembering Goa's only woman CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/remembering-goas-only-woman-cm/articleshow/55123400.cms |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Dissolution of Kakodkar Ministry==
During his tenure as Law Minister, Laad was part of a politically tumultuous period in Goa. Kakodkar's government was eventually dissolved in 1979, following internal dissension within the ruling MGP and shifts in legislative support. Laad was the leader of the group that rebelled against her.<ref name="IndiaToday79">{{Cite news |date=1979-05-31 |title=Shashikala Kakodkar toppled from chief ministership of Goa by Babu Naik |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19790531-shashikala-kakodkar-toppled-from-chief-ministership-of-goa-by-babu-naik-822064-2014-03-12 |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=India Today}}</ref>

==Death==
Laad died on 1 April 2016.<ref name="TOIDeath16" /> Fellow politicians and members of the public paid tribute to his role in Goa’s political history, particularly noting his service as Law Minister and his contributions during the formative years of Goa’s post-Liberation governance.<ref name="TOIDeath16" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laad, Shankar}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:People from Vasco da Gama, Goa]]

Central Cottage Industries Emporium

2026-04-26T19:02:22Z

Sera: adding new data - done

{{Short description|Department store in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Central Cottage Industries Emporium
| full_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo =
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| image = Central Cottage Industries Emporium exterior.jpg
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| caption = Flagship store frontage, New Delhi
| map = 
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| abbreviation =
| nickname = Cottage
| pronunciation =
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| formation = 1948
| founders = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India]] [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] [[Fori Nehru]] [[Kitty Shiva Rao]] [[Prem Bery]] [[Achamma Mathai]]
| founding_location = Janpath, New Delhi
| dissolved = 
| merger = [[Refugee Handicrafts]]
| type = 
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| location = New Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|type:landmark_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| origins =
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| products = Indian arts and handicrafts
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}}
'''Central Cottage Industries Emporium''' (CCIE), also known as the '''Cottage''' and '''Cottage Emporium''', is an [[Indian Government]] owned arts and crafts [[Specialty store|flagship department store]] and [[cultural center]] in [[Janpath]], [[New Delhi]], India. It works to preserve declining arts and craft forms, and provides support to craftspersons. Indian handicrafts sold there come from several Indian States, and include Bankura silver, tea, dress material, clothing, accessories, and decorative furnishings.

The Cottage was created in Delhi in 1948 by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Indian Government's Central Ministry of Industry and Commerce]]. After making an initial loss, India's then Primeminister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], asked [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] of the Indian Cooperative Union (ICU) to take over its management. In 1952 the Cottage incorporated '[[Refugee Handicrafts]]', an employment agency formed in 1947 by [[Fori Nehru]], [[Kitty Shiva Rao]], [[Achamma Mathai]], and [[Prem Bery]], arranged to provide paid work to the then recent influx of refugee women from Punjab following the [[partition of India]]. The two organisations merged in 1952 and Chattopadhyay became its first president.

Past visitors have included [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Catherine Galbraith]], [[Elizabeth II]], [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]], [[Farah Pahlavi|Queen Farah of Iran]] and [[Margaret Thatcher]].

==Location and architecture==
The Central Cottage Industries Emporium (CCIE), affectionately known as the Cottage,<ref name=Sackley2025>{{cite book |last1=Sackley |first1=Nicole |title=The United States and South Asia from the Age of Empire to Decolonization: A History of Entanglements |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-94-006-0442-1 |editor-last=Fischer-Tiné |editor-first=Harald |pages=235–266 |chapter=10 - The Bankura Horse as Development Object : Women’s Work, Indo-American Exchanges, and the Global Handicraft Trade |doi=10.1017/9789400604421 |editor-last2=Slate |editor-first2=Nico |chapter-url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/61212/1/9789087283971.t.pdf#page=235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802204501/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/61212/1/9789087283971.t.pdf#page=235 |archive-date=2 August 2024 }}</ref><ref name=Dalmia2013>{{cite book |last1=Dalmia |first1=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-921-1 |pages=22–23 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmMctE3wAgIC&pg=PT41 |language=en |chapter=2. The Rebel }}</ref> is a several floor [[cultural center]] and arts and craft [[department store]] owned by the [[Indian Government]] and located in [[Janpath]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name=Sackley2025/><ref name=Narayanan1983>{{cite book |last1=Narayanan |first1=Edatata |title=Link |date=1983 |publisher=United India Periodicals. |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3NDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en }}</ref><ref name=Athique2020>{{cite book |last1=Athique |first1=Adrian |last2=Parthasarathi |first2=Vibodh |title=Platform Capitalism in India |date=2020 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-44562-1 |pages=23–25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azD_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |language=en |chapter=2. Digital Emporiums: evolutionary pathways to platform capitalism }}</ref> It's logo is the [[Bankura horse]].<ref name=Sackley2025/><ref name=Chatterjee2020>{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Ashoke |title=Handcrafting a sustainable future: challenge and opportunity in a new millennium |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=2020 |volume=47 |issue=1/2 |pages=38–70 |jstor=27130924 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27130924 |language=en |issn=0376-9771 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
[[File:Women refugees at the kingsway camp busy in sewing and knitting, September 1947.jpg|thumb|left|Women refugees at the [[Kingsway Camp]], Delhi, sewing and knitting, September 1947]]

The Cottage was established in 1948 by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Indian Government's Central Ministry of Industry and Commerce]] in the old American barracks at Janpath.<ref name=Sackley2025/><ref name=Dhamija2007>{{cite book |last1=Dhamija |first1=Jasleen |author-link=Jasleen Dhamija |title=Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya |date=2007 |publisher=National Book Trust |location=New Delhi |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/KamaladeviChattopadhyaya-English-JasleenDhamija/page/n39/mode/2up?q=%22Indian+Cooperative+Union%22 |chapter=4. Independence & after |pages=59–76 }}</ref> After making a loss of around 40,000 to 60,000 rupees/year in the first couple of years, India's then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], asked [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] of the Indian Cooperative Union (ICU) to manage it.<ref name=Sackley2025/><ref name=Dhamija2007/>{{efn|Chattopadhyay, in the search for a longterm solution to rehabilitate refugees, co-founded the ICU with Lakshmi Jain, after visiting the Kingsway Camp in February 1948, where she praised the short term relief provided by the volunteers of Refugee Handicrafts. The ICU subsequently expanded over the next few years, recruiting high profile figures that included [[Kersasp Ardeshir Dadabhai|K. A. D. Naorji]] from the [[Tata Group]], [[Bharat Ram]] from [[Delhi Cloth & General Mills|Delhi Cloths]], Burma Shell's G. D. Mehra, and Indira Gandhi.<ref name=Sackley2025/>}}

In 1951 Chattopadhyay asked [[Fori Nehru]] of the more successful [[Refugee Handicrafts]] employment agency if they would also come under the management of the ICU.<ref name=Dhamija2007/><ref name=Salvi1999>{{cite book |last1=Salvi |first1=Gouri |title=Development Retold: Voices from the Field |date=1999 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-798-4 |pages=99–120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGYdgQWpzHAC&pg=PA99 |language=en }}</ref> Refugee Handicrafts, a sewing and embroidery venture, had been founded by Fori Nehru, [[Kitty Shiva Rao]], [[Achamma Mathai]], and [[Prem Bery]], to assist refugee families, by taking materials to refugee women at the camps including the [[Kingsway Camp]].<ref name=Sackley2025/><ref name=Salvi1999/><ref name=Littrell2010>{{cite book |last1=Littrell |first1=Mary A. |last2=Dickson |first2=Marsha A. |title=Artisans and Fair Trade: Crafting Development |date=2010 |publisher=Kumarian Press |isbn=978-1-56549-378-0 |page=16 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh9n_9hsNmIC&pg=PA16 |language=en |chapter=1. Artisan enterprise, fair trade, and business social responsibility and accountability }}</ref> There, refugee women would knit, sew, embroider, cut, and stitch a range of products which would be sold first by door to door sales, then from April 1948 at the Refugee Handicrafts make-shift counter lent to them at Patel Brothers in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], and later from a building on [[Barakhamba Road]].<ref name=Salvi1999/><ref name=Braj2012>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=B. K |author-link=Braj Kumar Nehru |title=Nice guys finish second: memoirs |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341782-8 |location=New Delhi |language=English |oclc=1117765699 |chapter=Part IV - ICS: Government of India (1939-1949) |pages=211–212 }}</ref> Fori Nehru accepted and in January 1952 the ICU moved Refugee Handicrafts to [[Janpath]] and shortly after merged the two.<ref name=Sackley2025/><ref name=Salvi1999/> At the Cottage in March 1952 the ICU appointed Bery as director of exports of ready-to-wear clothes.<ref name=Sackley2025/><ref name=Varma2023>{{cite book |last1=Varma |first1=Indira |title=Lest We Forget: How Three Sisters Braved the Partition |date=2023 |publisher=Westland |isbn=978-93-5776-855-9 |pages=136–143 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zW0jEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 |language=en |chapter=18. Cottage Emporium: the house of romance }}</ref> In that role, she was typically responsible for hosting [[state visit|state visitors]] there.<ref name=Salvi1999/><ref name=Varma2023/>

Management of the new Cottage was officially taken over by the ICU in October 1952, though it remained government owned.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Komal |date=2025 |title=Maharam {{!}} Story {{!}} Craft in India: The Cottage Emporium |url=https://www.maharam.com/stories/sharma_craft-in-india-the-cottage-emporium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216152333/https://www.maharam.com/stories/sharma_craft-in-india-the-cottage-emporium |archive-date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=www.maharam.com }}</ref><ref name=Dhamija2007/> Chattopadhyay became its founding president and in the same year co-founded its advisory panel, the [[All India Handicrafts Board]] (AIHB).<ref name=Sharma/><ref name=Dhamija2007/> Other key people included Seena Kaul, Mrs Teji Vir Singh, and Lakshmi Jain, the ICU's male general secretary.<ref name=Sackley2025/><ref name=Dhamija2007/> Several, including Fori Nehru, Shiva Rao and [[Pupul Jayakar]], were voluntary workers.<ref name=Sackley2025/> Chattopadhyay and the Cottage's buyers would visit villages across India looking for crafts to develop.<ref name=Dhamija2007/> Frequently, their roles overlapped between the Cottage, the ICU, and the AIHB.<ref name=Sackley2025/>

===Early years===
Thousands of female craftspeople, hundreds of paid saleswomen and buyers, and a significant number of other volunteers and American women from Delhi's diplomatic community, became involved.<ref name=Sackley2025/> Indian and American middle class women became the main consumers, producing what came to be termed the "Cottage look".<ref name=Sackley2025/> The early years of the reorganised Cottage saw particular activity with the US, with Chattopadhyay forming deals with American social reformers and Fori Nehru, now appointed 'Chairman of the Export Section of the Government of India in America', encouraging Indian fashion shows and exhibitions in Washington DC.<ref name=Sackley2025/>{{efn|Fori Nehru spent time in Washington between 1949 and 1952 as wife of the Indian ambassador to the USA.<ref name=Sackley2025/>}} [[Nelson Rockefeller]], then director of the [[American International Association]] (AIA), upon hearing about the promising leadership of the Cottage, sent his AIA staff member Thomas Keehn, to be full time advisor to the ICU in India.<ref name=Sackley2025/> By that time Primeminister Nehru dubbed the Cottage as a "modern monument of Delhi like the Kutub of the old era", and added it to the list of places to go to for foreign dignitaries, and to the Ministry of External Affairs's list of places to obtain official state gifts.<ref name=Sackley2025/> Keehn reached India in 1953 and set up his office on the second floor of the Cottage.<ref name=Sackley2025/> By 1954, Paris, Seattle, Cairo, London and Sao Paulo, had all hosted Indian handicraft exhibitions.<ref name=Sackley2025/> On 13 April 1955 an exhibition titled "Textile and Ornamental Arts of India," opened on 53rd Street at MoMA's, organised by Jayakar, then member of the Cottage's Bombay branch.<ref name=Sackley2025/>

===Notable visitors===
In 1953, at the request of the Indian government, Bery was responsible for arranging an exhibition and sales of Indian handicrafts for the [[Coronation of Elizabeth II]] in London.<ref name=Sackley2025/><ref name=Jain1996>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Lakshmi Chand |title=In the Wake of Freedom: India's Tryst with Cooperatives |date=1996 |publisher=Concept Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7022-647-5 |page=396 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKK7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA396 |language=en }}</ref> On 28 January 1961 [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|her husband]] both visited the Cottage during their state visit to India.<ref name=Sackley2025/><ref name=Natarajan>{{cite book |last1=Natarajan |first1=S. |title=New Commonwealth |date=1961 |publisher=Tothill Press |chapter=What the Queen means to India |page=184 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2w_PK68je5AC&pg=PA184 |language=en }}</ref> During [[Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan|Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India]], Kennedy was escorted around the Cottage and shown a fashion show featuring [[Catherine Galbraith]], wife of Ambassador [[John Kenneth Galbraith|J. K. Galbraith]].<ref name=JFKLibrary>{{cite web |date=1962 |title=First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy's (JBK) trip to India and Pakistan |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkwhp-1962-03-14-g#?image_identifier=JFKWHP-ST-C117-T75-62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216150749/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkwhp-1962-03-14-g#?image_identifier=JFKWHP-ST-C117-T75-62 |archive-date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=www.jfklibrary.org |language=en }}</ref><ref name=Hill2024>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Clint |last2=Hill |author1-link=Clint Hill (Secret Service) |first2=Lisa McCubbin |title=My Travels with Mrs. Kennedy |date=2024 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-9821-8112-3 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3H6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |language=en }}</ref> Among others that have visited include [[Farah Pahlavi|Queen Farah of Iran]], and Sehba Musharraf.<ref name=DNCR2006>{{cite book |title=Delhi & NCR City Guide: Outlook City Limits |date=2006 |publisher=Outlook Publishing (India) |isbn=978-81-89449-04-9 |page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSBuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA181 |language=en }}</ref> [[Margaret Thatcher]] had once visited and purchased from there embroidered bed covers, Jaipuri pottery, and scarfs.<ref name=Narayanan1983/> When American arts specialist [[Margaret Merwin Patch]] visited Delhi in 1962, she described it as "a big store always full of local patrons" ...and ... "wives of foreign diplomats".<ref name=Sackley2025/>

<gallery mode=packed>
File:First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy at Cottage Industries Emporium in India.jpg|Bery escorting Kennedy (1962)
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Attends Fashion Show in India (1).jpg|Kennedy, Bery, and [[Indira Gandhi]] (1962)
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Attends Fashion Show in India (2).jpg|Kennedy, Berry, Gandhi, Galbraith (1962)
Secretary Kerry examines porcelain plate at Cottage Emporium in New Delhi.jpg|U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] (2014)
</gallery>

==Products==
Indian handicrafts sold at the Cottage come from several Indian States.<ref name=Wilkinson1999>{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson-Weber |first1=Clare M. |title=Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry |date=1999 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=0-7914-4087-7 |pages=161–164 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChwRC6hQttoC&pg=PA161 |language=en |chapter=Development schemes and State patronage }}</ref> Products include Bankura silver, tea, dress material, clothing, accessories, decorative furnishings, and other gifts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Product details of Central Cottage Industries Emporium |url=https://www.india.gov.in/product-details-central-cottage-industries-emporium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216150009/https://www.india.gov.in/product-details-central-cottage-industries-emporium |archive-date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=India.gov.in }}</ref><ref name=Soofi2018>{{cite news |last1=Soofi |first1=Mayank Austen |title=Delhiwale: Cottage Emporium, the ultimate mall for the aesthete |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhiwale-cottage-emporium-the-ultimate-mall-for-the-aesthete/story-GhzpcODJuUvFcUhGSr1hwO.html |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216145341/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhiwale-cottage-emporium-the-ultimate-mall-for-the-aesthete/story-GhzpcODJuUvFcUhGSr1hwO.html |archive-date=16 February 2025 |language=en-us }}</ref> Other products include brass ornaments, carved sandalwood figures, pashmina shawls, Kanjeevaram silks, and paintings.<ref name=Sharma/> Traditionally made from clay, the Bankura horse can be found in the Cottage in brass.<ref name=Sackley2025/> As of 2025, the Cottage works with over 5,800 arts and crafts producers, aims to preserve declining arts and craft forms, and provides support to craftspersons.<ref name=Sharma/>

<Gallery mode=packed>
File:Central Cottage Industries Emporium interior6.jpg
File:Central Cottage Industries Emporium interior1.jpg
File:Central Cottage Industries Emporium interior4.jpg
File:Central Cottage Industries Emporium frontage2.jpg
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyaya |first1=kamaladevi |title=Inner Recesses Outer Spaces Memoirs |date=1986 |publisher=Navrang |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7013-038-7 |chapter=11 |pages=317–342 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127317/page/n323/mode/2up }}

[[Category:Shops in India]]
[[Category:Indian art dealers]]
[[Category:Handloom industry in India]]
[[Category:Arts in India]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:Clothing retailers of India]]
[[Category:Home decor retailers]]
[[Category:Textile companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1948]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1948]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1948]]
[[Category:Cultural centers in Asia]]

Rodolfo Fernandes (politician)

2026-04-21T02:10:54Z

Sera: Added Article.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rodolfo Fernandes
| birth_name =
| image = Rodolfo Fernandes.png
| caption = Fernandes in 2024
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| predecessor = [[Antonio Fernandes (politician)|Antonio Fernandes]]
| constituency = [[St. Cruz Assembly constituency|St. Cruz]]
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] (2022–present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2022)
| mother = [[Victoria Fernandes]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|gangster|gang leader}}
| alma_mater =
| website =
}}

'''Rodolfo Louis Fernandes''' is an Indian politician, former [[gangster]], and [[gang leader]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Rajan |date=2024-07-05 |title=GOA’S GOONDAGIRI GANGSTERS! |url=https://www.goanobserver.in/2024/07/05/goas-goondagiri-gangsters/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Goan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> who has served as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[St. Cruz Assembly constituency]] since 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/elections/goa-assembly-elections-2022-results-lawyer-turned-polician-amit-palekar |title=AAP CM Candidate Amit Palekar Loses From North Goa's St Cruz |date=10 Mar 2022 |quote=The Congress candidate Rodolfo Louis Fernandes won the seat with 8,841 votes |access-date=14 March 2022 |publisher=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> He began his political career in 2012 as an independent and subsequently joined the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) in 2022. He defected to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another Setback to Congress in Goa, 8 Party MLAs join BJP including Digambar Kamat and Michael Lobo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/blow-for-congress-in-goa-ex-cm-kamat-7-others-likely-to-join-bjp/articleshow/94191835.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=14 September 2022|access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2012, Fernandes initially ran as an independent, contesting the [[St. Cruz Assembly constituency]], previously represented by his mother [[Victoria Fernandes]]. He lost to [[Atanasio Monserrate]] of INC by a margin of 2336 votes which was 10.93% of the total votes polled. Monserrate was barred from Indian National Congress for anti-party activities in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Congress-expels-Babush-for-6-yrs/articleshow/46534183.cms|title=Congress expels Babush for 6 years|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=12 March 2015 |accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, Fernandes ran for a second time again as an Independent and lost to [[Antonio Fernandes (politician)|Antonio Fernandes]] of INC, in a field of eight candidates. Hemant Golatkar and Fernandes, procured 5560 and 5262 votes respectively of the 22,215 total votes.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

In 2022, Fernandes, ran for the third time as Indian National Congress candidate. He switched to BJP the same year.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==Personal life==
Rodolfo Louis Fernandes was born to Andre Francisco Xavier Romao Franandes and [[Victoria Fernandes]], in [[Santa Cruz, Goa]]. He completed his SSC from Santa Cruz High School and went on to complete his HSC from Dhempe College of Art and Science, [[Miramar, Goa]]. He is married and has three children. He hails from a [[Roman Catholic]] family.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Rodolfo}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]

Pratap Chandra Nayak

2026-04-20T08:41:20Z

Sera: Added A Article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pratap Chandra Nayak
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Latika Pradhan]]
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Pratap Chandra Nayak''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pratap Chandra Nayak Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=473 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kabisuryangar Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Pratap Chandra Nayak of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kabisuryangar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916495.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Election Result 2024: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/odisha-assembly-election-result-2024-full-list-of-winners/3511557/ |website=Financial Express |publisher=India News Desk |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Pratap Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Yerrapalli Formation

2026-04-15T22:05:38Z

Sera: starting a stub

{{Short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Yerrapalli Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| period = Anisian
| age = [[Anisian]] ~{{fossil range|247|242}}
| prilithology = [[Mudstone]], [[sandstone]], [[caliche]]
| otherlithology =
| namedfor = Yerrapalli village
| namedby = Jain ''et al.''
| year_ts = 1964
| region = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9|N|79.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|51.4|S|48.5|E|display=inline}}
| unitof =
| subunits =
| underlies = [[Bhimaram Formation]]
| overlies = [[Kamthi Formation]]
| thickness = {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| extent = [[Pranhita–Godavari Basin]]
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India#India Telangana
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India#India Telangana
| lat_deg = 18.9
| lon_deg = 79.7
| mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Yerrapalli Formation''' is a [[Triassic]] [[geological formation]] consisting primarily of [[mudstone]]s that outcrops in the [[Pranhita–Godavari Basin]] in southeastern India.<ref name=SS70>{{Cite journal | last1 = Supriya Sengupta | doi = 10.1306/74D71F0A-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D | title = Gondwana Sedimentation Around Bheemaram (Bhimaram), Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India | journal = SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research | year = 1970 | volume=40}}</ref> The Yerrapalli Formation preserves fossils of freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates as well as [[trace fossil]]s of invertebrates.<ref name=FWYerrapalli>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayStrata?geological_group=&formation=Yerrapalli&group_formation_member=Yerrapalli Yerrapalli Formation] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref> The [[tetrapod]] fauna includes [[temnospondyl]] amphibians, [[archosauromorph]] reptiles, and [[dicynodonts]].<ref name=SF10>{{cite book |last=Sues |first=H.-D. |author2=Fraser, N.C. |year=2010 |chapter=Early and early Middle Triassic in Gondwana |title=Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780231135221}}</ref>

== Geology ==
Most of the Yerrapalli Formation consists of red mudstones. The mudstones were deposited across a [[floodplain]] during the [[Anisian]] stage of the [[Middle Triassic]]. Smaller [[Lens (geology)|lenses]] of [[calcareous]] [[sandstone]] represent [[ephemeral stream]]s that branched off from the larger channels that were the source of the floodplain sediments.<ref name=SF10/> The climate of the region during the time is thought to have been [[monsoonal]] with both wet and dry seasons.<ref name=BS88>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bandyopadhyay | first1 = S. | title = A Kannemeyeriid Dicynodont from the Middle Triassic Yerrapalli Formation | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1988.0072 | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 320 | issue = 1198 | pages = 185–233| year = 1988 | bibcode = 1988RSPTB.320..185B | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The Yerrapalli Formation overlies the [[Kamthi Formation]], underlies the [[Bhimaram Formation]], and is [[Lithostratigraphy#Stratigraphic relationship|conformable]] with both formations. Two [[Member (geology)|members]] of the Yerrapalli Formation have been recognized; a lower member consisting of layers of red and purple clay with lenses of pale green clay and an upper member consisting of alternating layers of clay and fine-grained sandstone.<ref name=BS88/>

== Paleobiota ==
The paleobiota of the Yerrapalli Formation is similar to that of the overlying Maleri Formation, which also preserves fossils of temnospondyls and archosauromorphs. The main difference between the Yerrapalli and the Maleri faunae is the presence of dicynodonts in the former. The discovery of dicynodont fossils in the Pranhita-Godavari Basin in 1964 was one of the earliest indications that the Yerrapalli Formation represented a distinct paleofauna. Before this discovery, Yerrapalli strata were grouped within the Maleri Formation.<ref name=BS88/> The dicynodonts of the Yerrapalli Formation are similar to those of the [[Ntawere Formation]] in Zambia, which also dates back to the Anisian. During the Middle Triassic, what is now India and southern Africa formed one continuous landmass as part of the supercontinent [[Gondwana]].

=== Synapsids ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Taxon !! class="unsortable" | Material !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Images
|-
| ''[[Rechnisaurus cristarhynchus]]''<ref name=CTR70>{{cite journal |last=Chowdhury |first=T.R. |year=1970 |title=Two new dicynodonts from the Triassic Yerrapalli Formation of central India |journal=Palaeontology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=132–144 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/173055 }}</ref>
|| A mostly complete skull || A [[kannemeyeriiform]] [[dicynodont]] ||
|-
| [[Trirachodontidae]] indet.<ref name=JSL96/> || Isolated teeth || ||
|-
| ''[[Wadiasaurus indicus]]''<ref name=CTR70/> || || A kannemeyeriiform dicynodont || [[File:Wadiasaurus1DB.jpg|150px]]
|}

=== Reptiles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Taxon !! class="unsortable" | Material !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Images
|-
| ''[[Bharitalasuchus tapani]]'' <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ezcurra|first1=Martin D.|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=Saswati|last3=Gower|first3=David J.|title=A New Erythrosuchid Archosauriform from the Middle Triassic Yerrapalli Formation of South-Central India |journal=Ameghiniana |date=2021-04-30|url=https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/3416|language=en|volume=58|issue=2|pages=132–168–132–168|doi=10.5710/AMGH.18.01.2021.3416|s2cid=234217303 |issn=1851-8044|url-access=subscription}}</ref>|| || An [[erythrosuchid]] [[archosauriform]] ||[[File:Bharitalasuchus skeletal.png|150px]]
|-
| ''[[Mesodapedon kuttyi]]''<ref name=CS80>{{cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=S. |year=1980 |title=The evolution of Rhyncosaurs |journal=Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France |volume=139 |pages=57–65}}</ref> || Two specimens including skull bones || A [[rhynchosaur]] similar to ''[[Stenaulorhynchus stockleyi]]'' from the [[Manda Formation]] of Tanzania, which is the same age as the Yerrapalli Formation ||
|-
| ''[[Pamelaria dolichotrachela]]''<ref name=SK03>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sen | first1 = K. | title = ''Pamelaria dolichotrachela'', a new prolacertid reptile from the Middle Triassic of India | doi = 10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00110-4 | journal = Journal of Asian Earth Sciences | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 663–681 | year = 2003 | bibcode = 2003JAESc..21..663S }}</ref> || One complete skeleton, one partial skeleton, and isolated bones || A long-necked [[allokotosauria]]n<ref name="Azendohsaurus15">{{Cite journal|last1=Nesbitt|first1=Sterling J.|last2=Flynn|first2=John J.|last3=Pritchard|first3=Adam C.|last4=Parrish|first4=J. Michael|last5=Ranivoharimanana|first5=Lovasoa|last6=Wyss|first6=André R.|date=2015-12-07|title=Postcranial Osteology of ''Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis'' (?Middle to Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) and its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/6112/1/B398.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|language=en-US|volume=398|pages=1–126|doi=10.5531/sd.sp.15|issn=0003-0090|hdl=2246/6624|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[archosauromorph]] || [[File:Pamelaria dolichotrachela.jpg|150px]]
|-
| ''[[Yarasuchus deccanensis]]''<ref name=SK05>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sen | first1 = K. | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2004.00438.x | title = A new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 48 | pages = 185–196 | year = 2005 | issue = 1 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2005Palgy..48..185S }}</ref> || An articulated, nearly complete skeleton and a partial disarticulated skeleton || A long-necked [[aphanosauria]]n [[avemetatarsalia]]n || [[File:Yarasuchus.jpg|150px]]
|}

=== Amphibians ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Taxon !! class="unsortable" | Material !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Images
|-
|style="background:#fbdddb;"| ''[[Parotosuchus rajareddyi|"Parotosuchus" rajareddyi]]'' || style="background:#fbdddb;"| || style="background:#fbdddb;"| A [[capitosaurid]] [[temnospondyl]] first referred to ''[[Parotosuchus]]'' but more recently considered either a species of ''[[Eryosuchus]]'' or of ''[[Stanocephalosaurus]]''<ref name=SF10/> || style="background:#fbdddb;"|
|}

=== Fish ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Taxon !! class="unsortable" | Material !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Images
|-
| ''[[Ceratodus (genus)|Ceratodus]]'' sp.<ref name=JSL96>{{cite journal |last=Jain |first=S.L. |year=1996 |title=Aspects of vertebrate fossils from Pranhita-Godavari Valley with emphasis on dinosaur discoveries |journal=Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India |volume=41 |pages=1–16 |url=http://palaeontologicalsociety.in/vol41/v1.pdf}}</ref>
|| || A [[lungfish]] ||
|-
| [[Saurichthyidae]] sp.<ref name=JSL96/> || || A [[chondrostean]] [[ray-finned fish]] ||
|}
{{paleobiota-key-compact}}

== See also ==
* [[Donguz Formation]], contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Russia
* [[Ermaying Formation]], contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of China
* [[Manda Formation]], contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Tanzania
* [[Ntawere Formation]], contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Zambia
* [[Omingonde Formation]], contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Namibia

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Triassic System of Asia]]
[[Category:Triassic India]]
[[Category:Anisian Stage]]
[[Category:Mudstone formations]]
[[Category:Fluvial deposits]]
[[Category:Paleontology in India]]
[[Category:Geology of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Telangana|Formations]]

V. Anantha Nageswaran

2026-04-13T00:28:53Z

Sera: starting a post

{{Short description|Indian economist (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = 18th [[Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India]]
| predecessor = [[Krishnamurthy Subramanian]]
| successor =
| term_start = 28 January 2022
| term_end =
| honorific_prefix =
| image = V Anantha Nageswaran CEC (cropped).jpg
| alt = V. Anantha Nageswaran
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1963}}
| birth_place =
| profession = [[Economist]]
| alma_mater = [[American College, Madurai]] ([[BCom]]) [[IIM Ahmedabad]] ([[MBA]]) [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] ([[PhD]])
| module = {{Infobox economist| embed = yes
| doctoral_advisor =
| institutions =
| field =
}}
}}
'''Venkatramanan Anantha Nageswaran''' (born in 1963) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[economist]] who is currently serving as the [[Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-29|title=Govt appoints Dr V Anantha Nageswaran as Chief Economic Advisor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-appoints-v-anantha-nageswaran-as-chief-economic-advisor-7746290/|access-date=2022-01-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He previously served as the global [[chief investment officer]] at [[Julius Baer Group|Bank Julius Baer]] in [[Switzerland]] after serving as its Head of Research for Asia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Anantha Nageswaran |url=https://massentrepreneurship.org/about-us/anantha-nageswaran/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=GAME |language=en-US |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630010302/https://massentrepreneurship.org/about-us/anantha-nageswaran/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prior to this, he worked for [[Credit Suisse]] in Switzerland and Singapore, and for the [[Union Bank of Switzerland]] (now UBS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=V. Anantha Nageswaran |url=https://www.dvara.com/research/advisors/v-anantha-nageswaran/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Dvara Research |language=en-US |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028025247/https://www.dvara.com/research/advisors/v-anantha-nageswaran/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkatraman Anantha-Nageswaran, Author at Gateway House |url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/author/v-anantha-nageswaran/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Gateway House |language=en}}</ref> He has served as the Dean of [[Institute for Financial Management and Research|IFMR Graduate School of Business]], as a professor for graduate students at the [[Singapore Management University]], and at the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] & [[Indian Institute of Management Indore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carnegieindia.org/2016/11/16/can-india-grow-challenges-opportunities-and-way-forward-pub-65088|title = Can India Grow? Challenges, Opportunities, and the Way Forward}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Venkatraman Anantha Nageswaran to be named chief economic adviser of India |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/venkatraman-anantha-nageswaran-to-be-named-chief-economic-adviser-of-india-11643258014618.html |access-date=2022-01-30 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nageswaran completed his schooling education in Railway Mixed Higher School (RMHSS), Madurai. In 1983 Nageswaran graduated with [[BCom]] degree from [[American College, Madurai]] and in 1985 he obtained his [[Master of Business Administration|Masters in Business Administration]] from [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad]]. He later earned [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in finance from [[Isenberg School of Management]] at [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] in 1994 for his research about 'Empirical behavior of [[Exchange rate|Exchange Rates']]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roychoudhury|first=Arup|date=2022-01-28|title=Govt appoints V Anantha Nageswaran as new Chief Economic Advisor|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-appoints-v-anantha-nageswaran-as-the-chief-economic-advisor-122012801507_1.html|access-date=2022-01-29}}</ref>

== Career ==
In his corporate career spanning seventeen years from 1994 to 2011, he was a Currency Economist at the [[Union Bank of Switzerland]], Head of Research and Investment Consulting in [[Credit Suisse]] Private Banking in Asia, head of Asia Research and then global [[chief investment officer]] at [[Julius Baer Group|Bank Julius Baer]], [[Switzerland]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. V Anantha Nageswaran Biography: The new Chief Economic Advisor of India, Education, Previous works and Career |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/dr-v-anantha-nageswaran-biography-education-previous-works-and-career-rc1027281 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Jagran TV |language=en}}</ref>

He was the dean of the [[Institute for Financial Management and Research|IFMR Graduate School of Business]] and a visiting professor of economics at [[Krea University]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Shrimi |title=Govt appoints Anantha Nageshwaran as new CEA |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/govt-appoints-anantha-nageshwaran-as-new-cea/articleshow/89183318.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-06-14}}</ref> Nageswaran has been an adjunct faculty with the [[Singapore Management University]] and with the Wealth Management Institute at the [[Nanyang Technological University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=V Anantha Nageswaran named new Chief Economic Advisor |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/v-anantha-nageswaran-named-new-chief-economic-advisor/66242.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en}}</ref>

He was a member of the board of directors at TVS supply chain and Sundaram Fasteners and served on the advisory boards of TVS Capital and Global Alliance for Mass Entrepreneurship (GAME).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

He was appointed as an honorary advisor to Indian Financial Services Authority.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

He is the co founder of the Aavishkaar India Venture Capital fund, a pioneer in impact investing. He has invested in several Indian startups directly as well as through Aavishkar India.

He is also the Co founder of Takshashila Institute-a leading think tank for research and education in Public Policy.

===Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council===
He was a part time member of [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister]] from 2019 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Appointment of Dr V Anantha Nageswaran as the Chief Economic Advisor|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1793311|access-date=2025-07-22}}</ref>

===Ministry of Finance===
On 28 January 2022, the [[Government of India]] appointed him as the Chief Economic Advisor succeeding [[Krishnamurthy Subramanian]], who completed his three-year term in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-28|title=India says V Anantha Nageswaran named chief economic adviser|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-says-v-anantha-nageswaran-named-chief-economic-adviser-2022-01-28/|access-date=2022-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=V Anantha Nageswaran becomes new chief economic adviser |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/v-anantha-nageswaran-becomes-new-chief-economic-adviser-101643375301920.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] extended his tenure upto March 2027.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Government extends tenure of CEA Anantha Nageswaran till March 2027|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/government-extends-tenure-of-cea-anantha-nageswaran-till-march-2027/article69242832.ece|access-date=2025-07-22}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Economics of Derivatives'' (March 2015), [[Cambridge University Press]]. Co-authored with T. V. Somanathan
* ''Can India Grow?: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Way Forward'' (November 2016), [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]. Co-authored with Gulzar Natarajan.
* ''Derivatives'' (October 2017), [[Cambridge University Press]]. Co-authored with T. V. Somanathan.
* ''The Rise of Finance: Causes, Consequences and Cures'' (April 2019), [[Cambridge University Press]]. Co-authored with Gulzar Natarajan.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1793311 Appointment of Dr V Anantha Nageswaran as the Chief Economic Advisor] [[Press Information Bureau]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)]]

{{authority control}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Krishnamurthy Subramanian]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India|Chief Economic Adviser of India]]|years=2022–}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nageswaran, V Anantha}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]
[[Category:Isenberg School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni]]
[[Category:Chief Economic Advisers to the Government of India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Krea University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Singapore Management University]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]

Gurlal Ghanaur

2026-04-07T14:02:19Z

Sera: adding a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
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| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Ghanaur Assembly constituency|Ghanaur]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
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'''Gurlal Ghanaur''' is an Indian politician and he is a renowned Punjab style Kabbadi player and the MLA representing the [[Ghanaur Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Ghanaur Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings|Committee on Public Undertakings]]<ref name="Committee on Public Undertakings">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library|Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library]]<ref name="Committee on Papers">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Ghanaur Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Ghanaur Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Ghanaur
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghanaur, Gurlal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Maratha army

2026-04-05T03:41:10Z

Sera: New First Post W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Land-based armed forces of the Maratha Confederacy}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Maratha army
| image = Mahratta Light Horseman (cropped).jpg
| caption = Painting depicting a Maratha [[light cavalry]]man
| dates = {{circa|1650–1818}}
| country = [[Maratha Empire]]
| type = [[Army|Land-based army]]
| ceremonial_chief = Mankoji Dahatonde [[Netaji Palkar]] [[Prataprao Gujar]] [[Anandrao]] [[Hambirrao Mohite]] Mhaloji Ghorpade [[Santaji Ghorpade]] [[Dhanaji Jadhav]] Yasajirao Kank [[Trimbak Rao Dabhade]] [[Khanderao Dabhade]] [[Bajirao I]] [[Chimaji Appa]] [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] [[Ranoji Shinde]] [[Malharrao Holkar]] [[Raghoji I of Nagpur|Raghoji I Bhosale]] [[Haibatrao Shilimkar]]
| ceremonial_chief_label = Senapati
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
}}

The '''Maratha army''' was the land-based armed forces of the [[Maratha Empire]], which existed from the late 17th to the early 19th centuries in the [[Indian subcontinent]].

== 17th century ==
[[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Kingdom]], raised a small yet effective land army. For better administration, Shivaji abolished the land-grants or ''[[jagir]]'' for military officers and instituted a system of salary or cash payment for their services known as the [[Saranjamdar|saranjam]]. During the 17th century the Maratha army was small in terms of numbers when compared to the [[Mughal Army]], numbering some 100,000.
Shivaji gave more emphasis to [[infantry]] compared to [[cavalry]], considering the rugged mountainous terrain he operated in. Furthermore, Shivaji did not have access to the North Indian Mughal dominated horse markets. During this era, the armies of the Marathas were known for their agility due to the light equipment of both infantry and cavalry. [[Artillery]] was mostly confined to the Maratha [[Forts in India|fortresses]], which were located on hilltops, since it gave a strategic advantage and furthermore, these fortresses had the ability to withstand sieges (such as
being equipped with sufficient water supply).<ref name="Kantak1993">{{cite book|author=M. R. Kantak|title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PR7|year=1993|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-696-1|pages=7–12}}</ref> The Marathas used weapons like [[musket]]s, [[Toradar|matchlocks]], [[Firangi (sword)|firangi swords]], clubs, bows, spears, daggers, etc.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Barua|first1=Pradeep|title=The State at War in South Asia|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1344-1|pages=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&q=shivaji+muskets&pg=PA44|year=2005}}</ref> The cavalry rode the [[Bhimthadi horse]], which was developed by crossing [[Arabian horse|Arabian]] and local horse breeds.<ref name="CABI">{{cite book|last1=Porter |first1=Valeria|last2=Alderson|first2=Lawrence|last3=Hall|first3=Stephen J. G.|last4=Sponenberg|first4=D. Phillip|title=Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding|date=2016|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-84593-466-8|pages=460–461|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&q=bhimthadi+breeding&pg=PA461|accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bakshi|first1=G.D.|title=The rise of Indian military power : evolution of an Indian strategic culture|date=2010|publisher=KW Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-87966-52-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEG6DQAAQBAJ&q=bhimthadi+&pg=PT10}}</ref>

[[File:Maratha Armor 1.jpg|thumb|upright|A Maratha helmet and armour from [[Hermitage Museum]], St Petersburg, Russia]]
The Maratha army, during Shivaji's era was systematic and disciplined. A case in point here is that the Marathas achieved success in the systematic elimination of all forts which came their way during the [[Battle of Surat]] circa 1664.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} When it came to the artillery, Shivaji hired foreign (mainly Portuguese) mercenaries for assistance to manufacture weapons. The hiring of foreign [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] was not new to the Maratha military culture. Shivaji hired seasoned cannon-casting [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] technicians from [[Goa]]. The Marathas attached importance to hiring of experts, which can be corroborated by the fact that important posts in the army were offered to the officers in charge of the manufacture of guns.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Randolf|title=The Anglo-Maratha campaigns and the contest for India: the struggle for control of the south asian military economy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-82444-3|pages=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC&q=shivaji+navy&pg=PA31|year=2003}}</ref>

The Army deployed musketeers as well - both regular soldiers and mercenaries. During the late 17th century, there is a mention of the Marathas using "well-armed musketeers" during their attack on Goa (during the reign of [[Sambhaji]]). Furthermore, during the same period there is also a mention of Marathas using ''Karnataki [[musketeer]]s'' renowned for [[marksman]]ship<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alden|first1=Dauril|title=The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond 1540–1750|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0-8047-2271-4|pages=201|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nVIBhrRb9AC&dq=maratha+musketeer&pg=PA201|year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Richards|first1=John|title=The Mughal Empire|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25119-2|pages=232|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=maratha+musketeer&pg=PA232|year=1995}}</ref>

=== Structure and rank ===
Below was the structure and ranks of armies of the great Maratha at a high level during the reign of Shivaji:
[[Cavalry]] was divided into two at a high level:
*''[[Shiledar]]'': A shiledar brought his own horse and equipment. Although organized different, even shiledar converged into the Sarnobat (chief of army) 
*''[[Bargir]]'': One of the lowest rank (rank and file) cavalryman of the Marathas who was provided with horse and equipment from the state's stock<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=G.S. |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707–1803) |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=81-89093-06-1 |pages=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&q=shiledar+horse&pg=PA65|year=2005 }}</ref>

The [[infantry]] consisted of the below:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-58767-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8GsAgAAQBAJ&q=shivaji+hetkari+Musketeers&pg=PT201|date=2011-03-30 }}</ref>
*''Hetkari musketeers'': [[Konkani people|Konkani]] [[musketeer]]s recruited typically from the [[Konkan]] region, who possessed [[matchlock]]s and noted for their marksmanship
*''Mavales'': Foot soldier recruited typically from [[Paschim Maharashtra|Western Maharashtra]]
[[File:Mahratta horseman.jpg|thumb|upright|A Mahratta horseman – original pencil sketch by the artist H. Hall; standing figure in military uniform with spear, left hand resting on horse]]
Ranks and salary of the cavalry are as below. The infantry had a similar structure<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |title=The State and Society in Medieval India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-566720-4 |pages=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgluAAAAMAAJ&q=shiledar+bargir|year=2005 }}</ref>
*''[[Senapati]]'' ''or Sarnobat (chief of army) (part of the [[Ashta Pradhan]])'': 4000 to 5000 hons per year
*''Panch Hazari'': 2000 hons per year
*''Hazari'': 1000 hons per year
*''Jumledar'': 500 hons per year
*[[Havildar|''Havaldar'']]: 125 hons per year
*''Bargir'': 9 hons per year

Infantry ranks (starting with senior-most rank):<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=G.S. |title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707–1803) |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=81-89093-06-1 |pages=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&q=shiledar+horse&pg=PA65|year=2005 }}</ref>
*''Sarnobat (chief of Army)''
*''Saat (Seven) Hazari''
*''Hazari''
*[[Jamadar|''Jamdar'']]
*''Havaldar''
*[[Nayak (title)|''Nayak'']] ''(or Naik)''
*''Paek''

=== During the War of 27 Years ===

During the [[Deccan Wars]] (1680–1707), the Maratha State's regular army dispersed, and the theater of war expanded to encompass the entire [[Deccan|Deccan region]]. During this period, the Maratha forces adopted [[guerrilla warfare]] tactics. In addition to the regular army, bands of irregular soldiers joined the fight, transforming the conflict into a people's war. A distinct army was raised, with principal leaders including Powar ''Vishwas Rao'', Thorat ''Dinkar Rao'', and Atowlay ''Samsher Bahadur''. Raiding the enemy's rear positions and attacking isolated posts and supply lines became common strategies. <ref name="Bendrey1967">{{cite book |author=James Grant Duff |title=History of the Mahrattas |year=1971 |publisher= Associated Publishing House, New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6809/page/n267/mode/2up}}</ref> Throughout this period, ordinary men and women from virtually every town and village offered shelter and support to the Maratha forces, led by the valiant generals [[Santaji Ghorpade]] and [[Dhanaji Jadhav]]. These collective efforts significantly contributed to the success of the Marathas in their struggle against the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aurangzeb |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aurangzeb |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kantak |first1=M. R |title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-696-1 |pages=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&q=maratha+military+tradition&pg=PA5|year=1993 }}</ref>

[[Jadunath Sarkar]], the noted historian, writes in his famous book, the military history of India about [[Santaji Ghorpade]], a brilliant strategist who fought against the Mughals in the 27-year war.

<blockquote>
He was a perfect master of this art, which can be more correctly described as [[Parthian Empire#Military|Parthian]] warfare than as guerrilla tactics, because he could not only make night marches and surprises, but also cover long distances quickly and combine the movements of large bodied over wide areas with an accuracy and punctuality which were incredible in any Asiatic army other than those of [[Chengiz Khan]] and [[Tamurlane]].
</blockquote>

== 18th century ==

=== Pre-1761 ===
During the 18th century the Maratha army continued its emphasis on its [[light cavalry]], which proved better against the [[heavy cavalry]] of the Mughals. Post 1720, the armies of the Maratha Confederacy, in the reign of [[Shahu I]] made their presence felt in Northern India (the bastion of the Mughals) and scored numerous military victories, primarily due to the skills of [[Bajirao I]] as a great cavalry commander and military strategist.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Tirthankar|title=An Economic History of early modern India|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-69063-8|pages=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dQcAAAAQBAJ&q=bajirao+light+cavalry&pg=PA24|date=2013-07-18}}</ref> Bajirao Peshwa made excellent use of small and heavy ammunition (using it in excellent coordination) and used smothering tactics. The Marathas led by Bajirao I would use their artillery to create a blanket of projectiles to smother the enemy.<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/>
[[File:MarathaCanon.jpg|thumb|right|A Maratha [[cannon]] ([[Artillery battery]]), as seen at [[Raigad Fort|Raigad Hillfort]]]]
A hallmark of [[Bajirao I]] contingents was that of long-distance cavalry attacks, typically light and agile cavalry. During the reign of [[Shahu I]], the cavalry strength was some 100,000. His own cavalry was called as the ''Huzurat Cavalry'',<ref name="The State at war in South Asia">{{cite book |last1=Barua |first1=Pradeep |title=The State at war in South Asia |date=January 2005 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=0-8032-1344-1 |pages=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=huzurat+cavalry+household&pg=PA64}}</ref> which was an elite cavalry division.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sardesai|first=Govind Sakharam|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32142|title=New History Of The Marathas Vol.2|date=1946|pages=42}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=J. P. |title=Decisive Battles, Strategic Leaders |publisher=Partridge |pages=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kojXAwAAQBAJ&q=huzurat+elite+cavalry&pg=PA114|isbn=978-1-4828-1804-8 |date=May 2014 }}</ref> Furthermore, Bajirao used massed ranks of infantry consisting of [[flintlock]]-armed regulars under South Asian officers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Randolf G S |title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-82444-3 |pages=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC&q=jaipur+maratha+boigne&pg=PA46}}</ref>

=== Modernization pre-1761 ===
When the Marathas confronted the [[French India|French]] (allies of the [[Hyderabad State|Nizam of Hyderabad]]) on the battlefield in the 1750s, they realized the importance of western-style disciplined infantry. Hence the process of modernization began even before the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] (1761). [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] admired Western-style disciplined infantry.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |year=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=81-7824-109-9 |pages=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC&q=garde+french+gardi+maratha&pg=PA83}}</ref> Circa 1750s, the Marathas endeavored to hire the services of the [[French India|French]] General [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]] (who served in the [[Hyderabad State Forces|Nizam's Army]]) for training purposes, but when they failed in their efforts, they managed to hire [[Ibrahim Khan Gardi]]. Ibrahim Khan was an artillery expert trained under the leadership of Bussy. The word ''gardi'' is a corruption of the French word ''garde'' (guard) and this ''gardi'' formed the backbone of Maratha infantry.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lafont |first1=Jean Marie |title=Indika: essays in Indo-French relations, 1630–1976 |year=2000 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=81-7304-278-0 |pages=428 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODRuAAAAMAAJ&q=garde+french+gardi+maratha}}</ref> Ibrahim Khan played a major role in re-configuring the Maratha artillery. He served the Marathas in the infamous [[Third Battle of Panipat]]. During the battle, out of the approximate 40,000 Maratha army soldiers, some 8000 or 9000 were artillery (Gardi Infantry). They possessed 200 cannons (consisting of heavy field-pieces as well as light camel or elephant-mounted ''[[Zamburak|zambaruks]]'' (camel-mounted [[swivel gun|swivel guns]]) and also possessed [[handgun]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Barua|first1=Pradeep|title=The State at War in South Asia|date=January 2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1344-1|pages=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&q=maratha+panipat+numbered&pg=PA61}}</ref>

During this era, sources state that the Marathas made use of both [[flintlock]]s and [[matchlock]]s and that their matchlocks had a technological advantage having superior range and velocity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mount|first1= Ferdinand|title= The Tears of the Rajas: Mutiny, Money and Marriage in India 1805–1905|date= 12 March 2015|publisher=Simon & Schuster UK Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4711-2947-6|pages=179|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NJUDCwAAQBAJ&q=maratha+flintlock&pg=PA179}}</ref> However at [[Third Battle of Panipat]], they possessed mainly just swords and spears whilst [[Ahmed Shah Durrani|Abdali]] possessed a larger force with [[flintlock]] [[muskets]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|date=30 March 2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-58767-9|pages=104|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&q=maratha+flintlock+swords+panipat&pg=PA104}}</ref>

=== Modernization post-1761 ===
From the 17th century till the mid-18th century the [[artillery]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] was more dependent on foreign [[Gunner (artillery)|gunners]] rather than their own.
[[File:Re-manning the guns at Assaye (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Maratha infantry and gunners at the [[Battle of Assaye]]]]
[[File:Holkar troops harrassing Monson's retreating troops.jpg|thumb|Holkar troops harassing Monson's retreating troops]]
[[File:Maratha Cavalry at Kirkee, 1817.jpg|thumb|Maratha Cavalry at Kirkee, 1817]]

After 1761, [[Mahadaji Shinde]], a distinguished Maratha general, focused his attention on European artillery and secured the services of the noted [[French India|Frenchman]] [[Benoît de Boigne]] who had received training from the best of the European military schools. Following suit, the other Maratha chiefs such as the [[Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family|Peshwas]], [[House of Holkar|the Holkars]], [[Nagpur kingdom|the Bhosales]], also raised French-trained artillery battalions.
The army of [[Baji Rao II]] included the Pinto brothers [[Conspiracy of the Pintos|Jose Antonio]] and [[Conspiracy of the Pintos|Fransisco]] from the famous [[Goan]] noble family who had escaped Goa after trying to overthrow the government in the [[Conspiracy of the Pintos]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=The Goan EveryDay: Noted Goans during Peshwe era in Pune-3: 2 Goans follow illustrious kin | url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/noted-goans-during-peshwe-era-in-pune3-2-goans-follow-illustrious-kin/91809.html | access-date=2025-10-04 | website=www.thegoan.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=The Goan EveryDay: Goan colonel decorated in the Maratha army | url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goan-colonel-decorated-in-the-maratha-army/91527.html | access-date=2025-10-04 | website=www.thegoan.net}}</ref>

*'''''Peshwa's Cavalry''''': Peshwa's own cavalry, the elite ''Huzurat''<ref name="The State at war in South Asia"/> were equipped with matchlocks instead of long spears.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-58767-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8GsAgAAQBAJ&q=shivaji+hetkari+Musketeers&pg=PT201|date=2011-03-30 }}</ref>
*'''''Scindia's infantry organization and weapons under De Boigne''''': De Boigne organized his infantry under ''campoos''. One campoo had 10 infantry battalions, which consisted of 4000 infantrymen equipped with [[flintlock]]s and [[bayonet]]s. Each battalion had 5 guns (1 [[howitzer]] and 4 [[field gun]]s) and every battalion was commanded by a European gunner. Each campoo had 30 siege guns (16 and 24-pounder guns), apart from [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], howitzers, and camel-mounted [[blunderbuss]]es. Five campoos were raised between 1790 and 1803. The artillery had 50 bronze [[cannon]]s (half of which were big caliber guns).
*'''''Bhonsle of Nagpur''''' raised two infantry brigades with modern military training, however without any European officers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-58767-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8GsAgAAQBAJ&q=shivaji+hetkari+Musketeers&pg=PT201|date=2011-03-30 }}</ref>
*'''''Training''''': Further there was emphasis on training and infantrymen were trained on handling firearms, gunnery practice, and military manoeuvres.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 |date=30 March 2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-58767-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8GsAgAAQBAJ&q=shivaji+hetkari+Musketeers&pg=PT201}}</ref>
*'''''Innovations''''': Under De Boigne a new weapon was invented having six musket barrels joined together. 
*'''''Ambulance Corps''''': Another novelty was the ''ambulance corps'' in charge of providing aid to wounded soldiers (including enemy soldiers). 
*'''''Composition''''': Under Mahadji Scindia, [[Rajput]] and Muslim infantrymen were recruited in the Maratha army. Further, his cavalrymen had a different uniform - long trousers as opposed to the shorter Deccani ones<ref>{{cite book |last1=G S Cooper |first1=Randolf |title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=47 |isbn=978-0-521-82444-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC&q=nana+pounder+gun+maratha&pg=PA53}}</ref>
*'''''Military-Industrial Complex''''': Furthermore in 1784, [[Mahadaji Shinde]] established a [[Military–industrial complex|military-industrial complex]] for the armies of the Marathas near [[Agra]]. The ordnance factories of the Marathas made use of sophisticated indigenous technologies with more of adaptation as against innovation. Mahadaji Shinde created one of finest armies in India, with the help of the [[French India|French]] and [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] and it also included a brigade known as ''Deccan Invincibles'', which numbered some 27,000.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Till|first1=Geoffrey|title=Globalization and Defence in the Asia-Pacific: Arms Across Asia|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-89053-0|pages=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iy3abta6oGoC&q=maratha+military+industrial+complex&pg=PA64}}</ref>
*There is a mention of induction of 6 pound field guns under the command of [[Pierre Cuillier-Perron|Pierre Perron]], Maratha General of Scindia dominions (the successor of De Boigne). These 6 pound guns were inducted after phasing out the earlier light 3 pound ones.<ref>{{cite book |last1=G S Cooper |first1=Randolf |title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=53 |isbn=978-0-521-82444-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC&q=nana+pounder+gun+maratha&pg=PA53}}</ref>
*In a bid to ''Westernize'' the artillery, circa 1777, there is a mention of a Portuguese officer named ''Naronha'' heading the Peshwa's artillery and further he had a number of European artillery men working under him.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Butalia|first1=Romesh|title=The evolution of artillery in India: from the battle of Plassey to the revolt of 1857|year=1998|publisher=Allied publishers limited|isbn=81-7023-872-2|pages=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eV262iNGUb4C&q=panipat+french+maratha+artillery&pg=PA81}}</ref> Circa 1790, the Peshwa's forces employed a Portuguese officer for casting 40-pounder guns.

"However a point to be noted here is that it is untrue to conclude that armies of the Maratha got disciplined only post 1761. The Marathas were well aware of the importance of discipline and disciplined and drilled infantry in Maharashtra existed even in the Hindu classical era. The Mahrattas were aware of the Portuguese infantry models having concepts like 'Spanish square' since sixteenth century."<ref>{{cite book |last1=G S Cooper |first1=Randolf |title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-82444-3 |pages=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC&q=jaipur+maratha+boigne&pg=PA46}}</ref>

In the late 18th and early 19th century, with French-trained artillery and infantry, the Marathas managed to regain their lost ground in North India, however they could not match the superior artillery of the [[Company Rule in India|British East India Company]], which in due course of time, among other reasons, led to the defeat of the Marathas at the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] and decline of their [[Maratha Confederacy|Confederacy]] itself.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Butalia|first1=Romesh|title=The evolution of artillery in India: from the battle of Plassey to the revolt of 1857|year=1998|publisher=Allied publishers limited|isbn=81-7023-872-2|pages=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eV262iNGUb4C&q=panipat+french+maratha+artillery&pg=PA81}}</ref>

=== Employment of the Pindaris ===

[[Pindari]]s were irregular horsemen and their primary role was to plunder in return of payment. Pindaris composed of both Muslims and Hindus. They had implicit support from Maratha chiefs (Maharajas) such as [[Gwalior State|Scindias of Gwalior]], [[Indore State|Holkars of Indore]], and [[Nagpur kingdom|Bhosales of Nagpur]]. This band of freebooters accompanied Maratha forces during their campaigns and helped win wars in return for plunder and pay. They were a part of the Maratha army during the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and almost all [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha War]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pindaris|title=Pindari | Indian history}}</ref>

=== Employment of Bargis ===

The Nagpur Bhosales employed thousands of units called [[bargi]] to invade the [[Mughal Bengal|Bengal Subah]]. The invasions lasted annually for ten years until finally the [[Nawab of Bengal]], European merchants and locals built the [[Maratha Ditch]] to safeguard themselves from war.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dutta|first=Kalinkikar|title=Alivardi & His Times|year=1939}}</ref>

===Commemorations===
In 2025, the [[Maratha Military Landscapes of India]], a group of 12 forts, were enlisted as a cultural [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maratha Military Landscapes of India - UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1739/ |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Maratha Confederacy]]
*[[Maratha Navy]]
*[[History of India]]
*[[Military History of India]]
*[[Pindari]]
*[[Bargi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Military of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]

Dhaka Division

2026-03-30T02:12:39Z

Sera: minor edit

{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{distinguish|Dhaka|Dhaka District|Greater Dhaka|Dhaka City Corporation}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhaka Division
| native_name = ঢাকা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn
| settlement_type = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division of Bangladesh]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 1/3/2/3/1
| image1 = Dhaka April (33244268934).jpg
| caption1 =[[Dhaka City|Dhaka Skyline]]
|image2= Sonargaon Folk Art and Craft Museum (31000427270).jpg
| caption2 = [[Sonargaon]]
| image3= A Road of Bhawal Nationa Park, Gazipur.jpg
| caption3 = [[Bhawal National Park]]
|image4= Idrakpur kella 17.jpg
| caption4 =[[Idrakpur Fort]]
|image5= Ahsan-Monzil-Dhaka--Rezowan.jpg
| caption5 = [[Ahsan Manzil]]
|image6= Lalbag Fort Front.jpg
| caption6 = [[Lalbagh Fort]]
| image7= Baitul Mukarram National Mosque in 2022.09.jpg
| caption7 = [[Baitul Mukarram]]
|image8= Skyline_in_Narayanganj_(02).jpg
| caption8 = [[Narayanganj|Narayanganj Skyline]]
| image9 = Baliati Palace, Saturia, Manikganj (32).jpg
| caption9 = [[Baliati Zamindari|Baliati Palace]]
|image10 = Hajiganj-fort1.jpg
| caption10 = [[Hajiganj Fort]]
}}
| image_seal =
| image_map = Dhaka in Bangladesh.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Dhaka in [[Bangladesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24|10|N|90|25|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1829
| seat_type = Capital {{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}
| seat = [[Dhaka]]
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Divisional Commissioner of Bangladesh|Divisional Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Sharf Uddin Ahmed Choudhury
| leader_title1 = [[Parliament of Bangladesh|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jatiya Sangsad]] ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Dhaka Division|70 seats]])
| unit_pref = Metric<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dhakadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/93b7900c-9d2f-43cd-9324-fd18ecd7c84d/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2|title=ঢাকা বিভাগ|access-date=2021-10-28|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028081324/http://dhakadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/93b7900c-9d2f-43cd-9324-fd18ecd7c84d/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 20508.8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2022">{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925220139/https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total = 44215759 (Enumerated)
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_density_km2 = 2156
| population_urban = 20752075
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="census2022"/>
| population_rural = 23454222
| population_rural_footnotes = <ref name="census2022"/>
| population_metro = 13,941,452
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="census2022"/>
| population_blank1_title = Adjusted Population<ref name="census2022"/>
| population_blank1 = 45644586
| population_demonym = Dhakaiya
| population_note = 
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| timezone1 = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-C
| website = {{URL|dhakadiv.gov.bd}}
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec2 = Notable sports teams
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Dhaka Capitals]] [[Dhaka Metropolis cricket team|Dhaka Metropolis]] [[Dhaka Division cricket team|Dhaka Division]]
| official_name =
| other_name = Dacca Division
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2022)}}
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.698<ref>{{cite web | url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019 | title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Table - Global Data Lab | access-date=25 September 2022 | archive-date=25 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925135059/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Dhaka Division''' ({{langx|bn|ঢাকা বিভাগ|Ḍhaka Bibhag}}) is an [[Divisions of Bangladesh|administrative division]] of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |author=Sajahan Miah |chapter=Dhaka Division |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka_Division |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701165842/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka_Division |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dhaka]] serves as the [[capital city]] of Dhaka Division, the [[Dhaka District]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The division remains a population magnet, and covers an area of 20,508.8 km2 with a population in excess of 44 million, it is one of the fastest growing populous [[administrative divisions]] of the world, growing at a rate of 1.94% since prior count, compared with the national average of 1.22%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/dhaka/2022/07/27/census-2022-dhaka-home-to-44-million-people-now | title=Census 2022: Dhaka division home to 44 million people now | date=27 July 2022 | access-date=14 August 2022 | archive-date=14 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814122848/https://www.dhakatribune.com/dhaka/2022/07/27/census-2022-dhaka-home-to-44-million-people-now | url-status=live }}</ref> However, national figures may include data skewing expatriation of male labor force as gender ratio is skewed towards females.

Dhaka Division borders every other division in the country except [[Rangpur Division]]. It is bounded by [[Mymensingh Division]] to the north, [[Barisal Division]] to the south, [[Chittagong Division]] to the east and south-east, [[Sylhet Division]] to the north-east, and [[Rajshahi Division]] to the west and [[Khulna Division]]s to the south-west.

== Etymology ==
The origins of the name Dhaka are uncertain. It may derive from the ''[[Butea monosperma|dhak]]'' [[tree]], which was once common in the area, or from [[Dhakeshwari]], the 'patron goddess' of the region.<ref name=britannicaetymology>{{cite encyclopaedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |title=Dhaka |encyclopaedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |date=26 June 2023 |quote=Dhaka's name is said to refer to the dhak tree, once common in the area, or to Dhakeshwari (“The Hidden Goddess”), whose shrine is located in the western part of the city. |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143325/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=dailystaretym>{{cite news |last=Ayan |first=Anindya J. |title=History of Dhaka's origin |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/video-stories/watch-glimpse-the-history-dhakas-origin-208639?amp |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=28 January 2018 |access-date=15 April 2023 |quote=In history, it is often believed that Raja Ballal Sen of the Sen Dynasty of Bengal founded the Dhakeshwari Temple in the 12th century to mark the place of his birth and to pay tribute to the patron goddess of this region. The name Dhaka is believed to have originated from Dhakeshwari in the same way Athens got its name from Athena, the patron goddess of the Greek city. |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415135035/https://www.thedailystar.net/video-stories/watch-glimpse-the-history-dhakas-origin-208639?amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Another popular theory states that Dhaka refers to a [[membranophone]] instrument, ''[[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]]'' which was played by order of [[Subahdar]] [[Islam Khan I]] during the inauguration of the Bengal capital in 1610.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam_Khan_Chisti|website=[[Banglapedia]]|title=Islam Khan Chisti|access-date=4 February 2013|archive-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002132/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam_Khan_Chisti|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some references also say it was derived from a [[Prakrit]] dialect called Dhaka Bhasa; or Dhakka, used in the [[Rajtarangini]] for a watch station; or it is the same as Davaka, mentioned in the [[Allahabad]] pillar inscription of [[Samudragupta]] as an eastern frontier kingdom.<ref name="banglapedia">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Dhaka}}</ref> According to [[Rajatarangini]] written by a Kashmiri Brahman, [[Kalhana]],<ref name="Mamoon 2010">{{cite book |last=Mamoon |first=Muntassir |author-link=Muntassir Mamoon |year=2010 |orig-year=First published 1993 |title=Dhaka: Smiriti Bismiritir Nogori |publisher=Anannya |page=94}}</ref> the region was originally known as ''Dhakka''. The word ''Dhakka'' means ''watchtower''. [[Bikrampur]] and [[Sonargaon]]—the earlier strongholds of Bengal rulers were situated nearby. So Dhaka was most likely used as the watchtower for the fortification purpose.<ref name="Mamoon 2010" />

==History==
{{main|History of Dhaka}}

The history of urban settlements in the area of modern-day Dhaka dates to the first millennium.<ref name="Britannica-Dhaka">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160598/Dhaka|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|title=Dhaka|access-date=4 February 2013|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116092341/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160598/Dhaka|url-status=live}}</ref> The Greater Dhaka region was under the kingdom of [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] and [[Gangaridai]] in ancient period.<ref>{{cite book |author=Enamul Haque |title=Excavation at Wari-Bateshwar: A Preliminary Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_FtAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=International Center for Study of Bengal Art |isbn=978-984-8140-02-4}}</ref> The region was part of the ancient division of [[Bikrampur]], which was ruled by the [[Sena dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Dhaka City Corporation |date=5 September 2006 |url=http://www.dhakacity.org/his_pre_mughal.html |title=Pre-Mughal Dhaka (before 1608) |access-date=1 December 2015 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410184215/http://www.dhakacity.org/his_pre_mughal.html |archive-date=10 April 2008}}</ref> The ancient city of [[Bikrampur]] in Dhaka was also one of the capitals of [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Chandra dynasty|Chandras]], [[Varman dynasty (Bengal)|Varmans]] and [[Deva Dynasty|Devas]]. The ancient city of Dholsamudra in present-day Gazipur served as one of the capitals of the Buddhist [[Pala Empire]]. In the sixth century, forts were built in [[Kapasia Upazila|Toke and Ekdala]] which continued to be used as late as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Period]]. Chinashkhania was the capital of the Chandalas and Shishu Pal had his capital in modern-day [[Sreepur Upazila, Gazipur|Sreepur]], which the ruins of can still be seen today. Another fort was built in Dardaria in 1200.<ref name=Banglapedia/> Under [[Islamic]] rule, the centre moved to the historic district of [[Sonargaon]], the regional administrative hub of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] and the [[Bengal Sultanate]]s.<ref name="archive.thedailystar.net">{{cite news |title=From Jahangirnagar to Dhaka |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm |url-status=live |department=Forum |work=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208123832/http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/august/jahangirnagar.htm |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>

At the end of the [[Karrani Dynasty]] (1564–1575), the nobles of [[Bengal]] became fiercely independent. [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] carved out an independent principality in the Bhati region comprising a part of greater [[Dhaka district]] and parts of [[Mymensingh district]]. During that period [[Taj Khan Karrani]] and another Afghan chieftain helped [[Isa Khan]] to obtain an estate in [[Sonargaon]] and [[Mymensingh]] in 1564. By winning the grace of the Afghan chieftain, Isa Khan gradually increased his strength and status and by 1571, the Mughal Court designated him as the ruler of Bhati.<ref>{{cite news |title=A tale of Baro-Bhuiyans |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=239574:a-tale-of-baro-bhuiyans&catid=175:weekend-independent&Itemid=213 |newspaper=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |date=5 December 2014 |access-date=1 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203062510/http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=239574:a-tale-of-baro-bhuiyans&catid=175:weekend-independent&Itemid=213 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mughal histories, mainly the ''[[Akbarnama]]'', the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' and the ''[[Baharistan-i-Ghaibi]]'' refers to the low-lying regions of Bengal as ''Bhati.'' This region includes the Bhagirathi to the [[Meghna River]] is Bhati, while others include Hijli, [[Jessore District|Jessore]], Chandradwip and [[Barisal Division]] in Bhati. Keeping in view the theatre of warfare between the Baro-Bhuiyans and the Mughals, the Baharistan-i-Ghaibi mentions the limits of the area bounded by the [[Ichamati River|Ichamati]] River in the west, the [[Ganges]] in the south, the [[Tripura]] to the east; Alapsingh pargana (in present [[Mymensingh District]]) and Baniachang (in greater [[Sylhet]]) in the north. The Baro-Bhuiyans rose to power in this region and put up resistance to the Mughals, until [[Islam Khan Chisti]] made them submit in the reign of [[Jahangir]].<ref name=":0" /> Throughout his reign Isa Khan put resistance against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasion. It was only after his death, when the region went totally under [[Mughal emperors|Mughals]].<ref name=":0">{{cite Banglapedia|author=Abdul Karim|article=Bara Bhuiyans, The}}</ref> [[Isa Khan]] was buried in the village of [[Kaliganj Upazila, Gazipur|Bakhtarpur]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/priyo-desh/2017/11/19/567241 |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |date=19 Nov 2017 |script-title=bn:ঈশা খাঁর কবর গাজীপুরে! |language=bn |trans-title=Isa Khar Qobor Gazipure |author=Sharif Ahmad Shamim |location=[[Gazipur]] |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021164023/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/priyo-desh/2017/11/19/567241 |archive-date=21 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Lalbagh Kella (Lalbagh Fort) Dhaka Bangladesh 2011 54.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Ruins of [[Lalbagh Fort]]]]
Dhaka became the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1610 with a jurisdiction covering modern-day Bangladesh and [[east India|eastern India]], including the modern-day [[Indian state]]s of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa]]. This province was known as [[Bengal Subah]]. The city was founded during the reign of [[Jahangir|Emperor Jahangir]]. Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] visited Dhaka in 1624 and stayed in the city for a week, four years before he became emperor in 1628.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/my-dhaka/news/shah-jahans-dhaka-visit-he-became-the-mughal-emperor-3413231 | title=Shah Jahan's Dhaka visit before he became the Mughal emperor | date=7 September 2023 | access-date=8 September 2023 | archive-date=8 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908153928/https://www.thedailystar.net/my-dhaka/news/shah-jahans-dhaka-visit-he-became-the-mughal-emperor-3413231 | url-status=live }}</ref> Dhaka became one of the richest and greatest cities in the world during the early period of Bengal Subah (1610–1717). The prosperity of Dhaka reached its peak during the administration of governor [[Shaista Khan]] (1644-1677 and 1680–1688). Rice was then sold at eight maunds per rupee. Thomas Bowrey, an English merchant sailor who visited the city between 1669 and 1670, wrote that the city was 40 miles in circuit. He estimated the city to be more populated than [[London]] with 900,000 people.<ref>Historical Background for the Establishment of Naib-Nazimship (Deputy Governorship for the four Divisions of Subah Bangla), ''Asiatic Society of Bangladesh''</ref>

Bengal became the economic engine of the Mughal Empire. Dhaka played a key role in the [[proto-industrialisation]] of Bengal. It was the centre of the [[muslin trade in Bengal]], leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets as far away as [[Central Asia]].<ref>Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, page 202, University of California Press</ref> [[Islam Khan I]] was the first Mughal governor to reside in the city.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Kraas |editor-first=Frauke |editor-last2=Aggarwal |editor-first2=Surinder |editor-last3=Coy |editor-first3=Martin |editor-last4=Mertins |editor-first4=Günter |year=2013 |title=Megacities: Our Global Urban Future |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwHFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |publisher=Springer |page=60 |isbn=978-90-481-3417-5}}</ref> Khan named it "Jahangir Nagar" (''The City of Jahangir'') in honour of the Emperor Jahangir. The name was dropped soon after the English conquered. Dhaka became home to one of the richest elites in Mughal India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shay |first=Christopher |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110815-saving-dhakas-heritage |title=Travel – Saving Dhaka's heritage |work=[[BBC Online]] |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205130440/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110815-saving-dhakas-heritage |url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the Nawabs of Bengal, the [[Naib Nazim of Dhaka]] was in charge of the city. The Naib Nazim was the deputy governor of Bengal. He also dealt with the upkeep of the Mughal Navy. The Naib Nazim was in charge of the Dhaka Division, which included Dhaka, [[Comilla]], and Chittagong. Dhaka Division was one of the four divisions under the Nawabs of Bengal. The Nawabs of Bengal allowed European trading companies to establish factories across Bengal. The region then became a hotbed for European rivalries. The British moved to oust the last independent Nawab of Bengal in 1757, who was allied with the French. Due to the defection of Nawab's army chief [[Mir Jafar]] to the British side, the last Nawab lost the [[Battle of Plassey]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In the northern part of the Dhaka division, [[Bhawal Estate]] was a large [[zamindari]] in [[Bengal]] (in modern-day [[Gazipur]], Bangladesh) until it was abolished according to ''East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950''. In the late 17th century, Daulat Ghazi was the zamindar of the Ghazi estate of Bhawal. Bala Ram was Diwan of Daulat Ghazi. In 1704, as the consequence of change in the policy of revenue collection, Bala Ram's son Sri Krishna was installed as the zamindar of Bhawal by [[Murshid Quli Khan]]. Since then, through acquisitions the zamindari expanded. The family turned into the proprietor of the whole Bhawal pargana after purchasing the zamindari of J. Wise, an indigo grower for Rs 4,46,000.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bhawal Estate}}</ref> In 1878, [[British Raj]] conferred ''Raja'' title to Zamindar Kalinarayan Roy Chowdhury who oversaw the Bhawal estate.<ref name=bpedia/> At its peak, the estate comprised over 1,500 square kilometer, which included 2,274 villages and around 55,000 villagers.<ref name="haunted">{{Cite web |author=Apurba Jahangir |author-link=Apurba Jahangir |date=13 May 2016 |title=The Haunted Estate |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/the-haunted-estate-1222729 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626180541/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/the-haunted-estate-1222729 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

On the southern side the notable township was Fatehabad located by a stream known as the Dead Padma, which was {{convert|20|mi|km|order=flip}} from the main channel of the Padma River. Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] established a [[Mint (facility)|mint]] in Fatehabad during his reign in the early 15th century. Fatehabad continued to be a mint town of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] until 1538. In [[Ain-i-Akbari]], it was named as ''Haweli Mahal Fatehabad'' during the reign of [[Emperor Akbar]] in the [[Mughal Empire]]. The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] cartographer [[João de Barros]] mentioned it as ''Fatiabas''. The Dutch map of Van den Brouck described it as ''Fathur''.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Fathabad}}</ref> By the 19th century, the town was renamed as Faridpur in honour of the [[Sufi]] saint Shah Fariduddin Masud, a follower of the [[Chishti order]] of [[Ajmer]].<ref name="en.banglapedia.org"/> [[Haji Shariatullah]] and [[Dudu Miyan]] led the conservative [[Faraizi movement]] in Faridpur during the early 19th century. The Faridpur District was established by the British in 1786. The Faridpur Subdivision was a part of Dacca Division in the [[Bengal Presidency]] established by the [[East India Company]]. The municipality of Faridpur was established in 1869.<ref name="global.britannica.com">{{cite web|url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Faridpur|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310001530/http://global.britannica.com/place/Faridpur|archive-date=10 March 2021|title=Faridpur|website=Britannica}}</ref> The subdivision covered modern day Faridpur, [[Rajbari District|Rajbari]], [[Madaripur]], [[Shariatpur]] and [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]] districts (collectively known as Greater Faridpur). It was included in [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] during the [[British Raj]] between 1905 and 1912.

[[File:Bengal gazetteer 1907-9.jpg|thumb|Dhaka was the capital of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] in the [[British Raj]] between 1905 and 1912]]
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian mutiny of 1857]], Dhaka witnessed revolts by the [[Bengal Army]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rare-1857-reports-on-Bengal-uprisings/articleshow/4637780.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Rare 1857 reports on Bengal uprisings |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105205019/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rare-1857-reports-on-Bengal-uprisings/articleshow/4637780.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[British Raj|Direct rule by the British crown]] was established following the successful quelling of the mutiny. It bestowed privileges on the Dhaka Nawab Family, which dominated the city's political and social elite. In 1885, the Dhaka State Railway was opened with a 144 km metre gauge (1000 mm) rail line connecting [[Mymensingh]] and the [[Port of Narayanganj]] through Dhaka.<ref name="banglapedia.railway">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Railway}}</ref> The city later became a hub of the [[Eastern Bengal Railway|Eastern Bengal State Railway]].<ref name="banglapedia.railway"/> The electricity supply began in 1901.<ref name="tusher.kobiraj.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tusher.kobiraj.com/history-electricity-bangladesh.html |title=History of Electricity in Bangladesh | Thcapriciousboy |publisher= |date=18 July 2013 |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216195149/http://www.tusher.kobiraj.com/history-electricity-bangladesh.html |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dhaka's fortunes changed in the early 20th century. British neglect of Dhaka's urban development was overturned with the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]] in 1905, which restored Dhaka's status as a regional capital. The city became the seat of government for [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], with a jurisdiction covering most of modern-day Bangladesh and all of what is now [[Northeast India]]. The partition was the brainchild of [[Lord Curzon]], who finally acted on British ideas for partitioning Bengal with a view to improving administration, education, and business. Dhaka became the seat of the [[Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council]]. Dhaka was the seat of government for 4 administrative divisions, including the Assam Valley Division, Chittagong Division, Dacca Division, Rajshahi Division, and the Surma Valley Division. There were a total of 30 districts in Eastern Bengal and Assam, including Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur and [[Barisal Division|Backergunge]] in Dacca Division; [[Comilla Division|Tippera]], Noakhali, Chittagong and the [[Hill Tracts]] in Chittagong Division; Rajshahi, Dinajpur, [[Jalpaiguri division|Jalpaiguri]], Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna and [[Malda division|Malda]] in Rajshahi Division; Sylhet, [[Barak Valley|Cachar]], the [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills]], the [[Nagaland|Naga Hills]] and the [[Mizoram|Lushai Hills]] in Surma Valley Division; and [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]], the [[Meghalaya|Garo Hills]], [[Darrang]], [[Nagaon district|Nowgong]], [[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar]] and [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] in Assam Valley Division.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Eastern Bengal and Assam}}</ref> The province was bordered by [[Cooch Behar State]], [[Hill Tipperah]] and the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]].

[[File:Time-lapse of the urban growth of Dhaka, Bangladesh as seen from space (1972 to 2001).webm|thumb|NASA animation showing the urban growth of Dhaka from 1972 to 2001.]]
The development of the "real city" began after the [[partition of India]].<ref name="himalmag1">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.himalmag.com/zafar-sobhan-dhaka-bangladesh/ |title=Out of place, out of time |magazine=Himal Southasian |date=26 March 2019 |access-date=28 September 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164534/https://www.himalmag.com/zafar-sobhan-dhaka-bangladesh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After partition, Dhaka became known as the ''second capital'' of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="himalmag1"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/opinion/the-grudging-urbanist/how-politics-and-architecture-blended-dhaka-1623103 |title=How politics and architecture blended in Dhaka |work=The Daily Star |date=20 August 2018 |type=Opinion |access-date=28 September 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928164532/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/opinion/the-grudging-urbanist/how-politics-and-architecture-blended-dhaka-1623103 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was formalized in 1962 when [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] declared the city as the legislative capital under the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|1962 constitution]]. The economy began to industrialize. On the outskirts of the city, the [[Adamjee Jute Mills|world's largest jute mill]] was built. The mill produced jute goods which were in high demand during the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Unthreading Partition: The politics of jute sharing between two Bengals |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/unthreading-partition-the-politics-jute-sharing-between-two-bengals-1778560 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106084737/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/unthreading-partition-the-politics-jute-sharing-between-two-bengals-1778560 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[InterContinental Dhaka|Intercontinental hotel]], designed by [[William B. Tabler]], was opened in 1966. Estonian-American architect [[Louis I. Kahn]] was enlisted to design the Dhaka Assembly, which was originally intended to be the federal parliament of Pakistan and later became independent Bangladesh's parliament. The [[East Pakistan Helicopter Service]] connected the city to regional towns.

The [[Dhaka Stock Exchange]] was opened on 28 April 1954. The first local airline [[Orient Airways]] began flights between Dhaka and [[Karachi]] on 6 June 1954. The [[RAJUK|Dhaka Improvement Trust]] was established in 1956 to coordinate the city's development. The first master plan for the city was drawn up in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11996774_06.pdf |title=Part II: Formulation of Urban and Transport Plan |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084236/http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11996774_06.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] established a medical research centre (now called [[ICDDR,B]]) in the city in 1960.

After independence, Following the [[History of Bangladesh#People's Republic of Bangladesh|independence of Bangladesh]] in 1971, the country had four divisions: [[Chittagong Division]], Dacca Division, [[Khulna Division]], and [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1982, the English spelling of the Dacca Division (along with the name of the capital city) was changed into Dhaka Division.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} In the 1990s and 2000s, Dhaka experienced improved economic growth and the emergence of affluent business districts and satellite towns.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hossain |first=Shahadat |date=January 2008 |title=Rapid Urban Growth and Poverty in Dhaka City |url=http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/BEJS%205.1%20Rapid%20Urban%20Growth%20and%20Poverty%20final.pdf?q=dhaka |journal=Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology |volume=5 |issue=1 |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818115752/http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/BEJS%205.1%20Rapid%20Urban%20Growth%20and%20Poverty%20final.pdf?q=dhaka |url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1990 and 2005, the city's population doubled from 6 million to 12 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhaka: fastest growing megacity in the world |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2010-09-08/dhaka-fastest-growing-megacity-world |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=The World from PRX |date=2 August 2016 |language=en |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119194102/https://theworld.org/stories/2010-09-08/dhaka-fastest-growing-megacity-world |url-status=live }}</ref> There has been increased [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] in the city, particularly in the financial and textile manufacturing sectors.

==Administrative divisions==

Dhaka Division consisted before 2015 of four [[city corporation]]s, 13 districts, 123 upazilas and 1,248 union parishads. However, four of the most northerly of the 17 districts were removed in 2015 to create the new [[Mymensingh Division]], and another five districts (those situated to the south of the [[Ganges]]/[[Padma River]]) are in the process of being removed to create a new [[Faridpur Division]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
|+
! Name !! Capital !! Area (km2)
!Area (sq mi)!! Population 1991 Census !! Population 2001 Census !! Population 2011 Census !! Population 2022 census
|-
| [[Dhaka District]] || [[Dhaka]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1463.60}}
|565.10|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 5839642}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 8511228}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 12043977}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:14734024}}
|-
| [[Gazipur District]] || [[Gazipur City|Gazipur]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1806.36}}
|697.44|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1621562}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2031891}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3403912}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:5262978}}
|-
| [[Manikganj District]] || [[Manikganj]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1383.66}}
|534.23|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1175909}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1285080}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1392867}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1557927}}
|-
| [[Munshiganj District]] || [[Munshiganj Sadar Upazila|Munshiganj]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1004.29}} ||387.76|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1188387}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1293972}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1445660}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1625354}}
|-
| [[Narayanganj District]] || [[Narayanganj]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 684.37}}
|264.24|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1754804}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2173948}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2948217}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:3908898}}
|-
| [[Narsingdi District]] || [[Narsingdi]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1150.14}}
|444.07|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1652123}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1895984}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2224944}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:2584335}}
|-
| [[Kishoreganj District]]|| [[Kishoreganj]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 2,688.53}}
|1038.05|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 2306079}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 2594954}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 2911907}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:3267626}}
|-
| [[Tangail District]] || [[Tangail]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3414.35}}
|1,318.29|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 3002428}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3290696}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3750781}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:4037316}}
|-
| [[Faridpur District]]|| [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 2052.68}}
|792.54|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1505686}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1756470}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1912969}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:2162754}}
|-
| [[Gopalganj District (Bangladesh)|Gopalganj District]]|| [[Gopalganj, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1468.74}}||567.08|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 1060791}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1165273}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1172415}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1295005}}
|-
| [[Madaripur District]]|| [[Madaripur Sadar Upazila|Madaripur]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1125.69}}||434.63|| align="right" j |{{formatnum: 1069176}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1146349}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1165952}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1292963}}
|-
| [[Rajbari District]]|| [[Rajbari Sadar Upazila|Rajbari]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1092.28}}
|421.73|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 835173}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 951906}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1049778}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1189743}}
|-
| [[Shariatpur District]]|| [[Shariatpur]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1174.05}}
|453.30|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 953021}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1082300}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 1155824}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:1294511}}
|-
| ''Total Districts'' * || 13 || align="right" |{{formatnum: 20508.80}}
|7,918.49|| align="right" |{{formatnum: 23964789}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 29180051}}|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 36433505}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum:44213278}}
|}

Note: * revised area and its population after excluding the districts transferred to the new [[Mymensingh Division]].

== Sources ==
Census figures for 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2022 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2022 Census figures are based on preliminary results.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Dhaka Division (2022)<ref name="census2022"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|93.40}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|6.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.28}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.06}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religious group with 93.40%, while Hindus are main minority with 6.26% population. Christians and others are 0.28% and 0.06% respectively. Out of 44,213,278 population, 41,295,740 are Muslims, 2,766,723 are Hindus, 124,349 are Christians, 20,341 are Buddhist, with some other faiths small population.<ref name="census2022"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Geographic location
|Center = Dhaka Division
|North = [[Mymensingh Division]]
|Northeast = [[Sylhet Division]]
|East = [[Chittagong Division]]
|Southeast = [[Chittagong Division]]
|South = [[Barisal Division]]
|Southwest = [[Padma Division]]
|West = [[Rajshahi Division]]
|Northwest = [[Rangpur Division]]
}}

{{Divisions of Bangladesh}}
{{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:Divisions of Bangladesh]]

Ravindra Singh (politician)

2026-03-25T18:42:45Z

Sera: Added New Bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravindra Singh
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1979
| constituency = Kauriram, [[Gorakhpur]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 27 August 1979
| death_place = [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| education = St. Andrew's College [[Gorakhpur University]] [[University of Lucknow]]
| occupation = Politician
| known_for =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ravindra Singh''' was an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]] who served as a Member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] in 1977.<ref name="indiantoday">{{cite news |title=In Uttar Pradesh politics is proving to be a deadly game |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19790930-in-uttar-pradesh-politics-is-proving-to-be-a-deadly-game-822527-2014-03-03 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=1979}}</ref> He had also been the student union president at [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University|Gorakhpur University]] and the [[University of Lucknow]].<ref name="hindustan">{{cite news |title=अतीत के आइने में: पूर्वांचल की सियासी नर्सरी से निकल कर छा गए थे रवीन्द्र सिंह |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-ravinder-singh-starts-from-university-become-very-popular-in-east-uttar-pradesh-2163354.html |publisher=[[Live Hindustan]] |date=8 September 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संघर्षो की उपज थे शहीद रविंद्र सिंह |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-11595777.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=31 August 2014 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Ravindra Singh was from a village in Gorakhpur. He served as General Secretary of the Student Union at St. Andrew's College, Gorakhpur and later became its president. In 1967, while pursuing his MA at [[Gorakhpur University]], he was elected President of the Students Union. He continued his studies at [[University of Lucknow]] and became the Student Union President there in 1972.<ref name="hindustan"/>

In 1977, he was elected MLA from the Kauriram constituency of Gorakhpur district on a [[Janata Party]] ticket. Despite being an MLA from the ruling party, he criticised the government. He considered student unions, labour organisations and employee organisations as essential training grounds for politics.<ref name="hindustan"/>

== Murder ==
On 27 August 1979, he was shot at [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station]] while traveling to Lucknow for an assembly session. He died from his injuries three days later, at the age of 35.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Manoj |title=The 'Bahubali' Who Became 'Brahmin Shiromani' |url=https://thewire.in/politics/harishankar-tiwari-bahubali-brahmin-shiromani |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=Abhigyan |title=The Saga Of Uttar Pradesh's Caste-based Criminal Gangs |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/book-review-the-caste-based-criminal-gangs-of-uttar-pradesh-news-184150 |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="indiantoday"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ravindra}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:People murdered in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Student politics in India]]

Reshma Thomas

2026-03-25T17:10:24Z

Sera:

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=October 2019}}
{{Notability|Biographies|date=February 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2020}}
}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2019}}

'''Reshma Elizabeth Thomas''' is a social worker,gender auditor and a self-taught artist in India.<ref name="newindianexpress3"/><ref name="ritz"/><ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/various-shades-of-mind/article7741687.ece|title=Various shades of mind|website=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress2">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Art-Highlighting-Social-Stigma-Towards-Mental-Health-Issues/2015/10/08/article3068074.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011014535/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Art-Highlighting-Social-Stigma-Towards-Mental-Health-Issues/2015/10/08/article3068074.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2015|title=Art Highlighting Social Stigma Towards Mental Health Issues|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>

She presented a paper about the historical and present influences on the transgender community at a national conference on transgender inequality at [[Trivandrum]], Kerala.<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/Those-stories-behind-the-colours/article15080149.ece|title=Those stories behind the colours|website=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref><ref name="ritz">{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/striving-for-change-through-art-2/|title=Striving For Change Through Art|website=RITZ|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref><ref name="technopolisweb">{{cite web|url=http://www.technopolisweb.com/2018/02/19/reshma-thomas-portraying-shades-of-humanity-on-bark/|title=Reshma Thomas: Portraying Shades of Humanity on Bark|website=Technopolis|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress3">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/aug/30/imprinting-frailties-1514395.html|title=Imprinting frailties|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress4">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/sep/17/kill-it-to-uplift-your-mental-health-1873296.html|title='Kill It' to uplift your mental health|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==

* A is for ART at Press Club Trivandrum, July 2015 - an art exhibition in support of [[Kerala Queer Pride|Queer Pride Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Colours-of-Pride/2015/07/07/article2905690.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030114154/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Colours-of-Pride/2015/07/07/article2905690.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2015|title=Colours of Pride|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
* Mind Network, an exhibition of art inspired by those afflicted by [[Depression (mood)|depression]] in support on World Mental Health Day), October 2015<ref name="ritz"/>
* Identity, Lalitha Kala Akademi - organised by Department of Social Justice, Government of Kerala, December 2016
* Imprints David Hall, Kochi, 2017
* The Secret Metamorphosis, Trivandrum, 2018
* The Unheard Voices, Trivandrum, 2019

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/art-for-the-cause-of-lgbt/article7397666.ece Art for the cause of LGBT]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/59848461.cms Carving a canvas out of tree bark]
*{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/art-speaks-louder-than-words-with-200-paintings-reshma-thomas-empathises-with-the-lgbt-community-2761877/|title=With 200 paintings, Reshma Thomas addresses issues of LGBTs|website=indianexpress.com|date=20 April 2016 |access-date=2019-03-29}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Reshma}}
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sudhi Koppa

2026-03-21T06:42:44Z

Sera: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudhi Koppa
| image = Sudhi Koppa.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kochi, Kerala]], India
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Sudhi Koppa''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sudhi-Koppa-to-play-a-political-extremist/articleshow/49582125.cms |title=Sudhi Koppa to play a political extremist |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-10-30 |access-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521090747/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sudhi-Koppa-to-play-a-political-extremist/articleshow/49582125.cms |archive-date=2016-05-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Paul |first=Nelson K |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kavi-udheshichathu-review-asif-ali-biju-menon-thomas-liju-thomas-anju.html |title=Kavi Udheshichathu movie review |website=English.manoramaonline.com |date=2016-10-21 |access-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202200903/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kavi-udheshichathu-review-asif-ali-biju-menon-thomas-liju-thomas-anju.html |archive-date=2017-02-02 }}</ref> He made his cinematic debut in 2009 with an uncredited appearance in ''[[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded]]'' (2009).<ref name="MB">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sudhi-koppa-actor-mathrubhumi-1.1842044 |title=Waited 17 years to become a familiar face in Cinema |website=Mathrubhumi.com |date=2017-04-02 |access-date=2017-04-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104508/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sudhi-koppa-actor-mathrubhumi-1.1842044 |archive-date=2017-04-19}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sudhi hails from Kochi. His father, who was a government officer had a passion towards drama and owned a drama troupe. Sudhi also started off as a theatre artist at Vaikom Thirunal Theatre Group, before forming his own drama troupe called 'Creative Theatre Group'.<ref>{{cite web|author=Biju Cherian Manalethu |url=http://cinetrooth.in/2016/03/02/suddhy-kopa-actor-profile-and-biography/ |title=Suddhy Kopa Actor Profile and Biography |website=Cinetrooth.in |date= |access-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804042754/http://cinetrooth.in/2016/03/02/suddhy-kopa-actor-profile-and-biography/ |archive-date=2016-08-04 }}</ref><ref name="MB" />

==Career==
Sudhi started off doing small roles in multi-starer movies. He played one of the goons, attacking [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] in ''[[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded]]'' and one of the students in ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' (2011). His theater background helped him secure a role in [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]'s ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]''. He played the role of Solomon's friend Sebastian, who tries to woo Solomon's sister played by [[Rachana Narayanankutty]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/M-Towns-own-booze-playlist/articleshow/48556134.cms |title=M- Town's own booze playlist |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-08-21 |access-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219135324/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/M-Towns-own-booze-playlist/articleshow/48556134.cms |archive-date=2016-02-19 }}</ref> He then played many more small roles in ''[[Manglish (film)|Manglish]]'' and ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' (2014).

His breakthrough came in ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2015), in which he played "Kanjavu" Soman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/it-not-honey-rose-srinda-who-plays-lead-aadu-oru-bheegara-jeeviyanu-615434 |title=It is Not Honey Rose but Srinda Who Plays the Lead in 'Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeeviyanu' |website=Ibtimes.co.in |date=2014-11-28 |access-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223558/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/it-not-honey-rose-srinda-who-plays-lead-aadu-oru-bheegara-jeeviyanu-615434 |archive-date=2016-11-05 }}</ref> The double-crossing Soman served as an important link between the different story tracks in the movie. He subsequently played an important role as the naive Unni in ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/16511/malayalam/you-too-brutus/5027/review/ |title=You Too Brutus Review - Malayalam Movie You Too Brutus nowrunning review |website=Nowrunning.com |date=2015-03-22 |access-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223723/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/16511/malayalam/you-too-brutus/5027/review/ |archive-date=2016-11-05 }}</ref>

2016 saw a string of releases in which he had good roles. He played Darwin's henchman Appunni in ''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]'' (2015). He was then seen as Hari and Manu's friend Paul Achayan in ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-wedding-completes-101-days-heres-worldwide-box-office-collection-surprise-hit-photos-690873 |title='Happy Wedding' completes 101 days; here's worldwide box office collection of the surprise hit [PHOTOS] |website=Ibtimes.co.in |date=2016-08-23 |access-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218184903/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-wedding-completes-101-days-heres-worldwide-box-office-collection-surprise-hit-photos-690873 |archive-date=2017-02-18 }}</ref> He then portrayed the alcoholic Thanka in ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' (2016), who gets into fights with Abhi and friends.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Asif-is-Biju-Menons-son-in-his-next/articleshow/49014378.cms |title=Asif is Biju Menon's son in his next! |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-09-19 |accessdate=2016-12-24}}</ref> He also essayed the role of a comical thief, Kaimal aka Kai in [[Sajid Yahiya]]'s directorial debut ''[[Inspector Dawood Ibrahim|IDI: Inspector Dawood Ibrahim]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/idi-inspector-dawood-ibrahim-shoot-progressing/119445/story.htm |title='IDI - Inspector Dawood Ibrahim' shoot progressing |website=Nowrunning.com |date=2016-04-02 |access-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601103736/http://www.nowrunning.com/idi-inspector-dawood-ibrahim-shoot-progressing/119445/story.htm |archive-date=2016-06-01 }}</ref> He was last seen as one of Asif Ali's teammates in ''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?]]'' (2016).

He is currently working on ''Third World Boys'', a road movie and ''Theeram''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/theeram-started-rolling/117771/story.htm |title='Theeram' started rolling |website=Nowrunning.com |date=2016-02-17 |access-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319210529/http://www.nowrunning.com/theeram-started-rolling/117771/story.htm |archive-date=2016-03-19 }}</ref> He is also playing a major role in ''[[Avarude Raavukal]]'' (2017), starring [[Asif Ali (actor)]] and [[Unni Mukundan]], and directed by Shanil Muhammed, who had earlier co-directed ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]'' (2013).
He also acted in a small role alongside superstar [[Manju Warrier]] in ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' (2017), which brought him lot of praise and went on to be a critical and commercial success.

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded]]'' || Babu||Uncredited Role
|-
| ''[[Robin Hood (2009 film)|Robin Hood]]'' ||Anil ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mummy & Me]]'' || College Student||Uncredited Role
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' || College Student||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' || Toddy Shop Patron ||
|-
|''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' || Sebastian ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[Manglish (film)|Manglish]]'' || Sahadevan ||
|-
|''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' || Gee Varghese ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2015 || ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' || Kanjavu Soman ||
|-
|''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' || Unni ||
|-
|''[[Love 24x7]]'' || Joshy ||
|-
|''[[KL 10 Patthu]]'' || Nizam ||
|-
|''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]'' || Kakapool ||
|-
|''Sahapadi 1975'' ||Vinayan ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2016 || ''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]'' || Appunni ||
|-
|''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' || Paul ||
|-
|''[[Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)|Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya]]'' || Kochukuttan ||
|-
|''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' || Thanka ||
|-
|''[[Guppy (film)|Guppy]]'' || Chink Divakar ||
|-
|''[[Inspector Dawood Ibrahim|IDI: Inspector Dawood Ibrahim]]'' || Kaimal ||
|-
|''[[Dum (2016 film)|Dum]]'' || Sumesh ||
|-
|''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?|Kavi Udheshichathu..?]]'' || Dineshan ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2017 || ''[[Alamara]]'' || Justin ||
|-
|''[[Lakshyam (2017 film)|Lakshyam]]'' || Lock Lalu ||
|-
|''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
|''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'' || Lonappan ||
|-
|''Chicken Kokkachi'' ||Azharudeen ||
|-
|''[[Paippin Chuvattile Pranayam]]'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
|''[[Avarude Raavukal]]'' || Shanil Muhammed||
|-
|''[[Theeram]]'' || Venu ||
|-
|''[[Aadu 2]]''|| Kanjavu Soman ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Eeda]]'' || Thulaseedharan ||
|-
|'' [[Padayottam (2018 film)|Padayottam]]'' || Renju ||
|-
|''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'' || Sudhi Kaippuzha ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2019 || ''[[Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam]]'' || Jokkuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]'' || Police Officer|| Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Sathyam Paranja Viswasikkuvo]]'' || Thamara ||
|-
| ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' || Disco Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Vikruthi]]'' || Bineesh ||
|-
| ''[[Puzhikkadakan]]'' || O. Santhanam||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''[[Kappela]]'' || Benny ||
|-
| ''[[Love (2020 film)|Love]]'' || Anoop's Friend ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2021 || ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]'' || Tea Shop Owner ||
|-
| ''[[Ajagajantharam]]'' || Pindy ||
|-
| ''[[No Man's Land (2021 Malayalam film)|No Man's Land]]'' || Ahmed||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2022 || ''[[Randu (film)|Randu]]'' || Shamsudeen ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Vishnu Unnikrishnan's 'Randu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/17/its-a-wrapfor-vishnuunnikrishnans-randu-2264967.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=The New Indian Express|date=17 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Veyil (2022 film)|Veyil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Antakshari (2022 film)|Antakshari]]''|| [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Sreenivas||
|-
| ''Third World Boys'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Priyan Ottathilanu]]'' || Shameer ||
|-
| ''Dhuniyavinte Orattath'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ela Veezha Poonchira]]'' || Sudhi ||
|-
| ''Jallianwala Bagh'' || ||
|-
| ''Sabaash Chandra Bose'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mukundan Unni Associates]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Robin Thazhatthu ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Aalankam]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lukman-Jaffer Idukki starrer Aalankam to hit theatres this month |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/13/lukman-jaffer-idukki-starrer-aalankam-to-hit-theatres-this-month-39952.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pulli'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-04 |title=Dev Mohan is a convict haunted by his past in his next in 'Pulli' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dev-mohan-is-a-convict-haunted-by-his-past-in-his-next-in-pulli/articleshow/88687856.cms |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]'' || Lincoln||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of Biju Menon-Suraj Venjaramoodu starrer Nadanna Sambhavam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/mar/01/teaser-of-biju-menon-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrer-nadanna-sambhavam-out-52543.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pattapakal'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-06 |title='Pattapakal' release: Krishna Sankar starrer to release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pattapakal-release-krishna-sankar-starrer-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/109882231.cms |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pallotty 90's Kids]]''|| Biju ||<ref>{{cite news |title = Pallotty 90's Kids: Kerala State Film Award winner film to have a theatrical release on this date |url = https://www.ottplay.com/news/pallotty-90s-kids-release-date-kerala-state-film-award-winner-arjun-ashokan-balu-varghese/9ea5e2915a412 |publisher =ottplay |date =5 October 2024 |accessdate = 5 October 2024 |language = English }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' || Sajeevan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-12-24 |title=Rekhachithram trailer has Asif Ali as a cop trying to unravel past mysteries |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/24/rekhachithram-trailer-has-asif-ali-as-a-cop-trying-to-unravel-past-mysteries |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Idi Mazha Kaattu'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2020-12-31 |title=New year special poster of Idi Mazha Kaattu released |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/Dec/31/first-look-of-idi-mazha-kaattu-released-22028.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ronth]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-15 |title=Roshan Mathew and Dileesh Pothan's Ronth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/15/roshan-mathew-and-dileesh-pothans-ronth-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Meesha (film)|Meesha]]'' || Imod || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2025/Aug/01/meesha-movie-review-a-promising-premise-undone-by-cluttered-execution|title=Meesha Movie Review: A promising premise undone by cluttered execution|first=Vignesh|last=Madhu|date=1 August 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''Koodothram'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-31 |title=Baiju Ezhupunna's Koodothram gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/31/baiju-ezhupunnas-koodothram-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aadu 3]]'' || Kanjavu Soman ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=It's a wrap for Jayasurya-Midhun Manuel Thomas' Aadu 3 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/10/its-a-wrap-for-jayasurya-midhun-manuel-thomas-aadu-3 |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=7205423}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koppa, Sudhi}}
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Blue-water navy

2026-03-18T13:49:10Z

Sera: updated details

{{short description|Naval force capable of operating across the deep waters of the open oceans}}
[[Image:Rimpac battlegroup 2006.jpg|thumb|upright 1.6|[[USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)|USS ''Abraham Lincoln'']] leads a formation of ships from eight countries during the [[Exercise RIMPAC]] in July 2006.]]
{{war}}

A '''blue-water navy''' is a [[Navy|maritime force]] capable of operating globally, essentially across the deep waters of open [[ocean]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/jscsc/courses/RND/bmd|title=British Maritime Doctrine, BR 1806, Third Edition|year=2004|quote=The operating areas of maritime forces range from the deep waters of the open oceans (known colloquially as blue water).|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225005304/http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/jscsc/courses/RND/bmd|archive-date=2014-02-25}}</ref> While definitions of what actually constitutes such a force vary, there is a requirement for the ability to exercise [[Command of the sea|sea control]] at long range.

The term "blue-water navy" is a [[Maritime geography|maritime geographical]] term in contrast with "[[brown-water navy]]" (littoral waters and near to shore) and "[[green-water navy]]" (near to shore and open oceans).

The [[Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency]] of the United States has defined the blue-water navy as "a maritime force capable of sustained operation across the deep waters of open oceans. A blue-water navy allows a country to [[power projection|project power]] far from the home country and usually includes one or more aircraft carriers. Smaller blue-water navies are able to dispatch fewer vessels abroad for shorter periods of time."<ref name="DSS Trend Report">{{cite web | url=http://www.dss.mil/counterintel/DSS_UNCLASS_2010/specialFocusArea/special.html | title=Special Focus Area: Marine Sensors | publisher=Defense Security Service (United States Department of Defense) | work=Targeting U.S. Technologies: A Trend Analysis of Reporting from Defense Industry | year=2010 | access-date=July 15, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915162319/http://www.dss.mil/counterintel/DSS_UNCLASS_2010/specialFocusArea/special.html | archive-date=September 15, 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Attributes==
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 001012-N-0000N-001.jpg|thumb|A blue-water navy still remains susceptible to [[asymmetric warfare|asymmetric threats]], an example being the [[USS Cole bombing|USS ''Cole'' bombing]] in October 2000.]]
In public discourse, blue-water capability is identified with the operation of [[capital ship]]s such as [[battleship]]s, [[battlecruiser]]s, [[aircraft carrier]]s, and [[nuclear submarine]]s. For instance, during the debate in the 1970s whether Australia should replace {{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|6}}, a former [[Chief of Navy (Australia)|chief of navy]] claimed that if Australia did not replace her last aircraft carrier, she "would no longer have a blue-water navy".<ref name="Brown2004">{{citation | url=https://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=2104 | title=Why buy Abrams Tanks? We need to look at more appropriate options | first=Gary | last= Brown | date=31 March 2004 | journal=On Line Opinion | publisher= The National Forum}}</ref> In the end Australia did not buy a new carrier, but former Parliamentary defence advisor Gary Brown could still claim in 2004 that her navy remained "an effective blue-water force".<ref name=Brown2004 /> The [[Soviet Navy]] towards the end of the [[Cold War]] is another example of a blue-water navy that had minimal carrier aviation, relying instead on submarines, missile-carrying surface ships, and long-range bombers based on land.<ref name="Cockburn1984">{{cite book|author=Andrew Cockburn|title=The threat: inside the Soviet military machine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vjyAAAAMAAJ | page=408 |access-date=30 April 2012|year=1984|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn= 978-0-394-72379-2 |quote=in the past 15 years the Soviet Navy has steadily grown from a coastal defense force into a blue water navy powerful enough to challenge the US Navy in most major ocean areas of the world}}</ref>

A blue-water navy implies force protection from [[underwater warfare]], [[surface warfare]], and [[aerial warfare]] threats and a sustainable logistic reach, allowing a persistent presence at long range. A hallmark of a true blue-water navy is the ability to conduct [[Underway replenishment|replenishment at sea]] (RAS),<ref>{{citation | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pDfAAAAMAAJ&q=true+blue-water | title=Cold war at sea: high-seas confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union | first=David Frank | last=Winkler | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year=2000 | isbn= 978-1-55750-955-0 |page=32}}</ref> and the commissioning of underway replenishment ships is a strong sign of a navy's blue-water ambitions.<ref name="Cole2001">{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Bernard D.|title=The Great Wall at Sea: China's Navy Enters the Twenty-First Century|url=https://archive.org/details/greatwallatseach0000cole |url-access=registration| access-date=30 April 2012|year=2001|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-55750-239-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatwallatseach0000cole/page/104 104]}}</ref> While a blue-water navy can project sea control power into another nation's littoral waters, it remains susceptible to threats from less capable forces ([[asymmetric warfare]]). Maintenance and logistics at range have high costs, and there might be a saturation advantage over a deployed force through the use of land-based air or [[surface-to-surface missile]] assets, [[Diesel-electric#Submarines|diesel-electric submarines]], or asymmetric tactics with [[fast attack craft]] (FAC). An example of this vulnerability was the October 2000 [[USS Cole bombing|USS ''Cole'' bombing]] in [[Aden]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://proceedings.ndia.org/5560/Wednesday/Session_III-A/Heijster.pdf|title=Smart Range of Burst fuzes|access-date=2009-02-23 |publisher= TNO|date= April 6, 2005|author = Rob van Heijster}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0107/news/110107_fiac.htm|title= Protecting Naval Surface Ships from Fast Attack Boat Swarm Threats|access-date= 2009-02-23|publisher= defense-update.com|date= January 10, 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070116024340/http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0107/news/110107_fiac.htm|archive-date= 2007-01-16|url-status= dead}}</ref>

The term 'blue-water navy' should not be confused with the capability of an individual ship. For example, vessels of a green-water navy can often operate in blue water for short periods of time. A number of nations have extensive maritime assets but lack the capability to maintain the required sustainable logistic reach.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Till|first1=Geoffrey|title=Naval Modernisation in South-East Asia: Nature, Causes and Consequences|date=15 August 2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London |isbn=978-1135953942|page=267}}</ref> Some of them join coalition task groups in blue-water deployments such as anti-piracy patrols off Somalia.

===Definitions===
According to a dictionary definition, blue-water capability refers to an oceangoing fleet able to operate on the [[high seas]] far from its nation's home ports. Some operate throughout the world.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/blue-water Dictionary: Blue-water], dictionary.com</ref>

In their 2012 publication, "''Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific''", professors Geoffrey Till and Patrick C. Bratton outlined what they termed as "concise criteria" with regard to the definitions of brown-, green- and blue-water navies. Quote; "''...a brown-water navy standing for a navy capable of defending its coastal zones, a green-water navy for a navy competent to operate in regional sea and finally [a] blue-water navy described as a navy with capability to operate across the deep waters.''"<ref name="Bratton"/> They go on to say that even with such a definition and understanding of naval hierarchy, it is still "ambiguous". For example, while France and the United States may be considered blue-water navies, he states that the "operational capability and geographic reach of both navies are definitely different."<ref name="Bratton">{{cite book|last1=Bratton|first1=Patrick C|last2=Till|first2=Geoffrey|title=Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=978-1136627248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxOpAgAAQBAJ}}</ref>

Another definition states that 'brown-water' refers to the littoral areas within 100 [[nautical mile]]s of the coastline. 'Green-water' begins from 100 nautical miles out to the next major land formation, while 'blue-water' is the ability to project force out to at least 1,500 nautical miles beyond the coast.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Athwal|first1=Amardeep|title=China-India Relations: Contemporary Dynamics|date=10 Oct 2007|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781134074662|page=131, note 12}}</ref> Traditionally a distinction used to be made between a coastal [[brown-water navy]] operating in the [[littoral|littoral zone]] to 200 nautical miles (or 370 [[kilometre]]s) and an oceangoing blue-water navy. However, the [[United States Navy]] created a new term, [[green-water navy]], to replace the term 'brown-water navy' in US Navy parlance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/mullen/speeches/mullen051013.txt |title= Q&A with Adm. Michael G. Mullen 2006 CNO's Guidance Release Media Roundtable Pentagon |location=Washington, DC |date=13 October 2005 |publisher=US Navy |access-date=17 March 2015 |archive-date= 15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015040114/https://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/mullen/speeches/mullen051013.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>U.S. Navy [[Chief of Naval Operations]] [[Admiral]] [[Michael Mullen]] pointed out in an interview with KQV ([[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]): "We are looking at, in addition to the blue-water ships which I would characterize and describe as our aircraft carriers and other ships that support that kind of capability, we're also looking to develop capability in what I call the green-water and the brown-water, and the brown-water is really the rivers . . . These are challenges we all have, and we need to work together to ensure that the sea lanes are secure." FC [https://web.archive.org/web/20061122164224/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/mullen/speeches/mullen060519-kqv.txt KQV RADIO (PITTSBURGH) INTERVIEW WITH JOE FENN MAY 19, 2006]</ref> Today, a brown-water navy has come to be known as a predominantly [[Maritime geography#Riverine|riverine]] and [[littoral zone|littoral]] force.

Despite the above, however, there is no agreed definition of the term.<ref name=Michiko/>

===Classification and naval hierarchy===
[[File:Indian Navy flotilla of Western Fleet escort INS Vikramaditya (R33) and INS Viraat (R22) in the Arabian Sea.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Navy]] flotilla of Western Fleet escort [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']] (R33) and [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']] (R22) in the Arabian Sea; according to the Todd & Lindberg classification system, six navies are considered to be ranks 1-3 blue-water "multi-regional power projection" navies, capable of operating in multiple regions adjacent its own.<ref name=Kirchberger/>]]

There have been many attempts by naval scholars and other authorities to classify world navies, including; Michael Morris,<ref name="classification">{{cite book|title=Small Navies: Strategy and Policy for Small Navies in War and Peace (Dr Deborah Sanders, Dr Ian Speller, Professor Michael Mulqueen)|date=28 June 2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781472417619|pages=34–43}}</ref> British naval historians Eric Grove<ref name=classification/> and Professor Geoffrey Till,<ref name=classification/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Till|first1=Geoffrey|title=Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century|date=2 Aug 2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781135756789|pages=113–120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNgIbiDghI4C&q=Seapower%3A%20A%20Guide%20for%20the%20Twenty-First%20Century%202004|access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> French strategist [[Hervé Coutau-Bégarie]]<ref name=classification/><ref>Hervé Coutau-Bégarie, ''Traité de stratégie'', (Economica: Paris 2002). pp 617-621</ref> and professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg.<ref name=classification/><ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/> All identify basic common criteria for gauging the capability of navies, such as; total displacement and number of ships; modernity and power of weapons and systems; logistical and geographic reach with capacity for sustained operations; and the professional qualifications/disposition of sailors.<ref name=classification/>
[[File:Carriers Cavour (550) - Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) and Charles de Gaulle (R91) underway in 2013.JPG|thumb|left|{{ship|Italian aircraft carrier|Cavour|C 550|2}} (foreground) operating with {{USS|Harry S. Truman|CVN-75|2}} (middle) and {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle|R91|2}} (background) in the [[Gulf of Oman]], 2013 ]]
The table below shows the world naval hierarchy according to the classification system by professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg.<ref name=Kirchberger/> Their system originates from 1996<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/> and outlines ten ranks, distinguished by capability. Since then it has been used by various other experts to illustrate the subject.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name="Howarth2006">{{cite book|last1=Howarth|first1=Peter|title=China's Rising Sea Power: The PLA Navy's Submarine Challenge|date=18 April 2006|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781134203956|pages=179}}</ref> According to Todd and Lindberg, a "blue-water navy" is one that can project any sort of power beyond its own territorial waters.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name=Howarth2006/> However they used the principle of [[Loss of Strength Gradient|loss of strength gradient]] and other criteria to distinguish navies by capability under the four "blue-water" ranks.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name=Howarth2006/> The six ranks of "Non blue-water navies" can be further broken down into "green-water" and "brown-water navies", and according to Todd and Lindberg, these are navies only capable of operating as coastal defence forces, coast guards or riverine forces.<ref name=Kirchberger/><ref name=Howarth2006/>

{|class="wikitable"
|+ World Naval Hierarchy, according to the Todd & Lindberg classification system (c.2015)<ref name="Bratton" /><ref name=Kirchberger/>
|-
! Category
! Rank
! Designation
! Capabilities
! Navies
|-
! rowspan="4"| Blue-water navies
| 1 || {{nowrap|Global-reach}} power projection || Multiple and sustained power projection missions globally || [[United States Navy|United States]]
|-
| 2 || Limited global-reach power projection || At least one major power projection operation globally || {{nowrap| [[French Navy|France]], [[Royal Navy|United Kingdom]], [[Italian Navy|Italy]]}}
|-
| 3 || Multi-regional power projection || Power projection to regions adjacent to its own || [[People's Liberation Army Navy|China]], [[Indian Navy|India]], [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force|Japan]], [[Russian Navy|Russia]]
|-
| 4 || Regional power projection || Limited range power projection beyond [[exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ) || [[Royal Australian Navy|Australia]], [[Brazilian Navy|Brazil]], [[Egyptian Navy|Egypt]], [[German Navy|Germany]], [[Royal Netherlands Navy|Netherlands]], [[Republic of Korea Navy|South Korea]], [[Spanish Navy|Spain]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| Green-water navies
| 5 || Regional offshore coastal defence || Coastal defence within and slightly beyond EEZ || Canada,<ref>[https://legionmagazine.com/bringing-the-navy-up-to-date/ Bringing the navy up to date]. Legion magazine. October 4, 2019.</ref> Indonesia, Israel, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and others
|-

| 6 || Inshore coastal defence || Coastal defence confined to inner EEZ || Bangladesh, Brunei, Myanmar, North Korea, Sri Lanka, Sweden,<ref>Friedner Parrat, C., 2022. Swedish Coastal Defence Over Four Centuries: War as a Changing Institution of International Society. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 5(1), p.350–363.DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.156</ref> and others
|-
! rowspan="4"| Brown-water navies
| 7 || Regional offshore constabulary || Maritime policing within and slightly beyond EEZ || Estonia, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Tunisia, and others
|-
| 8 || Inshore constabulary || Maritime policing confined well within EEZ || Cambodia, Cyprus, the Philippines, and others
|-
| 9 || Inland waterway riverine || Riverine defence of landlocked states || Bolivia, Burundi, Paraguay, and many others
|-
| 10 || Token navy riverine || Very basic constabulary if at all || Many examples worldwide
|}

===Overseas basing===
{{See also|Unsinkable aircraft carrier}}
Historically, and to present day, blue-water navies have tended to establish overseas bases to extend the reach of supply lines, provide repair facilities and enhance the "effective striking power" of a fleet beyond the capabilities provided by the nation's [[Home port#Navy|homeports]].<ref name="Milan N. Vego">{{cite book|last=Vego|first=Milan N.|title=Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas|date=5 Sep 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136317941|pages=61–71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ea3AAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Generally, these overseas bases are located within areas where potential conflicts or threats to the nation's interests may arise. For example, since [[World War II]] the [[Royal Navy]] and later the [[United States Navy]] have continued to base forces in [[Bahrain]] for operations in the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name="Milan N. Vego"/> The military importance and value of overseas basing is primarily dependent on geographical location. A base located at [[choke point]]s in narrow or enclosed seas can be of high value, especially if positioned near, or within striking distance of an enemy's [[sea lines of communication]]s.<ref name="Milan N. Vego"/> However advanced operating bases (''or'' forward operating bases) can be equally as valuable. [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor]] acts as a "gateway" for the US Navy to "operate forward" in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20140527174306/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=64887 CNO Sees Hawaii as 'Gateway' to Operate Forward], navy.mil, 1/20/2012</ref>

==Examples==
These are examples of navies that have been described by various defense experts or academics as being blue-water navies. Some have successfully used their blue-water capabilities to exercise control on the high seas and from there have projected power into other nations' [[littoral zone|littoral waters]].<ref name="Trident">{{cite web|title=The Royal Navy: Britain's Trident for a Global Agenda|url=http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2006/11/04/the-royal-navy-britains-trident-for-a-global-agenda/|work=henryjacksonsociety.org|publisher=[[Henry Jackson Society]]|access-date=4 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911235404/http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2006/11/04/the-royal-navy-britains-trident-for-a-global-agenda/|archive-date=11 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bennett">{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=James C|title=The Anglosphere Challenge: Why the English-speaking Nations Will Lead the Way in the Twenty-first Century|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=United States|isbn=978-0742533332|page=286|quote=...the United States and the United Kingdom have the world's two best world-spanning blue-water navies... with the French being the only other candidate... and China being the most likely competitor in the long term}}</ref> However, there is no agreed upon definition among authorities as to what constitutes a blue-water navy.<ref name="Michiko">{{cite book|last1=Phifer|first1=Michiko|title=A Handbook of Military Strategy and Tactics|date=13 Jul 2012|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789382573289|page=55}}</ref>


===China===
{{Main|People's Liberation Army Navy}}
[[File:Aircraft Carrier Liaoning CV-16.jpg|thumb|Chinese aircraft carrier ''Liaoning'']]
The [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] (PLAN) is subject to a variety of assessments regarding its capabilities. China's ambition from a [[green-water navy]] to blue-water capabilities received much attention, particularly from the [[United States Congress]]<ref name="China">Ronald O'Rourke, "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress", December 10, 2012, page 7</ref> and [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]],<ref name="US DOD Report">{{cite journal|title=Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2013|journal=Dod: Annual Report to Congress|date=2013|pages=38–39|url=http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_China_Report_FINAL.pdf|access-date=2014-11-10|archive-date=2015-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113120816/http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_china_report_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/chinas-blue-water-navy-strategy-and-its-implications |title=China's Blue Water Navy Strategy and its Implications |website=Center for a New American Security |date=20 March 2017 |first=Yoji |last=Koda }}</ref> with both acknowledging that China's primary aim was to project power in the [[Island chain strategy|First and Second island chains]].<ref name="US DOD Report"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Rourke |first1= Ronald|title=China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress|journal=Congressional Research Service|date=22 January 2020|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf}}</ref>

Since 2008, the PLAN has conducted anti-piracy missions in the [[Gulf of Aden]] on a [[Chinese_anti-piracy_operations_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden|continuous basis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peter A. Dutton & Ryan D. Martinson|title=NWC China Maritime Studies 13: Beyond the Wall Chinese far sea operations|date=13 May 2015|publisher=Naval War College|location=United States|page=33|url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/667e7ff9-b1e4-46cb-b709-555d151d5c3f/WEB_CMS13.pdf.aspx|access-date=3 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110023343/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/667e7ff9-b1e4-46cb-b709-555d151d5c3f/WEB_CMS13.pdf.aspx|archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref>
In a 2013 report to Congress, defense experts also asserted that over the coming decades, China would gain the capability to project power across the globe – similar to Britain's 1982 [[Falklands War]].<ref name="US DOD Report"/> In 2015, Todd and Lindberg's classification system put the PLAN was a rank four "regional power projection navy".<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/>

In 2020, assessments by the [[United States Naval Institute]] indirectly considered the Chinese Navy as a blue-water navy in all but its name, coining them "in terms of modern warships and submarines, China far outstrips any erstwhile naval competitors, except for the United States."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2020/february/chinas-navy-will-be-worlds-largest-2035 |title=China's Navy Will Be the World's Largest in 2035 |publisher=United States Naval Institute |date=February 2020 |journal=Proceedings |volume=146 |issue=2 }}</ref> In 2025, China conducted [[2025 Chinese naval exercises in the Tasman Sea|naval exercises in the Tasman Sea]], which has been viewed by analysts as evidence of their blue-water navy capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greene |first1=Andrew |last2=Dziedzic |first2=Stephen |title=Chinese gave live fire warning with planes 'literally flying across the Tasman' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-21/chinese-warship-pilot-hazard-east-coast/104966826 |website=ABC News (Australia) |access-date=4 January 2026 |language=en-AU |date=21 February 2025 |quote=The Chinese government has built a blue-water navy to project power into the Pacific region.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gan |first1=Nectar |title=Live-fire drills by ‘extremely capable’ Chinese warships rattle New Zealand and Australia |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/24/world/china-live-fire-drills-rattle-nz-aus-intl-hnk |website=CNN |access-date=4 January 2026 |language=en |date=24 February 2025 |quote=In recent years, the PLA Navy has shifted from near seas to far seas. They’re increasingly training themselves up to be a true blue-water navy.}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

===France===
{{Main|French Navy}}
[[File:Charles De Gaulle (R91) underway 2009.jpg|thumb|French aircraft carrier {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle|R91|2}}]]
The [[French Navy]] is recognised as being a blue-water navy by various experts and academics.{{ref|A|[A]}}<ref name="Bratton"/><ref name="Trident"/><ref name="Bennett"/> According to professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg, the French Navy is a rank two "limited global-reach power projection navy".<ref name="Lindberg-classification">{{cite book|first1=Daniel |last1=Todd |first2=Michael |last2=Lindberg|title=Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275953102|pages=56–57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=he5KL_tWQvMC|access-date=30 November 2015|ref=Todd-1996}}</ref><ref name="Kirchberger">{{cite book|last1=Kirchberger|first1=Sarah| oclc=911616881| title=Assessing China's Naval Power: Technological Innovation, Economic Constraints, and Strategic Implications|date=2015| location=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783662471272|page=60}}</ref>

The navy operates a single nuclear-powered aircraft carrier ({{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle|R91|2}}) which forms the centrepiece of the Navy's principal expeditionary task group (known as the Aeronaval Group). In addition to this, the navy maintains a secondary Amphibious Group (known as Le Groupe Amphibie) based around the {{Sclass|Mistral|amphibious assault ship|1}}s. Both these formations are part of the [[Force d'action navale]] (or Naval Action Force). The '[[Submarine forces (France)|''Forces sous-marines'']]' operates four nuclear-powered [[Triomphant-class submarine|ballistic missile submarines]] and six nuclear-powered [[fleet submarine]]s. France retains a network of overseas naval facilities around the world; from [[Fort-de-France|Fort de France]] in the Caribbean, to [[Le Port, Réunion]] in the Indian Ocean, [[Papeete]] in the Pacific and in several other parts of the world too, including the Gulf, South Atlantic and the Western Pacific.<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede300309studype407004_/SEDE300309StudyPE407004_en.pdf The overseas military installations of the Member States of the European Union], uroparl.europa.eu, Published 2009, Retrieved 26 June 2014</ref>

The navy's operational duties include the protection of French interests abroad and the security of the nation's many [[Overseas departments and territories of France|overseas departments and territories]], as such the Navy undertakes a number of [[Standing French Navy Deployments|standing commitments]] worldwide.<ref>[http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine French Navy official website], defense.gouv.fr</ref>
{{Clear}}

===India===
{{Main|Indian Navy}}
[[File:INS Vikrant (R11) and INS Vikramaditya (R33) with the carrier battle group.jpg|thumb|Indian aircraft carriers [[INS Vikramaditya]] and [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'']] with the carrier battle group sailing together]]
The [[Indian Navy]] is unique among Asian navies due to its long experience in carrier power projection since 1961.<ref name="George-Gilboy">{{cite book|first1=George J.|last1=Gilboy|first2=Eric|last2=Heginbotham|title=Chinese and Indian Strategic Behavior: Growing Power and Alarm|date=12 Mar 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=United Kingdom|pages=175–176|isbn=9781107661691}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Freeman|first1=Carla P|title=Handbook on China and Developing Countries|date=30 Apr 2015|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781782544210|page=455}}</ref> This, according to Dr. George J. Gilboy and political scientist Eric Heginbotham, gives the Indian Navy the "leading power projection capability in the region".<ref name="George-Gilboy"/> The Indian Navy is also the only Asian navy considered to be a rank three "multi-regional power projection navy" per Todd and Lindberg's classification system.<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/> In his discussion paper for Consultancy Africa Intelligence, Greg Ryan asserts that in recent years, the Indian Navy has emerged as a "global power in the blue water sense".<ref name="CAI">{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Greg|title=The expansion of India's blue water capabilities into African maritime territories|journal=Consultancy Africa Intelligence|date=8 September 2014|issue=Discussion paper|url=http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1709:the-expansion-of-indias-blue-water-capabilities-into-african-maritime-territories&catid=58:asia-dimension-discussion-papers&Itemid=264|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121239/http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1709:the-expansion-of-indias-blue-water-capabilities-into-african-maritime-territories&catid=58:asia-dimension-discussion-papers&Itemid=264|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

India initially outlined its intentions of developing blue-water capabilities under the 2007 ''Maritime Capabilities Perspective Plan'',<ref name="India">{{cite journal | url=http://www.jmss.org/2008/winter/articles/scott.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528002213/http://www.jmss.org/2008/winter/articles/scott.pdf | archive-date=2008-05-28 | title=India's drive for a 'blue water' navy | author=Scott, David | journal=[[Journal of Military and Strategic Studies]]| date=Winter 2007–2008 | volume=10 | issue=2 | page=42}}</ref><ref name="India1">{{cite book|first1=Atish|last1=Sinha|first2=Madhup|last2=Mohta|title=Indian Foreign Policy: Challenges and Opportunities|year=2007|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-593-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lKEJBadmAQC}}</ref> with the navy's priority being the projection of "power in India's area of strategic interest", the [[Indian Ocean]] Region.<ref name="wcmp">{{cite book|editor1-first=Antony|editor1-last=Preston|editor2-first=John|editor2-last=Jordan|editor3-first=Stephen|editor3-last=Dent|title=Warship|year=2007|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=978-1844860418|page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dytTKHJ0_mUC&q=kolkata+class+destroyer&pg=PA164}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=275 India's Military Modernization: Plans and Strategic Underpinnings], Gurmeet Kanwal, September 24, 2012</ref> Since 2007 the navy has increased its presence in the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Horn of Africa]] to the [[Strait of Malacca]], and routinely conducts [[Piracy in Somalia#Military presence|anti-piracy]] operations and partnership building with [[Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Co-operation|other navies]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Ocean: Reviving IOR-ARC forum|url=http://www.strategic-affairs.com/details.php?task=other_story&&id=502|publisher=Strategic Affairs|access-date=11 December 2013|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124833/http://www.strategic-affairs.com/details.php?task=other_story&&id=502|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy - Naval Operations|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-operations|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=23 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625095547/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-operations|archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> It also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the [[South China Sea|South]] and [[East China Sea|East China sea]]s as well as the western [[Mediterranean]] simultaneously.<ref>{{cite news|title=The power of the sea|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140523/commentary-op-ed/article/power-sea|access-date=23 May 2014|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=23 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brewster|first=David|title=India as an Asia Pacific power|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-1136620089|pages=140–143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RGpAgAAQBAJ&q=indian+navy+deployments+south+china+sea&pg=PA141}}</ref> The navy has a listening post in [[Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pubby|first1=Manu|title=India activates first listening post on foreign soil: radars in Madagascar|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-activates-first-listening-post-on-foreign-soil-radars-in-madagascar/205416/|access-date=15 March 2015|agency=The Indian Express|date=18 July 2007}}</ref>

India inducted its first aircraft carrier in 1961, and the navy has ever since operated two independent carrier task forces. After {{INS|Viraat}} and {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} were decommissioned, the country's strike force currently centers on the two carrier battle groups: {{INS|Vikramaditya}}, and a new indigenous aircraft carrier, {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}} commissioned in September 2022, restoring India's two-carrier capability. The Indian Navy also possesses an [[amphibious transport dock]], {{INS|Jalashwa}}, and currently operates 3 [[Arihant-class submarine|''Arihant''-class]] indigenously developed nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine with one more under construction, along with leasing one {{Sclass|Akula|submarine|0}} nuclear-powered attack submarine and has many more ships of different types planned or under construction.
{{Clear}}

===Italy===
{{Main|Italian Navy}}
[[File:Cavour Napoli 2010.jpg|thumb|Italian aircraft carrier [[Italian aircraft carrier Cavour|''Cavour'']]]]
The [[Italian Navy]] was categorised as a "regional blue-water navy" in [[Liu Huaqing]]'s Memoirs (1994),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SDDDP_a3yIQC&q=regional-blue+water+type&pg=PA100 The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles?], 2012 (Footnote no. 16, page 139)</ref> and as a rank three "multi regional power projection navy" by Professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg in 1996.<ref name="Lindberg-classification" /> In the former 1989 publication "''The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East''", Joseph I. Coffey asserted that Italy's blue-water capabilities didn't extend beyond the Mediterranean sea.<ref name="Coffey">{{cite book|last1=Coffey|first1=Joseph I.|title=The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East|date= 1989 |publisher= University of Pittsburgh Press|location=United States|isbn= 9780822911548|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmttAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Atlantic+Alliance+and+the+Middle+East |access-date= 30 November 2015}}</ref> Today the navy possesses two [[aircraft carrier]]s ({{ship|Italian aircraft carrier|Cavour|C 550|2}} and [[Italian landing helicopter dock Trieste|''Trieste'']], with {{ship|Italian aircraft carrier|Giuseppe Garibaldi|C 551|2}} being retired in 2024).
[[File:Italian LHD Trieste.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Italian LHD [[Italian landing helicopter dock Trieste|Trieste]]]]
The Marina Militare routinely deploys to the [[Indian Ocean]] and [[Persian Gulf]] as part of multinational anti-piracy missions such as [[Operation Ocean Shield]] and [[Operation Atalanta]],<ref>[http://www.marina.difesa.it/EN/operations/Pagine/default.aspx Marina Militaire – Operations], marina.difesa.it, (In Italian)</ref> and is capable of deploying a carrier battle group in support of NATO or EU operations such as during [[Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom#.Italy|Operation Enduring Freedom]] (2001) and [[EU Navfor Med]] ([[European migrant crisis]]). In 2015 scholar Sarah Kirchberger mentioned Italy as a blue-water navy capable of operating in the high seas far from its home.<ref>{{cite book|first = Sarah |last = Kirchberger|title = Assessing China's Naval Power: Technological Innovation, Economic Constraints, and Strategic Implications |publisher = Springer|date = 2015|page = 69|isbn = 9783662471272|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tbr-CQAAQBAJ&q=blue%20water%20navy%20italy%20spain%20russia%20brazil%20india%20france%20uk%202015&pg=PA69}}</ref>

As of June 2024 the Italian Navy has deployed a Carrier Strike Group, based on the Cavour (CVH 550) STOVL aircraft carrier (with [[F-35]]B on board), for a five-months deployment to the [[Indo-Pacific]] region, reaching [[Singapore]], [[Australia]], [[Japan]] and the [[Philippines]]. Italian Navy will also participate to the [[Exercise RIMPAC]], the world's largest international maritime warfare exercise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peruzzi |first=Luca |date=2024-06-05 |title=Italian Carrier Strike Group starts five-month deployment to the Indo-Pacific |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/06/italian-carrier-strike-group-starts-five-month-deployment-to-the-indo-pacific/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Urso |first=Stefano |date=2024-06-24 |title=Italian Carrier Strike Group Arrives In Singapore As Part Of Indo-Pacific Operational Campaign |url=https://theaviationist.com/2024/06/24/cavour-indo-pacific-campaign/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lariosa |first=Aaron-Matthew |date=2024-01-10 |title=Italian Navy to Ramp up Indo-Pacific Engagement in 2024 |url=https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/sna-2024/2024/01/italian-navy-to-ramp-up-indo-pacific-engagement-in-2024/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Russia===
{{update|date=December 2023}}
{{Main|Russian Navy|Soviet Navy}}
[[File:Russian aircraft carrier Kuznetsov.jpg|thumb|Russian aircraft carrier {{ship|Russian aircraft carrier|Admiral Kuznetsov||2}}]]
The [[Soviet Navy]] maintained naval forces able to rival those of the United States; however, following the end of the [[Cold War]] and dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, the [[Russian Navy]] experienced a severe decline due to lack of funding.<ref name="Austin">{{cite book|last1=Austin|first1=Greg|title=The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia|date=14 Jul 2000|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781860644856}}</ref> By the late 1990s, there was little tangible evidence of Russian blue-water capability.<ref name=Austin/> It was not until 2007, under President [[Vladimir Putin]], that "naval ambition broadened in scope and aimed at re-creating a large blue-water navy".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dutton|first1=Peter|title=Twenty-First Century Seapower: Cooperation and Conflict at Sea|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1136316968|pages=119–120}}</ref> Today, the Russian Navy is considered to be a rank 3 "multi-regional power projection navy" by Todd and Lindberg's classification system.<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/> The Russian Navy has also been described as a blue-water navy by British naval historian Professor Geoffrey Till.<ref name="Routledge"/>
{{Clear}}

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Main|Royal Navy|UK Carrier Strike Group}}
[[File:HMS Queen Elizabeth Carrier Strike Group during Westlant 19.jpg|thumb|Aircraft carrier {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|R08|6}} and her [[Carrier Strike Group]] during Exercise Westlant 19]]
The [[Royal Navy]] is considered to be a blue-water navy by naval experts and academics. This position has been further cemented with the introduction of two new {{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|aircraft carrier|1}}s, eighteen new frigates (8 [[Type 26 frigate|Type 26]], 5 [[Type 31 frigate|Type 31]], and 5 [[Type 32 frigate|Type 32]]), and other warships currently being procured.<ref name="Trident"/><ref name="Bennett"/>{{ref|A|[A]}}{{ref|B|[B]}} A term used commonly in the [[United Kingdom]] is that the Royal Navy maintains a maritime [[Expeditionary warfare|expeditionary]] capability.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ian |last=Speller |date=2002 |url=https://eprints.nuim.ie/844/1/Speller.pdf |title=UK Maritime Expeditionary Capabilities and the Lessons of the Falklands Conflict}}</ref> According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the Royal Navy is a rank two "limited global-reach power projection navy".<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/>

The Royal Navy supports a number of [[Standing Royal Navy deployments|standing commitments]] worldwide on a continuous basis and maintains an expeditionary task force known as the [[Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime)]] (JEF (M)).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Royal Navy Deployed Forward Operating Globally|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/About-the-Royal-Navy/~/media/Files/Navy-PDFs/About-the-Royal-Navy/Current%20RN%20Operations.pdf|work=royalnavy.mod.uk/|publisher=Royal Navy|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> The [[Royal Navy Submarine Service]] operates four {{sclass|Vanguard|submarine|0}} nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines and seven nuclear-powered {{sclass|Astute|submarine|5}} and {{sclass|Trafalgar|submarine|4}} [[fleet submarine]]s which operate globally.<ref>{{cite web|title=Royal Navy - A Global Force 2012/13|url=http://www.newsdeskmedia.com/images/Upload/PDFs/Global-Force-2013.pdf|website=www.newsdeskmedia.com/|publisher=Royal Navy|access-date=26 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116192947/http://www.newsdeskmedia.com/Images/Upload/PDFs/Global-Force-2013.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2014}} p. 45 (The Submarine Service)</ref> The [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]] (RFA) maintains a number of ships which support Royal Navy operations globally by resupplying personnel, food, water, armament and fuel to their ships. The RFA also augment the Royal Navy's amphibious landing capabilities by operating the {{sclass2|Bay|landing ship|4}}.<ref>[https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/201110_RDS_Michell2.pdf The Royal Fleet Auxiliary – Delivering Maritime Operational Support] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415225950/http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/201110_RDS_Michell2.pdf |date=2012-04-15 }}, rusi.org, Published 2011, Retrieved 26 June 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/201110_RDS_Willett.pdf The Royal Fleet Auxiliary – Adding Value to UK Defence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416042623/http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/201110_RDS_Willett.pdf |date=2012-04-16 }}, rusi.org, Published 2011, Retrieved 26 June 2014</ref> The United Kingdom maintains five overseas naval facilities, including a naval support facility, named the [[British Defence Singapore Support Unit]], in [[Sembawang]], [[Singapore]] in the [[Far East]].<ref name="europarl">{{cite journal|title=The Status and Location of the Military Installations of the Member States of the European Union |journal=Policy Department External Policies|date=February 2009|pages=13–14|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede300309studype407004_/SEDE300309StudyPE407004_en.pdf|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=UK opens naval support facility in Bahrain|url=http://www.janes.com/article/65481/uk-opens-naval-support-facility-in-bahrain|access-date=24 November 2016|agency=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|date=15 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125110458/http://www.janes.com/article/65481/uk-opens-naval-support-facility-in-bahrain|archive-date=25 November 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130617/text/130617w0002.htm#13061746000236 House of Commons Hansard Written Answers] (publications.parliament.uk) 17 June 2013</ref>

The [[Naval War College|U.S. Naval War College]] identifies the Royal Navy's tasks as fighting wars, conducting distant expeditions, maintaining good order at sea and preventing and deterring conflict.<ref name="USNWC Geoffrey Till">{{cite web|last1=Till|first1=Geoffrey|title=Great Britain Gambles With The Royal Navy|url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/42a6d74d-a770-4f61-94f6-9386d0f37a2a/Great-Britain-Gambles-with-the-Royal-Navy|website=www.usnwc.edu|publisher=U.S. Naval War College|access-date=26 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051724/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/42a6d74d-a770-4f61-94f6-9386d0f37a2a/Great-Britain-Gambles-with-the-Royal-Navy|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> As such, the Navy views the retention of its "world-class" high-end disciplines in anti-air and anti-submarine warfare as strategically important.<ref name="USNWC Geoffrey Till"/> The Royal Navy has shown many examples of its expeditionary capabilities{{ref|C|[C]}} since [[World War II]], such as the [[Korean War]], the 1982 [[Falklands War]], the 1990–91 [[Gulf War]], [[British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War|Sierra Leone]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]], the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]],<ref name="USNWC Geoffrey Till"/> and during the [[2011 military intervention in Libya]].
{{Clear}}

===United States===
{{Main|United States Navy}}
[[File:USS Nimitz in Victoria Canada 036.jpg|thumb|United States Navy [[supercarrier]] {{USS|Nimitz}}]]
[[File:USS_America_(LHA-6)_off_Rio_de_Janeiro_in_August_2014.JPG|thumb|United States Navy [[amphibious assault ship]], {{USS|America|LHA-6|6}}]]
The [[United States Navy]] is considered a blue-water navy by experts and academics.<ref name="Bratton"/><ref name="Trident"/><ref name="Bennett"/> It is distinguished from other power projection navies in that it is considered a global blue-water navy, able to operate in the deep waters of every ocean simultaneously.<ref name="Routledge"/> According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the United States Navy is a rank one "global-reach power projection navy", and the only navy to occupy this rank.<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/>

The USN maintains eleven [[carrier strike group]]s<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.surfpac.navy.mil/Ships/Carrier-Strike-Group-COMCARSTRKGRU-9/About/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.surfpac.navy.mil}}</ref> (centered on the {{Sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|1}} and {{Sclass|Gerald R. Ford|aircraft carrier|1}}s), of which six are deployed or ready for deployment within 30 days, and two ready for deployment within 90 days under the Fleet Response Plan (FRP). The USN also maintains a continuous deployment of nine [[expeditionary strike group]]s that embark a [[Marine Expeditionary Unit]] with an [[Aviation Combat Element]] on [[List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships|amphibious warfare ships]].<ref>[http://www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=146 Status of the U.S Navy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221114823/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/navy_legacy_hr.asp?id=146 |date=December 21, 2010 }}</ref> The US [[Military Sealift Command]] is the largest of its kind in the world and is responsible for delivering military transport and ship replenishment around the globe.<ref>[http://www.msc.navy.mil/ Military Sealift Command] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210032557/http://www.msc.navy.mil/ |date=2007-02-10 }}, msc.navy.mil, Retrieved 23 June 2014</ref>

The US Navy has shown countless examples of its blue-water combat capabilities and has the ability to [[power projection|project force]] onto the [[littoral zone|littoral regions]] of the world, engage in forward areas during peacetime, and rapidly respond to regional crises. Some examples of such are [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]], the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Persian Gulf War]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] and the [[Iraq War]].

The [[United States Coast Guard]], while not technically a navy, is also a blue-water naval force capable of deploying to waters throughout the world.

==From green-water to blue-water==
{{See also|Green-water navy}}

Some green-water navies have ambitions towards the development of blue-water capabilities.<ref name=Michiko/><ref name="Skaridov">{{citation | url= http://community.middlebury.edu/~scs/docs/ScienceDirect%20-%20Marine%20Policy%20%20Naval%20activity%20in%20the%20foreign.htm | title= Naval activity in the foreign EEZ—the role of terminology in law regime | first= Alexander S. | last= Skaridov | publisher= St. Petersburg Association of the Law of the Sea, 7 Kazanskaya St., St. Petersburg 191186, Russia, Available online 11 November 2004 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061017183601/http://community.middlebury.edu/~scs/docs/ScienceDirect%20-%20Marine%20Policy%20%20Naval%20activity%20in%20the%20foreign.htm | archive-date= 17 October 2006 }}</ref>

[[File:USMC F-35B conducting a vertical landing aboard the JS Izumo.jpg|thumb|An [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II#F-35B|F-35B]] conducting a vertical landing aboard [[JS Izumo|JS ''Izumo'']]]]
[[File:Bayraktar Kızılelma on the deck of TCG Anadolu (L-400) - 1.jpg|thumb|[[TCG Anadolu|TCG ''Anadolu'' (L-400)]] and the [[TF2000-class destroyer]]s will provide blue-water operational capabilities for the [[Turkish Naval Forces|Turkish Navy]]. [[Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma|Baykar MIUS Kızılelma]] is a jet-engined [[UCAV]] designed to operate on TCG ''Anadolu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twz.com/turkeys-drone-carrier-amphibious-assault-ship-enters-service|title=Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship Enters Service|author=Emma Helfrich|website=thedrive.com|date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/video/strait-talk/turkish-navy-officially-welcomes-its-new-flagship-tcg-anadolu/64356f5e9d32a80017b0933d|title=Turkish Navy Officially Welcomes Its New Flagship, TCG Anadolu|publisher=[[TRT World]]|date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Baykar MIUS Official">{{cite web|url=https://baykartech.com/en/press/baykars-unmanned-fighter-aircraft-completes-first-flight/|title=Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight|website=baykartech.com|date=15 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/05/here-is-how-uavs-will-be-recovered-aboard-tcg-anadolu/|title=Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu|website=navalnews.com|publisher=Naval News|author=Tayfun Özberk|date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imgs.stargazete.com/imgsdisk/2022/12/14/carpici-tcg-anadolu-acikl-819_2-41.jpg|title=Image of Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAVs deployed on TCG Anadolu (L-400)|website=stargazete.com|date=14 December 2022}}</ref> Its maiden flight took place on December 14, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwJ7fyvexGc|title=Bayraktar Kızılelma: Maiden Flight|publisher=Baykar Technologies|date=14 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8gkHRMewMg|title=Maiden flight of Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV (14 December 2022)|publisher=SavunmaSanayiST|date=14 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Herk |first=Hans van |title=Kızılelma takes to the sky! |url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/k-z-lelma-takes-to-the-sky |date=14 December 2022 |website=www.scramble.nl |language=en-GB}}</ref>]]

While considered to be a green-water navy,<ref name="Routledge"/> the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] is undergoing transition to develop blue-water capabilities.<ref name="Hatou">{{Cite journal|author=Tomohisa Takei|date=November 2008|url=https://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/navcol/SSG/topics-column/images/c-030/c-030_eng.pdf|title=Japan Maritime Self Defense Force in the New Maritime Era|journal=Hatou|access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref><ref name="SLOC">{{cite journal|last=Katsumata|first=Hidemichi|date=February 2009|title =Japanese sealane defense today|journal=Ships of the World|volume=702|pages=76–81|location =Japan|publisher=Kaijin-sha}}</ref> It began in 1981 when [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Zenkō Suzuki]] put forward a new doctrine requiring the JMSDF to expand its operations by 1,000 miles for defense of the nation's [[sea lines of communication]].<ref name="Hatou"/><ref name="SLOC"/> To respond to the growing blue-water requirements, the JMSDF has been developing impressive capabilities, most notably the creation of destroyer flotillas centered on large helicopter destroyers (such as the [[Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer|''Hyūga''-class helicopter carrier]]) and large [[Aegis Combat System|Aegis]]-equipped destroyers.<ref name="Koda2011">{{cite journal|last=Koda|first=Yoji|author-link=:ja:香田洋二|date=November 2011|title =History of Fleet Escort Force since 1961|journal=Ships of the World|volume=750|pages=76–85|location =Japan|publisher=Kaijin-sha}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Euan Graham|date=January 2006|title =Japan's Sea Lane Security, 1940-2004: A Matter Of Life And Death?|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaiT_nSgsMcC|isbn=9780415356404}}</ref> The first Japanese post-WWII overseas naval air facility was established next to [[Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport]]; it supports a number of [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] maritime patrol aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|author=Japan Ministry of Defense|url=https://www.mod.go.jp/e/about/answers/anti/index.html|title=MOD/JSDF ANSWERS - Anti-Piracy Efforts|access-date=November 16, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108094155/http://www.mod.go.jp/e/about/answers/anti/index.html|archive-date=January 8, 2013}}</ref> It was then decided to operate F-35B fighters on board the [[Izumo-class multi-purpose destroyer|''Izumo''-class]], a development of the ''Hyūga''-class, and by July 2021 [[JS Izumo|JS ''Izumo'']] had completed modifications for this purpose,<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/07/japans-izumo-helicopter-destroyer-modified-to-operate-f-35b-fighters/|title=Japan's Izumo Helicopter Destroyer Modified To Operate F-35B Fighters|newspaper=Naval News|date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> followed by an operational test using the U.S. Marine Corps F-35B in October.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://news.usni.org/2021/09/30/u-s-marine-f-35bs-to-embark-on-japans-largest-warship-in-october|title=U.S. Marine F-35Bs to Embark on Japan's Largest Warship in October|author= Dzirhan Mahadzir|newspaper=USNI News|publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]]|date=September 30, 2021}}</ref>

The [[Republic of Korea Navy]] also has ambitions to develop blue-water capabilities.<ref name="autogenerated2001">[http://www3.yonsei.ac.kr:8888/kdjlibrary/historyData/researchData/viewNew.asp?pkid=30009&searchValue=&sYear=2001&sMonth=03&sDay=01&eYear=2001&eMonth=04&eDay=17&searchFlag=Y&historyYear=&itemGubun=1&page=1 "김대통령, 해군사관학교 졸업 및 임관식 참석말씀"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121219201811/http://www3.yonsei.ac.kr:8888/kdjlibrary/historyData/researchData/viewNew.asp?pkid=30009&searchValue=&sYear=2001&sMonth=03&sDay=01&eYear=2001&eMonth=04&eDay=17&searchFlag=Y&historyYear=&itemGubun=1&page=1 |date=2012-12-19 }}. Kim Dae-jung Presidential Library Official Website. Retrieved March 12, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/22419/republic_of_korea_navy_and_chinas_rise.html | title=Republic of Korea Navy and China's Rise: Balancing Competing Priorities | publisher=Belfer Centre | work=Maritime Asia Report | access-date=2013-04-24 | author=Roehrig, Terence}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=The Emergence of a Korean Navy — A Japanese Perspective| journal= [[Naval War College Review]] | date=Spring 2010 |volume=32 |number= 2| url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1595&context=nwc-review| author=Koda, Yoji | pages=23| issn= 0028-1484}}</ref> In 2001, the South Korean President, [[Kim Dae-jung]], announced plans to build a "Strategic Mobile Fleet".<ref name="autogenerated2001"/> The plan includes the construction of up to three {{Sclass|Dokdo|amphibious assault ship|1}}s, with a [[Flight deck#Ski-jump ramp|ski-jump]] for the operation of [[V/STOL]] jet fighters being considered for the second vessel currently under construction.<ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131026/DEFREG03/310260005/S-Korea-Envisions-Light-Aircraft-Carrier S. Korea Envisions Light Aircraft Carrier] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131026174917/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131026/DEFREG03/310260005/S-Korea-Envisions-Light-Aircraft-Carrier |date=2013-10-26 }}, defensenews.com, 26 October 2013</ref> On 3 December 2021 the National Assembly passed the budget to fund a fixed-wing aircraft carrier tentatively named [[CVX-class aircraft carrier]] capable of operating F35B, expected to enter operations possibly as early as 2033.<ref>Dominguez, Gabriel & Dae Young Kim (24 February 2021). [https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/south-korea-to-begin-work-on-light-aircraft-carrier-in-2022 "South Korea to begin work on light aircraft carrier in 2022"]. www.janes.com. Retrieved 2 December 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/202112033171i |title=결국 되살아난 '경항모 예산' 72억…해군, 내년 기본설계 추진|publisher=hankyung.com|date=3 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="yna1">{{cite web|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20211202169100001?section=politics/all&site=major_news01_related|title=국방 분야 핵심공약 좌초 우려에 정무라인 물밑작업 끝 원안 통과문대통령, 경항모 중요성 거듭 강조…예산부활 보고받고는 '반색|publisher=yna.co.kr|date=3 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

The [[Brazilian Navy]] is experiencing a "shift in maritime priorities" with ambitions of developing a blue-water navy.<ref name="Brazil1">{{cite journal|last1=Pryce|first1=Paul|title=The Brazilian Navy: Green Water or Blue?|journal=Offiziere.ch|date=19 January 2015|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=187085|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> While the navy maintains a mix of capabilities enabling it to operate in the wider South Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian government wishes to be recognized as "the leading maritime power in the Southern Hemisphere" and is seeking to develop a modern naval shipbuilding industry.<ref name="Brazil1"/>

==See also==
*[[Maritime geography]]
*[[Expeditionary warfare]]
*[[Power projection]]

==Footnotes==
:A. {{note|A}} Professor of International Politics, Adrian Hyde-Price, highlights that in the post-[[Cold War]] era both Britain and France have re-focused their attention "towards [[expeditionary warfare]] and [[power projection]]. Power projection has always been an element of British and French military thinking given their residual overseas interests, but it has now moved centre stage."<ref name="France&UK">Adrian Hyde-Price - "European Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Challenge of Multipolarity", published 9 Jan 2007 by [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis Group]]. Chapter - Britain, France and the multipolar challenge.</ref>

:B. {{note|B}} [[Royal United Services Institute]] (Occasional Paper, September 2013): "As a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member of the UN Security Council]], the independent ability to deploy a credible and powerful conventional force that enables access to most of the globe by sea is compelling. This force offers Britain the opportunity to commit political support in emerging crises to deter, prevent, coerce or – if necessary – destroy an aggressor, as envisaged in the [[National Security Strategy (United Kingdom)|UK's National Security Strategy (NSS)]]."<ref name="RUSI2014">{{cite web|last=Ellwood|first=Tobias|title=A Study into the Preparation for and Use of the Queen Elizabeth-Class Carriers (September 2013)|url=https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/201309_OP_Leveraging_UK_Carrier_Capability.pdf|work=rusi.org/|publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]]|access-date=25 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001144311/https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/201309_OP_Leveraging_UK_Carrier_Capability.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2014}}</ref>

:C. {{note|C}} The Royal Navy does not typically use the term ''blue-water navy'', but rather the term ''expeditionary''. "The Navy is always expeditionary and is able to deal with threats to our nation's interest at range."<ref name="Royal Navy 2014">{{Citation |url = http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/About-the-Royal-Navy/The-Navy-and-the-Environment/At-Sea | title = Royal Navy At Sea (Archive) |date=2013 | publisher = The [[Royal Navy]]|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140514123414/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/About-the-Royal-Navy/The-Navy-and-the-Environment/At-Sea |archive-date=2014-05-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|expeditionary}}
*[https://www.naval-history.net/F15invasion.htm Description of the Falklands War] (naval-history.net)
*[http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/Table_Of_Contents.htm The Pacific War] (pwencycl.kgbudge.com)

{{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blue-Water Navy}}
[[Category:Navies by type|Blue-water]]
[[Category:Military doctrines]]
[[Category:Military logistics]]
[[Category:Military geography]]

Vipul Mehta (director)

2026-03-15T08:51:07Z

Sera: starting new pg

{{Short description|Indian film director and producer}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vipul Mehta
| image = Vipul Mehta.jpg
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Director Screenwriter Producer
| years_active = 2000-present
| spouse = Tejal Mehta
| children = Hitaarth Mehta
}}
'''Vipul Mehta''' is an Indian [[screenwriter]] and [[film director]] who works in Hindi, Gujarati and Marathi-language films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vipul Mehta: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Vipul-Mehta |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-03-13 |title=Vipul Mehta, Filmography, Movies, Vipul Mehta News, Videos, Songs, Images, Box Office, Trailers, Interviews - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/vipul-mehta/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mehta began his career in the [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film industry]]. He has debuted as director with [[Carry On Kesar]] in 2017 directed notable Gujarati films such as ''[[Best of Luck Laalu|Best of Luck Lalu]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-19 |title=Bold love stories, if done well will be accepted: Vipul Mehta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/bold-love-stories-if-done-well-will-be-accepted-vipul-mehta/articleshow/68060292.cms |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and ''[[Chaal Jeevi Laiye!|Chal Jeevi Laiye]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Vipul Mehta shares his joyous moment as 'Chaal Jeevi Laiye' clocks 4 years; watch video {{!}} Gujarati Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/director-vipul-mehta-shares-his-joyous-moment-as-chaal-jeevi-laiye-clocks-4-years-watch-video/videoshow/97534359.cms |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-15 |title=Sachin-Jigar to compose for Vipul Mehta's next Gujarati film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/sachin-jigar-to-compose-for-vipul-mehtas-next-gujarati-film/articleshow/65402342.cms |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-10 |title=Universal stories work in any language: Vipul Mehta on Chaal Jeevi Laiye!'s Marathi remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/universal-stories-work-in-any-language-vipul-mehta-on-chaal-jeevi-laiyes-marathi-remake/articleshow/106706920.cms |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Mehta directed the Marathi film ''[[Ole Aale]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Nana Patekar Treks On Mountain in Kedarnath at The Age of 72, Director Vipul Mehta Shares Video; Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nana-patekar-treks-on-mountain-in-kedarnath-at-the-age-of-72-director-vipul-mehta-shares-video-watch-6108493.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Vipul Mehta made his Hindi debut with the film ''[[Kanjoos Makhichoos]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Gujarati director Vipul Mehta discusses his Hindi directorial debut - Glamsham |url=https://glamsham.com/ott/web-news/gujarati-director-vipul-mehta-discusses-his-hindi-directorial-debut/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Gujarati director Vipul Mehta discusses his next movie "Kanjoos Makhichoos," which would mark his Hindi directorial debut - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/03/23/gujarati-director-vipul-mehta-discusses-his-next-movie-kanjoos-makhichoos-which-would-mark-his-hindi-directorial-debut/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2021-10-23 |title=Kunal Kemmu and Shweta Tripathi's next Kanjoos Makkhichoos is based on a heartwarming super hit Gujarati play : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kemmu-shweta-tripathis-next-kanjoos-makkhichoos-based-heartwarming-super-hit-gujarati-play/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Subhash Ghai announces his next production venture 36 Farm House |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/subhash-ghai-announces-his-next-production-venture-36-farm-house-7151570/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=⚡Gulabi: Huma Qureshi Begins for Vipul Mehta's Film in Ahmedabad (View Pic) |url=https://www.latestly.com/quickly/entertainment/bollywood/gulabi-huma-qureshi-begins-for-vipul-mehta-s-film-in-ahmedabad-view-pic-5895019.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-15 |title=Huma Qureshi begins shoot for her upcoming film Gulabi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Apr/15/huma-qureshi-begins-shoot-for-her-upcoming-film-gulabi |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he co-wrote the film ''[[Maharaj (film)|Maharaj]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2024-06-07 |title=Maharaj Director Praises Film's Script Writers, Reveals Film Went Through 28-30 Drafts |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/maharaj-director-praises-films-script-writers-reveals-film-went-through-28-30-drafts |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mehta is married and has a son.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2022-07-09 |title=VIPUL MEHTA'S SURPRISE BIRTHDAY PARTY {{!}} 9 July 2022 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/vipul-mehtas-surprise-birthday-party-9-july-2022/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-08-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Akshay |date=2022-07-08 |title=Vipul Mehta - A Well Known Director And Writer |url=https://www.thestorybehindname.com/overcoming-struggles-vipul-mehta/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The Story Behind Name |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''List of film credits'''
!Year
!'''Title'''
!'''Director'''
!'''Writer'''
!'''Producer'''
!Language
|-
|2014
|''[[Super Nani]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|[[Carry On Kesar|''Carry on Kesar'']]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Gujarati
|-
|''[[Best of Luck Laalu]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|[[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]]
|-
|2019
|[[Chaal Jeevi Laiye!|''Chaal Jeevi Laiye'']]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Gujarati
|-
|2022
|''[[Kehvatlal Parivar]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Gujarati
|-
|2023
|''[[Kanjoos Makhichoos]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Ole Aale]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|[[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]
|-
|[[Maharaj (2024 film)|''Maharaj'']]
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Hindi
|-
|2025
|''[[Bachu Ni Benpani]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Gujarati
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''List of Television credits'''
!Year
!'''Title'''
!Credited as
!'''Original release'''
!'''Production company'''
!Produced by
|-
|2014
|''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]''
| rowspan="11" |Writer
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|-
|2011
|''[[Mukti Bandhan]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|Shobhna Desai Productions
|Shobhana Desai
|-
|2009
|''[[Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai]]''
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|-
|2009
|[[Meera (2009 TV series)|''Meera'']]
|[[Imagine TV]]
|Sagar Pictures
|Sagar Pictures
|-
|2007
|[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|''Kasturi'']]
|[[StarPlus]]
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|-
|2007
|''[[Kuchh Is Tara]]''
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|-
|2006
|''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]''
|[[Star Bharat]]
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|-
|2005
|''[[Kkavyanjali]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|-
|2002
|[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|''Sanjivani'']]
|[[StarPlus]]
|[[Cinevistaas Limited]]
|[[Siddharth P. Malhotra]]
|-
|2000
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|-
|2000
|''[[Koshish – Ek Aashaa]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0961391}}
* {{Instagram|id=director_vipul_mehta|name=Vipul Mehta}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|vipul-mehta}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vipul Mehta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Prashant Pandey (activist)

2026-03-13T10:42:03Z

Sera: Added A Data.

{{Short description|Indian activist and IT consultant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prashant Pandey
| image = Prasant pandey.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1978
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Activist, digital forensic engineer and consultant
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Vyapam scam]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''Prashant Pandey''' (born 1978) is an Indian [[Activism|activist]], IT consultant and digital forensic engineer from [[Madhya Pradesh]], known for his role in the [[Vyapam scam]] investigation.

Pandey worked as an [[IT consultant]] with the Special Task Force (STF) investigating the Vyapam scam. In 2014, he was arrested for allegedly using the records collected by the team to blackmail those accused in the scam. Pandey denied the allegations, and stated that he was being falsely implicated for trying to expose the involvement of senior state government leaders in the scam. Since then, he has alleged death threats and harassment by the police at the behest of the state government.

== Background ==

Prashant Pandey holds a [[Master of Computer Applications]] degree from the [[Indore University]]. He used to operate a [[web portal]] called policewala.com,<ref name="ToI_Naveen_2015_MrX"/> and runs a firm called Techn07.<ref name="Guardian_Aman_2015"/> Fascinated with the fictional spy [[James Bond]], he traded in spying gadgets, which he also supplied to the police. He claims to have provided services to the military and several government agencies including [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]], [[Directorate of Air Intelligence]], [[Income Tax Department]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]], [[Chhattisgarh Police]], [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (since 2005<ref name="TH_Vidya_2015"/>), [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CID]], and [[Anti-Terrorism Squad (India)|ATS]].<ref name="ToI_Naveen_2015_MrX"/> Besides Vyapam scam investigations, he also claims to have helped the [[Madhya Pradesh Police]] in solving cases involving "Islamist terrorists, tax evaders, kidnappings, and political murders".<ref name="Guardian_Aman_2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/the-mystery-of-indias-deadly-exam-scam |title=The mystery of India's deadly exam scam |newspaper=The Guardian |author=Aman Sethi |date=17 December 2015}}</ref> However, he was virtually unknown before his 2014 arrest during the Vyapam scam investigations.<ref name="ToI_Naveen_2015_MrX">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mr-X-Man-who-sought-to-topple-MP-CM/articleshow/47076914.cms |title=Mr X: Man who sought to topple MP CM |author=P Naveen |newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

== Allegations in Vyapam scam ==

=== 2014 arrest ===

In 2013, several members of the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) were accused in the [[Vyapam scam]] in the [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of India.<ref name="IE_security_2015"/> Prashant Pandey had been hired as an IT consultant by the Special Task Force (STF) investigating this scam. On the night of 5–6 August 2014, the STF arrested him and a telecom officer named Sonu Kumar from Hotel Raunak Plaza. The STF alleged that Pandey had been blackmailing the Vyapam accused using the [[call detail record]]s (CDRs) collected by the team.<ref name="DNA_trainee_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vyapam-mysterious-death-of-trainee-woman-cop-is-the-latest-2102312 |title=Vyapam: Mysterious death of trainee woman cop is the latest |newspaper=DNA |date=7 July 2015 |author=Iftikhar Gilani}}</ref><ref name="FPJ_blackmail_2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/pandey-was-blackmailing-vyapam-accused-had-links-with-stf/418838 |title=Pandey was blackmailing Vyapam accused, had links with STF |date=8 August 2014 |newspaper=The Free Press Journal}}</ref> The investigators accused him of obtaining information illegally using "his network in the inner circle of the police department", and of selling the CDRs.<ref name="ToI_Naveen_2015_MrX"/>

Pandey was released on bail a few days after his arrest.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/india/my-wife-has-been-detained-for-no-reason-says-vyapam-scam-whistleblower/632067 |title='My wife has been detained for no reason, says Vyapam Scam whistleblower |newspaper=The Free Press Journal |date=26 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Allegations as a whistleblower ===

After his arrest, Pandey approached the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) general secretary [[Digvijaya Singh]], and claimed to be a whistleblower.<ref name="DNA_trainee_2015"/> He denied leaking any agency data for personal benefit,<ref name="Outlook_Uttam_2016"/> and alleged that he was being falsely implicated for wanting to expose the role of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leaders in the scam. According to Pandey, the agencies had tampered with a [[Microsoft Excel]] file recovered from the computer of the Vyapam accused Nitin Mohindra. This file contained the names of high-profile people who had recommended illegal selection of candidates for the Vyapam exams. Pandey alleged that the file originally contained the names of senior BJP leaders, including the Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]. He stated that the investigators had removed these names from the file.<ref name="DNA_trainee_2015"/>

Pandey's version of the events is as follows: In January 2014, the policemen had seized a [[hard disk drive]] from the Vyapam scam suspect Nitin Mohindra. But they did not possess a [[Serial ATA]] cable, so they were unable to connect it to the desktop at the local police station. Pandey gave them a cable, but a policeman connected the hard disk drive to Pandey's computer in order to ensure that the cable was working. While the policeman had a cup of tea, Pandey's computer automatically made a mirror image of the drive. In March 2014, the STF paid him to install hidden cameras in their interrogation rooms in [[Bhopal]]. In June 2014, the INC released phone records alleging that the Chief Minister's wife Sadhna Singh had made 139 calls to the scam ringleaders Nitin Mohindra and Pankaj Trivedi. The police arrested him, seized his computers and interrogated him for days because they suspected that he had some information about the Chief Minister's involvement. After being released on bail, Pandey decided to expose the corrupt officials. He realized that he had a mirror image of Nitin Mohindra's hard disk drive. He compared the Excel file on this drive to the one submitted by the police to the Court. He realized that the police had tampered with the evidence to save the Chief Minister, and approached Digvijaya Singh through his lawyer.<ref name="Guardian_Aman_2015"/>

The State Government refuted the allegations, and accused Pandey and INC of tampering with the evidence.<ref name="Guardian_Aman_2015"/> The STF claimed that Pandey had made these allegations to protect himself from the criminal charges filed against him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?articlexml=VYAPAM-SCAM-Diggy-relying-on-forged-hard-disk-28072015011035&eid=31804 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801051936/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?articlexml=VYAPAM-SCAM-Diggy-relying-on-forged-hard-disk-28072015011035&eid=31804 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2017 |title=VYAPAM SCAM - 'Diggy relying on forged hard disk' |author=Dhananjay Mahapatra |newspaper=The times of India |location=Mumbai |date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Court cases ===

In February 2015, on the basis of Prashant Pandey's accusations, the INC went to the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] alleging that the STF's investigation was based on the doctored file. Pandey was mentioned as "Mr X" in the court records to guard his identity.<ref name="FP_CN_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/vyapam-scam-madhya-pradesh-trap-congress-walked-2216190.html |title=Vyapam scam in Madhya Pradesh: Was it a trap the Congress walked into? |author=Chandrakant Naidu |date=1 July 2015 |publisher=FirstPost}}</ref> Meanwhile, Pandey moved to Delhi, citing threats to his life. He filed a case in the [[Delhi High Court]], which provided him police protection.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/hc-accepts-sit-report-declaring-digvijay-evidence-forged/572404 |title=HC accepts SIT report declaring Digvijay 'evidence' forged |newspaper=The Free Press Journal |date=25 April 2015}}</ref>

A Special Investigation Team (SIT) appointed by the Madhya Pradesh High Court sent the original hard disk seized by the STF from Nitin Mohindra to the government forensic laboratory in [[Gandhinagar]], which concluded that it had not been tampered with.<ref name="IE_Milind_2015">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/vyapam-scam-digvijaya-submitted-forged-evidence-sit-tells-court/ |title=Vyapam scam: Digvijaya submitted forged evidence, SIT tells court |date=25 April 2015 |author=Milind Ghatwai |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref> In April 2015, the SIT told the High Court that Pandey had submitted forged documents and misled the investigations.<ref name="ToI_Naveen_2015_MrX"/> The High Court then recommended legal action against Pandey.<ref name="ToI_Naveen_2015_MrX"/> Pandey stood his ground, and stated that his version of the Excel sheet had been proved as authentic by Truth Labs, a private forensic lab.<ref name="ON_Pallavi_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.oneindia.com/feature/vyapam-scam-the-accused-and-the-dead-have-a-story-to-tell-1797951.html |title=Vyapam scam: The accused and the dead have a story to tell |date=6 July 2015 |author=Pallavi Sengupta |publisher=One India}}</ref> The INC lawyer [[Vivek Tankha]] alleged that that SIT was working under political pressure, and had dismissed Pandey's version as forged without examining it.<ref name="FP_CN_2015"/>

On 27 April 2015, the [[Delhi High Court]] prohibited the STF from arresting Pandey, and instructed the STF to interrogate him only in the presence of his legal counselor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/delhi-high-court-tells-stf-not-to-arrest-peb-whistleblower/574942 |title=Delhi High Court tells STF not to arrest PEB whistleblower |date=28 April 2015 |newspaper=The Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/MPPEB-scam-Delhi-high-court-stays-arrest-of-Mr-X-by-Madhya-Pradesh-STF/articleshow/47071850.cms |title=MPPEB scam: Delhi high court stays arrest of Mr X by Madhya Pradesh STF |author=P Naveen |date=27 April 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

Ultimately, the Supreme Court assigned the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to investigate the authenticity of Pandey's version of the Excel file.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/vyapam-scam-pen-drive-submitted-by-whistleblower-prashant-pandey-is-incomplete-cbi-tells-sc-116082900591_1.html |title=Vyapam Scam: Pen drive submitted by whistleblower Prashant Pandey is incomplete, CBI tells SC |date=29 August 2016 |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> The CBI concluded that Pandey had submitted false information before the court, recommended closing the case and declared that it will frame charges against Pandey. In June 2017, Pandey filed an [[interlocutory]] application against the CBI. He argued that had not followed proper procedures while collecting the evidence: it had seized only the hard disk drive, but not other digital equipment. He also alleged that CBI had not investigated the people whose names had surfaced in connection with the scam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-vyapam-whistle-blower-files-ia-in-sc-against-cbi/1087746 |title=Bhopal: Vyapam whistle-blower files IA in SC against CBI |newspaper=The Free Press Journal |date=19 June 2017 |author=Rajesh Kumar}}</ref>

=== Alleged harassment and threats ===

Pandey has reported receiving death threats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150706/jsp/opinion/story_29724.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706100744/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150706/jsp/opinion/story_29724.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2015 |title=Intimations of evil - The Vyapam deaths |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=6 July 2015 |author=Mukul Kesavan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-vyapam-scam/article7402744.ece |title=All you need to know about the Vyapam scam |author=Pradipti Jayaram and Apuurva Sridharan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 July 2015}}</ref>

On 8 May 2015, he filed a police complaint stating that some unidentified people had tried to kill him and his family in a car accident.<ref name="HT_Ritesh_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/mp-peb-scam-whistle-blower-claims-attempt-to-kill-him-in-accident/story-MNPTDoyZtsutah6tALKYAL.html |title=MP PEB scam: Whistle-blower claims attempt to kill him in accident |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Ritesh Mishra |date=8 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="FPJ_turtle_2015"/> He alleged that a truck hit a car that his wife was driving.<ref name="TH_Vidya_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sunday-anchor/the-whistleblowers-tale/article7411628.ece |title=The whistleblowers' tale |date=12 July 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |author=Vidya Venkat and Devesh K Pandey}}</ref> Pandey's wife, his 4-year-old son, his father and his grandmother were in the car. Pandey was present in a vehicle following the overturned car.<ref name="HT_Ritesh_2015"/> His grandmother was hospitalised as a result of this accident.<ref name="TH_Vidya_2015"/> The Indore Police stated that Pandey's allegations were false. [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Abid Khan stated that eyewitnesses had testified that the car had overturned after hitting a cow carcass, and the condition of the car did not indicate the impact of any heavy vehicle. The police also stated that Pandey had not mentioned anything about a truck when he first called the police control room after the accident.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Whistleblowers-car-hit-cow-carcass-no-murder-bid-Cops/articleshow/47209550.cms |title=Whistleblower's car hit cow carcass, no murder bid: Cops |date=9 May 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> An audio clip, allegedly of Pandey's call to the police control room, went [[viral video|viral]] on [[WhatsApp]] the next day. In the audio, the caller can be heard saying that his car had overturned after being hit by a dead cow.<ref name="FPJ_turtle_2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/car-turned-turtle-as-it-hit-a-dead-cow-not-by-truck/582037 |title=Car turned turtle as it hit a dead cow, not by truck}}</ref>

Pandey alleged that his life was under threat from "influential people in power", and appealed the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] seeking security cover.<ref name="IE_security_2015">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/delhi-police-withdraw-vyapam-whistleblowers-security/ |title=Delhi Police withdraw Vyapam whistleblower's security |date=17 May 2015 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref>

After Pandey moved to Delhi citing death threats, his wife Meghna continued to live in Indore with the rest of their family. In July 2015, the Indore Police briefly detained Meghna with and seized {{INR}} 996,000 in cash from her. The police claimed that they had been tipped off about an illegal [[hawala]] transaction taking place at the firm, where Meghna works as an [[Human Resources|HR]] manager. The police apprehended her as she was coming out of the firm's office with the cash. They claimed that they seized the cash because she could not provide a satisfactory explanation about its origin. The police released her after a few hours, informing the Income Tax department about the cash. Prashant Pandey stated that the seized cash was the couple's "own hard-earned money" mentioned in their tax returns, and was to be given to a builder for booking a [[apartment|flat]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vyapam-whistleblower-prashant-pandeys-wife-detained/article7466934.ece |title=Vyapam whistle-blower's wife detained; he alleges harassment |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/whistleblowers-wife-detained-with-hawala-money-in-indore/ |title=Whistleblower's wife detained with 'hawala money' in Indore |newspaper=Indian Express |date=26 July 2015}}</ref> The incident led to allegations that the State Government had been harassing Pandey and his family for his role in exposing the Vyapam scam. [[Inspector General of Police]] Vipin Maheshwari had to hold a press conference to deny these allegations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/i-t-dept-to-probe/633548 |title=I-T dept to probe |date=28 July 2015 |newspaper=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>

== Phone tapping allegations ==

In May 2015, Pandey alleged that 4,000 Madhya Pradesh police personnel were using illegal [[telephone tapping]] software known as CRA-I and CRA-II.<ref name="Outlook_Uttam_2016"/> The allegations were backed by the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC), whose general secretary [[Mohan Prakash]] alleged that the phones in its Delhi offices had been put under surveillance in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/state-police-tapping-phones-in-delhi-mohan-prakash/586491 |title=State police tapping phones in Delhi: Mohan Prakash |newspaper=The Free Press Journal |date=15 May 2015}}</ref> Pandey claimed to have learned about the phone tapping software in 2011–12, while [[data mining|mining data]] for [[Anti-Terrorism Squad (India)|ATS]] and other police agencies. He further alleged that the government agencies were making monthly payments ranging from half-a-million rupees to 5 million rupees, to a US-based company for this software.<ref name="Outlook_Uttam_2016"/>

At Pandey's request, the [[Supreme Court of India]] issued notices to Madhya Pradesh Police. [[Director General of Police|DGP]] Surendra Sinh refuted Pandey's allegations, and stated that all recording had been done using "legal channels". However, ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' reported that the top police officers were "trying to hush up the case" of using a private company named "Spandan Technologies" for getting unauthorised access to [[call detail record|CDRs]]. These CDRs were later allegedly obtained by "industrialists, businessmen and politicians" for blackmailing their rivals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/police-set-up-shaken-efforts-to-hush-up-case-begin/586941 |title=Police set up shaken; efforts to hush up case begin |newspaper=The Free Press Journal |date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

Pandey also requested the Supreme Court to order a CBI inquiry into this matter. The petition is pending before the Court.<ref name="Outlook_Uttam_2016">{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/4000-mp-cops-are-using-tapping-sw/297389 |title="4,000 MP Cops Are Using Tapping S/W" |author=Uttam Sengupta |publisher=Outlook |date=4 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Prashant}}
[[Category:Corruption in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Renuka Singh (politician)

2026-03-10T05:20:12Z

Sera: typo fix

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Renuka Singh Saruta
| image = Renuka Singh Saruta PIB (cropped).jpg
| caption = Singh in 2021
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1964|01|05}}
| birth_place = [[Koriya district|Podi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India (present-day [[Chhattisgarh]])
| residence = [[Raipur]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Union Minister of State for Tribal Affairs]]
| term_start = 30 May 2019
| term_end = 7 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor]]
| successor = [[Bharati Pawar]]
| minister = [[Arjun Munda]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 = 7 December 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Kamalbhan Singh Marabi]]
| successor1 = [[Chintamani Maharaj]]
| constituency1 = [[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja, Chhatisgarh]]
| office2 = [[First Raman Singh ministry|Minister of Women & Child Development]] of [[Government of Chhattisgarh|Chhatisgarh]]
| successor2 = [[Lata Usendi]]
| predecessor2 =
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Raman Singh]]
| term_start2 = 7 December 2003
| term_end2 = 18 June 2005
| office3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 2003
| term_end4 = 2013
| predecessor4 = Tuleshwar Singh
| successor4 = [[Khelsai Singh]]
| constituency4 = [[Premnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Premnagar]]
| term_start3 = 2023
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = Gulab Kamro
| successor3 =
| constituency3 = [[Bharatpur-Sonhat Assembly constituency|Bharatpur-Sonhat]]
| party = {{flagicon image|}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Narendra Singh|1983}}
| children = 4 (2 sons & 2 daughters)
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|agriculturist}}}}

'''Renuka Singh Saruta''' (born 5 January 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]] who currently is a Member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Bharatpur-Sonhat Assembly constituency|Bharatpur-Sonhat]]. She previously served as the [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Minister of State for Tribal Affairs of India]] from 30 May 2019 to 7 December 2023.<ref name="Tribal MP Renuka Singh Takes Oath as Minister of State in Modi Cabinet">{{cite news |title=Tribal MP Renuka Singh Takes Oath as Minister of State in Modi Cabinet |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/tribal-mp-renuka-singh-takes-oath-as-minister-of-state-in-modi-cabinet-2165711.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |work= |date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319164846/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/tribal-mp-renuka-singh-takes-oath-as-minister-of-state-in-modi-cabinet-2165711.html |archive-date=19 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cabinet-reshuffle-meet-some-of-the-faces-from-pm-modis-new-team/articleshow/84203141.cms | title=Cabinet Reshuffle: The full list of Modi's new ministers and what they got | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=8 July 2021 | accessdate=8 July 2021}}</ref>

==Political career==
Renuka Singh started her political career as a member of the [[Ramanuj Nagar]] District Panchayat. Singh also served as the BJP Mandal President in Ramanuj Nagar.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Inspiring Story Of Renuka Singh - 1st Woman Likely To Be Chief Minister Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/chhattisgarh-cm-race-inspiring-story-of-renuka-singh-1st-likey-chief-minister-of-chhattisgarh-2695552.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Zee News |language=en}} </ref>

Renuka was first elected to [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] in 2003 and became [[Minister of State]] (Independent Charge) of Woman & Child development and Family welfare in [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] and again got re-elected in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in/english/englishindex.htm |title= MEMBERS OF LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |publisher=Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha, Government of Chhattisgarh |accessdate=7 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=माननीय सदस्यों के छाया-चित्र एवं जीवन परिचय | language=hi | trans-title=Photographs and biographies of honourable members | url=http://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/satra/third_assembly/3RD_ASSEMBLY.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629081826/http://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/satra/third_assembly/3RD_ASSEMBLY.pdf | archive-date=2019-06-29}}</ref> In [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013 Assembly election]], she lost to senior Congress leader [[Khelsai Singh]]. In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]], she again contested against [[Khelsai Singh]] and won by margin of 1,57,873 votes and became Union Minister of State of [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Cabinet Ministers of Modi Government: Here's the full list of ministers in the Narendra Modi government of 2019">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Cabinet Ministers of Modi Government: Here's the full list of ministers in the Narendra Modi government of 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/narendra-modi-swearing-in-ceremony-live-updates/article27358038.ece |access-date=19 March 2022 |work= |date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319173105/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/narendra-modi-swearing-in-ceremony-live-updates/article27358038.ece |archive-date=19 March 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

She successfully contested the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bharatpur-Sonhat Assembly constituency]], becoming a member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] for the third time.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Bharatpur-Sonhat Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Renuka Singh Saruta with 55809 defeats INC's Gulab Kamro |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bharatpur-sonhat-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470818-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=India Today |date=3 December 2023 |language=en}} </ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5016 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Renuka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Surajpur district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Women members of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Women union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Diana Fernandes

2026-03-08T18:39:57Z

Sera: adding a entry

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (born 1942)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Diana Fernandes
| image = Diana in Pap Tujem Prachit Mhojem (cropped).jpg
| caption = Fernandes as a [[judge]] in the ''[[tiatr]] Pap Tujem Prachit Mhojem'' by [[Prince Jacob]], 2013
| birth_name = Ubaldina Batista
| birth_place = [[Navelim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|5|17|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| years_active = 1949–2019
| notable_works = ''[[Padri (film)|Padri]]'' (2005)
}}

'''Ubaldina "Diana" Fernandes''' ([[née]] '''Batista'''; born 17 May 1942), also known [[mononymously]] as '''Diana''', is an Indian actress and singer known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' ([[Goan]] [[musical theatre]]) productions.

==Career==
Fernandes began her career in the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] in 1949, appearing in [[Minguel Rod]]'s production of ''Open to Close''. She has exhibited a diverse acting [[repertoire]], adeptly portraying characters across a spectrum of genres that encompass both serious and comedic roles, highlighting her versatility as an actress. She was particularly active on the Konkani stage in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=189 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the years, Fernandes has acted in several ''[[tiatr]]s'', maintaining a long-standing collaboration with [[Prince Jacob]]'s [[theatrical troupe|troupe]] since 1985.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-04 |title=Tiatr's princely showman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatrs-princely-showman/articleshow/19369803.cms |access-date=2024-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418100216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatrs-princely-showman/articleshow/19369803.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She has additionally shared the stage with veteran Konkani artists such as Anthony de Telaulim, a fellow performer, collaborating in local-level ''tiatrs'' within their community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A lifetime of entertaining Goans with his tiatrs |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-lifetime-of-entertaining-Goans-with-his-tiatrs-/133341 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055956/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-lifetime-of-entertaining-Goans-with-his-tiatrs-/133341 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2017, Fernandes was cast in a [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]], Jacinto Cruz's [[DVD]] production titled ''Chori'' (Theft). In this film, she portrayed the role of a wicked mother, with a [[theater critic]] commended her acting, noting her portrayal of the [[Villain|villainous character]] with subtlety.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A tale of deceit and betrayal |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-tale-of-deceit-and-betrayal/115996 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> Later that year in August, she was cast in Prince Jacob's ''tiatr Aao Jao Goa Tumhara'' (Come Go, Goa is Yours), playing the role of a [[Hindu]] wife named Sridevi. A theater critic commended her performance in the play, observing that she and her fellow actor harmonized convincingly as a married couple, showcasing their individual talents effectively on stage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=An effective, entertaining eye-opener |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/An-effective-entertaining-eyeopener/119171 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

Fernandes has appeared in several [[Konkani-language]] theater productions known as ''tiatrs''. In 2015, she was secured a role in the video film ''Hem Mhojem Ghor'' (This is My House), a production penned and directed by S. Caitan and distributed by Cat Video. Her portrayal in the film involved embodying the character of a local [[informant]] known for spreading rumors and news within the community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-02-23 |title=Video Review – J P Pereira – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/02/23/magazines/buzz/video-review-j-p-pereira/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2018, Fernandes was cast by director Michael Gracias in a revival of the ''tiatr Ghorabo'' (Family), which was originally written and staged by [[Nelson Afonso]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revisiting classics that paved the way for today's tiatr |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=127524 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619120543/http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=127524 |url-status=live }}</ref> In this production, Fernandes portrayed a [[spinster]]. The following month, in April 2018, Fernandes appeared in the ''tiatr Kazar.com'' by Prince Jacob. In her performance, she depicted an elderly and diligent character named Dolorosa who, alongside her spouse, operated a [[matrimonial agency]] named "Kazar.com".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-04-15 |title=Kazar.com – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/04/15/magazines/buzz/kazar-com/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Later that year, in November 2018, Fernandes was again cast by Prince Jacob, this time in his ''tiatr Sun Hi-Fi, Sasumaim Wi-Fi'' (Daughter-in-law Hi-Fi, Mother-in-law Wi-Fi). In this production, she portrayed a comedian named Maggie, alongside actress Reema. A theater critic commented on the comedic talents of Reema and Diana in their respective roles as Macarena and Maggie, highlighting the abundance of laughter they brought to the performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-11-11 |title='Sun Hi-Fi, Sasumaim Wi-Fi' – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/11/11/magazines/buzz/sun-hi-fi-sasumaim-wi-fi/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2014, Fernandes was cast in the ''[[tiatr]] Sukhant Toxem Dukhant'' by [[Prince Jacob]], playing [[Dual role|two roles]] - a teacher and a [[matron]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2014-11-06 |title=TIATR REVIEWS – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2014/11/06/magazines/buzz/tiatr-reviews-2/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> The following year, in May 2015, she was again cast in Jacob's ''tiatr Kaxanvkar'' (Coffin Maker), this time as a comedian alongside fellow actor Cajetan de Curtorim. A [[theater critic]] named J. P. Pereira from ''[[The Navhind Times]]'' highlighted the comedic chemistry of the duo, portraying them as a pair that created several humorous scenarios during their acts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-05-06 |title=TIATR REVIEWS BY JP PEREIRA – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/05/06/magazines/buzz/tiatr-reviews-by-jp-pereira/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2016, Fernandes embodied the character of a mature unmarried woman seeking a life partner in Jacob's ''tiatr Padri'' (Priest). This ''tiatr'' was initially staged as a non-stop show and later adapted into a [[Padri (film)|feature film]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-08-30 |title=Tiatr Review J P Pereira – Padri – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/08/30/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-j-p-pereira-padri/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626180702/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/08/30/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-j-p-pereira-padri/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Two years later, in August 2018, Fernandes reprised the role of Sridevi in the ''tiatr Amkam Kiteak Poddlam!'' (Why should we Bother?), which was a sequel to Prince Jacob's earlier work ''Aao, Jao, Goa Tumhara'' (2017).<ref name=":0" /> In a review by J. P. Pereira from ''The Navhind Times'', Fernandes's portrayal as Sridevi was commended for entertaining the audience with a blend of wit and insightful observations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-08-23 |title=TIATR REVIEW – JP Pereira – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/08/23/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-jp-pereira-30/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626180600/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/08/23/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-jp-pereira-30/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2011, Fernandes was cast in the ''tiatr Teg Bhav Deva Pav'' (Three Brothers, God Help Us) by [[Prince Jacob]]. In her performance, she assumed the character of Marialina, a comedic mother figure, responsible for the upbringing of Jaku (Prince Jacob) and Paku (Comedian Humbert).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-09 |title=Family drama well worth seeing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/family-drama-well-worth-seeing/articleshow/8200513.cms |access-date=2024-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2018-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702194834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Family-drama-well-worth-seeing/articleshow/8200513.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2013, she was cast in another Jacob's ''tiatr Pap Tujem Prachit Mhojem'' (Your Sin, My Suffering), portraying the character of Laxmi, a swimming [[assistant coach]] with comic elements.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-16 |title=Overcoming disabilities one stroke at a time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/overcoming-disabilities-one-stroke-at-a-time/articleshow/27442027.cms |access-date=2024-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926022958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/overcoming-disabilities-one-stroke-at-a-time/articleshow/27442027.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally in the same ''tiatr'' she played the role of a doctor and a [[judge]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=J. P. |date=2013-08-31 |title=Pap Tujem Prachit Mhojem |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/31aug_amcho_avaz |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Amcho Avaz via [[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2024-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626180633/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/31aug_amcho_avaz |url-status=live }}</ref> Fernandes continued to take on mother roles in subsequent ''tiatrs'', appearing as a mother character in ''Maim Konnak Zai?'' (Who Wants a Mother?) by Prince Jacob in May 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-27 |title=For Prince Jacob, mum's the world |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/for-prince-jacob-mums-the-world/articleshow/52457440.cms |access-date=2024-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626180555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/for-prince-jacob-mums-the-world/articleshow/52457440.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Fernandes was cast in two ''tiatrs''. In the February [[liturgical drama|lenten]] ''tiatr Tannem Mhaka Obixek Kela'' written by Valency D'Souza and directed by Michael Gracias, she played a friendly neighbor who had a compassionate personality but enjoyed engaging in [[gossip]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-02-26 |title=Tannem Mhaka Obixek Kela – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/02/26/magazines/buzz/tannem-mhaka-obixek-kela/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626180702/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/02/26/magazines/buzz/tannem-mhaka-obixek-kela/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year in May, she appeared in Jacob's ''Ek Ghor Don Chulli'' (One House Two Stoves), she depicted a nosy neighbor who often interfered in others' affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-05-26 |title=TIATR REVIEW – JP Pereira – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/05/26/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-jp-pereira-36/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626180558/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/05/26/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-jp-pereira-36/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, Fernandes joined fellow veteran ''[[tiatrist]]s'' [[Cyriaco Dias]] and [[Platilda Dias]] to inaugurate the 2nd International Tiatr Sammelan in [[Margao, Goa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=2nd Int'l Tiatr Sammelan on Dec 15 in Margao |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/2nd-Int%E2%80%99l-Tiatr-Sammelan-on-Dec-15-in-Margao/183844 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
As of 2012, Fernandes resides at Saipem neighborhood in [[Candolim]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |pages=206 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-26 |archive-date=2024-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620184716/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Directory_of_Tiatr_Artistes_2012/45_WlAEACAAJ?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], her engagement in [[Tiatr|Konkani theater]] has primarily revolved around attending public events associated with ''[[tiatr]]s''.<ref name=":1" /> A recent occurrence took place in January 2023, when she was recognized, alongside seven other veteran ''[[tiatrist]]s'', by Dr. Austin D'Souza Prabhu, editor of ''Veez'', a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] publication, at the commencement of the 3rd International Tiatr Convention organized by Kala Niketan Goa in [[Panaji]], in acknowledgement for their contributions to the ''tiatr'' genre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatrists across globe seek industry status to Tiatr |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/tiatrists-across-globe-seek-industry-status-to-tiatr/93883.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231125447/https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/tiatrists-across-globe-seek-industry-status-to-tiatr/93883.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg91382.html Brief biography by JoeGoaUk]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Diana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Lelam

2026-03-03T21:16:36Z

Sera: added references

{{for|the village in Iran|Lelam, Iran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lelam
| image = Lelam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| producer = Seven Arts Films '''Executive Producer:''' [[G.P. Vijayakumar]]
| writer = [[Renji Panicker]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[M.G. Soman]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[N. F. Varghese]] [[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]] [[Spadikam George]]
| music =[[S.P. Venkatesh]] (score) [[Ouseppachan]] (songs)
| cinematography = Sanjeev Shankar
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Seven Arts Films
| distributor = Seven Arts International Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|10|18}}
| runtime = 180 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Lelam''''' ({{translation|[[Auction]]}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suresh-gopi-s-film-nithin-renji-panicker-not-lelam-2-110982|title=Suresh Gopi's film with Nithin Renji Panicker is not 'Lelam 2' |website=The News Minute|date=22 October 2019 }}</ref> directed by [[Joshiy]] and written by [[Renji Panicker]]. It stars [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[M. G. Soman]] with [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[N. F. Varghese]], [[Nandini]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], Vijayakumar, [[Spadikam George]], and Kaviyoor Renuka in supporting roles. It was also the last film of the veteran actor [[M.G. Soman]]. The story revolves around the rivalry between two liquor business groups, the Aanakkattil family and Kadayadi family. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Yelam'' and into Telugu as ''Royal Challenge''. Lelam was a blockbuster at the box-office and is also among the highest grossers of the 1990s.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/QBNFSnOL5uE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200301160221/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBNFSnOL5uE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBNFSnOL5uE| title = Lelam {{!}} Tamil Super Hit Full Action Movie {{!}} Suresh Gopi & M G Soman {{!}} Malayalam to tamil dubbed | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 21 May 2017 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

''Lelam'' was considered major comeback film for the actor [[Suresh Gopi]] which returned him the ''Super Star'' tag after the three-year long run of stereotyped roles which mostly failed at box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/08/30/joshiy-hit-machine-three-decades-needs-reboot.html|date=30 August 2019|agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]|title=Dress Circle - Joshiy, hit machine of 3 decades, needs reboot}}</ref> The character Aanakkattil Chackochi, played by the actor still remains one of his career-best roles till date.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/suresh-gopis-lelam-sequel-cards-698755|date=7 October 2016|agency=[[International Business Times]]|title=Is Suresh Gopi's Lelam sequel on the cards?}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Captain]] Jacob Stephan aka Anakkattil Chackochi, who along with his friend Karimbanadan Sunny leave for [[Pollachi]] to meet Andipetti Veerapandi Thevar, who deals with a spirit business. Though initially differs to negotiate, Thevar agrees to help them, after learning that Chackochi is the son of Eappachan. On their way back to [[Kerala]], they are stopped at the check post by a [[police officer|cop]] named John Maruthanayagam, who happened to be Chackochi's colleague in the army and helps them in leading back. Back at home, Chackochi's father, Anakattil Eappachan is a famous liquor baron, who holds almost a monopoly over spirit business over [[Pathanamthitta]] and [[Kottayam]].

Eappachan is always at loggerheads with his business rivals Kunnel-Kadayadi Group (K.K Group) popularly known as Kadayadi siblings — Kadayadi Raghavan, Kadayadi Thambi and Kadayadi Baby enjoys a partnership with Kunnel Mathachan and his sons Kunnel Outha and kunnel chandi in their business. Eappachan, who hails from a poor background has emerged to such a position with his hard work and struggle that he had never forgotten his roots, but he had to clash with Kadayadi and Kunnel group over the business. Chackochi is enjoying his life as a planter in the company of his friends Hussein and Oommachan and also shares a passionate relation with a royal lineage girl and [[Revenue division|RDO officer]] Gowri Parvathi.

K.K Group always loses to Eappachan, but they have never stopped their illegal ways to eliminate him. At the same time, Eappachan agrees to give his share of profits to them in order to settle things peacefully, but they are not satisfied and in an attempt to regain the past glory in business, Kadayadi and Kunnel clans join with [[Excise|Excise Minister]] Balakrishnan and Eappachan's lieutenant Kattithara Paappi, where Baby stabs Eappachan to death by ambushing him from behind. Chackochi is now forced to take charge of the business and has to face several problems from cops and rivals. Jayasimhan, who is investigating Eappachan's murder, is also a part of the Kadayadi syndicate, which makes Chackochi investigate the case himself.

The police presents a local suspect named Keeri Vasavan as the Eppachan's killer, who is granted bail due to lack of evidence in court. Chackochi is not ready to buy this argument and suspects Kadayadi and Kunnel families behind the ambush of Eppachan. Chackochi decides to hand over the liquor business to his employees, which shocks his enemies and friends alike. Karimbanadan Sunny, who was aiming Chackochi's business empire joins with Kadayadi group a day before the auction of spirit. He sinisterly sells out Hussein, who is now under the custody of the Kadayadis. Hussein is beaten brutally, but he never reveals the business secrets of Chackochi.

Within a short time, Chackochi reaches Hussein to save him, but is shocked to see Sunny among his enemies. In the following fight, Thampi and Sunny are killed. Chackochi beats up Kadayadi Raghavan, Kunnel Mathachan and Kunnel Outha. Outha is killed by Hussein. When Baby is about to be killed by Chackochi, Gowri Parvathi stops him, where Chackochi is ready to forgive, but Baby shoots them both enraging Chackochi, who throws Baby leading to the liquor bottles fall on him. Raghavan catches fire, killing him. A fire breaks out where the liquor explodes, killing Baby but Chackochi successfully escapes with Hussein, Gowri Parvathi and Ommen.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Captain Jacob Stephen (Aanakattil Chackochi) Main Protagonist
*[[M.G. Soman]] as Aanakkattil Eappachen,Main Protagonist,Kochu Thresia's Husband Chackochi,Ammini,Kunjumol's Father,Killed By Abkari group named KK Group(Kunnel-Kadayadi Group)
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Hussain
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Ummachan
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as Kadayadi Raghavan,Second Main Antagonist,Elder among the Kadayady siblings
*[[Spadikam George]] as Kadayadi Baby,First Main Antagonist,Second among the kadayady siblings
*[[Subair]] as Kadayadi Thampi,Fourth Main Antagonist,Youngest among the Kadayadi Siblings
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Sunny Cherian Karimpanal
*[[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]] as Gowri Parvathi
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as DYSP Jayasimhan,Right hand of Kunnel-Kadayadi(KK) Group
*[[K. P. A. C. Azeez]] as Kunnel Mathachen,Outhakutty and chandys Father,Fourth Main Antagonist
*[[Sathaar]] as Kunnel Outhakutty,Third Main Antagonist
*[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Kunnel Chandy,Fifth Main Antagonist
*Kaviyoor Renuka as Kochu Thresia Kochu, Eappachen's wife and Chackochi's mother
*[[Sreejaya Nair]] as Ammini, Chackochi's Sister
*Rehana Navas as Kunjumol, Chackochi's Sister
*[[Kollam Thulasi]] as Kattithara Pappi
*[[Shammi Thilakan]] as CI John, Police Officer
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Andipetti Veerapandi Thevar
*[[Mohan Jose]] as Keeri Vasavan
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Minister Balakrishnan
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as Bishop
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Kaimal
*[[Narayanankutty]] as MLA Sadasivan
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as Revathi Thirunal Thampuratti
*Aliyar as K.P. Prahaladan
*[[Chali Pala]] as Champakuzhi Jose
*Nandu Pothuval as Gopi
*[[Charan Raj]] as C.I George Marudunayagam (Special Appearance)
*Abraham Koshy as Sub Inspector of Police
* Antony Palakkan as Sakhavu Krushchev Kunjachan
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 18 October 1997.

===Critical reception===
''Indian Express'' wrote "If you're in the mood for tears, blood and weak jokes, check out this particular Lelam’".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/01811EDA2EAED3DD6525694100207B9D?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609083414/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/01811EDA2EAED3DD6525694100207B9D?OpenDocument|archive-date=9 June 2020|title=Reviews--Entertainment}}</ref> ''Times of India'' wrote "It's a sizzler of an action movie. When director Joshi strikes, he spews venom. The film packs punch and stands out for the riveting performances from Suresh Gopi, Siddique and M.G. Soman".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A67CC4504123CD1E652569400062A3C5?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609114929/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A67CC4504123CD1E652569400062A3C5?OpenDocument|archive-date=9 June 2020|title=Cinema-Review - the Times of India}}</ref> Jayalakshmi K. of the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Lelam means auction and here we are dealing with a liquor auction. So what if one does not reach the auction, the action en route provides good entertainment and some seat-edge thrills.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb07/enter.htm|title=Lelam (Malayalam)|date=7 February 1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990506115422/https://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb07/enter.htm|archive-date=6 May 1999|access-date=4 September 2023|first=Jayalakshmi|last=K.|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was a blockbuster at the Keralite box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/08/30/joshiy-hit-machine-three-decades-needs-reboot.html|date=30 August 2019|agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]|title=Dress Circle - Joshiy, hit machine of 3 decades, needs reboot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-suresh-gopi-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52450589.cms|date=26 May 2016|agency=[[The Times of India]]|title=10 Suresh Gopi films to watch before you die|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/01south.htm|title=Dileep's stroke of luck|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=1 November 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/exclusive-nikhil-renji-panicker-talks-about-kalamandalam-hyder-ali-influence-dad-future-795524|title=Exclusive: Nikhil Renji Panicker talks about Kalamandalam Hyder Ali, influence of dad and future|work=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nirmal Narayanan|date=8 April 2019}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack contains 4 songs, all composed by [[Ouseppachan]] and Lyrics by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Kunkumamo"
| [[Biju Narayanan]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| 2
| "Kunkumamo II"
| [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| 3
| "Kurumaali Kunninu"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| 4
| "Urukiyuruki"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]

|}

==Legacy==
''Lelam'' is hailed as one of the best movies in [[Suresh Gopi]]'s career, and is also considered as one of the greatest mass entertainers ever made. It also marks the final film role of [[M.G. Soman]] whose timeless dialogues in the movie are still popular.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.whykol.com/movie-dialogue/m-g-soman/ | title=11+ Selected M G Soman Dialogues from Various Malayalam Movies }}</ref>

== Cancelled sequel ==

On 9 March 2019, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that [[Suresh Gopi]] has confirmed that there would be a sequel to the film, titled ''Lelam 2''. He also added that he would be playing the same character as in the prequel as Aanakattil Chackochi, while his son [[Gokul Suresh]] plays Kochu Chackochi. The film is written by [[Renji Panicker]] and would be directed by his son Nithin Renji Panicker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopi-to-play-chackochi-and-gokul-suresh-kochu-chackochi-in-lelam-2/articleshow/68333064.cms|title=Suresh Gopi to play 'Chackochi' and Gokul Suresh 'Kochu Chackochi' in Lelam 2|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> In July 2024, Nithin Renji Panicker confirmed that the sequel is shelved.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/suresh-gopi-lelam-2-movie-will-never-happen-nithin-ranji-panicker-says-it-all-vvk-sgmes8|title='ലേലം 2 എന്ന സിനിമ ഒരിക്കലും സംഭവിക്കില്ല' : തീര്‍ത്ത് പറഞ്ഞ് നിഥിന്‍ രണ്‍ജി പണിക്കര്‍|work=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0355686}}

{{Joshiy}}

[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]

Gaami

2026-03-03T09:13:48Z

Sera: adding data - done

{{Short description|2024 film by Vidyadhar Kagita}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gaami film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vidyadhar Kagita
| screenplay = Vidyadhar Kagita Pratyush Vatyam
| producer = Karthik Sabareesh Swetha Moravaneni {{small|(co-producer)}}
| starring = [[Vishwak Sen]] [[Chandini Chowdary]] [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] Harika Pedada Dayanand Reddy [[Mohammad Samad]]
| cinematography = Vishwanath Reddy Chelumalla
| editing = Raghavendra Thirun
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sweekar Agasthi]] Naresh Kumaran '''Score:''' Naresh Kumaran
| studio = Karthik Kult Kreations V Celluloid VR Global Media Swetha Vahini Studios Ltd Clown Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2024|03|08|ref1=<ref name="toi release date"/><ref name="ht release date"/>|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget = {{INR|6 crore}}<ref name="Harsh">{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-05-29 |title=Vidyadhar Kagita: The idea with Gaami was to make something small yet radical |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2024/May/29/vidyadhar-kagita-the-idea-with-gaami-was-to-make-something-small-yet-radical |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|22 crore}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gaami-3-days-box-office-collections-vishwak-sen-movie-grossed-over-20-crores-world-wide-declared-super-hit-121710135481956.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311161732/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gaami-3-days-box-office-collections-vishwak-sen-movie-grossed-over-20-crores-world-wide-declared-super-hit-121710135481956.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 March 2024 | title=Gaami 3 days Box Office Collections: గామి సూపర్ హిట్.. మూడు రోజుల్లోనే బడ్జెట్ కంటే మూడు రెట్లు ఎక్కువ వసూళ్లు }}</ref>
| runtime = 144 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Gaami (12A)'' |url= https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/gaami-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5odu0|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=March 8, 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Gaami''''' ({{Translation|Seeker}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[epic (film)|epic]] [[Adventure film|adventure]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by debutant Vidyadhar Kagita.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=Gaami review: Vishwak Sen, Chandini Chowdary's anthology explores the triumph of human spirit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/gaami-review-vishwak-sen-chandini-chowdary-s-anthology-explores-the-triumph-of-human-spirit-101709970374606.html}}</ref> The film features [[Vishwak Sen]], [[Chandini Chowdary]], [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]], Harika Pedada and [[Mohammad Samad]] in primary roles. Initially started with a crowd-funding campaign, it was produced by Karthik Sabareesh, under Karthik Kult.

It released on 8 March 2024 to positive reviews from critics and audiences, with critics praising the cast's performances, concept, production design and technical aspects.The film was a major commercial success at the box-office by grossing over ₹22 crore against the budget of ₹6 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Entertainment Desk |first=HT |date=7 February 2024 |title=Vishwak Sen, Chandini Chowdary-starrer Gaami's release date announced |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/vishwak-sen-chandini-chowdary-starrer-gaami-s-release-date-announced-101707307483695.html |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Gaami has been screened at [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]], becoming the first Telugu film to do so.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/01/gaami-chosen-as-official-selection-at-rotterdam-film-festival | title=Gaami chosen as official selection at Rotterdam Film Festival | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=February 2025 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
[[Aghori|Aghoras]] of a secluded Ashram condemn Shankar, an [[amnesia]]c Aghora with [[haphophobia]], who was dropped off at the Ashram as a teen by an admired Aghora Kedar Baba, to banishment, as they misconstrue his phobia to be a curse set on by him by [[Lord Shiva]], asking him to repay his [[karma|karmic debt]]. Sudama, an empathetic Ashramite, instructs Shankar to seek the cure from Kedar Baba, who was last seen at [[Kumbh Mela]] in [[Prayagraj]]. Shankar sets out to meet Kedar Baba but chances upon his disciple, who notifies Shankar of Kedar Baba's death but having been acquainted with his problem, suggests Shankar to acquire ''Maalipatram'', an exceptional [[bioluminescent]] [[mushroom]] endowed with medicinal capabilities, found in a cave of [[Dunagiri (mountain)|Dunagiri]], deep inside the [[Himalayas]], to cure his condition and informs him that the plant would be potent in rehabilitating him only once every 36 years and gives him a deadline of 15 days to find it. Jahnavi, a doctor invested in a research trip on the ''maalipatram'', accompanies him to the Himalayas.

Meanwhile, Durga, a [[Devadasi]] in a remote village of [[Southern India]], is stripped of her duties to the God, owing to her terminal illness. She hopes to spend the rest of her life with her daughter, Uma, who is averse to Durga's persistent attempts, hating her for abandoning her soon after her birth. Nevertheless, when Uma discovers that Durga took the solemn vow as a Devadasi to ensure Uma's birth in a safe and sound way as her delivery seemed complicated, she reciprocates her mother's love for her and implores her to never leave her. Elsewhere, in ''C.A.T'', an illegal medical facility, CT-333, a troubled subject, is forced to undergo [[conversion therapy]]; while Tara, research assistant to Dr. Bakshi, the chief, is determined to accomplish the task through electrocution, Dr. Bakshi is hell-bent on performing [[lobotomy]], despite being aware of its absurd side-effects, and sets a target time for Tara to achieve the result through her way.

One day, an inmate falls into CT-333's cell through the ceiling; disclosing that he had worked as a research assistant under Bakshi and that he was confined for trying to expose the facility's illicit experiments, he hatches a plan to escape and takes CT-333's assistance in digging an underground tunnel. Shankar, who, while experiencing distressing dreams and hallucinations of CT-333 seeking help and a comforting touch, realises that his journey is arduous and gives up while Jahnavi proceeds and gets trapped inside a frozen lake. He rescues her and discovers her noble intentions behind seeking the ''maalipatram'': she desires to find a cure for mental traumas. In the meantime, while Durga and Uma share cherishing moments, the village's chieftain plots to make Uma the new Devadasi, believing that the village is undergoing turmoil due to the absence of one. Against it, Durga formulates a plan to escape from the village with Uma. However, she succumbs to her illness and a mourning Uma is forced to flee; an acquaintance helps her board a bus to the town, but Durga's contriving sister finds her and takes her to the chieftain, who violently makes her the new Devadasi. Shankar and Jahnavi fall off a cliff; a [[Buddhist]] monk rescues and heals him, but tells him that Jahnavi might be dead. Uma, having become the Devadasi in times where the Devadasis were commonly associated with [[prostitution]], is forced to serve men, who approach Devadasis with superstitious beliefs.

During her first such encounter, a man freaks out on seeing Uma on her first night as the Devadasi and the chieftain uncovers something shocking and embarrassing about her; he conspires to murder her, but sells her off to his son's friend, a reputed agent working in ''C.A.T'', who hopes to use her as a lab rat for a certain experiment. CT-333's plan to escape with the inmate fails and they are captured; while the inmate dies, CT-333 is subjected to electrocution, this time on his genitals. The system overloads and he continues to receive electrocution even when Tara orders the assistants to desist; as soon as she switches the system off, she ponders over the incongruous result and informs Bakshi, who decides to perform the lobotomy. CT-333, nonetheless, hides in a barrel to escape but it is taken to a freezing chamber and he loses his senses due to [[frostbite]]. The Buddhist monk, elsewhere, illuminates Shankar to solve the problems of CT-333 and Uma, on discovering that he frequently has illusions of them seeking help and implies that he might be connected to them by karma. As Shankar sets out to help them having failed to find the ''maalipatram'', a lion pounces on him and he hides inside a cave; he finds a sickle and digs another way out.

Simultaneously, CT-333 manages to escape the facility, but Bakshi dispatches a pack of wolves outside upon discovering that he has escaped, while Uma is taken to the facility. Kedar Baba rescues CT-333 from the wolves, revealing that the latter, Uma, CT-333 and Shankar are the same person. Uma is diagnosed with [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] on that fateful night by the chieftain's son and his friend. Though born with female characteristics, she grows up to have characteristics of a man. The agent of C.A.T deems her perfect for the experiment, given that she is an [[intersex]] and C.A.T hopes to suppress her [[primary sex characteristics|primary]] and [[secondary sex characteristics]] by electrocuting her, to ultimately convert her into a woman. Thus, Uma grows up to be CT-333, who becomes amnesiac and hapnophobic after the last electrocution that went wrong. As Shankar remembers his past, he attempts suicide out of agony, but soon remembers Durga's uplifting words and proceeds towards the blooming ''maalipatram'' he sees in a cave of an adjacent mountain and realizes that the day is the prescribed one to consume it. As the lion chases him, he jumps towards another cliff and subdues it.

He consumes the ''maalipatram'' on time and once again falls off the cliff due to his scuffle with the lion. As he wakes up on the banks of a lake, he stumbles upon Jahnavi, who has survived the fall and touches her, revealing that he is cured of his phobia. As he, overwhelmed, lays in her arms, experiencing her motherly touch, the scene fades to Uma holding on to Durga in a similar way.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vishwak Sen]] as Shankar
*[[Mohammad Samad]] as CT-333
*Harika Pedada as Uma, Durga's daughter
*[[Chandini Chowdary]] as Dr. Jahnavi
*[[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] as Durga
*Dayanand Reddy
*Shanti Rao as Tara
*Mayank Parakh as Dr. Bakshi
*Viswanath Mandalika as Dr. Narendra
*Sridhar as Basava
*John Kottoly as Sudhama
*Sharath Kumar as The Ayurvedic Guru
*Rajnish Sharma as The Monk
*Aumkar Katamaraju as Ravi
*Venkat
*Unnikrishnan
}}
*Rajiv Kumar Aneja as Colonel

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Vidyadhar Kagita initiated a crowdfunding campaign for the film, via [[Facebook]], in July 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gaami: అఘోరాగా విశ్వక్‌సేన్‌.. 'గామి' ఫస్ట్‌లుక్‌ పోస్టర్‌ రిలీజ్‌ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/vishwak-sen-new-movie-first-look-poster-release/0205/124018396 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><ref name="yt crowdfunding pitch">{{Citation |title=Project " Gaami " - Crowdfunding Pitch - A Vidyadhar Film | date=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cnl2rQOJao |access-date=2024-02-13 |language=en}}</ref> In a corresponding YouTube video, Kagita appealed to the public for financial support, emphasizing the project's independent nature and spirit.<ref name="ht release date">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-07 |title=Vishwak Sen, Chandini Chowdary-starrer Gaami's release date announced |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/vishwak-sen-chandini-chowdary-starrer-gaami-s-release-date-announced-101707307483695.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The campaign received significant backing from both the audience and industry insiders, enabling the commencement of [[principal photography]] in September 2018 in rural areas around [[Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-02-14 |title=Interview: Meet Vidyadhar Kagita, director of Vishwak Sen-starrer Telugu film 'Gaami' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-vidyadhar-kagita-director-of-the-telugu-film-gaami-starring-vishwak-sen-as-an-aghori-venturing-to-the-himalayas/article67844375.ece |access-date=2024-02-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film was shot in various locations including the [[Himalayas]] and [[Varanasi]].

=== Pre-production ===
The diverse locations required for filming posed logistical challenges, ranging from humid South Indian villages to freezing Himalayan terrains. Extensive [[location scouting]] took place in regions such as [[Khaling language|Khtaling]], [[Pangong Tso|Pyangong]], [[Khardung La]], [[Zanskar]], and [[Leh]] during the winters of 2017 and 2018. The title logo was designed for universal appeal, and character concept arts were prepared to define the characters' nature and style.

Script development began in May 2016, with the first draft completed by September 2017. Inspiration from extensive location scouting in the Himalayas influenced subsequent drafts, leading to the shooting script's finalization by April 2018. Schedule-wise rewrites continued throughout production, with additional refinement during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Key cast members, including [[Vishwak Sen]] and [[Chandini Chowdary]] were approached based on their previous performances. Scene tests, table reads, and rehearsals preceded filming. Notable additions to the cast, such as Mohammad Samad and Shanti Rao, were made during subsequent stages of production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Chandini Chowdary goes for a complete makeover for 'Gaami' |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/chandini-chowdary-goes-for-a-complete-makeover-for-gaami |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Principal photography ===
The art department, led by Vidyadhar Kagita, oversaw production design for the initial schedules. Subsequently, Pravalya Duddupudi joined as production designer, overseeing the construction of 12 sets, including chroma key setups, at a warehouse studio. Special properties reflecting mythical and retro-futuristic themes were custom-made for the film.

It was filmed over approximately 130 days, deviating from mainstream production norms. The minimalist crew utilized guerrilla filmmaking techniques, shooting in rural villages around Nellore and specially erected sets in Hyderabad. The film was shot at locations including the holy [[Allahabad|Ghats of Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Leh]], and [[Khardung La|Kardhung La]] pass. Despite interruptions from the [[2019 India-Pakistan border skirmishes]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], principal photography concluded on November 6, 2020.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

=== Post-production ===
Editing commenced during the first COVID-19 lockdown, with the first cut completed by November 2022. Sync Cinemas handled sound production, while Sunil Chinta served as the VFX supervisor, overseeing nearly 700 visual effects shots. Motion capture tests were conducted in May 2018,<ref name="wrapped cinemaexpress">{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Gaami |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/may/02/its-a-wrap-for-gaami-42922.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=2 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> with environmental effects achieved in-camera through innovative DIY practical systems. In an interview Vidyadhar Kagita spoke about the idea behind Gaami "was to do something radical yet small enough so that it makes its money back even if fewer people watch it.” He adds, “Gaami should not be confused for a big film. After making Gaami, I strongly believe that we can do stuff like this even with less money. In the Telugu film industry, there is much discourse about what we can or cannot do. It is important that we change that and create space for new stories.”<ref name="Harsh">{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-05-29 |title=Vidyadhar Kagita: The idea with Gaami was to make something small yet radical |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2024/May/29/vidyadhar-kagita-the-idea-with-gaami-was-to-make-something-small-yet-radical |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gaami
| type = film
| artist = Naresh Kumaran
| released = {{Film date|2024}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Naresh Kumaran
| prev_title = [[IIT Krishnamurthy]]
| prev_year = 2020
| chronology = Naresh Kumaran
}}
The background score of the film is credited to Narsh Kumaran, while the songs were composed by Naresh Kumaran and [[Sweekar Agasthi]]. The soundtrack features three songs, where the first single, "Gamyaanne" composed by Sweekar Agasthi, released on February 24, 2024, while the second single, "Shivam" composed by Naresh Kumaran, released on 4 March 2024.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gamyaanne
| length1 = 4:22
| lyrics1 = Sanapati Bharadwaj Patrudu
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], [[Sweekar Agasthi]], Sugunamma
| title2 = Shivam
| length2 = 4:00
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Mani|Srimani]]
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title3 = Aariraaro
| length3 = 1:22
| lyrics3 = Lakshmi Priyanka
| extra3 = Harini Ivaturi
}}

== Release ==
On 8 February 2024, it was announced that the film would be released worldwide on 8 March 2024 due to Vishwak's other film ''[[Gangs of Godavari]]'' being postponed.<ref name="toi release date">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-08 |title=Vishwak Sen and Chandini Chowdary starrer 'Gaami' to release on March 8 - Deets Inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vishwak-sen-and-chandini-chowdary-starrer-gaami-to-release-on-march-8/articleshow/107503598.cms |access-date=2024-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="ht release date" /> The film released on streaming platform [[ZEE5]] on 12 April 2024.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Box office ==
Despite the clash with [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] starrer ''[[Bhimaa]]'', ''Gaami'' saw [[Vishwak Sen]]'s career's highest opening day with 9.07 crore and continued to grow with positive word of mouth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title='Gaami' box office collection day 1: The film marks the highest in Vishwak Sen's career by grossing Rs 9 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/gaami-box-office-collection-day-1-the-film-marks-the-highest-in-vishwak-sens-career-by-grossing-rs-9-crore/articleshow/108347807.cms |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In [[United States]] premieres it collected over $160,000, the film initially faced challenges in securing optimal showtimes and screens in [[Cinemark Theatres]] due to the dominance of Hollywood releases like ''[[Dune: Part Two]]'' and ''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]'' and achieved a significant milestone by grossing US$500,000{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} and emerged as Vishwak Sen's career's highest grosser in the international markets.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The film collected over {{INR}}22 crore in its theatrical run.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' cited the film as "an immersive soul-searching journey", while praising Vidhyadhar's work along with Viswhak Sen's performance and the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-03-08 |title='Gaami' movie review: Director Vidyadhar Kagita's Telugu film starring Vishwak Sen is an immersive soul-searching journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gaami-movie-review-director-vidyadhar-kagitas-telugu-film-starring-vishwak-sen-is-an-immersive-soul-searching-journey/article67924589.ece |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Echoing the same, Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' also praised Vidhyadhar's work with a special mention to the score and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=2024-03-09 |title=Gaami review: Vishwak Sen, Chandini Chowdary's anthology explores the triumph of human spirit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/gaami-review-vishwak-sen-chandini-chowdary-s-anthology-explores-the-triumph-of-human-spirit-101709970374606.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that, "''Gaami'' is a film that, despite its length and narrative complexities, offers a visually stunning experience with strong performances and an innovative storyline".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2024 |title=Gaami Movie Review : Vishwak Sen's epic journey – A visual treat with uneven narrative |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gaami/movie-review/108322649.cms |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Abhilasha Cherukuri opined that the film gets its story treatment right, with respect to how the conflicts escalate progressively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2024-03-09 |title='Gaami' movie review: An adventure drama that peaks as much as it plateaus |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Mar/09/gaami-movie-review-an-adventure-drama-that-peaks-as-much-as-it-plateaus |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Praising the performances of lead actors (including Harika Pedada and Mohammad Samad), Jahnavi of ''[[The News Minute]]'' further wrote that "Vidyadhar shows some great genre-bending writing and direction in his very first film, bringing in an unconventional voice particularly for Telugu cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jahnavi |date=2024-03-08 |title=Gaami review: Vishwak Sen's genre-bending sci-fi thriller is a gripping watch |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/gaami-review-vishwak-sens-genre-bending-sci-fi-thriller-is-a-gripping-watch |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' praised the technical values of the film, in addition to the performances of Sen, Chowdary, Pedada and Samad.<ref>https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/gaami-movie-review-vishwak-sens-journey-of-self-discovery-scores-big-despite-many-flaws-1284744%3famp</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt27657791}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2020s adventure drama films]]
[[Category:2020s adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure drama films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Intersex-related films]]
[[Category:2024 adventure films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Films about sexuality]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Films set on rivers]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]

This Weekend

2026-03-02T10:00:23Z

Sera: starting info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = This Weekend
| image = Kaattu Puli.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster of the Tamil version of ''Kaattu Puli''
| native_name = 
| director = [[Tinu Verma]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja]] [[Rajneesh Duggal]] [[Sayali Bhagat]] [[Bianca Desai]] Amit Dawer Annanya Brahma Jahan Jennifer Taniya Mirza
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Vijay Verma
| studio = Kapishek Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|2|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''This Weekend''''' is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Tinu Verma]] and starring [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Rajneesh Duggal]], [[Sayali Bhagat]], [[Bianca Desai]], Amit Dawer, Annanya Brahma, Jahan, Jennifer and Taniya Mirza. The climax of the film was also partially reshot in Tamil (under the title ''Kaattu Puli''; {{Translation|Forest tiger}}) and Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=19 November 2011 |title=Itsy Bitsy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy/article2642570.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919060734/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy/article2642570.ece |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V. Sangeetha |date=26 May 2011 |title=Action King Arjun has teamed up with Bollywood action choreographer Tinu Varma, for his next film Kaatu Puli. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/-action-king-arjun-has-teamed-up-with-bollywood-action-choreographer-tinu-varma-for-his-next-film-kaatu-puli-/articleshow/8585953.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919060730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/-action-king-arjun-has-teamed-up-with-bollywood-action-choreographer-tinu-varma-for-his-next-film-kaatu-puli-/articleshow/8585953.cms |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was released on 17 February 2012. The movie was a unofficial adaptation of Hollywood movie [[Wrong Turn (2003 film)|Wrong Turn]].

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|July 2025|date=July 2025}}
A family consisting of a father, Dr. Sanjay; a mother, Dr. Shivani; and their daughter, Anjali are having a picnic but get stuck in the forest. They are joined by three couples (played by [[Rajneesh Duggal]] and [[Sayali Bhagat]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2011 |title=Sayali Bhagat okay with wearing bikini on screen |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sayali-bhagat-okay-with-wearing-bikini-on-screen-621422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919060732/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sayali-bhagat-okay-with-wearing-bikini-on-screen-621422 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Annanya and Amit, and Jahan and Jennifer).<ref name="N">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2011 |title=A punching debut with a jungle thriller |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/jun/04/a-punching-debut-with-a-jungle-thriller-259584.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919060734/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/jun/04/a-punching-debut-with-a-jungle-thriller-259584.html |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="S">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=Kattupuli Movie Review |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/39567/kollywood/kattupuli-movie-review-movie-review-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113082023/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/39567/kollywood/kattupuli-movie-review-movie-review-details |archive-date=13 January 2013 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=SuperGoodMovies.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Arjun Sarja]] as Dr. Sanjay
*[[Rajneesh Duggal]] as Ajay
*[[Sayali Bhagat]] as Divya
*[[Bianca Desai]] as Dr. Shivani
*Raj Preemi as Naga
*[[Tinu Verma]] as Rudra
*Amit Dawer as Raj
*Annanya Brahma as Sonal
*Tina as Dr. Sujata
*Sikha Aarya as Chanddi
*Jahan as Gaurav
*Jennifer as Shruti
*Taniya Mirza as Anjali
}}

== Production ==
Stunt director [[Tinu Verma]] first met [[Arjun Sarja]] on the sets of ''[[Champion (2000 film)|Champion]]'' (2000).<ref name="N" /> This film marks the Bollywood debut of Bianca Desai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2010 |title=THE TRI-LINGUAL STAR |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/oct/04/the-tri-lingual-star-192416.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919060734/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/oct/04/the-tri-lingual-star-192416.html |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Talakona]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=1 July 2011 |title=Going wild |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz/article2150641.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919060733/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz/article2150641.ece |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was awarded an 'A' certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2012 |title=Tinu Varma miffed as his 'Kaattu Puli' gets 'A' |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/tinu-varma-miffed-as-his-kaattu-puli-gets-a/47244/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601150300/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/tinu-varma-miffed-as-his-kaattu-puli-gets-a/47244/story.htm |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=V. Lakshmi |title=My film's an original: Tinu Verma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/my-films-an-original-tinu-verma/articleshow/11564852.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012011222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/My-films-an-original-Tinu-Verma/articleshow/11564852.cms |archive-date=2020-10-12 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{empty section|date=August 2025}}
[[Amitabh Bachchan]] attended the film's audio launch since [[Tinu Verma]] had worked as an action director for several of Amitabh Bachchan's films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2011 |title=First Look: 'The Weekend' |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/first-look-the-weekend/articleshow/9977778.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620143325/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/first-look-the-weekend/articleshow/9977778.cms |archive-date=20 June 2021 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2011 |title=Bollybuzz: Big B launches the music of 'This Weekend' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bollybuzz-1509-401067.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919060735/https://www.news18.com/news/india/bollybuzz-1509-401067.html |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2011 |title=Indian Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan (C) poses with the cast and director of forthcoming Hindi film "This Weekend" (L/R): Tinu Varma, Rajneesh Duggal, Arjun Sarja and actress Sayali Bhagat during a ceremony for the film's music launch in Mumbai late September 13, 2011. AFP PHOTO/STR (Photo credit should read STRDEL/AFP via Getty Images) |pages=39 |work=[[Kuwait Times]] |url=https://issuu.com/kuwaitnews/docs/kt20110915 |access-date=16 September 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Big B launches This Weekend, Candice heats up music launch |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/big-b-launches-this-weekend-candice-heats-up-music-launch-11325#photo-145071 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728134213/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/big-b-launches-this-weekend-candice-heats-up-music-launch-11325#photo-145071 |archive-date=2013-07-28 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
=== Track listing ===
{{Expand section|August 2025|date=August 2025}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''SuperGoodMovies.com'' gave the film a rating of two out of five and opined that the film "was okay for Arjun fans".<ref name="S" /> Rohit Ramachandran of ''Nowrunning.com'' gave the film a rating of one-half out of five stars and called the film "an act of raping cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohit Ramachandran |date=20 February 2012 |title=Kaattu Puli Tamil Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/9079/tamil/kaattu-puli/3581/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526034549/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/9079/tamil/kaattu-puli/3581/review.htm |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film released to no expectations and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movies Releasing this Week (Feb 16 2012) |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/708/movies-releasing-this-week-feb-16-2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220005428/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/708/movies-releasing-this-week-feb-16-2012 |archive-date=2012-02-20 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Theatres for Week of February 12 |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/717/in-theatres-for-week-of-february-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423040335/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/717/in-theatres-for-week-of-february-17 |archive-date=2012-04-23 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tinu Verma]]

Monica (2011 film)

2026-03-02T09:58:50Z

Sera: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Monica
| image = Monica_Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Sushen Bhatnagar
| producer = Kush Bhargava
| writer = Sushen Bhatnagar
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Divya Dutta]]|[[Ashutosh Rana]]|[[Rajit Kapur]]}}
| music = Raju Rao
| cinematography = Chandan Goswami
| editing = {{ubl|Santosh Kumar|Aadesh Verma}}
| distributor = Aj Media Corporation
| released = {{Film date|2011}}
| runtime = 119 minutes<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/monica-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zodezmza|title=Monica|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218154836/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/monica-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zodezmza|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Monica''' is a 2011 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]]<ref name=BBFC/> written and directed by Sushen Bhatnagar, starring [[Divya Dutta]], [[Ashutosh Rana]] and [[Rajit Kapur]], and produced by [[Anup Jalota]] and Kush Bhargava.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/foxy-ladies/769978/|title= Indian Express - Foxxy ladies|access-date= 15 April 2014|archive-date= 16 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192354/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/foxy-ladies/769978/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news-and-interviews/One-cannot-survive-on-ghazals-only-Anup-Jalota/articleshow/19629872.cms|title= One cannot survive on ghazals only: Anup Jalota|website= [[The Times of India]]|access-date= 15 April 2014|archive-date= 31 May 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180531230602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news-and-interviews/One-cannot-survive-on-ghazals-only-Anup-Jalota/articleshow/19629872.cms|url-status= live}}</ref> It is directed by Sushen Bhatnagar and is inspired from real life incidents such as the [[Shivani Bhatnagar]] murder case and the [[2G spectrum case]].

==Plot==
The film traces the story of Monica Jaitley, who is an ambitious woman who wants to rise to the top at any cost. She has had a tormented life as a child, as she was sexually abused in her childhood. Leaving her horrid past behind, she falls in love with journalist Raj Jaitley. They do get married; however, they have an unhappy married life. She becomes a journalist herself, and this creates a rift between them. The story traces her rise to the top and the compromises she ends up making and their impact on her personal life.<ref name="CITEREFIndianExpress">{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/news/monica/767383/|title= Monica Movie Review - Indian Express}}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Divya Dutta]] ... Monica Jaitley (Journalist)
* [[Rajit Kapur]] ... Raj Jaitley (Monica's husband)
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] ... Chandrakant Pandit (Politician)
* [[Kitu Gidwani]] ... Pamela Grewal (Industrialist)
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] ... Public Prosecutor Mathur
* [[Tinnu Anand]] ... Assem Ray
* [[Kunika]] ... Judge Shanti
* [[Yatin Karyekar]] ... M.J.
* Mithilesh Chaturvedi ... Defence Lawyer Abhinav Pathak
* Saurabh Dubey ... Shrikant Vohra
* Dadhey Pandey ... Sandeep Mishra (Broker)
* Anil Rastogi ... Mr Jaitley, Monica's Father
* Veda Rakesh ... Mrs Jaitley, Monica's Mother
* Padam Singh ... Gopinath Pandey
* Zarine Viccajee ... House Owner - Nainita

==Reception==
[[Mahesh Bhatt]] tweeted, "Monica is a brave film, and Divya Dutta bears her soul on the screen like [[Shabana Azmi]] once did in the movie [[Arth (film)|Arth]]".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/No-actress-would-dare-to-attempt-Monica-Divya/articleshow/7825097.cms|title= No actress would dare to attempt Monica: Divya Dutta|website= [[The Times of India]]|access-date= 15 April 2014|archive-date= 28 October 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171028175213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/No-actress-would-dare-to-attempt-Monica-Divya/articleshow/7825097.cms|url-status= live}}</ref>

Indian Express review - ''"Monica has the intention, and a couple of effective performances, but doesn't keep up with its execution."'' <ref name="CITEREFIndianExpress"/>

Hindustan Times - Mayank Shekhar gave it 1/5 stars <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-monica/article1-677625.aspx|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110402105701/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-Monica/Article1-677625.aspx|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2 April 2011|title= Mayank Shekhar's Review: Monica}}</ref>

[[The Times of India]] gave it 3/5 stars and a decent review - ''"Don't be mislead by the title and don't be foxed by the low key publicity. This one's truly a surprise. Check it out."'' <ref>{{cite web|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Monica/movie-review/7781873.cms|title= ToI Review: Monica|website= [[The Times of India]]|access-date= 15 April 2014|archive-date= 4 April 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150404095000/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Monica/movie-review/7781873.cms|url-status= live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1887817|Monica}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2G spectrum case]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]

National Board of Accreditation

2026-02-27T07:23:03Z

Sera:

{{Short description|Accreditation agency in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = National Board of Accreditation
| image = National Board of Accreditation.svg
| abbreviation = NBA
| leader_title = [[Chairperson]]
| leader_name = Prof. Anil D. Sahasrabudhe
| leader_title2 = Member Secretary
| leader_name2 = Dr. Anil Kumar Nassa
| formation = {{start date and age|1994}}
| type = Autonomous from 2010
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| affiliations =
| website = {{url|https://www.nbaind.org}}
}}

The '''National Board of Accreditation''' ('''NBA''') is one of the two major bodies responsible for [[accreditation]] of [[higher education]] institutions in [[India]], along with the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kohli|first1=Gauri|title=Global drive planned to check fake colleges and universities|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/global-drive-planned-to-check-fake-colleges-and-universities/story-nvXyHa6PYHk5kIZjT5vG4J.html|access-date=3 October 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=21 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> NBA accredits technical programmes, such as engineering and management programmes, while NAAC accredits general colleges and universities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohanty|first1=Basant Kumar|title=IITs loath to take up accreditation role|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170102/jsp/nation/story_128079.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225620/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170102/jsp/nation/story_128079.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2017|access-date=3 October 2017|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=2 January 2017}}</ref> NBA is a full member of the [[Washington Accord (credentials)|Washington Accord]].

==History==
NBA was established by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) in 1994 and has operated as an autonomous body since 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Board of Accreditation|url=http://www.nbaind.org/default.aspx|website=www.nbaind.org|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> In 2014 it was granted a full membership status in the Washington Accord.<ref>{{cite news|title=Boost for techies as Ind now full member of Washington Accord|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/boost-for-techies-as-ind-now-full-member-of-washington-accord_939300.html|access-date=3 October 2017|work=[[Zee News]]|date=13 June 2014|language=en}}</ref>

== Programs accredited ==
The NBA accredits programs rather than institutions. These include [[diplomas]], [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] programs. Accredited fields include engineering & technology, management, pharmacy, architecture, applied arts and crafts, computer applications, and hospitality and tourism management.<ref>{{cite web|title=Program Accreditated by NBA|url=http://www.nbaind.org/accreditation.aspx#accreditation-program-accreditated|website=www.nbaind.org|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>

While accreditation is voluntary, in 2017 the AICTE announced that it would not provide approval to institutes that failed to obtain accreditation for at least half of their programs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nanda|first1=Prashant K.|title=How AICTE wants engineering, B-Schools to improve students’ job readiness|url=http://www.livemint.com/Education/VMdWWCKcj2qrYiaHgKjLmL/How-AICTE-wants-engineering-BSchools-to-improve-students.html|access-date=3 October 2017|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=12 April 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[University Grants Commission (India)]], a related higher education body

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.nbaind.org}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180316201516/http://www.facilities.aicte-india.org/dashboard/pages/aicte_nba.php List of AICTE Approved Institutions having NBA Accredited Courses]
{{Coord|28.5869166|N|77.2278025|E|format=dms|region:IN-DL_type:org|display=title}}

{{Higher education in India}}

[[Category:1994 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:College accreditors in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1994]]

John Mack (Serampore)

2026-02-22T13:37:26Z

Sera: Adding A Biography

{{Short description|Scottish missionary, chemist, teacher, translator and editor (1797 - 1845)}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata
| fetchwikidata=ALL
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'''John Mack of Serampore''' (12 March 1797 – 30 April 1845) was a Scottish missionary who worked in the [[Serampore]] Mission. He took an interest in education and served as a principal of the [[Serampore College]] where he taught science and produced the first chemistry textbook in Bengali.

== Life and work ==
[[File:Serampore College 1901.jpg|thumb|Serampore College, c. 1901]]

John Mack was born in [[Edinburgh]] where his father was a solicitor-at-law in the Sheriffs office.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanley |first=Brian |date=2020 |title=The Vision of a Christian Higher Education for India: 200 Years of Serampore College History |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/99988540/YBAQ_2019_0004_R1.pdf|journal=Baptist Quarterly |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=17–31 |doi=10.1080/0005576X.2019.1642643 |s2cid=203056721 |issn=0005-576X}}</ref> He went to the local high school where he took an interest in the natural sciences. With an interest in joining the ministry of the [[Church of Scotland]], he was sent to school in Gloucestershire to improve his accent. There he met the Baptist minister [[William Winterbotham]] who introduced him to the Baptist church. Mack then went to the Bristol Baptist Academy in 1818, much against his family's wishes. He trained in theology under Rev. [[John Ryland]]. [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]] was on furlough in Britain in 1821 and was looking for someone to work at the Serampore College and visited the Bristol Baptist Academy. Mack obtained a recommendation from the academy to work in Serampore. Before going to India he went to study natural philosophy at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He also attended courses in [[Guy's Hospital]] on chemistry and those on surgery by [[John Abernethy (surgeon)|John Abernethy]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Kirtland, Charles |url=https://www.gospelstudies.org.uk/missiology/pdf/e-books/kirtland_c/homes-of-the-baptist-missionary-society_kirtland.pdf |title=The Homes of the Baptist Missionary Society, from Kettering to Castle Street |publisher=Alexander and Shepheard |year=1885 |place=London |pages=51–54}}</ref> He sailed in May 1821 and reached India on 15 November 1821.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Principles of Chemistry, Volume 1 - John Mack - Title Page.jpg|thumb|upright|Title page of ''Principles of Chemistry'', Volume 1]]

Mack served initially as a professor of chemistry at the Serampore College.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Smith, G.E. |year=1964|title= Patterns of Missionary Education: The Baptist India Mission 1794–1824| journal= Baptist Quarterly| volume= 20|issue=7|pages= 293–312|doi= 10.1080/0005576X.1964.11751154}}</ref> He taught and produced a bilingual textbook of chemistry in English (''Principles of Chemistry'', Volume 1){{efn|A second volume was never published}} which was translated into Bengali by [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]]'s son [[Felix Carey]] (died 1822<ref>{{cite web |title=Felix Carey - 'a colourful and tragic life' |url=https://www.baptist.org.uk/Articles/370739/Felix_Carey_a.aspx |website=The Baptist |access-date=16 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>){{efn|Rajesh Kochhar suggested that at least some of the translation, after Felix Carey's death, was done by Mack—who also lectured in Bengali—himself.<ref name="Kochhar">{{cite web |title=Bengal and Modern Science: Beginnings, accomplishments, and shortcomings |url=https://www.slideshare.net/RajeshKochhar/bengal-and-modern-science-beginnings-accomplishments-and-shortcomings |access-date=16 November 2023 |date=26 March 2018}}</ref>}} as {{lang|bn|কিমিয়া বিদ্যার সার (Kimia Bidyar Sara)}} in 1834.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siddiq Khan |first=M. |date=1966 |title=Felix Carey: A Prisoner of Hope |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/libr.1966.16.4.237/html |journal=Libri |volume=16 |issue=4 |doi=10.1515/libr.1966.16.4.237 |s2cid=201842070 |issn=0024-2667|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He also taught classics, philosophy and geography and had a Bengali translation made of the map of India.<ref>{{cite journal|pages= 809–835|title= Translating Science, Translating Empire: The Power of Language in Colonial North India| author=Dodson, Michael S. |year=2005| journal= Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=47| issue=4| doi= 10.1017/S0010417505000368|s2cid= 143841751}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Marshman, John Clark |url=https://archive.org/details/lifelaboursofcar00mars/page/372/mode/2up |title=The life and labours of Carey, Marshman, & Ward : the Serampore missionaries |publisher=A. Strahan |year=1873 |place=London |page=362}}</ref> The public lectures on chemistry were well attended with nearly 80 to 100 students and he was able to contribute 100 guineas {{efn|100 guineas is £105; that amount in, say, 1835 is {{Inflation|GBP|105|1835|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} to the mission funds from his class earnings.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Larwood, H. J. C. |year=1961|title= Science and education in India before the Mutiny.|journal= Annals of Science| volume= 17|issue=2|pages= 81–96| doi=10.1080/00033796100202561}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sivasundaram |first=Sujit |date=2007 |title='A Christian Benares': Orientalism, science and the Serampore Mission of Bengal |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946460704400201 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=111–145 |doi=10.1177/001946460704400201 |s2cid=143864840 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal= Sociology of Science and Technology|year=2012| volume=3| issue=4| pages= 146–157| title=Sketches of Science Popularization Movements in Pre and Post Independent India| author=Mahanti, Subodh|url=https://archive.org/details/sketches-of-science/mode/1up}}</ref> In 1834, the students included 34 Hindus, 6 Eurasians and 43 Indian Christians.<ref>{{cite book |author=Neill, Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfChristianityInIndia17071858StephenNeillCUP/page/n217/mode/2up |title=A history of Christianity in India 1707-1858 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1985 |pages=200–201}}</ref> He edited a paper called the ''Friend of India'' which was founded at Serampore in 1835 along with [[John Leechman]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Laird, M. A. |year=1968|title= The contribution of the Serampore missionaries to education in Bengal, 1793–1837| journal= Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| volume= 31|issue=1|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00112807 |pages=92–112|s2cid=162501670 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Wenger, E.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/storylallbazarb00wenggoog/page/279/mode/1up |title=The story of the Lall Bazar Baptist Church Calcutta : being the history of Carey's church from 24th April 1800 to the present day |publisher=Edinburgh Press |year=1908 |place=Calcutta |pages=280–285}}</ref>

William Ward died of [[cholera]] in 1823 and Mack served in his place as a pastor at Serampore. He was ordained co-pastor of the Baptist Church in June 1832 and in 1834 he succeeded William Carey as principal of the college. In 1828, Mack's sister Helen joined the Serampore mission but she died in 1830. When [[Victor Jacquemont]] visited India, he visited Willam Carey's garden and met Mack and his wife Mary. In 1826 Mack and his wife made a visit to northeastern India and provided Sir [[William Jackson Hooker|William Hooker]] with a set of plant specimens.{{efn|{{ill|Mary Mack (botanist) |lt=Mary |qid=Q123438368 }} was a plant collector in her own right; her specimens are usually labelled "Mrs John Mack", with her own forename not given.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mack, John, Mrs. |url=https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=94879 |publisher=Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries |access-date=16 November 2023 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Burkill, I.H. |year=1956 |title=Chapters on the history of botany in India. II. The advances, and in particular the plant collecting, of the thirties and the forties of the 19th century |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48182677 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=54 |pages=42–86}}</ref> In 1836 he visited the Khasi Hills and Assam with his wife after which he suffered from a severe fever and it was thought he might not live.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wenger, E.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/storylallbazarb00wenggoog/page/279/mode/1up |title=The story of the Lall Bazar Baptist Church Calcutta : being the history of Carey's church from 24th April 1800 to the present day |publisher=Edinburgh Press |year=1908 |place=Calcutta |pages=280–285}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kennedy, James |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeworkinbenare00kenn/page/6/mode/2up |title=Life and Work in Benares and Kumaon 1839-1877 |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin |year=1884 |place=London |pages=7–8}}</ref>

From April 1837 Mack visited England to convalesce from his illness. During his visit he signed an Act of Reunion between the Serampore Mission and the [[BMS World Mission|Baptist Missionary Society]]. He returned to India in 1839 and continued to work at Serampore until his death from cholera during an epidemic in 1845.<ref>{{cite book |author=Marshman, John Clark |url=https://archive.org/details/lifelaboursofcar00mars/page/372/mode/2up |title=The life and labours of Carey, Marshman, & Ward : the Serampore missionaries |publisher=A. Strahan |year=1873 |place=London |pages=372–380}}</ref> He was buried in the Serampore Baptist Mission cemetery with the inscription:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bengalobituaryo00calgoog/page/n375/mode/1up|title=The Bengal Obituary|year=1815| publisher=W. Thacker & Co.|place= London}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
<div class="center">
Sacred to the Memory of the Rev. John Mack
the beloved Associate in the College,
and the Mission of Carey, Marshman and Ward.
He was born in Edinburgh, March the 12th, 1797,
and died at Serampore, April the 30th, 1845.
This Monument is erected by his affectionate and
disconsolate widow, Mary Mack.
</div>
</poem>
}}

An obituary was printed in ''Friend of India'', and later republished, in pamphlet form, with a foreword by John Fenwick, who attributed the anonymous original to [[John Clark Marshman]].<ref name="Fenwick">{{cite book |last1=Fenwick |first1=John |title=Obituary Notice of the Life and Ministry of the Late Reverend John Mack of Serampore. Reprinted from ''Friend of India'' |date=1846 |publisher=T. & J. Hodgson |location=Newcastle |url=https://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/bios/newcastle/mack-bio-friend.pdf}}</ref> A building at the college was named "Mack House"<ref name="JMtM">{{cite journal |title=John Mack The Man |journal=The Serampore College Magazine |date=April 1925 |issue=New Series, 8 |pages=1–3 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100937/page/n257/mode/1up}}</ref> in the early 1920s.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Further reading ===

* {{Cite book| publisher = Spark Pub. Concern| last = Chatterjee| first = Sunil Kumar| title = Rev. John Mack: the first professor of science in modern India| location = Calcutta| date = 1998}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.christianheritageedinburgh.org.uk/2018/12/10/john-mack/ Biography]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mack, John}}
[[Category:1797 births]]
[[Category:1845 deaths]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:People from Edinburgh]]

Andrew Lauder (burgess)

2026-02-18T22:47:24Z

Sera: Adding a article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
'''Sir Andrew Lauder of Fountainhall, 5th Baronet''' (8 May 1702 – 6 March 1769) was a Burgess of the Royal Burgh of [[Lauder]] (1 August 1737), and also of [[Musselburgh]] (8 June 1739).<ref>[[National Archives of Scotland]], Dick-Lauder Muniments, GD41/466-7</ref>

He succeeded to the baronetcy in 1730 upon the death of his elder brother [[Sir Alexander Lauder, 4th Baronet]].

During the [[Jacobite risings|Jacobite]] disturbances in Scotland, notably 1730 and 1745, Sir Andrew was noted as a "government man". During the latter uprising a ''Warrant'' was issued at [[Holyroodhouse]] dated 18 October 1745, in the name of [[Bonnie Prince Charlie|Charles, Prince of Wales]], "Regent of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland" to George Gordon of Beldorny, to proceed to Sir Andrew Lauder's manor at Fountainhall requisitioning his horses ("including his own bay gelding") and pistols and any other arms. Full descriptions of the estate and buildings are given in the ''Warrant''.<ref>Stewart-Smith, J., ''The Grange of St. Giles'', Edinburgh, 1898: 78 & 303-4</ref> Prince Charles had already included Sir Andrew in his land-tax levies, for which he personally signed Sir Andrew's receipt, dated 29 September 1745.<ref>Stewart-Smith, J., ''The Grange of St. Giles'', Edinburgh, 1898: 80</ref>

In 1731 he married a future heiress, Isabel (1716–1758) daughter of Sir William Leslie Dick (d.1757) 3rd feudal baron of [[Grange, Edinburgh]], who was in a direct descent from the Royal House of [[Plantagenet]].

By his wife, Isabel, Sir Andrew Lauder had eighteen children: 11 boys and 7 girls. Of his sons, '''William''' (1739–1763) was an officer in the [[Honourable East India Company]]'s [[Bengal]] Army, dying in [[Calcutta]]. Another son, '''John''' (1741–1757) was in the navy and died in Spain.

Sir Andrew is interred in the Lauder vault within [[Greyfriars Kirk]]<ref>Brown, James, ''Monumental Inscriptions in Greyfriars Churchyard'', Edinburgh, 1864: 301–2</ref> and was succeeded by his son, [[Sir Andrew Dick-Lauder, 6th Baronet]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* Burke, John & John Bernard, ''The Royal Families of England, Scotland, and Wales, with their Descendants'', London, 1851, vol. 2, pedigree CLXXIII.
* {{cite book|title=The Complete Baronetage|author=G. E. Cokayne|location=Exeter|year=1904|volume= IV|page=361}}
* Hodson, Major V. C. P., ''List of the Officers of the Bengal Army 1758–1834'', 1945, vol. 3.

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|sct-bt}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lauder baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Fountainhall)''' | before=[[Sir Alexander Lauder, 4th Baronet|Alexander Lauder]] | after=[[Sir Andrew Dick-Lauder, 6th Baronet|Andrew Dick-Lauder]] | years=1730–1769}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lauder, Sir Andrew, 5th Baronet}}
[[Category:1702 births]]
[[Category:1769 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pencaitland]]
[[Category:Nobility from East Lothian]]
[[Category:Lauder baronets|5]]
[[Category:Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard]]
[[Category:Younger sons of baronets]]

{{NovaScotia-baronet-stub}}

Arun Kumar Shukla

2026-01-29T01:41:49Z

Sera: minor reworked references after review further and updated info

{{Short description|Indian structural biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Arun Kumar Shukla
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Structural biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Duke University]] | [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist|[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] | [[Max Planck Institute of Biophysics|Max Planck Institute]]|[[Duke University]] | [[Stanford University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist|[[Hartmut Michel]] | [[Robert J. Lefkowitz]] | [[Brian Kobilka]]}}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[G protein-coupled receptor]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2025 [[Fellow, TWAS]] in Biological Sciences | 2024 [[OPPI Scientist of the Year Award]] |2023  [[Infosys Prize]] in Life Sciences |2022 Fellow, [[Indian National Science Academy]] | 2021 [[Fellowship, Indian Academy of Sciences]] | 2021 [[Khosla National Award of IIT Roorkee]] | 2021 [[Fellowship, National Academy of Sciences]] | 2021 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]| 2019 [[Rajib Goyal Prize by Kurukshetra University]]| 2017 B. M. Birla Science Prize | 2016 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-Young Scientist Platinum Jubilee Award | 2017 EMBO Young Investigator Award | 2017/18 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | 2018 [[Indian Council for Medical Research|ICMR]] Shakuntala Amir Chand Prize | 2018 [[Central Drug Research Institute|CDRI]] Award}}
}}
'''Arun Kumar Shukla''' is an Indian structural biologist and the Joy-Gill Chair professor at the department of biological sciences and bioengineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]].<ref name="Arun K. Shukla IITK">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/bsbe/arun-k-shukla |title=Arun K. Shukla IITK |date=2018-12-30 |website=www.iitk.ac.in |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> Known for his studies on [[G protein-coupled receptor]], Shukla is a [[Wellcome Trust]]-[[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]] Intermediate Fellow and a recipient of the SwarnaJayanti Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].<ref name="List of Awardees - SwarnaJayanti Fellowships Scheme – 2017-18">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final-List-SwarnaJayanti-Fellows-2017-18.pdf |title=List of Awardees - SwarnaJayanti Fellowships Scheme – 2017-18 |date=2018-12-30 |website=Department of Science and Technology |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2017/18. He received the 2021 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in [[Biological Science]].<ref name="sbprize">{{cite web |title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize (SSB) for Science and Technology 2021 |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/WriteReadData/LatestUpdates/202109260133259214500SSBPrize2021Website.pdf |website=sbprize.gov.in |publisher=[[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] |access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> He was awarded the [https://www.infosysprize.org/laureates/2023/arun-shulka.html Infosys Prize 2023] in Life Sciences his outstanding contributions to the biology of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).

== Biography ==
[[File:A building at IIT Kanpur.jpg|thumb|left|IIT Kanpur]]
Dr. Arun Kumar Shukla was born on 1 November 1981<ref>{{cite web |title=Arun Kumar Shukla Biography |url=https://nikhilbharat.com/arun-kumar-shukla-biography-in-hindi/ |website=Online Hindi world |date=27 November 2021}}</ref> in [[Kushinagar]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref name="Better pill">{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/science-tech/better-pill/cid/1377263 |title=Better pill |date=2018-12-30 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> earned his master's degree in biotechnology from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] after which he did his doctoral studies under the guidance of [[Hartmut Michel]] (Nobel Laureate, 1988) of [[Max Planck Institute of Biophysics]].<ref name="Arun K. Shukla IITK" /> His post-doctoral work was with [[Robert J. Lefkowitz]] (Nobel Laureate, 2012) of [[Duke University]] and [[Brian Kobilka]] (Nobel Laureate, 2012) of [[Stanford University]] and he started his career at Duke University as an assistant professor at their department of medicine. Returning to India, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] (IITK) at the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering (BSBE)<ref name="BSBE People">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/bsbe/people |title=BSBE People |date=2018-12-30 |website=www.iitk.ac.in |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> where he holds the position of a professor<ref name="Arun Shukla on Samviti">{{Cite web |url=https://samviti.com/profile/arun-shukla-NzA4 |title=Arun Shukla on Samviti |date=2018-12-30 |website=samviti.com |language=en |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> and heads the ''Laboratory of GPCR Biology''.<ref name="Principal Investigator - Laboratory of GPCR Biology">{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/laboratoryofgpcrbiology/curriculum-vitae |title=Principal Investigator - Laboratory of GPCR Biology |date=2018-12-30 |website=sites.google.com |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref>

Shukla is known to have carried out extensive research on [[G protein-coupled receptor]] and his research is reported to have led to easier regulation of these receptors for better drug efficacy.<ref name="Drug discovery for GPCR signalling made easy by IIT Kanpur">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/Drug-discovery-for-GPCR-signalling-made-easy-by-IIT-Kanpur/article16973255.ece |title=Drug discovery for GPCR signalling made easy by IIT Kanpur |last=Prasad |first=R. |date=2017-01-01 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> He led a team of IITK scientists who developed ''nanomachines'' which could be designed to ''selectively target signalling events inside living cells''.<ref name="IIT-Kanpur scientist-led team designs nano-machines that can correct anomalies inside living cells">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/iitkanpur-scientistled-team-designs-nanomachines-that-can-correct-anomalies-inside-living-cells/article9885557.ece |title=IIT-Kanpur scientist-led team designs nano-machines that can correct anomalies inside living cells |last=Jayan |first=T. V. |date=8 January 2018 |website=@businessline |language=en |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> The technique developed by them is in use with several drugs that are available in the market such as [[Telmisartan]], [[Olmesartan]], [[Fexofenadine]], [[Propranolol]], and [[Metoprolol]].<ref name="Better pill" /> He has published a number of articles and has contributed chapters to books published by others;<ref name="Research Publications - Laboratory of GPCR Biology">{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/laboratoryofgpcrbiology/publica |title=Research Publications - Laboratory of GPCR Biology |date=2018-12-31 |website=sites.google.com |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[Google Scholar]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 75 of them.<ref name="Arun K. Shukla - Google Scholar Citations">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=xIgDSCwAAAAJ&hl=en |title=Arun K. Shukla - Google Scholar Citations |date=2018-12-31 |website=scholar.google.co.in |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Shukla received the [[Infosys Prize]] 2023 in Life Sciences, he was selected for this prestigious award by an eminent jury chaired by MIT Professor, [https://www.infosysprize.org/jury/life-sciences.html Mriganka Sur]. He received the 2021 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in [[Biological Science]].<ref name="sbprize"/> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2017/18.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also received the B. M. Birla Science Prize (2017),<ref name="BM Birla Science Prize presented">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-01-29/BM-Birla-Science-Prize-presented/354957 |title=BM Birla Science Prize presented |date=2018-12-31 |website=www.thehansindia.com |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> NASI-Young Scientist Platinum Jubilee Award of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (2016),<ref name="The National Academy of Sciences, India - Activities">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/yspja.htm |title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Activities |date=2018-12-31 |website=www.nasi.org.in |access-date=2018-12-31 |archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109212436/http://www.nasi.org.in/yspja.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Central Drug Research Institute|CDRI]] Award (2018),<ref name="List of previous CDRI Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdri.res.in/pdf/CDRIAwardsNotification.pdf |title=List of previous CDRI Awardees |date=2018-12-31 |website=Central Drug Research Institute |access-date=2018-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194121/http://www.cdri.res.in/pdf/CDRIAwardsNotification.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shakuntala Amir Chand Prize of the [[Indian Council for Medical Research]] (2018)<ref name="Awards - Indian Council of Medical Research">{{Cite web |url=https://www.icmr.gov.in/awards |title=Awards - Indian Council of Medical Research |date=2018-12-31 |website=ICMR |access-date=2018-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194130/https://www.icmr.gov.in/awards |archive-date=31 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="News Archive">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/dofa/news-archive |title=News Archive |last=Vishwas |date=2018-12-31 |website=www.iitk.ac.in |language=en-gb |access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> and the EMBO Young Investigator Award (2017).<ref name="IITK faculty Dr. Arun Shukla, Department of Biosciences & bioengineering has been selected as the EMBO Young Investigator.">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/155514993366608507/ |title=IITK faculty Dr. Arun Shukla, Department of Biosciences & bioengineering has been selected as the EMBO Young Investigator |date=2018-12-30 |website=Pinterest |language=en |access-date=2018-12-30}}</ref> He was elected as a fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 2022.<ref name="INSA :: Indian Fellows Elected">{{Cite web |title=INSA :: Indian Fellows Elected |url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/ref3.php |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref> In 2022 and 2024, Shukla was a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Eshan |last2=Nidhi |first2=Kumari |last3=Shukla |first3=Arun K. |date=2014 |title=SnapShot: GPCR-Ligand Interactions |journal=Cell |volume=159 |issue=7 |pages=1712–1712.e1 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.008 |pmid=25525884 |issn=0092-8674|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Reiter |first1=Eric |last2=Ahn |first2=Seungkirl |last3=Shukla |first3=Arun K. |last4=Lefkowitz |first4=Robert J. |date=2012-01-11 |title=Molecular Mechanism of β-Arrestin-Biased Agonism at Seven-Transmembrane Receptors |journal=Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=179–197 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105800 |issn=0362-1642 |pmc=3628752 |pmid=21942629}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lefkowitz |first1=Robert J. |last2=Yates |first2=John R. |last3=Shenoy |first3=Sudha K. |last4=Chen |first4=Minyong |last5=Zhao |first5=Yang |last6=Shukla |first6=Arun K. |last7=McClatchy |first7=Daniel B. |last8=Xiao |first8=Kunhong |date=2007-07-17 |title=Functional specialization of β-arrestin interactions revealed by proteomic analysis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=104 |issue=29 |pages=12011–12016 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0704849104 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=1913545 |pmid=17620599 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10412011X |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lefkowitz |first1=Robert J. |last2=Whalen |first2=Erin J. |last3=Muehlbauer |first3=Michael J. |last4=Chen |first4=J. Ruthie |last5=Lam |first5=Christopher M. |last6=DeWire |first6=Scott M. |last7=Violin |first7=Jonathan D. |last8=Kovacs |first8=Jeffrey J. |last9=Shukla |first9=Arun K. |date=2009-05-01 |title=β-Arrestin1 mediates nicotinic acid–induced flushing, but not its antilipolytic effect, in mice |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |language=en |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=1312–1321 |doi=10.1172/JCI36806 |issn=0021-9738 |pmc=2673863 |pmid=19349687}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lefkowitz |first1=Robert J. |last2=Gygi |first2=Steven P. |last3=Ma'ayan |first3=Avi |last4=Mizuno |first4=Kensaku |last5=Cheng |first5=Yishan |last6=Lin |first6=Yuan |last7=Zhao |first7=Shan |last8=Lachmann |first8=Alexander |last9=Hernandez |first9=Marylens |date=2010-08-24 |title=Global phosphorylation analysis of β-arrestin–mediated signaling downstream of a seven transmembrane receptor (7TMR) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=107 |issue=34 |pages=15299–15304 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1008461107 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=2930550 |pmid=20686112 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10715299X |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{portal|India||Biology}}
* [[Cell signaling]]
* [[Arrestin]]
* [[Membrane proteins]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=The |first=Company of Biologists |date=2017-02-15 |title=Cell scientist to watch – Arun Shukla |journal=J Cell Sci |language=en |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=659–661 |doi=10.1242/jcs.201384 |issn=1477-9137 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gewin |first=Virginia |date=2015-04-15 |title=Turning point: Arun Shukla |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=520 |issue=7547 |pages=397 |doi=10.1038/nj7547-397a |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free }}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tJIEBO25AQ |title=Prof. Arun K Shukla @Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering |last=IIT KANPUR |website=[[YouTube]] |date=16 August 2017 |access-date=2018-12-30}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 2010–2019}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Arun Kumar}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Max Planck Society alumni]]
[[Category:Duke University alumni]]
[[Category:Duke University School of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kanpur]]
[[Category:Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Biosphere reserves of India

2026-01-22T00:46:00Z

Sera: quick update

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Wildlife of India}}
There are 18 [[biosphere reserves]] in India.
<ref name="MOEF 2011">{{cite web |url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf |title=Biosphere Reserves in India |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |date=2019 |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> They protect larger areas of natural habitat than a typical [[national park]] or [[animal sanctuary]], and often include one or more national parks or reserves, along with buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the [[flora]] and [[fauna]] of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life. In total there are 18 biosphere reserves in India.

==World network==
Thirteen of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]], based on the [[UNESCO]] [[Man and the Biosphere]] (MAB) Programme list.<ref name="MOEF 2011"/><ref name="UNESCO 2012"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/mab/BRs/AsiaBRlist.shtml#I |title=Man and the Biosphere Programme |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !!Name !! States/ UT !! Year
|-
|1
| [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] || [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]] || 2000
|-
|2
| [[Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve]] ||[[Tamil Nadu]]|| 2001
|-
|3
| [[Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve]] || [[West Bengal]] || 2001
|-
|4
| [[Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve]] || [[Uttarakhand]] || 2004
|-
|5
| [[Nokrek Biosphere Reserve]] || [[Meghalaya]] || 2009
|-
|6
| [[Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 2009
|-
|7
| [[Simlipal Biosphere Reserve]] || [[Odisha]] || 2009
|-
|8
| [[Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 2012<ref name="UNESCO 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/rio-20/single-view/news/20_new_biosphere_reserves_added_to_unescos_man_and_the_bi/ |title=20 new Biosphere Reserves added to UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme |publisher=UNESCO |date=11 July 2012 |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|9
| [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve]] ||[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]|| 2013
|-
|10
| [[Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve]] || [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] || 2016<ref name="UNESCO 2016">{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/20-sites-added-unesco-s-world-network-biosphere-reserves |title=20 sites added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves |publisher=UNESCO |date=19 March 2016 |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|11
| [[Khangchendzonga National Park]] || [[Sikkim]] || 2018<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/environment/the-good-earth/kanchenjunga-biosphere-reserve-gets-entry-into-the-unescos-global-list/articleshow/65327646.cms |title=Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve gets entry into the UNESCO's global list |newspaper=The Economic Times (India) |first=Vishwa |last=Mohan |date=8 August 2018 |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|12
| [[Panna Biosphere Reserve]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Panna Biosphere Reserve, India |url=https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/panna |website=UNESCO |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=en |date=12 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|13
| [[Cold Desert]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 2025
|}

==List of biosphere reserves in India==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Biosphere reserves of India<ref>[https://moef.gov.in/en/biosphere-reserves/ Biosphere Reserves] Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India.</ref>
|-
! !! Year !! Name !! Location !! State/UT !! Type !! Key fauna !! Area (km2)
|-
|1
|1986
|| [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] || Part of [[Waynad]], [[Nagarhole]], [[Bandipur National Park|Bandipur]] and [[Mudumalai National Park|Mudumalai]], [[Mukurthi National Park|Mukurthi]], [[Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve|Sathyamangalam]], [[Nilambur]], [[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]] || [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] || [[Western Ghats]] ||[[Nilgiri tahr]], [[tiger]], [[Asian elephant]] [[lion-tailed macaque]]|| align="right" | 5520
|-
|2
|1988 || [[Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve]] || Parts of [[Chamoli District]], [[Pithoragarh District]] & [[Bageshwar District]] || [[Uttarakhand]] || [[Western Himalayas]] ||[[Snow leopard]], [[Himalayan black bear]] || align="right" | 5860
|-
|3
|1988 || [[Nokrek National Park|Nokrek]] || In [[West Garo Hills]] || [[Meghalaya]] || [[Eastern hills]]||[[Red panda]]|| align="right" | 820.00 
|-
|4
|1989 || [[Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve]] || Indian part of [[Gulf of Mannar]] extending from [[Rameswaram]] island in the north to [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] in the south of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Coasts]] ||[[Dugong]] || align="right" | 10500
|-
|5
|1989 || [[Sundarbans]] || Part of delta of [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra]] river system || [[West Bengal]] || [[Gangetic Delta]] ||[[Royal Bengal tiger]]|| align="right" | 9630
|-
|6
|1989 || [[Manas National Park|Manas]] || Part of [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] and [[Darrang District]]s || [[Assam]] || [[Eastern Hills]]||[[Asiatic elephant]], tiger, [[Assam roofed turtle]], [[hispid hare]], [[golden langur]], [[pygmy hog]]|| align="right" | 2837
|-
|7
|1989 || [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve]] || Southernmost of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || [[Islands]] ||[[Saltwater crocodile]]|| align="right" | 885
|-
|8
|1994 || [[Similipal National Park|Simlipal]] || Part of [[Mayurbhanj district]] || [[Odisha]] || [[Deccan Peninsula]] ||[[Gaur]], [[royal Bengal tiger]], [[Asian elephant]]|| align="right" | 4374
|-
|9
|1997 || [[Dibru-Saikhowa]] || Part of [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Tinsukia district]]s || [[Assam]] || [[Eastern Hills]]||[[White-winged wood duck]], [[water buffalo]], [[black-breasted parrotbill]], tiger, [[capped langur]] || align="right" | 765
|-
|10
|1998 || [[Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve|Dihang-Dibang]] || Part of [[Siang Valley|Siang]] and [[Dibang Valley]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Eastern Himalaya]] ||[[Mishmi takin]], [[musk deer]]|| align="right" | 5112
|-
|11
|1999 || [[Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve]] || Parts of [[Betul District]], [[Hoshangabad District]] and [[Chhindwara District]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Semi-Arid]]||[[Giant squirrel]], [[flying squirrel]]|| align="right" | 4981.72
|-
|12
|2000 || [[Khangchendzonga National Park]] || Parts of [[Kangchenjunga]] || [[Sikkim]] || [[Eastern Himalayas]] ||[[Snow leopard]], [[red panda]]|| align="right" | 2620
|-
|13
|2001 || [[Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve]] || [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary|Neyyar]], [[Peppara]] and [[Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]] and their adjoining areas || [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Western Ghats]] ||[[Nilgiri tahr]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[Asian elephant]]|| align="right" | 3500.08
|-
|14
|2005 || [[Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve]] || Part of [[Anuppur District|Annupur]], [[Dindori District|Dindori]] and [[Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] districts || [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] || [[Maikala Hills|Maikal Hills]]||[[Four-horned antelope]], [[Indian wild dog]], [[sarus crane]], [[white-rumped vulture]], [[Raorchestes sanctisilvaticus|sacred grove bush frog]]|| align="right" | 3835.51
|-
|15
|2008 || [[Great Rann of Kutch]] || Part of [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Morbi district|Morbi]], [[Surendranagar]] and Patan districts; the largest biosphere reserve in India.||[[Gujarat]] || [[Desert]] || [[Indian wild ass]] || align="right" | 12454
|-
|16
|2009 || [[Cold Desert]] || [[Pin Valley National Park]] and surroundings; Chandratal and Sarchu & Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary|| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || [[Western Himalayas]] ||[[Snow leopard]]|| align="right" | 7770
|-
|17
|2010
|| [[Seshachalam Hills biosphere]]|| Seshachalam Hill Ranges covering parts of Chittoor and Kadapa districts || [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Eastern Ghats]]|| [[Slender loris]] || align="right" | 4755.997<ref name=envis>{{cite web |url=http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/BiosphereReserves_8225.aspx |title=Biosphere Reserves in India (as on Dec, 2014) |date=December 2014 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|18
|2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Environmental Planning & Coordination Organisation |url=https://epco.mp.gov.in/panna-bio-reserves |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=epco.mp.gov.in}}</ref>
|| [[Panna National Park|Panna]] || Part of Panna and Chhattarpur districts in Madhya Pradesh || [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Moist deciduous forest
|[[Bengal tiger]], [[Chinkara]], [[Nilgai]], [[sambar deer]], and [[Sloth bear]]
| align="right" | 2998.98<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/70818/panna-tiger-reserve-gets-unescos-biosphere-reserve-status |title=Panna Tiger Reserve gets UNESCO's 'Biosphere Reserve' Status |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>
|}

== Key fauna ==
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Name
! Key Fauna
|-
| [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]
| [[Lion-tailed macaque|Lion Tailed Macaque]] (EN), [[Nilgiri tahr|Nilgiri Tahr]] (EN), [[Indian giant squirrel|Malabar Giant Squirrel]] (LC), [[Nilgiri langur|Nilgiri Langur]] (VU)
|-
| [[Nanda Devi National Park|Nanda Devi]]
| [[Snow leopard|Snow Leopard]] (VU), [[Musk deer|Musk Deer]] (EN), [[Bharal]] Or [[Bharal|Blue Sheep]] (LC)
|-
| [[Nokrek National Park|Nokrek]]
| [[Red panda|Red Panda]] (EN), [[Hoolock gibbon|Hoolock Gibbons]] (EN), [[Red giant flying squirrel|Red Giant Flying Squirrel]] (LC)
|-
| [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve|Great Nicobar]]
| [[Dugong]] (VU), [[Saltwater crocodile|Saltwater Crocodile]] (LC)
|-
| [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar]]
| [[Dugong]] (VU), [[Olive ridley sea turtle|Olive Ridley turtles]] (VU)
|-
| [[Manas National Park|Manas]]
| [[Assam roofed turtle|Assam Roofed Turtle]] (EN), [[Hispid hare|Hispid Hare]] (EN), [[Gee's golden langur|Golden Langur]] (EN), [[Pygmy hog|Pygmy Hog]] (EN), [[Wild water buffalo|Wild Water Buffalo]] (EN), [[Bengal florican]] (CR)
|-
| [[Sundarbans National Park|Sunderbans]]
| [[Bengal tiger|Royal Bengal Tiger]] (EN)
|-
| [[Simlipal National Park|Simlipal]]
| [[Bengal tiger|Royal Bengal Tigers]], [[Indian elephant|Wild Elephants]] (EN), [[Gaur]]s (VU – [[Gaur|Indian Bison]]), [[Four-horned antelope|Chausingha]] (VU)
|-
| [[Dibru-Saikhowa National Park|Dibru-Saikhowa]]
| [[Bengal tiger|Bengal Tiger]], [[Clouded leopard|Clouded Leopard]] (VU), [[South Asian river dolphin|Gangetic Dolphin]] (EN)
|-
| [[Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve|Dehang-Debang]]
| [[Takin]] (VU), [[Red panda|Red Panda]] (EN)
|-
| [[Pachmarhi]]
| [[Tiger]], [[Gaur]], [[Indian giant flying squirrel|Indian Giant Flying Squirrels]] (LC)
|-
| [[Khangchendzonga National Park|Khangchendzonga]]
| [[Red panda|Red Panda]] (EN), [[Snow leopard|Snow Leopard]] (VU), [[Musk deer|Musk Deer]] (EN), [[Argali|Great Tibetan Sheep]] (Argali – NT)
|-
| [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve|Agasthyamalai]]
| [[Nilgiri tahr|Nilgiri Tahr]] (EN)
|-
| [[Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve|Achanakamar - Amarkantak]]
| [[Four-horned antelope|Four Horned Antelope]] ([[Four-horned antelope|Chausingha]] (VU)), [[Ussuri dhole|Indian Wild Dog]] (VU)
|-
| [[Great Rann of Kutch]] (Kachchh)
| [[Great Indian bustard|Great Indian Bustard]] (CR), [[Indian wild ass|Indian Wild Ass]] (NT)
|-
| [[Cold Desert (biosphere reserve)|Cold Desert]]
| [[Snow leopard|Snow Leopard]] (VU), [[Siberian ibex|Himalayan Ibex]] (also referred to as Siberian Ibex – LC)
|-
| [[Seshachalam Hills]]
| Red Sanders (NT), [[Golden gecko|Golden Gecko]] (LC – Endemic To Tirumala Hills)
|-
| [[Panna National Park|Panna]]
| [[Tiger]] (EN), [[Chital]] (LC), [[Chinkara]] (LC), [[Sambar deer|Sambar]] (VU)
|}

== Potential sites ==
The following is a list of potential sites for [[Biosphere Reserve]]s as selected by Ministry of Forests and Environment:<ref>{{cite web |title=Status of Biosphere reserves in India |url=http://envfor.nic.in/news/janmar08/environews_jan_mar08.pdf |date=January–March 2008|page=9 |publisher=ENVIRO NEWS, Ministry of Environment and Forests |volume=14|access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130120033254/http://envfor.nic.in/news/janmar08/environews_jan_mar08.pdf |archive-date = 20 January 2013}}</ref>

* [[Abujmarh]], Chhattisgarh
* [[Andaman and Nicobar]], North Islands
* [[Chintapalle, Visakhapatnam|Chintapalli]], [[Visakhapatnam]] [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Kanha National Park|Kanha]], Madhya Pradesh
* [[Kovalam]], Kerala
* [[Lakshadweep Islands]], Lakshadweep
* [[Little Rann of Kutch]], Gujarat
* [[Phawngpui]] (Blue Mountain), [[Mizoram]]
* [[Namdapha]], Arunachal Pradesh
* [[Singhbhum]], Jharkhand
* [[Tawang]] and [[West Kameng]], Arunachal Pradesh
* [[Thar Desert]], Rajasthan
* [[Tadoba National Park]] and [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]],
Maharashtra
*[[Bhitarkanika]],Kendrapara,Odisha

==See also==

* [[Bodhi Tree]]
* [[List of Banyan trees in India]]
* [[List of national parks of India]]
* [[Sacred groves of India]]
* [[Sacred tree]]s
* [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Biosphere reserves in India}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20040509084830/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/biosphere.htm |title=Wildlife Institute of India webpage on India's Biosphere Reserves |date=9 May 2004}}
*{{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011125100208/http%3A//www.wcmc.org.uk/igcmc/parks/un93.html |title=United Nations List of National Parks and Protected Areas: India (1993) |date=25 November 2001}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060720181057/http://www.envfor.nic.in/report/0102/chap03.html Ministry of Environment and Forests]

{{India topics}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biosphere Reserves Of India}}
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of India| ]]
[[Category:National biosphere reserves of India| ]]
[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of India]]

Khamyang language

2026-01-20T01:48:14Z

Sera: quick update

{{Short description|Endangered Tai language spoken in India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Khamyang
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Assam]]
| ethnicity = {{sigfig|800|2}} [[Khamyang people]]<ref name=e25/>
| speakers = 50
| date = 2003
| ref = e25
| familycolor = Kradai
| fam2 = [[Tai languages|Tai]]
| fam3 = [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern]]
| fam4 = Northwestern
| lc1 = ksu
| ld1 = Khamyang
| lc2 = nrr
| ld2 = Nora
| linglist = nrr
| glotto = kham1291
| glottorefname = Khamyang
| script = [[Burmese script]]
}}

'''Khamyang''' is a critically endangered [[Tai languages|Tai language]] of [[India]], spoken by the [[Khamyang people]]. Approximately fifty people speak the language; all reside in the village of Powaimukh, located seven miles downstream of [[Margherita, Assam|Margherita]] in the [[Tinsukia district]].<ref name="Morey 2005">Morey, Stephen. 2005: The Tai Languages of Assam: A Grammar and Texts, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</ref> It is closely related to the other Tai languages in the [[Assam]] region: [[Tai Aiton language|Aiton]], [[Khamti language|Khamti]], [[Tai Phake language|Phake]], and [[Turung language|Turung]].

==General information==

The Khamyang (also spelled Kamjang, Khamjang) language is in a critically endangered state.<ref name="Morey 2005"/> It is only spoken as a mother tongue in Powaimukh, and only by no more than fifty older adults.<ref name="Morey 2005"/> It is used by older adults to communicate with one another, in specific religious and ritual times, and when in contact with other Tai speakers. Only two Khamyang speakers can read the language: Chaw Sa Myat Chowlik and Chaw Cha Seng. Both are elderly and were born in 1920 and 1928, respectively. Additionally, the resident monk, Etika Bhikku, who natively speaks [[Tai Phake language|Tai Phake]], is fluent in the Tai script.<ref name="Morey 2005"/> In addition to the older generation of full speakers, there is a middle generation of semi-speakers of Khamyang. Morey writes that their knowledge has not yet been fully investigated. Also, children in Pawaimukh have some knowledge of the language.<ref name="Morey 2005"/>

The phonetic transcription of Khamyang's name for the village is maan3 paa1 waai6, and it is the Assamese/English name Pawoimukh.<ref name="Morey 2005"/> According to Chaw Sa Myat, waai6 means rattan, and was given because rattan plants grow on the river.<ref name="Morey 2005"/> There are several variants of the spelling: Pawaimukh, Powaimukh, and others; the 2011 census of India lists the village as Powai Mukh No. 2, as does Google Earth.<ref name="Census">Census of India, 2011, Primary Census Abstract Data Tables, Assam. http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/pca.html.</ref> The translation of the village's Khamyang name is "Village of the Pawai River."<ref name="Morey 2005"/>

The Khamyangs are also sometimes referred to as the Nora, although Morey notes that he has never heard the remaining Khamyang speakers refer to themselves as Nora.<ref name="Morey 2005"/>

==History==

Very little has been written about the origin, language, and history of the Khamyang people. In 1981, Muhi Chandra Shyam Panjok discussed the history of the Khamyangs.<ref name="Panjok 1981">Panjok, Muhi Chandra Shyam. 1981: History of Tai Khamyang Group of Great Tai Race. Paper presented at the International Conference of Tai Studies, New Delhi, February.</ref> Panjok's account begins with a group of Tai, who in the future would be called Khamyangs, being sent into Assam by Tai King Sukhanpha. Their goal was to search for the king's brother, Sukapha, the founder of the Ahom Kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley in 1228. After finding Sukapha and returning to King Sukhanpha, the Khamyangs settled at the Nawng Yang lake and lived there for approximately 500 years. Leach believes the lake to the south of the Tirap River, and cites the lake as the origin of the name "Khamyang".<ref name="Leach 1964">Leach, E. R. 1964: Political Systems of Highland Burma, London: London School of Economics</ref> In 1780, the Khamyangs resettled in the Assam region and became divided in the troubles of the final years of the Ahom Kingdom, fighting "with and against" the Ahoms.<ref name="Panjok 1981"/>

One group of Khamyangs settled in Dhali in 1798, and are thought to be the ancestors of the ethnic Khamyangs who currently live in the Jorhat and Golaghat districts.<ref name="Panjok 1981"/> Boruah lists several Khamyang villages in the Jorhat and Golaghat districts: Na-Shyam Gaon, Balijan Shyam Gaon, Betbaru Shyam Gaon in Jorhat; Rajapukhuri No. 1 Shyam Gaon in Golaghat.<ref name="Boruah 2001">Boruah, Bhimkanta. 2001: Tai Language in India: An Introduction.</ref> Tai Khamyang is not spoken in these communities, and self-identification as a Khamyang is not necessarily based on the usage of the language.<ref name="Morey 2005"/>

Another of the divided groups settled in the Dibrugarh district, then in 1922, resettled in the village of Pawaimukh.<ref name="Diller et al 2008">Diller, Anthony V. N.; Edmonson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian. 2008: The Tai-Kadai Languages. London, Routledge.</ref> The latter part of Panjok's account was confirmed by Chaw Sa Myat Chowlik, who was born around 1920, and told Morey the story of his parents bringing him to the newly founded village.<ref name="Diller et al 2008"/> Pawaimukh is a village on the Burhi Dihing River. It is about seven miles downstream of Margherita. The community has about 40 houses along a single road. A Buddhist temple lies in the middle of the village, and in front of it is a small [[sand pagoda]].<ref name="Diller et al 2008"/>

==Language Documentation==

The Khamyang language appears in a number of linguistic surveys. One of the earliest linguistic surveys of the Assam region was done by Grierson, published in 1904 as the Linguistic Survey of India. Although Grierson did not mention Khamyang in his survey, he included a language called Nora that has not shown up in other surveys.
Later, studies by Stephen Morey (2001-2),<ref name="Morey 2005"/> Anthony Diller (1992),<ref name="Diller et al 2008"/> and others were conducted on the Tai languages in Assam and included notes on Khamyang. Although there is no grammar for Khamyang specifically, Morey goes into some depth about the languages in The Tai Languages of Assam: A Grammar and Texts (Morey, 2005),<ref name="Morey 2005"/> and discusses its similarities with Tai Phake in chapter six of The Tai-Kadai Languages (Diller, Edmonson, Luo, 2008).<ref name="Diller et al 2008"/>

The written Khamyang language uses a modified Tai script, with marked tones to differentiate it from the other tonal Assamese Tai languages. The Khamyang tonal system has six tones with a different distribution from the six tones of the Phake.<ref name="Diller et al 2008"/> Several recordings of the Khamyang language have been uploaded to the internet, and include stories and conversations in the Khamyang language.<ref name="Audio">Paradisec Catalog, https://corpus1.mpi.nl/ds/asv/?1&openhandle=hdl:1839/00-0000-0000-0015-A604-9</ref>

== Relationship between Khamyang and Nora==
There is little documentation regarding the relationship between Khamyang and Nora. Some scholars posit that Khamyang and Nora are the same, or that the groups merged at one point in history.<ref name="Diller et al 2008"/>
In the [[Linguistic Survey of India]], [[Sir George Abraham Grierson]] did mention and exemplify the language of the Nora (nrr). In Grierson's description in 1904, he stated that there were around 300 speakers in his time. Additionally, he provided some phonological notes which suggest some similarities with present-day Khamyang, and also two texts, including some riddles.<ref name="Diller et al 2008"/>

Additionally, it is said by some [[Tai peoples|Tai]] in India that Nora and Khamyang are identical languages, although according to the text, Linguist Stephen Morey has never heard the remaining Khamyang speakers refer to themselves as Nora.<ref name="Diller et al 2008"/>

==Vitality==

Although the language is critically endangered, it is not yet moribund. There has been an attempt to pass the language on to the next generation; Morey writes that in 2001, a meeting of Khamyang elders was held, and the gathered decided to promote the speaking of the language in the village.<ref name="Morey 2005"/> In 2002, Chaw Mihingta began teaching the language to primary school-age children. Every day at around 4 pm, young children at the village primary school began attending Khamyang instruction.<ref name="Morey 2005"/> Their lessons consist of practicing writing numbers, lists of everyday words, short dialogues, and Tai characters.<ref name="Morey 2005"/>

Recently, the Endangered Languages Documentation Programme has set up a project to document the Khamyang language. It aims to document more of the Khamyang oral literature as well as the available written manuscripts to be used to "produce textbooks and other language learning materials for revitalizing the use of this language by its young native speakers".[http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0298]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1424 Khamyang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195016/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1424 |date=2021-06-24 }} at the Endangered Languages Project
* [https://www.academia.edu/3997658/Tonal_change_in_the_Tai_languages_of_Northeast_India Tonal change in the Tai languages of Northeast India] by Stephen Morey
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=0lmQAgAAQBAJ&q=Khamyang&pg=PP1 The Tai-Kadai Languages] on Google Scholar, by Anthony Diller, Jerry Edmondson, Yongxian Luo
* [http://sealang.net/assam/ Tai and Tibeto-Burman Languages of Assam] on the Sealang Archive, a searchable corpus of texts collected and analyzed by Stephen Morey and associates.
* [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0298 ELAR archive of Documentation of the oral literature of the Tai Khamyang community in Upper Assam, India]

{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Southwestern Tai languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]

2008 BWF World Junior Championships – mixed doubles

2026-01-19T16:05:14Z

Sera: Adding new stub

{{Infobox badminton event
|name = 2008 BWF World Junior Championships mixed doubles
|image =
|size =
|caption =
|dates = {{Start date|2008|10|29|df=y}} – {{End date|2008|11|2|df=y}}
|number_edition = 10th
|level = 1
|nations =
|venue = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
|location = [[Pune]], India
|previous = [[2007 BWF World Junior Championships – mixed doubles|2007]]
|next = [[2009 BWF World Junior Championships – mixed doubles|2009]]
}}
The mixed doubles event for the [[2008 BWF World Junior Championships]] was held between 29 October and 2 November. [[Chai Biao]] and [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie Jing]] of China won the title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=8BC7C6A0-744F-49B8-8995-0F41D033684A&draw=6|title=Yonex-Sunrise World Junior Championships 2008|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|accessdate=6 September 2018|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914154111/http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/draw.aspx?id=8BC7C6A0-744F-49B8-8995-0F41D033684A&draw=6}}</ref>

==Seeded==
{{colbegin}}
# {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang Nan]] / [[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu Lu]] ''(final)''
# {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Gi-jung]] / [[Eom Hye-won]] ''(semi-final)''
# {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Ki-eung]] / [[Lee Se-rang]] ''(fourth round)''
# {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} '''[[Chai Biao]] / [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie Jing]] (champion)'''
# {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Mak Hee Chun]] / [[Vivian Hoo]] ''(semi-final)''
# {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Teo Kok Siang]] / [[Sannatasah Saniru]] ''(fourth round)''
# {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen]] / [[Chiang Kai-hsin]] ''(fourth round)''
# {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Choi Young-woo]] / [[Jung Kyung-eun]] ''(quarter-final)''
# {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Lu Hsin-hao]] / [[Peng Hsiao-chu]] ''(third round)''
# {{#invoke:flag||NED}} [[Jacco Arends]] / [[Selena Piek]] ''(quarter-final)''
# {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Dae-eun (badminton)|Kim Dae-eun]] / [[Choi Hye-in]] ''(quarter-final)''
# {{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Wong Wing Ki]] / [[Tse Ying Suet]] ''(fourth round)''
# {{#invoke:flag||FRA}} [[Sylvain Grosjean]] / [[Marion Luttmann]] ''(second round)''
# {{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Ben Stawski]] / [[Lauren Smith (badminton)|Lauren Smith]] ''(fourth round)''
# {{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Maneepong Jongjit]] / [[Rodjana Chuthabunditkul]] ''(fourth round)''
# {{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Naomasa Senkyo]] / [[Misaki Matsutomo]] ''(third round)''
{{colend}}

== Draw ==
===Finals===
{{#invoke:Bracket|8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Quarterfinals
| RD2=Semifinals
| RD3=Final
| score-width=
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang Nan]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu Lu]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2=18
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=5/8
| RD1-team2={{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Choi Young-woo]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Jung Kyung-eun]]
| RD1-score2-1=18
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=17

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Muhammad Nur Roffii]] {{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Annisa Wahyuni]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=13
| RD1-score3-3=19
| RD1-seed4=5/8
| RD1-team4='''{{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Mak Hee Chun]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=19
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed5=9/16
| RD1-team5={{#invoke:flag||NED}} [[Jacco Arends]] {{#invoke:flag||NED}} [[Selena Piek]]
| RD1-score5-1=19
| RD1-score5-2=18
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=3/4
| RD1-team6='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Chai Biao]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie Jing]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=9/16
| RD1-team7={{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Dae-eun (badminton)|Kim Dae-eun]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Choi Hye-in]]
| RD1-score7-1=9
| RD1-score7-2=15
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=2
| RD1-team8='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Gi-jung]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Eom Hye-won]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang Nan]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu Lu]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=5/8
| RD2-team2={{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Mak Hee Chun]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo]]
| RD2-score2-1=12
| RD2-score2-2=7
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=3/4
| RD2-team3='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Chai Biao]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie Jing]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=2
| RD2-team4={{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Gi-jung]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Eom Hye-won]]
| RD2-score4-1=13
| RD2-score4-2=19
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=1
| RD3-team1={{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang Nan]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu Lu]]
| RD3-score1-1=19
| RD3-score1-2=15
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=3/4
| RD3-team2='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Chai Biao]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie Jing]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===

====Section 1====
{{#invoke:Bracket|16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Second round
|RD3=Third round
|RD4=Fourth round

|RD1-seed15=
|RD1-team15='''{{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Hiroki Takeuchi|H Takeuchi]] {{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Sayaka Takahashi|S Takahashi]]'''
|RD1-score15-1='''21'''
|RD1-score15-2='''21'''
|RD1-score15-3=
|RD1-seed16=
|RD1-team16={{#invoke:flag||EGY}} [[Mahmoud Elsayad|M Elsayad]] {{#invoke:flag||EGY}} [[Nadine Ashraf|N Ashraf]]
|RD1-score16-1=5
|RD1-score16-2=7
|RD1-score16-3=

|RD2-seed01=1
|RD2-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang N]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu L]]'''
|RD2-score01-1='''21'''
|RD2-score01-2='''21'''
|RD2-score01-3=
|RD2-seed02=
|RD2-team02={{#invoke:flag||SRI}} [[Sankalpa Gunawardena|S Gunawardena]] {{#invoke:flag||SRI}} [[Gayani Perera|G Perera]]
|RD2-score02-1=8
|RD2-score02-2=7
|RD2-score02-3=

|RD2-seed03=
|RD2-team03={{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Nipitphon Phuangphuapet|N Phuangphuapet]] {{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Nitchaon Jindapol|N Jindapol]]
|RD2-score03-1=11
|RD2-score03-2=18
|RD2-score03-3=
|RD2-seed04=
|RD2-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Pisit Poodchalat|P Poodchalat]] {{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]'''
|RD2-score04-1='''21'''
|RD2-score04-2='''21'''
|RD2-score04-3=

|RD2-seed05=9/16
|RD2-team05='''{{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Ben Stawski|B Stawski]] {{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Lauren Smith (badminton)|L Smith]]'''
|RD2-score05-1='''21'''
|RD2-score05-2='''21'''
|RD2-score05-3=
|RD2-seed06=
|RD2-team06={{#invoke:flag||SCO}} [[Martin Campbell (badminton)|M Campbell]] {{#invoke:flag||SCO}} [[Kirsty McGlynn|K McGlynn]]
|RD2-score06-1=15
|RD2-score06-2=12
|RD2-score06-3=

|RD2-seed07=
|RD2-team07={{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Li Gen (badminton)|Li G]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Zhong Qianxin|Zhong QX]]
|RD2-score07-1=9
|RD2-score07-2=19
|RD2-score07-3=
|RD2-seed08=
|RD2-team08='''{{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Hiroki Takeuchi|H Takeuchi]] {{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Sayaka Takahashi|S Takahashi]]'''
|RD2-score08-1='''21'''
|RD2-score08-2='''21'''
|RD2-score08-3=

|RD3-seed01=1
|RD3-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang N]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu L]]'''
|RD3-score01-1=10
|RD3-score01-2='''21'''
|RD3-score01-3='''21'''
|RD3-seed02=
|RD3-team02={{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Pisit Poodchalat|P Poodchalat]] {{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Ratchanok Intanon|R Intanon]]
|RD3-score02-1='''21'''
|RD3-score02-2=8
|RD3-score02-3=17

|RD3-seed03=9/16
|RD3-team03='''{{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Ben Stawski|B Stawski]] {{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Lauren Smith (badminton)|L Smith]]'''
|RD3-score03-1='''22'''
|RD3-score03-2='''21'''
|RD3-score03-3=
|RD3-seed04=
|RD3-team04={{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Hiroki Takeuchi|H Takeuchi]] {{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Sayaka Takahashi|S Takahashi]]
|RD3-score04-1=20
|RD3-score04-2=15
|RD3-score04-3=

|RD4-seed01=1
|RD4-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang N]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu L]]'''
|RD4-score01-1='''21'''
|RD4-score01-2='''21'''
|RD4-score01-3=
|RD4-seed02=9/16
|RD4-team02={{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Ben Stawski|B Stawski]] {{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Lauren Smith (badminton)|L Smith]]
|RD4-score02-1=10
|RD4-score02-2=10
|RD4-score02-3=
}}

====Section 2====
{{#invoke:Bracket|16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Second round
|RD3=Third round
|RD4=Fourth round

|RD1-seed07=
|RD1-team07={{#invoke:flag||EST}} [[Ingmar Seidelberg|I Seidelberg]] {{#invoke:flag||EST}} [[Laura Vana|L Vana]]
|RD1-score07-1=13
|RD1-score07-2=14
|RD1-score07-3=
|RD1-seed08=
|RD1-team08='''{{#invoke:flag||IND}} [[Sai Praneeth|S Praneeth]] {{#invoke:flag||IND}} [[Pradnya Gadre|P Gadre]]'''
|RD1-score08-1='''21'''
|RD1-score08-2='''21'''
|RD1-score08-3=

|RD1-seed15=
|RD1-team15='''{{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Pang Zheng Lin|Pang ZL]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Chong Vee Vian|Chong VV]]'''
|RD1-score15-1='''21'''
|RD1-score15-2='''21'''
|RD1-score15-3=
|RD1-seed16=
|RD1-team16={{#invoke:flag||EST}} [[Kristian Kaljurand|K Kaljurand]] {{#invoke:flag||EST}} [[Gerda Teder|G Teder]]
|RD1-score16-1=4
|RD1-score16-2=3
|RD1-score16-3=

|RD2-seed01=5/8
|RD2-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Choi Young-woo|Choi Y-w]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Jung Kyung-eun|Jung K-e]]'''
|RD2-score01-1='''21'''
|RD2-score01-2='''21'''
|RD2-score01-3=
|RD2-seed02=
|RD2-team02={{#invoke:flag||ENG}} G Fox {{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Alexandra Langley|A Langley]]
|RD2-score02-1=15
|RD2-score02-2=7
|RD2-score02-3=

|RD2-seed03=
|RD2-team03={{#invoke:flag||NZL}} [[James Eunson|J Eunson]] {{#invoke:flag||NZL}} [[Michelle Chan (badminton)|M Chan]]
|RD2-score03-1=15
|RD2-score03-2=12
|RD2-score03-3=
|RD2-seed04=
|RD2-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||IND}} [[Sai Praneeth|S Praneeth]] {{#invoke:flag||IND}} [[Pradnya Gadre|P Gadre]]'''
|RD2-score04-1='''21'''
|RD2-score04-2='''21'''
|RD2-score04-3=

|RD2-seed05=9/16
|RD2-team05='''{{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Naomasa Senkyo|N Senkyo]] {{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Misaki Matsutomo|M Matsutomo]]'''
|RD2-score05-1=14
|RD2-score05-2='''21'''
|RD2-score05-3='''21'''
|RD2-seed06=
|RD2-team06={{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Shohei Hoshino|S Hoshino]] {{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Sayaka Sato|S Sato]]
|RD2-score06-1='''21'''
|RD2-score06-2=18
|RD2-score06-3=16

|RD2-seed07=
|RD2-team07={{#invoke:flag||SIN}} [[Jeffrey Wong|J Wong]] {{#invoke:flag||SIN}} [[Yao Lei|Yao L]]
|RD2-score07-1=19
|RD2-score07-2=16
|RD2-score07-3=
|RD2-seed08=
|RD2-team08='''{{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Pang Zheng Lin|Pang ZL]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Chong Vee Vian|Chong VV]]'''
|RD2-score08-1='''21'''
|RD2-score08-2='''21'''
|RD2-score08-3=

|RD3-seed01=5/8
|RD3-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Choi Young-woo|Choi Y-w]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Jung Kyung-eun|Jung K-e]]'''
|RD3-score01-1='''21'''
|RD3-score01-2='''21'''
|RD3-score01-3=
|RD3-seed02=
|RD3-team02={{#invoke:flag||IND}} [[Sai Praneeth|S Praneeth]] {{#invoke:flag||IND}} [[Pradnya Gadre|P Gadre]]
|RD3-score02-1=18
|RD3-score02-2=16
|RD3-score02-3=

|RD3-seed03=9/16
|RD3-team03={{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Naomasa Senkyo|N Senkyo]] {{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Misaki Matsutomo|M Matsutomo]]
|RD3-score03-1=20
|RD3-score03-2=18
|RD3-score03-3=
|RD3-seed04=
|RD3-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Pang Zheng Lin|Pang ZL]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Chong Vee Vian|Chong VV]]'''
|RD3-score04-1='''22'''
|RD3-score04-2='''21'''
|RD3-score04-3=

|RD4-seed01=5/8
|RD4-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Choi Young-woo|Choi Y-w]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Jung Kyung-eun|Jung K-e]]'''
|RD4-score01-1='''21'''
|RD4-score01-2='''24'''
|RD4-score01-3=
|RD4-seed02=
|RD4-team02={{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Pang Zheng Lin|Pang ZL]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Chong Vee Vian|Chong VV]]
|RD4-score02-1=19
|RD4-score02-2=22
|RD4-score02-3=
}}

====Section 3====
{{#invoke:Bracket|16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Second round
|RD3=Third round
|RD4=Fourth round

|RD1-seed15=
|RD1-team15={{#invoke:flag||SRI}} [[Nayanakantha Wijesekera|N Wijesekera]] {{#invoke:flag||SRI}} S Dahanayake
|RD1-score15-1=17
|RD1-score15-2=13
|RD1-score15-3=
|RD1-seed16=
|RD1-team16='''{{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Nico Coldewe|N Coldewe]] {{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Franziska Burkert|F Burkert]]'''
|RD1-score16-1='''21'''
|RD1-score16-2='''21'''
|RD1-score16-3=

|RD2-seed01=3/4
|RD2-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Ki-eung|Kim K-e]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Lee Se-rang|Lee S-r]]'''
|RD2-score01-1='''21'''
|RD2-score01-2='''21'''
|RD2-score01-3=
|RD2-seed02=
|RD2-team02={{#invoke:flag||CZE}} [[Milan Ludík|M Ludík]] {{#invoke:flag||CZE}} S Křížková
|RD2-score02-1=10
|RD2-score02-2=9
|RD2-score02-3=

|RD2-seed03=
|RD2-team03={{#invoke:flag||NZL}} [[Luke Charlesworth|L Charlesworth]] {{#invoke:flag||NZL}} [[Mary O'Connor (badminton)|M O'Connor]]
|RD2-score03-1=11
|RD2-score03-2=9
|RD2-score03-3=
|RD2-seed04=
|RD2-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Qiu Zihan|Qiu ZH]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Xia Huan|Xia H]]'''
|RD2-score04-1='''21'''
|RD2-score04-2='''21'''
|RD2-score04-3=

|RD2-seed05=9/16
|RD2-team05='''{{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Lu Hsin-hao|Lu H-h]] {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Peng Hsiao-chu|Peng H-c]]'''
|RD2-score05-1='''21'''
|RD2-score05-2='''21'''
|RD2-score05-3=
|RD2-seed06=
|RD2-team06={{#invoke:flag||CAN}} [[David Pastewka|D Pastewka]] {{#invoke:flag||CAN}} [[Chelcia Petersen|C Petersen]]
|RD2-score06-1=15
|RD2-score06-2=10
|RD2-score06-3=

|RD2-seed07=
|RD2-team07='''{{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Muhammad Nur Roffii|M Roffii]] {{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Annisa Wahyuni|A Wahyuni]]'''
|RD2-score07-1='''21'''
|RD2-score07-2='''21'''
|RD2-score07-3=
|RD2-seed08=
|RD2-team08={{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Nico Coldewe|N Coldewe]] {{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Franziska Burkert|F Burkert]]
|RD2-score08-1=10
|RD2-score08-2=14
|RD2-score08-3=

|RD3-seed01=3/4
|RD3-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Ki-eung|Kim K-e]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Lee Se-rang|Lee S-r]]'''
|RD3-score01-1='''21'''
|RD3-score01-2='''21'''
|RD3-score01-3=
|RD3-seed02=
|RD3-team02={{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Qiu Zihan|Qiu ZH]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Xia Huan|Xia H]]
|RD3-score02-1=16
|RD3-score02-2=4
|RD3-score02-3=

|RD3-seed03=9/16
|RD3-team03={{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Lu Hsin-hao|Lu H-h]] {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Peng Hsiao-chu|Peng H-c]]
|RD3-score03-1=16
|RD3-score03-2=20
|RD3-score03-3=
|RD3-seed04=
|RD3-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Muhammad Nur Roffii|M Roffii]] {{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Annisa Wahyuni|A Wahyuni]]'''
|RD3-score04-1='''21'''
|RD3-score04-2='''22'''
|RD3-score04-3=

|RD4-seed01=3/4
|RD4-team01={{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Ki-eung|Kim K-e]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Lee Se-rang|Lee S-r]]
|RD4-score01-1=17
|RD4-score01-2=13
|RD4-score01-3=
|RD4-seed02=
|RD4-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Muhammad Nur Roffii|M Roffii]] {{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Annisa Wahyuni|A Wahyuni]]'''
|RD4-score02-1='''21'''
|RD4-score02-2='''21'''
|RD4-score02-3=
}}

====Section 4====
{{#invoke:Bracket|16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Second round
|RD3=Third round
|RD4=Fourth round

|RD1-seed07=
|RD1-team07={{#invoke:flag||EGY}} [[Ahmed Abdelrahman (badminton)|A Abdelrahman]] {{#invoke:flag||EGY}} [[Menna El-Tanany|M El Tanany]]
|RD1-score07-1=7
|RD1-score07-2=9
|RD1-score07-3=
|RD1-seed08=
|RD1-team08='''{{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Huang Po-yi|Huang P-y]] {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Cheng Wan-hui|Cheng W-h]]'''
|RD1-score08-1='''21'''
|RD1-score08-2='''21'''
|RD1-score08-3=

|RD1-seed15=
|RD1-team15='''{{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Hüseyin Oruç|H Oruç]] {{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Rabia Kurtuluş|R Kurtuluş]]'''
|RD1-score15-1='''21'''
|RD1-score15-2='''21'''
|RD1-score15-3=
|RD1-seed16=
|RD1-team16={{#invoke:flag||RUS}} [[Anatoliy Yartsev|A Yartsev]] {{#invoke:flag||RUS}} [[Natalia Perminova|N Perminova]]
|RD1-score16-1=19
|RD1-score16-2=12
|RD1-score16-3=

|RD2-seed01=5/8
|RD2-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Mak Hee Chun|Mak HC]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo|V Hoo]]'''
|RD2-score01-1='''21'''
|RD2-score01-2='''21'''
|RD2-score01-3=
|RD2-seed02=
|RD2-team02={{#invoke:flag||CAN}} [[Peter Butler (badminton)|P Butler]] {{#invoke:flag||CAN}} [[Michelle Li|M Li]]
|RD2-score02-1=12
|RD2-score02-2=9
|RD2-score02-3=

|RD2-seed03=
|RD2-team03={{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Jonas Geigenberger|J Geigenberger]] {{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Carla Nelte|C Nelte]]
|RD2-score03-1=15
|RD2-score03-2=18
|RD2-score03-3=
|RD2-seed04=
|RD2-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Huang Po-yi|Huang P-y]] {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Cheng Wan-hui|Cheng W-h]]'''
|RD2-score04-1='''21'''
|RD2-score04-2='''21'''
|RD2-score04-3=

|RD2-seed05=9/16
|RD2-team05='''{{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Wong Wing Ki|Wong WK]] {{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Tse Ying Suet|Tse YS]]'''
|RD2-score05-1='''21'''
|RD2-score05-2='''21'''
|RD2-score05-3=
|RD2-seed06=
|RD2-team06={{#invoke:flag||NZL}} [[Ashraf Dhoray|A Dhoray]] {{#invoke:flag||NZL}} [[Kritteka Gregory|K Gregory]]
|RD2-score06-1=13
|RD2-score06-2=15
|RD2-score06-3=

|RD2-seed07=
|RD2-team07={{#invoke:flag||BUL}} [[Borislav Andreev|B Andreev]] {{#invoke:flag||BUL}} [[Bistra Maneva|B Maneva]]
|RD2-score07-1=18
|RD2-score07-2='''21'''
|RD2-score07-3=11
|RD2-seed08=
|RD2-team08='''{{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Hüseyin Oruç|H Oruç]] {{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Rabia Kurtuluş|R Kurtuluş]]'''
|RD2-score08-1='''21'''
|RD2-score08-2=18
|RD2-score08-3='''21'''

|RD3-seed01=5/8
|RD3-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Mak Hee Chun|Mak HC]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo|V Hoo]]'''
|RD3-score01-1='''21'''
|RD3-score01-2='''25'''
|RD3-score01-3=
|RD3-seed02=
|RD3-team02={{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Huang Po-yi|Huang P-y]] {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Cheng Wan-hui|Cheng W-h]]
|RD3-score02-1=15
|RD3-score02-2=23
|RD3-score02-3=

|RD3-seed03=9/16
|RD3-team03='''{{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Wong Wing Ki|Wong WK]] {{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Tse Ying Suet|Tse YS]]'''
|RD3-score03-1='''21'''
|RD3-score03-2='''21'''
|RD3-score03-3=
|RD3-seed04=
|RD3-team04={{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Hüseyin Oruç|H Oruç]] {{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Rabia Kurtuluş|R Kurtuluş]]
|RD3-score04-1=12
|RD3-score04-2=12
|RD3-score04-3=

|RD4-seed01=5/8
|RD4-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Mak Hee Chun|Mak HC]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo|V Hoo]]'''
|RD4-score01-1='''21'''
|RD4-score01-2='''21'''
|RD4-score01-3=
|RD4-seed02=9/16
|RD4-team02={{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Wong Wing Ki|Wong WK]] {{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Tse Ying Suet|Tse YS]]
|RD4-score02-1=13
|RD4-score02-2=13
|RD4-score02-3=
}}

===Bottom half===

====Section 5====
{{#invoke:Bracket|16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Second round
|RD3=Third round
|RD4=Fourth round

|RD1-seed01=
|RD1-team01={{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Michiharu Kido|M Kido]] {{#invoke:flag||JPN}} [[Koharu Yonemoto|K Yonemoto]]
|RD1-score01-1=16
|RD1-score01-2=16
|RD1-score01-3=
|RD1-seed02=
|RD1-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||IRL}} [[Sam Magee|S Magee]] {{#invoke:flag||FRA}} [[Audrey Fontaine|A Fontaine]]'''
|RD1-score02-1='''21'''
|RD1-score02-2='''21'''
|RD1-score02-3=

|RD1-seed09=
|RD1-team09='''{{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Richard Domke|R Domke]] {{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Mette Stahlberg|M Stahlberg]]'''
|RD1-score09-1='''21'''
|RD1-score09-2='''21'''
|RD1-score09-3=
|RD1-seed10=
|RD1-team10={{#invoke:flag||SRI}} [[Chamin Fernando|C Fernando]] {{#invoke:flag||SRI}} [[Sushmita Illangakoon|S Illangakoon]]
|RD1-score10-1=10
|RD1-score10-2=8
|RD1-score10-3=

|RD2-seed01=
|RD2-team01={{#invoke:flag||IRL}} [[Sam Magee|S Magee]] {{#invoke:flag||FRA}} [[Audrey Fontaine|A Fontaine]]
|RD2-score01-1=17
|RD2-score01-2=11
|RD2-score01-3=
|RD2-seed02=
|RD2-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||CAN}} [[Martin Giuffre|M Guiffre]] {{#invoke:flag||CAN}} [[Kathleen Lougheed|K Lougheed]]'''
|RD2-score02-1='''21'''
|RD2-score02-2='''21'''
|RD2-score02-3=

|RD2-seed03=
|RD2-team03={{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Muhammad Ulinnuha|M Ulinnuha]] {{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Anneke Feinya Agustin|A Agustin]]
|RD2-score03-1=11
|RD2-score03-2=15
|RD2-score03-3=
|RD2-seed04=9/16
|RD2-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||NED}} [[Jacco Arends|J Arends]] {{#invoke:flag||NED}} [[Selena Piek|S Piek]]'''
|RD2-score04-1='''21'''
|RD2-score04-2='''21'''
|RD2-score04-3=

|RD2-seed05=
|RD2-team05='''{{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Richard Domke|R Domke]] {{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Mette Stahlberg|M Stahlberg]]'''
|RD2-score05-1='''21'''
|RD2-score05-2=14
|RD2-score05-3='''21'''
|RD2-seed06=
|RD2-team06={{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Lee Chun Hei|Lee CH]] {{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Chan Hung Yung|Chan HY]]
|RD2-score06-1=18
|RD2-score06-2='''21'''
|RD2-score06-3=17

|RD2-seed07=
|RD2-team07={{#invoke:flag||RUS}} [[Konstantin Abramov|K Abramov]] {{#invoke:flag||RUS}} [[Anastasia Chervyakova|A Chervyakova]]
|RD2-score07-1=11
|RD2-score07-2=12
|RD2-score07-3=
|RD2-seed08=5/8
|RD2-team08='''{{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]] {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Chiang Kai-hsin|Chiang K-h]]'''
|RD2-score08-1='''21'''
|RD2-score08-2='''21'''
|RD2-score08-3=

|RD3-seed01=
|RD3-team01={{#invoke:flag||CAN}} [[Martin Giuffre|M Guiffre]] {{#invoke:flag||CAN}} [[Kathleen Lougheed|K Lougheed]]
|RD3-score01-1=9
|RD3-score01-2='''21'''
|RD3-score01-3=8
|RD3-seed02=9/16
|RD3-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||NED}} [[Jacco Arends|J Arends]] {{#invoke:flag||NED}} [[Selena Piek|S Piek]]'''
|RD3-score02-1='''21'''
|RD3-score02-2=19
|RD3-score02-3='''21'''

|RD3-seed03=
|RD3-team03={{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Richard Domke|R Domke]] {{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Mette Stahlberg|M Stahlberg]]
|RD3-score03-1='''21'''
|RD3-score03-2=16
|RD3-score03-3=24
|RD3-seed04=5/8
|RD3-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Chou Tien-Chen|Chou T-C]] {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Chiang Kai-Hsin|Chiang K-H]]'''
|RD3-score04-1=10
|RD3-score04-2='''21'''
|RD3-score04-3='''26'''

|RD4-seed01=9/16
|RD4-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||NED}} [[Jacco Arends|J Arends]] {{#invoke:flag||NED}} [[Selena Piek|S Piek]]'''
|RD4-score01-1='''21'''
|RD4-score01-2='''21'''
|RD4-score01-3=
|RD4-seed02=5/8
|RD4-team02={{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen|Chou T-c]] {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Chiang Kai-hsin|Chiang K-h]]
|RD4-score02-1=18
|RD4-score02-2=18
|RD4-score02-3=
}}

====Section 6====
{{#invoke:Bracket|16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Second round
|RD3=Third round
|RD4=Fourth round

|RD1-seed01=
|RD1-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Rian Agung Saputro|R Saputro]] {{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Aurien Hudiono|A Hudiono]]'''
|RD1-score01-1='''21'''
|RD1-score01-2='''21'''
|RD1-score01-3=
|RD1-seed02=
|RD1-team02={{#invoke:flag||IND}} [[Pranav Chopra|P Chopra]] {{#invoke:flag||IND}} [[Prajakta Sawant|P Sawant]]
|RD1-score02-1=16
|RD1-score02-2=17
|RD1-score02-3=

|RD2-seed01=
|RD2-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Rian Agung Saputro|R Saputro]] {{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Aurien Hudiono|A Hudiono]]'''
|RD2-score01-1='''24'''
|RD2-score01-2='''21'''
|RD2-score01-3=
|RD2-seed02=
|RD2-team02={{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Liao Kuan-hao|Liao K-h]] {{#invoke:flag||TPE}} [[Tien Ching-yung|Tien C-y]]
|RD2-score02-1=22
|RD2-score02-2=13
|RD2-score02-3=

|RD2-seed03=
|RD2-team03={{#invoke:flag||RUS}} Y Egerev {{#invoke:flag||RUS}} [[Romina Gabdullina|R Gabdullina]]
|RD2-score03-1=19
|RD2-score03-2=12
|RD2-score03-3=
|RD2-seed04=9/16
|RD2-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Maneepong Jongjit|M Jongjit]] {{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Rodjana Chuthabunditkul|R Chuthabunditkul]]'''
|RD2-score04-1='''21'''
|RD2-score04-2='''21'''
|RD2-score04-3=

|RD2-seed05=
|RD2-team05='''{{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Emre Aslan|E Aslan]] {{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Öznur Çalışkan|Ö Çalışkan]]'''
|RD2-score05-1='''21'''
|RD2-score05-2='''21'''
|RD2-score05-3=
|RD2-seed06=
|RD2-team06={{#invoke:flag||MRI}} [[Jereme Joson|J Joson]] {{#invoke:flag||MRI}} [[Kate Foo Kune|K F Kune]]
|RD2-score06-1=14
|RD2-score06-2=13
|RD2-score06-3=

|RD2-seed07=
|RD2-team07={{#invoke:flag||EGY}} [[Mohamed Safwat|M Safwat]] {{#invoke:flag||EGY}} [[Deina Khairy|D Khairy]]
|RD2-score07-1=6
|RD2-score07-2=5
|RD2-score07-3=
|RD2-seed08=3/4
|RD2-team08='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Chai Biao|Chai B]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie J]]'''
|RD2-score08-1='''21'''
|RD2-score08-2='''21'''
|RD2-score08-3=

|RD3-seed01=
|RD3-team01={{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Rian Agung Saputro|R Saputro]] {{#invoke:flag||INA}} [[Aurien Hudiono|A Hudiono]]
|RD3-score01-1=14
|RD3-score01-2=12
|RD3-score01-3=
|RD3-seed02=9/16
|RD3-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Maneepong Jongjit|M Jongjit]] {{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Rodjana Chuthabunditkul|R Chuthabunditkul]]'''
|RD3-score02-1='''21'''
|RD3-score02-2='''21'''
|RD3-score02-3=

|RD3-seed03=
|RD3-team03={{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Emre Aslan|E Aslan]] {{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Öznur Çalışkan|Ö Çalışkan]]
|RD3-score03-1=5
|RD3-score03-2=8
|RD3-score03-3=
|RD3-seed04=3/4
|RD3-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Chai Biao|Chai B]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie J]]'''
|RD3-score04-1='''21'''
|RD3-score04-2='''21'''
|RD3-score04-3=

|RD4-seed01=9/16
|RD4-team01={{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Maneepong Jongjit|M Jongjit]] {{#invoke:flag||THA}} [[Rodjana Chuthabunditkul|R Chuthabunditkul]]
|RD4-score01-1='''22'''
|RD4-score01-2=12
|RD4-score01-3=8
|RD4-seed02=5/8
|RD4-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Chai Biao|Chai B]] {{#invoke:flag||CHN}} [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie J]]'''
|RD4-score02-1=20
|RD4-score02-2='''21'''
|RD4-score02-3='''21'''
}}

====Section 7====
{{#invoke:Bracket|16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Second round
|RD3=Third round
|RD4=Fourth round

|RD1-seed01=
|RD1-team01={{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Kamil Akcebe|K Akcebe]] {{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Ozge Bayrak|O Bayrak]]
|RD1-score01-1=19
|RD1-score01-2=16
|RD1-score01-3=
|RD1-seed02=
|RD1-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Ng Ka Long|Ng KL]] {{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Poon Lok Yan|Poon LY]]'''
|RD1-score02-1='''21'''
|RD1-score02-2='''21'''
|RD1-score02-3=

|RD1-seed09=
|RD1-team09='''{{#invoke:flag||SRI}} [[Nuwan Hettiarachchi|N Hettiarachchi]] {{#invoke:flag||SRI}} [[Achini Rathnasiri|A Rathnasiri]]'''
|RD1-score09-1=16
|RD1-score09-2='''21'''
|RD1-score09-3='''21'''
|RD1-seed10=
|RD1-team10={{#invoke:flag||RUS}} [[Sergey Scherbin|S Scherbin]] {{#invoke:flag||RUS}} [[Anastasia Nazarchuk|A Nazarchuk]]
|RD1-score10-1='''21'''
|RD1-score10-2=19
|RD1-score10-3=16

|RD2-seed01=
|RD2-team01={{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Ng Ka Long|Ng KL]] {{#invoke:flag||HKG}} [[Poon Lok Yan|Poon LY]]
|RD2-score01-1=19
|RD2-score01-2=13
|RD2-score01-3=
|RD2-seed02=
|RD2-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Chooi Kah Ming|Chooi KM]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Lai Pei Jing|Lai PJ]]'''
|RD2-score02-1='''21'''
|RD2-score02-2='''21'''
|RD2-score02-3=

|RD2-seed03=
|RD2-team03={{#invoke:flag||CAN}} [[Timothy Chiu|T Chiu]] {{#invoke:flag||CAN}} [[Christina Giuffre|C Giuffre]]
|RD2-score03-1=2
|RD2-score03-2=8
|RD2-score03-3=
|RD2-seed04=9/16
|RD2-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Dae-eun (badminton)|Kim D-e]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Choi Hye-in|Choi H-i]]'''
|RD2-score04-1='''21'''
|RD2-score04-2='''21'''
|RD2-score04-3=

|RD2-seed05=
|RD2-team05={{#invoke:flag||SRI}} [[Nuwan Hettiarachchi|N Hettiarachchi]] {{#invoke:flag||SRI}} [[Achini Rathnasiri|A Rathnasiri]]
|RD2-score05-1=22
|RD2-score05-2=12
|RD2-score05-3=
|RD2-seed06=
|RD2-team06='''{{#invoke:flag||SCO}} P van Rietvelde {{#invoke:flag||SCO}} [[Gillian Sloan|G Sloan]]'''
|RD2-score06-1='''24'''
|RD2-score06-2='''21'''
|RD2-score06-3=

|RD2-seed07=
|RD2-team07={{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Andreas Heinz (badminton)|A Heinz]] {{#invoke:flag||GER}} [[Lisa Heidenreich|L Heidenreich]]
|RD2-score07-1=WO
|RD2-score07-2=
|RD2-score07-3=
|RD2-seed08=5/8
|RD2-team08='''{{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Teo Kok Siang|Teo KS]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Sannatasah Saniru|S Saniru]]'''
|RD2-score08-1=
|RD2-score08-2=
|RD2-score08-3=

|RD3-seed01=
|RD3-team01={{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Chooi Kah Ming|Chooi KM]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Lai Pei Jing|Lai PJ]]
|RD3-score01-1=14
|RD3-score01-2=14
|RD3-score01-3=
|RD3-seed02=9/16
|RD3-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Dae-eun (badminton)|Kim D-e]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Choi Hye-in|Choi H-i]]'''
|RD3-score02-1='''21'''
|RD3-score02-2='''21'''
|RD3-score02-3=

|RD3-seed03=
|RD3-team03={{#invoke:flag||SCO}} P van Rietvelde {{#invoke:flag||SCO}} [[Gillian Sloan|G Sloan]]
|RD3-score03-1=8
|RD3-score03-2=21
|RD3-score03-3=
|RD3-seed04=5/8
|RD3-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Teo Kok Siang|Teo KS]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Sannatasah Saniru|S Saniru]]'''
|RD3-score04-1='''21'''
|RD3-score04-2='''23'''
|RD3-score04-3=

|RD4-seed01=9/16
|RD4-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Dae-eun (badminton)|Kim D-e]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Choi Hye-in|Choi H-i]]'''
|RD4-score01-1='''24'''
|RD4-score01-2=18
|RD4-score01-3='''21'''
|RD4-seed02=5/8
|RD4-team02={{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Teo Kok Siang|Teo KS]] {{#invoke:flag||MAS}} [[Sannatasah Saniru|S Saniru]]
|RD4-score02-1=22
|RD4-score02-2='''21'''
|RD4-score02-3=15
}}

====Section 8====
{{#invoke:Bracket|16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Second round
|RD3=Third round
|RD4=Fourth round

|RD1-seed01=
|RD1-team01={{#invoke:flag||EST}} [[Kristian Taherand|K Taherand]] {{#invoke:flag||EST}} [[Getter Saar (badminton)|G Saar]]
|RD1-score01-1=17
|RD1-score01-2=10
|RD1-score01-3=
|RD1-seed02=
|RD1-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Ramazan Öztürk|R Öztürk]] {{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Ebru Tunalı|E Tunalı]]'''
|RD1-score02-1='''21'''
|RD1-score02-2='''21'''
|RD1-score02-3=

|RD2-seed01=
|RD2-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Ramazan Öztürk|R Öztürk]] {{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Ebru Tunalı|E Tunalı]]'''
|RD2-score01-1='''23'''
|RD2-score01-2=18
|RD2-score01-3='''21'''
|RD2-seed02=
|RD2-team02={{#invoke:flag||SIN}} [[Chen Guorui|Chen GR]] {{#invoke:flag||SIN}} [[Samantha Neo|S Neo]]
|RD2-score02-1=21
|RD2-score02-2='''21'''
|RD2-score02-3=16

|RD2-seed03=
|RD2-team03='''{{#invoke:flag||CZE}} [[Marek Teller|M Teller]] {{#invoke:flag||CZE}} [[Petra Hofmanová|P Hofmanová]]'''
|RD2-score03-1='''21'''
|RD2-score03-2=13
|RD2-score03-3='''21'''
|RD2-seed04=9/16
|RD2-team04={{#invoke:flag||FRA}} [[Sylvain Grosjean|S Grosjean]] {{#invoke:flag||FRA}} [[Marion Luttmann|M Luttmann]]
|RD2-score04-1=14
|RD2-score04-2='''21'''
|RD2-score04-3=19

|RD2-seed05=
|RD2-team05='''{{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Mark Middleton (badminton)|M Middleton]] {{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Alyssa Lim|A Lim]]'''
|RD2-score05-1='''21'''
|RD2-score05-2='''21'''
|RD2-score05-3=
|RD2-seed06=
|RD2-team06={{#invoke:flag||EGY}} [[Ali Elkhateeb|A Elkhateeb]] {{#invoke:flag||EGY}} [[Noran Elbanna|N Elbanna]]
|RD2-score06-1=11
|RD2-score06-2=10
|RD2-score06-3=

|RD2-seed07=
|RD2-team07={{#invoke:flag||NZL}} [[Oliver Leydon-Davis|O Leydon-Davis]] {{#invoke:flag||NZL}} [[Emily Ang|E Ang]]
|RD2-score07-1=11
|RD2-score07-2=10
|RD2-score07-3=
|RD2-seed08=2
|RD2-team08='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Gi-jung|Kim G-j]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Eom Hye-won|Eom H-w]]'''
|RD2-score08-1='''21'''
|RD2-score08-2='''21'''
|RD2-score08-3=

|RD3-seed01=
|RD3-team01='''{{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Ramazan Öztürk|R Öztürk]] {{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Ebru Tunalı|E Tunalı]]'''
|RD3-score01-1='''21'''
|RD3-score01-2='''21'''
|RD3-score01-3=
|RD3-seed02=
|RD3-team02={{#invoke:flag||CZE}} [[Marek Teller|M Teller]] {{#invoke:flag||CZE}} [[Petra Hofmanová|P Hofmanová]]
|RD3-score02-1=19
|RD3-score02-2=13
|RD3-score02-3=

|RD3-seed03=
|RD3-team03={{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Mark Middleton (badminton)|M Middleton]] {{#invoke:flag||ENG}} [[Alyssa Lim|A Lim]]
|RD3-score03-1=18
|RD3-score03-2=9
|RD3-score03-3=
|RD3-seed04=2
|RD3-team04='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Gi-jung|Kim G-j]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Eom Hye-won|Eom H-w]]'''
|RD3-score04-1='''21'''
|RD3-score04-2='''21'''
|RD3-score04-3=

|RD4-seed01=
|RD4-team01={{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Ramazan Öztürk|R Öztürk]] {{#invoke:flag||TUR}} [[Ebru Tunalı|E Tunalı]]
|RD4-score01-1=7
|RD4-score01-2=16
|RD4-score01-3=
|RD4-seed02=2
|RD4-team02='''{{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Kim Gi-jung|Kim G-j]] {{#invoke:flag||KOR}} [[Eom Hye-won|Eom H-w]]'''
|RD4-score02-1='''21'''
|RD4-score02-2='''21'''
|RD4-score02-3=
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2008 BWF World Junior Championships| ]]

Manmatha Nath Mukherjee

2025-12-25T09:28:42Z

Sera: New Basic Pg W/ Sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{infobox person
| name = Sir Manmatha Mukherjee
| native_name = মন্মথনাথ মুখোপাধ্যায়
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_name = Manmatha Nath Mukherjee
| birth_date = {{birth date|1874|10|28|df=y}}
| death_date = 6 December 1942 (aged 68)
| birth_place =[[Nadia district]], Bengal, British India
| death_place =[[Calcutta]], British India
| alma_mater = Albert Collegiate School [[Surendranath Law College]] [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Justice of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| known_for = Juridical contribution Social works
}}

'''Sir Manmatha Nath Mukherjee''' (also spelt '''Mukherji''' or '''Mukerji'''; 28 October 1874 – 6 December 1942) was a Bengali judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]] and a distinguished jurist.<ref name="times">{{cite news |title= Obituary: Sir Manmatha Mukherji |work=[[The Times]] |date= 8 December 1942|page= 6}}</ref> He was also the Law Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council and awarded [[Knighthood]] in 1935.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bengali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last=Vol - I|first=Subodhchandra Sengupta & Anjali basu|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=401}}</ref> Manmatha Nath was the son-in-law of Bengali scholar Sir [[Gooroodas Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2EPDQAAQBAJ&q=justice+Manmatha+Nath+Mukherjee&pg=PT352|title=Trade, Politics and Society: The Indian Milieu in the Early Modern Era|last=Sushil Chaudhury|date=13 September 2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351997270|access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Manmatha Nath was born in the village of Jagati in [[Nadia district]] of undivided Bengal, the son of Unadi Nath Mukherjee. Manmatha Nath received his education at the Albert Collegiate School. After passing entrance examination he joined the [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] and completed M.A. He further studied Law in [[Surendranath Law College]] (then [[Ripon College, Calcutta]]) and awarded gold medal in ''Thakur'' Law Examination.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

== Career ==
In 1924 Mukherjee started work as a junior advocate in Calcutta High Court and uplifted as Judge in 1935. He became popular for some notable, impartial judgements to solve critical disputes such as [[Tarakeswar]] Temple case. He also became a Bengali Law Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council, President of the Calcutta Literary Society, Since 1926 and President of the Indian Research Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.147457/230779/003|title=South Asia Archive|website=southasiaarchive.com|access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> After retirement Mukherjee started practice law in [[Patna High Court]] and social works, organized anti communal campaign in Bengal. He Inaugurated the ''Mandir'' building of [[New Delhi Kali Bari]]. [[Government of India]] appointed him as Law Secretary for few days considering the outstanding legal knowledge of Mukherjee. He wrote few books on Law.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sTfDAAAQBAJ&q=justice+Manmatha+Nath+Mukherjee&pg=PT80|title=The Life & Times of Shyama Prasad Mookerjee|last=Tathagata Roy|date=25 June 2014|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9789350488812|access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/ResultKeyword.php?start=3458&p_f=3458&id=muk&id1=personal|title=Title|website=nationallibrary.gov.in|access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 1935, Mukherjee was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]]. For his exceptional contribution in legal arena, [[Nabadwip]] ''Bangabibudhajanani Sabha'' honoured him 'Nyayranjan', [[Varanasi]] ''Hindu Mahamandal'' gave the title 'Dharmalankar' and 'Nyadhish' was awarded by [[Sanskrit college]]. A road in [[Kolkata]] near [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] was named after him, Justice Manmatha Mukherjee Row.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Manmatha Nath}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Kushtia]]

Leptobrachella tamdil

2025-12-18T04:14:30Z

Sera: New First Entry W/ Sources.

{{short description|Species of amphibian}}{{Speciesbox
| image = Leptobrachella tamdil-male.jpg
| image_caption = ''Leptobrachella tamdil'' (male) from Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India
| taxon = Leptobrachella tamdil
| authority = Sengupta, Sailo, Lalremsanga, Das, and Das, 2010<ref name=Sengupta/>
| synonyms = ''Leptolalax tamdil'' Sengupta ''et al.'', 2010
}}

'''''Leptobrachella tamdil''''' ('''Ṭam Dil leaf litter frog''') is an [[anuran]] [[amphibian]] belonging to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Megophryidae]]. Discovered from [[Tam Dil|Ṭam Dil]], an eponymous lake in [[Mizoram]], it is found only in northeast India.<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=names&taxon=Leptolalax+tamdil |title=''Leptolalax tamdil'' Sengupta, Sailo, Lalremsanga, Das, and Das, 2010 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2013 |work=Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref> Originally identified as a species of ''[[Leptolalax]]'' in 2010, it was reassigned to the genus ''[[Leptobrachella]]'' in 2020. It is a small [[frog]], but medium-sized among ''Leptobrachella'' [[species]]; the male measuring 32.3 mm, and female 31.8 mm. The [[species]] is diagnosed with unique features such as [[eyelids]] with [[tubercles]], distinct [[tympanum (zoology)|tympanum]] and supratympanic folds, undilated toe tips with [[dermal]] fringes, long hind [[limb (anatomy)|limb]]s, and distinct color patches.<ref name=Sengupta>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sengupta A, Sailo S, Lalremsanga HT, Das A, Das I | year = 2010 | url = http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02406p068f.pdf | title = A new species of ''Leptolalax'' (Anura: Megophryidae) from Mizoram, north-eastern India | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2406 | pages = 57–68| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.2406.1.3 }}</ref>

== Discovery and identification ==
Ṭam Dil is a natural [[reservoir]] lake situated 6 km from [[Saitual]], the nearest town, and 110 km from [[Aizawl]], the capital city of [[Mizoram]], India. It is made into a fish rearing site by the Fisheries Department of the Government of Mizoram, it is maintained as a holiday resort by the Tourism Department.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Saitual History, Population of Saitual, Hospitals in Saitual, Saitual |url=https://saitual.mizoramonline.in/guide/about-saitual |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117205331/https://saitual.mizoramonline.in/guide/about-saitual |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=saitual.mizoramonline.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Tamdil (Tam Lake) {{!}} Aizawl District, Government of Mizoram {{!}} India |url=https://aizawl.nic.in/tourist-place/tamdil/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of Indi |language=en-US}}</ref> Faunal explorations started in the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramanujam |first=S.N. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmtAUKHcjysC&dq=tamdil+saitual&pg=PA61 |title=Aquatic Biodiversity in India: The Present Scenario |date=2005 |publisher=Daya Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7035-367-6 |editor-last=Khanna |editor-first=Dev Raj |location=New Delhi (India) |pages=61–80 |language=en |chapter=Biodiversity of aquatic fauna of Mizoram: Present scenario}}</ref>

The original specimens collected in 2007 included male and female adult frogs and were classified as a type of Asian slender litter frogs (genus ''Leptolalax''). However, additional specimens collected in 2020 from [[Dampa Tiger Reserve]] at western Mizoram, indicated that the species belongs to the genus ''Leptobrachella''. It was renamed as Ṭam Dil leaf litter frog, ''Leptobrachella tamdil.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Saitual History, Population of Saitual, Hospitals in Saitual, Saitual |url=https://saitual.mizoramonline.in/guide/about-saitual |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117205331/https://saitual.mizoramonline.in/guide/about-saitual |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=saitual.mizoramonline.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Other specimens were also discovered in Chakpi Stream, Chandel District, Manipur (a neighbouring state of Mizoram) in 2021. Genetic analysis further confirmed the species identity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tamdil (Tam Lake) {{!}} Aizawl District, Government of Mizoram {{!}} India |url=https://aizawl.nic.in/tourist-place/tamdil/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of Indi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Leptobrachella tamdil-female.jpg|thumb|''Leptobrachella tamdil'' (female) from Manipur, India]]
Like other species of ''Leptobrachella'', ''L. tamdil'' is a small frog and difficult to notice since the body is well camouflaged with the surrounding environment.<ref name="Sengupta" /><ref name="Borneo">{{cite web |author=Haas, A. |author2=Hertwig, S.T. |author3=Das, I. |year=2015 |title=''Leptobrachella'' Dwarf Litter Frogs |url=http://www.frogsofborneo.org/index.php/megophryidae/188-megophryidae/leptobrachella |access-date=31 August 2015 |work=Frogs of Borneo |archive-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403104613/http://frogsofborneo.org/index.php/megophryidae/188-megophryidae/leptobrachella |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Leptobrachella'' frogs are distinct from other frogs from their [[vermiform]] or eel-like appearance,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haas |first1=A. |last2=Hertwig |first2=S. |last3=Das |first3=I. |year=2006 |title=Extreme tadpoles: The morphology of the fossorial megophryid larva, ''Leptobrachella mjobergi'' |url=http://ir.unimas.my/11561/1/Extreme%20tadpoles%20the%20morphology%20%28abstract%29.pdf |journal=Zoology |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=26–42 |doi=10.1016/j.zool.2005.09.008 |pmid=16376062 |bibcode=2006Zool..109...26H }}</ref> and lack web between their toes, which are comparatively long slender. Hence, they are commonly called slender-armed frogs,<ref name="frost2">{{cite web |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2024 |title=''Leptobrachella'' Smith, 1925 |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Megophryidae/Leptobrachella |access-date=2 January 2025 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> or dwarf litter frogs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wild Borneo: The Wildlife and Scenery of Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, and Kalimantan |publisher=[[New Holland Publishers]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1845373788 |page=69}}</ref> Adult males ''L. tamdil'' are 32.3 mm long, and females, 31.8 mm.<ref name="Sengupta" /> The presence of ventrolateral glands in the foregut and [[Femoral gland|femoral glands]] in thighs of the males set the species apart from other members of the genus. In addition, the larger head (compared to body size), smooth eye lids (tiny protrusions called tubercles are common in other species), and absence of lateral fringes on the toes are the identifying features.<ref name="Sengupta" /> A female can produce about 105 eggs at a time.<ref name=":1" />

The body is dull-grey in colour with patches of dark-grey spots and stripes. The eyes are light grey but with bright orange iris pigmentation on the upper-half of the eye. The pupil is vertically [[ellipsoid]] with black colour. The fingers and toes are lined with faint dark transverse stripes, and the tips are whitish and almost transparent.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leptolalax_tamdil Wikispecies]
* [http://amphibiaweb.org/amphibian/newspecies.html AmphibiaWeb]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3230065}}

[[Category:Leptobrachella|tamdil]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2010]]

Dwijing Festival

2025-12-17T05:33:09Z

Sera: adding new post - done

{{Short description|Annual river festival in Chirang district, Assam}}

{{Infobox festival
| name = Dwijing Festival
| image = Aie.jpg
| caption =
| status = Inactive
| begins = December 27
| ends = January 7
| frequency = Annually
| location = [[Aie River]], [[Chirang district]], [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| first = 2016–17
| last = 2019–20
| organised = Assam Tourism Department, [[Assam Tourism Development Corporation]], Bodoland Tourism
}}

The '''Dwijing Festival''', also known as the '''Aie River Festival''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hassan |first=Ali Fauz |title=Assam's Dwijing fest to begin next week |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-s-dwijing-fest-to-begin-next-week-15-lakh-visitors-expected/cid/1679365 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> is an annual river festival held on the banks of the [[Aie River|Aie river]] near the Hagrama bridge in [[Chirang district]] (within the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]])<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Staging 'DWI' during DWIJING Festival |url=https://www.wti.org.in/news/staging-dwi-during-dwijing-festival/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Wildlife Trust of India |language=en-US}}</ref> in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aie River (Dwijing Festival) {{!}} Chirang District {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://chirang.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/273 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=chirang.assam.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The festival takes place over a period of 12 days from December 27 to January 7 every year.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=River tourism project 'Dwijing Festival' to begin on Dec 27 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/river-tourism-project-dwijing-festival-to-begin-on-dec-27-118121900908_1.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |title=Enchanting Dwijing festival calling tourists to Assam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/enchanting-dwijing-festival-708959.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name Dwijing derives from the [[Boro language (India)|Bodo language]] (''dwi'' - water, ''jing'' - riverbank), spoken locally.<ref name=":1" /> The festival is celebrated on the banks of the Aie river, which translates to 'mother' in Bodo. The river has a significant impact on the lives of the locals.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:DwijingAie.jpg|thumb|''Dwijing Fest, night view'']]
== History ==
The festival, a joint project of the Assam Tourism Department, [[Assam Tourism Development Corporation]] and Bodoland Tourism,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=Dwijing Festival of Chirang {{!}} Chirang District {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://chirang.gov.in/resource/dwijing-festival |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083105/https://chirang.gov.in/resource/dwijing-festival |archive-date=2021-04-16 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> was launched in 2016 with the objective of promoting local river tourism and highlighting the culture and customs of the Bodoland Territorial Region.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-27 |title=Dwijing Festival begins at Aie River in Chirang |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/21769 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2019-12-27 |title=Dwijing Festival begins in Assam |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/dwijing-festival-begins-in-assam.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-30 |title=Dwijing festival will help economy: Assam chief minister Sarbananda Sonowal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/dwijing-festival-will-help-economy-cm/articleshow/67304422.cms |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The fourth and most recent edition of the festival was organized from 27 December 2019 to 7 January 2020.

== The festival ==
[[File:Bagurumba.jpg|thumb|''Girls performing the [[Bagurumba|Bagurumba]]''|left]]
The festival is primarily associated with the culture of the [[Boro people|Bodo ethnic]] group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Festivals Of North East India - Cultural And Music Festivals |url=https://thegypsychiring.com/cultural-music-festivals-of-north-east-india/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

It is usually held near the Hagrama bridge, the longest rural river bridge in Assam.<ref name=":2" /> It features ethnic trade, culture, cuisine, tradition, games and sports, adventure activities, river rafting, helicopter rides and cultural extravaganzas, among others.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-18 |title=Dwijing festival wins 5 awards at WOW Awards Asia 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/dwijing-festival-wins-5-awards-at-wow-awards-asia-2020/articleshow/77609002.cms |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It also emphasizes on underlining the beauty and cultural richness of the Bodoland Territorial Region.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> [[File:Artdwi.jpg|thumb|''Bollywood singers [[Shekhar Ravjiani|Shekhar]] and [[Jonita Gandhi]], performing at the Dwijing Musical night'']]
Multiple Bollywood celebrities have performed at the festival.<ref name=":0" /> The festival further aims to generate employment opportunities, provide livelihood to the locals and ameliorate economic conditions.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4"/><ref>https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/110119/assam-3rd-edition-of-dwijing-festival-celebrated-to-promote-river-t.html</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of festivals in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2016]]

Daksha

2025-11-28T11:37:59Z

Sera: expanded content

{{short description|Hindu deity}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| god_of = God of ritual skill<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=daksha+god+of+rituals&pg=PA261 | isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 | title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology | date=27 March 2008 | publisher=Oup USA }}</ref>
| image = File:Daksha two depictions.jpg
| caption = Two depiction of Daksha in Puranic tradition {{mdash}} One with ordinary human features (left) and another with a goat face (right)
| consort = '''Itihasa-Puranic:'''
[[Prasuti]] and [[Asikni (goddess)|Asikni]]
| parents = '''Vedic:''' [[Aditi]]
----
'''Itihasa-Puranic:''' [[Brahma]]{{efn|The ''[[Rigveda]]'' mentions Daksha as one of the [[Adityas]] (son of goddess [[Aditi]]). According to the ''Puranas'', Daksha was born from Brahma and later reincarnated as the son of Prachetas and Marisha.}}
| mother =
| children =
{{unbulleted list|[[Svaha]], [[Khyati]], [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], [[Aditi]], [[Diti]], [[Danu (Asura)|Danu]], [[Kadru]], [[Vinata]], [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]], [[Revati (nakshatra)|Revati]], [[Rati]] and other daughters|[[Haryashvas and Shabalashvas]] (sons)}}
| type = hindu
| affiliation = '''[[Vedism|Vedic]]:''' [[Adityas]]
----
'''[[Itihasa-Purana|Itihasa-Puranic]]:''' [[Prajapati#"Prajapati" as a title|Prajapati]], [[Manasaputra]]
| texts = [[Rigveda]], [[Brahmanas]], [[Taittiriya Samhita]], [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Purana]]
}}

'''Daksha''' ({{langx|sa|दक्ष|lit=able, dexterous, or honest one}} {{IAST3|Dakṣa}},<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MW72Scan/2014/web/webtc1/index.php Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary]</ref>) is a Hindu god whose role underwent a significant transformation from [[Vedic mythology|''Vedic'']] to [[Itihasa-Purana|''Itihasa-Puranic'']] mythology. In the ''[[Rigveda]]'', Daksha is an ''[[Adityas|aditya]]'' and is associated with priestly skills.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=daksha+god+of+rituals&pg=PA261 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |date=2008-03-27 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |pages=261 |language=en}}</ref>

In the epics and [[Puranas|''Puranic'']] scriptures, he is a [[Mānasaputra|son]] of the creator-god [[Brahma]] and one of the ''[[Prajapati#"Prajapati" as a title|Prajapati]]'', the agents of creation, as well as a divine king-rishi. He is the father of many children, who became the progenitors of various creatures. According to one legend, a resentful Daksha conducted a [[Daksha yajna|yajna]] (fire-sacrifice), and deliberately did not invite his youngest daughter [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] and her husband [[Shiva]]. In the [[Linga Purana]], for insulting Shiva during this event, which caused Sati to self-immolate in fury, he was beheaded by [[Virabhadra]], a fearsome form of Shiva. He was later resurrected with the head of a goat. Many ''[[Purana]]s'' state that Daksha was reborn to [[Prachetas]] in another ''[[Manvantara]]'' (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]).

His iconography depicts him as a man with a stocky body and a handsome face or the head of a goat.

== Etymology and textual history==
The meaning of the word "Daksha" (दक्ष) is "able", "expert", "skillful" or "honest".<ref name = "N" >{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Maneka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkW6hs1OjyEC&q=Daksa&pg=PA379|title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names|date=1993|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-012841-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Monier-Williams|first1=Sir Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC&q=Daksha|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|last2=Leumann|first2=Ernst|last3=Cappeller|first3=Carl|date=1899|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House|isbn=978-81-208-3105-6|language=en}}</ref> According to the [[Bhagavata Purana]], Daksha got this name as he was expert in begetting children.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prabhupada|first=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voVOCgAAQBAJ&q=Dak%E1%B9%A3a+expert&pg=PT70|title=Srimad-Bhagavatam, Sixth Canto: Prescribed Duties for Mankind|date=1975-12-31|publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|isbn=978-91-7149-639-3|language=en}}</ref> The word also means "fit", "energetic" and "fire".<ref name = "N" /> Daksha also has another name "Kan" Or "Aja-Daksha".<ref name = "VM" />

Daksha finds mentions in the ancient scripture ''[[Rigveda]]'' (2nd millennium BCE), where he is described as an [[Ādityas|Aditya]] ('son of the goddess [[Aditi]]') and specifically associated with the skilled actions of sacrificers.<ref name = "Rig">{{cite book|author=Stephanie Jamison|title=The Rigveda –– Earliest Religious Poetry of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0190633394|page=44}}</ref> Later, in the ''[[Brahmanas]]'' (900 BCE - 700 BCE), he is identified with the creator deity [[Prajapati]].<ref name="Very well" >{{Cite book|last= Dowson|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwsYAAAAYAAJ&q=Daksha|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature|year=1870}}</ref><ref name = "Enc" >{{Cite book|last1=Coulter|first1=Charles Russell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&q=Daksha&pg=PA285|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|last2=Turner|first2=Patricia|date=2013-07-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96390-3|language=en}}</ref> Key elements of Daksha including his yajna and ram head, which later became a key feature in the Puranic iconography, are first found in the ''[[Taittiriya Samhita]]'' version of the ''Yajur Veda''.<ref name="Very well" /><ref name = "good" >{{Cite book|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FB29DwAAQBAJ&q=Dak%E1%B9%A3a&pg=PT84|title=Hinduism: A Short History|date=2014-10-01|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-78074-680-7|language=en}}</ref> The epics—the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''—also mention Daksha. Most of the stories about Daksha are found in the ''[[Puranas]]'' (3rd - 10th century CE).<ref name = "good" /><ref name="Enc"/>

==Legends==
[[File:Daksha-Prajapati.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of the goat-faced Daksha with his wife.]]
===Birth===
The epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' describes Daksha and his wife emerging from the right and left thumbs of the Hinduism creator god [[Brahma]] respectively.<ref name = "VM" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Coulter|first1=Charles Russell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&q=Sati|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|last2=Turner|first2=Patricia|date=2013-07-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96390-3|language=en}}</ref> According to [[Matsya Purana]], Daksha, Dharma, Kamadeva, and Agni were born from Brahma's right thumb, chest, heart and eyebrows, respectively. According to many texts including the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', Daksha is born twice—First as a [[Manasaputra]] (mind-created son) of Brahma and later, as a son of [[Prachetas]] and Marisha.<ref name = "VM" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Prabhupada|first=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4VOCgAAQBAJ&q=dak%E1%B9%A3a+yaj%C3%B1a&pg=PT1964|title=Srimad-Bhagavatam, Fourth Canto: The Creation of the Fourth Order|date=1974-12-31|publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|isbn=978-91-7149-637-9|language=en}}</ref> In contrast to the later Puranic myths, the ''[[Rig Veda]]'' states that Daksha and the goddess [[Aditi]] emerge from one another, thus he is both her son and father.<ref name="Rig" />

===Consorts and children===
According to many Puranic scriptures, Daksha married [[Prasuti]] in his first birth and [[Asikni (goddess)|Asikni]] in his second birth.<ref name = "P" >{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvpjAAAAMAAJ&q=asikn%C4%AB+pras%C5%ABti|title=Purāṇam|date=2001|publisher=All-India Kasiraja Trust.|language=en}}</ref> Prasuti is described to be a daughter of [[Svayambhuva Manu]], with whom Daksha had 16, 24 or 60 daughters (depending upon the scriptural source).<ref name = "Enc" /><ref>''Vishnu Purana'', Vol-I, H.H. Willson. Book-I,Ch-#7, Page 109</ref><ref name=Wilkins>{{cite book|title=Hindu Mythology|last=Wilkins|first=W.J.|page=373|publisher=D.K. Printworld (P) Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-246-0234-4|year=2003}}</ref> Asikni (also referred to as Panchajani and Virani) is the daughter of another Prajapati named Virana (or Panchajana). Daksha was delegated by Brahma to inhabit the world; he went on to create Gods, Sages, Asuras, Yakshas and Rakhashas from the mind but failed to be further successful.<ref name="VM" />{{Efn|Brahmanda Purana and Vayu Purana give a longer list of creations inc. plants, human beings, ghosts, serpents, deer, flesh-eating demons, and birds. Va. P. also mentions that Mahadeva had rebuked him, after the mind-created species failed to propagate.}} Upon a successful penance at the [[Vindhyas]], the god [[Vishnu]] granted Asikni as his wife and urged him to engage in sexual union.<ref name="VM">{{Cite encyclopedia|year=1975|title=Daksha|encyclopedia=Puranic Encyclopedia: a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi|location=Delhi, India|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/193/mode/1up|last=Mani|first=Vettam|pages=193–194}}</ref><ref name=Maha>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b111.htm the Horse-sacrifice of the Prajapati Daksha] [[The Mahabharata]] translated by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] (1883–1896), Book 12: Santi Parva: Mokshadharma Parva: Section CCLXXXIV. '''p. 317'''. “I am known by the name of [[Virabhadra]]’’ and I have sprung from the wrath of Rudra. This lady (who is my companion), and who is called Bhadrakali, hath sprung from the wrath of the goddess.”</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/17/stories/2006061708850500.htm |title=The Hindu : Kerala / Kannur News : Huge crowd at Kottiyur temple |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030606/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/17/stories/2006061708850500.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
====Sons====
{{Main articles|Haryashvas and Shabalashvas}}
[[File:Daksha was angry with Inter galactic traveller Narada, just because he taught good things to his sons. Narada travels o different galaxies with his thought power.jpg|thumb|left|Daksha (right) cursing Narada, an illustration from a 20th-century book.]]
According to the Puranas, Daksha and Asikni first produced five thousand sons, who were known as [[Haryashvas and Shabalashvas|Haryashvas]]. They were interested in populating the Earth but upon the advice of [[Narada]], took to discovering worldly affairs instead and never returned. Brahma to have consoled a grievous Daksa after this loss. Daksha and Asikni again produced another thousand sons ([[Haryashvas and Shabalashvas|Shabalashvas]]), who had similar intentions but were persuaded by Narada to the same results. An angry Daksha cursed Narada to be a perpetual wanderer.<ref name="VM" />

====Daughters====
{{Main|List of Daksha's daughters}}
The ''Puranic scriptures'' differ in the number of Daksha's daughters. They were married to different deities, sages and kings, and became the progenitors of various kinds of creatures.<ref name = "VM" />

According to the ''Mahabharata ([[Harivamsa]])'', the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' and the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', Daksha fathered 60 daughters from Asikni:<ref name = "VM" />
{{bulleted list|10 of those daughters—Maruvati, Vasu, Jami, Lamba, Bhanu, Urjja, Sankalp, Mahurath, Sadhya, Vishva—were married to [[Yama (Hinduism)#Identification with Dharmadeva|Dharmadeva]], the god of [[Dharma]]|13 daughters—[[Aditi]], [[Diti]], [[Danu (Asura)|Danu]], [[Kashtha]], Arishta, [[Surasa]], [[Surabhi]], Tamra, [[Krodhavasha]], Sarama, Timi, Ira, Muni—were married to sage [[Kashyapa]]|27 daughters—[[Ashvini]], [[Bharani (star)|Bharani]], [[Krttika]], [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]], [[Mrigashīra|Mrigashira]], Tarakam or Ardra, [[Punarvasu]], [[Pushya]], [[Ashlesha]], Janakam or [[Magha (nakshatra)|Magha]], [[Nakshatra#List of Nakshatras|Phalguni]], [[Uttara Phalgunī|Uttarphalguni]], [[Hasta (nakshatra)|Hasta]], [[Chitra (nakshatra)|Chitra]], [[Svati]], [[Vishakha]], [[Anuradha (nakshatra)|Anuradha]], [[Jyeshtha (nakshatra)|Jyestha]], [[Mula (nakshatra)|Mula]], [[Pūrva Ashādhā|Purvashadha]], [[Uttara Ashadha|Uttarasadha]], Srona or [[Shravana]], [[Dhanistha]] or [[Shatabhisha]], [[Abhijit (nakshatra)|Abhijit]] or Prachetas, [[Pūrva Bhādrapadā|Purvabhadrapada]], [[Uttara Bhādrapadā|Uttarabhadrapada]] and [[Revati (nakshatra)|Revati]]—were married to [[Chandra]], the god of the Moon and vegetation|4 were married to sage Arishtanemi(Taksharya Kashyap)-[[Vinata]], [[Kadru]], Patangi, Yamini|2 were married to sage Bahuputra|2 married sage [[Angiras]]|2 were married to Krisasva}}

The number of Daksha's daughters from Prasuti varies—24 daughters are mentioned in the ''Vishnu Purana'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Ramendra Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYlWAAAAMAAJ&q=daksa+prasuti|title=Aesthetic Enjoyment; Its Background in Philosophy and Medicine|date=1966|publisher=University of Calcutta|language=en}}</ref><ref name = "VM" /> while the ''[[Linga Purana]]'' and ''[[Padma Purana]]'' list 60 daughters.<ref name = "Ch" /> All of Prasuti's daughters represent the virtues of mind and body.<ref name = "Ch" >{{Cite book|last=Chawla|first=Janet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbBojsB4u48C&q=Dak%E1%B9%A3a+Pras%C5%ABti&pg=RA1-PA142|title=Birth and Birthgivers: The Power Behind the Shame|date=2006|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0938-0|language=en}}</ref> The names of these daughters and their spouse, according to the Vishnu Purana, are:
{{bulleted list|Sraddha, Lakshmi, Dhriti, Thushti, Pushti, Medha, Kriya, Buddhi, Lajja, Vapu, Shanti, Siddhi and Kirti married the god [[Yama (Hinduism)#Identification with Dharma|Dharmadeva]]
|[[Khyati]] married sage [[Bhrigu]]
|Sambhuti married sage [[Marichi]]
|Smriti married sage [[Angiras]]
|Priti married sage [[Pulastya]]
|Kshama married to sage [[Pulaha]]
|Sannati married sage [[Kratu]]
|[[Anasuya]] married sage [[Atri]]
|[[Arundhati (Hinduism)|Urjja]] married sage [[Vashishtha]]
|[[Svaha]] married [[Agni]], the god of fire
|Svadha married Kavi, a member of the class of [[Pitrs]]
|[[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] married [[Shiva]]}}
Along with these daughters, the goddess of love, [[Rati]], is also considered an offspring of Daksha. The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' and ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' narrate that she emerged from the sweat of Daksha after he was asked by Brahma to present a wife to the love god [[Kamadeva|Kama]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mani |first1=Vettam |title=Purāṇic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Purāṇic Literature |date=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |page=645 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAwRAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

===Cursing Chandra===
The ''Puranas'' portray Daksha as being responsible for the waning and waxing of the Moon. The moon god [[Chandra]] married twenty-seven daughters of Daksha, who represents the twenty-seven [[Nakshatras]] (or constellations). Among them, Chandra favoured [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]] and spent most of his time with her. The other 26 sisters became jealous and complained to their father. Daksha initially tried to persuade Chandra, but after seeing his efforts fruitless, he cursed the lunar deity to become ill and lose his brightness. Since Chandra was also the [[Vegetation deity|god of vegetation]], the vegetation began to die. The [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] pacified Daksha, and upon their request, he told Chandra that he would suffer from his illness each fortnight and recover from it gradually. This leads to the waning and waxing of the moon each month.<ref name = "VM" /> In another version, it was the god [[Shiva]] (Sati's husband) who partially cured Chandra's illness, for which Chandra constructed the [[Somnath temple]].<ref name=dalal393>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA393| year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=393–394}}</ref>

===Daksha Yajna===
{{main|Daksha yajna}}
[[File:Daksha yagna.jpg|thumb|Daksha insults Shiva while arguing with Sati.]]

The [[Daksha Yajna]] is regarded as an important turning point in the creation and development of a number of sects in Hinduism. The story describes the circumstances that replaced [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] with [[Parvati]] as Shiva's consort and later led to the story of [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]].

One of the daughters of Daksha, often said to be the youngest, was Sati, who had always wished to marry Shiva. Daksha forbade it, but later reluctantly allowed her and she married Shiva.

Once, Daksha organised the Brihaspatistava [[Yajna]] and intentionally did not invite Shiva and Sati. Even though discouraged by Shiva, who told her not to go to a ceremony performed by Daksha where her husband and she were not invited, the parental bond made Sati ignore social etiquette and her husband's wishes. Sati went to the ceremony alone. She was snubbed by Daksha and insulted by him in front of the guests. Sati, unable to bear further insult, ran into the sacrificial fire and immolated herself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Omesh K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8rTDwAAQBAJ&dq=daksha+sati+shiva&pg=PA199 |title=History of Ancient India Revisited, A Vedic-Puranic View. |date=2020-03-02 |publisher=BlueRose Publishers |pages=199 |language=en}}</ref> Shiva, upon learning about the terrible incident, in his wrath invoked [[Virabhadra]] and [[Bhadrakali]] by plucking a lock of hair and thrashing it on the ground. Virabhadra and the [[Bhutagana|bhutaganas]] marched south and destroyed all the premises. Daksha was decapitated, and the site of the ritual was devastated during the rampage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Omesh K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8rTDwAAQBAJ&dq=daksha+sati+shiva&pg=PA199 |title=History of Ancient India Revisited, A Vedic-Puranic View. |date=2020-03-02 |publisher=BlueRose Publishers |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref> [[Bhrigu]], the chief priest of the Yajna, invoked the Ribhus to fight the Ganas, but the former was tied to a pillar and his beard was forcibly plucked off. According to [[Horace Hayman Wilson]], Vahni's hands were cut, [[Bhaga]]'s eyes were plucked out, [[Pushan|Pusha]] had broken teeth, [[Yama]]'s mace was broken, Goddesses' noses were cut, [[Soma (deity)|Soma]] was pummelled, while [[Yajneshwara]], the [[Indra]] of Swayambhuva [[Manvantara]], tried to escape in the form of a deer, but was decapitated. Daksha also tried to escape, but Virabhadra held him and cut off his head (some legends say that he plucked off Daksha's head with his own hands). The head was thrown to the fire, and Virabhadra returned to [[Kailasa]], along with his hordes.

Later, Shiva was pacified. He forgave Daksha and resurrected him, but with a goat's head.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=O'Flaherty |first1=Wendy Doniger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7mBwsmp-g0C&dq=daksha+goat+head&pg=PA99 |title=Other Peoples' Myths: The Cave of Echoes |last2=Doniger |first2=Wendy |date=November 1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61857-9 |pages=99 |language=en}}</ref> Bhrigu and the others were restored their respective parts. With Vishnu as the chief priest, Daksha offered a share of the oblations to Shiva, and the sacrifice was successfully completed.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
*[[Prajapati]]
*[[Adityas]]
*[[Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam|Kottiyoor]], [[Kankhal]], [[Draksharama]]
*''[[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|Dakshayagnam (film)]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Anna Dhallapiccola, ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}})

==Explanatory notes==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Daksha}}
*[[s:The Mahabharata/Book 1: Adi Parva/Section LXV|Lineage of Daksha, The Mahabharata/Book 1: Adi Parva/Section LXV]]

{{HinduMythology}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Creator gods]]
[[Category:Prajapatis]]
[[Category:Adityas]]

Ravi Express

2025-11-11T17:36:21Z

Sera: Added New Data.

{{Short description|Express train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Ravi Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} (ASR)
| stops = 5
| end = {{stnlnk|Pathankot Junction}} (PTK)
| distance = {{convert|107|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 2h 30m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 14633/14634
| speed = {{convert|43|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Ravi Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Pathankot Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 14633/14634 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/commuters-seek-double-rail-track-between-amritsar-pathankot/135983.html Commuters seek double rail track between Amritsar-Pathankot]</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gurdaspur-terror-attack-trains-running-between-amritsar-pathankot-route-cancelled-2108564 Gurdaspur terror attack: Trains running between Amritsar-Pathankot route cancelled]</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/4-new-trains-proposed-for-city/356925.html 4 new trains proposed for city]</ref>

== Service==

The 14633/Ravi Express has an average speed of 43 km/h and covers 107 km in 2h 30m. The 14634/Ravi Express has an average speed of 43 km/h and covers 107 km in 2h 30m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Verka Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Batala Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhariwal}}
* {{stnlnk|Gurdaspur}}
* {{stnlnk|Dina Nagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Pathankot Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 7 coaches:

* 5 General
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ludhiana|Ludhiana Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from [[Pathankot]] to [[Amritsar]] and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Pathankot Junction railway station]]
* [[Amritsar Junction railway station]]
* [[Amritsar–Pathankot Passenger]]
* [[Amritsar–Pathankot DMU]]
* [[Verka–Pathankot DEMU]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://d.indiarailinfo.com/train/1388 14633/Ravi Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1389 14634/Ravi Express]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Transport in Pathankot]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

When Crime Pays

2025-11-01T22:34:46Z

Sera: starting data

{{Short description|2017 book}}
{{italic title}}{{Infobox book
| author = Milan Vaishnav
| isbn = 978-0-300-21620-2
| pub_date = 2017
| language = English
| publisher = [[Yale University Press]]
| image = File:When_Crime_Pays,_Money_and_Muscle_in_Indian_Politics.png
}}

'''''When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics''''' is a 2017 book<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vaishnav |first=Milan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diY2DgAAQBAJ |title=When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics |date=2017-01-01 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21620-2 |language=en}}</ref> by senior fellow at the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] and political scientist, Milan Vaishnav, exploring the connection between criminality and democracy in Indian politics. The book uses statistics from official sources to investigate what explains the supply, demand and fielding of criminals by political parties in elections. It received the first [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize]] in the year 2018.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Sirohi |first1=Seema |title=Voters Make "Strategic Choices" in Favour of Money and Muscle: Milan Vaishnav on Criminal-Politicians |url=https://thewire.in/books/milan-vaishnav-when-crime-pays-criminal-politicians |access-date=2023-04-27 |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=2017-02-07}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=Why do Indians vote for 'criminal' politicians? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38607255 |access-date=2023-04-27 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=16 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Milan Vaishnav wins first Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/award-for-milan-vaishnav/article25349920.ece |access-date=2023-04-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Background==
When six jailed MPs were given furlough from jail to vote in [[Lok Sabha]] during the [[2008 Lok Sabha vote of confidence]],<ref name=":0" /> the incident caught the attention of the author Milan Vaishnav which motivated him to start exploring the relation between criminality and politics in India .<ref name="thehindu" />

==Synopsis==
The book argues that voters vote for criminal politicians not despite but because of their criminal record, debunking the "ignorant voter" hypothesis- that voters vote for candidates with criminal backgrounds due to lack of knowledge of it.

The supply of candidates with criminal backgrounds, according to the book, is due to convergence of three trends- political fragmentation, deepening competition and continued Congress decline - in 1980s. In the first two decades after India's independence, muscle power was used to mobilize voters for the Congress. This led to uncertainty that the party which they worked for will remain in power. To explain this, the author employs the concept of [[vertical integration]]{{cn|date=May 2025}}.

Next comes the incentives of political parties to field candidates with criminal backgrounds. In India, elections are very expensive with costs soaring every year. Candidates with criminal backgrounds often have wealth earned from illicit methods. This makes them in a position to self finance and thereby reducing the financial burden on the parties.

The demand of such politicians comes from a combination of weak state infrastructure and social divisions within the society. Due to weak infrastructure, the elected candidate is able to fill the vacuum produced by the state and social divisions give voters a preference of someone from their community who promises to protect their interests over a clean candidate of another community.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nageswaran |first1=Raghunath |title=Review: Why Criminals Enter Politics in India |url=https://thewire.in/books/when-crime-pays-milan-vaishnav |access-date=2023-04-27 |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:Year of work missing]]

Ganggaraj

2025-10-30T18:10:59Z

Sera: starting

{{Short description|12th-century general of the Hoysala Empire}}
[[File:Ganggaraj 25-07-10 16-43-21-181~4.png|thumb|alt=Hoysala Empire|Hoysala General Ganggaraj]]

'''Ganggaraj''' was an 11th–12th-century minister and general of the [[Hoysala Empire]] under King [[Vishnuvardhana]]. He led the war against the Cholas. He is remembered for his key military campaigns against the [[Cholas]], and for his patronage of [[Jainism]], especially in [[Shravanabelagola]].<ref>Rice, B. Lewis (1903). ''Mysore Inscriptions''. Bangalore: Government Press. pp. 42–44.</ref> It is said that his role was more important in all three wars than even King Vishnuvardhana himself.<ref>Settar, S. (1989). ''Shravanabelagola: History, Art, Architecture, and Inscription''. New Delhi: Sharada Publishing House. p. 68.</ref>

He was very close to Vishnuvardhana. In inscriptions he is called "'''''Pada-Padma-Jivi"''''' (one who lives at the king's feet).<ref>Rice, B. Lewis (1903). pp. 42–44.</ref>

== Military career and campaigns ==

Ganggaraj served as a trusted general of Vishnuvardhana, playing a crucial role in consolidating Hoysala power and repelling Chola incursions. The Cholas at the time frequently attacked '''Gangavadi''', reportedly destroying [[Jain]] temples around [[Talakadu]].<ref>Foekema, Gerard (1996). ''A Complete Guide to Hoysaḷa Temples''. Abhinav Publications. p. 19.</ref>

=== First Chola War ===
Frustrated by these incursions, Vishnuvardhana ordered Gangaraj to lead a major expedition against the Cholas. Ganggaraj successfully defeated the Chola commander Adiyamma<ref>Foekema (1996), p. 19.</ref> in battle near [[Talakadu]], recovering large parts of Gangavadi province. Because of this victory, Vishnuvardhana earned the title ''Talakadugonda'' (Conqueror of Talakadu), but inscriptions highlight that Gangaraja’s role was even more important than that of Vishnuvardhana.<ref>Settar (1989), p. 68.</ref> Pleased with this war, King Vishnuvardhana asked what reward he desired; Gangaraja requested the high-revenue village of Govindapadi,<ref>Rice (1903), pp. 42–44.</ref> which he donated for the maintenance and worship at the Jain center of Gommateshwara and Shravanabelagola, and for the construction of the Panchakuta Basadi at Kambadahalli.<ref>Settar (1989), p. 68.</ref>

=== Nolambavadi and Chalukya Campaign ===
Ganggaraj also led successful campaigns to recapture parts of Nolambavadi from the Chalukyas. After victory, he asked Vishnuvardhana to grant the valuable "Parama" village,<ref>Rice (1903), pp. 42–44.</ref> which he donated for the maintenance of the Shasana Basadi and the Eredukatte Basadi at Shravanabelagola.<ref>Rice (1903), pp. 42–44.</ref>

=== Second Chola Campaign ===

In a later expedition, Ganggaraj again defeated the Cholas and Followed them deep into Tamil territory up to Vellore.<ref>Foekema (1996), p. 19.</ref> In gratitude, Vishnuvardhana offered him another grant, and Gangaraja requested land at "Bindiganavile Tirtha" or [[Kambadahalli]], a major Jain center, which he donated to his guru Shubhachandra Siddhanta Deva for Jain religious use.<ref>Settar (1989), p. 68.</ref>

== Patronage and public works ==

Ganggaraj was a devout [[Jain]] who dedicated his military rewards to Dharma and the welfare of the people.<ref>Settar (1989), p. 68</ref> In the 12th century, he left [[Halebidu]] and spent his entire time with his family at [[Shravanabelagola]].<ref>Rice (1903), pp. 42–44.</ref> He is credited with founding an agrahara{{huh?|date=July 2025|reason=explain of link }} in Jinanthapura, about 2 km from [[Shravanabelagola]], where he lived with his mother Pochikabbe and his family, all ardent devotees of Jinas.<ref>Settar (1989), p. 72.</ref>

== Family and legacy ==

Inscriptions at Shravanabelagola mention his family’s contributions, including his sister Jakkiyabbe. They built the Gangasamudra tank and other public works to improve Shravanabelagola, including roads and lakes, earning lasting praise from Jain chronicles.<ref>Rice (1903), pp. 42–44.</ref> Historians note that the Hoysalas gained the dignity of an independent kingdom in part due to the campaigns and counsel of Vishnuvardhana’s trusted minister, Mantri Ganggaraj.<ref>Coelho, H.D. (1958). ''The Hoysalas''. Bangalore University Press. p. 57.</ref>

Gangaraja is remembered as a key figure in developing Shravanabelagola into an important Jain center, with traditions saying that Jains and specially the people of Shravanabelagola will never forget the contributions of Mantri Ganggaraj, Mantri Chaundaraya, and Bhandari Ulla.<ref>Settar (1989), p. 72.</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hoysala Kingdom]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]

Virendra Singh Burdak

2025-10-28T01:00:35Z

Sera: starting new bio

{{Short description|Member of Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Virendra Singh Burdak
| image = Virendra Singh MLA.jpg
| caption = Virendra Singh in June 2023
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2018
| constituency = [[Danta Ramgarh Assembly constituency|Danta Ramgarh, Rajasthan]]
| predecessor = [[Narayan Singh Burdak]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education = Shri Kalyan Govt. College, Sikar
| parents = [[Narayan Singh Burdak]]
| birth_place = Dookiya , Sikar, [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1968|2|9}}
}}

'''Virendra Singh Burdak''' (born 9 February 1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virendra Singh (MLA Dantaramgarh), MLA Virendra Singh, MLA Dantaramgarh |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Rajasthan Link |language=English}}</ref> is an Indian politician. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], Burdak has been elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Danta Ramgarh Assembly constituency|Dantaramgarh]] since 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virendra Singh |url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3253 |website=Myneta.info}}</ref> During the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections]], Burdak made headlines when his estranged wife, Dr. Rita Singh contested against him from the [[Danta Ramgarh Assembly constituency|Danta Ramgarh]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Political career ==
Virendra is an [[Indian National Congress]] politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He contested the [[Danta Ramgarh Assembly constituency|Dantaramgarh]] constituency in [[Sikar district]], a seat previously held by his father, [[Narayan Singh Burdak]], a senior [[Congress party|Congress]] leader and former [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]] president. In 2018, [[Narayan Singh Burdak|Narayan Singh]] announced retirement from politics, paving the way for his son, Virendra. Virendra won the seat and became the MLA from [[Danta Ramgarh Assembly constituency|Dantaramgarh]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-15 |title=Congress veteran Narayan Singh not to contest polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/congress-veteran-narayan-singh-not-to-contest-polls/articleshow/65815147.cms |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he again contested from [[Danta Ramgarh Assembly constituency|Dantaramgarh]] on a [[Congress party|Congress]] ticket and faced his estranged wife, Dr. Rita Singh, who contested against him as a candidate of the [[Jannayak Janta Party|Jannayak Janata Party]] (JJP). The couple have been living separately since around 2018, and Dr. Singh had previously served as a district-chief of [[Sikar]] as a Congress leader.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kaiser |first=Ejaz |date=2023-11-12 |title=Rajasthan: Husband fights wife in Jat land of Dantaramgarh in Sikar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/Nov/12/rajasthan-husband-fights-wife-in-jat-land-of-dantaramgarh-in-sikar-2632238.html |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rohmetra |first=Amogh |date=2023-11-23 |title=Wife vs MLA husband in Rajasthan’s Danta Ramgarh. ‘Nothing personal’, it’s about political ambitions |url=https://theprint.in/politics/wife-vs-mla-husband-in-rajasthans-danta-ramgarh-nothing-personal-its-about-political-ambitions/1856065/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2023-10-24 |title=Couple face-off in Rajasthan's Ramgarh, wife chosen over husband on another seat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2023/story/couple-face-off-in-rajasthans-ramgarh-wife-chosen-over-husband-on-another-seat-2453095-2023-10-24 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Virendra won the 2023 assembly election defeating [[BJP]] candidate Gajanand Kumawat and his wife and [[Jannayak Janta Party|JJP]] candidate Dr. Rita Singh.<ref name="u356">{{cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Dantaramgarh Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dantaramgarh-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687170.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=News18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burdak, Virendra Singh}}
[[Category:People from Sikar district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Mitraniketan

2025-10-15T21:12:40Z

Sera: New The Pg Initial Version

{{Infobox university
| name = Mitraniketan
| established = 1956
| type = Non Governmental Organization
| director = [[Mitraniketan Viswanathan|K. Viswanathan]]
| logo = Mitraniketan Emblom.png
| website = http://www.mitraniketan.org/
}}

'''Mitraniketan ''Vishwavidyapeetam for Open Learning & Total Development''''' is a Non-Governmental organization located at Vellanad, which is 25 km away from Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala state in South India. It is a 500-member community, including a staff of 100 men and women. Mitraniketan works in the fields of innovation, training and extension in community development, environment, science, education and [[appropriate technology]]. The project was begun with a view to offering education and training in a holistic spirit to primarily socially underprivileged children and youngsters. The organization focuses on alternative education mode for development.

==History==
Mitraniketan was founded by [[Padma Shri|Padmashri]] [[Mitraniketan Viswanathan|K.Viswanathan]] in 1956 in his native village. He graduated from Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan (W.B.), studied educational development in USA and Scandinavia, and in the process was inspired to launch the Mitraniketan project, "The Home of Friends", in Sanskrit the word 'Mitra' means Friends 'Niketan' means Home. In 1950s Vellanad was a remote village and there was only one government institution at Vellanad that was Government High School. He started his work by providing supplementary education for the students of nearby schools after school hours. Those class were very informal since he aimed for a total development in children. As it became a huge success he converted it into a Malayalam medium school. Now it known as the Mitraniketan Vikas Bhavan School (Primary & Secondary). The greatest challenge he faced at that time was the scarcity of students for a regular schooling. Parents of neighboring children were not ready to send their children for an experiment. But Viswanathan was not ready to lose faith, he moved to some of the northern districts of Kerala where there are huge number of tribal population. He met them, talked with them, stayed with them.. at last they came forward to send their children with him. Mitraniketan Vikasbhavan school is not a regular school, it aims to develop active citizenship among the students by developing their innate potentials.

== Location ==

'''Main campus''' of Mitraniketan is situated near [[Vellanad]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district, state of [[Kerala]], South India.

'''City Center''' a liaison office, situated at West Fort near Thiruvananthapuram City, Kerala.

'''Education Extension Center''' situated at [[Wayanad]] district of Kerala State.

==About Mitraniketan==

Mitraniketan is a 500-member community, including a staff of about 100 men and women. It operates on a 60-acre campus in architecturally untraditional buildings with classrooms dotted around in a hilly green palm forest. There is a children's hostel, a students' college and hostel, a gym and sports field, a guest house, vocational training workshops, small art and grocery shops, a small but exquisite bakery, a pottery, offices etc. Architecturally noteworthy are especially the open assembly hall and the modest but beautiful home of Viswanathan and his wife, Sethu Viswanathan, at the centre of the settlement.

===About Founder===
Padmashri K.Viswanathan (b. 1928, d. April 28, 2014) graduated from [[Visva-Bharati University]], Santiniketan (W.B.), studied educational development in United States and [[Scandinavia]], and in the process was inspired to launch the Mitraniketan project, "The Home of Friends" in 1956. His endeavours over these more than 50 years have established the place as an internationally reputed institution for learning and development.

== Activities ==
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mitraniketan.org/Activity.html |title=:: Mithranikathan :: |publisher=Mitraniketan.org |date= |access-date=2012-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319224319/http://www.mitraniketan.org/Activity.html |archive-date=2012-03-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Development Education Programmes===
This largely residential educational community supports the academic and practical training needs of Socio-economically backward groups. All programs involve integrated education aimed at the total development of each participant.

* '''Nursery and Kindergarten''' called '''''Sisu Bhavan''''': for 30-50 neighbourhood children from 2½ to 5 years old. They are provided with a midday meal and transportation at a reasonable cost, and their programme is based on the concept that “play is children’s work”.
* '''Primary and Secondary Schools''' called '''''Vikas Bhavan''''': (standards 1 through 10, similar to Canadian or American Grades 1 through 10) for 250 to 300 children mostly tribals from 5 to 15 years old. Headmistress Sethu Viswanathan leads a staff of 20 teachers and 5 craft instructors. School is recognized by the government ensuring that students can undertake further education in the mainstream programmes. The school practice an integrated education which makes this school different from ordinary schools. Mitraniketan school depends mostly on contributions from well-wishers.
* '''Mitraniketan People's College (MPC)''': It aims to provide opportunities for continuing education and impart the spirit of Life Long Learning for empowering rural youth. The MPC was started in the year 1996. So far about one thousand youth imbibed the essence of this institution. The MPC is modelled on the gurukula system of education and the Danish [[folk high schools]]. The Danish government aid programme funded the buildings and initial programmes of MPC, as well as several conferences on different aspects of non-formal education.
* '''Open University (IGNOU) Study Center''': Two courses, Motorcycle Service & Repair and Fruits & Vegetable-based products were inaugurated in 2007 through the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]].
* '''Study Center for NIOS (National Institute of Open Schooling) Certification''': These programs bridge 9th Standard, Secondary and Senior Secondary exams. Vocational classes for Secondary students include: Computer studies, [[Plumbing]], Electrical, [[Carpentry]] and [[Agriculture|Agricultural]] skills.
* '''Women's Empowerment / Extension Programs''': Supports different Women's groups over the years, from micro-credit to [[soap]]-making; from civic matters to health and nutrition training. Mitraniketan Nodal Continuing Education Centre of the Kerala State Literacy Mission (or KSLM) promotes equivalency education among women. Although Kerala has a very high literacy rate, many rural women still need basic reading and writing skills. They can be KSLM-certified, which promotes functional literacy.
* '''Education Extension Center''': The extension center located in the tribal dominated district of [[Wayanad]] District of Kerala focuses on the empowerment of tribal youth, especially women.
* '''Center for Education, Research, Innovation and Development (CERID)''': Aims at coordinating the education programmes, conducting action research studies, developing teaching materials and engaging in documentation & publication.

===Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Farm Science Center) ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitrakvk.org/ |title=HOME |publisher=Mitrakvk.org |date= |access-date=2012-03-02}}</ref>

Mitraniketan KVK is an institutional project funded by [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), New Delhi established in 1979 at Mitraniketan to work on transfer of technology with the objective to bridge the gap between technology and farmer.

KVK works on the mandates of...

* Conduct "On -farm testing" for identifying in terms of location specific sustainable land use system.
* Organize training to update the extension personnel with emerging advances in agricultural research on regular basis.
* Organize short and long term vocational training courses in agriculture and allied vocations for the farmers and rural youth with emphasis on "learning by doing" for higher production on farms and generating self-employment.
* Organise front line demonstrations on various crops to generate production data and feed back information.

====Sections of Mitraniketan KVK====
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitrakvk.org/html/divisions.htm |title=Welcome to Mitraniketan Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Farm Science Center) |publisher=Mitrakvk.org |date= |access-date=2012-03-02}}</ref>

The KVK has six important sections to cater the needs of the farmers and other associated stakeholders who use land and water for their livelihood. A Training Associate heads each of the section with the duties of Technology transfer, refinement and training. Field days, campaigns and other extension activities are performed under the head of [[technology transfer]] on the concrete technologies of the National Agricultural Research System (NARS). Under the refinement mandate the sections perform the Front line Demonstrations (FLD) and On Farm Trails (OFT) are conducted. The sections under the KVK are:

1. '''[[Agronomy]] :''' This section deals with technology transfer, refinement and training on the advanced crop production technologies with the main goals of raising the production and productivity of different commercial crops. Agronomy section of the KVK at present is taking the charge of disseminating advanced crop production techniques in the new crop introduced in Kerala Vanilla and other cash crops. The different training programmes under the agronomy section are as follows. Interested candidates can write to the Training Programmes Recycling of farm waste Organic farming Apiculture Vanilla cultivation Intercropping in coconut Homestead farming Plant nursery management Scientific Rubber tapping.

2. '''[[Agricultural Engineering]] :''' The Agricultural Engineering section of the KVK is responsible towards the technology transfer, refinement and training activities for farmers and other target groups in effective utilization of the farm equipments and machineries. The section has developed a low cost paddy winnower and has been popularized in various parts of Kerala. Similarly the section has contributed to a greater extent in disseminating the bio gas technology and smokeless Chulah to various target groups of the district. The training programmes conducted under the section are Production of biogas from organic waste Rainwater harvesting using ferrocement tanks Maintenance of smokeless chulah Improved smokeless chulah Solar equipments Drudgery reducing farm implements.

3. '''[[Agricultural Extension]] :''' This division carries out trainings for extension functionaries. The division trains different target groups on the sociological aspects of farming. The impact studies of the KVK activities, generation of reports, production of publications, documentation, coordinating the recreational activities of KVK, popularization of certain extension approaches and successful technologies of the KVK by this discipline. The quarterly newsletter and website of the KVK is administered by this division. The training programmes under the discipline are
**Group Dynamics and Leadership
**Planning and implementation of NGOs
**Project preparation, implementation and evaluation

4. '''[[Animal science]] :''' This division carries out:
**Training: Conduct regular training on dairy management, artificial insemination, goatery, piggery, rabbitry, poultry keeping and fodder cultivation.
**Co-ordinates the activities of 33 Rural Extension Sub Centres: Mitraniketan KVK has introduced a novel idea of two-step extension approach for reaching to the masses. The trained artificial insemination technicians of Mitraniketan KVK function as the [[extension agency]] in villages.
**Breeding programme: Pedigree bulls and bucks are kept in the animal science section and semen is collected from these animals twice in a week. The technicians of artificial insemination (AI) centers conduct AI in the villages for improving the animal germplasm.
**Conservation of native animals: Mitraniketan KVK has undertaken the social responsibility in conserving natural animal germplasm. The native cattle collected mostly from tribal villages of Western Ghat region is conserved in the dairy unit of the KVK. Evaluations of the performance of these animals are progressing.
**Poultry unit: Backyard poultry, Turkey, Goose and Guinea fowls are available in the poultry unit and regular training programmes are arranged on their management practices.
**Fodder unit: Hybrid napier and guinea grass are planted in the fodder unit. Saplings are available for farmers from this division.
**Azolla Unit: Technical guidance is available on the construction of low cost azolla units and the seeds are available.
**Biogas based power generation unit: The animal waste of the unit has been used effectively for power generation. This serves as a demonstration unit.
**Technical guidance: Technical guidance is provided in livestock, farm management and entrepreneurships in animal husbandry.
**Animal care: Veterinary care is available through the Rural Extension Sub Centres during the visit of Training Associate (Animal Science) of the KVK on prescheduled dates. Also a fully equipped veterinary clinic is functioning in the animal science division of the KVK.

5. '''[[Horticulture]] :''' The Horticulture division of the KVK deals with the advanced and low cost technology dissemination of fruits, vegetables and flowers. The KVK has a Tissue Culture (TC) lab producing TC banana, orchids and anthuriums. A four-month vocational training programme on aspects of plant propagation and nursery management is conducted for the benefit of the rural youth, farm women, tribals etc., A lab that produces quality mushroom spawn is fully functioning to meet the needs of the mushroom growers. Quality-planting materials of fruit trees and vegetable seeds are produced from the farm maintained by this division. The training programmes under the division are:
**Plant nursery management and landscaping
**Mushroom culture and spawn production
**Commercial floriculture
**Vegetable cultivation
**Terrace gardening
**Tissue culture and plant propagation
**Scientific banana cultivation
**Medicinal plant cultivation

6. '''[[Home science]]:'''The Home science division of the KVK deals with the post harvest technology for the fruits and vegetables. This division coordinates the women cell activities of the KVK. This section deals all women oriented programmes of the KVK with the aim of economic empowerment. The different training programmes conducted under the division are:
**Post harvest technology of fruits and vegetables
**Low cost energy saving devices
**Floral arrangement and handicrafts
**Value added milk products
**Value added coconut products
**Value added mushroom and tuber products
**Income generation activities in agriculture
**Tailoring and embroidery

7. '''[[Fisheries]]:''' UK government's Department for International Development (DFID) is funding a project on Enabling Better Management of Fisheries Conflicts, which is coordinated by this division. The training on the subjects of inland fish farming and ornamental fish culture is catered for the practicing fish farmers, rural youth and extension functionaries. The skill-oriented demonstration for the ornamental fish culture is provided with the ornamental fish culture tanks maintained at the KVK with different ornamental fishes. The division is serving as a center for social science research in fisheries. The division has a linkage with several NGOs and GOs working for fisheries development.

===Rural Technology Center (RTC)===
This center is a Production and Training center aimed at upgrading the livelihood skills of rural artisans and youth in the non-farm sector. This includes [[Pottery]], [[Carpentry]], [[Forging]] and [[coir]] fibre product manufacturing.

'''Research and Development in Appropriate Technology'''

Research, development and technology transfer programs concentrate on water & sanitation, low-cost construction technology, development of artisan tools and machinery and natural dye. Mitraniketan has a Core-Support group of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology (DST)]], and the Technology Resource Center of CAPART.

== Mitraniketan Experimentarium for Energy-efficient Technologies (MEET) ==
Mitraniketan Experimentarium for Energy-efficient Technologies (MEET in short) is an upcoming project of Mitraniketan. It is a hands-on science & technology museum with learning games for students focusing on the field of energy conservation, energy efficiency and sustainable energy. It was started as a part of Eco-community Project of Mitraniketan, funded by CISU, Denmark.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.mitraniketan.org/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110719123704/http://www.folkehojskoler.dk/the-danish-folk-high-school
* http://www.ignou.ac.in/

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Educational charities]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]

Sakit

2025-10-04T13:00:03Z

Sera: starting a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sakit
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.45|N|78.82|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Etah district|Etah]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 170
| population_total = 6934
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 207121
| registration_plate =
| website =
}}

'''Sakit''' is a town and a [[Nagar panchayat]] in the [[Etah district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Demographics==
As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sakit had a population of 6934. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Sakit has an average literacy rate of 54%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 61%, and female literacy is 46%. 21% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Schools==
This town has many schools for young children, which kids from nearby villages also attend. Despite having many schools, education level and quality are still low. Apart from elementary and secondary education, however, this town has little to offer in schooling; it possesses only one Inter college, the D.A.V. Inter college, with a total capacity of 1500 students established by Mr. Hanuman Sahay Johri. Another good school is "Digamber Jain Bal Vidya Mandir".

==History==
Sakit is an ancient garrison town, according to the local legend Shakti Singh alias Sakat Singh founded the town in his name and built the fort which is in ruined condition now, presently Police Station of Sakit is situated in the fort, and on the other side of fort few unauthorized occupants are living there. The ruins of a Mosque in the fort have three very important stone inscription stating the building of the Mosque one inscription belongs to the period of Sultan Ghiyasuddin [[Balban]](1266 to 1287 CE) another belongs to [[Shershah Suri]] (1540 to 1545 CE) and the third one belongs to [[Akbar]].

==Villages==
* [[Birahimpur Sakit]]
* [[Malawan, Etah|Malawan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Etah district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Etah district]]

{{Etah-geo-stub}}

Samsung R&D Institute India, Bengaluru

2025-09-27T10:35:20Z

Sera: starting new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Samsung R&D Institute India - Bangalore (SRI-B)
|logo = Samsung old logo before year 2015.svg
|logo_size = 250px
|founded = 2004
|parent = [[Samsung Electronics]]
|homepage =
}}

'''Samsung R&D Institute India - Bangalore''' (SRI - Bangalore), earlier known as '''Samsung Electronics India Software Operations''' (SISO), is one of the 30 Research & Development centers of [[Samsung Electronics]] globally, housed in the IT hub of India, Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Technology/GsUBFA4sIrxPgD2KW765TL/Inside-SRIBangalore-Samsungs-powerhouse-for-innovation.html|title=Inside SRI-Bangalore, Samsung's powerhouse for innovation|date=7 December 2017|publisher=Livemint}}</ref> SRI - Bangalore is the largest R&D center of the South Korean conglomerate outside its home country, [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/samsung-india-rd-center-begins-work-on-5g-technology-dipesh-shah-md-rd-institute/61201531|title=Samsung India begins work on 5G technology|publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref>

The organisation has executed close to 300 projects since its formation. SRI-B works with many organisations involved in the field of software and technology in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samsungindiasoft.com/ |title=Home |website=samsungindiasoft.com}}</ref>

In 2012, the main office was shifted to Bagmane Constellation Business Park near Doddanekkundi, [[Bangalore]].

==Divisions==
* Advanced Technologies Division
* B2B
* Digital Printing Division
* System LSI Division
* Memory Solutions Division
* Telecom and Network Division
* Wireless Terminals Division
* Android Platform Division
* [[Samsung Health]] Care and SmartSchool solutions
* [[Tizen]] Platform Division
* CRL

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Companies}}

{{Samsung Electronics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samsung RandD Institute India - Bangalore}}
[[Category:Samsung subsidiaries|India Software Operations]]
[[Category:Samsung Electronics|India Software Operations]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Karnataka]]

Kavadi Aattam

2025-09-12T15:15:41Z

Sera: cleanup article as per guidelines

{{Short description|Hindu ceremonial sacrifice and offering}}{{Hinduism}}
{{Kaumaram}}
'''Kavadi Aattam''' ({{Langx|ta|காவடி ஆட்டம்|translit=burden dance}}) is a ceremonial sacrifice and offering practiced by devotees during the worship of [[Kartikeya|Murugan]], the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god of war.<ref name="Divinity and Diversity">{{cite book|author=Kent, Alexandra|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=8791114896}}</ref> It is a central part of the festival of [[Thaipusam]] and emphasizes debt bondage. The ''Kavadi'' ("burden") itself is a physical burden, the bearing of which is used by the devotee to implore [[Murugan]] for assistance, usually on behalf of a loved one who is in need of healing, or as a means of balancing a spiritual debt.<ref name="Hume">Hume, Lynne. ''Portals''.</ref> Devotees process and dance along a pilgrimage route while bearing these burdens.

==History==
In [[Tamil mythology]], [[Shiva]] is said to have entrusted the sage [[Agastya]] with two hillocks, the Shivagiri hill, and the Shaktigiri hill, with instructions to carry and install them in [[South India]]. The sage left them in a forest and later tasked his disciple [[Idumban]] to get them. Idumban put the hillocks down to rest awhile near the present day town of [[Palani]], [[Tamil Nadu]] but could not lift them back. Idumban had a scuffle with a youth who claimed ownership of the hillocks and in the ensuing scuffle, Idumban was defeated. Idumban then realised that the youth was the Hindu God [[Murugan]] and prayed for his help.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kent |first=Alexandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ateYBgAAQBAJ&dq=idumban+murugan&pg=PA170 |title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia |date=2007 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789812307408 |pages=170 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Palani Murugan Temple]] stands atop a hill at the location.

Murugan had previously been outwitted in a contest for going round the world where his brother [[Ganesha|Vinayakar]] won the ''[[Jnana Palam|jñāna paḻam]]'', the fruit of wisdom. In anger and frustration, he left [[Mount Kailash]] and came down to [[Palani|Tiru Avinankudi]], the foot of the Sivagiri Hill. His divine parents [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] tried to pacify him but Murugan withdrew to the hill and settled there as a recluse in peace and solitude.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Belle |first=Carl Vadivella |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kB1qDwAAQBAJ&dq=murugan+fruit+of+knowledge&pg=PT336 |title=Thaipusam in Malaysia |date=2018-02-14 |publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. |isbn=978-981-4786-66-9 |pages=336 |language=en}}</ref>

Idumban prayed to Murugan that whoever carried on the ''kavadi'' on their shoulders signifying the two hills and visited the temple on a vow should be blessed and that he be given the privilege of standing sentinel at the entrance to the hill. This custom of ''kavadi aattam'' has spread from Palani to other Murugan shrines worldwide.

==Practice==
[[File:Kavadi dancer 6039398.jpg|thumb|left|A pilgrim carrying Kavadi]]

The preparations start 48 days before the two-day [[Thaipusam]] festival. The devotees purge themselves of all mental and physical impurities. They take only one vegetarian meal per day and 24 hours before [[Thaipusam]], they must maintain a complete fast.<ref name="Hume"/> The devotees prepare themselves by following strict purification austerities that include transcendence of desire, shaving of the head, following a vegetarian diet and refraining from alcohol, sexual abstinence, bathing daily in cold water, sleeping on the floor and constant prayer.<ref name="Divinity and Diversity"/>

On the day of the festival, devotees undertake a pilgrimage along a set route while engaging in various acts of devotion, notably carrying various types of ''kavadi'' (burdens). A ''kavadi'' consists of two semicircular pieces of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure that can be balanced on the shoulders of the devotee. It is often decorated with flowers and peacock feathers (the mount of Murugan) among other things. Some of the ''kavadi'' can weigh up to 30 kg.<ref name="Hume"/>

At its simplest, a kavadi may entail carrying a pot of [[milk]] (''pal kavadi''), but piercing the skin, tongue or cheeks with vel skewers is also common. The most spectacular practice is the ''vel kavadi'', essentially a portable altar up to two meters tall, decorated with peacock feathers and attached to the devotee through multiple [[vel]]s pierced into the skin on the chest and back. Fire walking and [[flagellation]] may also be practiced. It is claimed that devotees are able to enter a [[altered state of consciousness|trance]] to overcome pain.<ref name="Hume"/>

==Locations==
[[Thaipusam]] is celebrated by the [[Tamils]], and in some [[Telugu people|Telugu]] people near [[Tamilnadu]] and Malyalees of Kerala in [[India]] and other countries like [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Singapore]], [[Canada]], [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[South Africa]] and [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2020|title=Thaipusam 2020|url=https://www.albertamurugan.org/thaipusam/thaipusam-2020/|access-date=10 August 2022|website=Sri Murugan Society Alberta|language=en-US|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818003609/https://www.albertamurugan.org/thaipusam/thaipusam-2020/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Nirupama |date=5 February 2019 |title=Concord Temple Yatra: Unique Feat |url=https://indiacurrents.com/concord-temple-yatra-unique-feat/ |access-date=10 August 2022|website=Best Indian American Magazine, San Jose |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2022|title=Temple committee: Over 1,000 volunteers to assist Batu Caves temple ensure SOP compliance during Thaipusam |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/13/temple-committee-over-1000-volunteers-to-assist-batu-caves-temple-ensure-so/2034948 |access-date=10 August 2022|website=Malay Mail |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Batu Caves]]
* [[Kanwar Yatra]]
* [[Yajna]]
* [[Nagarathar Kavadi]]
*[[Edappadi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130111092258/http://www.tamilnadu-tourism.com/tamilnadu-festivals/kavadi-festival.html Kavadi festival]}}

[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Rituals in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Yajna]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Kaumaram]]
[[Category:Tamil mythology]]

Rabi Maharaj

2025-08-30T04:09:55Z

Sera: added references per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Indian author and speaker}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP primary sources|article|date=February 2017}}
{{Weasel|date=January 2010}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

'''Rabi Maharaj''' (born 8 August 1947) is [[Trinidadian people|Trinidadian]]-born Indian author and evangelist. He is descendant of a long line of [[Brahmin]] priests and gurus from the city of [[Varanasi]] ([[Banaras]]) in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Before moving to London in 1967, he converted to [[Christianity]], and then authored the book ''Death of a Guru'', the story of his conversion to Christianity, first published in 1977.<ref name="Harvest House Publishers">{{cite book|title=Death of a Guru: A Remarkable True Story of one Man's Search for Truth: Rabi R. Maharaj, Dave Hunt: 9780890814345: Amazon.com: Books |date=1 June 1984 |isbn=0890814341 |last1=Maharaj |first1=Rabi |last2=Hunt |first2=Dave |publisher=Harvest House Publishers }}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2017}} The book has been translated into over 60 languages.<ref>[http://www.twins.guptara.net/conspiracy.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006054159/http://www.twins.guptara.net/conspiracy.htm|date=6 October 2008}}</ref>

==Biography==
Maharaj grew up in a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] community in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Trained as a [[yogi]], he eventually converted to Christianity <ref name="Harvest House Publishers"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}} After pre-medical studies in [[London]], he received theological training at [[London School of Theology]] (''formerly London Bible College''),<ref name="jeevanmarg1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jeevanmarg.com/testimonies/rabi-maharaj-a-mans-quest-for-truth/ |title=Rabi Maharaj - Author of The Death of a Guru | Testimonies of Indians from Hindu Background |work=Testimonies of Indians from Hindu Background |publisher=Jeevanmarg.com |date=29 August 2010 |accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> and then began charity work.

==Maharaj's Work==
Maharaj has worked with [[Billy Graham]], preached in thousands of churches, university campuses, and auditoriums all over the world. He also worked to rehabilitate drug addicts in [[Europe]] in the 1970s.<ref name="jeevanmarg1"/> He is founder of East-West Gospel Ministries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jeremiahfilms.com/products/GNAD |title=Gods of the New Age DVD - Christian Documentary films since 1978 - DVDs |publisher=Jeremiahfilms.com |accessdate=6 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318131338/http://www.jeremiahfilms.com/products/GNAD |archivedate=18 March 2012 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2017}}

==Lectures and Broadcasts==
Maharaj's most popular lecture topics have included "Encounters with the Supernatural" and "Krishna, Buddha, Mohammad, or Christ?". His other speaking topics have included, "Sexual Mysticism", "Yoga and Meditation in the West", and "Death of a Guru: A Search for Truth". Maharaj has appeared in several documentaries including the Mystics and ''Gods of the New Age''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jeremiahfilms.com/products/GNAD |title=Gods of the New Age DVD - Christian Documentary films since 1978 - DVDs |publisher=Jeremiahfilms.com |accessdate=6 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318131338/http://www.jeremiahfilms.com/products/GNAD |archivedate=18 March 2012 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2017}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
More on Rabi Maharaj's story: [http://www.leaderu.com/wri/pages/maharaj.html]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Rabi}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century evangelicals]]
[[Category:21st-century evangelicals]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Theology]]
[[Category:Converts to Protestantism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Evangelical writers]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago Christians]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago people of Indian descent]]

Battle of Pollilur (1780)

2025-08-19T03:25:37Z

Sera: expanded content

{{Short description|Battle of the Second Anglo-Mysore War}}
{{about|the 1780 battle|the 1781 battle|Battle of Pollilur (1781)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Pollilur
| partof = the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]
| image = Rocket warfare.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Illustration of the battle
| date = 10 September 1780
| place = [[Pullalur]], [[Kanchipuram]]
| result = Mysorean victory
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|East India Company|1707}}
| combatant1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Sultanate of Mysore]]
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|East India Company|1707}} [[William Baille]]{{Surrendered}}
| commander1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Tipu Sultan]] {{Flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} Sultan [[Hyder Ali]]
| strength1 = 11,000 in total<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jaim|first=H M Iftekhar|author2=Jaim, Jasmine|title=The Decisive Nature of the Indian War Rocket in the Anglo-Mysore Wars of the Eighteenth Century|journal=Arms & Armour|date=1 October 2011|volume=8|issue=2|pages=131–138|doi=10.1179/174962611X13097916223244|s2cid=161374846|quote=Captain Munro noted: 'Around two or three thousand horse and rocket-men kept hovering round our main army, in order to conceal his enterprise from us'.}}</ref>
| strength2 = 3,853<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tritton |first=Alan |title=When the Tiger Fought the Thistle: The Tragedy of Colonel William Baillie of the Madras Army |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=9780857722959 |quote=The Battle of Pollilur on 10 September 1780, fought as part of the Second Anglo-Mysore War, was one of the worst defeats the British ever suffered on the Indian subcontinent. It was fought between a Brigade Column of the East India Company, led by Colonel William Baillie, and the Mysore Army, under the command of Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. Heavily outnumbered and wounded in battle, Baillie was taken prisoner and eventually died isolated and in captivity in Seringapatam, in the state of Karnataka near Mysore, on 13 November 1782.}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 2,016 killed 1,000 captured<ref name="jasanoff_157">{{cite book|last=Jasanoff|first=Maya|title=Edge of empire: lives, culture, and conquest in the East, 1750-1850|year=2005|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|isbn=1-4000-4167-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zgpAAAAYAAJ|edition=1.|page=157|quote=Some three thousand Company soldiers were killed, while Baillie and two hundred Europeans, fifty of them officers, were carried off to Seringapatam in chains. The captives’ sufferings became an emotive theme in British representations of Mysore, and one of the Pollilur captives, David Baird, would avenge the battle personally by leading the charge against Seringapatam in 1799.}}</ref>
| casualties1 = Unknown
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Second Anglo-Mysore War}}
}}

The '''Battle of Pollilur''' (a.k.a. Pullalur), also known as the '''Battle of Polilore''' or '''Battle of Perambakam''', took place on 10 September 1780 at [[Pullalur|Pollilur near Conjeevaram]], the city of [[Kanchipuram]] in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] state, India, as part of the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]. It was fought between an army commanded by King [[Tipu Sultan]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], and a [[British East India Company]] force led by [[William Baillie (East India Company officer)|William Baillie]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Reg G. |title=1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History |publisher=Universe Pub. |year=2011 |isbn=9780789322333 |pages=465}}</ref> The EIC force suffered a high number of casualties before surrendering.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tritton |first=Alan |title=When the Tiger Fought the Thistle: The Tragedy of Colonel William Baillie of the Madras Army |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=9780857722959 |quote=The Battle of Pollilur on 10 September 1780, fought as part of the Second Anglo-Mysore War, was one of the worst defeats the British ever suffered on the Indian subcontinent.Heavily outnumbered and wounded in battle, Baillie was taken prisoner and eventually died isolated and in captivity in Seringapatam, in the state of Karnataka near Mysore, on 13 November 1782.}}</ref><ref name="jasanoff_157">{{cite book|last=Jasanoff|first=Maya|title=Edge of empire: lives, culture, and conquest in the East, 1750-1850|year=2005|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|isbn=1-4000-4167-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zgpAAAAYAAJ|edition=1.|page=157|quote=Some three thousand Company soldiers were killed, while Baillie and two hundred Europeans, fifty of them officers, were carried off to Seringapatam in chains. The captives’ sufferings became an emotive theme in British representations of Mysore, and one of the Pollilur captives, David Baird, would avenge the battle personally by leading the charge against Seringapatam in 1799.}}</ref> It was fought between a Brigade Column of the East India Company, led by Colonel William Baillie, and the Mysore Army, under the command of Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. It was the worst loss the East India Company suffered on the subcontinent until [[Battle of Chillianwala|Chillianwala]]. [[Benoît de Boigne]], a French officer in the service of [[66th Punjabis|6th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry]], wrote, "There is not in India an example of a similar defeat".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Political History of Carnatic under the Nawabs|last=Ramaswami|first=N.S.|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1984|location=New Delhi|pages=225}}</ref>

==Background==

King Tipu prevented Baillie from joining another force, consisting of two companies of European infantry, two batteries of artillery, and five battalions of native infantry from [[Guntur]] led by [[Hector Munro, 8th Laird of Novar|Hector Munro]] at [[Conjeevaram]], while King Tipu's father King [[Hyder Ali]] continued the siege at [[Arcot]].

==Battle==

Baillie's men, suffering desertions and uncoordinated leadership, formed a defensive square on a patch of high ground, with William Baillie leading a final stand. Cut off from both Conjeevaram and the stronghold of Fort St. George in Madras where a larger EIC force remained encamped, Baillie's men were caught in a [[Pincer movement|double envelopment movement]], encircled and routed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Battle of Pollilur: Revisiting the Footnotes of History |url=https://thewire.in/history/the-battle-of-pollilur-revisiting-the-footnotes-of-history |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Wire}}</ref> Of the men under Baillie's command, only 50 European officers and 150 men were taken prisoner after the "general massacre". Baillie was taken to [[Seringapatam]]<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=173–174}}</ref> (Srirangapatnam near Mysore in the present-day Karnataka state). Pullalur was also the site of the [[Battle of Pullalur]], where the king of [[Badami Chalukya Empire|Badami Chalukya]], [[Pulakeshin II|Pulakesin II]] fought the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] king, [[Mahendravarman I]], in the 7th century.<ref name=":0" />

==Aftermath==
[[File:Battle of pollilur.jpg|thumb|[[Mural]] of the battle on the walls of King Tipu's summer palace.]]

Baillie and many of his officers were captured and taken to the Mysore capital at Seringapatam. After British reinforcements from Calcutta arrived, [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]] was able to stabilise the situation and counter-attack. A [[Battle of Pollilur (1781)|second battle]] was fought a year later in the same area, resulting in a drawn battle where both sides retreated and claimed victory.

==Rockets==
The [[Mysorean rockets|Mysore rockets]] used during the battle were much more advanced than the [[British East India Company]] had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missile (up to 2 km range). At Pollilur, Mysore rockets restricted the British vanguard movement, skimming along the surface, lacerating troops, and in one specific instance, shattering an Ensign’s leg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Battle of Pollilur: Revisiting the Footnotes of History |url=https://thewire.in/history/the-battle-of-pollilur-revisiting-the-footnotes-of-history |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Wire}}</ref> After King Tipu Sultan's eventual defeat in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] and the capture of the Mysore iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the [[Congreve rocket]], which was soon put into use in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>Roddam Narasimha (1985). [http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750-1850 A.D.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303205010/http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }} National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="700px" perrow="1">
File:The Battle of Pollilur - early 19th-century.jpg|[[Tipu Sultan]] commissioned ''The Battle of Pollilur'' for the [[Daria Daulat Bagh]] to monumentalize his victory; early 19th-century, gouache on paper, 10 sheets of paper on canvas, mounted on restoration fabric, 962 × 200 cm, [[private collection]].
</gallery>
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:Baillie Dungeon, Seringapatam (2004).JPG|Baillie Dungeon, Seringapatam (2004)
File:Narrow Passage at Baillie Dungeon, Seringapatam.JPG|Narrow Passage to Colonel Baillie's Dungeon, Seringapatam (2004)
File:Memorial Plaque at Baillie Dungeon, Seringapatam.JPG|Memorial Plaque at Baillie Dungeon, [[Seringapatam]]
File:Signboard at Baillie Dungeon, Seringapatam.JPG|Signboard at Baillie Dungeon, [[Seringapatam]]
File:Old Signboard at Baillie Dungeon, Seringapatam.JPG|Old Signboard at Baillie Dungeon, [[Seringapatam]]
File:Baillie Dungeon, Seringapatam.JPG|Stones to which prisoners were tied, Baillie Dungeon, [[Seringapatam]]
File:William Baillie Memorial, Seringapatam.JPG|William Baillie Memorial, [[Srirangapatna|Seringapatam]]
File:Plaque of the William Baillie Memorial, Seringapatam.JPG|Plaque of the William Baillie Memorial, [[Srirangapatna|Seringapatam]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Tipu Sultan]]
*[[Hyder Ali]]
*[[Mughal weapons]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tipusultan.org/index.htm Tipu Sultan website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122115557/http://www.tipusultan.org/index.htm |date=22 January 2025 }}
* [https://www.notesonindianhistory.com/2024/07/baillies-disaster-at-pollilur.html True Account of Baillie's Disaster at Pullalur in 1780]
* Wilson, W. J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BlkIAAAAQAAJ&q=Baillie&pg=PA7 History of the Madras Army, Volume 2]

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1780|Pollilur 1780]]
[[Category:Battles of the Second Anglo-Mysore War|Pollilur 1780]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1780 in India]]
[[Category:Battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]

Kembathpalli, Krishnagiri district

2025-08-15T23:06:29Z

Sera: Adding A Location...

{{Short description|Village in Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kempathpalli
| official_name =
| native_name = கேம்பத்தப்பள்ளி
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = Kempathahalli
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5226|N|77.7002|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil|Thaluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Denkanikottai taluk|Denkanikottai]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Panchayat samiti|Block]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Thally]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name6 = Ballapalli <ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/644056-ballapalli-tamil-nadu.html|title=Ballapalli Village Population - Denkanikottai - Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Secondary
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 635107 <ref name="pincode">{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/635107|website=pincode.net.in|title=Indian Postal Pin Code: 635107|access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref>
| postal2_code_type = [[Post Office]]
| postal2_code = Balathottanapalli
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-4347
| registration_plate = TN 70
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Member
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[A. Chellakumar]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/thalli-election-result-2021-live-updates-thalli-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695939.html | title=Thalli Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Ramachandran T of CPI wins | date=2021-05-02 }}</ref>
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Member
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]]
}}

'''Kembathpalli''' is a village in [[Krishnagiri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. This is located 5 km south of its panchyat village Balapalli<ref name="krishnagiri">{{cite web|url=https://krishnagiri.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/development/|title=List of Villages in {{pipe}} Krishnagiri District {{pipe}} Tamil Nadu {{pipe}} India|website=krishnagiri.nic.in|access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref> and 12 km away from nearest Town [[Denkanikottai]].<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/644056-ballapalli-tamil-nadu.html|title=Ballapalli Village Population - Denkanikottai - Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Krishnagiri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishnagiri district]]

Haridwar University

2025-05-15T00:34:05Z

Sera: Adding A Info...

{{Short description|University in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{distinguish|College of Engineering Roorkee}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Haridwar University
| image = Haridwar University logo.png
| image_size =
| former_name = Roorkee College of Engineering
| motto =
| mottoeng = Knowledge of Power Supreme
| established = 2010
| type = [[Private University]]
| president = S.K. Gupta
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| location =
| city = [[Roorkee]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|https://huroorkee.ac.in}}
}}

'''Haridwar University''' ('''HU'''), formerly '''Roorkee College of Engineering''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roorkee College of Engineering Roorkee |url=https://www.rceroorkee.in/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=rceroorkee.in |language=en}}</ref> is a state private university located at [[Roorkee]], Uttarakhand, India. The university is located at [[Roorkee]] on the Roorkee Haridwar Canal Road.

The university offers various courses in engineering & technology, computer science, management, paramedical, agriculture, commerce, business Studies, health sciences, arts & humanities and graduate studies.

==Department==

Haridwar University Roorkee has 10 academic departments covering engineering, management programs, agriculture and master of technology programs.

;Departments
*Civil Engineering
*Computer Engineering
*Electrical and Electronics Engineering
*Mechanical Engineering
*Electronics and Communication Engineering
*Management Studies
*Applied Science and Humanities
*Masters of Technology
*Computer science Engineering
*Electronics and Communication Engineering
* Agriculture
* Forestry
* Nursing
* Pharmacy

==References==
{{reflist}}

[https://huroorkee.ac.in/ Haridwar University ]
[https://huroorkee.ac.in/about-us About Us]
[https://governoruk.gov.in/private-universities/ Private Universities | RAJBHAWAN UTTARAKHAND | India]
[https://www.shiksha.com/science/ranking/top-private-universities-colleges-in-uttarakhand/135-2-133-0-0 Top Private Universities in Uttarakhand: Ranking 2024]

==External links==
*{{official website|https://huroorkee.ac.in/}}

{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Education in Roorkee]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Uttarakhand]]

{{Uttarakhand-university-stub}}

List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin

2025-04-23T23:32:38Z

Sera: adjusted formatting and added references

{{Short description|None}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''[[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] words of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] origin''' came about as part of the more than 2000 years of language interactions between [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in the island of [[Sri Lanka]], as well as through Dravidian substratum effect on the Sinhala language. According to linguists, there are about 900 Tamil words in Sinhala usage.<ref name=Coperahewa2007/>

Sinhala is classified as an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language and Tamil is classified as a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] language. Separated from its sister Indo-Aryan languages such as [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by a large belt of Dravidian languages, Sinhala along with [[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]] of the Maldives evolved somewhat separately.

Close interaction with the Tamil language and the assimilation of Tamils into Sinhalese society contributed to the adoption of several Tamil origin words into the Sinhalese language. The range of borrowings goes beyond the scope to be expected for a situation where two neighbouring peoples exchange material goods: Firstly, there are many Tamil loanwords pertaining to everyday and social life (kinship terms, body parts, ordinary activities). Secondly, several lexical words ([[noun]]s, [[adjective]]s and [[verb]]s) along with interjections (''ayiyō''), (''aḍō'') have also been borrowed. This - along with the impact Tamil has had on Sinhala [[syntax]] (e.g. the use of a [[verbal adjective]] of "to say" as a [[subordinating conjunction]] meaning "whether" and "that") - is suggestive of not only close coexistence but the existence of large numbers of [[bilingual]]s and a high degree of mixing and [[interracial marriage|intermarriage]].<ref>Umberto Ansaldo, Sri Lanka and South India, The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics (2017), pp.575-585</ref><ref>Harold Dharmasenan Thampoe. Sinhala and Tamil: A Case of Contact-Induced Restructuring. Ph.D. diss., School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics, Newcastle University, 2016.</ref>

==Kinds of loanwords==
;Borrowings
The words pertaining to the fields of [[commerce]], [[Business administration|administration]], [[botany]], [[food]] and [[military]] are the most numerous; this is to be expected because
*new innovations and goods usually reached the Sinhalese via the Tamils whose area of settlement separates them from the rest of [[South Asia]] and
*Tamil speaking traders conducted most of the island's [[foreign trade]] since the 10th century AD. This is attested by multiple [[Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka]] left by medieval trade guilds.

==The borrowing process==
Tamil loanwords in Sinhala can appear in the same form as the original word (e.g. ''akkā''), but this is quite rare. Usually, a word has undergone some kind of modification to fit into the Sinhala [[phonological]] (e.g. ''paḻi'' becomes ''paḷi(ya)'' because the sound of /ḻ/, {{IPAblink|ɻ}}, does not exist in the Sinhala [[phoneme]] inventory) or [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] system (e.g. ''ilakkam'' becomes ''ilakkama'' because Sinhala inanimate nouns (see [[grammatical gender]]) need to end with /a/, {{IPAblink|ə}}, in order to be [[Declension|decline]]able).

These are the main ways Tamil words are incorporated into the Sinhala lexicon with different endings:
*With an /a/ added to Tamil words ending in /m/ and other [[consonant]]s (e.g. ''pālam'' > ''pālama'').
*With a /ya/ or /va/ added to words ending in [[vowel]]s (e.g. ''araḷi'' > ''araliya'').
*With the Tamil ending /ai/ represented as /ē/, commonly spelt /aya/.
*With the animate ending /yā/ added to Tamil words signifying living beings or /yā/ replacing the Tamil endings /aṉ/, /ar/, etc. (e.g. ''caṇṭiyar'' > ''caṇḍiyā'').

It can be observed that the Tamil phonemes /ḷ/ and /ḻ/ do not coherently appear as /ḷ/ in Sinhala but sometimes as /l/ as well. This is because in Sinhala [[pronunciation]] there is no distinction between /ḷ/ and /l/; the letter /ḷ/ is merely maintained as an [[etymological]] [[spelling]].

==Time of borrowing==
In many cases, the appearance of a loanword in a language indicates whether the borrowing is old or more recent: The more a word deviates from the "original" one, the longer it must have been a part of the respective lexicon, because while being used, a word can undergo changes (sometimes regular sound changes along with the native words). The inversion of this argument is not possible since loanwords already matching the linguistic requirements of the target language may remain unchanged. Thus, the word ''täpäl'' (Tamil ''tapāl'') gives away its old age because the respective [[Apophony|umlaut]] processes took place before the 8th century; ''iḍama'' (Tamil ''iṭam'') however needn't be a recent borrowing, because no sound changes that could have affected this word have taken place in Sinhala since at least the 13th century.

==List of words==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2022}}
In the following list, Tamil words are romanized in accordance with Tamil spelling. This results in seeming discrepancies in [[Voice (phonetics)|voicing]] between Sinhala words and their Tamil counterparts. Sinhala borrowing however has taken place on the basis of the sound of the Tamil words; thus, the word ''ampalam'', {{IPA|[ambalam]}}, logically results in the Sinhala spelling ''[[ambalama]]'', and so forth. However, the Tamil language used here for comparison is Tamil as spoken in Sri Lanka.

''Note: For information on the transcription used, see [[National Library at Calcutta romanization]] and [[Tamil script]]. Exceptions from the standard are the [[romanization]] of Sinhala long "ä" ({{IPA|[æː]}}) as "ää", and the non-marking of [[prenasalized stop]]s.''

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
!Sinhala !! Meaning !! Tamil !! Meaning !! Type
|-
|style="width:08em"|ādāyama || Income || ādāyam || Profit || Trade
|-
|akkā<ref name=Coperahewa2007>{{cite journal |last1=Coperahewa |first1=Sandagomi |title=Language Contact and Linguistic Area: Sinhala — Tamil Contact Situation |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka |date=2007 |volume=53 |pages=133–152 |jstor=23731203 }}</ref> || Elder sister || akkā || Elder sister || Kinship
|-
|agampadi<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || foreign soldier || agampaḍi ||palace guard || Military
|-
|agaḷa<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || trench || akaḻi || ditch || Daily
|-
|accu<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || mould || accu || mould || Trade
|-
|aliyā || Elephant || alliyaṉ || Elephant || Daily
|-
|ambalama || Way-side rest || ambalam || Public place || Daily
|-
|ämbäṭṭayā || Barber || ampaṭṭaṉ || Barber || Trade
|-
|āṃgāṇiya<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Stall (in a market) || aṅgāḍi || Market || Trade
|-
|ammā<ref name=Coperahewa2007/> || Mother || ammā || Mother || Kinship
|-
|ānā || Man || ān || Man|| Daily
|-
|āṇḍuva<ref name=Coperahewa2007/> || Government || āṇṭāṉ || Rich man with many slaves || Administration
|-
|appā<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Father (regional/colloquial) || appā || Father|| Kinship
|-
|āppa || [[Hopper (food)|Hoppers]] || [[Appam|āppam]] || Hoppers || Food
|-
|araliya || [[Oleander]] || araḷi || Oleander || Botany
|-
|aḍaṃgu<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || containing || aḍaṅku || including || Trade
|-
|aḍakō<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || blockade || aḍaikōṭṭai || shelter || Military
|-
|aḍakkalama<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || insurance, halfway through || aḍaikkalam || deposit || Trade
|-
|aḍanteṭṭam<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || || aḍantēṟṟam || inclusion ||
|-
|aḍappaṃ<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || cattle disease || aḍaippaṉ || cattle disease || Daily
|-
|aḍō<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || oops (exclamation) || aḍā || oops (exclamation) || Daily
|-
|attammā<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || grandmother || āttāḷ || mother || Kinship
|-
|attikārama<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || authority || adikaram || authority || Administration
|-
|attā<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || grandmother || attaṉ/accaṉ ||elder || Kinship
|-
|<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || || accakāram, accāram || advance payment || Trade
|-
|attikkā<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || fig || attikkāy ||fig || Food
|-
|atvaru, attara<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || high person, Dravidian Brahmin who held high position || attaṉ ||superior/high person || Administration
|-
|attivārama<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || foundation || attivāram || foundation || Daily
|-
|andam<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || || andam || ||
|-
|annāsi<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || pineapple || annāsi ||pineapple || Food
|-
|attiya<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || mother || attai/annai || mother || Kinship
|-
|adō<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || expressing pity || antō || expressing pity || Daily
|-
|appacci<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || father || appācci || father || Kinship
|-
|appā!<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || exclamation || appā! || exclamation || Daily
|-
|avariya || [[Indigo]] plant || avuri || Indigo plant || Botany
|-
|ayyā<ref name=Coperahewa2007/> || Elder brother || aiyā (see also [[Ayya (disambiguation)|Ayya]]) || Sir, father || Kinship
|-
|bā|| Come || vā|| Come || Daily
|-
|caṇḍiyā || Bandit, rowdy || saṇdiyar || Bandit || Daily
|-
|cīttaya || [[Chintz]] || cīttai || Chintz || Trade
|-
|ediriya || Opposition, hostility || edhiri || Opponent, enemy || Military
|-
|galkaṇḍuva || Sugar-candy || kaṟkaṇdu || Sugar-candy || Food
|-
|hirumaṇaya<ref name=Coperahewa2002>{{cite book |last=Coperahewa |first=Sandagomi |author-link= |date=2002 |title= A Dictionary of Tamil words in Sinhala|url= |location=Colombo |publisher=S. Godage Brothers |pages=27–90 |isbn=}}</ref> || Device prepared for grinding coconut || tirukumaṇai || Device prepared for grinding coconut || Daily
|-
|heṭṭu<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Talk about buying goods at reduced price || ceṭṭu || Talk about buying goods at reduced price, thrifty || Trade
|-
|hori<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Name of an itchy skin condition || cori || Name of an itchy skin condition || Daily
|-
|huṇḍuva<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || A metric used in measuring materials || cuṇḍu || A metric used in measuring materials || Daily
|-
|hurulla<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Betel leaf || curuḷ || Betel leaf || Daily
|-
|iccāva || Flattery || iccakam || Flattery || Daily
|-
|iḍama<ref name=Coperahewa2007/> || Site, land || idam || Place, site || Construction
|-
|īḷa || [[Asthma]] || īḷai || Asthma || Daily
|-
|ilakkaya || Target || ilakku || Target || Military
|-
|ilakkama || Number || ilakkam || Number || Trade
|-
|iḷandāriyā || Young man || iḷandāri || Young man || Daily
|-
|iḷavuva || Death, funeral || iḻavu || Death || Daily
|-
|iraṭṭa || Double, even number || iraṭṭai || Double, even number || Trade
|-
|īyam|| Lead || īyam || Lead || Daily
|-
|jāḍiya || Jar || cāṭi || Jar || Daily
|-
|jōḍuva || Pair || jōdi/cōdi || Pair || Daily
|-
|hodi<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Gravy || soti || || Daily
|-
|kaḍalē || [[Chickpea]] || kadalai (paruppu) || Chickpea || Food
|-
|kaḍasarakkuva || Spice, curry stuffs || kadai + sarakku || Shop + Goods || Trade
|-
|kaḍaya<ref name=Coperahewa2007/> || Shop || kadai || Shop || Trade
|-
|kaḍinama || Haste || kathi || speed || Daily
|-
|kaḍiyāḷama || Bridle || kadivāḷam || Bridle || Military
|-
|kaṃkāṇiyā || Overseer || kaṅkāṇi || Foreman || Administration
|-
|kalanda || ''A small measure of weight'' || kaḻañcu || ''Weight of 1.77 grams'' || Trade
|-
|kalavama || Mixture, blend || kalavai || Mixture || Daily
|-
|kālaya || Quarter || kāl || Quarter || Trade
|-
|kaḷudäävā || Donkey || kaḻudai || Donkey || Daily
|-
|kambiya<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Wire || kambi || Wire || Trade
|-
|kāndama || Magnet || kāandam || Magnet || Trade
|-
|kaṇisama || Size || kaṇisam || Size, amount || Daily
|-
|kaṇṇāḍiya || Mirror, spectacles || kaṇṇāadi || Mirror, spectacles || Daily
|-
|kappama || Tribute || kappam || Tribute || Military
|-
|kappara || Small ship || kappal || Ship || Trade
|-
|kappi || Grit, bruised grain || kappi || Coarse grits in flour || Daily
|-
|kappiya || Pulley || kappi || Pulley ||
|-
|kāvala || Protection || kaval || ||
|-
|kayippu || [[Catechu]] || || ||
|-
|kayitālama || A type of cymbal ||
|-
|kāppuva || Bracelet || kāappu || Bangle || Daily
|-
|kärapottā || Cockroach || karappaāṉ || Cockroach (SL) || Daily
|-
|karavaḷa || Dried fish || karuvāadu || Dried fish || Food
|-
|kāsiya || Coin || kāasu || Small change, coin || Trade
|-
|kasippu || Illicit liquor || kacippu || Illicit liquor || Trade
|-
|kaṭṭumarama || Catamaran || kaṭṭumaram || Catamaran || Trade
|-
|kayiyeliya || Cloth with coloured border || kaili || Multicoloured cloth worn by Muslims || Daily
|-
|keṇḍa || Calf || keṇdai(kkāl) || Calf || Daily
|-
|keṇḍiya || Pitcher || keṇṭi || Pitcher || Daily
|-
|kiṭṭu || Close, near || kiṭṭa || Close, near || Daily
|-
|koḍiya<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Flag || kodi || Flag || Administration
|-
|kola / Kole || Leaf || kulai || Foliage / Young leaf || Botany
|-
|kollaya || Plunder, pillage || koḷḷai || Plunder || Military
|-
|kombuva || ''Name of the sign ෙ'' || kombu (lakaram) || ''Name of the sign ள'' || Daily
|-
|kōn || ''Part of a name'' ||kōṉ(ar) || ''Name pertaining to members of the Iṭaiyar caste'' ("shepherd, king") || Personal name
|-
|kōṇama || ''A loin cloth for men'' || kōvaṇam || ''A loin cloth for men'' || Daily
|-
|koṇḍaya || Plait/bun of hair || koṇdai || Bun/plait of hair || Daily
|-
|kottamalli || [[Coriander]] || koṭhamalli || Coriander || Botany
|-
|koṭṭaya || Pillow || koṭṭai || Nut, round shape, pillow || Daily
|-
|kōvila || Hindu temple ||kōyil || Temple || Daily
|-
|kūḍama || Shed, Resthouse ||kūḍaram
|Tent
| Daily
|-
|kuḍaya || Umbrella || kudai || Umbrella || Daily
|-
|kūḍaya || Basket || koodai || Basket || Daily
|-
|kūḍuva || Nest, cage || koodu || Nest, small box || Daily
|-
|kulala/kuḷala || Pipe || kuḻal || Tube, musical pipe || Daily
|-
|kulappuva || Confusion || kuḻappu- || to confuse || Military
|-
|kūlama || Pond || kulam- || Pond || Agricultural Term
|-
|kurumbā || Young coconut || kurumbai || Young coconut || Food
|-
|kuliya || Rent || kooli || Rent, pay || Administration
|-
|kuṭṭama || A Pair|| || || Daily
|-
|machan<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Term of endearment along males ||machan
| || Daily
|-
|Malaya || Hill country || malai || Hill || Place name
|-
|malli || Younger brother || malalai || Infant || Kinship
|-
|māmā<ref name=Coperahewa2007/> || Maternal uncle || māmā || Maternal uncle || Kinship
|-
|marakkalaya<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Boat, Ethnic [[Sri Lankan Moors|Moor]], [[Sampan]] || marakkalam || (Sailing) Boat || Fishing
|-
|massinā<ref>M.H. Peter Silva, Influence of Dravida on Sinhalese, University of Oxford. Faculty of Oriental Studies 1961, Thesis (D.Phil.) p. 49
</ref> || Brother-in-law || macciṉaṉ || Brother-in-law || Kinship
|-
|mayil || Fur, any hair other than on the head/face ||mayir
| || Daily
|-
|mella || Gentle, tame, obedient || || || Daily
|-
|mudala || Money || mudhal || Capital || Trade
|-
|mudalāli || Merchant, owner of a shop || mudhalāḷi || Merchant || Trade
|-
|mudali || ''Part of a name'' || mudhaliyār || Name of a caste || Personal name
|-
|mudiyanse || ''Part of a name'' || mudhaliyār || Name of a caste || Personal name
|-
|muḍukkuva || Narrow street, slum || || || Daily
|-
|mulu || whole, entire ||mullu
| || Daily
|-
|munuburu<ref>M.H. Peter Silva, Influence of Dravida on Sinhalese, University of Oxford. Faculty of Oriental Studies 1961, Thesis (D.Phil.) p. iv
</ref> || Grandson ||marumakan (marumakana > manumaraka)
| Descendant || Kinship
|-
|muranḍu || Obstinate, wanting to fight ||muranḍu
| || Daily
|-
|muruṃgā || "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4475190.stm Drumsticks]", the edible fruits of the Drumstick tree (''[[Moringa oleifera]]'') || muruṅgai || Horse-radish tree || Food
|-
|mūḍiya || lid ||mūḍi
| || Daily
|-
|mūṭṭi|| Earthen cooking pot || || || Daily
|-
|mūṭṭuva|| bale/bagful ||mūṭtai
| || Daily
|-
|nāḍagama<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || Stage-play || naādagam || Drama, stage-play || Culture
|-
|nōṃjal, nōṃcal || feeble, unsteady || || || Daily
|-
|naṃgī<ref name=Coperahewa2007/> || Younger sister || naṅgai || Younger sister || Kinship
|-
|neyyāḍam<ref>M.H. Peter Silva, Influence of Dravida on Sinhalese, University of Oxford. Faculty of Oriental Studies 1961, Thesis (D.Phil.) p. vii
</ref> || Play || neyyāṭal || Oil bath taken on festive occasions || Culture
|-
|nōnḍi, nonḍi ||lame ||nonḍi
| || Daily
|-
|nūla|| String/Thread ||nūl
| || Daily
|-
|oppuva || Proof || oppu || || Administration
|-
|ottē || Odd number || otṟai || Odd number || Trade
|-
|ottuva || Espionage || otṟu || Espionage || Administration
|-
|padakkama || Medal || padhakkam || Medal || Administration
|-
|pāḍama || Lesson || pāadam || Lesson || Culture
|-
|paḍiya || Wage || paṭi || Extra pay || Administration
|-
|pālama || Bridge || pāalam || Bridge || Construction
|-
|paḷiya || Revenge || paḻi || Guilt, revenge || Daily
|-
|palliya || Church/Mosque || palli || Church/Mosque || Daily
|-
|pandalama || Bower, shady place || pandhal || Bower, shady place || Daily
|-
|pandama || Torch || pandham || Torch || Religious
|-
|peruṃkāyam || Asafoetida ||peruṃkāyam
| Asafoetida || Daily
|-
|parippu<ref name=Coperahewa2002/> || [[Lentils]] || paruppu || Lentils || Food
|-Paththaraya News paper paththirikai
|piṭṭu || ''A rice dish'' || [[Puttu|piṭṭu]] || ''A rice dish'' || Food
|-
|poḍi || Small, little || podi || Small || Daily
|-
|poṭṭuva || Bindi || pottu || || Daily
|-
|poraya || Fight || pōr || Fight || Military
|-
|poronduva || Agreement, promise || porundhu- || To fit, to agree || Daily
|-
|porottuva || Delay, waiting || poṟutthu || Having waited || Daily
|-
|pūccama || Boast, brag || || || Daily
|-
|pullē || ''Part of a name'' || [[Pillai (title)|Pillai]] || ''Part of a name'' (originally a title) || Personal name
|-
|pūṇa nūla || Sacred string/cord that Brahmins wear over their shoulder ||poo-nool || Sacred string || Daily
|-
|saiva, sāiva || Shaivite ||saiva
| Shaivite || Daily
|-
|salli || Money || salli || Coin || Trade
|-
|saṇḍuva || Fight || saṇdai || Fight || Military
|-
|sekkuva || Oil mill ||sekku
| || Daily
|-
|sembuva || Small metal pot ||sembu
| || Daily
|-
|seṃkamālaya || jaundice || || || Daily
|-
|sereppuva || Sandals || seruppu || Sandals || Daily
|-
|sotti || Crippled, deformed || sothhai || Emaciated person, defect || Daily
|-
|suli || whirl, vortical || || || Daily
|-
|suruṭṭuva || Cigar || suruṭṭu || Cigar || Daily
|-
|takkāli || [[Tomato]] || thakkaāḷi || Tomato || Food
|-
|talluva || A push || thaḷḷu- || To push || Daily
|-
|tambiyā || Derogatory term for a Muslim man || tambi || Younger brother || Daily
|-
|tani<ref name=Coperahewa2007/> || Alone || taṉi || Alone || Daily
|-
|täpäl || Postal || tabaāl || Postal, mail || Administration
|-
|tarama || Size, position, quantity || tharam || Quality, sort || Trade
|-
|taṭṭa || Bald || thaṭṭai || Baldness || Daily
|-
|tāliya || A necklace signifying marriage ||tāli
| || Daily
|-
|tāttā || Father || thāathaā || Grandfather || Kinship
|-
|taṭṭuva || A knock || thaṭṭu- || To knock || Daily
|-
|tōḍuva || A hollow cylindrical earring ||tōḍu
| || Daily
|-
|tunḍuva || bit/scrap ||tunḍu
| || Daily
|-
|uḍäkkiya || ''A narrow drum'' || udukkai || ''A narrow drum'' || Daily
|-
|udavva || Help || udhavi || Help || Daily
|-
|ulukkuva || Sprain (of a joint) || suḷukku || Sprain || Daily
|-
|ūḷiyama || Tax payable by foreigners || ooḻiyam || Service || Administration
|-
|uraya|| Covering/Case || || || Daily
|-
|urumaya<ref name=Coperahewa2007/>|| Rights/heritage ||urimai|| Rights/heritage || Administration
|-
|vaṭṭiya || Type of shallow basket || || || Daily
|-
|veri || Drunk || veṟi || intention, madness || Daily
|-
|}

==Verbs==

Several verbs have been adopted into Sinhala from the Tamil language. The vast majority of these are [[compound verb]]s consisting of a Tamil origin primary verb and a Sinhala origin light verb.

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
!Sinhala !! සිංහල !! Meaning !! Tamil !! Meaning
|-
|style="width:08em"|iranavā || ඉරනවා || To tear || ||
|-
|kiṭṭu venavā || කිට්ටු වෙනවා || To get close, to near || ||
|-
|kolla karanavā || කොල්ල කනවා || To plunder || Koḷḷai ||
|-
|nōnḍi venavā || නෝන්ඩි වෙනවා || To be humiliated/embarrassed || ||
|-
|parakku venavā || පරක්කු වෙනවා || To be late/delayed || ||
|-
|pattu karanavā || පත්තු කරනවා || To light, to set on fire || patṟu- || To catch fire
|-
|pēru väṭenavā || පේරු වැටෙනවා || To fall to someone by chance || pēṟu || Luck ll
|-
|poḍi venavā || පොඩි වෙනවා || To be crushed/crumpled || ||
|-
|pūṭṭu karanavā || පූට්ටු කරනවා || To splice, to fasten together || ||
|-
|tallu karanavā || තල්ලු කරනවා || To push || thaḷḷu- || To push
|-
|taṭṭu karanavā || තට්ටු කරනවා || To knock || thaṭṭu- ||
|-
|udav karanavā || උදව් කරනවා || To help || Utavi ||
|-
|veḍi kanavā|| වෙඩි කනවා || To have been shot || vedi || Shot, dynamite
|-
|veḍi tiyanavā|| වෙඩි තියනවා || To shoot, to fire || vedi || Shot, dynamite
|-
|veri venavā|| වෙරි වෙනවා || To become drunk || veri ||
|-
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Dutch loanwords in Sinhala]]
* [[English loanwords in Sinhala]]
* [[Portuguese loanwords in Sinhala]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

* Coperahewa, Sandagomi and Arunachalam, Sarojini Devi ''Sinhala Bhashave Demala Vacana Akaradiya''[Dictionary of Tamil Words in Sinhala] (Colombo: S.Godage, 2002).
*{{cite book | last = Gair | first = James | title = Studies in South Asian Linguistics| publisher = Oxford University Press |year=1998 | location = [[New York City|New York]] | isbn = 0-19-509521-9 | page = 368 }}
*[[Wilhelm Geiger|Geiger, Wilhelm]]: Linguistic Character of Sinhalese, in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon), Vol. XXXIV
*Gunasekara, A.M.: ''A Comprehensive Grammar of the Sinhalese Language'', Colombo 1891 (reprint New Delhi 1986), {{ISBN|81-206-0106-8}} (§234: Naturalised and derived words from Tamil)

==External links==
*[http://www.sinhaladictionary.org/ Sinhala Tamil online dictionary]
*[http://www.lanka.info/dictionary/EnglishToSinhala.jsp Tamil Sinhala online dictionary]
*[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/01/26/fea15.html Article on Sanskritisms in Sinhala (partly based on opinion)]

{{Sinhala language}}
{{Tamil language|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil loanwords in Sinhala}}
[[Category:Tamil language-related lists|Sinhala]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of Sinhala words of foreign origin]]

Thopudurthi Prakash Reddy

2025-04-15T08:28:21Z

Sera: starting info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Thopudurthi Prakash Reddy''' (born 1974)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on YSRCP ticket from [[Raptadu Assembly constituency|Raptadu constituency]] in [[Anantapur district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=News Service |first=Hans |date=2020-12-20 |title=Tadepalli : Rapthadu MLA Thopudurthi Prakash Reddy defends naming project after YSR |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tadepalli-rapthadu-mla-thopudurthi-prakash-reddy-defends-naming-project-after-ysr-661452?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> He defeated Paritala Sreeram by a margin of 25,575 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-12 |title=Thopudurthy Prakash Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Thopudruthi {{!}} Atmakur |url=https://theleaderspage.com/thopudurthy-prakash-reddy/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raptadu Assembly Election 2024: Raptadu Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/raptadu-constituency-result-1155 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Prakash Reddy is born to Atma Rami Reddy in 1974. He studied at St. John's English Medium School, Chennai and passed his plus two in 1990. He completed his graduation in Engineering from S. J. C. Institute of Technology, Chikkaballapur, Karnataka in 1995. He married Manorama and has two children, Siddhartha Reddy and Indu.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
He lost the Assembly elections to [[Paritala Sunitha]] in 2009 on a Congress ticket and then in 2014 when he contested on behalf of [[YSR Congress Party]]. He won the 2019 election defeating Sunitha's son Paritala Sreeram. He lobbied for getting the mega textile park work re-start near Raptadu in Anantapur district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-24 |title=Andhra Pradesh government racing against time to establish world-class textile park in Anantapur district: MLA Thopudurthi Prakash Reddy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-government-racing-against-time-to-establish-world-class-textile-park-in-anantapur-district-mla-thopudurthi-prakash-reddy/articleshow/90421763.cms |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Both Paritala and Thopudurthi families have a running feud politically.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-23 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Former minister, YSRCP MLA lock horns over inner wear brand's exit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-former-minister-ysrcp-mla-lock-horns-over-inner-wear-brands-exit/articleshow/90401280.cms |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A police case was registered against him on 10 April 2025 in [[Ramagiri, Sri Sathya Sai district|Ramagiri]] police station by a constable who was injured in the melee following the collapse of the barricades near a helipad during the recent visit of former chief minister [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-04-10 |title=Case against Thopudurthi: రాప్తాడు మాజీ ఎమ్మెల్యేపై కేసు ఫైల్.. కారణమిదే |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2025/andhra-pradesh/ananthapuram/ysrcp-leader-toppudurthi-prakash-reddy-case-police-altercation-srisatyasai-district-suchi-1391354.html |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://thopudurthiprakashreddy.com/about/ Prakash Reddy's website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash Reddy, Thopudurthi}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]