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Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar

2026-05-05T09:55:40Z

Sddhvnkengineering: put up a biography

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{Distinguish|Nationalist Congress Party}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|abbreviation = [https://www.ncpsp.org/ NCP–SP]
|party_name = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar
|native_name =
|logo = Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar) Logo.jpg
|colorcode = {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|president = [[Sharad Pawar]]
|headquarters = 81, Lodhi Estate, [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ncp-factions-get-separate-offices-in-delhi/articleshow/104539127.cms|title=NCP factions get separate offices in Delhi | newspaper=The Times of India | date=19 October 2023 }}</ref>
|ppchairman = [[Sharadchandra Pawar|Sharad Pawar]]
|loksabha_leader = [[Supriya Sule]]
|rajyasabha_leader = [[Sharadchandra Pawar|Sharad Pawar]]
|successor =
|general_secretary = [[Jayant Patil]] [[Shashikant Shinde]]
|secretary = [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]]
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2024|02|8}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Election Commission allots 'NCP Sharadchandra Pawar' name to Sharad group|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/election-commission-allots-ncp-sharadchandra-pawar-name-to-sharad-group/articleshow/107503549.cms|work=Economic Times|date=8 Feb 2024|access-date= 25 Mar 2024}}</ref>
|founder = [[Sharadchandra Pawar]]
|spokesperson =
|split = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|eci = [[List of political parties in India|State Party]]
|alliance = *[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]] [[2024 Indian general election|(National)]]
*[[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]] [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|(Maharashtra)]]
*[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF (Kerala)]]
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|8|543|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}}}
|ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
|[[Gandhian socialism]]{{refn|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/those-who-believe-in-democracy-secularism-must-come-together-pawar-121082001117_1.html | title=Those who believe in democracy, secularism must come together: Pawar |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=August 20, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi's non-violence is the only way forward, says Sharad Pawar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 January 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gandhis-non-violence-is-the-only-way-forward-says-pawar/article30526611.ece |last1=Deshpande |first1=Alok }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Those who believe in democracy, secularism must come together: Pawar|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/those-who-believe-in-democracy-secularism-must-come-together-pawar-121082001117_1.html}}</ref>}}
| [[Marathi people|Marathi nationalism]]{{refn|<ref>Rajeshwari Deshpande. (2006). Politics of Frustrations, Anxieties and Outrage. [[Economic and Political Weekly]], 41(14), 1304–1307. {{JSTOR|4418041}}</ref><ref>PALSHIKAR, SUHAS. "In the Midst of Sub-Democratic Politics." [[Economic and Political Weekly]] 45, no. 7 (2010): 12–16. {{JSTOR|25664106}}.</ref>}}
}}
|publication =
|youth =
|students = Sonia Duhan
|women = Rohini Khadse-Khewalkar
|colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}}} [[Blue]]
|state2_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]
|state2_seats = {{hidden|Indian states|headerstyle=background:#CCCCCC|style=text-align:center;|{{Composition bar|10|288|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}}}([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]])
{{Composition bar|0|140|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}}} ([[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]) }}
|state_seats_name = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|3|78|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}}}
|no_states = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}}}
|membership =
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Man Blowing Turha.png|130px]]
|flag =
|website = {{URL|https://ncpsp.org}} 
|Political position =[[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi's non-violence is the only way forward, says Sharad Pawar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 January 2020|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gandhis-non-violence-is-the-only-way-forward-says-pawar/article30526611.ece|last1=Deshpande|first1=Alok }}</ref>
}}

The '''Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar''' ('''NCP–SP''') is a political party in [[India]] formed under the leadership of [[Sharadchandra Pawar]] (commonly known as [[Sharad Pawar]]).<ref name=":0" /> It was formed after the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) recognised the group led by his nephew [[Ajit Pawar]] as the original [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=ECI rules Ajit Pawar faction is the real NCP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ajit-pawars-faction-is-real-ncp-election-commission/article67818593.ece|work=The Hindu|date=6 Feb 2024|access-date= 25 Mar 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
In July 2023, [[Ajit Pawar]], along with 40 MLAs, left the Sharad Pawar-led [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and joined the ruling [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] – [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] government as [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ajit Pawar joins NDA govt, takes oath as deputy CM of Maharashtra|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncp-splits-ajit-pawar-to-join-nda-govt-take-oath-as-deputy-cm-of-maharashtra/articleshow/101431751.cms |work=Economic Times|date=2 Jul 2023|access-date= 25 Mar 2024}}</ref> This caused the [[2023 Nationalist Congress Party split|split in NCP]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Election Commission admits split in NCP, calls both factions for hearing on Oct 6|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/election-commission-admits-split-in-ncp-calls-both-factions-for-hearing-on-oct-6-8940406/|work=The Indian Express|date=15 Sep 2023|access-date= 25 Mar 2024}}</ref> On 7 February 2024, ECI awarded the party name and symbol to the faction headed by Ajit Pawar.<ref name=":1" /> The faction led by Sharad Pawar got a new name "Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)".<ref>{{cite web|title=Sharad's party gets new name: It is Nationalist Congress Party — Sharadchandra Pawar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/sharad-pawar-nationalist-congress-party-sharadchandra-pawar-9149530/|work=The Indian Express|date=13 Feb 2024|access-date= 25 Mar 2024}}</ref>

== Party symbol ==
ECI has allotted "a man blowing tura (trumpet)" (in Marathi तुतारी वाजवणारा माणूस) as symbol to the party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sharad Pawar inaugurates new party symbol at Raigad fort|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sharad-pawar-unveils-symbol-of-his-ncp-group-at-raigad-fort/article67881611.ece|work=The Hindu|date=24 Feb 2024|access-date= 25 Mar 2024}}</ref>

== Party flag ==
The flag of the Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar after the split contains its logo and the Indian flag.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sharad Pawar-led NCP new flag, symbol released. |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/sharad-pawar-led-ncp-new-flag-symbol-released-jitendra-awhad-rohit-pawar-pictures-latest-2024-03-01-919372|work=India TV|date=1 March 2024|access-date= 1 Mar 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
=== Lok Sabha (General) election results ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color: white"|Election
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color: white"|Lok sabha
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Pre-poll alliance
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|+/- in seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Overall Vote
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Vote %
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Ref.
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|11
|{{Composition bar|8|543|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}}}
|{{New}}
|5,921,162
|0.92%
|{{new}}
|
|-
|}

=== State assembly election results ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color: white"|Election
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Pre-poll alliance
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|+/- in seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Overall vote
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Vote %
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}};color:white"|Sitting side
|-
! Colspan=10|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
|86
|{{Composition bar|10|288|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}}}
|{{New}}
|7,287,797
|11.28%
|{{new}}
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|}

== List of Lok Sabha members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#000ff0;color:white"|Name
! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#000ff0;color:white"|Constituency
! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#000ff0;color:white"|Year
! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#000ff0;color:white"|Portrait
|-
|-
| '''[[Supriya Sule]]'''
| [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
| rowspan="8"|2024
| [[File:Supriya Sule.png|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]'''
| [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
| [[File:Amar kale.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Bhaskar Bhagare]]'''
| [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]]
| [[File:Baskar bhagare.jpg|alt=Bhaskar Bhagare|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Suresh Mhatre]]'''
| [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]]
| [[File:Suresh Mhatre Balyamama.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Nilesh Dnyandev Lanke]]'''
| [[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
| [[File:Nilesh Lanke photo.jpg|50px]]
|-
| [[Amol Kolhe|'''Dr. Amol Kolhe''']]
| [[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency|Shirur]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[Dhairyasheel Patil|'''Dhairyasheel Mohite-Patil''']]
| [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|-
| '''[[Bajrang Manohar Sonwane|Bajrang Sonwane]]'''
| [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
| [[File:Bajrang sonwane from beed.jpg|50px]]
|}

== List of Rajya Sabha members ==
{{See also|List of Rajya Sabha members}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#000ff0;color:white"|Name
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#000ff0;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#000ff0;color:white"|State
!colspan=2 style="background-color:#000ff0;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#000ff0;color:white"|Appointment date
!style="background-color:#000ff0;color:white"|Retirement date
|-
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|center|50px]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|{{dts|3 April 2020}}
|{{dts|2 April 2026}}
|}
== List of Members of Legislative Council ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |[[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
|-
!Election Year
!Portrait
!MLCs
!Constituency
|-
|2020
|[[File:Eknath Khadse (cropped).jpg|center|50px]]
|[[Eknath Khadse]]
|Elected by Members of Legislative Assembly
|-
|2022
|[[File:MLC Shashikant Shinde Saheb.jpg|center|50px]]
|[[Shashikant Shinde]]
|Elected by Members of Legislative Assembly
|-
|2020
|[[File:Arun Lad.jpg|center|50px]]
|[[Arun Lad]]
|Elected from Graduate Constituencies
|}
== List of Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== List of Members of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|-
! colspan="4" |[[15th Maharashtra Assembly]]
|-
!Election Year
!Portrait
!MLA
!Constituency
|-
| rowspan="10" |2024
|[[File:Jayant Patil (cropped).jpg|center|50px]]
|[[Jayant Patil]]
|[[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Jitendra Awhad]]
|[[Mumbra-Kalwa Assembly constituency|Mumbra-Kalwa]]
|-
|[[Rohit Patil]]
|[[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]
|-
|[[Uttamrao Jankar]]
|[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]]
|-
|[[Raju Khare]]
|[[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]]
|-
|Abhijeet Patil
|[[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]
|-
|[[Narayan Patil]]
|[[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]
|-
|[[Sandeep Kshirsagar]]
|[[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]
|-
|[[File:RR Pawar.png|center|50px]]
|[[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]]
|[[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed]]
|-
|[[File:Bapusaheb Pathare felicitating B. J. Khatal-Patil.jpg|center|50px]]
|[[Bapusaheb Pathare]]
|[[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon]]
|}

=== List of Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|-
!Election Year
!Portrait
!MLAs
!Constituency
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
|[[A. K. Saseendran]]
|[[Elathur Assembly constituency|Elathur]]
|-
|[[Thomas K. Thomas]]
|[[Kuttanad Assembly constituency|Kuttanad]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
* [[Politics of Maharashtra]]
* [[Politics of Kerala]]
* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
* [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{political parties in India}}

[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party]]
[[Category:Centrist parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Liberal parties in India]]
[[Category:Liberalism in India]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2024]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]]

Samuel Gnanamanickam

2026-05-04T00:18:29Z

Sddhvnkengineering: New New Entry...

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Samuel S. Gnanamanickam
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|7|18}}
| birth_place = [[Kannanalloor|Kannanallur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Plant pathology]]}}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] | [[American Phytopathological Society]] | [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research ]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | Agricultural College and Research Institute Coimbatore, India|[[University of Hawaiʻi]]}}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies in [[Plant pathology]]
| awards =
| residence =
}}

'''Samuel S. Gnanamanickam''' (born July 18, 1945) is an Indian [[Plant pathology|plant pathologist]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Profile of Dr. Samuel S. Gnanamanickam|url=https://nabsindia.org/profiles/gnanamanickam.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=nabsindia.org}}</ref> He is known for his research on diversity of rice pathogens, molecular breeding of indica rices for disease resistance and for developing superior strains of beneficial strains of rhizosphere bacteria for biological control of rice diseases. He is a fellow of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|url=https://naas.org.in/page.php?pageid=32|access-date=2022-02-01|website=naas.org.in}}</ref> and [[National Centre for Biological Sciences|National Academy of Biological Sciences of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=NABS India|url=https://nabsindia.org/home.html#popup1|access-date=2022-02-03|website=nabsindia.org}}</ref> and was chair of the biological control committee at the [[American Phytopathological Society]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2011-02-10|title=Contents / Sommaire Volume 52, 2006|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/w06-901|journal=Canadian Journal of Microbiology|volume=52|issue=12|language=en|doi=10.1139/w06-901|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gnanamanickam was born in Kannanallurr, Tamil Naduu, India, on July 18, 1945. He acquired a bachelor's and master's degree from Agricultural College and Research Institute Coimbatore, India, class 1969, and obtained his PhD degree in Plant Pathology from the [[University of Hawaiʻi]] in Honolulu, class 1976.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gnanamanickam|first1=Samuel S.|last2=Patil|first2=Suresh S.|date=1977-03-01|title=Accumulation of antibacterial isoflavonoids in hypersensitively responding bean leaf tissues inoculated with Pseudomonas phaseolicola|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-4059%2877%2990019-4|journal=Physiological Plant Pathology|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=159–168|doi=10.1016/0048-4059(77)90019-4|issn=0048-4059|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He then earned a postdoctoral fellowship from [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council|Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada]], and worked for [[Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore|Agri-Food Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Principles of Biological Control|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284621454}}</ref>

==Career==
Gnanamanickam has been associated with the [[University of Madras]] and was professor of plant pathology since 1898.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Pandurangan Ranjani 2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Pandurangan Ranjani|first1=University of Madras|last2=Yaram Gowthami|first2=International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology|last3=Samuel|first3=S. Gnanamanickam|last4=Perumal Palani|first4=University of Madras|date=2018|title=Bacteriophages: A New Weapon for the Control of Bacterial Blight Disease in Rice Caused by Xanthomonas oryzae|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bacteriophages%3A+A+New+Weapon+for+the+Control+of+Bacterial+Blight+Disease+in+Rice+Caused+by+Xanthomonas+oryzae&author=Pandurangan+Ranjani%2C+University+of+Madras%2C+Guindy+Campus%2C+Tamil+Nadu%2C+India&publication_year=2018|journal=Korean Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology|language=English|issn=1598-642X}}</ref> He was also among the visiting scientists and a professor on a Biotechnology Career Fellowship visits to University of Hawaiʻi, [[Kansas State University]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY - TOTAL EXTRAMURAL AWARDS|url=https://www.k-state.edu/research/our-research/reports/archives/awards95.pdf}}</ref> and [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Patil|first1=Suresh S.|last2=Gnanamanickam|first2=Samuel S.|title=Suppression of bacterially-induced hypersensitive reaction and phytoalexin accumulation in bean by phaseotoxin|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/259486a0|journal=Nature|year=1976|language=en|volume=259|issue=5543|pages=486–487|doi=10.1038/259486a0|bibcode=1976Natur.259..486P|s2cid=4219301|issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Since 2004, he has been recognized as an [[adjunct professor]] of plant pathology at the [[University of Arizona|University of Arizona, Tucson]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Plant Pathology Seminar Schedule|url=https://cals.arizona.edu/PLP/seminars/Ssem-03.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=cals.arizona.edu}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
===Articles===
*{{cite journal|last1=PATIL|first1=SURESH S.|last2=GNANAMANICKAM|first2=SAMUEL S.|year=1976|title=Suppression of bacterially-induced hypersensitive reaction and phytoalexin accumulation in bean by phaseotoxin|journal=Nature|publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC|volume=259|issue=5543|pages=486–487|doi=10.1038/259486a0|bibcode=1976Natur.259..486P|s2cid=4219301|issn=0028-0836}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Sakthivel|first1=N.|last2=Gnanamanickam|first2=S. S.|year=1987|title=Evaluation of Pseudomonas fluorescens for Suppression of Sheath Rot Disease and for Enhancement of Grain Yields in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|publisher=American Society for Microbiology|volume=53|issue=9|pages=2056–2059|doi=10.1128/aem.53.9.2056-2059.1987|pmid=16347428|pmc=204057|bibcode=1987ApEnM..53.2056S|issn=0099-2240}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Rajebhosale|first1=M. D.|last2=Chowdari|first2=K. V.|last3=Ramakrishna|first3=W.|last4=Tamhankar|first4=S. A.|last5=Gupta|first5=V. S.|last6=Gnanamanickam|first6=S. S.|last7=Ranjekar|first7=P. K.|year=1997|title=DNA fingerprinting of Indian isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC|volume=95|issue=1–2|pages=103–111|doi=10.1007/s001220050537|s2cid=46126601|issn=0040-5752}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Krishnamurthy | first1=K | last2=Gnanamanickam | first2=S.S | title=Biological Control of Rice Blast byPseudomonas fluorescensStrainPf7–14: Evaluation of a Marker Gene and Formulations | journal=Biological Control | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=13 | issue=3 | year=1998 | issn=1049-9644 | doi=10.1006/bcon.1998.0654 | pages=158–165}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Viji|first1=G.|last2=Gnanamanickam|first2=S.S.|last3=Levy|first3=M.|year=2000|title=DNA polymorphisms of isolates of Magnaporthe grisea from India that are pathogenic to finger millet and rice|journal=Mycological Research|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=104|issue=2|pages=161–167|doi=10.1017/s095375629900194x|issn=0953-7562}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Narayanan|first1=N. N.|last2=Baisakh|first2=N.|last3=Vera Cruz|first3=C. M.|last4=Gnanamanickam|first4=S. S.|last5=Datta|first5=K.|last6=Datta|first6=S. K.|year=2002|title=Molecular Breeding for the Development of Blast and Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice cv. IR50|journal=Crop Science|publisher=Wiley|volume=42|issue=6|pages=2072–2079|doi=10.2135/cropsci2002.2072|issn=0011-183X}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Narayanan|first1=Narayanan N.|last2=Baisakh|first2=Niranjan|last3=Oliva|first3=Norman P.|last4=VeraCruz|first4=Casiana M.|last5=Gnanamanickam|first5=Samuel S.|last6=Datta|first6=Karabi|last7=Datta|first7=Swapan K.|year=2004|title=Molecular breeding: marker-assisted selection combined with biolistic transformation for blast and bacterial blight resistance in Indica rice (cv. CO39)|journal=Molecular Breeding|publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC|volume=14|issue=1|pages=61–71|doi=10.1023/b:molb.0000037995.63856.2d|s2cid=21969308|issn=1380-3743}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Velusamy|first1=Palaniyandi|last2=Immanuel|first2=J Ebenezar|last3=Gnanamanickam|first3=Samuel S|last4=Thomashow|first4=Linda|date=2006-01-01|title=Biological control of rice bacterial blight by plant-associated bacteria producing 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol|journal=Canadian Journal of Microbiology|publisher=Canadian Science Publishing|volume=52|issue=1|pages=56–65|doi=10.1139/w05-106|pmid=16541159|issn=0008-4166}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Taheri|first1=Parissa|last2=Gnanamanickam|first2=Sam|last3=Höfte|first3=Monica|year=2007|title=Characterization, Genetic Structure, and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia spp. Associated with Rice Sheath Diseases in India|journal=Phytopathology|publisher=Scientific Societies|volume=97|issue=3|pages=373–383|doi=10.1094/phyto-97-3-0373|pmid=18943659|issn=0031-949X|doi-access=free|hdl=1854/LU-362279|hdl-access=free}}

===Books===
*{{cite book|last=Gnanamanickam|first=S. S.|title=Biological control of crop diseases|publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc|year=2002|isbn=0-203-91095-8|publication-place=New York|oclc=49529926}}.
*{{cite book|last=Gnanamanickam|first=S. S.|title=Plant-associated bacteria|publisher=Springer|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4020-4536-3|publication-place=Dordrecht|oclc=209936037}}
*{{cite book|last=Gnanamanickam|first=S. S.|title=Biological control of rice diseases|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-90-481-2464-0|publication-place=Dordrecht London|oclc=437346580}}
*Gnanamanickam, S. S. (2023). ''Rice Blast Disease: Contributions to Biological Disease Management and the Biopesticide Industry''. Copyright (c) 2023. Samuel Gnanamanickam.

==Honors==
Gnanamanickam is the recipient of the Tamil Nadu Scientist Award.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gnanamanickam, Samuel}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni]]
[[Category:Indian phytopathologists]]

Trio World Academy

2026-05-02T18:06:58Z

Sddhvnkengineering: New Article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{advert|date=September 2015|}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Trio World Academy, Bengaluru
| seal_image =
| image = TRIO ACADEMY.jpg
| motto = Create A Better World
| location = 3/5 Kodigehalli Main Road, Sahakar Nagar, Off Bellary Road, [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| city = Bangalore
| county = India
| state = Karnataka
| postal_code = 560092
| coordinates = {{coord|13|3|34|N|77|34|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype = co-ed
| fundingtype = Private
| established = 2007
| sister_school = Tots Preschool, Trio World School ICSE
| trustee =
| chairman = K N Manjunath
| director = Naveen K M, Chethan K M
| grade3 =
| ratio = 10:1
| song =
| athletics =
| sports = Basketball, Football, Swimming, Skating, Chess, Cricket, Table Tennis, Martial Arts, Wall Climbing etc.
| mascot =
| team_name = Trio Lions
| accreditation =
| national_ranking = Top 10 in India
| affiliations = [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]], [[International Baccalaureate|IB]] [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]
| alumni =
| school_board = IB, Cambridge and ICSE
| head_of_school = Brian Irving

Vinod Singh

Sebastian Pelletier

Marc Buchanan

Brian Tinker
| international_students = 600 students from 20 countries
| avg_class_size = 22
| language = Spanish, French , Hindi and Kannada
| campus_size = {{convert|4|acre|m2}}
| mascot image =
| website = {{URL|trioworldacademy.com}}
}}

Trio World Academy, established in 2007 in Sahakara Nagar, [[Bengaluru]], India, is a private international school offering the IB Primary Years Programme (PYP), [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|Cambridge IGCSE]], and the I[[IB Diploma Programme|B Diploma Programme]] (IBDP). The school has served students from over 55 nationalities and currently represents more than 22 countries. As an IB World School, it emphasizes inquiry-based learning and academic rigor, promoting research skills, differentiated learning, independent thinking, global citizenship, time management, and personal growth, preparing students to become reflective, responsible, and internationally minded lifelong learners.

The school’s initiatives are guided by its core values LEADS (Leadership, Empathy, Academics excellence,Discipline and Services), which emphasize leadership, excellence, discipline, and service in shaping well-rounded global citizens.

Trio World Academy is among the first schools in Bangalore to introduce a student-led podcast series titled ''Trio Tales''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify – Web Player |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/2zZQmCk1NjKtsjJMDF7sh9 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trio Tales |url=http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLpWhL0cS2eOO9g8_n5BWS9gfOsaXrosGi |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> The initiative provides students with a platform to host conversations with guests from diverse professional and social backgrounds, fostering leadership, communication skills, and global perspectives.

== Associations & Recognition ==

# Limca Book of Records for collecting highest e-waste in a week<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-waste Drive Encourages Students to Act Responsibly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2015/oct/12/e-waste-drive-encourages-students-to-act-responsibly-828219.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=Deccan |date=2015-10-13 |title=Bengaluru: Students collect 294 kg e-waste for recycling |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151013/lifestyle-petsenvironment/article/bengaluru-students-collect-294-kg-e-waste-recycling |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
# The students, with the help of Fair Trade India, made India's largest T-shirt and the world's largest sustainable T-shirt made out of fair trade and organic cotton. It was unveiled at the campus. Approximately 380 kg of cotton seed was used to create a total of 5,140 km length of cotton yarn, which weighed about 94 kg<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Largest T-shirt: A Platform to Connect Urban Indians with Cotton Farmers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/nov/21/2014-685172.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
# Japanese Supplementary School of Bangaluru ''[[Hoshū jugyō kō]]'' (補習授業校), or ''[[Hoshū jugyō kō|hoshūkō]]'' (補習校) runs in the campus <ref>{{Cite web |title=バンガロール補習授業校へようこそ |url=https://sites.google.com/site/bangalorehoshuko/home |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=sites.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Scholarships ==
Every year, the school awards over $25,000 in academic and athletic scholarships to IB Diploma students<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangalore school offers 100 per cent fee waiver to deserving students for IB Diploma Program |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/bangalore-school-100-per-cent-scholarship-ib-diploma-program-trio-world-academy-972936-2017-04-22 |access-date=2017-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Trio World Academy IB Diploma Scholarship 2017, Trio World Academy IB Diploma Scholarship by Trio World Academy, Bangalore |language=en |work=career.webindia123.com |url=https://career.webindia123.com/career/scholarships/scholarships_india/trio-world-academy-ib-diploma-scholarship/index.htm |access-date=2017-07-07}}</ref>

== Notable Students & alumni ==
# Mourya, a student of Trio World Academy, appeared as young Kulashekara in the Kannada film ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1|Kantara]]: Chapter 1''. His casting in the widely released film marked a notable achievement for a student actor balancing academics with performance in mainstream cinema.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YN7stE6csU |title=Mourya : Kantaraದ ಜೂ. Gunasekaraನ ಮುದ್ದು ಮುದ್ದಾದ ಮಾತು ಕೇಳಿದ್ರೆ ಫಿದಾ ಆಗೋದು ಗ್ಯಾರಂಟಿ {{!}} TRIO |date=2025-11-17 |last=Filmy First |access-date=2026-03-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
# Anjali Anish was a Times Fresh Face in 2020 and is a Sandalwood actress tor known for the movie Padavi Poorva<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjali Anish |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12965385/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Nisha Lobo has appeared on the [[Satyamev Jayate (talk show)|Satyamev Jayate]] TV show and became Vicks' "Touch of Care" initiative brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's the story of Nisha Lobo, the girl in the new heartwarming Vicks #TouchofCare ad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/19/heres-the-story-of-nisha-lobo-the-girl-in-the-new-heartwarming-vicks-touchofcare-ad-1900264.html |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
# Karun Divij Balachandar wrote a book titled "The Teenager's Guide to the Universe" at 16 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandar |first=Karun Divij |title=The Teenager's Guide to the Universe |url=https://notionpress.com/read/the-teenager-s-guide-to-the-universe |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=notionpress.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Aarav Nallur a grade 4 student (9 yrs) appeared for IGCSE exams and scored A+ in all subjects with 88% in Advanced Math in year 2019. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-14 |title=Bengaluru: 9-year-old prodigy scores 88% in class 10 IGCSE maths exams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/9-year-old-prodigy-scores-88-in-class-10-igcse-maths-exams/articleshow/70668912.cms |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Trio World School ==
The [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|ICSE]] wing of the institution operates under the name Trio World School (TWS). It follows a blended experiential curriculum up to Class 7, integrating hands-on learning with academic instruction. Founded on the principles of experiential education and core values, the school emphasizes a balanced approach, giving equal importance to academics and co-curricular activities.

The cellist, Cellist Audun André perperik has, performed in the school in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Classical-with-a-modern-twist/article17058237.ece|title=Classical, with a modern twist|last=RODRICKS|first=ALLAN MOSES|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-14|language=en}}</ref>

== Karnataka Topper ==
In the year 2022, Adi Kishore has topped the ICSE 10th Exam in Karnataka and ranked 2nd in India with 99.60%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-19 |title=Bengaluru student declared Karnataka topper and All India Rank 2 in ICSE exams |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengaluru-student-declared-karnataka-topper-and-all-india-rank-2-in-icse-exams-101658213772082.html |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jul 18, 2022 |title=5 Bengaluru students bag second highest mark {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/5-bengaluru-students-bag-second-highest-mark/articleshow/92942791.cms |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Government School Support ==
Trio World School high school students assist and teach English and mathematics at Kodigehalli Primary Government School. Every year, TRIO students raise funds to gift them uniforms, shoes, mats, and stationery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-10 |title=City celebrates the 'Joy of Giving' week |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/city-celebrates-joy-giving-697099.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The toilet and school building were constructed with the help of the student council and management efforts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trio World Academy's initiative of distribution of free note books help students access to better education at Kodigehalli Government Primary School |url=https://www.apnnews.com/trio-world-academys-initiative-of-distribution-of-free-note-books-help-students-access-to-better-education-at-kodigehalli-government-primary-school/ |website=www.apnnews.com |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209075413/https://www.apnnews.com/trio-world-academys-initiative-of-distribution-of-free-note-books-help-students-access-to-better-education-at-kodigehalli-government-primary-school/ |archive-date=2022-12-09 |language=en |date=June 17, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhingarde |first=Avinash |date=2020-05-15 |title=Crossing all the barriers of quarantine, Trio World Academy is connecting to their students using creative and digital platforms |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/education-careers/crossing-all-the-barriers-of-quarantine-trio-world-academy-is-connecting-to-their-students-using-creative-and-digital-platforms-622630 |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{International schools in India}}

[[Category:International schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Cambridge schools in India]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2007]]
[[Category:International Baccalaureate schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Karnataka]]

Sri Krishnadevaraya (film)

2026-05-02T03:28:00Z

Sddhvnkengineering: New Details...

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Krishnadevaraya
| image = Sri Krishnadevaraya (film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| producer = B. R. Panthulu
| writer =
| screenplay = B. R. Panthulu
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]|[[R. Nagendra Rao]]|[[B. R. Panthulu]]|[[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|N. Bharathi]]}}
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| cinematography = A. Shanmugam
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Venus Combimes
| distributor = Padmini Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1970}}
| runtime = 194 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sri Krishnadevaraya''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣದೇವರಾಯ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1970 Indian [[historical drama|historical drama film]] in the [[Kannada language]], produced and directed by [[B. R. Panthulu]]. It stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as [[Krishnadevaraya]], an emperor of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the 16th century. [[R. Nagendra Rao]], [[B. R. Panthulu]], [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] and [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|N. Bharathi]] appear in pivotal roles. The film was Rajkumar's first in [[Color motion picture film|color]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Back and forth |url= http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/04/25/stories/2008042550800400.htm |archive-url= https://archive.today/20140510095407/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/04/25/stories/2008042550800400.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 10 May 2014 |date= 25 April 2008 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |accessdate= 10 May 2014}}</ref>

The film won three awards at the 1969–70 Karnataka State Film Awards - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (B. R. Panthulu), [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (N. Bharathi) and [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] ([[T. G. Lingappa]]). The movie saw a theatrical run of 28 weeks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |title=:: Welcome to Chitatara :: |website=www.chitratara.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717135525/http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |archive-date=17 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

When the State Government adjudged him the best actor for Thimmarasa's role, B.R. Panthulu modestly turned it down saying the award must go to Rajkumar for the electrifying lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-08-04 |title=Music collection from Panthulu films to be released today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/music-collection-from-panthulu-films-to-be-released-today/article2321346.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In a letter dated 23 September 1970, he cited that Rajkumar, who played Krishnadevaraya, was more eligible for the award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug29/enter.htm|last=|access-date=8 March 2025|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|title=The two of a pair|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000607193856/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug29/enter.htm|archive-date=7 June 2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QrRbzI_BitE&feature=youtu.be|title = "ನನ್ನ ಇಮೇಜ್ ಹಾಳಾದರೂ ಚಿಂತೆಯಿಲ್ಲ.. ಕ್ಲೈಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ಬದಲಿಸಬೇಡಿ" ಎಂದರು ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು | Cinema Swarasyagalu Ep-68|website = [[YouTube]]| date=4 October 2021 }}</ref> After this incident, the Karnataka Government started two separate category of awards - one for the lead roles and another one for the supporting roles. The movie was dubbed in Telugu in 1971 as '''''Sri Krishnadevarayalu'''''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tTABL4NtBNQ&feature=youtu.be|title = Sri Krishnadevarayalu Telugu Movie Songs || Palujanmala Punyammule || S.Janaki P.B.Sreenivos hits|website = [[YouTube]]| date=23 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OOh_lJM6YB0&feature=youtu.be|title = Sri Krishnadevarayalu Telugu Movie Songs || Sharanu Virupaksha Shashishekara || S.Janaki || Panthulu|website = [[YouTube]]| date=7 July 2021 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as [[Krishnadevaraya]]
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|N. Bharathi]] as [[Krishnadevaraya#Wives|Chinna Devi]]
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as [[Tirumala Devi|Tirumalamba Devi]]
* [[R. Nagendra Rao]] as [[Prataparudra Deva|Gajapathi Prataparudra]]
* [[R. N. Sudarshan]] as Panda Chieftain
* [[B. R. Panthulu]] as [[Mahamantri Timmarusu]]
* [[M. V. Rajamma]] as Kamala, [[Mahamantri Timmarusu]]'s wife
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as [[Tenali Ramakrishna]]
* [[Mynavathi]]
* [[Chindodi Leela]]
* [[Vijayasree]]
* [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
* [[Dinesh (Kannada Actor)|Dinesh]] as [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sri Krishnadevaraya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 1969
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:20
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[T. G. Lingappa]] composed the film's music and the lyrics for the soundtrack were written by K. Prabhakara Shastry and [[Vijaya Narasimha]]. The soundtrack album comprises nine tracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= Sri Krishna Devaraya music |url= https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sri-krishna-devaraya/id858420604 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141003024435/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sri-krishna-devaraya/id858420604 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 3 October 2014 |publisher= iTunes |date= |accessdate= 21 August 2014}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:20
| title1 = Sharanu Virupaksha Shashishekara
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics1 = K. Prabhakara Shastry
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = Khana Peena
| extra2 = S. Janaki
| lyrics2 = Pandit Deepak Chakravarti
| length2 = 3:25
| title3 = Bahujanmada Poojaphala
| extra3 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], S. Janaki
| lyrics3 = K. Prabhakara Shastry
| length3 = 2:59
| title4 = Sri Chamundeshwari
| extra4 = [[P. Leela]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| lyrics4 = K. Prabhakara Shastry
| length4 = 3:18
| title5 = Chennarasi Cheluvarasi
| extra5 = S. Janaki, A.P.Komala
| lyrics5 = K. Prabhakara Shastry
| length5 =
| title6 = Baa Veera Kannadiga
| extra6 = [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
| lyrics6 = [[Vijaya Narasimha]]
| length6 = 1:55
| title7 = Kalyanaadbhuta + Tirupatigirivasa
| extra7 = [[P. Susheela]], P. B. Sreenivas, S. Janaki
| lyrics7 = K. Prabhakara Shastry
| length7 = 3:14
| title8 = Krishnana Hesare Lokapriya
| extra8 = Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi, P. B. Sreenivas, S. Janaki
| lyrics8 = Vijaya Narasimha
| length8 = 4:17
| title9 = Makkal Nakkare
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 = Sirkazhi Govindarajan
| length9 = 2:42
}}

== Awards ==
; [[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada]] (1970) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoPiAAAAMAAJ&q=Devaraya|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|year=1971}}</ref>

;1969–70 Karnataka State Film Awards
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[B. R. Panthulu]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|N. Bharathi]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - [[T. G. Lingappa]]
; This film screened at IFFI 1992 B R Panthalu Homage section.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0250745|Sri Krishnadevaraya}}

{{B. R. Panthulu}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}
[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]
[[Category:Films set in the 16th century]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Panthulu]]
[[Category:Films set in the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:1970s biographical films]]

Mother India

2026-04-21T12:04:28Z

Sddhvnkengineering: put up new data

{{Short description|1957 film directed by Mehboob Khan}}
{{About|the Hindi film|the national personification of India|Bharat Mata|other uses}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mother India
| image = Mother India poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| alt = A film poster showing a lady with a wooden plough on her right shoulder
| director = [[Mehboob Khan]]
| producer = Mehboob Khan
| writer = [[Wajahat Mirza]] [[S. Ali Raza]]
| story = Babubhai A. Mehta
| based_on = {{based on|[[Aurat (1940 film)|''Aurat'']]|Mehboob Khan}}
| starring = [[Nargis]] [[Sunil Dutt]] [[Rajendra Kumar]] [[Raaj Kumar]]
| music = [[Naushad]]
| cinematography = [[Faredoon A. Irani]]
| editing = Shamsudin Kadri
| studio = [[Mehboob Productions]]
| distributor = Mehboob Productions (India) [[Columbia Pictures]] (US/UK)
| released = {{Film date|1957|10|25|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR|6 million}}{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2007a}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|80 million}} (India){{sfn|BoxOffice India}} 120{{ndash}}150 million tickets (worldwide)
}}

'''''Mother India''''' is a 1957 Indian [[epic film|epic]] drama film, directed by [[Mehboob Khan]] and starring [[Nargis]], [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Raaj Kumar]]. A remake of Khan's earlier film ''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' (1940), it is the story of a poverty-stricken village woman named Radha (Nargis), who in the absence of her husband, struggles to raise her sons and survive against a cunning money-lender amidst many troubles.

The title of the film was chosen to counter American author [[Katherine Mayo]]'s 1927 [[polemical]] book ''[[Mother India (book)|Mother India]]'', which vilified [[Indian culture]]. ''Mother India'' metaphorically represents [[India]] as a nation in the aftermath of its [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947, and alludes to a strong sense of [[Indian nationalism]] and nation-building. Allusions to [[Hindu mythology]] are abundant in the film, and its lead character has been seen as a [[metonymy|metonymic]] representation of an Indian woman who reflects high moral values and the concept of what it means to be a mother to society through self-sacrifice. While some authors treat Radha as the symbol of women's empowerment, others see her cast in female stereotypes. The film was shot in Mumbai's [[Mehboob Studios]] and in the villages of [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The music by [[Naushad]] introduced global music, including [[Western classical music]] and orchestra, to Hindi cinema.

The film was one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian]] productions and earned the highest revenue for any Indian film at that time. Adjusted for inflation, ''Mother India'' still ranks among the all-time Indian [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films, adjusted for inflation|box office hits]]. It was released in India amid fanfare in October 1957 and had several high-profile screenings, including one at the capital, New Delhi, attended by the country's president and prime minister. ''Mother India'' became a definitive cultural classic and is regarded as one of the best films in Indian cinema as well as being one of three Hindi-language films to be included on the list of ''[[1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die]].'' The film won the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#All India Certificate of Merit|All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film]], the [[Filmfare Best Film Award]] for 1957, and Nargis and Khan won the Best Actress and Best Director awards respectively. It was also nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]], becoming the first Indian film to ever be nominated.

==Plot==
In 1957, the construction of an irrigation canal to the village is completed. Radha, considered to be the "mother" of the village, is asked to inaugurate the canal. She reminisces about her past when she was newly married.

The wedding between Radha and Shamu is paid for by Radha's mother-in-law, who borrows money from the moneylender Sukhilala. The conditions of the loan are disputed, but the village elders decide in favour of the moneylender. Subsequently, Shamu and Radha are forced to pay three-quarters of their crop as interest on the loan of ₹500.{{efn|valued at about [[US$]]105 in 1957.}}{{efn|name=exchange1957}}{{efn|name=moreexchange}}

While Shamu works to bring more of their rocky land into use, his arms are crushed by a boulder. Ashamed of his helplessness (being without arms) and humiliated by Sukhilala for living on the earnings of his wife, Shamu decides that he is of no use to his family and permanently leaves Radha and their three sons, walking to his probable death by starvation. Soon after, Radha's youngest son and her mother-in-law die. A severe storm and the resulting flood destroy houses in the village and ruin the harvest. Sukhilala offers to save Radha and her sons if she trades her body to him for food. Radha vehemently refuses his offer but also loses her infant to the atrocities of the storm. Although the villagers initially begin to evacuate the village, they decide to stay and rebuild it, persuaded by Radha.

Several years later, Radha's two surviving children, Birju and Ramu, are young men. Birju, embittered since childhood by the demands of Sukhilala, takes out his frustrations by pestering the village girls, especially Sukhilala's daughter, Rupa. Ramu, by contrast, has a calmer temperament and is married soon after. Birju's anger finally becomes dangerous, and after being provoked, he attacks Sukhilala and his daughter, stealing Radha's kangan (marriage bracelets) that were pawned with Sukhilala. He is chased out of the village and becomes a bandit. Radha promises Sukhilala that she will not let Birju cause harm to Sukhilala's family. On Rupa's wedding day, Birju returns with his gang of bandits to exact his revenge. He kills Sukhilala and kidnaps Rupa. When he tries to flee the village on his horse, Radha, his mother, shoots him. He dies in her arms. In 1957, Radha opens the gate of the canal, and its reddish water flows into the fields.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nargis]] as Radha, the heroine and an archetypal Indian woman
* [[Sunil Dutt]] as Birju, Radha's rebellious younger son, who turns into a bandit
** [[Sajid Khan|Master Sajid]] as young Birju
* [[Rajendra Kumar]] as Ramu, Radha's righteous elder son, who follows his mother's path of virtue
** Master Surendra as young Ramu
* [[Raaj Kumar]] as Shamu, Radha's husband
* [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiya Lal]] as Sukhilala "Lala" Baniya, a cunning money-lender
* [[Jilloo Maa]] as Sundar, the mother-in-law of Radha
* [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] as Champa, Ramu's wife
* [[Chanchal (actress)|Chanchal]] as Rupa Jaiswal, Sukhilala's daughter
* Sheela Naik as Kamala, a family friend
* [[Mukri|Muqri]] as Shambu Jaiswal, a family friend and Kamala's husband
* [[Sitara Devi|Sitaradevi]] as Holi Dancer
* Azra as Chandra Shekhar, daughter of a schoolmaster of the village
}}
; Supported by
* Siddiqui, Ram Shastri, Faqir Mohomed, Geeta, Hameeda, Mastan, Nawab Khan and Master Alec

==Production==
===Title===

The title ''Mother India'' was inspired by American author [[Katherine Mayo]]'s 1927 [[polemic]]al book [[Mother India (book)|of the same name]], in which she attacked Indian society, religion and culture.{{sfn|Sinha|2006|p=248}} Written against the Indian demands for self-rule and independence from [[British Raj|British rule]], the book pointed to the treatment of India's women, the [[Dalit|untouchables]], animals, dirt, and the character of its nationalistic politicians. Mayo singled out what she thought to be the rampant and fatally weakening sexuality of its males to be at the core of all problems, allegedly leading to masturbation, rape, homosexuality, prostitution, venereal diseases, and, particularly, premature sexual intercourse and maternity. The book created an outrage across India, and it was burned along with her effigy.{{sfn|Frick|2006}} It was criticised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as a "report of a drain inspector sent out with the one purpose of opening and examining the drains of the country to be reported upon".{{sfn|Gandhi|2002|p=214}} The book prompted over fifty angry books and pamphlets to be published to highlight Mayo's errors and false perception of Indian society, which had become a powerful influence on the American people's view of India.{{sfn|Jayawardena|1995|p=99}}

Mehboob Khan had the idea for the film and the title as early as 1952, five years after [[Independence of India|India's independence]]; in October that year, he approached the import authorities of the Indian government to seek permission for importing [[Film stock|raw stocks]] for the film.{{efn|name=rawstock}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=10}} In 1955, the ministries of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information-and-Broadcasting]] learned of the title of the forthcoming film and demanded that the director send them the script for review, suspicious that it was based on the book and thus a possible threat to the national interest.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=20}} The film team dispatched the script along with a two-page letter on 17 September 1955 saying:

{{Blockquote|There has been considerable confusion and misunderstanding in regard to our film production ''Mother India'' and Mayo's book. Not only are the two incompatible but totally different and indeed opposite. We have intentionally called our film ''Mother India'', as a challenge to this book, in an attempt to evict from the minds of the people the scurrilous work that is Miss Mayo's book.{{sfn|Sinha|2006|p=248}}}}

===Script===
[[File:Aurat 1940S.jpg|thumb|The 1940 film ''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' (Woman) was remade as ''Mother India''. Khan's future wife Sardar Akhtar played Radha in ''Aurat''.|alt= A screenshot from the film Aurat showing an Indian woman with three children.]]

Khan was inspired by American author [[Pearl S. Buck]] and her books ''[[The Good Earth]]'' (1931) and ''[[The Mother (1934 novel)|The Mother]]'' (1934); he also saw the film ''[[The Good Earth (film)|The Good Earth]]'' (1937), directed by [[Sidney Franklin (director)|Sidney Franklin]].{{sfn|Sinha|2006|p=248}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/19copy.htm|title=Whose movie is it anyway?|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> ''The Mother'' chronicled the life of a Chinese woman, including her married life and lonely struggle after being abandoned by her husband. Aspects of ''Mother India'', such as moneylenders, toiling on land, and rearing children through hardship were part of the story. Khan originally drew upon these influences in making his 1940 film ''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'', the original version of ''Mother India''.{{sfn|Rangoonwala|2003|p=55}} Khan bought the rights of ''Aurat'' from the production company National Studios for {{INR}}35,000 (valued at about US$7,350 in 1957).{{efn|name=exchange1957}}{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2007a}} Stylistic elements of ''Mother India'' show similarities with [[Vsevolod Pudovkin]]'s Soviet silent film ''[[Mother (1926 film)|Mother]]'' (1926); ''[[Our Daily Bread (1934 film)|Our Daily Bread]]'' (1934), directed by [[King Vidor]]; and films of [[Alexander Dovzhenko]].{{sfnm|Pauwels|2007|1p=178|Chatterjee|2002|2p=41}} Certain imagery in the film, such as "happy farmers, sickles in their hand, smiling from behind ripening crops", resemble posters by Soviet [[constructivism (art)|constructivist]] artists.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|pp=41–42}}

The script of ''Aurat'' was devised by [[Wajahat Mirza]], based upon a story by [[Babubhai Mehta]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=12}} For ''Mother India'', it was reworked by Mirza and the young screenwriter [[S. Ali Raza]]. Apart from Mehboob Khan, Mirza and Raza, prominent screenwriters [[Aghajani Kashmeri]], [[Zia Sarhadi]], [[Akhtar Mirza]], music director Naushad, assistant director Chimankant Desai and many others were consulted.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|pp=31–32}} The dialogue, reworked by Mirza and Raza, is in vernacular [[Hindi]], and its literary counterpart.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=22}} As Mirza and Raza were from the [[Urdu literature|Urdu literary]] tradition, they wrote the dialogues in [[Urdu script]].<ref name="akhtar">{{cite book|last1=Aḵẖtar|first1=Jāvīd|author-link1=Javed Akhtar|last2=Kabir|first2=Nasreen Munni|title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar|date=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780195664621|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=most of the writers working in this so-called Hindi cinema write in Urdu: [[Gulzar]], or [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] or [[Inder Raj Anand]] or [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] or [[Wajahat Mirza|Vahajat Mirza]], who wrote dialogue for films like ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' and ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' and ''Mother India''. So most dialogue-writers and most song-writers are from the Urdu discipline, even today.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108035102/http://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref>

The script was intentionally written in a way that promoted the empowerment of women in Indian society (including the power to resist sexual advances) and the maintenance of a sense of moral dignity and purpose as individuals; this was contrary to what Mayo had claimed in her book. These themes, present in ''Aurat'', were further developed with a strong sense of nationalism and nation-building, using characters personifying abstract qualities such as "beauty and goodness, wealth and power, poverty and exploitation, and community spirit".{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=31}}

===Casting===
Nargis was the director's first choice for the role of Radha,{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2007a}} and despite only being aged 26 at the time, she played the new wife, young single mother and an aged mother of two sons.{{sfn|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 2|2009|loc=1:27–1:41}} Nargis—the reigning queen of Hindi cinema at the time{{sfn|Gandhy|Thomas|1991|p=116}}—had started her career in a leading role with Khan's ''[[Taqdeer (1943 film)|Taqdeer]]'' (1943) and acted under his direction in ''[[Humayun (film)|Humayun]]'' (1945) and ''[[Andaz (1949 film)|Andaz]]'' (1949).{{sfnm|Baskaran|2012|1p=42–43|Rajadhyaksha|1997|2p=404}} ''Mother India'' is generally regarded as Nargis's best performance and was her last major film before retirement after marriage.{{sfnm|1a1=Rajadhyaksha|1y=1997|1p=404|2a1=Gandhy|2a2=Thomas|2y=1991|2p=117}}

Khan had wanted to cast [[Sabu Dastagir]], a Hollywood star of Indian origin, as Birju.{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2007a}} Dastagir travelled to India from Los Angeles, stayed in a hotel in [[Mumbai]] (then known as Bombay) and received a retainer. However, delays and obstacles in beginning shooting and getting a work permit for Dastagir led to his dismissal from the project.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=19}} [[Dilip Kumar]], an established actor in the Hindi film industry, had originally expressed an interest in playing Birju, which Khan found agreeable; Dilip Kumar agreed to play Shamu as well.{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2007a}} However, Nargis objected that the public would not accept their casting as mother and son because she had done several romantic films alongside him.{{sfnm|Hindustan Times|2007a|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 2|2009|2loc=2:45–3:09}} Sunil Dutt—with the experience of just one film—was finally cast, after Mukri, a comedian in the film, introduced him to Khan.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=61}} [[Sajid Khan]], the actor who portrayed the young Birju, was unknown at the time and was from a poor family from the Mumbai slums.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=45}} Sajid's salary in the film was {{INR}}750.{{sfn|Salam|2010}} He was later adopted by Mehboob Khan. Subsequently, Raaj Kumar was cast as Shamu and Rajendra Kumar as Ramu. ''Mother India'' was the first successful film and a turning point in the careers of Sunil Dutt, Raaj Kumar and Rajendra Kumar.{{sfn|Raheja|2002}}

Before [[principal photography]] began, Nargis and Raaj Kumar familiarised themselves with farming practices such as ploughing the fields, reaping and sowing, and cotton picking.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=41}} The extras in the song and dance sequences of the film were from local dance groups in villages where the shooting took place instead of the usual ones from Mumbai.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=41}}

===Filming===
The initial filming for ''Mother India'' began unexpectedly, even before the script and cast were finalised. In 1955, parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] suffered from major flooding. Cinematographer [[Faredoon Irani]] travelled to flood-afflicted districts to shoot generic flood scenes.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=19}} The scheduled principal photography started in 1955 with a budget of {{INR|25 [[lakh]]}} (approximately $525,000 in 1957{{efn|name=exchange1957}}). However, the budget increased by {{INR|35 lakh}} to {{INR|60 lakh}} (approximately {{US$|1.3 million|long=no}} in 1957{{efn|name=exchange1957}}) by the end of the filming because of the outdoor sessions and cast and crew's salaries.{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2007a}}

[[File:Mehboob Studio courtyard.jpg|thumb|left|Mehboob Studios in Mumbai (in 2006), where most of the indoor shots of the film were taken.|alt=The courtyard of Mehboob studio]]
Several indoor scenes for the film were shot in 1956 at [[Mehboob Studios]] in [[Bandra]], Mumbai. Khan and Irani attempted to shoot frequently on location to make the film as realistic as possible.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=21}} Locations included various villages in [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] (Maharashtra and Gujarat together formed [[Bombay State]] then) and Uttar Pradesh. The film was shot in [[35mm movie film|35mm]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=21}} Contemporary cinematographer [[Anil Mehta]] has noted the mastery of Irani's cinematic techniques in shooting the film, including his "intricate tracks and pans, the detailed [[mise en scène]] patterns Irani conceived, even for brief shots—in the studios as well as on location".{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=21}} The film took about three years to make, from early organisation, planning, and scripting to completion of filming.{{sfn|Thoraval|2000|pp=72–75}} In a November 1956 interview, Nargis described the film shoot and her role as the most demanding of her career.{{sfn|Reuben|1994|p=233}} ''Mother India'' was shot in [[Gevacolor]], later converted to [[Technicolor]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=21}} It was shot mostly using the [[sync sound]] technique, which was common at the time; some scenes were dubbed.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=22}}

For shooting the flood scene, a farmer agreed to flood {{convert|500|acres|lk=on}} of his land.{{sfn|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3|2009|loc=1:15–1:26}} In the exodus scene following the flood, 300 bullock carts, 200 farmers and many horses, tractors and ploughs were used.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=58}} Gayatri Chatterjee writes about the popular belief that all these were made available by villagers without reimbursement, in her book. However, account ledgers of the production revealed that the villagers were paid.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=58}} There was a protracted scene in the film in which Radha runs between burning haystacks in search for her son Birju, a renegade bandit, who was hiding there.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=68}} The fire scene was shot in the Umra area of [[Surat]], Gujarat, by burning bales of hay. Nargis and Dutt acted in the fire scene without doubles. On 1 March 1957, an accident occurred during the fire scene when the wind direction changed and the fire grew out of control, trapping Nargis.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=68}} She was saved by Dutt, who quickly grabbed a blanket, plunged inside, and rescued her.{{sfnm|Raheja|2002|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3|2009|2loc=2:08–2:42}} Shooting halted temporarily as both had sustained injuries.{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2007a}} Dutt was hospitalised for the burns and Nargis helped nurse him,{{sfn|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3|2009|loc=3:41–3:55}} at Khan's place in [[Billimora]].{{sfn|Salam|2010}} Nargis—a popular actress at the time—fell in love with Dutt, who was in early stages of his film career and played her son in the film; they married on 11 March 1958.{{sfnm|Raheja|2002|Chatterjee|2002|2p=68|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3|2009|3loc=2:59–3:05}} Nargis wished to marry soon after the film, but Khan protested that real-life marriage of the onscreen mother-son would be disastrous for the film.{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2007a}} Owing to their relationship, Nargis also found it difficult to perform a scene where she beat Dutt with a [[Fighting stick|lathi]].{{sfn|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 2|2009|loc=2:14–2:37}}

==Themes==
[[File: Brooklyn Museum - Krishna and Radha - 2.jpg|thumb|In Hindu mythology, Radha is the lover of the god Krishna. Scholars have noted that the character Radha in the film personifies the love and romance of mythological Radha. |alt=A painting of Radha and Krishna]]

Various authors identify the character of Radha with [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] goddesses and characters, such as [[Radha]] (the lover of the god [[Krishna]], personifying love and romance), [[Sita]] (the divine heroine of the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'', personifying high moral value), [[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]] (representing great morality and loyalty to husband), [[Draupadi]] (personifying duty and morality), [[Bhūmi|Dharti-mata]] ([[mother goddess|earth-mother]] goddess) and [[Lakshmi]] (Hindu goddess of prosperity). Besides these gentle goddesses, the character of Radha has shades of more ferocious warrior goddesses such as [[Durga]] and [[Kali]].{{sfnm|1a1=Pauwels|1y=2007|1p=178|2a1=Chatterjee|2y=2002|2p=29|3a1=Natarajan|3y=1994|3pp=84–86|4a1=Gandhy|4a2=Thomas|4y=1991|4p=118|5a1=Dwyer|5y=2006|5p=2006}} Film scholars have compared the mild-mannered, obedient son Ramu with the god [[Rama]] of the epic ''Ramayana'', and the romantic outlaw Birju—a name of Krishna—with the god Krishna, known for his transgressions. Shamu (another name of Krishna), Radha's husband who leaves her, is also equated with Krishna, who left his lover Radha in mythological accounts.{{sfnm|Dwyer|2006|1p=2006|Woods|2011|2pp=166–168}} The title ''Mother India'' and Radha's character are described to be allusions not only to the [[Devi|Hindu Mother Goddess]], but also to [[Bharat Mata]] (literally "Mother India"), the [[national personification]] of India, generally represented as a Hindu goddess.{{efn|name=bharatmata}}{{sfnm|1a1=Dwyer|1y=2006|1p=2006|2a1=Woods|2y=2011|2pp=166–168}}

According to professor Nalini Natarajan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/nalini-natarajan|title=Natarajan, Nalini {{!}} SAGE Publications Inc|website=us.sagepub.com|access-date=3 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003081432/https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/nalini-natarajan|archive-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> of the [[University of Puerto Rico]], Nargis's Mother India is a [[Metonymy|metonymic]] representation of a Hindu woman, reflecting high Hindu values, with virtuous morality and motherly self-sacrifice.{{sfn|Natarajan|1994|pp=84–86}} Film scholar Jyotika Virdi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Punathambekar|first=Aswin|date=30 January 2006|title=The Cinematic ImagiNation: Indian Popular Films as Social History (review)|journal=The Velvet Light Trap|volume=56|issue=1|pages=72–73|doi=10.1353/vlt.2006.0009|s2cid=201757566 |issn=1542-4251}}</ref> wrote that ''Mother India'' could also be seen as a metaphor of the trinity of mother, God, and a dynamic nation.{{sfn|Virdi|2008|p=231}} Vijay Mishra, in his 2002 book ''Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire'', opined that the Mother India figure is an icon in several respects—being associated with a goddess, her function as a wife, as a lover, and even compromising her femininity at the end of the film by playing [[Vishnu]] the Preserver and [[Shiva]] the Destroyer, masculine gods.{{sfn|Mishra|2002|p=69}}

According to Indian film scholars Gokulsing and Dissanayake, while aspiring to traditional Hindu values, the character of Mother India also represents the changing role of the mother in Indian cinema and society in that the mother is not always subservient or dependent on her husband, refining the relationship to the male gender or patriarchal social structures.{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2004|p=44}} The ''[[New Internationalist]]'' said in a 1999 review that Radha transforms from a submissive wife to an independent mother, thereby breaking female stereotypes in Hindi film.{{sfn|Eshun|1999}} In contrast, in a 2012 article in the newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'', author Tarini Sridharan has pointed out themes such as upholding female chastity, wifely devotion and saintly motherhood that reinforce gender stereotypes.{{sfn|Sridharan|2012}} While the action of sacrificing motherhood to uphold a woman's dignity is termed as feminist by some, other authors see it as an attempt of a community woman to protect the patriarchal village structure, that esteems ''[[Izzat (honor)|izzat]]'' (honour) of women.{{sfn|Sridharan|2012}} A promotional pamphlet to introduce the social context of the film to western audiences described Indian women as being "an altar in India", and that Indians "measure the virtue of their race by the chastity of their women", and that "Indian mothers are the nucleus around which revolve the tradition and culture of ages."{{sfn|Fong|Chuang|2004|p=125}}

In a 2002 review in ''[[The New York Times]]'', film critic [[Dave Kehr]] compares the film with ''[[Stella Dallas (1937 film)|Stella Dallas]]'' (1937) for the thematic similarity of the series of sacrifices made by the female lead, and with ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939) as an epic mirroring social upheavals.{{sfn|Kehr|2002}} Film critic [[Mark Cousins (film critic)|Mark Cousins]] and author [[Tejaswini Ganti]] agree that the film is the ''Gone with the Wind'' of Indian cinema.{{sfnm|Cousins|2006|1p=232|Ganti|2004|2p=148}}
[[File:Bharat Mata by Abanindranath Tagore.jpg|thumb|[[Bharat Mata]] (literally "Mother India"), the national personification of India. Scholars have noted allusions to this goddess in the protagonist Radha and in the film ''Mother India'', which is interpreted as an allegorical representation of India after independence.]]
The term "Mother India" has been defined as "a common icon for the emergent Indian nation in the early 20th  century in both colonialist and nationalist discourse".{{sfn|Siddiqi|2008|p=177}} Many authors, including Gayatri Chatterjee, author of [https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAKAQAAMAAJ ''Mother India'' (2002)], interpret the film as an [[allegory]] signifying patriotism and the changing situation in the newly independent nation, and how India was functioning without British authority. It echoes the tale of a modern India, liberating itself from "feudal and colonial oppression".{{sfnm|1a1=Guha|1y=2008|1p=730|2a1=Gandhy|2a2=Thomas|2y=1991|2p=123|3a1=Mishra|3y=2002|3p=81|4a1=National Media Museum|4y=2007|5a1=Malik|5y=2003|5p=70}} The film, an archetypal nationalistic picture, is symbolic in that it demonstrated the euphoria of "Mother India" in a nation that had only been independent for 10 years, and it had a long-lasting cultural impact upon the Indian people.{{sfn|Natarajan|1994|pp=84–86}} Film scholar Saibal Chatterjee considers ''Mother India'' a "mirror of independent India", highlighting problems of a nascent nation, including rural exploitation of farmers by money-lenders, in a dramatic fashion understandable to the common viewer.{{sfn|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1|2009|loc=0:45–1:25}} It also represents the agrarian poverty and hardship of the people at the time.{{sfn|Kadapa-Bose|2011}} The red water that flows from the canal irrigating the green fields at the end of the film is seen by Chatterjee as a metaphor to represent the blood of Indians in the struggle for independence, flowing to nourish a new free India.{{sfn|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1|2009|loc=2:33–3:28}} The canal is described by Virdi to signal the imminent end of the feudal order.{{sfn|Virdi|2008|p=116}} However, despite Radha's struggle against feudal oppression depicted in the film, her action of stopping the rebellious Birju and upholding status quo—the feudal and patriarchal order—is seen as "regressive" by various authors.{{sfnm|Woods|2011|1pp=166–168|Chakravarty|1993|2p=155|Virdi|2008|3p=117}}

In a study of media and popular culture in South Asia, author Mahasveta Barua draws a parallel between the film's metaphorical representation of the mother as a nation, and the metonymic identification with India that [[Indira Gandhi]], India's only woman prime minister, sought and tried for during her tenure (1966–77, and 1980–84{{sfn|Vohra|2001|p=218}}).{{sfn|Barua|1996|p=229}} In his book ''Terrorism, Media, Liberation'', John David Slocum argues that like [[Satyajit Ray]]'s classic masterpiece ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955), Khan's ''Mother India'' has "vied for alternative definitions of Indianness".{{sfn|Slocum|2005|p=236}} However, he emphasises that the film is an overt mythologising and feminising of the nation in which Indian audiences have used their imagination to define it in the nationalistic context, given that in reality, the storyline is about a poverty-stricken peasant from northern India, rather than a true idea of a modernising, powerful nation.{{sfn|Slocum|2005|p=236}}

The Radha–Birju relationship is described to have "[[Oedipus complex|Oedipal elements]]" by many authors;{{sfnm|Woods|2011|1pp=166–168|Chakravarty|1993|2p=155|Mishra|2002|3p=79|Dwyer|2006|4p=148}} Virdi has argued that in her chastity, Radha channels her sexual desires into maternal love for her sons who effectively become "substitute erotic subjects".{{sfn|Virdi|2003|pp=114–118}} Mishra opines that the crushing of the arms of Radha's husband and the mellowness of the older son symbolise [[castration]], which is in contrast with the rebellion of Birju, identified with sexual potency.{{sfn|Mishra|2002|p=79}} Birju's obsession with his mother's bracelets is an expression of his oedipal longings, according to Chakravarty.{{sfn|Chakravarty|1993|p=155}} Rachel Dwyer, Professor of Indian Cultures and Cinema at [[SOAS]], describes how "suspiciously smoothly" the Oedipal elements fit into the film and the off-screen romance between Nargis and Dutt, playing mother and son in the film.{{sfn|Dwyer|2006|p=148}} Radha's actions at the end of the film in shooting her own son was a breaking of traditional mother-son relationship to safeguard morality, according to author William Van der Heide.{{sfn|Heide|2002|p=237}} Virdi points out that this brought ambiguity to the mother figure who acts as a sacrificing provider and also as a destroyer, annihilating her own son, something rare in Hindi cinema. She interprets Birju's sexual advances on a village girl (which is [[incest]] in north Indian village culture{{efn|name=incest}}) as being a substitute in the plot for the incestuous mother-son relationship and his death at the end as a punishment for violation of the taboo.{{sfn|Virdi|2003|pp=114–118}}

Authors such as Eshun and Woods state that Radha and Ramu are the archetypal champions of virtue in battling hardship and injustice, while Birju is a mischievous child who becomes the anarchist whose uncontrollable rebellion destroys order.{{sfnm|Woods|2011|1pp=166–168|Eshun|1999}} Mishra has noted that although Radha upholds ''[[Dharma]]'' (the natural law or order) in the film, it is Birju who achieves identification from the spectators; in his rebellion lies the agenda of political action that will usher social change.{{sfn|Mishra|2002|p=87}} Mishra notes that due to such conflicting ideas, the film is very much conforming, and yet "defiantly subversive".{{sfn|Mishra|2002|p=87}}

Film scholar Vijay Mishra has pointed out the presence of the "highly syncretic hyphenated Hindu–Muslim nature" of Hindi film industry in the film.{{sfn|Mishra|2002|p=62}} Parama Roy has interpreted that Nargis's legendary status as the titular ''Mother India'' is due to Hinduisation of the role and her real-life marriage with a Hindu; she is, according to Roy, scripted as a renouncer of [[Muslim nationalism in India|Muslim separatism]] in the film.{{sfn|Roy|1998|p=167}} Mishra has found metacritical value in [[Salman Rushdie]]'s commentary on the film in his novel ''[[The Moor's Last Sigh]]'' (1995) in which Rushdie describes:

{{Blockquote|In ''Mother India'', a piece of Hindu myth-making directed by a Muslim socialist, Mehboob Khan, the Indian peasant women is idealised as a bride, mother, and producers of sons, as long-suffering, stoical, loving, redemptive, and conservatively wedded to the maintenance of the social status quo. But for Bad Birju, cast out from his mother's love, she becomes, as one critic mentioned, 'that image of an aggressive, treacherous, annihilating mother who haunts the fantasy of Indian males'.{{sfn|Mishra|2002|p=62}}}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mother India
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Naushad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 October 1957{{sfn|iTunes}}
| recorded = [[Mehboob Studios]]{{sfn|The Hindu|2004}}
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[EMI Records|EMI]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Uran Khatola]]
| prev_year = 1955
| next_title = [[Sohni Mahiwal (1958 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]
| next_year = 1958
}}

The score and soundtrack for ''Mother India'' were composed by [[Naushad]]. Mehboob Khan had worked on eight  films with Naushad and developed a rapport with him. The lyrics were by [[Shakeel Badayuni]]. The soundtrack consists of 12 songs and features vocals by [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], and [[Manna Dey]]. It was not particularly well-received upon release, and critics said it did not match the high pitch and quality of the film.{{sfn|Reuben|1994|p=233}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Lall |first=Randy |title=100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever |publisher=Planet Bollywood |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=060306044135 |access-date=23 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225853/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=060306044135 |archive-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, its later reception has been more positive: the soundtrack made Planet Bollywood's list of "100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever", compiled in the 2000s. The review gave the album 7.5 stars out of 10.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mother India |publisher=Planet Bollywood |year=2011 |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=042806015458 |access-date=15 June 2011 |archive-date=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225903/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=042806015458 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Mother India'' is the earliest example of a Hindi film containing Western classical music and Hollywood-style orchestra.{{sfn|Morcom|2007|pp=138–139}} An example is a [[Coda (music)|coda]] during the scene in which Birju runs away from his mother and rejects her. It features a powerful symphonic orchestra with strings, [[Woodwind instrument|woodwinds]] and trumpets. This orchestral music contains extensive [[chromaticism]], [[diminished seventh]]s, and [[augmented scale]]s.{{sfn|Morcom|2007|pp=139–144}} It also features violin [[tremolo]]s. Anne Morcom writes in ''Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema'' that the piece is unmelodic and "profoundly disturbing".{{sfn|Morcom|2007|p=140}} This use of a western-style orchestra in Indian cinema influenced many later films, such as ''Mughal-e-Azam'' (1960), which features similar [[Dissonance (music)|dissonant]] orchestral music to create the atmosphere at tense moments.{{sfn|Morcom|2007|pp=139–144}} The song "Holi Aayi Re Kanhai", sung by Shamshad Begum, and dance by Sitaradevi has been cited as a typical Hindi film song which is written for and sung by a female singer, with an emotional charge that appeals to a mass audience.{{sfn|Ranade|2006|p=361}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 42:30
| title1 = Chundariya Katati Jaye (Raga Khamaj)
| extra1 = [[Manna Dey]]
| length1 = 3:15
| title2 = Nagari Nagari Dware Dware
| extra2 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length2 = 7:29
| title3 = Duniya Mein Hum Aaye Hain (Raga Shivaranjani)
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar, [[Meena Mangeshkar]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| length3 = 3:36
| title4 = O Gaadiwale
| extra4 = [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length4 = 2:59
| title5 = Matwala Jiya Dole Piya (Raga Sarang)
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi
| length5 = 3:34
| title6 = Dukh Bhare Din Beete Re (Raga Megh Malhar)
| extra6 = Shamshad Begum, Mohammed Rafi, Manna Dey, [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length6 = 3:09
| title7 = Holi Aayi Re Kanhai
| extra7 = Shamshad Begum
| length7 = 2:51
| title8 = Pi Ke Ghar Aaj Pyari Dulhaniya Chali (Raga Pilu)
| extra8 = Shamshad Begum
| length8 = 3:19
| title9 = Ghunghat Nahin Kholoongi Saiyan
| extra9 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length9 = 3:10
| title10 = O Mere Lal Aaja (Raga Bhairavi)
| extra10 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length10 = 3:11
| title11 = O Janewalo Jao Na
| extra11 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length11 = 2:33
| title12 = Na Main Bhagwan Hoon
| extra12 = Mohammed Rafi
| length12 = 3:24
}}

==Reception==
===Release and box office===
[[File: Indian President House.jpg|thumb|A special screening of ''Mother India'' was held in the residence of the Indian president (pictured) on 23 October 1957, two days before its release.|alt=The residence of the president of India]]

The production team had planned to release ''Mother India'' to commemorate the tenth [[Independence Day (India)|anniversary of India's independence]] on 15 August 1957, but the film was released over two months later.{{efn|name=delayedrelease}}{{sfn|Sinha|2006|p=249}} It premiered at the [[Liberty Cinema]] in Mumbai on 25 October 1957, during [[Diwali]]; it ran continuously at Liberty for over a year.{{sfnm|Raheja|2002|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 4|2009|2loc=0:24–0:29|Mishra|2002|3p=65}} It was released in [[Kolkata]] (then called Calcutta) the same day{{sfn|Sinha|2006|p=249}} and in [[Delhi]] a week later.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=10}} It had reached all regions of India by the end of November. Government ministers and other officials were invited to the premieres, and a special screening was held in [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (the presidential quarter) in New Delhi on 23 October 1957; the event was attended by President [[Rajendra Prasad]], Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|pp=74–75}} Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] and Governor [[Padmaja Naidu]] attended a screening in Kolkata. Impressed with the film's nationalistic message, Chief Minister of Bombay State [[Morarji Desai]] granted it an exemption from the entertainment tax in the state.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|pp=74–75}}

No reliable data is available on the box office earnings of ''Mother India''. It was in continuous distribution in theatres in India until the mid-1990s.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=9}} There was a renewed interest in the film in the 1970s causing an upsurge in ticket sales.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|pp=74–75}} According to Chatterjee, it did exceptionally good business in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, [[Karnataka]] (then called Mysore State) and Maharashtra.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|pp=74–75}} Film trade websites provide estimates of its business. [[Box Office India]] gave the film's [[Entertainment tax|net collection]] as {{INR|40 million}} and its gross as {{INR|80 million}}, the highest for an Indian film up until ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960),{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2007a}} while estimating that ''Mother India''{{'}}s inflation-adjusted net would be equivalent to {{INR|1.173 billion}} in January 2008.{{sfn|BoxOffice India}} Box Office India later estimated in 2017 that ''Mother India'' had over 100{{nbsp}}million footfalls at the domestic box office, making it one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]] of all time when adjusted for inflation.<ref name="hindi">[https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988 Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824133203/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988 |date=24 August 2017 }}, [[Box Office India]], 8 June 2017</ref> In 2024, ''[[DNA India]]'' estimated footfalls between 120 million and 150 million tickets sold worldwide.<ref name="DNA">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Most watched Indian film sold 25 crore tickets, bigger than Baahubali, Dangal, Kalki, KGF, Jawan, RRR; still called flop |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-most-watched-indian-film-sholay-footfalls-still-called-flop-not-baahubali-dangal-kalki-2898-ad-kgf-jawan-rrr-3103107 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> The film's success led Khan to name his next film ''[[Son of India (1962 film)|Son of India]]''. Released in 1962, it was not well received.{{sfnm|1a1=Chatterjee|1y=2002|1p=20|2a1=Sadoul|2a2=Morris|2y=1972|2p=172}}

''Mother India'' was dubbed in several European languages including Spanish, French and Russian; it did substantial business in Greece, Spain and Russia and was released in the [[Eastern Bloc]] countries.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|pp=77–78}} Technicolor arranged one screening of the film in Paris on 30 June 1958, under the name ''Les bracelets d'or'' ("The Gold Bracelets").{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|pp=77–78}} It did minimal business in Paris, but fared better in [[French colonial empire|French colonies]]. It was successful in the Latin American countries of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|pp=77–78}} ''Mother India'' was also acclaimed across the [[Arab world]], in the Middle East, parts of Southeast Asia, and North Africa and continued to be shown in countries such as Algeria at least ten years after its release.{{sfnm|1a1=Heide|1y=2002|1p=237|2a1=Chatterjee|2y=2002|2pp=77–78|3a1=Gopal|3a2=Moorti|3y=2008|3p=28|4a1=Mishra|4y=2002|4p=66}} It was released in the US on 9 July 1959 to lukewarm response, and the UK release in 1961 was also a commercial failure. The initial international version with English subtitles was 40 minutes shorter than the Indian release.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|pp=77–78}}

As of 2013, ''Mother India'' is available on DVD in [[DVD region code|all regions]] [[NTSC]] format, distributed by the [[Eros International|Eros Entertainment]].{{sfn|Amazon}}

===Reviews===
A contemporary review in ''[[Filmfare]]'' praised the cast's enthusiastic performances and said that the film "will be remembered for a long time to come".{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2001}} [[Baburao Patel]] of ''[[Filmindia]]'' (December 1957) described ''Mother India'' after its release as "the greatest picture produced in India" and wrote that no other actress would have been able to perform the role as well as Nargis.{{sfn|Mishra|2002|p=65}} A review in a British magazine ''[[Monthly Film Bulletin]]'' in 1958 remarked that audiences in UK should be grateful that the international version was shortened by 40 minutes, and termed it a "rag-bag [[pantomime]]".{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=77}} After its US release in 1959, Irene Thirer reviewed the film in the ''[[New York Post]]'' in which she praised its "striking dramatic appeal", but feared it might not be accepted by American audiences due to cultural differences.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=78}} In a 1976 article in the journal ''Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review'', author Michael Gallagher found the film "an amazing mixture of political allegory and cheap musical, a cross between the impressiveness of [[Sergei Eisenstein|Eisenstein]] and the banality of ''[[Show Boat]]''".{{sfn|Gallagher|1976|p=344}} The ''[[New Internationalist]]'' in 1999 found Nargis's acting "exemplary", and noted "a clever interplay—artistically and politically—between the traditional and the radical" evident in ''Mother India''.{{sfn|Eshun|1999}}

In a 2002 article in ''[[The Village Voice]]'', film critic [[J. Hoberman]] described the film as "an outrageous ''[[Masala (film genre)|masala]]'' of apparently discordant elements."{{sfn|Hoberman|2002}} He characterised it as a mixture of "indigenous versions of Soviet-style tractor-opera, Italian neo-realism, Hollywood kiddie-cuteness, a dozen Technicolor musical numbers, and, most significantly, a metaphoric overlay of pop Hinduism."{{sfn|Hoberman|2002}} Hoberman criticised the acting as "broad", and also wrote about the "vaguely left-wing" nationalist overtone of the film.{{sfn|Hoberman|2002}} [[Phil Hall (US writer)|Phill Hall]], writing for ''[[Film Threat]]'' in 2002, described the film as exceptionally sluggish and one-dimensional, and lampooned it saying "it takes the strongest of constitutions to endure this film without entertaining notions of matricide."{{sfn|Hall|2002}} Jonathan Romney of ''[[The Independent]]'' observed the earth-mother Radha as "India's answer to [[Anna Magnani]]" and the film as "an all-out exercise in ideological myth-making."{{sfn|Romney|2002}} ''[[Women's Feature Service]]'', in a 2007 article, noted ''Mother India'' as "one of the most outstanding films of the post-Independence era."{{sfn|Raza|2007}} [[Ziya Us Salam]] of ''The Hindu'' wrote in 2010: "Mehboob was able to blend the individual with the universal, thereby enhancing the film's appeal without compromising on its sensitivity."{{sfn|Salam|2010}}

==Awards==
''Mother India'', Nargis, and Mehboob Khan received many awards and nominations. Nargis won the [[Filmfare Best Actress Award]] in 1958 and became the first Indian to receive the Best Actress award at the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] in present-day [[Czech Republic]].{{sfn|Roy|1998|p=158}} ''Mother India'' won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]] and scooped several other Filmfare awards including Best Director for Khan,{{sfn|Ganti|2004|p=96}} Best Cinematographer for Faredoon Irani,{{sfn|Reed|1958|p=215}} and Best Sound for R. Kaushik.{{sfn|Reuben|1994|p=233}} In 1958, the film became [[List of Indian submissions for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's first submission]] for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] and was [[List of Indian films nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|chosen as one of the five nominations for the category]].{{efn|name=othernom}}{{sfn|The 30th Academy Awards (1958)|2012}} The international version, 120 minutes long, was sent for the Oscars. Additionally, this version had English subtitles,{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=79}} and dropped Mehboob Productions' logo, which featured the Communist [[hammer and sickle]], to appease the academy.{{sfnm|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1|2009|1loc=2:55–3:10|Chatterjee|2002|2p=73}} The 120-minute version was later distributed in the US and UK by [[Columbia Pictures]].{{sfn|Kabir|2010|loc=Commentary}} The film came close to winning the Academy Award but lost to [[Federico Fellini]]'s ''[[Nights of Cabiria]]'' by a single vote.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=79}} Khan was utterly disappointed at not winning the award. "He had seen the other films in the fray and believed ''Mother India'' was far superior to them" recalled Sunil Dutt decades later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Lagaan-will-win-Oscar-says-Sunil-Dutt/articleshow/4044617.cms|title=Lagaan will win Oscar, says Sunil Dutt|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=18 March 2002|access-date=11 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218100811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Lagaan-will-win-Oscar-says-Sunil-Dutt/articleshow/4044617.cms|archive-date=18 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It also won two awards at the [[5th National Film Awards]] in 1957: an [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#All India Certificate of Merit|All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film]] and [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].{{sfn|Directorate of Film Festivals|1957|pages=2–3}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Outcome
|-
|[[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival|11th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]]
|Best Actress
|[[Nargis]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[30th Academy Awards]]
| [[List of Indian submissions for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Mehboob Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[5th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|rowspan="6"{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[5th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|-
|[[Filmfare|Best Director]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Nargis]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|[[Faredoon Irani]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
| R.Kaushik
|-
|}

==Legacy==
{{Centered pull quote|All Hindi films come from ''Mother India''.
| author = [[Javed Akhtar]], Hindi cinema poet, lyricist and scriptwriter{{sfn|Sridharan|2012}}
}}
''Mother India'' has been described as "perhaps India's most revered film",{{sfn|Pauwels|2007|p=178}} a "cinematic epic",{{sfn|Thoraval|2000|pp=72–75}} a "flag-bearer of Hindi cinema and a legend in its own right",{{sfn|Malik|2003|p=70}} Mehboob Khan's ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]'' and an "all-time blockbuster", which ranks highly among India's [[List of highest-grossing films in India#Films with the highest footfalls|most successful films]].{{sfn|Dissanayake|1993|p=181}} It was in continuous distribution, being played in theatres for more than three decades; the record ended in the mid-1990s with the advent of satellite television and a change in Indian film-viewing habits.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=9}} ''Mother India'' belongs to only a small collection of films, including ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]'' (1943), ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960), ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' (1994), and ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995) which are repeatedly watched throughout India and are viewed as definitive Hindi films with cultural significance.{{sfnm|Mishra|2002|1p=66|Morcom|2007|2pp=139–144}} It is also among the only three Indian films to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film (the others being ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' and ''[[Lagaan]]'').<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-and-Oscars-over-100-years-of-Cinema/articleshow/19693992.cms | title=Bollywood and Oscars over 100 years of Cinema | work=The Times of India | date=25 April 2013 | access-date=11 September 2014 | author=Bhopatkar, Tejashree | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218101306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-and-Oscars-over-100-years-of-Cinema/articleshow/19693992.cms | archive-date=18 December 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' (in 2007) identifies the "film's pungent social references" which are "too harsh to be sold at a profit today. But this heartrending tale filled Indians with hope and pride then."{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2007b}} The film was remade in the [[Telugu language]] as ''{{Ill|Bangaru Talli|te|బంగారుతల్లి}}'' in 1971,{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=112}} in Turkish as ''{{Ill|Toprak Ana (film)|lt=Toprak Ana|tr}}'' in 1973 and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Punniya Boomi]]'' in 1978.{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=242}}

''Mother India'' is ranked No. 80 in ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.{{sfn|Empire Online}} It is listed among the only three [[Bollywood|Hindi films]] in the book ''[[1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die]]'' (the others being ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' and ''[[Deewaar]]'').{{sfn|1001beforeyoudie}} Film critic [[Anupama Chopra]] included it in her list of top 100 films in world cinema.{{sfn|Chopra|2012}} In 2005, [[Indiatimes|Indiatimes Movies]] ranked the film amongst the "Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films".{{sfn|The Times of India|2005}} It was ranked third in the [[British Film Institute]]'s 2002 poll of "Top 10 Indian Films".{{sfn|British Film Institute|2002}} It was also included in ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]''{{'}}s list of the best Bollywood classics in 2010,{{sfn|Corliss|2010}} and in [[CNN-IBN]]'s list of the "100 greatest Indian films of all time" in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-26.html | title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time | publisher=CNN-IBN | date=13 April 2013 | access-date=11 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813162517/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-26.html | archive-date=13 August 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was premiered in the ''Cannes Classics'' section of the [[2004 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-05-10/news/27368004_1_india-international-film-festival-india-pavilion-india-pavilion|title='Mother India' will hit Cannes classic screen|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 May 2004|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141014125505/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-05-10/news/27368004_1_india-international-film-festival-india-pavilion-india-pavilion|archive-date=14 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] notes that ''Mother India'' "didn't just put India on the world map, it also defined Hindi cinema for decades that followed."{{sfn|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1|2009|loc=0:38–0:44}} Film critic Dave Kehr agrees that it influenced Indian films for the next 50 years.{{sfn|Kehr|2002}} A 1983 [[Channel 4]] documentary on Hindi cinema describes the film as setting a benchmark in Indian cinema.{{sfn|Mishra|2002|p=66}} The shooting stance of Nargis at the end of the film is one of the all-time iconic images of Hindi cinema.{{sfnm|1a1=Gandhy|1a2=Thomas|1y=1991|1p=118|2a1=Majumdar|2y=2009|2p=151}} Other iconic scenes include Radha pulling the plough through the field (see film poster at the top) and feeding [[chapati]]s to her two sons as they pull the plough.{{sfn|Gandhy|Thomas|1991|p=118}} The ''Hindustan Times'' states that Nargis symbolised mothers in "which all the mothers [in later films] had the same clichéd roles to play. Representing both motherhood and Mother Earth, who also nurtures and occasionally punishes, Nargis immortalised the Indian mother on celluloid."{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2006}} The film pioneered the portrayal of two morally opposed brothers personifying good and evil, which became a repeated motif in Hindi films,{{sfn|Chatterjee|2002|p=44}} including ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961){{sfn|Ganti|2004|p=149}} and ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975).{{sfn|Pauwels|2007|p=178}} The rebellious Birju also inspired the "angry young man" stock character that arose in 1970s Hindi cinema.{{sfn|Ganti|2004|p=149}} According to scholar Brigitte Schulze, ''Mother India'' played a key role in shaping the young [[Republic of India]]'s national identity in its early years following [[Indian independence movement|independence]] from the [[British Raj]], due to how the film was able to successfully convey a sense of [[Indian nationalism]] to the urban and rural masses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schulze |first1=Brigitte |title=The Cinematic 'Discovery of India': Mehboob's Re-Invention of the Nation in Mother India |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |date=September 2002 |volume=30 |issue=9/10 |pages=72–87 |doi=10.2307/3517959|jstor=3517959 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of submissions to the 30th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]

{{Clear}}

==Explanatory notes==
{{Notelist
| colwidth = 30em
| notes =
{{efn
| name = exchange1957
| The exchange rate in 1957 was 4.762 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).{{harv|Statistical Abstract of the United States|1959|p=944}}
}}
{{efn
|name=moreexchange
|The exact year when the loan was borrowed is not mentioned in the film, so the value is given in 1957 (year of release of the film) exchange rate. }}
{{efn
|name=rawstock
|At that time (early 1950s) the Joint Chief Controller of Imports, Government of India, regulated import of film stocks. The maximum number of prints for a film in those days were usually around 60. However, Mehboob applied for the permission to import stocks needed for 180 prints. As a result, a prolonged negotiation between the import authorities and Mehboob Production ensued. The data on the exact import amount is not available.
}}
{{efn
|name=bharatmata
|The idea of the nation as mother (''[[Bharat Mata]]'', or Mother India) was prevalent in pre-independence India, and was an important trope for nationalism and [[Indian independence movement]]. Representation of the nation as mother were evident in paintings, literature, music and commodities such as calendars.{{harv|Chatterjee|2002|p=49}}}}
{{efn
|name=incest
|Jyotika Virdi writes, "In north Indian village culture men and women of the same village are conventionally considered siblings."{{harv|Virdi|2003|p=117}}}}
{{efn
|name=delayedrelease
|Possible reason for the delayed release is lengthy post-production. Chatterjee mentions that the director undertook "tremendous effort to bring the film to the release print stage as quickly as possible and dispatch it to the Technicolor office in London. Mehboob then proceeded to London for the final editing and colour correction, and Irani accompanied him for sound editing."{{harv|Chatterjee|2002|p=21}} }}
{{efn
|name=othernom
|The other nominations were the West German film ''[[The Devil Strikes at Night]]'' (director [[Robert Siodmak]]), the French-Italian ''[[Gates of Paris (film)|Gates of Paris]]'' (director [[René Clair]]), the Italian ''[[Nights of Cabiria]]'' (director [[Federico Fellini]]) and the Norwegian ''[[Nine Lives (1957 film)|Nine Lives]]'' (director [[Jan Baalsrud]]).{{harv|Chatterjee|2002|p=79}}}}
}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

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* {{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/13/stories/2004051300820100.htm |title=Notes of Naushad ... Tuneful as Ever |date=13 May 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 March 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|The Hindu|2004}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108234921/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/13/stories/2004051300820100.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|last=Pauwels|first=Heidi Rika Maria |title=Indian Literature and Popular Cinema: Recasting Classics|year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44741-6}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ | title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema | publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] | last=Pillai | first=Swarnavel Eswaran | year=2015 | isbn=978-93-5150-212-8 }}
* {{cite web |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/feb/15dinesh.htm |title=Mother Earth Reincarnated: Mother India |year=2002 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=23 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025134356/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/feb/15dinesh.htm }}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last = Rajadhyaksha|first = Ashish|year = 1997|encyclopedia = The Oxford History of World Cinema|title = Nargis|editor = Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey|publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn = 978-0-19-811257-0|url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}
* {{cite book|last=Ranade |first=Ashok Da. |title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries|date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-64-4 }}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|last=Rangoonwala|first=Firoze|chapter=1931–1946: The Emergence of Talkies|publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica, Popular Prakashan |editor=Ramchandani, Indu|year=2003|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Raza |first=Shahla |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1273834241.html |title=India: Film Women Tame Violent Heroes |journal=[[Women's Feature Service]] |via=HighBeam Research |date=8 May 2007 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610181454/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1273834241.html |archive-date=10 June 2014 }}
* {{cite book|last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's Who|date=1 January 1958 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman}}
* {{cite book|last=Reuben |first=Bunny |title=Mehboob, India's DeMille: the First Biography |date=December 1994 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7223-153-8}}
* {{cite news|last=Romney|first=Jonathan|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1686357.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125202609/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1686357.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Film: It's A Curry Western. With Sushi The Warrior Asif Kapadia 86 mins, 12 Mother India Mehboob Khan 175 mins, U Panther Panchali Satyajit Ray 115 mins, U|work=[[The Independent]]|via=HighBeam Research|date=5 May 2002|access-date=18 June 2012}}
* {{cite book|last=Roy|first=Parama|title=Indian Traffic: Identities in Question in Colonial and Postcolonial India|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20487-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sadoul |first1=Georges |last2=Morris |first2=Peter |title=Dictionary of Film Makers |year=1972 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02151-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffilm00sado_1 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/mother-india-1957/article788737.ece | title=Mother India (1957) | work=The Hindu | date=8 January 2010 | access-date=28 March 2015 | last=Salam | first=Ziya Us | location=Chennai, India | archive-date=7 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207123257/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Mother-India-1957/article15692788.ece | url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Siddiqi |first=Yumna |title=Anxieties of Empire and the Fiction of Intrigue |year=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13808-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Mrinalini|title=Specters of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire|year=2006|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3795-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Slocum |first=John David |title=Terrorism, Media, Liberation|date=July 2005 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3608-8}}
* {{cite news |last=Sridharan |first=Tarini |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mother-india-not-woman-india/article4131747.ece |title=Mother India, not Woman India |date=25 November 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106095550/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mother-india-not-woman-india/article4131747.ece |archive-date=6 January 2013 }}
* {{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1959 |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1959-10.pdf |access-date=6 February 2013 |year=1959 |publisher=US Bureau of the Census |ref={{sfnRef|Statistical Abstract of the United States|1959}} |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719100125/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1959-10.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=The 100 Best Films of World Cinema:80. Mother India |url=http://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=80 |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |access-date=23 February 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|Empire Online}} |archive-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018185022/http://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=80 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1958 |title=The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners |year=2012 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |ref={{sfnRef|The 30th Academy Awards (1958)|2012}} |archive-date=8 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172306/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/30th-winners.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|last=Thoraval |first=Yves |title=The Cinemas of India|year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4}}
* {{cite web |title=Top Earners 1950–1959 (Figures in Ind Rs) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5 |website=[[Box Office India|BoxOfficeIndia.com]] |archive-date=18 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118030707/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5 |ref={{sfnRef|BoxOffice India}} |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|last=Virdi|first=Jyotika|editor1-last=Kavoori |editor1-first=Anandam P. |editor2-last=Punathambekar |editor2-first=Aswin |title=Global Bollywood|chapter=''Deewar''/''Wall'' (1975)—Fact, Fiction and the Making of a Superstar| date=August 2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4799-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Virdi |first=Jyotika |title=The Cinematic Imagination: Indian Popular Films as Social History|year=2003 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3191-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Vohra |first=Ranbir |title=The Making of India: A Historical Survey |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofindiahis00vohr |url-access=registration |year=2001 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-0711-9 }}
* {{cite book|last=Woods|first=Jeannine|title=Visions of Empire and Other Imaginings: Cinema, Ireland and India 1910–1962|year=2011|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03911-974-5}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0050188|Mother India}}
* {{TCMDb title|84022|Mother India}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|mother_india|Mother India}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225075414/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/1865/index.html ''Mother India''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Mehboob Khan}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Awards for ''Mother India''
|list=
{{All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film |state=autocollapse}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 1954–1970}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1957 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian slavery]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about famine]]
[[Category:Films about farmers' suicides in India]]
[[Category:Films about filicide]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films about rebels]]
[[Category:Films about sexual harassment]]
[[Category:Films about social class]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mehboob Khan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Naushad]]
[[Category:Films set in 1957]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about floods]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set on farms]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Garhshankar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:40Z

Sddhvnkengineering: Starting Basic Info Initial Version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Punjab legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Garhshankar
|type= SLA
| map_image = 45-Garhshankar.svg
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|mla = [[Jai Krishan Singh]]
|alliance =
|party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|region =
|state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|district = [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
|constituency_no = 45
|established = 1957 
|electors = {{formatnum:175287}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Garhshankar Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 45) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency representing [[Garhshankar]] in [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India. Currently, it is represented by [[Jai Krishan Singh]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] who is also Deputy Speaker of Punjab Assembly.<ref name=Election2017>{{cite web|title=Garhshankar (Punjab) Election Results 2017|url=http://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/garhshankar.html|website=Elections.in|accessdate=24 March 2018}}</ref> The last assembly elections were held in February 2022.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Shingara Ram]]<ref name=Election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Avinash Rai Khanna]]<ref name=Election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2004{{efn|by-election}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Love Kumar Goldy]]<ref name=Election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Surinder Singh Bhullewal Rathaan]]<ref name=Election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Jai Krishan Singh|Jai Kishan Singh Rori]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/|title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections|last1=News18|date=2022|accessdate=27 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027091043/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/|archivedate=27 October 2022|language=en}}</ref>
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Garhshankar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Jai Krishan Singh|Jai Kishan Singh Rori]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:32341}}
|percentage = 26.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amarpreet Lally<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:28162}}
|percentage = 22.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Surinder Singh Bhulewal Rathan
|votes = {{formatnum:25430}}
|percentage = 20.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nimisha Mehta
|votes = {{formatnum:24735}}
|percentage = 20.2
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jang Bahadur Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4106}}
|percentage = 3.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2470}}
|percentage = 2.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mohinder Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1189}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:1078}}
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:4179}}
|percentage = 3.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:175287}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Garhshankar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Jai Krishan Singh|Jai Kishan Singh Rori]]
|votes = {{formatnum:41720}}
|percentage = 33.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Surinder Singh Bhulewal Rathan|Surinder Singh Heer]]|votes={{formatnum:40070}}|percentage=32.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Luv Kumar Goldy|Lov Kumar Goldy]]|votes={{formatnum:31909}}|percentage=25.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bakhsish Singh|votes={{formatnum:6031}}|percentage=4.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=CPI(M)|candidate=Harbhajan Singh|votes={{formatnum:2217}}|percentage=1.78|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:1121}}|percentage=0.90|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:125658}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:169609}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329075433/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf| archive-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.217|76.144|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:22:04Z

Sddhvnkengineering: Starting First Info Added Tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|G. Udayagiri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = G. Udayagiri
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 83
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Kandhamal]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Prafulla Chandra Pradhan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,08,617{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''G. Udayagiri''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Kandhamal district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=83 |title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work= empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: G. Udayagiri (83) District : Kandhamal |accessdate= 20 February 2014 |archive-date= 23 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140223020227/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=83 |url-status= usurped }}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes [[G. Udayagiri]], G. Udayagiri block, Daringbadi block, Tikabali block and Raikia block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp103.htm|title= 103 - G.Udayagiri Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.06}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|38.61}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.82}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|43.92}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.76}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.08}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.73}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.78}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.25}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|54.15}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|53.73}}
}}
Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from G. Udayagiri constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''As Udaygiri Mohana Constituency''
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Pattu Maliko
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''As G Udayagiri Constituency''
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Sarangdhar Pradhan
|{{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Sarangdhar Padhi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''As Udayagiri Constituency''
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=3|Gopal Pradhan
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ranjit Kumar Pradhan
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=4|[[Nagarjuna Pradhan|Nagarjun Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Saluga Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Ajayanti Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''As G. Udayagiri Constituency''
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|Manoj Kumar Pradhan
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Jacob Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="ECI 2019 results" />
|[[Saluga Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=G. Udayagiri Assembly Election Results 2024: G. Udayagiri Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/g.-udayagiri-constituency-result-18083 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Prafulla Chandra Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Prafulla Chandra Pradhan]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Managobinda Pradhan by a margin of 7,857 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], G. Udayagiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Prafulla Chandra Pradhan]]
|votes = 53,530
|percentage = 37.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Managobinda Pradhan
|votes = 45,673
|percentage = 31.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Saluga Pradhan]]
|votes = 40,373
|percentage = 27.95
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,507
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,857
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,44,451
|percentage = 69.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Saluga Pradhan]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Shyamghana Pradhan by a margin of 11,261 votes.<ref name="ECI 2019 results">{{cite web |title=Odisha Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 December 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], G. Udayagiri<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Saluga Pradhan]]
|votes = 53,238
|percentage = 38.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shyamghana Pradhan
|votes = 41,977
|percentage = 30.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Archana Pradhan
|votes = 35,998
|percentage = 26.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Jacob Pradhan]]
|votes = 1920
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 938
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,261
|percentage = 8.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,37,875
|percentage = 68.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,00,776
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Jacob Pradhan]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Pradeep Kumar Pradhan by a margin of 10,289 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=2 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: G. Udayagiri<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jacob Pradhan]]
|votes = 48,958
|percentage = 39.82
|change = {{up}}19.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Pradhan
|votes = 39,669
|percentage = 31.45
|change = {{up}}16.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Managobinda Pradhan
|votes = 27,295
|percentage = 22.2
|change = {{down}}21.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,790
|percentage = 1.46
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,289
|percentage = 8.37
|change = {{down}}14.99
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,22,940
|percentage = 71.04
|change = {{up}}5.59
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,73,047
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Manoj Kumar Pradhan defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ajayanti Pradhan]] by a margin of 23,935 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |accessdate=20 February 2014 |work=leadtech.in |quote=23935}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], G. Udayagiri<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Pradhan
|votes = 45,009
|percentage = 43.92
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ajayanti Pradhan]]|votes=21,074|percentage=20.56|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Luko Sunamajhi|votes=15,818|percentage=15.44|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Saluga Pradhan]]|votes=10,715|percentage=10.46|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,935|percentage=23.36{{efn|%of total valid votes}}|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,02,536|percentage=65.45|change=''-''}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kandhamal district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.12|84.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kandhamal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Ambikapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:18:29Z

Sddhvnkengineering: creating the post initial version.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ambikapur
| mla = Rajesh Agarwal
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[T. S. Singh Deo]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| division = Surguja
| district = [[Surguja district|Surguja]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:256691}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 10
| map_image = Ambikapur Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Ambikapur''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency|website=CEO CG|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Surguja district|Surguja]] district.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Parasnath Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Brij Bhushan
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Amresh Prasad
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S Tripathi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Devendra Kumari
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Prabhunarayan Tripathi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="5" |Madan Gopal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Kamal Bhan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="3" | [[T. S. Singh Deo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|title=Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress|last1=mint|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=10 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210105307/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|archivedate=10 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Rajesh Agrawal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambikapur<ref>{{cite news |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywiseresult-S26.htm |title= General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023, Chhattisgarh |access-date=11 December 2025 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203062041/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywiseresult-S26.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Agrawal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=90,780 |percentage=46.86% |change={{increase}}12.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[T. S. Singh Deo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=90,686 |percentage=46.81% |change={{decrease}}9.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balsai Korram |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=6,083 |percentage=3.14% |change={{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,168 |percentage=1.12% |change={{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rakesh Kumar Sahu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,318 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Majid |party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh |votes=1,193 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=94 |percentage=0.05% |change= {{decrease}}22.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,93,746 |percentage=76.37% |change= {{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,56,691 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambikapur<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/seat-change|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Elections Seat Wise Results 2018|last1=NDTV|date=2018|work=|accessdate=13 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013175629/https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/seat-change|archivedate=13 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[T. S. Singh Deo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,00,439 |percentage=56.38% |change={{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anurag Singh Deo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=60,815 |percentage=34.14% |change={{decrease}}6.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Prasad Gupta |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=4,459 |percentage=2.50% |change={{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tarun Kumar Bhagat |party=Independent politician |votes=2,173 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kranti Kumar Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=2,103 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sita Ram Das |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,322 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[T. S. Singh Deo]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,075 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=609 |percentage=0.34% |change={{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,624 |percentage=22.24% |change= {{increase}}9.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,78,140 |percentage=79.13% |change= {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,26,012 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambikapur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/CGAE_2013_stat_report.pdf |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 2013 To The Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712172504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/CGAE_2013_stat_report.pdf }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[T. S. Singh Deo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=84,668 |percentage=53.03% |change={{increase}}10.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anurag Singh Deo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=65,110 |percentage=40.78% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,327 |percentage=2.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sewa Ram Porte |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=2,503 |percentage=1.57% |change={{decrease}}3.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adhiwakta Vijay Tiwari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,917 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Das Toppo |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,670 |percentage=1.05% |change={{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,558 |percentage=12.25% |change= {{increase}}11.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,59,646 |percentage=80.83% |change= {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,03,212 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambikapur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[T. S. Singh Deo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=56,043 |percentage=42.11% |change={{increase}}18.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anurag Singh Deo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=55,063 |percentage=41.37% |change={{decrease}}11.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jainath Keram |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=6,078 |percentage=4.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amar Nath Pandey |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,885 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramnayak Maurya |party=Independent politician |votes=2,698 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kumkum Bhatnagar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,258 |percentage=1.70% |change={{decrease}}1.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jhamekeshwar Paikra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,392 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=980 |percentage=0.74% |change= {{decrease}}29.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,33,083 |percentage=70.98% |change= {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,88,173 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambikapur<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kamal Bhan Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=65,812 |percentage=53.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madan Gopal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,590 |percentage=23.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabodh Minj |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=14,568 |percentage=11.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gurusharan Singh Painkara |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,011 |percentage=3.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fuleswari Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,935 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganjha Ram Thakur |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,977 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bansidhar Urawan |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,406 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,222 |percentage=30.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,363 |percentage=67.00% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,84,121 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Surguja district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|23.13|83.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Surguja district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Adampur, Punjab Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:14:40Z

Sddhvnkengineering: creating first entry basic info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{for|the constituency in Haryana|Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Adampur
| map_image = 38-Adampur, Punjab.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 38
| district = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1951
| mla = [[Sukhwinder Singh Kotli]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:167424}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Adampur''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Jalandhar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|rowspan=1|[[Saroop Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan=1|[[Kanwaljit Singh Lally]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|rowspan=1|[[Sarbjeet Singh Makkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2|[[Pawan Kumar Tinu]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|rowspan=1|[[Sukhwinder Singh Kotli]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Adampur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhwinder Singh Kotli]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes ={{formatnum:39554}}<ref name="Result2022">{{cite web | title=Punjab-Adampur Result Status | website=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1938.htm?ac=38 | access-date=2022-03-24}}</ref>
|percentage = 35.10
|change = {{Increase}}2.8
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Pawan Kumar Tinu]]
|votes = {{formatnum:34987}}
|percentage = 31.10
|change = {{decrease}}7.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Jit Lal Bhaati<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:28947}}
|percentage = 25.70
|change = {{Increase}}4.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Parshotam Raj Ahir
|votes = {{formatnum:5751}}
|percentage = 5.1
|change = {{Increase}}0.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Punjab Lok Congress
|candidate = Jagdish Kumar Jassal
|votes = {{formatnum:1282}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1159}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:4567}}
|percentage = 4.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:113753}}
|percentage = 67.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:167938}}
|ref= <ref name="ECI 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Adampur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Pawan Kumar Tinu]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:45229}}
|percentage = 38.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mohinder Singh Kaypee]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:37530}}
|percentage = 32.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Hans Raj Rana]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:25239}}
|percentage = 21.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sewa Singh]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5405}}
|percentage = 4.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:621}}
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:7699}}
|percentage = 6.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:115615}}
|percentage = 73.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:158382}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

=== Previous years ===
{|cellospacing="1" cellpaddingh="1" border="1" width="70%"
!Year||A C No.||Category||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012||38||SC||Sh. [[Pawan Kumar Tinu]]||SAD||48171||Sh. [[Satnam Singh Kainth]]||INC||28865
|-
|2007||27||GEN||Sarbjeet Singh Makkar||SAD||44883||Kanwaljit Singh Lally||INC||34643
|-
|2002||28||GEN||Kanwaljit Singh Lally||INC||32619||Sarabjit Singh Makkar||SAD||25243
|-
|1997||28||GEN||Saroop Singh||SAD||40578||Kanwaljit Singh Lally||INC||24274
|-
|1992||28||GEN||Rajender Kumar||[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]||7847||Manjinder Singh||INC||7235
|-
|1985||28||GEN||Surjit Singh||SAD||26115||Dwarka Dass||INC||18966
|-
|1980||28||GEN||Kulwant Singh||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI]]||25368||Iqbal Singh||INC(I)||19968
|-
|1977||28||GEN||Sarup Singh||[[Janata party|JNP]]||19116||Kulwant Singh||CPI||15018
|-
|1972||53||GEN||Harbhajan Singh||IND||17773||Kulwant Singh||CPI||14064
|-
|1969||53||GEN||Kulwant Singh||CPI||17733||Karam Singh||INC||12890
|-
|1967||53||GEN||D. Singh||INC||17485||K. Singh||CPI||16989
|-
|1951||65||GEN||Mota Singh||INC||20684||Niranjan Singh||SAD||14970
|-
|1951||65||GEN||Gurbanta Singh||INC||19366||Kartara Ram Mirhas||SCF||13941
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.43|75.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know...

2026-04-05T06:27:30Z

Sddhvnkengineering: New Page...

{{short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = File:Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know.webp
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Chidananda S Naik]]
| writer = Chidananda S Naik
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Jahangeer M S
* Vishwas B S
* Vasudha Bharighat
}}
| cinematography = Suraj Thakur
| editing = Manoj Venkatesh
| music = Abhishek Kadam
| studio = [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII)
| released = {{Film date|2023}}
| runtime = 16 minutes
| country = India
}}

'''''Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know...''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada language]] short film directed by [[Chidananda S Naik]]. It was produced as part of his year-end exercise at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), the 16-minute film won the [[Cinéfondation|La Cinef]] award for Best Short at the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]].

== Synopsis ==
The film is about an elderly woman who steals a prized rooster from her village, causing a disturbance that plunges the community into darkness. The villagers then go on a mission to find the rooster and bring back the light. The entire film is shot at night, creating a mysterious and intriguing atmosphere.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=2024-05-11 |title=Kannada short film ‘Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know’ to be screened in Cannes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-short-film-sunflowers-were-the-first-ones-to-know-to-be-screened-in-cannes/article68149619.ece |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Balaga |first=Marta |date=2024-05-23 |title=‘Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know’ by Chidananda S Naik Receives Cannes’ La Cinef Award for Best Short |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/global/cannes-la-cinef-award-chidananda-s-naik-1236014626/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Jahangeer M S
* Vishwas B S
* Vasudha Bharighat

== Production ==
The film features Suraj Thakur as the cinematographer, Manoj V as the editor and Abhishek Kadam handling sound design. The production faced significant challenges, including a tight shooting schedule of four days and the difficulties of filming at night in a remote location with limited resources.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Release and recognition ==
At the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival|77th Cannes Film Festival]], ''Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know...'' won the first prize in the [[Cinéfondation|La Cinef]] section. The jury, led by [[Lubna Azabal]], praised the film's storytelling and execution. The award includes a 15,000 euro grant. The film was screened at the [[Cinéma du Panthéon|Cinema du Pantheon]] on 3 June and at the MK2 Quai de Seine on 4 June.<ref name=":1" />

=== Accolades ===

''Sunflowers Were the First Ones To Know'' qualifies for Oscars 2025.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kannada-short-film-sunflowers-were-the-first-ones-to-know-by-ftii-student-qualifies-for-oscars-2025-6947439 | title=Kannada Short Film Sunflowers Were the First Ones To Know, By FTII Student, Qualifies For Oscars 2025 | publisher=NDTV | first=Sreetama | last=Basu | date=5 November 2024 | accessdate=25 February 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2025
| [[71st National Film Awards]]
| Best Script (Non Feature)
| rowspan="3" |Chidananda S. Naik
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537|title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced|accessdate=1 August 2025|website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| [[Cinéfondation|La Cinef]]
| Best Short
| {{won}}
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[Bengaluru International Short Film Festival]]
| Indian Competition
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=BISFF Winners 2024 |url=https://bisff.in/2024-winners/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Pranati A. |title=Dutch film wins top award at Bengaluru International Short Film Festival |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dutch-film-wins-top-award-at-b-luru-international-short-film-festival-2-3155210#:~:text=international%20film%20award.-,Chidananda%20Naik's%20Cannes%20Film%20Festival%20winning%20Kannada%20short%20film,%20Sunflowers,home,%E2%80%9D%20said%20the%20filmmaker. |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=28493138}}
* {{Plain link|url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/sunflowers-were-the-first-ones-to-know/|name=Sunflowers Were the First Ones to Know... at Cannes}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian student films]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:2023 short films]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]

Sawariya Seth Temple

2026-04-04T20:38:27Z

Sddhvnkengineering: New New Location...

{{short description|Hindu temple in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sanwaliya Ji Temple, Mandfiya
| governing_body = Government of Rajasthan
| locale = Sanwaliya Ji – Mandfiya
| district = [[Chittorgarh]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.66|N|74.40|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|https://shrisanwariyaseth.org}} (official; currently inactive) {{URL|https://sanwariya.org}} (unofficial, maintained by devotees)
| image = File:Sanwaliaji3.JPG
| native_name = Sanwaliya Seth
|deity = Krishna
|map_type = India Rajasthan#India
|country = [[India]]
|map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
}}

'''Sawariya Seth temple''' or '''Sanwaliya Ji Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in the [[Chittorgarh district]] of [[Rajasthan]] state of India dedicated to [[Krishna]]. The temple is also known as '''Shri Sanwaliya Seth'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/rajasthan/chittorgarh-sanwaliya-seth-temple-god-is-a-business-partner-here-know-what-is-the-whole-history-rjsr-3581030.html|title=Sanwaliya) Seth Temple of Rajasthan: Here, God is a business partner. Learn the complete history|website=News18 Hindi|date=7 May 2021 |language=hi-IN|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.herzindagi.com/hindi/diary/sanwariya-seth-mandir-chittorgarh-story-article-299517|title=Sanwaliya) Seth Temple, Chittorgarh: An incredible story|website=Herzindagi|language=hi|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-12-04 |title=Donation To Rajasthan's Sanwaliaji Temple Crosses Rs 19 Crore During Monthly Fair |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/donation-to-rajasthans-sanwaliaji-temple-crosses-rs-19-crore-during-monthly-fair-enn24120403895 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA: Here God is also a business partner! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/dna-here-god-is-also-a-business-partner-2757247.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==
According to legend, in 1840, a cowherd named Bholaram dreamed of three divine idols buried beneath the ground in the Chhapar area of Bagund village. When the site was excavated, three exquisite idols of Lord Krishna were discovered, just as depicted in the dream. One idol was enshrined in Mandfiya, another in Bhadsoda, and the third remained at the original discovery site in Chhapar, Bagund. Temples were subsequently constructed at all three locations, which lie within approximately 5 kilometers of each others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/visit-this-krishna-temple-in-rajasthan-on-janmashtami-every-devotee-becomes-a-rich-man-here-18930742|title=Sanwaliya) Seth Temple of Rajasthan: Every devotee becomes wealthy here|website=Patrika News|language=hi|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref>

== Main Temple ==
Among the three temples, the one at Mandfiya is designated as the main shrine, also known as '''Sanwaliya Ji Dham''' (the residence of Sanwaliya). It is a major pilgrimage site for devotees coming from Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/madhya-pradesh/opium-smugglers-here-make-the-sanwariya-seth-god-a-business-partner-offering-black-gold-in-donations-an-interesting-reason-7901053-page-6.html|title=Here), God is made a business partner: An interesting reason|website=News18 Hindi|language=hi-IN|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref>

== Location ==
Sanwaliya Ji Temple is located 41 km from Chittorgarh Railway Station and 65 km from Dabok Airport. After Shrinathji Temple in Nathdwara, this is considered the second most important pilgrimage site for followers of the Vaishnav tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.patrika.com/chittorgarh-news/sanwaliya-seth-temple-chittorgarh-rajasthan-2398436/|title=An) incredible temple of Rajasthan where devotees receive manifold returns of their offerings|last=dinesh|website=Patrika News|date=21 February 2018 |language=hi|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://shrisanwariyaseth.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523145939/https://shrisanwariyaseth.org/ |date=23 May 2025 }} Official website of Shri Sanwaliya Seth Temple
* https://sanwariya.org/ Unofficial website maintained by devotees

[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]

Varshangalkku Shesham

2026-04-01T23:22:10Z

Sddhvnkengineering: New Entry...

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Vineeth Sreenivasan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Varshangalkku Shesham
| image = Varshangalkku Shesham film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| writer = Vineeth Sreenivasan
| producer = [[Visakh Subramaniam]]
| starring = [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Pranav Mohanlal]] [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Viswajith Odukkathil
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| music = Amrit Ramnath
| studio = [[Merryland Studio|Merryland Cinemas]]
| distributor = Merryland Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|4|11|}}
| runtime = 166 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTIyMDMyMDI0MDAwMTM= |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|82.75 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Year Ender 2024: Top 10 highest-grossing Mollywood movies at worldwide box office; Manjummel Boys emerges victorious|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/year-ender-2024-top-10-highest-grossing-mollywood-movies-at-worldwide-box-office-1362638|date=2025-01-01|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Varshangalkku Shesham''''' (''{{Translation|Years later}}'') is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Period film|period]] [[Comedy-drama film|comedy drama film]] written and directed by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]. It was produced by [[Visakh Subramaniam]] under [[Merryland Studio|Merryland Cinemas]]. The film stars  [[Pranav Mohanlal]] and [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Nivin Pauly]] in an extended cameo appearance. It also stars [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Neeta Pillai]], [[Basil Joseph]] and [[Neeraj Madhav]] in supporting roles. The soundtrack and background score were composed by Amrit Ramnath.

[[Principal photography]] took place from October to December 2023, lasting 40 days. It was filmed across 50 locations in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Viswajith Odukkathil and [[Ranjan Abraham]] handled the cinematography and editing, respectively.

The film was released worldwide in theatres on 11 April 2024 to mixed reviews from critics and audiences alike. The performances of Nivin, Dhyan and Pranav as well as the production design, soundtrack, and cinematography, were praised. However, the screenplay, pacing, and runtime received criticism. Despite this, the film was a commercial success, grossing over ₹80 crores at the worldwide box-office.<ref name="ierev">{{Cite web |title= Varshangalkku Shesham box office collection day 1 early report: Vineeth Sreenivasan's directed movie took off a superb start at box office |date=11 April 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/varshangalkku-shesham-box-office-collection-day-1-early-report-vineeth-sreenivasans-directorial-off-to-a-decent-start-despite-mixed-reviews-9264892/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=11 April 2024 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425153012/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/varshangalkku-shesham-box-office-collection-day-1-early-report-vineeth-sreenivasans-directorial-off-to-decent-start-despite-mixed-reviews-9264892/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="asianetnews-2024">{{Cite web |title=എതിരാളികൾക്ക് മുന്നിൽ കട്ടയ്ക്ക്, ഒരാഴ്ചയിൽ 50കോടി ക്ലബ്ബ്; കസറിക്കേറി 'വർഷങ്ങൾക്കു ശേഷം' പിള്ളേർ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vineeth-sreenivasan-movie-varshangalkku-shesham-enters-second-week-sc8njh |date=2024-04-20 |website=AsianetNews }}</ref> It also emerged as the [[List of Malayalam films of 2024|9th highest grossing Malayalam film of 2024]] and one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]].

== Plot ==
In the early 1970s, Venu is a high schooler who devotes all of his time to helping out in [[Touring theatre|traveling plays]] when they stop in his hometown. One night, the producer of a play asks him to bring an [[Musical instrument|instrumentalist]], Murali, from the house of the local landlord. Drunk, Murali reluctantly agrees to play for the evening. Venu is thoroughly impressed with the man's spontaneous musicality and they quickly become friends. As time passes, Venu goes to college; Murali shows up there one day, trying to meet the principal to borrow a new book that has reached the college [[library]]. Venu offers to help and discovers that the book has already been lent to a first-year student named Annie. Murali, on meeting Annie, instantly falls in love with her. They meet that night to exchange the book and continue seeing each other. Murali asks her out, but is met with shock and rejection. She tells him to leave, revealing that she is sexually involved with her brother-in-law.

Murali is shattered by the news and disappears for a while. One day, he writes to Venu that he is leaving for Madras with the intention of making it in cinema; Venu decides to join him. They rent out a room in [[Kodambakkam]] where Murali lands a job as a [[violin]]ist under music director Indra Dhanush. After playing the violin for a B-movie, Murali meets the producer of the film, Keshavadev. He tells him that his film will flop massively. After the film flops, Murali introduces Keshavadev to Venu, who has the script for a prospective film. He is impressed and agrees to produce it. Venu insists that Murali produce the music for it, but he refuses, citing his inexperience. Murali secretly passes on some of his music to Indra Dhanush, who goes on to compose music for the film. The film, upon release, becomes a huge success, with the song that Murali composed becoming a sensation. He is driven mad by the fact that he did not produce the music himself. He meets with Indra Dhanush, asking him to tell Venu that the song was his, but gets rejected. Murali goes to Venu's place. Venu chides him for coming there in an inebriated state, and about their respective statuses as promising director and minor background violinist. Murali leaves in tears, but leaves behind the original cassette with his name on it, containing the song. Finding it and realising the truth, Venu tries to meet Murali, but discovers that he has left [[Chennai|Madras]]. Murali goes to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] where he works as a music teacher in a school. He falls in love with his colleague, Bhumi. At some point, they have a misunderstanding and break up. Murali leaves Bombay after the [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 bombings]], and vanishes.

Over the years, Venu directs many more films and then leaves the cinema industry. He tries to search for Murali in vain. One day, 50 years after the Madras incident, he meets Murali again by chance, who tells him to return to the film industry. He hesitatingly agrees, and asks Murali to produce the music for his film. Annie and her husband John convince Murali to accept. At (still remembered mainly for Murali's song) Indra Dhanush's funeral, they discover the young director Pradeep. Venu and Pradeep start looking for a crew to work on one of Venu's old scripts, ''Jeevithagaadhakale''. They mostly cast new artists except for the eccentric actor, Nithin "Molly/Mollywood" Mulanthuruthy. At the end of filming, their producer, Keshavadev's son Jayan, falls seriously [[Heart failure|ill]] and is unable to continue bankrolling the film. Murali, disappointed, disappears again. They are miraculously saved by the [[paparazzi]] who filmed Nithin Molly in an inebriated state, swearing at the entire film industry for their treatment of him. This makes him [[Viral phenomenon|popular]] and creates a hype for the film. ''Jeevithagaadhakale'' releases theatrically and gets outstanding reactions and reviews. During the premiere, Venu gets a call and leaves.

Venu hires a taxi to a location in Tamil Nadu where he meets Senthil, an old friend from Madras. He directs Venu to Karpagam, a village near [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], where Murali lives in a Carnatic music [[Sabhā|sabha]]. Venu tells him that their first movie as a duo has released, to Murali's delight. They go to a theatre in [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] to see how the audience reacts to their film.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as Nithin Mulanthuruthy aka Nithin Molly (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Pranav Mohanlal]] as Murali Vishwambaran
* [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] as Venu Koothuparambu
* [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] as Annie, Murali's ex-girlfriend, John's wife (voiceover by [[Raveena Ravi]])
* [[Neeta Pillai]] as Radhika, Venu's wife
* [[Aju Varghese]] in dual role as :
** Keshadev
**Jayan Keshadev
* [[Basil Joseph]] as Pradeep
* [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as Venu's driver (cameo appearance)
* [[Neeraj Madhav]] as 'Fearless' Alex Mathew
* [[Shaan Rahman]] as Kamaraj
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Swaminathan, Swami's lodge owner
* [[Kalesh Ramanand]] as Indradhanush, a music director
* [[Arjun Lal]] as Christy, Annie's brother-in-law
* [[Deepak Parambol]] as Shakespeare Shekharan
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Ilango, an art director
* [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] as a playback singer (cameo appearance)
* [[Visakh Subramaniam]] as a film director (cameo appearance)
*[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as John, Annie's husband (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
On 13 July 2023, [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] announced he was again collaborating with producer [[Visakh Subramaniam]] of [[Merryland Cinemas]], following the success of ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' (2022), for their second project together, to be titled ''Varshangalkku Shesham''. The film brought back [[Pranav Mohanlal]] and [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] from their previous film.<ref name="the hindu-2023">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varshangalkku-shesham-vineeth-sreenivasan-brings-together-an-ensemble-cast-for-his-next/article67075968.ece |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan brings together an ensemble cast for his next |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=13 July 2023 |accessdate=10 December 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713141855/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varshangalkku-shesham-vineeth-sreenivasan-brings-together-an-ensemble-cast-for-his-next/article67075968.ece |archivedate=13 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Vineeth described the film will as revolving around a bunch of friends.<ref>{{cite news |author=CE Features |title=Varshangalkku Shesham is not the story of Mohanlal and Sreenivasan, clarifies Vineeth Sreenivasan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/22/varshangalkku-shesham-is-not-the-story-of-mohanlal-and-sreenivasan-clarifies-vineeth-sreenivasan-45874.html |access-date=23 December 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 July 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223084628/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/22/varshangalkku-shesham-is-not-the-story-of-mohanlal-and-sreenivasan-clarifies-vineeth-sreenivasan-45874.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In an interview, talking about his influences, Vineeth recalled how he listened to his father [[Sreenivasan]]'s stories about his early life in [[Madras]] and also the experiences of his contemporaries in the film industry. During his school days, Vineeth avidly read popular [[Malayalam]] [[film magazines]], such as ''Nana'', ''[[Vellinakshatram (magazine)|Vellinakshatram]]'', and ''[[Chithrabhumi]]'', which featured articles and interviews with those working in cinema. These stories, along with the imagined picture of Madras they presented, served as inspirations for ''Varshangalkku Shesham''. He also recalled how, during stage shows, actors [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] would entertain the team with anecdotes from their lives in Madras and their experiences in the cinema world. Vineeth himself being a resident of [[Chennai]] (formerly Madras), describes the city as "a place that had always fascinated" him. ''Varshangalkku Shesham'' features Madras in the 1970s and 1980s, spanning 50 years from early 1970s, showcasing the evolution of the film industry during this period; the film "attempts to showcase that arc of time, the mood and the style of working".<ref name="nagarajan-2024">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2 April 2024 |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan on Varshangalkku Sesham, what inspired the movie and his passion for filmmaking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vineeth-sreenivasan-on-varshangalkku-sesham-what-inspired-the-movie-and-his-passion-for-filmmaking/article68018933.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406165926/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vineeth-sreenivasan-on-varshangalkku-sesham-what-inspired-the-movie-and-his-passion-for-filmmaking/article68018933.ece |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Vineeth had the story in mind since his college days but lacked the confidence to execute it. After ''Hridayam'', he gained the confidence to bring it to fruition. He began screenwriting in 2022.<ref name="rajan-2024">{{cite news |last=Rajan |first=Silpa |title=Exclusive! Vineeth Sreenivasan on 'Varshangalkku Shesham': While filming, I also felt how much Pranav resembled Mohanlal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-vineeth-sreenivasan-on-varshangalkku-shesham-while-filming-i-also-felt-how-much-pranav-mohanlal-resembled-mohanlal/articleshow/109190716.cms |access-date=10 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 April 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410101104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-vineeth-sreenivasan-on-varshangalkku-shesham-while-filming-i-also-felt-how-much-pranav-mohanlal-resembled-mohanlal/articleshow/109190716.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Vineeth revealed that the story of ''Varshangalkku Shesham'' was inspired by two screenplays written by Sreenivasan.<ref name="prajith-2024">{{cite news |last=Prajith |first=P. |title='Inspired by two screenplays of my father', Vineeth Sreenivasan on 'Varshangalkku Shesham' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/director-vineeth-sreenivasan-interview-1.9469806 |access-date=10 April 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=8 April 2024}}</ref> Vineeth also integrated input from director [[Priyadarshan]], with whom he shared the screenplay. Priyadarshan narrated an incident that occurred in a film studio, which Vineeth incorporated into the film.<ref name="ottplay" />

=== Casting ===

During the film's announcement, the initial cast included [[Pranav Mohanlal]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Basil Joseph]], Vineeth, [[Neeraj Madhav]], [[Neeta Pillai]], Sai Aadya Bhumi, Arjun Lal, Nikhil Nair, [[Shaan Rahman]], and [[Nivin Pauly]].<ref name="the hindu-2023" /><ref name="the times of india-2023">{{Cite news |date=13 July 2023 |title=Pranav Mohanlal to reunite with Vineeth Sreenivasan for 'Varshangalkku Shesham'; Kalyani Priyadarshan and Nivin Pauly part of the cast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-to-reunite-with-vineeth-sreenivasan-for-varshangalkku-shesham-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-nivin-pauly-part-of-the-cast/articleshow/101733501.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714110140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-to-reunite-with-vineeth-sreenivasan-for-varshangalkku-shesham-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-nivin-pauly-part-of-the-cast/articleshow/101733501.cms |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="the indian express-2024" />

Vineeth had Pranav, Dhyan, and Nivin in mind during the scripting phase itself.<ref name="rajan-2024" /> According to Vineeth, the film will not work without these three. About Kalyani's casting, he said: "Everyone suggested Kalyani after listening to the story".<ref name="prajith-2024" /> Vineeth based Pranav's character after actor [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], whom he observed during the filming of ''[[Champakulam Thachan]]'' in 1992. He recalls seeing Murali walking towards their hotel from a distance, dressed in a [[jubba]] and [[mundu]], with a [[sling bag]] on his shoulder, while singing a poem. Vineeth described the characterisation as "a man flowing in the wind". He also named the character after the actor.<ref>{{cite news |author=Web Team |title='ചമ്പക്കുളം തച്ചന്‍' സമയത്തെ മുരളി, 'കമലദള'ത്തിലെ മാല; പ്രണവിന്‍റെ കഥാപാത്രത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് വിനീത് ശ്രീനിവാസന്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vineeth-sreenivasan-about-pranav-mohanlal-look-in-varshangalkku-shesham-sbepn7 |access-date=10 April 2024 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=4 April 2024 |language=ml |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406104831/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vineeth-sreenivasan-about-pranav-mohanlal-look-in-varshangalkku-shesham-sbepn7 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film marks the reunion of Pranav and Kalyani with Vineeth after ''Hridayam''.<ref name="the times of india-2023" /> Dhyan underwent a weight loss of 12 kilograms to prepare for his role in the film.<ref>{{cite news |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=14 September 2023 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan: I might be lazy in my personal life, but not in cinema |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2023/sep/14/dhyan-sreenivasan-i-might-be-lazy-in-my-personal-life-but-not-in-cinema-47641.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223084626/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2023/sep/14/dhyan-sreenivasan-i-might-be-lazy-in-my-personal-life-but-not-in-cinema-47641.html |archive-date=23 December 2023 |access-date=23 December 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Shaan, who previously collaborated with Vineeth as a music director in his earlier projects, made his acting debut with ''Varshangalkku Shesham''.<ref name="nagarajan-2024" /> Although Vineeth had previously approached Shaan for a brief role in ''[[Thira (film)|Thira]]'' (2013), he declined it. However, he accepted this offer, influenced by Vineeth's confidence in him. Shaan underwent a makeover, donning an outfit, wig, and mustache for his role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varshangalkku Shesham star Shaan Rahman – 'I was in composer's block until King of Kotha came up' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/varshangalkku-shesham-star-shaan-rahman-i-was-in-composers-block-until-king-of-kotha-came-up-exclusive/d159b506cf82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406183815/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/varshangalkku-shesham-star-shaan-rahman-i-was-in-composers-block-until-king-of-kotha-came-up-exclusive/d159b506cf82 |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Vineeth had approached director [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] for a role as he wanted a "Tamil-speaking actor with a calm demeanour", but Kanagaraj declined due to his directorial commitments. Consequently, Kalesh Ramanand, who had previously appeared in ''Hridayam'', was chosen for the role, having been suggested by Visakh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varshangalkku Shesham {{ndash}} Vineeth Sreenivasan recalls approaching Leo director Lokesh Kanagaraj for the project |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/varshangalkku-shesham-vineeth-sreenivasan-recalls-approaching-leo-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-the-project/20999d24ca654 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406191121/https://www.ottplay.com/news/varshangalkku-shesham-vineeth-sreenivasan-recalls-approaching-leo-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-the-project/20999d24ca654 |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V. K. |first=Vipin |title='വര്‍ഷങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് ശേഷ'ത്തില്‍ ലോകേഷിന് വച്ച വേഷം പിന്നീട് ആ നടനാണ് ചെയ്തത്; വെളിപ്പെടുത്തി വിനീത് ശ്രീനിവാസന്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vineeth-srenivasan-approach-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-his-new-movie-varshangalkku-shesham-vvk-sbey7m |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404144608/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vineeth-srenivasan-approach-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-his-new-movie-varshangalkku-shesham-vvk-sbey7m |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website= |publisher=Asianet News Network Pvt. Ltd. |language=ml}}</ref>

Vineeth reminisced about how several actors in the film juggled shooting dates with multiple filmmakers, unlike in ''Hridayam'', where most of them were early in their careers. He described it as "a wonderful coincidence that we were able to bring them all together for this film".<ref name="nagarajan-2024" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 26 October 2023. The following day, filming was relocated to [[Aroor]].<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Varshangalkku Shesham' starts rolling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vineeth-sreenivasans-varshangalkku-shesham-starts-rolling/articleshow/104753390.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 October 2023 |accessdate=10 December 2023 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210034321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vineeth-sreenivasans-varshangalkku-shesham-starts-rolling/articleshow/104753390.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's art director, Nimesh Thanur, constructed sets at Aroor, replicating [[Kodambakkam]] and film studios of [[Madras]]. Additionally, some studio scenes were shot in [[Coimbatore]] and [[Pollachi]].<ref name="nagarajan-2024" /> It took two months to build the sets.<ref name="prajith-2024" /> Vineeth said that director [[Priyadarshan]] provided some important details in the design of Swami's Lodge, one of the major backdrops of the film, when he narrated the screenplay to him.<ref name="ottplay">{{Cite web |title=Varshangalkku Shesham – Vineeth Sreenivasan reveals Priyadarshan helped him recreate the Madras of 70s |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/varshangalkku-shesham-vineeth-sreenivasan-reveals-priyadarshan-helped-him-recreate-the-madras-of-70s/6a29f27f4978 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406183816/https://www.ottplay.com/news/varshangalkku-shesham-vineeth-sreenivasan-reveals-priyadarshan-helped-him-recreate-the-madras-of-70s/6a29f27f4978 |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2024 |title='Varshangalkku Shesham' trivia: Vineeth Sreenivasan reveals Priyadarshan's contributions to the multistarrer film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varshangalkku-shesham-trivia-vineeth-sreenivasan-reveals-priyadarshans-contributions-to-the-multistarrer-film/articleshow/108939833.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407043449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varshangalkku-shesham-trivia-vineeth-sreenivasan-reveals-priyadarshans-contributions-to-the-multistarrer-film/articleshow/108939833.cms |archive-date=7 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The first filming period was concluded in the fourth week of November 2023 after 23 days of filming.<ref>{{cite news |author=Express News Service |title=First schedule of 'Varshangalkku Shesham' completed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/nov/21/first-schedule-of-varshangalkku-shesham-completed-2634683.html |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222171815/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/nov/21/first-schedule-of-varshangalkku-shesham-completed-2634683.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Nivin joined the film for the second filming period in [[Munnar]] in early December.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=8 December 2023 |title=Jackie Chan's associate to join Nivin Pauly's upcoming high-octane action-romance, confirms director |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jackie-chans-associate-to-join-nivin-paulys-upcoming-high-octane-action-romance-confirms-director-exclusive/57dbcc0303112 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224195401/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jackie-chans-associate-to-join-nivin-paulys-upcoming-high-octane-action-romance-confirms-director-exclusive/57dbcc0303112 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=24 December 2023 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref> The entire filming process wrapped up on 20 December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |author=CE Features |title=Filming of Vineeth Sreenivasan's Varshangalkku Shesham wraps up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/20/filming-of-vineeth-sreenivasansvarshangalkku-shesham-wraps-up-50563.html |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222171804/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/20/filming-of-vineeth-sreenivasansvarshangalkku-shesham-wraps-up-50563.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film used more than 50 locations, and involved over 200 crew members.<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title=It's a wrap for Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Varshangalkku Shesham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-vineeth-sreenivasans-varshangalkku-shesham/articleshow/106143792.cms |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222010457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-vineeth-sreenivasans-varshangalkku-shesham/articleshow/106143792.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Although the film depicts [[Chennai]] in the 1970s and 1980s, it was not shot in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=Varshangalkku Shesham songs reveal Pranav Mohanlal-starrer is set in early 70s |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/varshangalkku-shesham-songs-reveal-pranav-mohanlal-starrer-is-set-in-early-70s/42b7c5c830227 |publisher=[[OTT Play]] |access-date=10 April 2024 |date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406185320/https://www.ottplay.com/news/varshangalkku-shesham-songs-reveal-pranav-mohanlal-starrer-is-set-in-early-70s/42b7c5c830227 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
[[Dubbing]] for the film commenced in early January 2024 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2024 |title=Dubbing begins for Vineeth Sreenivasan's 'Varshangalkku Shesham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dubbing-begins-for-vineeth-sreenivasans-varshangalkku-shesham/articleshow/106694579.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113105600/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dubbing-begins-for-vineeth-sreenivasans-varshangalkku-shesham/articleshow/106694579.cms |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The dubbing process was completed the same month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=23 January 2024 |title=Dubbing wraps up for Varshangalkku Shesham |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jan/23/dubbing-wraps-upfor-varshangalkku-shesham-51471.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406201245/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jan/23/dubbing-wraps-upfor-varshangalkku-shesham-51471.html |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=25 January 2024 |title=Vineeth Srinivasan and Team Complete Dubbing for Varshangalkku Shesham |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/vineeth-srinivasan-and-team-complete-dubbing-for-varshangalkku-shesham |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204121335/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/vineeth-srinivasan-and-team-complete-dubbing-for-varshangalkku-shesham |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=Film Companion South |language=en}}</ref> It was followed by the final stage of editing, which occurred during the same month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2024 |title='Varshangalkku Shesham': Makers head to the final edit of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varshangalkku-shesham-final-edit-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-film/articleshow/107080966.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215001750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varshangalkku-shesham-final-edit-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-film/articleshow/107080966.cms |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The [[audio mixing]] of the film was completed by March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2024 |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan wraps the final mix for 'Varshangalkku Shesham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vineeth-sreenivasan-wraps-the-final-mix-for-varshangalkku-shesham/articleshow/108767257.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327092031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vineeth-sreenivasan-wraps-the-final-mix-for-varshangalkku-shesham/articleshow/108767257.cms |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=25 March 2024 |title=Final mixing of Vineeth Sreenivasan's Varshangalkku Shesham completed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/25/final-mixing-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-varshangalkku-shesham-completed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407134912/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/25/final-mixing-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-varshangalkku-shesham-completed |archive-date=7 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Varshangalkku Shesham (soundtrack)}}
''Varshangalkku Shesham'' marks the debut feature film composition work of Amrit Ramnath, the son of singer-composer [[Bombay Jayashri]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |title=Bombay Jayashri's son Amrit Ramnath turns composer for Varshangalkku Shesham |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/14/bombay-jayashris-son-amrit-ramnath-turns-composer-for-varshangalkku-shesham-45624.html |work=[[Cinema Express]] |accessdate=10 December 2023 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210034321/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/14/bombay-jayashris-son-amrit-ramnath-turns-composer-for-varshangalkku-shesham-45624.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Ramnath started composing for the film while he was at the hospital (his mother was ill) and composed three tracks during the period.<ref>{{cite news |author=CE Features |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan praises Varshangalkku Shesham's composer, Amrit Ramnath |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/05/vineeth-sreenivasan-praises-varshangalkku-sheshams-composer-amrit-ramnath-50991.html |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108192700/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/05/vineeth-sreenivasan-praises-varshangalkku-sheshams-composer-amrit-ramnath-50991.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Manu Manjith]], Vaisakh Sugunan, Jayashri, and Sreenivasan wrote the lyrics.<ref name="ramnath-2024">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Amrit |date=7 April 2024 |title=Varshangalkku Shesham (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/varshangalkku-shesham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1733727180 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407131936/https://music.apple.com/in/album/varshangalkku-shesham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1733727180 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Think Music]] |via=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> [[Think Music]] released the film's soundtrack album on 7 April 2024, an album consisting of 14 songs.<ref name="ramnath-2024" />

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Varshangalkku Shesham'' was theatrically released worldwide on 11 April 2024 with a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] from [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] during the [[Ramadan]] and [[Vishu]] weekend, along with ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' and ''[[Jai Ganesh (film)|Jai Ganesh]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2024 |title='Varshangalkku Shesham' to 'Aavesham': An Exciting Lineup of Malayalam Movies to Look Forward to |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varshangalkku-shesham-to-aavesham-an-exciting-lineup-of-malayalam-movies-to-look-forward-to/articleshow/108939584.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403205619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varshangalkku-shesham-to-aavesham-an-exciting-lineup-of-malayalam-movies-to-look-forward-to/articleshow/108939584.cms |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The date was announced through a first-look poster released by director [[Karan Johar]] in December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title='Varshangalkku Shesham': Karan Johar unveils first-look poster of Vineeth Sreenivasan's next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varshangalkku-shesham-karan-johar-unveils-first-look-poster-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-next/article67659650.ece |access-date=22 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221151122/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varshangalkku-shesham-karan-johar-unveils-first-look-poster-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-next/article67659650.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="the indian express-2024">{{cite news |author= |date=13 February 2024 |title=Varshangalkku Shesham teaser: Pranav Mohanlal, Dhyan Sreenivasan to shine in Vineeth Sreenivasan's period comedy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/varshangalkku-shesham-teaser-pranav-mohanlal-dhyan-sreenivasan-to-shine-in-vineeth-sreenivasans-period-comedy-9159600/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315184219/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/varshangalkku-shesham-teaser-pranav-mohanlal-dhyan-sreenivasan-to-shine-in-vineeth-sreenivasans-period-comedy-9159600/ |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The film was distributed by the production company Merryland Cinemas in Kerala, while Phars Film acquired the distribution rights in overseas territories.<ref name="the indian express-2024" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2023 |title='Varshangalkku Shesham': Karan Johar unveils first-look poster of Vineeth Sreenivasan's next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varshangalkku-shesham-karan-johar-unveils-first-look-poster-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-next/article67659650.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104070815/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varshangalkku-shesham-karan-johar-unveils-first-look-poster-of-vineeth-sreenivasans-next/article67659650.ece |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sakthi Film Factory acquired the theatrical rights for film distribution across Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=This Film Distribution Company Secures Theatrical Rights For Varshangalkku Shesham In Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/this-film-distribution-company-secures-theatrical-rights-for-varshangalkku-shesham-in-tamil-nadu-8841068.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406191122/https://www.news18.com/movies/this-film-distribution-company-secures-theatrical-rights-for-varshangalkku-shesham-in-tamil-nadu-8841068.html |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film started streaming on [[SonyLIV]] from 7 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-05-29 |title=Varshangalkku Shesham OTT release details |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/varshangalkku-shesham-ott-release-details-896357 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were acquired by [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and premiered on 1 September 2024.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=30 March 2025 |title=ആവേശം പകരാന്‍ 'ആവേശം' മാത്രമല്ല; ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റിലെ ഓണച്ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/onam-2024-movies-on-asianet-aavesham-varshangalkku-shesham-manjummel-boys-premalu-guruvayoorambala-nadayil-siphnu|website=Asianet News|date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
''Varshangallku Shesham'' received mixed reviews from critics as well audiences upon release. On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 72% of 8 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.6/10.<ref name="ierev"/>

Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and stated "Vineeth Sreenivasan deserves applause for striving to blend the past with the present and revoking[sic] your memories."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varshangalkku Shesham Review: Magical Bromance|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/varshangalkku-shesham-review/20240419.htm |date=19 April 2024 |website=Rediff}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Anna Mathews praised the performances of Nivin Pauly and Basil Joseph.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Varshangalkku Shesham Movie Review : Nivin Pauly-Basil Joseph comic cameos perk up Vineeth Sreenivasan's cinema-friendship story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/varshangalkku-shesham/movie-review/109219851.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Latha Srinivasan praised the performances of the cast and Vineeth Srinivasan's direction as earnest, but felt the film was lengthy and melodramatic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=Varshangalkku Shesham Review: Vineeth Sreenivasan's tale of friendship is earnest but melodramatic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/varshangalkku-shesham-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-s-tale-of-friendship-is-earnest-but-melodramatic-101712930244899.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413062526/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/varshangalkku-shesham-review-vineeth-sreenivasan-s-tale-of-friendship-is-earnest-but-melodramatic-101712930244899.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' praised the film as an ode to cinema and friendship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2024-04-11 |title=Varshangalkku Shesham review: Pranav-Dhyan starrer is a tribute to cinema and friendship |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/varshangalkku-shesham-review-pranav-dhyan-starrer-is-a-tribute-to-cinema-and-friendship |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411140903/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/varshangalkku-shesham-review-pranav-dhyan-starrer-is-a-tribute-to-cinema-and-friendship |url-status=live }}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'', however, criticised the film's writing and Pranav Mohanlal's acting, but commended Nivin Pauly's performance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/varshangalkku-shesham-movie-review-dhyan-sreenivasan-pranav-mohanlal-try-too-hard-9262736/ | title=Varshangalkku Shesham movie review: Dhyan Sreenivasan, Pranav Mohanlal try 'too hard' in Vineeth Sreenivasan's weakest film | date=11 April 2024 }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Varshangalkku Shesham'' grossed over {{INR|82.75}} crore in its theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Year Ender 2024: Top 10 highest-grossing Mollywood movies at worldwide box office; Manjummel Boys emerges victorious |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/year-ender-2024-top-10-highest-grossing-mollywood-movies-at-worldwide-box-office-1362638 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|28364355}}

{{Vineeth Sreenivasan}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ernakulam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Salem]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 2020s]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s historical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Self-reflexive films]]
[[Category:Semi-autobiographical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vineeth Sreenivasan]]

Nandini Layout

2026-03-29T18:29:40Z

Sddhvnkengineering: brief update details for accuracy also and added references

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| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mahalakshmi Layout (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Mahalakshmi Layout]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nandini Layout''' was a village before it was converted into a residential area and is located in west [[Bangalore]]. It is 7 km from Majestic. It is famous for parks. Adjacent to the Main Bus stand is the Nandini Layout '''Central Park''', also known as Circular Park, as it is circular in shape and is concentrically surrounded by roads. Nandini Layout is surrounded by [[Peenya]], Kurubarahalli, [[Mahalakshmi Layout]] and [[Yeswanthpur]]. It is known as the Ooty of Bangalore for its trees and greenery. Moreover, the number of parks in the area is so much so that it remains famous for the same. Nandini Layout's connection to Singapore is more than just a passing comparison, it was a foundational vision of its creator. Often referred to by locals as "Singapore Colony" or "Gundu Rao Colony," the area was specifically modeled after urban planning seen in Singapore during the 1980s.

The advent of the Namma Metro Green Line was a turning point for the neighborhood. While the layout doesn't have a station in its immediate center, the nearby Mahalakshmi and Sandal Soap Factory stations have drastically reduced commute times to Majestic (the city’s central transit hub) and South Bengaluru.
Internally, the layout is organized into "blocks." Each block functions almost like a mini-village, with its own local markets, temples, and small parks. The roads are generally wider than those in older "pete" areas, though the hilly terrain makes for some steep climbs that give local morning walkers a rigorous workout.

The layout was the brainchild of the late former Chief Minister of Karnataka, R. Gundu Rao. After a visit to Singapore in the early 1980s, he was so impressed by the city-state's organized residential blocks and lush greenery that he dreamt of developing a model layout in Bengaluru that captured that same charm. The centerpiece of the layout is the Nandini Layout Central Park (Circular Park). The design features concentric roads radiating from this green core, an impressive feat of geometric planning that includes eight concentric rings. Long before Bengaluru was struggling with rapid urbanization, Nandini Layout was designed to prioritize trees and parks. This early commitment to a "green lung" reflects Singapore's own transformation into a "City in Nature". Much like Singapore’s HDB (Housing & Development Board) estates, Nandini Layout was envisioned as a self-contained colony. In its early years, bulk blocks were purchased by over 20 public sector undertakings—including nationalised banks and insurance companies—to house their employees, creating a stable, close-knit community of working professionals and senior citizens.

Like any aging urban area, Nandini Layout faces its share of challenges. The very hills that make it beautiful also make it difficult for modern drainage systems during extreme rainfall. Furthermore, as the city grows, there is increasing pressure to convert old independent bungalows into multi-story apartment complexes. While this brings more people and modern amenities, there is a lingering fear among long-term residents that the "Ooty" charm might eventually be lost to over-densification. The local temples, such as the Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, serve as more than just religious sites; they are community centers where people gather for music performances, social work, and local gossip. During festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi or Kannada Rajyotsava, the streets come alive with decorations, processions, and community feasts (Dasoha). The soul of Nandini Layout is its people. Historically, it has been a stronghold for the Kannada-speaking middle class, including government employees, educators, and retired professionals. This demographic has fostered a culture that prioritizes festivals, literature, and classical arts.

Over the decades, Nandini Layout has evolved into an educational hub. It caters to a diverse demographic, offering schools that follow various curricula. Institutions like Nandini Public School and Jnanavahini Public School have been staples of the community for generations, educating thousands of local children. The transition from St. Paul’s English School to Presidency School is a defining chapter in Nandini Layout’s history, marking the evolution of one of the area's first major educational institutions into a sprawling academic group. The Nandini Layout branch (now known as PSNLO) transitioned into a co-educational day school affiliated with the CISCE (ICSE) board.

In terms of healthcare, the area is exceptionally well-served. It is minutes away from world-class facilities like Manipal Hospital (Yeshwanthpur) and Sparsh Hospital. However, the charm of the area lies in its local clinics and family doctors who have practiced in the same corner buildings for thirty years, knowing their patients by name—a rarity in the modern, corporate healthcare landscape. : What makes this design particularly unique is that it was not built on a flat plain; it follows the natural slopes and elevations of the Vrishabhavathi Valley, which creates a striking visual of rising and falling circular streets.

While primarily residential, the outskirts of Nandini Layout are buzzing with commercial activity. It serves as a residential base for many who work in the Peenya Industrial Area, one of the largest industrial estates in Southeast Asia. This proximity creates a unique economic synergy where the quiet streets of the layout provide a sanctuary for those working in the high-decibel manufacturing sector.
For leisure, residents don't have to travel far. The Orion Mall and Brigade Gateway complex are just a short drive away, offering high-end retail, cinemas, and dining. However, most locals still prefer the "Nandini Layout Main Road" for their daily needs. Here, traditional "Kirana" stores coexist with modern supermarkets, and street food vendors serve up some of the best masala puri and filter coffee in the city.

== References ==
* http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/navarathri-programmes-at-nandini-layout/article6449022.ece
* [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Akrama-Sakrama-looks-set-to-bail-out-Nandini-Layout/articleshow/28904487.cms ]
* http://www.deccanherald.com/content/233061/nandini-layout-residents-protest.html

{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in West Bengaluru]]

K. T. Jaleel

2026-03-29T05:51:57Z

Sddhvnkengineering:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. T. Jaleel
| image = KT Jaleel.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|05|30|df=yes}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2011|05|13|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]]
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| office2 = [[First Vijayan ministry|Minister for Higher Education & Local Self Governments]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2018|08|14|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|2021|04|13|df=yes}}
| successor2 = * [[R. Bindu]]
(Higher Education)
* [[M.B. Rajesh]]
(Local Self Governments)
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2006|05|11|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2011|05|13|df=yes}}
| constituency1 = [[Kuttippuram (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttippuram]]
| predecessor1 = [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| successor1 = ''Constituency abolished''
| party = Independent
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| spouse = Fathima Jaleel
| children = 3
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''K. T. Jaleel''' (born 30 May 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Kerala]] and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]] and has served as Minister of [[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education]], [[Department of Minority Welfare (Kerala)|Welfare of Minorities]], Waqf and Hajj in the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]] -led ministry. He was first elected to Kerala Legislative Assembly in [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]. He was an Associate Professor of History at [[Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College|P. S. M. O. College]], Tirurangadi.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/dr_k_t_jaleel.htm |title=Members – Kerala Legislature |publisher=Niyamasabha.org |date= |accessdate=2013-09-08 |archive-date=24 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824071127/http://niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/dr_k_t_jaleel.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
He previously served as Minister of [[Local Self Government Department (Kerala)|Local Self Governments]], [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/pinarayi-vijayan-sworn-in-as-kerala-cm-2818813/ | title=Pinarayi Vijayan takes oath as Kerala Chief Minister | date=26 May 2016 | newspaper=The Indian Express | first=Shaju | last=Philip | accessdate=11 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/simi-leader-to-cpm-poster-boy-the-rise-and-rise-of-kt-jaleel-who-was-grilled-by-ed-in-gold-smuggling-case-2875677.html | title=SIMI Leader to CPM Poster Boy: The Rise and Rise of KT Jaleel Who Was Grilled by ED in Gold Smuggling Case | date=14 September 2020 }}</ref>

==Education==

He completed his Primary education from GUPS-Painkanur, [[Valanchery]] and AUPS Velimukku. His secondary education was from Government Higher secondary School, [[Kuttippuram]]. He did his pre-degree from Islahiya College, Chenamangalur, and his Graduation and Post-graduation from [[Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College]] (PSMO College), [[Tirurangadi]]. He owns an M.Phil-degree from [[University of Calicut]] and Ph.D. from [[Kerala University]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] for the topic "Role of Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji and Ali Musliyar in the Malabar Rebellion of 1921". He is currently Associate Professor in History, in [[Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College|Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College (PSMO) College]], [[Tirurangadi]] and settled at [[Valanchery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psmocollege.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=92 |title=Department of History |publisher=Psmocollege.ac.in |date= |accessdate=2013-09-08}}</ref>

== Political life ==

He was a follower of the [[Students' Islamic Movement of India]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/past-students-islamic-movement-of-india-connections-still-haunts-kerala-minister-k-t-jaleel-889382.html|title=Past Students Islamic Movement of India connections still haunts Kerala minister K T Jaleel|date=18 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/apr/14/the-curious-trajectory-of-kt-jaleels-political-rise-2289776.html|title=The curious trajectory of KT Jaleel's political rise|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> leader as a student and a chairman,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/simi-leader-to-cpm-poster-boy-the-rise-and-rise-of-kt-jaleel-who-was-grilled-by-ed-in-gold-smuggling-case-2875677.html|title=SIMI Leader to CPM Poster Boy: The Rise and Rise of KT Jaleel Who Was Grilled By ED in Gold Smuggling Case|date=14 September 2020|website=News18}}</ref> then joined the [[Muslim Students Federation (I. U. M. L.)|Muslim Students Federation]], the students’ wing of the [[Indian Union Muslim League]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Anandan|first=S.|date=2020-09-20|title=K.T. Jaleel — a giant killer in the dock|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kt-jaleel-a-giant-killer-in-the-dock/article32650532.ece|access-date=2020-09-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was ousted from the youth wing of IUML following differences with the leadership.<ref name=":0" /> Afterwards he contested independently with LDF support.

He was elected as an MLA for the first time in 2006, from [[Kuttippuram (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttippuram constituency]] as LDF supported Independent candidate, defeating the then IUML General Secretary<ref>{{cite web|date=2006-05-14|title=Kerala News : IUML citadel no more invincible|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/14/stories/2006051400530500.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130811101851/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/14/stories/2006051400530500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-11|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2013-09-08}}</ref> [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]. In 2011 he was elected from Thavanoor constituency, defeating V. V. Prakash of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 6,854 votes.<ref>{{cite web|date=2011-04-11|title=Kerala News : A hard fight for UDF, LDF in Thavanur|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/11/stories/2011041155680700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415232923/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/11/stories/2011041155680700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-04-15|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2013-09-08}}</ref> In 2016 he was reelected from Thavanoor, with a majority of 17,064, against P. Ifthiquarudheen of Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/tavanur.html|title = Tavanur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs}}</ref>

Jaleel had come under fire after being accused of nepotism by [[Firos (politician)|P.K.Firos]] of [[Indian Union Muslim League]] over the appointment of his cousin as the general manager of Kerala State Minorities Development Finance Corporation (KSMDFC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/accused-nepotism-kerala-minister-kt-jaleel-s-relative-steps-down-govt-post-91430 |title= K.T. Jaleel accused of nepotism |publisher=The News Minute |date=2018-11-12}}</ref> Kerala High Court had dismissed the plea regarding the same on 11 July 2019 and criticised the political agendas behind the petition by Firos.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-11|title=കെ.ടി.ജലീലിനെതിരായ ഹര്‍ജി ഫിറോസ് പിന്‍വലിച്ചു; ഹര്‍ജി തള്ളി ഹൈക്കോടതി|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/kerala-news/kt-jaleel-case-pk-firoz-high-court/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Indian Express Malayalam|language=ml}}</ref> Jaleel was accused of links to the [[2020 Kerala gold smuggling case]] and was questioned by [[Enforcement Directorate|Enforcement Directorate (ED)]] and the [[National Investigation Agency|National Investigation Agency (NIA)]].<ref name=":0" /> He denied any involvement, saying that the contact with one of the accused Swapna was regarding a charity work as suggested by the Consulate General of UAE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/kerala-gold-scam-swapna-suresh-and-cpim-leader-kt-jaleel-exchanged-16-calls/621444 |title= 16 calls made between CPI(M) leader KT Jaleel and Kerala gold scam accused Swapna Suresh |publisher=The News Minute |date=2018-11-12}}</ref>

K T Jaleel resigned four days after a state anti-corruption ombudsman declared him to be guilty of “favouritism and nepotism”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-minister-k-t-jaleel-resigns-7271626/ |title= Kerala minister K T Jaleel resigns after Lokayukta report; HC reserves order on its quashing |publisher=The Indian Express|date=2021-04-13}}</ref>
K T Jaleel was elected from the constituency Thavanoor in Malapuram defeating Firos Kunamparambil a charity worker with a vote margin of 2,564 Votes in 2021 Kerala Assembly Election.

==Positions held==
He held positions such as: Chairman, P.S. M.O. College Union; he served as [[Muslim Students Federation (I. U. M. L.)|MSF]] chairman in his education period, Malappuram District Council;
Director, Kerala Automobiles Ltd and Malcotex, Karthala Chungam;
General Secretary, Kerala State Muslim Youth League;
Chairman, Standing Committee on Education and Health, District Panchayat Malappuram;
Syndicate member, [[Calicut University]];
Director of [[Department of Non Resident Keralites Affairs|Norka Roots]].<ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/system-to-verify-authenticity-of-work-visas/article51690.ece |title=System to verify authenticity of work visas |work=The Hindu |date=2009-11-20 |accessdate=2013-09-08}}</ref>

==Controversies==
{{cleanup|reason=This section requires copy editing|date=October 2021}}
In 2021, KT Jaleel had to resign from the Pinarayi cabinet after the [[Kerala Lokayukta]] found him guilty of [[nepotism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kt-jaleel-faces-black-flag-demo-by-iuml-activists-over-nepotism-charges-1.3294406|title=KT Jaleel faces black flag demo by IUML activists over nepotism charges|website=Mathrubhumi|date=9 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/nepotism-pk-firos-demands-to-expel-minister-jaleel-1.3278310|title=Nepotism: PK Firos demands to expel minister Jaleel|website=Mathrubhumi|date=3 November 2018 }}</ref> and that he had ‘misused’ his official powers to appoint a family member in Kerala State Minorities Development [[Kerala Financial Corporation|Finance Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-mla-kt-jaleel-approaches-sc-against-lokayukta-nepotism-row-153365|title=Kerala MLA KT Jaleel approaches SC against Lokayukta in nepotism row|date=3 August 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-minister-kt-jaleel-quits-four-days-after-lokayutka-s-guilty-verdict-101618307201128.html|title=Kerala minister KT Jaleel quits four days after Lokayutka's 'guilty' verdict|date=13 April 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In 2018, Jaleel had appointed his close relative KT Adeeb<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/adeeb-has-expertise-govt-appointed-him-ksmdfc/article25445391.ece|title=Adeeb has expertise, govt appointed him: KSMDFC|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 November 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> as General Manager of the KSMDFC, under the Ministry of Minority Welfare in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/appointment-of-jaleels-kin-lok-ayukta-seeks-documents/article26217667.ece|title=Appointment of Jaleel's kin: Lok Ayukta seeks documents|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 February 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/youth-congress-stages-protest-march-to-kt-jaleel-s-residence-kerala-1.3429865|title=Youth Congress stages protest march to KT Jaleel's residence|website=Mathrubhumi|date=27 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/top-news/nepotism-kt-jaleel-petition-in-supreme-court-against-lokayukta-report-and-high-court-verdict-832182|title=ബന്ധു നിയമനം: ഹൈകോടതി വിധിക്കെതിരെ കെ.ടി. ജലീൽ സുപ്രീംകോടതിയിൽ|first=മാധ്യമം|last=ലേഖകൻ|date=3 August 2021|website=www.madhyamam.com}}</ref>

In 2020 there was an investigation of the illegal import of dates and religious texts through [[Diplomatic courier]] mailed to the UAE Consulate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kerala-minister-kt-jaleel-and-the-case-of-illegal-imports-through-uae-consulate-7034060/|title=Explained: Kerala minister Jaleel and the case of illegal imports through UAE Consulate|date=10 November 2020}}</ref> These emerged during a probe into the [[smuggling]] of 30 kg of gold through diplomatic cargo to the Consulate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/customs-to-interrogate-minister-k-t-jaleel-1.5190473|title=Customs to interrogate minister K T Jaleel|website=Mathrubhumi|date=7 November 2020 }}</ref>
The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) called Jaleel as a witness in the [[2020 Kerala gold smuggling case|Gold smuggling case]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-questions-kt-jaleel-in-connection-with-kerala-gold-smuggling-case/story-obfOzN1f7B4YWF5D9j8nNP.html|title=NIA questions KT Jaleel in connection with Kerala gold smuggling case|date=17 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> which has listed him as the 114th witness, had recorded his statements on 17 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jaleel-114th-witness-in-gold-smuggling-case/article33895219.ece|title=NIA names Jaleel as witness in gold smuggling case|first=K. s|last=Sudhi|newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 February 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/10/09/kt-jaleel-gold-smuggling-case-ed.html|title=Gold smuggling case: ED collects property details of Minister KT Jaleel|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-gold-smuggling-case-after-ed-nia-customs-quiz-minister-kt-jaleel/articleshow/79133490.cms|title=Kerala gold smuggling case: After ED & NIA, Customs quiz minister KT Jaleel | Kochi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2020 }}</ref> KT Jaleel's Kashmir-related Facebook post also led to controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=Kashmir remark: Court directs Delhi Police to register FIR against KT Jaleel |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/09/12/delhi-police-directed-register-fir-against-jaleel-over-kashmir-fb-post.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pinarayi Vijayan Cabinet 2016 |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaleel, K. T.}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League]]
[[Category:Politicians from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Higher education ministers of Kerala]]

Kuna Tripathy

2026-03-28T02:24:57Z

Sddhvnkengineering: added initial data needs work...

{{short description|Indian (Odia) actor, Television Presenter and Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kuna Tripathy
| image = Kuna Tripathy (cropped).JPG
| alt = 
| caption = At an event, Rabindra Bhaban, [[Bhubaneswar]]
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor, radio personality, [[VJ (media personality)]], television presenter, politician
| years_active =
| known_for = Chair of [[Odisha Film Development Corporation]]
| notable_works = Regional Television show 'News Fuse'
}}
'''Satyabrata Tripathy (Popular as Kuna Tripathy) is''' an [[Indian actor]], radio personality, [[VJ (media personality)]] and television presenter, who mostly works on Odia language films and television shows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/may/11/kuna-tripathy-chairperson-of-ofdc-1813114.html|title=Kuna Tripathy chairperson of OFDC|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> He is appointed as the chairman of [[Odisha Film Development Corporation]] by the [[Government of Odisha]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kalingatv.com/state/kuna-tripathy-appointed-as-chairman-of-odisha-film-development-corporation/|title=Kuna Tripathy appointed as Chairman of Odisha Film Development Corporation|date=10 May 2018|publisher=KalingaTV|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissapost.com/kuna-tripathy-new-ofdc-chairman/|title=Kuna Tripathy new OFDC chairman|date=10 May 2018|website=Orissa Post |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/odia-cine-actor-kuna-tripathy-takes-charges-as-ofdc-chairman/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521200736/http://odishasuntimes.com/odia-cine-actor-kuna-tripathy-takes-charges-as-ofdc-chairman/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 May 2018|title=Odia cine actor Kuna Tripathy takes charges as OFDC Chairman |website=Odisha Sun Times |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> In his career, he has worked is Script, Lyrics, Dialogue & Direction. He has also scripted and directed many Docu-Dramas, and telefilms.

==Career==
Kuna Tripathy has acted in films like ‘Bandhu’, ‘Mo Dil Kahe Ilu Ilu’ and ‘Love Dot Com’. He worked as a radio artist on [[All India Radio]](AIR), [[Cuttack]]. He earned fame with the Odia-language satirical show ‘News Fuse’, which is known as the best news spoof programme of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/kuna-tripathy-appointed-chairman-of-odisha-film-development-corporation-294709|title=Kuna Tripathy appointed Chairman of Odisha Film Development Corporation|date=10 May 2018|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

Kuna Tripathy started his career at the age of 6 in a stage drama, and by that time he had also worked in Shishu Sansar (All India Radio).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuna Tripathy chairperson of OFDC|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/may/11/kuna-tripathy-chairperson-of-ofdc-1813114.html|access-date=2020-07-26|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He has also worked in prominent radio stationsof India such as All India Radio (Cuttack) & Vividh Bharati from the year1988 to 1999. In 1995, he participated in an Odia theatre drama, Satarka Sanghamitra of AIR which won the Best Play in India award.

He made his debut in the year 1987 through the Hindi movie 'Sopan'. Besides that, he has also appeared in other Odia movies such as 'Kiye Kahara' (1997), 'Maa Gojabayani'<ref>{{Citation|title=Maa Goja Bayani (1999) |website=IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1452902/fullcredits|access-date=2020-07-26}}{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2023}}</ref> (1998), Lat Sahib, Rakata Chinhichi Nijara Kiye (1999 Superhit), Samaya Chakra Re Sansara Ratha, Nari Akhi Re Nia,<ref>{{Citation|title=Nari Akhire Nian (2003) |website=IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1454139/fullcredits|access-date=2020-07-26}}{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2023}}</ref> Tate Mo Rana, Tu Mo Akhi Ra Tara, Dharma Ra Haba Jaye, Satyameva Jayate,<ref>{{Citation|title=Satya Meba Jayate|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440283/|access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref> Pila Ta Bigidi Gala, Tu Eka Mo Saha Bharasa, Prem Kumar. He has also acted in two Bengali movies - Bichu Chelly<ref>{{Citation|title=BICHHU CHELLY|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7773680/|access-date=2020-07-26}}</ref> & Bhandhu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bandhu (2007) |website=IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1841514/fullcredits|access-date=2020-07-26}}{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2023}}</ref>

==Political career==
Tripathy is a member of [[Biju Janata Dal]] or known as [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] joined in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/may/11/kuna-tripathy-chairperson-of-ofdc-1813114.html|title=Kuna Tripathy Join BJD|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/ollywood-actor-kuna-tripathy-appointed-ofdc-chairperson/|title=Ollywood Actor Kuna Tripathy Appointed OFDC Chairperson|last=Bureau|first=O. B.|date=10 May 2018|website=Odisha Bytes |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> When Tripathy was appointed as chair of [[Odisha Film Development Corporation]] by the governing party and as a member of the party, he left the show 'News Fuse'. Because the show has been boycotted by [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] who had accused the show in the past of being anti-government and pro-[[BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishanewsinsight.com/odisha/kuna-tripathy-leaving-otv-to-join-news-world-odisha/|title=Kuna Tripathy leaving OTV to join News World Odisha?|date=8 July 2018|website=Odisha News Insight|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

== Television ==
Tripathy made his small screen debut in the year 1995 with the Odia Mega Serial, 'Kahuthile Saribani'. Along with that, he has played roles in some popular TV shows like Samparka, Duhita, Sara Akasha, Je Pakhi Ude Jete Dura, Dasi, Rajaniti and Tulasi.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

He worked on the show ''News Fuse'' from 2008 until 2018, when he became the host of the satire show ''Bampha'' in Nandighosa TV.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Personal life==
Satyabrata "Kuna" Tripathy, born on 22 January 1968, completed his master's degree in Arts from Ravenshaw University. He has always paid respect to Late actor [[Parbati Ghose]] as his Guru and mother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mycitylinks.in/i-lost-my-mother-again-kuna-tripathy|title=I Lost My Mother Again: Kuna Tripathy|website=Mycitylinks- Bhubaneswar {{!}} Cuttack {{!}} Puri|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Married to Sangeeta Tripathy, he has two daughters - Shreya & Shloka Tripathy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuna Tripathy is all praise for his wife - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/kuna-tripathy-is-all-praise-for-his-wife/articleshow/75275158.cms|access-date=2020-07-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sikhism in Singapore

2026-03-26T06:20:52Z

Sddhvnkengineering: cleanup layout additionally and updated info

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox religious group|group=Sikhism in Singapore|pop='''12,000 to 15,000''' (2020) '''0.3%''' of the resident{{efn|In Singapore, the term "resident" refers to both [[Singaporean nationality law|citizens]] and [[Permanent residency in Singapore|permanent residents]] (PRs).}} population|langs=[[Malay language|Malay]] • [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[English Language|English]]|image=Central Sikh Gurdwara, Singapore (2025) - img 01.jpg|image_caption=[[Central Sikh Temple]]|flag=Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|religions=Predominantly [[Sikhism]]{{efn|Although Sikhs are primarily defined as an ethnoreligious group, a distinction is often made between Sikh ethnic identity and religious adherence. Individuals of Sikh ancestry may identify with the community's cultural and historical heritage without practicing the faith, while others may adhere to different religions while maintaining their ethnic Sikh identity.}}|flag_size=50px}}

'''Singaporean Sikhs''' are an [[ethnoreligious group]] forming a minority community in [[Singapore]]. [[Sikhism]] has been present in Singapore for centuries, particularly through the service of Sikhs in the military and police forces of the [[British Empire]]. There are about 12,000–15,000 practising Sikhs in Singapore, most of whom are ethnic [[Punjabis]].<ref name="Iyer">{{cite news|url=http://www.topnews.in/law/sikhs-singapore-turbanators-rich-tradition-donning-uniform-254324|title=Sikhs in Singapore: Turbanators with rich tradition of donning uniform|last=Iyer|first=Raman|access-date=9 March 2011}}</ref> The community maintains seven [[Gurdwara|gurdwaras]], as well as a missionary society, a welfare society, two youth organisations and two sports clubs.<ref name="HT2015">{{cite web | title=Sikhs benefited from Singapore prosperity, says CSGB president | website=hindustantimes.com | date=24 August 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjabisabroad/sikhs-benefited-from-singapore-prosperity/article1-1383423.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824144217/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjabisabroad/sikhs-benefited-from-singapore-prosperity/article1-1383423.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 August 2015 | access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

During the period when [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]] was part of the [[Straits Settlements]], Sikhs migrated from the [[Punjab]] region to work as policemen under British rule. Many left their homeland due to poverty and debt, seeking better prospects across the Empire.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Yong |first=Tan Tai |title=Singapore-India Relations: A Primer |last2=Major |first2=Andrew J. |publisher=NUS Press |year=1995 |isbn=9789971691950 |editor-last=Yong |editor-first=Mun Cheong |pages=10–11 |chapter=1: India and Indians in the Making of Singapore |quote= |editor-last2=Rao |editor-first2=V. V. Bhanoji}}</ref> The early Sikhs were commonly employed in law enforcement and security occupations, such as policemen, [[Security officer|guards]] or [[Watchman (law enforcement)|watchmen]].<ref name=":7" /> Over time, and especially after [[World War II]], they began to enter business and white-collar professions that includes finance and law.<ref name=":7" />

==History==
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
=== 19th century ===

==== Earliest arrivals ====
[[File:Bhai Maharaj Singh and Companion (Khurruck Singh) in a Prison Cell.jpg|thumb|[[Bhai Maharaj Singh]] (standing) and Companion (Khurruck Singh, seated on right) in a Prison Cell. Painted in Calcutta in November 1850. Maharaj Singh and his companion were the first Sikhs in Singapore on record.]]
Some of the first [[Sikh|Sikhs]] to migrate, albeit not voluntarily, to [[Singapore]] were [[Bhai Maharaj Singh|Maharaj Singh]] and Khurruck Singh in 1850; Maharaj Singh was sent there as a political prisoner by the [[British Empire]] after the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/sikhs-in-singapore-1850.html |title=Sikhs in Singapore 1850 | Historical Events :Gateway to Sikhism |access-date=2009-04-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429110431/http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/sikhs-in-singapore-1850.html |archive-date=2009-04-29 }} 2009/04/15/Sikhs in Singapore 1850</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |date=19 September 2015 |title=A freedom fighter like few others |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/a-freedom-fighter-like-few-others-135321 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> They both arrived in Singapore on 14 June 1850 whilst other sources claim their date of arrival in Singapore to be 9 July 1850.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harjinder |date=15 May 2017 |title=Bhai Maharaj Singh - Freedom Fighter for The Panjab |url=https://sikhri.org/articles/bhai-maharaj-singh-freedom-fighter-for-panjab |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=Sikh Research Institute (SRI)}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |date=19 September 2015 |title=A freedom fighter like few others |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/a-freedom-fighter-like-few-others-135321 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

Aside from them, there is scant evidence of a prominent Sikh presence in Singapore prior to 1881, however Tan Tai Yong speculates that some Sikhs may have been present in Singapore from the time of the earliest British settlement in the early 19th century as [[Sepoy|sepoys]], domestic servants, and convicts.<ref name=":1" /> According to Yong, Sikhs began migrating out of the Punjab for economic reasons ever since its annexation in 1849 by the British.<ref name=":1" />

In the second half of the 19th century, the majority of Sikh migrants to Singapore were employed in the police or security forces.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Embark on a Journey to Discover the Singaporean Sikh Identity at the Indian Heritage Centre |url=https://asianjourneys.com.sg/29-Mar-2021/embark-on-a-journey-to-discover-the-singaporean-sikh-identity-at-the-indian-heritage-centre |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Asian Journeys}}</ref> When these migrants returned to their native villages in Punjab on vacation, they spread word about the prospects of Singapore for settlement, leading more of their kind to come, increasing the Sikh diaspora in Singapore.<ref name=":1" />

This marked the start of a proper Sikh community in Singapore as prior to this, the Sikhs that were sent here were convicts as Singapore served as a convict colony, and did not form a community. However, this stopped in 1857 when [[Andaman Islands]] became the new convict colony, since then, up till the formation of the Sikh Police Contingent, there were no records of Sikh migrants in Singapore.<ref name="auto" />

==== Police and military recruits ====
A factor which led to Sikhs joining the military or migrating out of Punjab was also the local economic situation in Punjab during the British-rule. Due to the political stability and economic growth in the Punjab after its annexation by the British, profits from agricultural output increased which led to the prices for arable land to rise.<ref name=":1" /> Thus, peasants started to use land as a collateral to borrow money from moneylenders, especially in the Majha region.<ref name=":1" /> They used these funds to purchase more land, fund a conspicuous lifestyle, and pay their land revenue taxes.<ref name=":1" /> However, there was a risk of them losing their land if they could not pay off their loans, thus these Sikhs began to join the military to supplement their income, as military service provided regular pay and pensions.<ref name=":1" /> The British preferred to recruit Sikhs belonging to the Jat caste from particular districts in the Majha region.<ref name=":1" /> Many Sikhs who were not able to be recruited in the colonial military looked elsewhere and either set westward to the [[Punjab Canal Colonies|canal-colonies]] or moved abroad looking for work, such as in North America ([[Sikhism in Canada|Canada]], [[Sikhism in the United States|USA]]) or in southeast Asia ([[Sikhism in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Sikhism in Malaysia|Malaya]] and the Straits Settlements).<ref name=":1" />

The Sikhs were highly admired by the British, especially after encountering how the Sikhs fought during the war against British in Punjab, also known as the First Anglo-Sikh War, which happened from 11 December 1845 to 9 March 1846.<ref name="auto">Singh, Mohinder. 1985. Communities of Singapore (Part 2) Pitt Kuan Wah Interview by. In person.</ref> Jat Sikh recruitment into the Indian British military increased after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]].<ref name=":1" /> The Sikhs were known as martial Indians, known for their bravery and their well-built body.<ref>Lai, Ah Eng. 2008. Religious Diversity In Singapore. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies jointly with Institute of Policy Studies.</ref> The uprising of Singapore Societies along with the local police not deemed fit by the British lead to the recruitment of the Sikhs.<ref name="auto" /> [[File:Qing-era Chinese political reformer and thinker Kang Youwei photographed with his Sikh guards in Singapore, ca.1897–1901.jpg|thumb|Qing-era Chinese political reformer and thinker [[Kang Youwei]] photographed with his Sikh guards in Singapore, ca.1897–1901]]
In 1879, the Commission of Enquiry of the Straits Settlement Police Force in Singapore made a recommendation for the recruitment of Sikhs from the Punjab for the purposes of policing Singapore.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Jaime |date=23 July 2013 |title=Sikh community |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=31531085-04f3-4e91-841a-4ad6ee600e07 |access-date=13 Feb 2025 |website=National Library Board, Singapore}}</ref> This led to the eventual establishment of the Sikh Police Contingent (SPC) in Singapore in 1881, with the first batch of 54 Sikh recruits arriving in Singapore on 26 March 1881 and another 65 in August that year.<ref>Singh, Choor (Justice). 1991. Communities of Singapore (Part 2) Rajandran Supramaniam Interview by. In person.</ref><ref name=":8" /> Around 200 Sikhs arrived to Singapore Island to form a new Sikh police contingent to augment the local police force.<ref name=":7" /> A total of 165 Sikhs from British Punjab arrived on the island to form the new police contingent in 1881.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Thus, Sikhs began migrating to Singapore in-hopes of being recruited by the Straits Settlement Police Force.<ref name=":7" /> The Sikh policemen were deployed at the Tanjong Pagar Police Station as well as the Tanjong Pagar Dock Police Station.<ref name=":2" /> The Sikhs responsibility was to counter Chinese Secret Societies as well as the security of the docks, harbors and the godowns.<ref name=":2" /> However, not all Sikhs that arrived are recruited as policemen as the British had stringent requirements – recruit has to be younger than 25 years old, have a minimum height of 5 feet 6 inch (1.68m) and a minimum chest measurement of 33 inch (84 cm).<ref name=":2">National Library Board, Singapore, and Jaime Koh. 2013. "Sikh Community | Infopedia". Eresources.Nlb.Gov.Sg. http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-29_174120.html.</ref><ref name=":1" /> On top of that, it was also revealed in the General Orders that only non-English educated Sikhs who came from the farming community (known as [[Jat Sikh|Jat Sikhs]]) are to be recruited. This is to ensure that the British will be able to control these Sikhs, as they were considered obedient and will follow blindly to those who they have taken the oath of obedience to. Hence, those who failed to be selected found work as security guards and watchmen with private employers.<ref name="auto" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1898, a [[Sikhism in Hong Kong|Sikh from Hong Kong]] named Lal Singh acted as a leader for the community during meetings, successfully gathering funds for the establishment of a ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]]''.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Sikh Diaspora: Migration and the Experience Beyond Punjab |publisher=South Asia Books |year=1989 |isbn=9788170010470 |editor-last=Barrier |editor-first=Norman Gerald |edition=1st |page= |chapter= |quote= |editor-last2=Dusenbery |editor-first2=Verne A.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=66}}

At the time, Punjabis and Sikhs were not the only group of Indians in Singapore, there were also [[Tamils]], [[Malayalis]], [[Telugu people|Telugus]], [[Sri Lankan people|Ceylonese]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Sindhis]], [[Biharis]], and [[Bengalis]].<ref name=":7" />

=== 20th century ===
By the turn of the century, the community was still small but settled (concentrated in the town areas), and predominantly male.<ref name=":1" /> These were mostly transitory migrants who had no true intentions of permanently settling in Singapore, with them having the goal of eventually moving elsewhere or returning to their homeland.<ref name=":1" /> There were smaller amounts of Sikh females but they were usually the wives of Sikh policemen.<ref name=":1" /> The reason for limited amounts of Sikh females is due to the unfamiliar environment, lack of employment options, and the living standards.<ref name=":1" /> It was typical for married Sikh men to leave their wives back in Punjab and reside in Singapore without them or for single Singaporean-Sikh men to return to Punjab in-order to find a wife and get married, after they had saved-up enough funds for the purpose.<ref name=":1" /> Most Singaporean Sikhs in the early 20th century were employed as policemen, security guards, or caretakers.<ref name=":1" /> However, some Singaporean Sikhs at the time pursued work in agriculture, such as by being dairy farmers and bullock drivers and keeping some heads of cattle on the outskirts of town.<ref name=":1" /> Many of the Sikhs, especially watchmen, were working multiple jobs or side-hustles (especially in money-lending) in-order to bring-in as much income as possible and to send funds back to their homeland in the form of remittance.<ref name=":1" /> Some of them aimed to eventually return to Punjab as wealthy individuals and thus worked hard to achieve their dream.<ref name=":1" /> Often, retired policemen took-up new jobs as watchmen, which afforded them to become moneylenders as well.<ref name=":1" /> The Singaporean Sikh policemen were barracked at Pearl’s Hill whilst those working as watchmen or security-guards resided near their places of employment, which were usually go-downs, banks, and offices located within the municipal area.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Print from 'Journal des Voyages' depicting a Sikh policeman rounding up Chinese criminals by their queues in Singapore, made in Paris, 1912.jpg|thumb|Print from ''Journal des Voyages'' depicting a Sikh policeman rounding up Chinese criminals by their queues in Singapore, made in Paris, 1912]]
In 1912, the ''Journal des Voyages'' published a satirical print of Sikh policemen rounding up Chinese criminals by their [[Queue (hairstyle)|queues]] in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2022 |title=Roots: Sikh policeman rounds up Chinese criminals by their queues |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2022/03/06/42298/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Asia Samachar}}</ref>

After WW1, especially in the 1920's and 1930's, a new type of Sikh commercial migrants started to arrive in Singapore, these were business-minded Sikhs who worked as petty traders, pedlars, shopkeepers, and merchants, particularly in textiles.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> They are to be distinguished from the Jat Sikh migrants sourced from the peasantry that had characterized and dominated the ranks of the prior Sikh arrivers.<ref name=":1" /> They started to build-up commercial enterprises, such as in textiles, which catered to both the Indian and European segments of the Singaporean population as wholesalers and retailers.<ref name=":1" /> Singapore was sort-of a second-choice for Sikh textile workers, as they preferred Bangkok in Thailand, which was the distribution centre of the textile trade in SE Asia.<ref name=":7" /> The Sikh Police Contingent of Singapore was abolished in 1945.<ref name=":8" /> Post-1945, more Sikh commercial migrants arrived due to the aftermath of the partition of Punjab, with some urban Sikh refugees from West Punjab moving abroad to Singapore, Malaya and Thailand, and also due to increased business opportunities as the Korean War raged-on.<ref name=":1" /> From 1950–52, many Sikh businessmen from Bangkok moved to Singapore to benefit from the better banking system.<ref name=":7" /> Some of the Sikh-owned textile business in this era were Hardial Singh & Co. and Gian Singh & Co.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Vandana |title=Celebrating the journey of Sikhs in Singapore |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/celebrating-the-journey-of-sikhs-in-singapore-237644/ |access-date=13 Feb 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

=== Present ===
The community has been praised for its advancements made in Singaporean society whilst still holding onto its cultural and religious traditions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2023 |title=Sikhs in Singapore hailed for their contribution in diverse fields while retaining their culture |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/sikhs-in-singapore-hailed-for-their-contribution-in-diverse-fields-while-retaining-their-culture-530638 |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>

The [[Central Sikh Temple]] was built to commemorate the 518th anniversary of [[Guru Nanak]], the first Sikh guru. The temple boasts a skilful blend of modern and traditional architecture. The [[Guru Granth Sahib]], or holy book, is enshrined in a prayer hall which has a 13-metre wide dome.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070602005601/http://www.visitsingapore.com/publish/stbportal/en/home/what_to_see/places_of_worship/central_sikh_temple.html]

== Gurdwaras ==
[[File:Photograph of members of the Sikh Police Contingent in-front of Gurdwara Sahib Silat Road in 1931.jpg|thumb|Photograph of members of the Sikh Police Contingent in-front of Gurdwara Sahib Silat Road in 1931. The gurdwara is also known as Singapore Sikh Police Temple. Also pictured is the inspector/general of police.]]With the increasingly stable settlement of Sikhs in Singapore, gurdwaras began to be established in locations where the Sikhs were present.<ref name=":1" /> The gurdwaras were not only places of worship but also functioned as community-centres for the Sikh community.<ref name=":1" /> Within the gurdwaras, there were social, educational, and other charitable activities ongoing and the gurdwara space was used as a place for the community to hold dialogue about important topics both locally and regarding their homeland.<ref name=":1" /> New immigrants freshly landed in Singapore were welcomed at the gurdwaras, which helped them set-up their new life in Singapore by giving them initial shelter and lodging and the temples provided free meals in the form of ''[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]'' (communal kitchen) to travellers and immigrants.<ref name=":1" />

The first known gurdwara was established by the Sikh Police Contingent at Pearl’s Hill.<ref name=":1" /> Prior to this temple's establishment, the Sikh policemen of Pearl's Hill and their relatives held Sikh religious services within the confines of their barracks but this became a difficult situation with the increasing Sikh population, thus the need for a dedicated-structure for Sikh religious activities grew.<ref name=":1" /> The civilian Sikh population at the time wanted their own gurdwara that was separate from the police-gurdwara, thus a civilian [[Central Sikh Temple|gurdwara was established at Queen Street]].<ref name=":1" /> This gurdwara formed out of the purchase of a large compound (with a bungalow) in 1912 by a committee of Sikhs led by the [[Sikhism in Sindh|Sindhi]] merchant [[Wassiamull Assomull|Wassiamull Assomull Mahtani]].<ref name=":1" />

The Pearl's Hill and Tanjong Pagar police-gurdwaras were demolished and a new gurdwara, Gurdwara Sahib Silat Road replaced their purpose, with its construction being completed in 1924.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Gurdwara Sahib Silat Road |url=https://sikhs.org.sg/about-srst/ |access-date=13 Feb 2025 |website=Central Sikh Gurdwara Board}}</ref> On 12 October 1966, the Bhai Maharaj Singh Memorial in the Singapore General Hospital area was shifted to the front of Gurdwara Sahib Silat Road, which helped increase the congregation numbers of the gurdwara at a time when it was struggling.<ref name=":5" />

The Sikhs of northern Singapore were served by three gurdwaras: Naval Base Sikh Temple (est. 1925); Sembawang Sikh Temple (est. 1936), and Jalan Kayu Sikh Temple (est. 1930's). These gurdwaras were all amalgamated over the years until a single gurdwara was constructed in Yishun New Town in 1995 to serve the northern Sikhs of Singapore: Gurdwara Sahib Yishun.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Gurdwara Sahib Yishun: Our History |url=https://gsy.org.sg/our-history/ |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Gurdwara Sahib Yishun}}</ref> There are eight operational gurdwaras in Singapore presently.<ref name=":5" />

=== List of operational gurdwaras ===

* [[Central Sikh Temple]]
* Gurdwara Sahib Silat Road<ref name=":5" />
* Gurdwara Sahib Yishun<ref name=":6" />
* Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha
* Gurdwara Silat Road Sikh Center
* Gurdwara Khalsa Dharmak Sabha
* Gurdwara Pardesi Khalsa
* Gurdwara Katong Sri Guru Nanak Satsang Sabha

=== List of former gurdwaras ===

* Pearl’s Hill Gurdwara<ref name=":5" />
* Tanjong Pagar Dock Sikh Police Gurdwara (demolished in 1912)<ref name=":5" />
* Naval Base Sikh Temple (1925–1971)<ref name=":6" />
* Sembawang Sikh Temple (1936–1995)
* Jalan Kayu Sikh Temple (1930's–1995)<ref name=":6" />

== Influence of Sikhs on Singaporean culture ==

=== Bukit Brown ===
[[Bukit Brown Cemetery|Bukit Brown]] ("Brown's Hill") is a Chinese cemetery in Singapore that features 25 pairs of guardian statues depicting Sikh men guarding the tombs.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=9781442236011 |edition=3rd |series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series}}</ref>{{Rp|page=74}} The height of the Sikh guardian statues in the cemetery ranges from 3 to 6 feet.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=74}} They are placed to the front-right and front-left of the tombstone, with one exception of the Sikh guardian statue being placed behind the tombstone.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=74}} They were arranged in this manner as per ''[[feng shui]]'' principles.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=74}} The Sikh guardian statues were positioned just after the guardian statues of Chinese faeries.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=74}} The Sikh guardian statues of the Chinese cemetery are a reflection of the Singaporean Sikh community's reputation in the early 20th century of being superb watchmen.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=74}}<gallery caption="Sikh guardian statues of Bukit Brown Cemetery">
File:Sepoy statue, Bukit Brown Cemetery, Singapore - 20110326-02a.jpg
File:Sepoy statue, Bukit Brown Cemetery, Singapore - 20111210.JPG
File:Gravestones of Ong Sam Leong and family members, Bukit Brown Cemetery, Singapore - 20110326-06.JPG
File:Sepoy statue, Bukit Brown Cemetery, Singapore - 20110326-03.jpg
</gallery>

== Prominent Sikhs ==
[[File:Gurmit Singh.png|thumb|180px|[[Gurmit Singh]]]]
[[File:Pritam Singh during the 2025 Singaporean general election (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|[[Pritam Singh]]]]
The Sikh Foundation and The Punjabi Foundation of Singapore are prominent associations that are promoting Sikh heritage and Punjabi language there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sikhs in Asia Pacific:Travels among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe|last=Kahlon|first=Swarn Singh|publisher=Manohar Publisher, Ne Delhi|year=2016|editor-last=Virk|editor-first=Dr. Hardev Singh|location=New Delhi|chapter=Sikhs in Singapore}}</ref> Some prominent Sikhs who earned name in public life are:

* [[Choor Singh]], first Sikh Judge of [[Supreme Court of Singapore|Supreme Court]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kanwaljit Soin]], first female [[Nominated Member of Parliament]] (NMP), orthopaedic surgeon and co-founder of the [[Association of Women for Action and Research]] (AWARE)<ref name=":0" />
* Jaswant Singh Gill, first commander of [[Republic of Singapore Navy|Singapore Navy]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=2020-12-21 |title=Singapore's first head of navy Jaswant Singh Gill dies, aged 97 {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapores-first-head-of-navy-dies-aged-97 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.straitstimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Kartar Singh Thakral, founder of [[Thakral Corporation Ltd]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Gurmit Singh]], actor and comedian who acted in [[Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd]] series. Converted to [[Christianity in Singapore|Christianity]] in 1985.
* [[Military ranks of Singapore#Officers|Major-General]] [[Ravinder Singh (general)|Ravinder Singh]], former chief of the [[Singapore Army]]
* [[Inderjit Singh (politician)|Inderjit Singh]], former [[People's Action Party]] (PAP) [[Parliament of Singapore|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Ang Mo Kio Group Representation Constituency]] (GRC)
* [[Davinder Singh (lawyer)|Davinder Singh]], former PAP MP for [[Bishan–Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency|Bishan–Toa Payoh GRC]]
* [[Pritam Singh (Singaporean politician)|Pritam Singh]], [[Workers' Party (Singapore)|Workers' Party]] (WP) MP for [[Aljunied GRC]] and [[Leader of the Opposition (Singapore)|Leader of the Opposition]] from 2020 to 2026
*[[Ajit Singh Gill]], hockey player, sportsperson and Olympian
{{clear}}

== Demographics ==
Population figures and estimates for the number of Singaporean Sikhs vary, ranging from 7,000 – 13,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Arunajeet |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/religious-diversity-in-singapore/evolution-of-the-sikh-identity-in-singapore/64B38827CD87A88C1EF3BDA3E9C2EBA5 |title=Religious Diversity in Singapore |publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute |year=2008 |pages=275–297 |chapter=Part I - The Landscape of Religious Diversity: 11 - The Evolution of the Sikh Identity in Singapore}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> In the 1931 Singapore census, there was a total of 2,988 Sikhs recorded, with 2,666 living in the municipal area and 322 living outside the town areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Yong |first=Tan Tai |date=20 September 2016 |title=The Sikhs in Singapore |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2016/09/20/the-sikhs-in-singapore/ |access-date=13 Feb 2025 |work=Asia Samachar}}</ref> According to the 2000 Singapore census, 5% of Indian-Singaporeans were Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Singapore : Indians |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2008/en/85573 |access-date=13 Feb 2025 |website=UNHCR}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Population of Singaporean Sikhs
!Year
!Figure
!Citation(s)
|-
|1881
|165
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1921
|195
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|1931
|2,988
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2010
|12,952
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Jaime |date=23 July 2013 |title=Sikh community |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=31531085-04f3-4e91-841a-4ad6ee600e07 |access-date=13 Feb 2025 |website=National Library Board, Singapore}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|12,051
|<ref name="auto:">{{Cite news |title=Full report of 2021 Census |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf |access-date=2021-06-28 |page=213}}</ref>
|}

=== Ethnic breakdown ===
Below are the ethnic breakdown of Sikhs according to the 2020 Singapore Census of Population as follows:<ref name="2020Census">{{Cite web |title="Religion by Ethnic in Singapore 2020" |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/cop2020/cop2020-sr1/census20_stat_release1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210617123031/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/cop2020/cop2020-sr1/census20_stat_release1 |archive-date=2021-06-17 |access-date=2021-06-18}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |title=Full report of 2021 Census |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf |access-date=2021-06-28 |page=213}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Ethnic Group
!Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group
!Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Sikhs
!Percentage of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Sikhs
!Percentage of Sikh Residents by Ethnic Group
|-
|Chinese
|2,606,881
|11
|{{percentage bar|0.0004}}
|{{percentage bar|0.09}}
|-
|Malays
|447,747
|80
|{{percentage bar|0.02}}
|{{percentage bar|0.66}}
|-
|Indians
|299,056
|10,265
|{{percentage bar|3.43}}
|{{percentage bar|85.18}}
|-
|Others
|105,410
|1,695
|{{percentage bar|1.61}}
|{{percentage bar|14.07}}
|-
|'''Overall'''
|'''3,459,093'''
|'''12,051'''
|{{percentage bar|0.35}}
|{{percentage bar|100}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Jainism in Southeast Asia]]
* [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |title=Singapore at 50: 50 Sikhs and Their Contributions |date=28 November 2015 |publisher=Young Sikh Association (Singapore) |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Malminderjit |editor-last2=Singh |editor-first2=Sarabjeet |editor-last3=Kaur |editor-first3=Harsimar |editor-last4=Singh |editor-first4=Hernaikh}}

{{Singaporeans}}
{{Asia topic|Sikhism in}}
{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikhism In Singapore}}
[[Category:Sikhism in Singapore| ]]

List of Telugu people

2026-03-25T13:39:01Z

Sddhvnkengineering: cleaned up section per standard format

{{short description|Notable Telugus}}
This is a list of notable [[Telugu people]], also referred to as the '''Andhras''' in the [[Puranas]]. Telugu people are an [[ethnolinguistic group]] that speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]], a [[Dravidian language]] in [[South India|Southern India]].
{{Dynamic list}}

==Ancient dynasties and kingdoms==
[[File:India 2nd century AD.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Satavahana Dynasty]] is also refers as '''Andhras'''|alt=]]
[[File:Eastern Chalukya Maximum Extent.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Eastern Chalukyas]]|alt=]]
[[File:Golkonda Fort 001.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Golkonda Fort]]|alt=]]
[[File:Reddy Kingdom.png|thumb|upright|[[Reddy dynasty]]|alt=]]
[[File:Madurai Nayak Kingdom.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Madurai Nayak Dynasty]]|alt=]]
[[File:Tanjore Nayak Kingdom.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nayaks of Tanjore]]|alt=]]'''Ancient dynasties'''
* [[Satavahana dynasty]],<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=https://mahabubnagar.telangana.gov.in/history/dynasties/|title=Dynasties | Mahabubnagar District, Telangana | India}}</ref> also referred to as '''Andhras''' (2nd Century BCE – 3rd Century CE)
* [[Andhra Ikshvaku]] (3rd Century CE – 4th Century CE)
* [[Bruhatpalayana]] (270 CE – 285 CE)
* [[Salankayanas]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|first=Sailendra Nath|last=Sen|date=February 8, 1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=9788122411980|via=Google Books}}</ref> (300 CE – 440 CE)
* [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] (505 CE – 1434 CE)
* [[Vishnukundina Dynasty]]<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web|url=https://andhraportal.org/history/|title=History | Andhra Cultural Portal}}</ref> (420 CE – 624 CE)
* [[Eastern Chalukyas]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/andhra-pradesh/rajaraja-narendra-680671a54c57|title=Rajaraja Narendra — the forgotten servant of the Telugu language|date=January 25, 2017|website=Medium}}</ref> (624 CE – 1189 CE)
'''Medieval dynasties'''
* [[Pericchedi|Pericchedi Kingdom]] (626 CE – 1292 CE)
* [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada]] (7th Century CE – 10th Century CE)
* [[Kakatiya dynasty]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/11/08/rudrama-devi-queen-kings-image/|title=Rudrama Devi: The Queen Who Wore A King's Image | #IndianWomenInHistory|first=Nivedita|last=Hazra|date=November 7, 2019|website=Feminism In India}}</ref> (1163 CE – 1323 CE)
* [[Kota Vamsa|Kota Dynasty]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-d9IAvFOUHsC|title=The History of Andhra Country, 1000 A.D.-1500 A.D.|first=Yashoda|last=Devi|date=February 8, 1993|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788121204385|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1100 CE – 1270 CE)
* [[Kondapadumati]] Dynasty (1114 CE – 1250 CE)
* [[Chagi|Chagi Dynasty]]<ref name="auto2"/> (1100 CE – 1477 CE)
* [[Reddy dynasty]]<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/jan/29/15th-century-inscription-of-reddy-dynasty-found-in-a-state-of-neglect-1931409.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204020332/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/jan/29/15th-century-inscription-of-reddy-dynasty-found-in-a-state-of-neglect-1931409.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2019|title=15th century inscription of Reddy dynasty found in a state of neglect|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="auto12"/> (1325 CE – 1448 CE)
* [[Gona Budda Reddy#Gona Dynasty|Gona Dynasty]] (13th Century CE)
* [[Aravidu Dynasty]]<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=199 |title=Vijayanagar – AP State Portal |access-date=2020-11-24 |archive-date=2020-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615191009/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=199 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (1336 CE – 1646 CE)
'''Telugu Chodas'''
* [[Telugu Chodas#Renati Chodas|Renati Chodas]]<ref name="auto2"/> (5th Century CE – 9th Century CE)
* [[Velanati Chodas]]<ref name="auto2"/> (1076 CE – 1216 CE)
* [[Telugu Chodas#Pottapi Chodas|Pottapi Chodas]]<ref name="auto2"/> (11th Century CE)
* [[Telugu Chodas#Konidena Chodas|Konidena Chodas]]<ref name="auto2"/> (1050 CE – 1300 CE)
* [[Telugu Chodas#Nannuru Chodas|Nannuru Chodas]]<ref name="auto2"/> (12th Century CE)
* [[Nellore Chodas]]<ref name="auto2"/> (11th Century CE – 12th Century CE)
'''Nayaks of South India'''
* [[Musunuri Nayakas]]<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@Satya_Sastry/musunuri-nayaks-history-ea0a34c035f4|title=Musunuri Nayaks — History|first=Satyanarayana|last=Sastry|date=June 17, 2019|website=Medium}}</ref> (14th Century CE)
* [[Recherla Nayakas]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|first=Cynthia|last=Talbot|date=September 20, 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198031239|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1368 CE – 1435 CE)
* [[Pemmasani Nayaks]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqprlwEACAAJ|title=Pemmasani Nayaks|first=Ethan Sören|last=Jehoiakim|date=October 8, 2011|publisher=International Book Market Service Limited|isbn=9786137947081|via=Google Books}}{{Circular reference|date=June 2024}}</ref> (1423–1685)
* [[Musunuri Nayakas#Sayapaneni Nayaks|Sayapaneni Nayaks]]<ref name="auto9">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@Satya_Sastry/govindamamba-pemmasani-sayapaneni-a-telugu-female-warrior-a2a02bf7ee77|title=Govindamamba Pemmasani-Sayapaneni- A Telugu Female Warrior|first=Satyanarayana|last=Sastry|date=June 19, 2019|website=Medium}}</ref> (16th Century CE)
* [[Nayaks of Gingee]] (1509–1649)
* [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]]<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/current-affairs/110116/telugu-tamil-divide-over-naicker-fete.html|title=Telugu-Tamil divide over Naicker fete|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> (1529–1736)
* [[Nayaks of Tanjore]] (1532–1673)
* [[Nayaks of Kalahasti]]<ref name="auto11">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uib2DAAAQBAJ&q=nayaks+of+kalahasti+telugu&pg=PT131|title=INDIA: SOCIETY RELIGION AND LITERATURE IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PERIODS|first=Publications|last=Division|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123021911|via=Google Books}}</ref> (1542 CE – 1646 CE)
'''Foreign countries'''
* [[Nayaks of Kandy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldteluguconference.com/en/telugucommunity-srilanka.html|title=World Telugu Conference | Prapancha Telugu Mahasabhalu | Telugu Conference History | Telugu Culture|website=www.worldteluguconference.com}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-last-king-of-kandy/article17675774.ece|title=The Nayaka kings of Kandy|first=S.|last=Muthiah|newspaper=The Hindu|date=March 27, 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> (1739–1815) ruled [[Sri Lanka]].

==Royalty==

[[File:Viznm kota.jpg|thumb|upright|Main Entrance of [[Vizianagaram Fort]]|alt=]]
[[File:Nuzvid Fort Gate.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nuzvid Estate]]|alt=]]
[[File:Wanaparthy palace.JPG|thumb|upright|Wanaparthy Samsthanam's Palace|alt=]]

* [[Maharaja of Vizianagaram]]<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/familyhistoryofv00sastrich|title=A family history of Venkatagiri Rajas|first=Alladi Jagannatha|last=Sastri|date=February 8, 1922|publisher=Madras : Addison Press|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
* [[Bastar State]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Venkatagiri estate]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Thotapalle Estate]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Nuzvid Estate]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Pithapuram Estate]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Ettayapuram estate]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Bobbili Estate]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Rekapalle Estate]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Raja of Panagal]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Manyam Zamindar]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Gadwal Samsthanam]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Papannapet Samsthanam]]<ref name="auto5"/>
* [[Wanaparthy Samsthanam]]<ref name="auto5"/>

==Historical warriors and rulers==
[[File:King Rajaraja Narendra founder of rajahmundry city.jpg|thumb|upright|Emperor [[Rajaraja Narendra]]|alt=]]
[[File:Kaapaneedu.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Musunuri Nayakas#Kapaya Nayaka|Kapaya Nayaka]]|alt=]]
[[File:Tnayak-edited.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Tirumala Nayaka]]|alt=]]
[[File:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]]|alt=]]
[[File:A Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas - Maharaja Sir V. Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra Bahadur, G.C.I.E. (28th Generation).png|thumb|upright|[[Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra]]|alt=]]
[[File:Venkata Ranga Rao of Bobbili.jpg|thumb|upright|Sir Venkata Svetachalapathi Ranga Rao Bahadur|alt=]]
[[File:Rudramadevi.jpg|thumb|upright|Rani [[Rudramadevi]]|alt=]]
[[File:Wedding procession of Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah.jpg|thumb|upright|Wedding procession of [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] with Rani [[Bhagmati]].]]
[[File:Raja bahadur venkataramireddy.jpg|upright|thumb|Statue of Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy|alt=]]

* [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]],<ref name="auto7"/> He is the most powerful king of [[Satavahana Dynasty]],
* [[Ananda Gotrikas#King Kandara|King Kandara]]
* [[Madhava Varma II]],<ref name="auto12"/> He is the most powerful king of [[Vishnukundina Dynasty]], He fought and won many more battles and he defeated [[Vakatakas]] King Prithivishena II.
* [[Rajaraja Narendra]],<ref name="auto"/> He is the most powerful king of [[Eastern Chalukyas]], and patronage to [[Telugu language]].
* [[Kakatiya Dynasty#Ganapati|Ganapati Deva]], He is the greatest king of [[Kakatiya Dynasty]], He Unified Telugu Lands.
* [[Kulottunga I]], He is the first [[Chalukya Cholas]] emperor, He Conqueror [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], [[Sri Lanka]], and Victory In [[Battle]].
* [[Gonka II]], He was regarded as greatest among of all Chodas and also fought as general in earlier battles during his father reign.
* [[Gopana]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedaitharaju.medium.com/the-fearless-niyogi-brahmin-warriors-of-history-248afcdfa418|title=The Fearless Niyogi Brahmin Warriors of History.|first=Ved|last=Aitharaju|date=October 5, 2020|website=Medium}}</ref> Army commander of [[Vijayanagara Empire]].
* [[Madanna and Akkanna]],{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Two Brothers and Historical Warriors.
* [[Jayapa Nayudu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/bouddamuandhramu018708mbp|title=BOUDDAMU-ANDHRAMU|date=February 8, 1995|publisher=TELUGU VISWAVIDYALAYAMU|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He defeated a [[Velanati Chodas]], Jayapa participated in the [[Kakatiya]] conquest of Ganapatideva and was honoured with the title "Vairigodhuma Gharatta".
* [[Gona Budda Reddy]], He was a [[poet]] and [[ruler]] lived in [[Southern India]].
* [[Prolaya Vema Reddy]],<ref name="auto10"/> First ruler of [[Reddi Kingdom]], He was part of the confederation of states that started a [[Guerilla]] Tactics Movement against the invading [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Muslim]] armies of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].
* [[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]],<ref name="auto3"/> Vijayanagara Emperor, Founder of [[Aravidu Dynasty]].
* [[Venkatapati Raya]], Aravidu dynasty. He dealt successfully with the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultans]] of [[Bijapur]] and [[Golkonda]], the internal disorders, promoting economic revival in the country.
* [[Timmarusu]], was the Prime Minister of [[Krishna Deva Raya]] . He had also served as Prime Minister under [[Viranarasimha Raya]] and [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]].
* [[Musunuri Nayakas#Kapaya Nayaka|Kapaya Nayaka]],<ref name="auto6"/> Historical warrior and opposed Muslim rule.
* [[Palanati Brahmanaidu]], Historical warrior.
* [[Vishwanatha Nayak|Nagama Nayaka]], He defeated Veerasekhara chola, and is the father of [[Viswanatha Nayak]].
* [[Viswanatha Nayak]], Founder of [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty]]; defeated five Pandiyan kings.
* [[Tirumala Nayaka|Thirumala Nayaka]],<ref name="auto4"/> He is the most powerful king of [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty]], war Against [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and Victory in the Battle.
* [[Bangaru Thirumala Nayaka]], He was a member of [[Madurai Nayak]] royal family and [[Military Commander]] of the [[Madurai Nayak]] [[King]] Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha (1704–1731).
* [[Sevappa Nayak]], first ruler of [[Nayaks of Tanjore]].
* [[Raghunatha Nayak]], He is the most powerful king of [[Nayaks of Tanjore]].
* [[Khem Nayak]], He led a Rebellion as the [[Military Commander]] of [[Thanjavur Nayak]] against the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in their conquest of the [[Jaffna kingdom]] in 1619.
* [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu]],<ref name="auto1"/> won the [[Battle of Raichur]] for Sri Krishna Devaraya. Commander of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] Army.
* [[Malik Maqbul Tilangani]], He was a [[Military Commander]] in the [[Kakatiya Dynasty]].
* [[Shitab Khan]], He joined as a foot soldier in the [[army]] of Humayun Shah, the [[Bahmani Sultan]].
* [[Damarla Chennappa Nayaka]],<ref name="auto11"/> Notable Ruler of [[Nayaks of Kalahasti]].
* [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]],<ref name="auto8"/> Last king of the [[Kingdom of Kandy]]
* [[Venkatarama Reddy]], was the first [[Hindu]] kotwal of [[Kingdom of Hyderabad]] as in the late 19th and early 20th century,

'''Order of the Indian Empire'''
* [[Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju|Sir Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/battle-royale-in-vizianagaram/article31015263.ece|title=Battle Royale: female progeny challenge the 'Male heir' rule of Vizianagaram's royal trust MANSAS|first=K. srinivasa|last=Rao|newspaper=The Hindu|date=March 8, 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Maharaja of [[Vizianagaram]], awarded [[Order of the Indian Empire|Grand Commander of theOrder of the Indian Empire]] from the [[United Kingdom]].
* [[Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra|Sir Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/v/venkatagiri.html|title=VENKATAGIRI|date=May 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530033429/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/v/venkatagiri.html|archive-date=2009-05-30}}</ref> Maharaja of [[Venkatagiri]], awarded [[Order of the Indian Empire|Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] and [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] from the [[United Kingdom]].
* [[Rao Venkata Kumara Mahipati Surya Rau]],<ref name="auto5"/> Maharaja of [[Pithapuram]], He Awarded [[Order of the Indian Empire]] From [[United Kingdom]].
* [[Venkata Ranga Rao]],<ref name="auto5"/> Maharaja of [[Bobbili]], He Awarded [[Order of the Indian Empire]] From [[United Kingdom]].
* [[Panaganti Ramarayaningar]],<ref name="auto5"/> He is [[Raja of Panagal]], He Awarded [[Order of the Indian Empire]] From [[United Kingdom]].
'''Women Rulers'''
* [[Rani Rudrama Devi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/two-sculptures-of-rani-rudrama-devi-shed-light-on-her-death/article21268201.ece|title=Two sculptures of Rani Rudrama Devi shed light on her death|first=K.|last=Venkateshwarlu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=December 5, 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> She is the most powerful queen of [[Kakatiya Dynasty]].
* [[Rani Mangammal]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Rani Mangammal History, Achievements and Administration | website=India the Destiny | date=2018-10-07 | url=https://indiathedestiny.com/indian-kings/rani-mangammal/ | access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> She is the most powerful queen of [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty]].
* [[Bhagmati]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/did-bhagmati-really-exist/article5339909.ece|title=Did Bhagmati really exist?|first=J. S.|last=Ifthekhar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=November 11, 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> was a mystic Hindu queen.
* [[Pemmasani Nayaks#Govindamamba Pemmasani|Govindamamba Pemmasani]]<ref name="auto9"/>
* [[Nayakuralu Nagamma]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chaibisket.com/nayakuralu-nagamma-story/|title=Nayakuralu Nagamma – World's 1st Woman Minister!|first=Gouse|last=Pasha|website=Chai Bisket}}</ref> was a renowned statesperson and minister to King Nalagama, the ruler of [[Palanadu]] in [[Guntur]] District. In the epic war—[[Battle of Palnadu|Palnati Yudham]] (War of Palnadu).

== Governors of States ==
*[[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]] – [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[P. Chandra Reddy]] – [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bandaru Dattatreya]] – Current [[Governor of Haryana]] and Former [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] – Current [[Governor of Mizoram]]
* [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] – Former [[Governor of Maharashtra]] and [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Governors of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[V. V. Giri]] – Former [[List of governors of Karnataka|Governor of Karnataka]]
*[[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]] – [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
* [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] – Former [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]] and [[List of governors of Karnataka|Karnataka]]
*[[B. Satya Narayan Reddy]] – [[Governor of Odisha]]
*[[K. V. Raghunatha Reddy]] – [[Governor of Tripura]]
* [[Kona Prabhakara Rao]] – Former [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
* [[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]] – Former [[Governor of Bihar]]
*[[Marri Chenna Reddy]] – Former [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]] – Former [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[V. Rama Rao]] – Former [[Governor of Sikkim]]
* [[K. V. Krishna Rao]] – Former [[Governor of Jammu & Kashmir]], [[List of governors of Nagaland|Nagaland]], [[Governor of Manipur|Manipur]] and [[List of governors of Tripura|Tripura]]
*[[V. S. Ramadevi]] – Former [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]]

== Speaker of the Lok Sabha ==
*[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] – Former Speaker of the Lok Sabha
*[[G. M. C. Balayogi]] – Former Speaker of the Lok Sabha

== Chief Ministers ==

*[[Tanguturi Prakasam]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Madras Presidency]] and Former Chief [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra State]]
*[[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Hyderabad State]]
*[[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Madras Presidency]]
*[[Panaganti Ramarayaningar]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Madras Presidency]]
*[[B. Munuswamy Naidu]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Madras Presidency]]
*[[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Madras Presidency]]
*[[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Madras Presidency]]
*[[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Madras Presidency]]
*[[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Damodaram Sanjivayya]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Jalagam Vengala Rao]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Marri Chenna Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Tanguturi Anjaiah]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[N. Janardhana Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[K. Rosaiah]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[K C Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of Mysore state
*[[V. Venkatasubha Reddiar]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] – Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] – Current Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy|Y.S. Jaganmohan Reddy]] – Former Chief Minister of [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] – Former [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]]
*[[A.Revanth Reddy]] – Current [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]]

== Deputy Chief Ministers==
*[[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Koneru Ranga Rao]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[J.V. Narsing Rao]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[C. Jagannatha Rao]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[K. E. Krishnamurthy]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[T. Rajaiah]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Telangana]]
*[[Kadiyam Srihari]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Telangana]]
*[[M. Bhatti Vikramarka]] – Current Deputy Chief Minister of [[Telangana]]
*[[K. Pawan Kalyan]] – Current Deputy Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]

==Presidents, Governors-General, Vice-Presidents & Prime Ministers==
'''Presidents'''
*[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] – Former [[President of India]] and former [[Vice President of India]]
*[[V.V. Giri]] – Former [[President of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174554|title=Speech by the Hon'ble President of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind at the valedictory function of the World Telugu Conference|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> and former [[Vice President of India]]
*[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] – Former [[President of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entranceindia.com/people-india/shri-neelam-sanjiva-reddy/|title=Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy | ENTRANCEINDIA|date=4 December 2017}}</ref>
'''Vice Presidents'''
*[[Venkaiah Naidu]] – Former [[Vice President of India]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/venkaiah-naidu-to-be-third-telugu-to-become-vice-president-117071701527_1.html|title=Venkaiah Naidu to be third Telugu to become Vice President|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=17 July 2017}}</ref>
'''Governors-General'''
*[[Anand Satyanand]] – [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] from 2006 to 2011, the first Roman Catholic, Asian, ethnic minority as well as ethnic Indian officeholder of the position
'''Prime Ministers'''
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] – Former [[Prime minister of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-06-28/Remembering-son-of-soil/159961/amp |title=Remembering Son of Soil P V Narasimha Rao |access-date=2018-08-13 |archive-date=2018-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813075503/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-06-28/Remembering-son-of-soil/159961/amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Revolutionaries==
[[File:Alluri Sita Rama Raju statue.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alluri Sitarama Raju]]|alt=]]
[[File:Komaram Bheem.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Komaram Bheem]]|alt=]]
[[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu and P. Sundarayya.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]] With Comrade's Association|alt=]]
[[File:Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, 1952.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]|alt=]]
[[File:Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy, 1952.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy]]|alt=]]
[[File:Chakali illama.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Chakali Ilamma]]|alt=]]
* [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] – freedom fighter & Revolutionary (Viplava Jyothi)
* [[Komaram Bheem]] – was an Indian tribal leader who fought against the [[Asaf Jahi Dynasty]] for the liberation of [[Hyderabad]] .He took up arms against [[Nizam]]'s soldiers, who he fought until his last breath.
* [[Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy]] – An Indian freedom fighter and chieftain, widely recognized as one of the first individuals to revolt against the British East India Company in the Telugu regions in the mid-19th century (specifically, the 1846–1847 uprising in [[Kurnool]] district).
* [[Anabheri Prabhakar Rao]] – was a [[Telangana]] guerrilla leader and is also considered a foremost authority of the [[Telugu language]]. He was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement.
* [[Arutla Ramchandra Reddy]] – was an Indian freedom fighter. He was among the leaders and fighters in the armed freedom struggle against the rule of [[Nizam]].
* [[Kaloji Narayana Rao]] – was an Indian poet, freedom fighter, anti-fascist and political activist of [[Telangana]].
* [[Raavi Narayana Reddy]] – was a leader in the [[Telangana Rebellion]] against the rule of [[Osman Ali Khan]], [[Asaf Jah VII]].
* [[Baddam Yella Reddy]] – was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Communist]] politician from [[Telangana]]. He was one of the prominent leaders in the [[Telangana Rebellion|Telangana armed struggle]] against the [[Nizam]] [[Regiment]].
* [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]] – was a founding member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and a leader of the peasant revolt in the former Hyderabad State of India, called the [[Telangana Rebellion]]. He is popularly known as Comrade PS.
* [[Bhimreddy Narasimha Reddy]] – was a freedom fighter and a leader of the [[Telangana Rebellion]], he was known, fought the [[Razakars]] during the [[Nizam]]'s rule for six years by being underground.
* [[Nandyala Srinivasa Reddy]] – was a Member of Legislative Assembly, [[Andhra Pradesh]] and a leader of the [[Telangana Rebellion]]. He is popularly known as NSR.
* [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] – was among the Telugu-speaking leaders to resist the [[Nizam]] in the princely state of [[Hyderabad]].
* [[Chakali Ilamma]] – was an Indian revolutionary leader during the [[Telangana Rebellion]].
* [[Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy]] – is a freedom fighter who fought the [[Telangana Rebellion]] against the Jagirdars.
* [[Chandra Rajeswara Rao]] – was an Indian freedom fighter from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was one of the leaders of the [[Telangana Rebellion]] (1946–1951). He also worked as Communist Party of India (CPI).
* [[K. Balagopal]], A Mathematician and Marxist-Communist.

==Militants and Rebels==
* [[Nambala Keshava Rao]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/maoist-keshava-rao-is-most-wanted-in-chhattisgarh/article31940836.ece|title=Maoist Keshava Rao is most wanted in Chhattisgarh|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivas|newspaper=The Hindu|date=June 28, 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> his nom de guerre “Basavraj”, He is a [[Leader]] and [[General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]], currently on [[National Investigation Agency]] Most Wanted.
* [[Muppala Lakshmana Rao]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/top-maoist-leader-muppala-lakshmana-rao-alias-ganapathy-to-surrender-3143063.html|title=Top maoist leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao Alias Ganapathy to surrender|first=Simran|last=Kashyap|date=September 2, 2020|website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref> by his nom de guerre “Ganapathy”, He is a [[Commander-in-chief]] of the [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Formation-of-PLGA-a-turning-point-in-the-Maoist-movement/article15580473.ece|title=Formation of PLGA a turning point in the Maoist movement|first=K. Srinivas|last=Reddy|newspaper=The Hindu|date=December 5, 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> is the Armed Wing of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].
* [[Mallojula Koteswara Rao]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Who-was-Kishenji/Article1-773566.aspx|title=Who was Kishenji - Hindustan Times|date=September 30, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930083334/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Who-was-Kishenji/Article1-773566.aspx|archive-date=2013-09-30}}</ref> commonly known by his nom de guerre “Kishenji”, was an Indian political terrorist who was a [[Politburo]] and Central Military Commission member of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].
* [[Patel Sudhakar Reddy]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/may/25/top-maoist-sudhakar-killed-in-encounter-51972.html|title=Top Maoist Sudhakar killed in 'encounter'|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref> was a leader of the central committee of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].
* [[Yalavarthi Naveen Babu]], He was a [[Naxalite]] leader in India, He was founder of [[All India Revolutionary Students Federation]].
* [[Thippiri Tirupathi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/masterminds-of-dantewada-massacre-were-from-ap-2400.html|title=Masterminds Of Dantewada Massacre Were From AP|first=India TV News|last=Desk|date=April 7, 2010|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> is an Indian [[Maoist]] leader and Central Committee member of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].
* [[Cherukuri Rajkumar]], (alias Azad),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fact-finding-team-on-azads-killing-to-submit-its-final-report-today/articleshow/6709872.cms|title=Fact-finding team on Azad's killing to submit its final report today |website=The Times of India|date=8 October 2010 }}</ref> was the spokesperson and one of the seniormost members of the Central Politburo of the banned [[Maoist]] group [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]] . On 1 July 2010, he was killed by [[Andhra Pradesh Police]] in an encounter.
* [[Sadanala Ramakrishna]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/231272/arrest-top-leader-hobbles-naxals.html|title=Arrest of top leader hobbles Naxals|date=March 1, 2012|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> is an Indian [[Maoist]] politician, senior leader of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]] and head of the Central Technical Committee of the party.
* [[Ginugu Narsimha Reddy]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/|title=Asia's Premier News Agency - India News, Business & Political, National & International, Bollywood, Sports | ANI News|website=www.aninews.in}}</ref> is a [[Maoist]] politician and Central Committee member of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].
* [[Kondapalli Seetharamaiah]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kondapalli-seetharamaiah-dead/article27841584.ece|title=Kondapalli Seetharamaiah dead|first=Our Special|last=Correspondent|newspaper=The Hindu|date=April 13, 2002|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> was a senior [[Communist]] leader and [[Maoist]] organizer in India.
* [[Mallujola Venugopal]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/maoist-hailing-from-guntur-wanted-in-two-states/article27958737.ece|title=Maoist hailing from Guntur wanted in two States|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivasvijayawada|newspaper=The Hindu|date=June 17, 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> is a [[Politburo]] and Central Military Commission member of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]], a banned Maoist insurgent communist party in India .
* [[Katakam Sudarshan]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlVXtIsXCxYC|title=South Asia Defence And Strategic Year Book - 2009|first1=General Deepak|last1=Kapoor|first2=AVSM PVSM, SM VSM Chief of Army|last2=Staff (India)|date=February 8, 2009|publisher=Pentagon Press|isbn=9788182743991|via=Google Books}}</ref> commonly known by his nom de guerre,(Anand) is a [[Politburo]] member of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].
* [[B. Sudhakar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/top-maoist-leader-sudhakar-surrenders|title=Top Maoist leader Sudhakar surrenders|first=Srinivas|last=M|website=Telangana Today}}</ref> is a [[Maoist]] leader and members of the Politburo of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].
* [[Varkapur Chandramouli]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Enquiry-into-encounter-put-off/article15777818.ece|title=Enquiry into encounter put off|newspaper=The Hindu|date=October 12, 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> was an Indian [[Maoist]] leader and Central Committee member of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].
* [[Varanasi Subramanyam]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/activists-linked-to-maoist-front-outfits/articleshow/65663658.cms|title='Activists linked to Maoist front outfits'|website=The Times of India|date=4 September 2018 }}</ref> is an Indian [[Maoist]] and Central Committee member of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].
* [[Kadari Satyanarayan Reddy]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/150817/naxals-mount-horses-adopt-new-warfare-tactic.html|title=Naxals mount horses, adopt new warfare tactic|first=Rabindra Nath|last=Choudhury|date=August 15, 2017|website=The Asian Age}}</ref> known by his nom de guerre, “Kosa”, he is a banned Maoist Insurgent Communist Party of India, he was a [[Central Committee]] member of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]
* [[George Reddy]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2019/11/21/remembering-george-reddy-indias-own-che-guevara.html|title=Remembering George Reddy, India's own 'Che Guevara'|website=The Week}}</ref> He was a university student, remembered now primarily for his promotion of Marxist ideas, Reddy was killed in an attack at his college campus on 14 April 1972.
* [[Varavara Rao]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/varavara-rao-politics-jail-coronavirus-6510434/|title=Varavara Rao: Understanding his politics, literary work and the Elgar Parishad case|date=July 22, 2020}}</ref> is an Indian activist, poet, teacher, and writer, He is an accused in the [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]] and has been arrested under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]].
* [[Gummadi Vittal Rao]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/telangana-revolutionary-poet-gaddar-meets-rahul-gandhi-may-contest-in-assembly-election|title=Telangana revolutionary poet Gaddar meets Rahul Gandhi, may contest polls against KCR|date=October 13, 2018|website=National Herald}}</ref> is a poet, revolutionary Telugu balladeer and local [[Naxalite]] activist from what is now the state of Telangana.
* [[Gita Ramaswamy]],<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/author/gita-ramaswamy|title=Gita Ramaswamy|date=June 5, 2015|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|pages=7–8}}</ref> is an Indian social activist and writer.
* [[Belli Lalitha]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/03/02/belli-lalitha-telangana-resistance/|title=Belli Lalitha: The Nightingale Of The Telangana Resistance | #IndianWomenInHistory|first=Manohar|last=Boda|date=March 1, 2018|website=Feminism In India}}</ref> founder of Telangana Kala Samithi who was murdered in 1999.
* [[Narmada Akka]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/senior-maoist-leaders-narmada-her-husband-kiran-arrested-in-gadchiroli-district-5776499/|title=Senior Maoist leaders Narmada, her husband Kiran arrested in Gadchiroli IED blast case|date=June 12, 2019}}</ref> was one of the "senior-most" female [[cadre (politics)|cadre]]s of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].
* [[Arunodaya Vimala]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Etigaddakishtapur-in-public-eye-as-agitation-against-Mallannasagar-intensifies/article14419700.ece|title=Etigaddakishtapur in public eye as agitation against Mallannasagar intensifies|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=June 13, 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> popularly known as vimalakka, Telugu balladeer and Social Activist.

==Military Chiefs==
'''Indian Army'''
* [[General officer|General]] [[K. V. Krishna Rao]], [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], 1981–1983
'''Indian Navy'''
* [[Admiral]] [[Ram Dass Katari]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]], 1958–1962

==Politicians==
'''India'''
[[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]]]
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] – 9th Prime Minister Of India
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]], Founder of [[Telugu Desam Party]].
* [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
* [[Venkaiah Naidu]], vice president of India (2017–2022)
* [[Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy]]
* [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], Founder of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
* [[Pawan Kalyan]], Founder of [[Jana Sena Party]]
*[[Vangaveeti Mohana Ranga]] (born 1947), [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Vijayawada East (Assembly constituency)|Vijayawada East]]
* [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], Founder of [[YSR Congress Party]]
* [[Shabbir Ali]], Minister during [[Indian National Congress]] rule in AP.
'''United States of America'''
* [[Aruna Miller]] – American politician and former members of the Maryland House of delegates representing District 15 in [[Montgomery County, Maryland]]
* [[Shantanu Narayen]] – CEO of [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe Inc]]
* [[Arvind Krishna]] – CEO of [[IBM]]
* [[Raja Kumari]] – Rapper, songwriter and singer
* [[Satya Nadella]] – The [[executive chairman]] and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Microsoft]].
* [[Suhail A. Khan]] – American conservative political activist
[[File:Satya Nadella.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Satya Nadella]]|alt=]]
[[File:Aruna Miller Official Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Aruna Miller]]|alt=]]
* [[Surya Yalamanchili]] – Democratic nominee who ran for Congress in Ohio's 2nd congressional district in 2010
* [[Usha Vance]] – Current [[Second lady|Second Lady]] of the United States.
* [[Upendra Chivukula]] – Democratic politician who currently serves as a Commissioner on the [[New Jersey Board of Public Utilities]] after serving more than 12 years in the [[New Jersey General Assembly]], where he had been the [[Deputy Speaker]]
* [[Vinai Thummalapally]] – U.S. Ambassador to [[Belize]]
'''South Africa'''
* [[Jay Naidoo]] – South Africa Independence Movement Activist
* [[Ama Naidoo]] – South Africa Independence Movement Activist
* [[Kumi Naidoo]] – South Africa Independence Movement Activist
* [[Naransamy Roy Naidoo]] – South Africa Political Activist
* [[Shanti Naidoo]] – South Africa Politician and Anti – [[Apartheid]] Activist

==Freedom fighters==
{{div col}}
* [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] – freedom fighter and revolutionary (Viplava Jyothi)
* [[Gurajada Apparao]]
* [[Gurram Jashua]]
* [[Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya]]
* [[Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu]] – Zamindar of Amaravati (Guntur)
* [[N.G. Ranga]]
* [[P. Varadarajulu Naidu]] – was an Indian journalist and Indian independence activist. He was also the founder of The [[Indian Express]]
* [[Durgabai Deshmukh]]
* [[Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy]]
* [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] – social reformer, writer, editor, performed first widow marriage in India
* [[Pingali Venkayya]] – freedom fighter and [[Indian National Flag]] designer
* [[Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya]] – freedom fighter and founder of [[Andhra Bank|Andhra bank]]
* [[Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao]] – writer of the [[National Pledge (India)]], written in Telugu first, later translated to other Indian languages
* [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] – was also known as ''Andhra Kesari'' (Lion of Andhra)
* [[Arutla Ramchandra Reddy]] – Indian freedom fighter & [[Telangana]] movement leader from [[Nalgonda]]
* Potu Narsimha Reddy – social reformer, Satyagraha Movement leader from [[Adilabad]]
* [[Vedre Ramachandra Reddy Bhoodhan]] – social reformer, Satyagraha Movement leader
* [[Potti Sreeramulu]] – responsible for the formation of linguistic states in India, died after fasting for statehood
* [[Vavilala Gopalakrishnayya]] – Gandhian and freedom fighter
* [[Nyapati Subba Rao Pantulu]] – one of the founder of [[The Hindu]]
* [[Sarojini Naidu]]
* [[Chowdary Satyanarayana]] – also known as ''Jananayak'' (People's leader) was an Indian freedom fighter, anti-colonial nationalist, human rights activist, legislator
* [[Komaram Bheem]]
* [[Gouthu Latchanna]]
* [[Kaneganti Hanumanthu]]
* [[Goparaju Ramachandra Rao]]
* [[Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Chowdary]]
* [[Tripuraneni Gopichand]]
* [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]] (Sir C. R. Reddy)
* [[Kaloji Narayana Rao]]
* [[Anabheri Prabhakar Rao]]{{div col end}}

==Scientists==
* [[Satya N. Atluri]], renowned aerospace scientist, [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee in 2013 in science and engineering; recipient of the Global Aerospace Prize of $100,000, the Walter & Angelina Crichlow Trust Prize of [[AIAA]]; recipient, "Excellence in Aviation Award", from the United States [[Federal Aviation Administration]]
* [[G. D. Naidu]], the "Edison of India"
* [[G. Satheesh Reddy]], Chairman of India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Secretary of the Department of Defence R&D.
* [[Yellapragada Subbarao]] (1895–1948), Indian biochemist who made many important discoveries while working in the United States
* [[P. Varadarajulu Naidu]], Indian physician, politician, journalist and Indian independence activist.
* [[Raj Reddy]], renowned computer scientist and former Dean of the [[Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science]]. Currently, the only [[Turing Award]] winner from India.
* [[Suri Bhagavantam]], famous Indian scientist and administrator who worked and collaborated with C.V.Raman He worked as Director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] and the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] and as adviser to the Indian defense ministry.
* [[Yelavarthy Nayudamma]]
* [[M. Visvesvaraya]], Indian engineer, scholar and statesman on whose memory Engineer's day is celebrated across India
* [[C. R. Rao|C. Radhakrishna Rao]], famous for his works in Maths and Statistics. The Cramer Rao bound theory and the Rao-Blackwell theorem are among his best known discoveries

==Economists and Policy makers==
* [[M. Narasimham]] – Thirteenth Governor of RBI, Chaired Committee of Banking Sector reforms
* [[C. H. Hanumantha Rao]] – Member of the National Advisory Council from 2004 to 2008[2] and chaired the Technical Committee on Drought prone Areas Programme and Desert Development Programme of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices.
* [[Y. Venugopal Reddy]] – Former [[Reserve Bank of India]] Governor from 6 September 2003 until 5 September 2008 – credited with imposing tough lending standards which shielded India from 2008 financial crisis
* [[Duvvuri Subbarao]] – Former Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao]] – Former Cabinet Secretary
* [[V. K. R. V. Rao]] – Noted economist
* [[Narayana Kocherlakota]] – Former president of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]], Professor of Economics at the [[University of Rochester]]

==Writers==
* [[Paravastu Chinnayasuri]]
* [[C. Narayana Reddy]] – Winner of [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanapeeth]] award
* [[Tapi Dharma Rao Naidu]] – Writer
* [[Suravaram Pratap Reddy]] – Writer and historian from [[Telangana]]
* [[Kethu Viswanatha Reddy]] – Poet from [[Rayalaseema]]
* [[Kesava Reddy]] – Telugu novelist from [[Chittoor]]
* [[Ravuri Bharadhwaja]] – Winner of Jnanapeeth award Telugu novelist
* [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]] – Maximum number of stories written in Telugu – Over 3000
*[[Pullella Srirama Chandrudu|Pullella Sriramachandrudu]] – Sanskrit and Telugu scholar
* [[Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty]] – Writer
* [[Vegunta Mohan Prasad]] – Poet
* [[Mohammed Khadeer Babu]] – Writer

==Contribution to Telugu Language==
'''Medieval Poets'''
* [[Adikavi Pampa]](c. 10th century) wrote a Jain text called the Jinendra Puranam
* [[Malliya Rechana]] wrote the first Telugu prosody (chandassu) book called [[Kavijanasrayam]].
* [[Nannaya Bhattaraka]], also known as the First Poet "Aadi Kavi", the first poet of the Kavi Trayam, or "Trinity of Poets", that translated Mahabharatamu into Telugu over the course of a few centuries
* [[Tikkana]] also called "Tikkana Somayaji" (1205–1288), poet and member of Kavi Trayam
* [[Errana]] also known as "Yellapregada" or "Errapregada" ({{fl.}} 14th century).
* [[Gona Budda Reddy]], 13th-century poet
* [[Annamacharya]] (1408–1503), mystic saint composer of the 15th century, widely regarded as the Telugu pada kavita pitaamaha (grand old man of simple poetry); husband of Tallapaka Tirumalamma
* [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishnadevaraya]], Vijayanagar Emperor, Telugu language patron, Telugu language poet
* [[Allasani Peddana]], 15th century poet and known as foremost of Asthadiggajas (Eight elite Telugu poets under Sri Krishnadevaraya)
* [[Nandi Thimmana]], a member of Ashtadiggajas
* [[Madayyagari Mallana]], a member of Ashtadiggajas
* [[Dhurjati]], a member of Ashtadiggajas
* [[Ayyalaraju Ramambhadrudu]], a member of Ashtadiggajas
* [[Pingali Surana]], a member of Ashtadiggajas
* [[Ramarajabhushanudu]], a member of Ashtadiggajas
* [[Tenali Ramakrishna]], poet, scholar, thinker and a special advisor in the court of [[Krishnadevaraya]], nicknamed Vikatakavi
* [[Atukuri Molla|Molla]], also known as "Mollamamba", both popular names of Atukuri Molla (1440–1530), poet who wrote Telugu Ramayan; a woman
* [[Potana]], born Bammera Pothana (1450–1510), poet best known for his translation of the Bhagavata Purana from Sanskrit; the book is popularly known as Pothana Bhagavatham
* [[Tallapaka Tirumalamma]], also known as "Timmakka" and "Thimmakka" ({{fl.}} 15th century), poet who wrote Subhadra Kalyanam; wife of singer-poet Annamacharya and was popularly known as Timmakka
* [[Vemana]] ({{fl.}} 14th century), poet
* [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu]], 17th-century Indian devotee of Lord Rama and a composer of Carnatic music
'''Renaissance Poets'''
* [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] (1848–1919), social reformer, poet, scholar, founded the journal Vivekavardhani, introduced the essay, biography, autobiography and the novel into Telugu literature
* [[Gurajada Apparao]] (1862–1915), poet, writer and playwright who wrote the first Telugu play, Kanyasulkam; also an influential social reformer sometimes called Mahakavi ("the great poet")
* [[Gurram Jashuva]] (1895–1971), a dalit poet and writer and producer of All India Radio, awarded "[[Padma Bhushan]]" by the Govt of India, known for poetry on social evils
* [[Srirangam Srinivasa Rao]] (1910–1983), marxist poet notable for his work Maha Prasthanam
* [[Jwalamukhi (poet)|Jwalamukhi]], pen name of Veeravalli Raghavacharyulu (1938–2008), poet, novelist, writer and political activist
* [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] (1895–1976), popularly known as the Kavi Samraat ("Emperor of Poetry")
* [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantham]] (1881–1953), poet and dramatist
* [[Chellapilla Venkata Sastry]], poet and scholar
* [[Devulapalli Krishna Sastry]] (1887–1981), poet and writer of radio plays, known as "Andhra Shelly"
* [[Devarakonda Balagangadhara Tilak]]
* [[Divakarla Tirupati Sastry]]
* [[Rayaprolu Subba Rao]]
* [[C. R. Reddy]]
'''Modern Poets'''
* [[C. Narayana Reddy]] (born 1931), poet, academic and songwriter
* [[Aarudhra]] (1925–1998), author, poet, essayist, writer of stories (including detective stories), playwright, translator, composer of film songs
* [[Mohammad Ismail (poet)|Mohammad Ismail]] (born 1928–2003), [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language poet, critic, academic and university administrator.
* [[Suravaram Pratap Reddy]], writer and historian from Telangana
* [[Kethu Viswanatha Reddy]], poet from Rayalaseema
* [[Gunturu Seshendra Sarma]] (1927–2007), also known as Yuga Kavi
* [[Papineni Sivasankar]], poet and critic from [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]], popular poet and lyricist

==Religious Leaders and Philosophers==
* [[Vallabha]]charya – one of the prominent Bhakthi movement leaders
* [[Acharya Nagarjuna]] – Buddhist philosopher and alchemist
* [[Yogi Vemana]] – poet and philosopher
* [[Pothuluri Veerabrahmam]] – well-known saint and astrologer in the 17th century
* [[U. G. Krishnamurti]] – world-famous 20th century philosopher
* [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] – 20th century spiritual teacher and philosopher
* [[Sringeri Shankaracharya]]
* [[Nimbarka]] – one of the four principal [[Vaishnav]] acharyas of India
* [[Vishnuswami]] – one of the four principal Vaishnav acharyas of India
* [[Vallabha]] – another major Vaishnav acharya
* [[Satya Sai Baba]] – internationally renowned Spiritual Master, based in Puttaparti
* [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]] – Bhakthi Poet
* [[Bhakta Potana]] – realised Soul and a Bhakthi poet who translated Bhagavatam to Telugu
* [[Kancherla Gopanna]] – also popularly known as Ramadasu
* [[Annamacharya]] – great devotee of Tirumala Lord Venkateswara who has written 40,000 songs and composed them
* [[Tyagaraja]] – great devotee of Lord SriRama who is excelled in carnatic music and have written and composed some 30,000 songs majorly on Sri Rama. He is born of a Telugu family, and brought up in present Tamil Nadu.
* [[Garikapati Narasimha Rao|Garikapati Narashima Rao]] - Indian scholar, litterateur, and avadhani from Andhra Pradesh. Received padmashri in 2022 from government of India. In 1996, he performed Avadhanam with 1116 Pruchchakas for 21 days in Kakinada.
* [[Syama Sastri]] – oldest among the Trinity of Carnatic music, Tyagaraja and Muthuswami Dikshitar being the other two. All his compositions are in Telugu. He is born of a Telugu family, and brought up in present Tamil Nadu.
*
* [[Sadhguru]] – mystic and yogi. Founder of Isha Yoga, a non profit organization. Born in Mysore to a Telugu-speaking family .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/us/en/wisdom/sadhguru-spot/telugu-tamil-telugu|title=Telugu...Tamil...Telugu!|date=August 10, 2011|website=Isha Sadhguru}}</ref>

==Academics==
* [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]] – First Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University
* [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] – Second President of Republic of India, and noted Philosopher
* [[G. Ram Reddy]] – Former University Grants Commission chairman
* [[Sarvepalli Gopal]] – Indian historian
* [[Veluri Venkata Krishna Sastry]] – Archaeologist
* [[J. N. Reddy (engineer)|J. N. Reddy]] – Oscar S. Wyatt Endowed Chair in Mechanical Engineering at [[Texas A&M University]]
* [[Arjula Ramachandra Reddy]] – biologist, First vice-chancellor of [[Yogi Vemana University]]
* [[Pavani Parameswara Rao]] – a Senior Advocate in the Supreme Court of India

==Award winners==
=== Olympic Medalists ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#ececec;"
!Sr. no
!Name
!Sport
!Gold
!Silver
!Bronze
!Total
|-
!1
|[[Karnam Malleswari]]
|[[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
|
|
|1
|1
|-
|-
!2
|[[P. V. Sindhu]]
|[[Badminton]]
|
|1
|1
|2
|-
|-
|}
* [[Karnam Malleswari]] – [[Bronze medal]] for Weightlifting, first Indian woman to win a medal at the Olympics.
* [[P. V. Sindhu]] – [[Silver medal]] in 2016 and [[Bronze medal]] in 2020 for Badminton, the first Indian to become the Badminton World Champion and the only badminton player from India to win two consecutive medals at the Olympic Games.

=== Commonwealth Games medallists ===
{{div col}}
* [[Pullela Gopichand]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[P. V. Sindhu]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[Jwala Gutta]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[Parupalli Kashyap]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[Srikanth Kidambi]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[N. Sikki Reddy]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[Gadde Ruthvika Shivani]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[Chetan Anand (badminton)]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[Deepthi Chapala]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[Gurusai Dutt]] – [[Badminton]]
* [[Ragala Venkat Rahul]] – [[Olympic weightlifting]]
* [[Shailaja Pujari]] – [[Olympic weightlifting]]
* [[Neelam Setti Laxmi]] – [[Olympic weightlifting]]
* [[Santoshi Matsa]] – [[Olympic weightlifting]]
* [[Badathala Adisekhar]] – [[Olympic weightlifting]]
* [[Valluri Srinivasa Rao]] – [[Olympic weightlifting]]
* [[Sharath Kamal]] – [[Table tennis]]
* [[Mohammad Hussamuddin]] – [[Amateur boxing]]
* [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] – [[Tennis]]
* [[Rushmi Chakravarthi]] – [[Tennis]]
{{div col end}}

===Bharat Ratna===
{{Main|Bharat Ratna}}
* [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], awarded 1954
* [[M. Visvesvaraya|Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya]], awarded 1955
* [[V. V. Giri]], awarded 1975
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], awarded 2024

===Padma Vibhushan===
{{Main|Padma Vibhushan}}
{{div col}}
* [[N. G. Ranga]]
* [[P. V. R. Rao]]
* [[Padmaja Naidu]]
* [[Palle Rama Rao]]
* [[Prathap C. Reddy]]
* [[Ramoji Rao]]
* [[Ravi Narayan Reddy]]
* [[Roddam Narasimha]]
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* [[Sadhguru]]
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
* [[C. R. Rao]]
* [[Cingireddy Narayana Reddy]]
* [[K. Satchidananda Murty]]
* [[Kaloji Narayana Rao]] (1992)
* [[Kotha Satchidananda Murthy]]
* [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
* [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]]
* [[M. Narasimham]]
* [[Sarvepalli Gopal]]
* [[Durgabai Deshmukh]]
* [[V. Ramalingaswami]]
* [[Y. V. Reddy]]
* [[Y. Venugopal Reddy]] (2010)
* [[Yamini Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Chiranjeevi]]{{div col end}}

===Padmabhushan===
{{Main|Padmabhushan}}
{{div col}}
* [[Satya Nadella]]
* [[Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana]]
* [[Satya N. Atluri]]
* [[C. K. Nayudu]]
* [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
* [[P. Bhanumathi]]
* [[Pullela Gopichand]]
* [[P. V. Sindhu]]
* [[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram]]
* [[Chiranjeevi]]
* [[Krishna Ella]]
* [[A. V. Rama Rao]]
* [[D. Nageshwar Reddy]]
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* [[P. Susheela]]
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]
* [[G. V. Krishna Reddy]]
* [[Kallam Anji Reddy]]
* [[P. Chandrasekhara Rao]]
* [[D. Ramanaidu]]
* [[Anumolu Ramakrishna]]
* [[Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad]]
* [[Boyi Bhimanna]]
* [[Yamini Krishnamurthy]]
* [[B. V. Raju]]
* [[Palle Rama Rao]]
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
* [[C. H. Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[K. I. Varaprasad Reddy]]
* [[N. Seshagiri]]
* [[S. S. Badrinath]]
* [[Prathap C. Reddy]]
* [[Vavilala Gopalakrishnayya]]
* [[Jaggayya]]
* [[Gottipati Brahmayya]]
* [[K. Satchidananda Murty]]
* [[Sripada Pinakapani]]
* [[Vuppuluri Ganapathi Sastry]]
* [[Pratury Trirumala Rao]]
* [[Gurram Jashuva]]
* [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]]
* [[A. S. Rao]]
* [[Vennelakanti Raghavayya]]
* [[B. N. Reddy]]
* [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]]
* [[Perugu Siva Reddy]]
* [[Mahankali Seetharama Rao]]
* [[Cheruvari Lakshmanan]]
* [[Manikonda Chalapathi Rau]]
* [[Mamidipudi Venkatarangayya]]
* [[Madapati Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[Andal Venkatasubba Rao]]
* [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]]
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
{{div col end}}

=== Padma Shri ===
{{Main|Padma Shri}}
{{div col}}
* [[A. S. Rao]]
* [[A. V. Rama Rao]]
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
* [[Annavarapu Rama Swamy]]
* [[Asavadi Prakasarao]]
* [[Atluri Sriman Narayana]]
* [[AVS Raju]]
* [[A. G. K. Gokhale]]
* [[A. Kanyakumari]]
* [[B. L. Deekshatulu]]
* [[B. Ramana Rao]]
* [[B. V. Raju]]
* [[B. V. Rao]]
* [[Bapu (director)]]
* [[Bhupathiraju Somaraju]]
* [[Boyi Bhimanna]]
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
* [[C. Venkata S. Ram]]
* [[Challagalla Narasimham]]
* [[Chintakindi Mallesham]]
* [[Chintala Venkat Reddy]]
* [[Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah]]
* [[D. Nageshwar Reddy]]
* [[D. V. S. Raju]]
* [[Dalavai Chalapathi Rao]]
* [[Daripalli Ramaiah]]
* [[Darshanam Mogilaiah]]
* [[Dasari Prasada Rao]]
* [[Dasika Durga Prasada Rao]]
* [[Dattatreyudu Nori]]
* [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]]
* [[G. Muniratnam]]
* [[Gajam Anjaiah]]
* [[Gajam Govardhana]]
* [[Garikapati Narasimha Rao]]
* [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
* [[Gnanananda Kavi]]
* [[Gopi Chand Mannam]]
* [[Goriparthi Narasimha Raju Yadav]]
* [[Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan]]
* [[Govindan Sundararajan]]
* [[Guduru Venkatachalam]]
* [[Gullapalli Nageswara Rao]]
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
* [[Harika Dronavalli]]
* [[I. V. Subba Rao (scientist)|I. V. Subba Rao]]
* [[Immaneni Sathyamurthy]]
* [[Iyyanki Venkata Ramanayya]]
* [[Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy]]
* [[Jonnalagadda Gurappa Chetty]]
* [[K. Paddayya]]
* [[K. S. Chandrasekharan]]
* [[K. Viswanath]]
* [[Kadiyala Ramachandra]]
* [[Kailasam Raghavendra Rao]]
* [[Kakarla Subba Rao]]
* [[Kallam Anji Reddy]]
* [[Kallur Subba Rao]]
* [[Kalyanam Raghuramaiah]]
* [[Kanaka Raju]]
* [[Karnam Malleswari]]
* [[Katuru Narayana]]
* [[Kolakaluri Enoch]]
* [[Koneru Humpy]]
* [[Koneru Ramakrishna Rao]]
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna Reddy]]
* [[Krishnaswami Ramiah]]
* [[Kutikuppala Surya Rao]]
* [[Lavu Narendranath]]
* [[Laxma Goud]]
* [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]
* [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
* [[M. V. Rao]]
* [[M. Y. S. Prasad]]
* [[Machani Somappa]]
* [[Manjula Anagani]]
* [[Mohan Babu]]
* [[Moturi Satyanarayana]]
* [[Mudundi Ramakrishna Raju]]
* [[Mukesh Kumar (field hockey)|Mukesh Kumar]]
* [[Myneni Hariprasada Rao]]
* [[N. G. Krishna Murti]]
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
* [[Narain Karthikeyan]]
* [[Narla Tata Rao]]
* [[Nataraja Ramakrishna]]
* [[Nerella Venu Madhav]]
* [[Nidumolu Sumathi]]
* [[Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad]]
* [[P. Bhanumathi]]
* [[P. V. Sindhu]]
* [[Palle Rama Rao]]
* [[Pannuru Sripathy]]
* [[Perugu Siva Reddy]]
* [[Prem Watsa]]
* [[Pullela Gopichand]]
* [[Pullella Sriramachandrudu]]
* [[Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu]]
* [[Raghu Ram Pillarisetti]]
* [[Raja and Radha Reddy]]
* [[Ravi Kumar Narra]]
* [[Rekandar Nageswara Rao]]
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]
* [[S. M. Arif]]
* [[S. M. Ganapathy]]
* [[S. S. Badrinath]]
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
* [[Saibaba Goud]]
* [[Sakini Ramachandraih]]
* [[Shantha Sinha]]
* [[Sharath Kamal]]
* [[Sheik Chinna Moulana]]
* [[Shobha Naidu]]
* [[Shobha Raju]]
* [[Siramdasu Venkata Rama Rao]]
* [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
* [[Sitaram Rao Valluri]]
* [[Sowcar Janaki]]
* [[Sribhashyam Vijayasarathi]]
* [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
* [[Srirangam Gopalaratnam]]
* [[Sthanam Narasimha Rao]]
* [[Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao]]
* [[T. Venkatapathi Reddiar]]
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
* [[Turlapaty Kutumba Rao]]
* [[U. Srinivas]]
* [[V. Nagayya]]
* [[V. Narayana Rao]]
* [[V. Satyanarayana Sarma]]
* [[Vamsi Mootha]]
* [[Venkateswara Rao Yadlapalli]]
* [[Vijay Raghav Rao]]
* [[Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath]]
* [[Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao]]
* [[Vulimiri Ramalingaswami]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad]]
* [[Yarlagadda Nayudamma]]
* [[Yella Venkateswara Rao]]
* Addepalli Sarvi Chetty – social work
* Aekka Yadagiri Rao – Arts
* Anumolu Sriramarao – social work
* Chandrakant Pithawa – Science & Engineering
* Devan Venkata Reddy – trade & industry
* Devarapalli Prakash Rao – social work
* Gadde Ramakoteswar Rao – Science & Engineering
* Hari Narain – civil service
* Jayakumari Chikkala – Medicine
* Kalluri Gopal Rao – Civil Service
* Argula Nagaraja Rao – trade & industry
* Mohan Reddy Venkatrama Bodanapu – trade & industry
* N. Balakrishna Reddy – social work
* Nampally Divakar – Science & Engineering
* Padamanur Ananda Rau – trade & industry
* Padmaja Reddy – Arts
* Sheik Nazar – Arts
* Sistha Venkata Seetharama Shastry – Science & Engineering
* Sudha Venkatasiva Reddy – social work
* T. V. Narayana – social work
* Tadepalli Venkanna – Arts
* Tripuraneni Hanuman Chowdary – Civil Service
* [[V. Koteswaramma]] – Literature & Education
* V. Ramchandra Vajramushti – Civil Service
* Vadalmudi Venkata Rao – Literature & Education
* [[Yadla Gopalarao]] – Arts
{{div col end}}

===Sahitya Akademi Award===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Author
! Work
|-
| 1955
| [[Suravaram Pratap Reddy]]
| ''Andhrula Sanghika Charitamu'' (Social History)
|-
| 1956
| Bulusu Venkateswarulu
| ''Bharatiya Tattva Sastramu'' (Translation of Dr. Radhakrishnan's History of Indian Philosophy)
|-
| 1957
| Chariantanananda Swami
| ''Sri Ramakrishnuni Jeevita Charitra'' (Biography)
|-
| 1958
| No Award
|
|-
| 1959
| No Award
|
|-
| 1960
| Ponangi Srirama Apparavu
| ''Natyasastramu'' (A History of Bharata's Natyasastra)
|-
| 1961
| [[Balantrapu Rajanikanta Rao]]
| ''Andhra Vaggeyakara Charitramu'' (A History of Telugu composers and songwriters)
|-
| 1962
| [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]]
| ''Viswanadha Madhyakkarulu'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1963
| [[Tripuraneni Gopichand]]
| ''Panditha Parameswara Sastry Veelunama'' (Novel)
|-
| 1964
| [[Gurram Joshua]]
| ''Kreestu Charitra'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1965
| [[Acharya Rayaprolu Subbarao]]
| ''Misra Manjari'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1966
| No Award
|
|-
| 1967
| No Award
|
|-
| 1968
| No Award
|
|-
| 1969
| [[Tummala Seetharama Murthy]]
| ''Mahatma Katha'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1970
| [[D. Balagangadhar Tilak]]
| ''Amrutham Kurisina Rathri'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1971
| [[Vasireddy Seethadevi]] [[Thapi Dharma Rao]] 
| ''Samata'' (Novel) ''Vijayavilasamu: Hrudayollasavyakhya'' (Commentary) 
|-
| 1972
| [[Srirangam Srinivasarao]]
| ''Sri Sri Sahityamu'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1973
| [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| ''Mantalu Manavudu'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1974
| [[Dasaradhi]]
| ''Thimiram Tho Samaram'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1975
| [[Boyi Bhimanna]]
| ''Gudiselu Kalipotunnai'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1976
| Akella Syamala Rani
| ''Harini'' (Novel)
|-
| 1977
| [[Kundurti Anjaneyulu]]
| ''Kundurti Kritulu'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1978
| [[Devulapalli Venkata Krishna Sastry]]
| Collected Works of Krishna Sastri (6 vols.)
|-
| 1979
| P. Narayanacharya
| ''Janapriya Ramayanamu'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1980
| Kasi Viswanath Silukoti
| ''Oka Deepam Veligindi'' (Play)
|-
| 1981
| [[Vasireddy Seethadevi]] [[Narla Venkateswara Rao]] 
| ''Uritadu'' (Novel) ''Seeta Josyam'' (Play) 
|-
| 1982
| [[Illindala Saraswati Devi]]
| ''Swarna Kamalaalu'' (Short stories)
|-
| 1983
| [[Ravuri Bharadwaja]]
| ''Jeevana Samaram'' (Sketches)
|-
| 1984
| Aluri Bairagi
| ''Aagama Geeti'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1985
| [[Palagummi Padmaraju]]
| ''Gaalivana'' (Short stories)
|-
| 1986
| G.V. Subramanyam
| ''Andhra Sahitya Vimarsa Angla Prabhavam'' (Literary criticism)
|-
| 1987
| [[Arudra]]
| ''Gurazada Gurupeetham'' (Essays)
|-
| 1988
| [[Vasireddy Seethadevi]] Rachamallu Ramachandra Reddi 
| ''Maro Dayyam Katha'' (Novel) ''Anuvaada Samasyalu'' (Criticism) 
|-
| 1989
| S. V. Joga Rao
| ''Manipravalamu'' (Essays)
|-
| 1990
| [[Vasireddy Seethadevi]] [[K Siva Reddy]] 
| ''Mrityunjayadu'' (Novel) ''Mohana-o-Mohana'' (Poetry) 
|-
| 1991
| [[Bharago|Bhamidipati Ramagopalam]]
| ''Itlu, Mee Vidheyudu'' (Short stories)
|-
| 1992
| [[Malathi Chendur]]
| ''Hrudaya Netri'' (Novel)
|-
| 1993
| [[Madhuranthakam Rajaram]]
| ''Madhuranthakam Rajaram Kathalu'' (Short stories)
|-
| 1994
| [[Gunturu Seshendra Sharma]]
| ''Kala Rekha'' (Criticism)
|-
| 1995
| [[Kalipatnam Ramarao]]
| ''Yajnam To Tommidi'' (Short stories)
|-
| 1996
| [[Kethu Viswanatha Reddy]]
| ''Kethu Vishwanatha Reddy Kathalu'' (Short stories)
|-
| 1997
| [[Penumarthi Viswanatha Sastri]] (Ajanta)
| ''Swapna Lipi'' (Poetry)
|-
| 1998
| [[Balivada Kantha Rao]]
| ''Balivada Kantha Rao Kathalu'' (Short stories)
|-
| 1999
| Vallampati Venkata Subbayya
| ''Katha Silpam'' (Essays)
|-
| 2000
| [[N. Gopi]]
| ''Kalanni Nidra Ponivvanu'' (Poetry)
|-
| 2001
| Tirumala Ramachandra
| ''Hampi Nunchi Harappa Daka'' (Autobiography)
|-
| 2002
| Chekuri Ramarao
| ''Smrti Kinankam'' (Essays)
|-
| 2003
| Utpala Satyanarayanacharya
| ''Sri Krishna Chandrodayamu'' (Poetry)
|-
| 2004
| [[Ampasayya Naveen]]
| ''Kala Rekhalu'' (Novel)
|-
| 2005
| [[Abburi Chayadevi]]
| ''Tana Margam'' (Short Stories)
|-
| 2006
| Munipalle Raju
| ''Astitvanadam Aavali Teerana'' (Short Stories)
|-
| 2007
| [[Gadiyaram Ramakrishna Sarma]]
| ''Satapatramu'' (Autobiography)
|-
| 2008
| Chitiprolu Krishna Murthy
| ''Purushottamudu'' (Poetry)
|-
|2009
| [[Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad|Yarlagadda Laxmi Prasad]]
|''Draupadi'' (Novel)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/24/stories/2009122462072200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227035225/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/24/stories/2009122462072200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-12-27|title=Poets dominate 2009 Sahitya Akademi Awards |date=2009-12-24|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2010-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article225606.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905015238/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article225606.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 5, 2014|title=Draupadi's unending circle of suffering |date=2010-01-23|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2010-01-27}}</ref>
|-
|2010
| [[Syed Saleem]]
|''Kaluthunna Poolathota'' (Novel)
|-
|2011
|[[Samala Sadasiva]]
| ''Swaralayalu'' (Essays)
|-
|2012
|[[Peddibhotla Subbaramayya]]
|''Peddibhotla Subbaramayya Kathalu Vol-1'' (Short Stories)
|-
|2013
|[[Katyayani Vidmahe]]
|''Sahityaakasamlo Sagam'' (Essays)
|-
|2014
|[[Rachapalem Chandrasekhara Reddy]]
|''Mana Navalalu - Mana Kathanikalu'' (literary criticism)
|-
|2015
|[[P. Lalita Kumari|Volga]]
|''Vimuktha'' (Short Stories)
|-
|2016
|[[Papineni Sivasankar]]
|''Rajanigandha'' (Poetry)
|-
|2017
|[[Devi Priya]]
|''Gaali Rangu'' (Poetry)
|-
|2018
|[[Kolakaluri Enoch]]
|''Vimarsini'' (Essay)
|-
|2019
|[[Bandi Narayanaswamy]]
|''Sapta Bhoomi'' (Novel)<ref name="Akademy list">{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMY AWARD 2019 |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2019.pdf |website=Sahitya Academy |access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| Nikhileswar
| ''Agniswaasa (2015-2017)'' (poetry)<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2021 |title=Central literary academy award for Nikhileswar |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/features/central-literary-academy-award-nikhileshwar-1349378 |work=Sakshi |language=Telugu}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Goreti Venkanna]]
|''Vallanki Taalam'' (poetry)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reddy|first=R. Ravikanth|date=2021-12-30|title=People's poet Goreti Venkanna bags Sahitya Akademi award|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/peoples-poet-goreti-venkanna-bags-sahitya-akademi-award/article38073198.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

=== Bala Sahitya Puraskar winners ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Author
! Work
|-
|2010
|Kaluvakolanu Sadananda
|''Adavi Thalli'' (Children's Novel)
|-
|2011
|[[Bhoopal Reddy|M. Bhoopal Reddy]]
| ''Uggupaalu'' (Children short stories)
|-
|2013
|D. Sujatha Devi
|''Aatalo Aratipandu'' (Stories)

|}

===Khel Ratna Award===
The [[Khel Ratna Award]] is India's highest sporting honor.
* [[Karnam Malleswari]] – For Weightlifting
* [[Pullela Gopichand]] – For Badminton
* [[P. V. Sindhu]] – For Badminton
* [[Rohit Sharma]] – For Cricket

===Jnanpeeth Award===
* [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] for his work ''[[Ramayana Kalpavruksham]]u'' for the year 1970.
* [[C. Narayanareddy]] for his Telugu poetic work ''Viswambara'' for the year 1988.
* [[Ravuri Bharadhwaja]] for his Telugu poetic work ''Pakudu Rallu'' (Crawling Stones) for the year 2012.

===Sahitya Akademi Award===
* [[Viswanadha Satyanarayana]] for his poetry book ''Viswanadha Madhyakaralu''
* [[Balantrapu Rajanikanta Rao]] for ''Andhra Vaggeyakara Charitramu''
* [[Suravaram Pratap Reddy]] for his social history book ''Andhrula Sanghika Charitamu'' (1955)
* [[Kethu Viswanatha Reddy]] for his short stories book ''Kethu Viswanatha Reddy Kathalu''

===Dada Saheb Phalke award===
* [[Bomireddi Narasimha Reddy]] (1974)
* [[Paidi Jairaj]] (1980)
* [[L. V. Prasad]] (1982)
* [[B.Nagi Reddy|B. Nagi Reddy]] (1986)
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] (1990)
* [[D. Ramanaidu]] (2009)
* [[K. Viswanath]] (2016)

=== Academy Award ===

* [[M. M. Keeravani]] (2023)

=== Golden Globe Award ===

* [[M. M. Keeravani]] (2023)

=== Critics Choice Movie Awards ===

* [[M. M. Keeravani]] (2023)
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]] (2023)

=== Dronacharya Award ===
* [[A. Ramana Rao]] – Volleyball (1990)
* [[Shyam Sunder Rao]] – Volleyball (1995)
* [[S. M. Arif]] – Badminton (2000)
* E. Prasad Rao – Kabaddi (2002)
* Koneru Ashok – Chess (2006)
* [[Pullela Gopichand]] – Badminton (2009)
* Nagapuri Ramesh – Athletics (2016)
* G. S. S. V. Prasad – Badminton (2017)
* Achanta Srinivasa Rao – Table Tennis (2018)

=== Arjuna Award ===
{{div col}}
* [[V. V. S. Laxman]] – Cricket
* [[Rohit Sharma]] – Cricket
* [[Mukesh Kumar (field hockey)|Mukesh Kumar]] – Hockey
* [[PV Sindhu]] – Badminton
* [[Pullela Gopichand]] – Badminton
* [[Parupalli Kashyap]] – Badminton
* [[Chetan Anand (badminton)|Chetan Anand]] – Badminton
* [[B. Sai Praneeth]] – Badminton
* [[Jwala Gutta]] – Badminton
* [[Srikanth Kidambi]] – Badminton
* [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] – Badminton
* [[Sharath Kamal]] – Table Tennis
* [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] – Tennis
* [[Saketh Myneni]] – Tennis
* [[Koneru Humpy]] – Chess
* [[Pentala Harikrishna]] – Chess
* [[Harika Dronavalli]] – Chess
* [[Sharath Kamal]] – Table tennis
* [[Tulsidas Balaram]] – Football
* [[Karnam Malleswari]] – Weight lifting
* [[Kamineni Eswara Rao]] – Weight lifting
* [[P. V. Ramana]] – Volleyball
* [[Shyam Sunder Rao]] – Volleyball
* [[A. Ramana Rao]] – Volleyball{{div col end}}

=== Ramon Magsaysay Award ===
The [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] was established in 1957 in memory of [[Ramon Magsaysay]], the late president of the [[Philippines]]. It is often considered to be Asia's Nobel Prize.
* [[Palagummi Sainath]]
* [[Shantha Sinha]]
* [[Bezwada Wilson]]

=== Guinness World Records ===
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] – holds the Guinness World Record for having sung the most songs for any male playback singer in the world, with the majority of his songs sung in Telugu.
* [[P. Susheela]] – She entered the Guinness Book of World Records for recording the highest number of songs in musical history.
* [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] – holds the Guinness World Record as the most films directed with 151 films.
* [[D. Ramanaidu]] – holds the Guinness World Record as the most prolific producer with 130 films.
* [[Ramoji Film City]] – Guinness Record had been awarded to Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad as the largest film studio complex in the world, it opened in 1996 and measures 674 hectares (1,666 acres). With 47 sound stages, it has permanent sets ranging from railway stations to temples.
* [[Brahmanandam]] – M.R Brahmanandam holds the Guinness World Record for acting in the most films in a single language, 1000+ films.
* [[Vijaya Nirmala]] – in 2002, the Guinness Book of Records named Vijaya Nirmala as the female director with the most films, having made 47 films. In a career spanning approximately two decades, she has acted in over 200 films with 25 each in Malayalam and Tamil and produced 15 films.
* [[Chiranjeevi]] – in 2024, the Guinness Book of Records named Chiranjeevi most prolific film star in the Indian film industry, having danced in 537 songs across 156 films.

=== Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship ===
* [[V. Satyanarayana Sarma]]
* [[Nataraja Ramakrishna]]
* [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]]
* [[Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma]]
* [[V. Satyanarayana Sarma]]
* [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
* [[Yamini Krishnamurthy]]

=== Sangeet Natak Akademi Award ===
{{div col}}
* [[Sthanam Narasimha Rao]]
* [[Banda Kanakalingeshwara Rao]]
* [[Kalyanam Raghuramaiah]]
* [[Peesapati Narasimha Murty]]
* [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
* [[Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana]]
* [[Annavarapu Rama Swamy]]
* [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti Babu]]
* [[Deerghasi Vizai Bhaskar]]
* [[Nidumolu Sumathi]]
* [[Yella Venkateswara Rao]]
* [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]]
* [[Kolanka Venkata Raju]]
* [[U. Srinivas]]
* [[Budaloor Krishnamurthy Shastri]]
* [[Prapancham Sitaram]]
* [[Puranam Purushottama Sastri]]
* [[Nedunuri Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Sripada Pinakapani]]
* [[Emani Sankara Sastry]]
* [[Sheik Chinna Moulana]]
* [[Domada Chittabbayi]]
* [[E. Gayathri]]
* [[Srimushnam V. Raja Rao]]
* [[A. Kanyakumari]]
* [[Dwaram Durga Prasad Rao]]
* [[V. Satyanarayana Sarma]]
* [[Ananta Charan Sai Babu]]
* [[Yamini Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]]
* [[Nataraja Ramakrishna]]
* [[Shobha Naidu]]
* [[Veernala Jayarama Rao]]
* [[Uma Rama Rao]]
{{div col end}}

==International Positions==
'''United States'''

{{div col}}
*[[Usha Vance]] – Second Lady of The United States of America.
* [[Ajay Naidu]] – Hollywood actor
* [[Arvind Krishna]] – [[Indian American]] business executive. He is the [[chief executive officer]] (CEO) of [[IBM]]
* [[Saagar Enjeti]] – independent political news commentator, based in Washington D.C.
* [[Adivi Sesh]] – Hollywood actor, director, writer
* [[Varun Sandesh]] – actor
* [[Surya Yalamanchili]] – Democratic nominee who ran for Congress in Ohio's 2nd congressional district in 2010
* [[Vinai Thummalapally]] – U.S. Ambassador to [[Belize]]
* [[Kris Kolluri]] – [[New Jersey]] Commissioner of Transportation
* [[C. R. Rao]] – mathematician, statistician
* [[Rao Remala]] – first Indian Employee at [[Microsoft]]
* [[Satya Nadella]] – CEO of [[Microsoft]]
* [[Shantanu Narayen]] – CEO of [[Adobe Systems]]
* [[Raj Reddy]] – recipient of Turing Award
* [[Padmasree Warrior]] – former chief executive officer of [[Nio Inc.]]
* [[Vijaya Lakshmi Emani]] (1958–2009) – social activist, posthumously awarded [[Presidential Citizens Medal]]
* [[Sarayu Rao]] – Hollywood Actress
* [[Aneesh Chaganty]] – Hollywood director
* [[Akash Vukoti]] – TV personality
* [[Narayana Kocherlakota]] – American economist and is the Lionel W. McKenzie Professor of Economics at the [[University of Rochester]]
* [[Upendra Chivukula]] – Democratic politician who currently serves as a Commissioner on the [[New Jersey Board of Public Utilities]] after serving more than 12 years in the [[New Jersey General Assembly]], where he had been the [[Deputy Speaker]]
* [[Dabeeru C. Rao]] – Director of the Division of Biostatistics at [[Washington University School of Medicine]]
* [[Balamurali Ambati]] – American [[ophthalmologist]], educator, and researcher. On May 19, 1995, he entered the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] as the world's youngest doctor
* [[Uma Pemmaraju]] – American anchor and host on the [[Fox News Channel]] cable network
* [[Vamsi Mootha]] – American physician-scientist and computational biologist of Indian descent
* [[G. S. Maddala]] – mathematician and economist best known for work in the field of [[Econometrics]]
* [[J. N. Reddy (engineer)|J. N. Reddy]] – professor and holder of the [[Oscar S. Wyatt]] Endowed Chair in Mechanical Engineering at [[Texas A&M University]]
* [[Neeli Bendapudi]] – President of [[University of Louisville]]
* [[Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao]] – professor emeritus at Pennsylvania State University and research professor at the university at Buffalo
* [[Ravi V. Bellamkonda]] – Vinik Dean of Engineering Duke University Edmund T. Pratt Jr. School of Engineering
* [[Yellapragada Subbarao]] – Indian biochemist who discovered the function of adenosine triphosphate as an energy source in the cell
* [[Nina Davuluri]] – Miss America 2014
* [[Dattatreyudu Nori]] – Vice Chairman of the Radiation Oncologist Department at The New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City
* [[V. Mohan Reddy]] – pediatric cardiothoracic surgeon at Stanford
* [[E. Premkumar Reddy]] – oncologist; director of Fels institute of cancer research and molecular biology at [[Temple University]]
* [[Aruna Miller]] – American politician and former members of the Maryland House of delegates representing District 15 in [[Montgomery County, Maryland]]
* [[Laxmi Poruri]] – tennis player
* [[Raja Kumari]] – singer
* [[Mathukumalli Vidyasagar]] – control theorist
* [[Hari Kondabolu]] – stand-up comedian
* [[Ashok Kondabolu]] – DJ, rapper, former member of hip-hop group [[Das Racist]]
* [[Sashi Reddy]] – entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and philanthropist
* [[Raj Reddy]] – computer scientist, founder of the Robotics Institute at [[Carnegie Mellon University]], winner of [[Turing Award]]
* [[Lakireddy Bali Reddy]] – convicted felon, charged for sex trafficking, visa fraud, and tax code violations
* [[Alluri Satyanarayana Raju]] – first General Secretary in AICC in Nehru Govt.
* [[Sekhar Puli]] – Indian American entrepreneur, Investor and philanthropist
{{div col end}}'''South Africa'''
* [[Anand Naidoo]] – South African journalist
* [[Jailoshini Naidoo]] – South African actress
* [[Leeanda Reddy]] – South African actor
'''French Yanam'''
*[[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou]] – (Ancien Membre du Conseil Local et [[Conseil Municipal de Yanaon]], Ancien [[Jury]] De [[Yanam, French India|Yanaon]], Former Diwan of Manyam [[Zamindari]] of [[French Yanam]])
*[[Bezawada Bapa Naidou]] – (Ancien Maire De [[Yanam, French India|Yanaon]])
*[[Kamichetty Venugopala Rao Naidou]] – (Ancien Maire De [[Yanam, French India|Yanaon]])
* [[Kamichetty Sri Parasurama Varaprasada Rao Naidu]] – Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Yanam, Pondicherry|Yanam]] for six consecutive terms and [[Deputy Speaker]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]].
*[[Dadala Raphael Ramanayya]] – Freedom fighter
*[[Samatam Krishnayya]] – Poet and Pro-French Activist, Maire(interim) de [[Yanam, French India|Yanaon]]
*[[Malladi Krishna Rao]] – Puducherry Health Minister<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/puducherry-health-minister-warns-private-colleges-on-pg-admission-issue-1694887|title=Puducherry Health Minister Warns Private Colleges On PG Admission Issue|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Modern writers==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Tirupati Venkata Kavulu]]
* [[Patanjali]]
* [[Tapi Dharma Rao Naidu]]
* [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]]
* [[Gurazada Apparao]]
* [[Srirangam Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]]
* [[Garimella Satyanarayana]]
* [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]]
* [[Chilakamarthi Lakshmi Narasimham]]
* [[Gudipati Venkatachalam]]
* [[Tripuraneni Ramaswamy]]
* [[Tummala Seetharama Murthy]]
* [[C. Narayana Reddy|Dr. C. Naryana Reddy]]
* [[Dasaradhi]]
* [[Gurram Joshua]]
* [[Boyi Bheemanna]]
* [[Kodavatiganti Kutumbarao]]
* [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Mullapudi, Venkataramana]]
* [[Vasireddy Seethadevi]]
* [[Tripuraneni Gopichand]]
* [[Atluri Pitcheswara Rao]]
* [[Kaloji]]
* [[Suravaram Pratap Reddy]]
* [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]]
* [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]
* [[Vegunta Mohan Prasad]]
}}

==Industrialists and CEOs ==
{{div col}}
* [[Satya Nadella]] – CEO, [[Microsoft]]
* [[Srini Raju]] – Founder TV9
* [[B. V. R. Mohan Reddy|Mohan Reddy]] – Founder and Chairman [[Cyient]]
* [[PMS Prasad]] – CEO, [[Reliance Industries]]
* [[Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao]] – [[GMR Group]]
* [[Gunapati Venkata Krishna Reddy]] – [[GVK Group]]
* [[Shantanu Narayen]] – CEO, [[Adobe Systems]]
* [[Anji Reddy]] – [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]]
* [[Prathap C. Reddy]] – Founder, [[Apollo Hospitals]]
* [[Vikram Akula]] – Founder, [[SKS Microfinance]]
* [[Sashi Reddi]] – Founder Sri Capital
* [[Ramachandra Naidu Galla]] – Founder, [[Amara Raja Group]]
* [[Padmasree Warrior]] – CEO, Cisco Systems
* [[Lagadapati Madhusudan Rao]] – [[Lanco Infra]] Founder, MD
* [[Narayana Kocherlakota]] – President of [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]]
* [[Prasad Nimmagadda]] – Matrix Labs Founder, MD
* [[Varaprasad Reddy]] – Shanta Biotech Founder, MD
* [[AVS Raju]] – Founder, Nagarjuna Construction Company
* [[Nama Nageswara Rao]] – Founder, Madhucon Projects
* [[Ramoji Rao]] – [[Eenadu]] Group
* [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]] – KMC Infra Founder, MD
* [[Srini Kopollu]] – Microsoft India
* [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]] – chairman, Balaji Group
* [[T. Subbarami Reddy]] – Founder of Gayatri Group of Companies
* [[Byrraju Ramalinga Raju]] – Founder of Satyam Computers
* [[Ramesh Gelli]] – Founder of Global Trust Bank and the only Banker to win Padmashree
* [[P. V. Ramprasad Reddy]] – Founder Aurabindo pharma
* [[Arvind Krishna]] – Chairman and CEO, [[IBM]]
* [[Vijaya Gadde]] – general counsel and the head of legal, policy [[Twitter]]

{{div col end}}

==Sports==
'''Cricket'''

{{div col}}
* [[C. K. Nayudu]] – First Captain of Indian Cricket Team
* [[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram]] alias Pusapati Vijay Ananda Gajapathi Raju, – Second Captain of Indian Cricket Team
* [[Buchi Babu Naidu]] – Father of South Indian Cricket
* [[Cotah Ramaswami]] – Represented India in both International Cricket and Tennis
* [[Hanuma Vihari]] – Indian test cricket team player
* [[M. Baliah Naidu]] – Cricketer
* [[M. Suryanarayan]] – Indian Test Cricketer
* [[M. S. K. Prasad]] – Cricketer
* [[M. L. Jaisimha]] – Cricketer
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] – Cricketer
* [[Tilak Varma]] – Cricketer{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[Shivlal Yadav]] – Cricketer
* [[K. S. Bharat]] – Cricketer
* [[Tarun Nethula]] – Cricketer
* [[Saiteja Mukkamalla]] – Cricketer{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[Bharath Reddy (cricketer)|Bharath Reddy]] – Test Cricketer (1978–1981)
* [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]] – Cricketer
* [[Ambati Rayudu]] – Cricketer
* [[Rohit Sharma]] – Cricketer
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] – Cricketer from Tamil Nadu{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] – Cricketer from Tamil Nadu{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[V. V. S. Laxman]] – Cricketer
* [[Venkatapathy Raju]] – Cricketer
* [[Bharat Arun]] – Cricketer
* [[Sandeep Goud]] – Cricketer
* [[M. V. Narasimha Rao]] – Cricketer
* [[M. Venkataramana]] – Cricketer
* [[Pochiah Krishnamurthy]] – Cricketer
* [[Sabbhineni Meghana]] – Women Cricketer
* [[Sravanthi Naidu]] – Women Cricketer
* [[Rajani Venugopal]] – Women Cricketer
* [[Sneha Deepthi]] – Women Cricketer
* [[Diana David]] – Women Cricketer
* [[Ravi Kalpana]] – Women Cricketer
* [[Purnima Rau]] – Women Cricketer
* [[Arundhati Reddy]] – Women Cricketer
{{div col end}}'''Tennis'''
* [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] – First Indian to win a major tournament{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[Saketh Myneni]] – He won a gold medal in Mixed doubles and a silver medal in Men's doubles event at Incheon Asian Games 2014
* [[Laxmi Poruri]] – the first Indian-American female to play professional tennis on the WTA Tour in the modern era
* [[Rushmi Chakravarthi]] – She won a record 52 ITF titles, the highest number set by an Indian female player
* [[Pranjala Yadlapalli]] – Pranjala has won four singles titles and six doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit
* [[Vishnu Vardhan]] – He won bronze medal in men's doubles at 2010 Asian games in Guangzhou, China. He paired-up with and Sania Mirza for mixed doubles and won silver medal at the same event
* [[Jafreen Shaik]] – She claimed a bronze medal in the mixed doubles at the 2017 Summer Deaflympics partnering with Prithvi Sekhar
* [[Sowjanya Bavisetti]] – Women Tennis player
* [[Rekha Boyalapalli]] – Women Tennis player
* [[Rishika Sunkara]] – Women Tennis player
* [[Vishal Punna]] – Tennis Player
* [[Bhanu Nunna]] – Tennis Player
'''Speedcubing'''
* [[Krishnam Raju Gadiraju]] – is an accomplished Indian [[speedcubing|speedcuber]] and [[Unicycle|unicyclist]]. He is a six-time world record holder and the first Indian to ever set a world record in [[speedcubing]] and [[Unicycle|unicycling]].
'''Human Calculator'''
* [[Neelakantha Bhanu Prakash]] – is a human calculator from India, and is titled as the "World's Fastest Human Calculator". BBC said "Neelakantha Bhanu Prakash is to math (mental calculation) what Usain Bolt is to running".
'''Chess'''

{{div col}}
* [[Koneru Humpy]] – Chess Grand Master, Arjuna Award winner
* [[Pendyala Harikrishna]] – Chess Grand Master, Arjuna Award winner
* [[Harika Dronavalli]] – Chess Grand Master, Arjuna Award winner
* [[Gukesh D]] – Chess Grand Master, World Chess Champion

* [[Bodda Pratyusha]] – Chess Grand Master
* [[Arjun Erigaisi]] – Chess Grand Master
* [[M. R. Lalith Babu]] – Chess Grand Master
* [[Harsha Bharathakoti]] – Chess Grand Master
* [[Karthik Venkataraman]] – Chess Grand Master{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[Sahiti P. Lakshmi]] – Chess Woman International Master
* [[Nutakki Priyanka]] – Chess Woman International Master

{{div col end}}'''Football'''{{div col}}
* [[Tulsidas Balaram]] – represented the country in international competitions including the Olympic Games{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[K. Appalaraju]] – He scored a goal in a 2–0 win over South Korea in 1964 Asian Cup. He also scored a hat-trick in a 5–3 win over Sri Lanka in 1964 Summer Olympics Football tournament qualification
* [[Soumya Guguloth]] – Women Football player
{{div col end}}'''Other Countries'''
* [[Vikash Dhorasoo]] – French international footballer, played for France in 2006 World Cup
'''Others'''
* [[Neelapu Rami Reddy]] – Sprinter and athletics champion
* [[K. Krishna Mohan]] – the first Indian to break the 14 second barrier in [[110 metre hurdles]]<ref name="hindu_sep08">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/11/stories/2008091161542300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913180246/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/11/stories/2008091161542300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-09-13|title=Krishna Mohan breaks the 14-second barrier|date=2008-09-10|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref>
* [[Shamsher Khan]] – was an Indian swimmer who represented India in the [[1956 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Samdani|first1=MN|title=Robbed: 1956 Swimming hero Shamsher of his Olympic feat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Robbed-1956-Swimming-hero-Shamsher-of-his-Olympic-feat/articleshow/15178332.cms|access-date=23 October 2013|agency=The Times of India|work=The Times of India|date=27 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Forgotten-Olympian-feted/article16529910.ece|title=Forgotten Olympian feted|newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 August 2009|publisher=|access-date=15 October 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* [[Anup Kumar Yama]] – Roller Skater
* [[Aruna Reddy]] – an Indian female artistic gymnast, representing at international competitions. She won bronze medal in 2018 World Cup Gymnastics in women's vault event in Melbourne. She created history by becoming the first Indian to clinch a medal at Gymnastics World Cup
* [[K. Srinivas (carrom player)|K. Srinivas]] – He was the Indian national carrom champion and the winner of the 4th Carrom World Cup held at the Maldives
* [[Ambati Prudhvi Reddy]] – Basketball player
* [[B. V. Satyanarayan]] – He competed in the men's long jump at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1964 Summer Olympics
'''Boxing'''
* [[Usha Nagisetty]] – She won the gold medal at the 2008 Asian Women Boxing Championships<ref>{{cite news|last=S.|first=Sabanayakam|title=Sarita and Usha win gold|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092956591900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001034833/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092956591900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2008|access-date=29 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 September 2008}}</ref> and the silver medal at the [[2008 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Medallists by Weight Category |url=http://www.aiba.org/documents/site1/wch_ningbo08/C93.pdf|work=[[World Amateur Boxing Championships]]|access-date=29 October 2010}}</ref>
* [[Mohammad Hussamuddin]] – Hussamuddin won a Bronze at the 2018 Commonwealth Games held at Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia
* [[Nikhat Zareen]] – She won gold medal at the 2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships.She has become the fifth Indian woman to win a gold medal at the IBA World Boxing Championships
* [[Bharadwaj Dayala]] – the first Indian to complete a solo tour around the world on an Indian-made Karizma motorcycle
* [[Sri Vyshnavi Yarlagadda]] – the first Indian to set a Junior World Record and also the first Indian woman to win a gold medal in World Junior Memory Championships.She is the youngest and the first woman in India to achieve the International Master of Memory title
'''Archery'''
* [[Pranitha Vardhineni]] – Pranitha Vardhineni represented India in the women's individual and team archery events at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing
* [[Cherukuri Lenin]] – he won a silver medal at the [[Asian Grand Prix]] in Malaysia
* [[Jyothi Surekha Vennam]] – At the age of 13, she won an Olympic round gold medal at the Mexican Grand Prix. At the Mexican Grand Prix, she also won bronze (20m) and three silver (50m and 40m)
* [[Dhiraj Bommadevara]]
* [[Jayalakshmi Sarikonda]] – She competes in the compound women event. She won medals in international archery events
'''Volleyball'''
* [[A. Ramana Rao]] – He was the head coach for the Indian men's volleyball team at the Asian Men's Volleyball Championship at Perth in 1991. He was also the first Indian volleyball coach to qualify as FIVB Instructor in the German Democratic Republic in 1986
* [[Shyam Sunder Rao]] – former Indian volleyball player and coach.He is a recipient of Arjuna award and, in 1995, the Dronacharya award
* [[Yejju Subba Rao]] – He was the President of Volleyball Federation of India honored Y Subba Rao with Five Gold coins for his extraordinary contribution towards Indian volleyball
* [[P. V. Ramana]] – He was a member of the India men's national volleyball team. In the 1986 Asian Games, he was part of the team that won a bronze medal
* [[Tilakam Gopal]] – is a former volleyball player from India. He captained the India national team at the 1966 Asian Games

'''Handball'''
* [[Boyi Satya]] – is a handball player from Vijayawada.

'''Weight Lifting'''
* [[Karnam Malleswari]] – Olympic medalist in weight lifting
* [[Ragala Venkat Rahul]] – He won a gold medal in the [[Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's 85 kg|men's 85 kg]] weight class at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
* [[Valluri Srinivasa Rao]] – Weight lifter, winner of bronze medal in the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Delhi]] in the Men's 56 kg category
* [[Santoshi Matsa]] – She won the silver medal in the women's 53 kg weight class at the 2014 Commonwealth Games at Glasgow
* [[Shailaja Pujari]] – She won 3 Gold Medals in the women's 75 kg weight class at the 2002 Commonwealth Games Manchester
* [[Neelam Setti Laxmi]] – She won two silver medals at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
* [[Badathala Adisekhar]] – He competed in the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics
* [[Manikyalu Malla Venkata]] – He competed in the men's flyweight event at the 1984 Summer Olympics
* [[Kamineni Eswara Rao]] – He competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 1956 Summer Olympics
* [[Dandamudi Rajagopal|Dandamudi Rajagopal Rao]] – First Indian weightlifting champion continuously for 13 years from 1945 to 1958 popularly known as Indian Tarzan
'''Body Builders'''
* [[Kodi Rammurthy Naidu]] – Bodybuilder and wrestler
* [[Laxman Reddy]] – Body Building champion – Winner, Mr. World 2010
* [[Thota Narasayya Naidu]] – Professional Wrestler and Freedom fighter
'''Table tennis'''
* [[Sharath Kamal]] – The first Indian table tennis player ever to become ten times Senior National Champion
* [[Sreeja Akula]] – Table Tennis
'''Field Hockey'''
* [[Mukesh Kumar (field hockey)|Mukesh Kumar]] – represented his native country at three consecutive Summer Olympics. Triple Olympian and winner of Arjuna award-1995, Padmashri Award-2003
* [[Rajani Etimarpu]] – The first Women from Andhra pradesh to be part of the Indian women's hockey team and 2016 Rio Olympics
* [[Alloysius Edwards]] – Olympian Atlanta and Sydney Olympics 1996<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antony |first=A. Joseph |date=2021-12-10 |title=Hockey hits a high in Hyderabad after a long break |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/hockey-hits-a-high-in-hyderabad-after-a-long-break-2239278/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-US}}</ref>
'''Badminton'''{{div col}}
* [[P. V. Sindhu]] – India's first female multi-medallist in Olympics with silver and bronze and five World Championship medals.
* [[Chetan Anand (badminton)|Chetan Anand]] – Badminton champion
* [[Pullela Gopichand]] – 2002 All England Shuttle Badminton champion
* [[P. V. V. Lakshmi]] – Badminton player
* [[Gayatri Gopichand]] – Badminton doubles player; Commonwealth Games medallist
* [[Jwala Gutta]] – Badminton champion
* [[Parupalli Kashyap]] – Badminton Player
* [[Gurusai Dutt]] – Badminton Player
* [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]] – Badminton doubles player; Asian Games gold medalist
* [[S. M. Arif]] – Former player and coach, He is a recipient of Dronacharya Award and Padma Shri Award
* [[Ruthvika Gadde]] – Badminton Player
* [[N. Sikki Reddy]] – Badminton Player
* [[Srikanth Kidambi]] – Badminton player
* [[B. Sai Praneeth]] – Badminton player
* [[B. Sumeeth Reddy]] – Badminton player
* [[Harika Veludurthi]] – Badminton player
* [[Nandagopal Kidambi]] – Badminton player
* [[K. Maneesha]] – Badminton player
* [[Srivedya Gurazada]] – Badminton player
* [[Meghana Jakkampudi]] – Badminton player
* [[Deepthi Chapala]] – Badminton player
* [[K. Neelima Chowdary]] – Badminton player
* [[Tarun Kona]] – Badminton player
* [[Shikha Gautam]] – Badminton player
* [[Siril Verma]] – Badminton player
* [[Sudheer Babu]] – Badminton player
{{div col end}}'''Racing'''
* [[Narain Karthikeyan]] – India's first Formula 1 driver
* [[S. Karivardhan]] – car constructor and National Champion
* [[Anindith Reddy]] – National Champion Driver in the 2016 Euro JK 16, JK 17 Championship
'''Mountain climbing'''
* [[Malavath Purna]] – Youngest female to climb Mount Everest
* [[Malli Mastan Babu]] – World record of climbing the Seven Summits in the shortest span of time at that point

==Films==
'''Actors'''

{{div col}}

* [[Adivi Sesh]] – Actor
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|Dr. Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] – Film actor and Studio owner
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] – Film Actor
* [[Allu Rama Lingaiah]] – Actor/Comedian
* [[Allari Naresh]] – Film Actor
* [[Allu Arjun]] – Actor/dancer
* [[Aryan Rajesh]] – Film Actor
* [[Basavaraju Venkata Padmanabha Rao|Padmanabham]] – Film Actor, Producer
* [[Babu Mohan]] – Standup comedian
* [[Brahmanandam]] – Actor, Guinness record holder for acting more than 700 films
* [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] – Actor and Producer
* [[Chiranjeevi]] – Telugu actor and philanthropist
* [[V. Nagayya]] – Actor
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] – Telugu film actor
* [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] – Telugu director, actor and producer
* [[Eelapata Raghuramaiah]] – Telugu Film and Stage Actor, Padmasri Award Winner, Kendra Sangeeta Nataka Akademy Award Winner
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] – Telugu film actor
* [[Hari Kondabolu]] – Standup comedian
* [[Jagapati Babu]] – Film Actor
* [[Jayam Ravi]] – Tamil film actor; (Telugu mother)
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] – Film Actor
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] – Actor
* [[Johny Lever]] – Film Actor/Stand-up Comedian
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] – Actor and producer
* [[Kanta Rao]] – Film Actor
* [[Krishnam Raju]] – Film Actor
* [[Krishna]] – Film Actor/Studio owner
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] – Film Actor
* [[Mahesh Babu]] – Film Actor, Philanthropist
* [[Mahat Raghavendra]] -Film Actor
* [[Meka Srikanth]] – Film Actor
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] – Actor
* [[Manchu Manoj]] – Film Actor
* [[Murali Mohan|Maganti Murali Mohan]] – Film Actor/Producer
* [[M.S. Narayana]] – Film Actor
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] – Actor
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] – Film Actor
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] – Film Actor
* [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] – Film Actor
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] – Film actor/producer/studio owner
* [[Nagendra Babu]] – Actor/producer
* [[Nani (actor)]] – Film actor
* [[Naveen Polishetty]] – Telugu actor
* [[Naveen Chandra]] – Telugu and Tamil actor
* [[Nitin Kumar Reddy]] – Film Actor
* [[N.T. Rama Rao]] – Film Actor, Former Chief Minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] – Actor/Singer
* [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] – Film Actor/Producer
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] – Telugu actor, Jana Sena Party President
* [[Prabhas]] – Film Actor
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah]] Naidu – Father of Telugu cinema
* [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] – Actor
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] – Film Actor and Singer
* [[Ramana Reddy]] – Comedian
* [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] – Actor
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] – Actor
* [[Ram (actor)|Ram]] – Film actor
* [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] – Actor
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] – Film Actor
* [[Ram Charan Teja]] – Actor
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] – Film Actor
* [[Raviteja]] – Film Actor
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] – Film Actor
* [[Srihari]] – Actor/producer
* [[Sobhan Babu]] – Film Actor
* [[Sudheer Varma (actor)|Sudheer Varma]] – Actor
* [[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] – Actor
* [[Suthi Velu]] – Actor
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] – Dialogue Writer/Actor
* [[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]] – Film Actor
* [[Uday Kiran]] – Film Actor
* [[Vaibhav Reddy]] – Actor
* [[Vijay Deverakonda]] – Actor
* [[Vishnu Vardhan Babu]] – Film Actor
* [[Vishal Krishna Reddy|Vishal]] – Tamil Film Actor
{{div col end }}'''Actresses'''
{{div col}}
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] – Telugu, Hindi and Tamil actress (Telugu mother)
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] – Tamil and Telugu actress
* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] – works in Telugu and Tamil films
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] – Telugu actress
* [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]] – Tamil and Telugu film actress
* [[Bhanupriya]] – Actress
* [[Bindu Madhavi]] [[Reddy]] – actress
* [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] – Telugu, Tamil actress/producer
* [[Devika]] – Telugu and Tamil actress
* [[Eesha Rebba]] – Telugu actress
* [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]] – Telugu actress in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada films
* [[Gautami]] – Famous actress of the 1980s and 1990s who worked in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam films
* [[G. Varalakshmi]] – actress
* [[Jayasudha]] – Film actress
* [[Jaya Prada]] – Film actress
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] – Telugu actress
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] – 1950s, 1960s and 1970s actress who acted in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada films
* [[Kiran Rao]] – Indian film producer and ex-wife of Bollywood actor [[Aamir Khan]]
* [[Krishnaveni (actress)|Krishnaveni]] – Actress, singer, producer
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] – Telugu actress
* [[Keerthi Reddy]] – Actress
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] – Telugu and Tamil actress (Telugu father)
* [[Lakshmi Manchu]] – Telugu actress
* [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] – Film Actress
* [[Malashri]] – Kannada actress
* [[P. Kannamba]] – Telugu, Tamil actress/producer
* [[Priya Anand]] – Tamil and Hindi actress (Telugu mother)
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] – Actress
* [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] – Actress. (Telugu father)
* [[Rohini (actress)]] – Actress
* [[Roja Selvamani]] – Actress
* [[Roopa Koduvayur]] – Actress
* [[Rekha]] – Mother is Telugu actress Pushpavalli
* [[Sarayu Rao]] – American actress
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] – Telugu and Tamil actress
* [[Sameera Reddy]] – Actress (Telugu father)
* [[Santha Kumari]] – Telugu, Tamil actress/producer
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] – Telugu, Tamil actress/producer
* [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] – Film actress
* [[Silk Smitha]] – actress in South Indian film industry
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] – Actress
* [[Sowkar Janaki]] – Telugu, Tamil actress
* [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] – Telugu, Hindi actress
* [[Sridevi]] – Indian actress (Telugu family from Tamil Nadu)
* [[Sri Divya]] – Telugu film actress
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] – Telugu, Tamil actress
* [[Shreya Dhanwanthary]] – Hindi, Telugu actress
* [[Swara Bhaskar]] – Film actress. (Telugu father)
* [[Swati Reddy]] – Film actress/television presenter
* [[Tina Desai]] – Telugu mother and Gujarati father
* [[Vijayashanti]] – Actress and politician
* [[Vanisri]] – Telugu and Kannada actress
{{div col end}}'''Producers, Writer and Directors'''
{{div col}}
* [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] – Film Director
* [[G. Neelakanta Reddy]] – Film Director
* [[S. Gopal Reddy]] – Cinematographer, Producer
* [[Ananth Sreeram]] – Lyricist
* [[Moola Narayana Swamy]] – Producer
* [[P. Pullayya]] – Producer
* [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]] – Film Producer
* [[D.V. Narasa Raju]] – Writer and Film Director
* [[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]] – Film Actor/Director
* [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] – Music director
* [[Gopichand Lagadapati]] – Actor/Director/Writer/Producer
* [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]] – Writer
* [[H. M. Reddy]] – First Telugu, first Tamil & first Kannada film director
* [[B. N. Reddy]] – Legendary director & producer, Dadasaheb phalke winner
* [[Ramesh Naidu]] – Music director
* [[B. Nagireddy]] – Legendary director & producer, Dadasaheb phalke winner
* [[Moola Narayana Swamy]] – [[Vauhini Studios]] owner and producer
* [[Nandini Reddy]] – Film Director
* [[Sameer Reddy]] – Cinematographer
* [[Midde Rama Rao]] – Film Producer
* [[Katta Subba Rao]] – Telugu Film Director
* [[K. Viswanath]] – One of India's most famous directors
* [[L.V. Prasad|Akkineni L. V. Prasad]] – Producer/Director
* [[Edida Nageswara Rao]] – Producer
* [[Allu Aravind]] – Producer
* [[A.M. Rathnam]] – Producer
* [[Sekhar Kammula]] – Director/producer
* [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] – Director/producer
* [[V. V. Vinayak]] – Director
* [[Krishna Vamsi]] – Director
* [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]] – Director
* [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] – Artist/Film Director
* [[Adurthi Subba Rao]] – Film Producer/Director
* [[D. Ramanaidu]] – Film Producer/Studio owner
* [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] – Film Director
* [[K. Raghavendra Rao|Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao]] – Director/Producer
* [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] – Director
* [[Paruchuri Brothers]] – Writers
* [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] – Film Director
* [[Jandhyala]] – Film Director
* [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]] – Writer/Director
* [[Vamsy]] – Film Director
* [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Chota K. Naidu]] – Cinematographer
* [[Shyam K. Naidu]] – Cinematographer
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]] – Music Director
* [[Surender Reddy]] – Film Director
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]] – Film Director
* [[Prashanth Neel]] – Kannada and Telugu film director from Karnataka
* [[Samudrala Sr.]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Samudrala Jr.]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Selvaraghavan]] – Tamil Film Director{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* [[Acharya Aatreya]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Aarudhra]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Kosaraju Raghavayya]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Veturi]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Jaladi]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Vennelakanti]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[Bhuvana Chandra]] – Poet and Lyricist
* [[C. Aswani Dutt]] – Film Producer
* [[Dil Raju]] – Film Producer
* [[K.S. Rama Rao]] – Film Producer
* [[Ram Gopal Varma]] – Film Producer/Director
* [[M.M. Keeravani]] – Music Director
* [[Aneesh Chaganty]] – Hollywood Film director
* [[Mani Sharma]] – Music Director
* [[M. S. Raju]] – Film Producer
* [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] – Film Editor
* [[Puri Jagannadh]] – Film Director
* [[Trivikram Srinivas]] – Dialogue Writer/Film Director
{{div col end}}'''Singers'''
* [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] – Legendary Singer and music Composer.
* [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]] – Singer, Guinness record holder having sung most songs by any male
* [[S. Janaki]] – a legendary South Indian playback singer
* [[P. Susheela]] – a legendary South Indian playback singer
* [[S.P. Sailaja]] – Singer
* [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] – Singer
* [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] – Singer

==Artists==
* [[Pakhal Tirumal Reddy]] – Artist
* [[Siddharth Katragadda]] – Artist Writer Filmmaker Poet
* [[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna Reddy]] – [[Printmaker]] and [[sculptor]]
* [[Laxma Goud]]
* [[Damerla Rama Rao]]
* [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]] – Exponent of [[Kuchipudi]] dance
* [[Raja and Radha Reddy]] – [[Kuchipudi]] dancers
* [[Shobha Naidu]] – [[Kuchipudi]] dancer
* [[Yamini Reddy]] – [[Kuchipudi]] dancer
* [[Eelapata Raghuramaiah]] – Stage and Cine Actor of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Adivi Baapiraju]]

==Musicians and Composers==
{{div col}}
* [[Thaman S]]
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
* [[Tyagaraja]]
* [[Shyama Shastri]]
* [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]]
* [[Kancherla Gopanna|Bhadrachala Ramadasu]]
* [[Kshetrayya]]
* [[Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu|Aadibhotla Narayana Das]]
* [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao]]
* [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
* [[P. Suseela]]
* [[S. Janaki]]
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
* [[Nagoor Babu]]
* [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu]]
* [[Rakesh Yankaran]] – [[Indo-Trinidadian]] singer from [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[U. Srinivas]] – He is popularly known as Mandolin Srinivas.
* [[U. Rajesh]] – He is popularly known as Mandolin Rajesh.
{{div col end}}

==Journalists ==
* [[Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao]] – journalist of early twentieth century and father of the library movement in Andhra, Founder of Andhra patrika
* [[N. Subba Rao Pantulu]] and D.Kesava Rao pantulu (Co Founders of The Hindu)
* [[K. N. Y. Patanjali|Patanjali]] – ex-chief editor, Sakshi
* [[G. K. Reddy]] – Journalist
* [[Suravaram Pratapareddy]] – Founder of Golconda Patrika, a journal in Hyderabad State
* [[Palagummi Sainath]] – Rural India Affairs Reporter, The Hindu
* [[Puripanda Appala Swamy]].
* [[Panchajanya]] - Founder, Mahanagar Dinapatrika
* [[Nadimpalli Seetharamaraju]] – Journalist<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/balaiah-to-head-nandi-awards-panel/article27459793.ece | title=Balaiah to head Nandi Awards panel | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 September 2005 | accessdate=28 June 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Pasam Jagannadham Naidu]]

== Polymaths ==

* [[Adivi Baapiraju]]
* [[Pavuluri Mallana|Pavuluru Mallanna]]
* [[Lakkoju Sanjeevaraya Sarma|Lakkoju Sanjeevaraya Sharma]]

==See also==
* [[List of Indian poets#Telugu|List of Telugu poets]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Telugu People}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity|T]]

2024 Kerala School Sports Meet

2026-03-24T02:21:32Z

Sddhvnkengineering: creating first article w/ sources.

{{overly detailed|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Multi-sport event in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox games
| name = Kerala School Sports Meet 2024
| logo =
| size =
| caption =
| host_city = [[Kochi]]
| motto =
| teams =
| athletes = 24,000
| events = 39
| opening = {{Start date|2024|11|04|df=yes}}
| closing = {{End date|2024|11|11|df=yes}}
| opened_by = [[V. Sivankutty]] Minister for General Education
| closed_by = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] Chief Minister of Kerala
| athlete_oath =
| judge_oath =
| torch_lighter = [[P. R. Sreejesh]]
| stadium = [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College Stadium]]
| website = [https://sports.kite.kerala.gov.in/2024/site/index.php/result/resultsite_all_home/ Official Website]
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Kerala School Sports Meet 2024''' ([[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: കേരള സ്കൂൾ കായികമേള 2024), marked the first edition of the revamped [[Kerala School Sports Meet|Kerala State School Athletics and Games]], which were held annually until 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In a first, Kerala State School Sports Meet to be held along the lines of Olympics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/in-a-first-kerala-state-school-sports-meet-to-be-held-along-the-lines-of-olympics/article68450584.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The event was held in [[Kochi]] from November 4 to 11. It officially began on November 4 with Olympian [[P. R. Sreejesh]] lighting the ceremonial lamp, accompanied by Thakkudu, the event's mascot. Actor [[Mammootty]] attended as the chief guest at the opening ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Kerala School Olympics in Kochi in November |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/first-kerala-school-olympics-in-kochi-in-november-1313393 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=madhyamam.com |date=27 July 2024 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala's first School Olympics to be held in Ernakulam in October |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/keralas-first-school-olympics-to-be-held-in-ernakulam-in-october/article68363971.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugural 'School Olympics' to be held in Ernakulam from October 18-22 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jul/03/inaugural-school-olympics-to-be-held-in-ernakulam-from-october-18-22|access-date=2024-07-03 |website=newindianexpress.com |date=3 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official start for Kerala State School Sports Meet; Torch held by Thakkudu lit by Olympian PR Sreejesh; Mammootty as chief gues |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1416828&u=|access-date=2024-11-04 |website=keralakaumudi |date=4 November 2024}}</ref>

At the conclusion of the event on 11 November 2024, [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] claimed the title of overall district champion at the sports meet, with [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] districts securing second and third place, respectively. The closing ceremony took place at Maharaja's College Stadium, where Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan presented the trophy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/other-sports/2024/11/11/kerala-state-school-athletics-meet-2024-closing-ceremony-live-updates.html | title=State School Sports Meet: Thiruvananthapuram district became overall champions, Chief Minister awarded the crown. | publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/kerala-school-sports-meet-thiruvananthapuram-tops-overall-standings-malappuram-wins-athletics-title-dmn-smsfmf | title=Kerala school sports meet: Thiruvananthapuram tops overall standings, Malappuram wins athletics title | publisher=[[Asianet News]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Kerala School Sports Meet is a multi-sport event organized by the [[Department of General Education|Kerala Public Education Department]]. It is a revamped version of the traditional state school sports festival, adopting an Olympic-style format and scheduled to take place every four years. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's how Kerala gov't is preparing for School Olympics |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2024/Jul/25/heres-how-kerala-govt-is-preparing-for-school-olympics|access-date=2024-07-25 |website=edexlive.com |date=25 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

From the 4.5 million students enrolled in schools under the Public Education Department, 24,000 athletes are participating in the event, which aims to promote physical education and sports at the grassroots level. The competition includes both day and night matches, hosted at 17 venues throughout the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala School Olympics to be held in every four years |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-education-minister-v-sivankutty-announces-school-olympics-once-in-four-years-1.9691450|access-date=2024-07-03 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |date=3 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

For the first time, students from the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf region]] are participating in the Kerala School Sports Meet. A circular from the Director of Public Education invited non-resident students to take part. The [[United Arab Emirates]] team is competing as the 15th district in the games, with only boys participating this year. From the next edition, girls will also be included.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State School Olympics: UAE will be named the "15th District" |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/gulf/uae/state-school-olympics-uae-15th-district-team-269675 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=mediaoneonline.com |date=17 October 2024 |language=ml}}</ref> Six out of the eight UAE schools following the [[Kerala Board of Public Examination|Kerala syllabus]] took part in the 2024 event. Going forward, non-resident students will be eligible to compete in all categories. In 2024, these students participated in sports such as athletics, football, volleyball, basketball, and badminton. While the students' travel expenses were covered by their respective schools, the state government provided accommodation, meals, and local training support.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State School Sports Festival in Kochi: UAE 15th Sports District |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/global-malayali/gulf/2024/10/21/state-school-olympics-uae-15th-district-team.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/lifestyle/smart-living/students-from-uae-thrilled-to-compete-at-home/ar-AA1tvw8g | title=Students from UAE thrilled to compete at 'home | publisher=msn.com | work=The New Indian Express | date=5 November 2024 | accessdate=8 November 2024}}</ref>

On October 29, Olympic medallist and hockey player [[P. R. Sreejesh]] was named the ambassador for the Kerala School Sports Meet. Education Minister [[V. Sivankutty]] made the announcement, confirming that the opening ceremony will take place on November 4 at Maharaja's College Ground, following a venue change from Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kaloor due to technical issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreejesh named brand ambassador for Kerala State School Sports Meet; Registrations thro mobile app |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/news/sreejesh-named-brand-ambassador-for-kerala-state-school-sports-meet-mobile-app-for-registration-1.10029798 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Medal table ==
=== Overall champions ===
After tallying the total points earned across athletics, aquatics, and games categories by all 14 participating districts, [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] emerged as the overall champion of the 2024 edition, securing 1,935 points. [[Thrissur district]] claimed the first runner-up position with 848 points, while [[Malappuram district]] finished as the second runner-up with 824 points.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/745888-latest-news-school-sports-fair-thiruvananthapuram-overall-champions-malappuram-wins-maiden-crown-in-athletics.html | title=Thiruvananthapuram Crowned Overall Champions at School Sports Fair, Malappuram Secures First-Ever Athletics Title | publisher=[[Mangalam Publications]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref>
{| style="font-size:90%;"
|-
| width="50%" align="center" |<big>'''District'''</big>
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:left"
|-
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! rowspan=2 | District
! colspan=3 width=12% | Medals awarded
! rowspan=2 | Points
|-
! align=center style="background:gold; width=7%;"|{{gold1}}
! align=center style="background:silver; width=7%;"|{{silver2}}
! align=center style="background:#cc9966; width=7%;"|{{bronze3}}
|-style="background-color:#F7F6A8; font-weight: bold"
| 1
| Thiruvananthapuram
| 227
| 150
| 164
| 1935
|-style="background-color:#DCE5E5; font-weight: bold"
| 2
| Thrissur
| 80
| 65
| 99
| 848
|-style="background-color:#FFDAB9; font-weight: bold"
| 3
| Malappuram
| 64
| 90
| 138
| 824
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor=#DBD7D2|
|-
| 4
| Palakkad
| 57
| 69
| 117
| 761
|-
| 5
| Kannur
| 71
| 63
| 71
| 711
|-
| 6
| Ernakulam
| 55
| 73
| 80
| 645
|-
| 7
| Kozhikode
| 47
| 67
| 82
| 608
|-
| 8
| Kollam
| 27
| 21
| 49
| 317
|-
| 9
| Kottayam
| 20
| 29
| 41
| 278
|-
| 10
| Kasaragod
| 28
| 24
| 32
| 270
|-
| 11
| Alappuzha
| 15
| 29
| 37
| 232
|-
| 12
| Wayanad
| 16
| 21
| 48
| 199
|-
| 13
| Idukki
| 12
| 13
| 21
| 120
|-
| 14
| Pathanamthitta
| 1
| 5
| 16
| 47
|}
|
|- valign="top"
|}

=== Event category ===
By the conclusion of the event on November 11, 2024, Malappuram district claimed the championship title in the athletics category, while Thiruvananthapuram district emerged as the overall champion in both the aquatics and games categories.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.madhyamam.com/sports/events/school-sports-meet-malappuram-athletics-champions-1348952 | title=Malappuram Clinches First-Ever Athletics Title at School Sports Meet | publisher=[[Madhyamam]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.madhyamam.com/sports/events/kerala-school-kayikamela2024-updates-1348692?infinitescroll=1 | title=Malappuram and Palakkad Mark the Final Showdown | publisher=[[Madhyamam]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref>
{| style="font-size:90%;"
|-
| width="34%" align="center" |<big>'''Athletics'''</big>
| width="34%" align="center" |<big>'''Aquatics'''</big>
| width="34%" align="center" |<big>'''Games'''</big>
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:left"
! colspan=6 | Completion Status: 98 out of 98 Events
|-
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! rowspan=2 | District
! colspan=3 width=12% | Medals awarded
! rowspan=2 | Points
|-
! align=center style="background:gold; width=7%;"|{{gold1}}
! align=center style="background:silver; width=7%;"|{{silver2}}
! align=center style="background:#cc9966; width=7%;"|{{bronze3}}
|-bgcolor="#F7F6A8";
| 1
| Malappuram
| 22
| 32
| 24
| 247
|-bgcolor="#DCE5E5";
| 2
| Palakkad
| 25
| 13
| 18
| 213
|-bgcolor="#FFDAB9";
| 3
| Ernakulam
| 8
| 9
| 5
| 73
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor=#DBD7D2|
|-
| 4
| Kozhikode
| 7
| 6
| 10
| 72
|-
| 5
| Thiruvananthapuram
| 9
| 6
| 4
| 68
|-
| 6
| Alappuzha
| 1
| 3
| 2
| 16
|-
| 7
| Kasargod
| 6
| 2
| 2
| 38
|-
| 8
| Kannur
| 4
| 2
| 5
| 38
|-
| 9
| Kottayam
| 3
| 4
| 4
| 37
|-
| 10
| Thrissur
| 3
| 1
| 10
| 34
|-
| 11
| Idukki
| 1
| 6
| 4
| 27
|-
| 12
| Kollam
| 0
| 5
| 3
| 21
|-
| 13
| Wayanad
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 18
|-
| 14
| Pathanamthitta
| 0
| 1
| 2
| 5
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: left"
! colspan=6 | Completion Status: 103 out of 103 Events
|-
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! rowspan=2 | District
! colspan=3 width=12% | Medals awarded
! rowspan=2 | Points
|-
! align=center style="background:gold; width=7%;"|{{gold1}}
! align=center style="background:silver; width=7%;"|{{silver2}}
! align=center style="background:#cc9966; width=7%;"|{{bronze3}}
|-bgcolor="#F7F6A8";
| 1
| Thiruvananthapuram
| 74
| 56
| 60
| 654
|-bgcolor="#DCE5E5";
| 2
| Ernakulam
| 13
| 21
| 12
| 162
|-bgcolor="#FFDAB9";
| 3
| Kottayam
| 8
| 10
| 6
| 90
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor=#DBD7D2|
|-
| 4
| Thrissur
| 4
| 8
| 14
| 70
|-
| 5
| Palakkad
| 0
| 4
| 10
| 26
|-
| 6
| Kozhikode
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 16
|-
| 7
| Malappuram
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 9
|-
| 8
| Kollam
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 5
|-
| 9
| Kasargod
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 3
|-
| rowspan=5 {{n/a}}
| Alappuzha
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Idukki
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Kannur
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Pathanamthitta
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Wayanad
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: left"
! colspan=6 | Completion Status: 526 out of 529 Events
|-
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! rowspan=2 | District
! colspan=3 width=12% | Medals awarded
! rowspan=2 | Points
|-
! align=center style="background:gold; width=7%;"|{{gold1}}
! align=center style="background:silver; width=7%;"|{{silver2}}
! align=center style="background:#cc9966; width=7%;"|{{bronze3}}
|-bgcolor="#F7F6A8";
| 1
| Thiruvananthapuram
| 144
| 88
| 100
| 1213
|-bgcolor="#DCE5E5";
| 2
| Thrissur
| 73
| 56
| 75
| 744
|-bgcolor="#FFDAB9";
| 3
| Kannur
| 67
| 61
| 66
| 673
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor=#DBD7D2|
|-
| 4
| Malappuram
| 41
| 57
| 113
| 568
|-
| 5
| Palakkad
| 32
| 52
| 89
| 522
|-
| 6
| Kozhikode
| 38
| 59
| 72
| 520
|-
| 7
| Ernakulam
| 34
| 43
| 63
| 410
|-
| 8
| Kollam
| 26
| 16
| 46
| 291
|-
| 9
| Kasaragod
| 22
| 21
| 30
| 229
|-
| 10
| Wayanad
| 14
| 19
| 46
| 181
|-
| 11
| Alappuzha
| 9
| 23
| 34
| 170
|-
| 12
| Kottayam
| 9
| 15
| 31
| 151
|-
| 13
| Idukki
| 11
| 7
| 17
| 93
|-
| 14
| Pathanamthitta
| 1
| 4
| 14
| 42
|}
|
|- valign="top"
|}

=== Inclusive category ===
The inclusive sports event for children with special needs concluded on November 5, featuring participation from over 1,600 students representing all 14 districts. The following events were held under this category: [[100 metres|100-meter race]] for the [[Visual impairment|visually impaired]], mixed [[4 × 100 metres relay]], standing broad jump, standing throw, handball, and mixed badminton.

By the end of the event, Thiruvananthapuram emerged as the overall champions, with Palakkad securing second place and Kozhikode taking third.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-state-school-sports-meet-inclusivity-children-special-needs-competitions-1.10053752 | title=Inclusive sports takes spotlight in Kerala school meet, TVM clinches championship in category | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=6 November 2024 | accessdate=6 November 2024}}</ref>

{| style="font-size:90%;"
|-
| width="34%" align="center" |<big>'''Overall Champions'''</big>
| width="34%" align="center" |<big>'''Athletics'''</big>
| width="34%" align="center" |<big>'''Games'''</big>
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: left"
! colspan=6 | Completion Status: 6 out of 6 Events
|-
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! rowspan=2 | District
! colspan=3 width=12% | Medals awarded
! rowspan=2 | Points
|-
! align=center style="background:gold; width=7%;"|{{gold1}}
! align=center style="background:silver; width=7%;"|{{silver2}}
! align=center style="background:#cc9966; width=7%;"|{{bronze3}}
|-style="background-color:#F7F6A8; font-weight: bold"
| 1
| Thiruvananthapuram
| 7
| 4
| 0
| 54
|-style="background-color:#DCE5E5; font-weight: bold"
| 2
| Palakkad
| 5
| 3
| 3
| 54
|-style="background-color:#FFDAB9; font-weight: bold"
| 3
| Kozhikode
| 2
| 3
| 5
| 46
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor=#DBD7D2|
|-
| 4
| Thrissur
| 2
| 3
| 0
| 32
|-
| 5
| Wayanad
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 26
|-
| 6
| Ernakulam
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 12
|-
| 7
| Kasargod
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 11
|-
| 8
| Kottayam
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 12
|-
| rowspan=2| 9
| Malappuram
| 0
| 1
| 3
| 10
|-
| Pathanamthitta
| 0
| 1
| 3
| 10
|-
| 10
| Alappuzha
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 2
|-
| rowspan=2| 12
| Kannur
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 2
|-
| Kollam
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 2
|-
| 14
| Idukki
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:left"
! colspan=6 | Completion Status: 10 out of 10 Events
|-
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! rowspan=2 | District
! colspan=3 width=12% | Medals awarded
! rowspan=2 | Points
|-
! align=center style="background:gold; width=7%;"|{{gold1}}
! align=center style="background:silver; width=7%;"|{{silver2}}
! align=center style="background:#cc9966; width=7%;"|{{bronze3}}
|-bgcolor="#F7F6A8";
| 1
| Palakkad
| 4
| 3
| 0
| 38
|-bgcolor="#DCE5E5";
| 2
| Thiruvananthapuram
| 2
| 3
| 1
| 34
|-bgcolor="#FFDAB9";
| 3
| Wayanad
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 26
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor=#DBD7D2|
|-
| 4
| Kozhikode
| 2
| 0
| 4
| 26
|-
| 5
| Thrissur
| 1
| 3
| 0
| 22
|-
| 6
| Ernakulam
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 12
|-
| 7
| Pathanamthitta
| 0
| 1
| 3
| 10
|-
| 8
| Kottayam
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 6
|-
| 9
| Malappuram
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 4
|-
| 10
| Alappuzha
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 2
|-
| 11
| Kasaragod
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 1
|-
| rowspan=3| 12
| Idukki
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Kannur
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Kollam
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: left"
! colspan=6 | Completion Status: 6 out of 6 Events
|-
! rowspan=2 data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! rowspan=2 | District
! colspan=3 width=12% | Medals awarded
! rowspan=2 | Points
|-
! align=center style="background:gold; width=7%;"|{{gold1}}
! align=center style="background:silver; width=7%;"|{{silver2}}
! align=center style="background:#cc9966; width=7%;"|{{bronze3}}
|-bgcolor="#F7F6A8";
| 1
| Thiruvananthapuram
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 36
|-bgcolor="#DCE5E5";
| 2
| Kozhikode
| 0
| 3
| 1
| 20
|-bgcolor="#FFDAB9";
| 3
| Palakkad
| 1
| 0
| 3
| 16
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor=#DBD7D2|
|-
| 4
| Kasaragod
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 10
|-
| 5
| Thrissur
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 10
|-
| 6
| Malappuram
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 6
|-
| 7
| Kottayam
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 6
|-
| 8
| Kollam
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 2
|-
| 9
| Kannur
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 2
|-
| rowspan=5| 10
| Alappuzha
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Ernakulam
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Idukki
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Pathanamthitta
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Wayanad
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|}
|
|- valign="top"
|}

== Development and preparations ==
=== Safety and security ===
Measures were taken to ensure the security and efficient management of the sports event. Special transport services were arranged, and 40 squads led by officials from [[Kerala Excise]] and [[Kerala Police]] were deployed to handle potential challenges. A central control room facilitated coordination between departments, while health services were available at all venues. Support was provided by agencies like [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]] and the [[Kerala Water Authority]]. Additionally, accommodation and sanitation facilities were arranged for participants.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/sports/others-sports/kerala-state-school-sports-meet-2024-in-ernakulam-begins-today-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/114931997.cms | title=Ernakulam Becomes a Sports Hub: 17 Venues, 730 Events, 24,000 Competitors, and Free Kochi Metro Rides | publisher=Samayam Malayalam Magazine | work=Deepu Divakaran | date=4 November 2024 | accessdate=4 November 2024| language=ml}}</ref>

=== Venues ===
The sports events for the Kerala School Sports Meet 2024 were held across various locations in [[Ernakulam district]] and its surrounding areas of [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kadavanthra]], [[Kalamassery]], [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]], and [[Thoppumpady]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Nov/04/kerala-school-sports-meet-kicks-off-today | title=Kerala school sports meet kicks off today | publisher=The Indian Express | work=Express News Service | date=4 November 2024 | accessdate=4 November 2024}}</ref>

Below is a list of venues along with the events hosted at each location.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Venue
!Events
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium]]
| Taekwondo, Tennis, Table tennis, Badminton, Karate, Kabaddi, Judo
|-
| [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]
| Powerlifting, Weightlifting
|-
| Maharaja's College Stadium Kochi
| Athletics, Cross country running
|-
| St. Peter's College & St. Peter's Vocational and Higher Secondary School Kolenchery
| Ball badminton, Volleyball, Wushu
|-
| [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering|MA College Kothamangalam]]
| Water polo
|-
| Government Higher Secondary School, Panampilly Nagar
| Football
|-
| Parade Ground, Fort Kochi
| Softball, Tug of War
|-
| Veli Ground, Fort Kochi
| Baseball, Throw ball
|-
| Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School, Thevara
| Basketball, Handball
|-
| Ernakulam Town Hall
| Fencing
|-
| Palace Oval, Tripunithura
| rowspan=2| Cricket
|-
| St. Paul's College Ground, Kalamassery
|-
| Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Higher Secondary School Puthencruz
| Handball
|-
| Government Boys Higher Secondary School, Tripunithura
| Netball
|-
| Government Higher Secondary School Kadayiruppu
| Boxing
|-
| Container Terminal Road, Vallarpadam
| Cycling
|-
| Rajiv Gandhi Stadium Thoppumpady
| Kho-Kho, Tennikoit
|}

=== Broadcast ===
The [[KITE Kerala|Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education (KITE)]] introduced technological solutions for the state school sports meet, including a dedicated portal and live broadcasts. A helicam captured cycling events on Container Road, providing real-time updates. Commentators from the [[Athletics Federation of India]], such as Sreekumaran Nair, Griselda Xavier, Abhilash, Simi Maryam, and Mahesh, provided coverage for the [[Kite Victers]] channel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/revolutionary-real-time-updates-for-state-school-sports-meet-in-kerala/articleshow/114888442.cms | title=State school sports meet to have realtime updates | publisher=The Times of India | work=TNN | date=2 November 2024 | accessdate=4 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Nov/11/kite-makes-sports-meet-high-tech | title=KITE makes sports meet high-tech | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-school-sports-games-2024-kite-beams-100-hours-of-live-feed-and-uploads-whopping-5000-images-during-week-long-event/article68855184.ece | title=Kerala School Sports & Games 2024: KITE beams 100 hours of live feed and uploads whopping 5,000 images during week-long event | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024}}</ref>

== The Games ==
=== Opening ceremony ===
The opening ceremony of the event was held on 4 November 2024 in Kochi, following promotional processions from [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]. The ceremony commenced at 4:00 PM with the lighting of the ceremonial lamp by hockey player and brand ambassador [[P. R. Sreejesh]], alongside Education Minister V. Sivankutty. Actor [[Mammootty]] inaugurated the cultural segment of the event.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/news/kerala-state-school-sports-meet-inspired-by-olympic-model-to-kick-off-in-ernakulam-today-1.10047421 | title=Kerala State School Sports Meet, inspired by Olympic model, to kick off in Ernakulam today | publisher=Mathrubhumi News | work=Siraj Kasim | date=4 November 2024 | accessdate=4 November 2024}}</ref>

The ceremony featured a student march past and various cultural performances by schoolchildren. Highlights included mass drills, [[Zumba]] routines, freehand exercises, and themed artistic displays reflecting local traditions such as the Cochin Carnival and Athachamayam.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!state/kerala-school-sports-meet-inauguration-mammootty-pr-sreejesh-kerala-news-kls24110400807 | title=School Olympics Ignite Nationwide Excitement; Mammootty and Sreejesh to Lead Inauguration | publisher=ETV Bharat | work=ETV Bharat Kerala Team | date=4 November 2024 | accessdate=4 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref>

A media coordination committee was formed by the Ernakulam Press Club to facilitate event coverage, with provisions for a dedicated media room at [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College]], the main venue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala School Sports Meet: Maharaja's College Ground will be the Inaugural Venue |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/school-sports-meet/1145978|access-date=2024-07-30 |website=deshabhimani.com |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Mascot ===
The logo and mascot for the State School Sports Festival – Kochi'24 was unveiled, with "Thakkudu," a lively "Annarakannan" (squirrel), serving as the official mascot. The logo was designed by Rishi Kallada, while Vinoj Surendran created the mascot. The launch was officiated by Ministers [[P. Rajeeve]] and [[V. Sivankutty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thakkudu: Mascot for Kerala School Olympics 2024 Unveiled |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/sports/thakkudu-kerala-school-games/1139883 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=deshabhimani.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Takudu' has arrived! Kerala School Sports Mela mascot released |url=https://www.kvartha.com/news/sports/kerala-school-sports-meet-unveils-takkudu-as-mascot/cid15424126.htm |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=kvartha.com |date=26 September 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Trophy ===
The Kerala Education Department announced the institution of the Kerala State School Olympics Gold Cup, an award to be presented to the overall champions of the annual Kerala State School Olympics. Inspired by the trophy awarded at the Kerala State School Arts Festival, the Gold Cup is named in honour of the Chief Minister of Kerala and is intended as an Ever Rolling Trophy for the highest-scoring district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School Olympics to shine with 3-kg gold trophy and spectacular celebrations |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-school-olympics-kochi-1.9984521 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |date=14 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Although the cup was planned for the inaugural edition in 2024, it was not presented due to time constraints. Officials have confirmed that it will be introduced in future editions of the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala’s first-ever 'School Olympics' to dazzle with 3-kg gold trophy |url=https://thebridge.in/news/keralas-first-ever-school-olympics-to-dazzle-with-3-kg-gold-trophy-and-festive-launch-50217 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=thebridge.in |date=17 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold Cup in School Olympics! |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/sports/kerala-school-olympics/1143659 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=deshabhimani.com |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Closing ceremony ===
On November 11, 2024, Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] inaugurated the closing ceremony of the sports meet at the main venue, Ernakulam Maharaja's College ground. Education Minister V. Sivankutty presided over the event, with Indian footballer [[I. M. Vijayan|I.M. Vijayan]] and actor [[Vinayakan]] serving as the chief guests. During the ceremony, Sports Minister [[V. Abdurahiman]], along with Ministers [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]], [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]], [[G. R. Anil]], and [[J. Chinchu Rani]], distributed the prizes. The district securing the top spot was awarded the Chief Minister's Ever-rolling Trophy. Trophies were also presented to the top three winners in the under-14, under-17, and under-19 categories, as well as for outstanding performances in athletics and aquatic competitions at the school and district levels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/sports/story/kerala-state-school-sports-meet-2024-thiruvananthapuram-emerge-as-overall-champions-rrn-1119126-2024-11-11 | title=Kerala State School Sports Meet 2024: State School Sports Meet: Thiruvananthapuram Overall Champions | publisher=[[India Today]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref>

== Challenges ==
Due to logistical challenges and technical difficulties at the [[Kochi]] venue, the scheduled competitions for the inaugural Kerala School Sports Meet 2024 is expected to face adjustments. Despite completing the sub-district, education district, and revenue district-level competitions in athletics and swimming by the October 10 deadline, the constraints in [[Kochi]] prevents several sports events from being held simultaneously as planned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renovation of synthetic track yet to be completed for Kerala School Olympics |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/urgent-concerns-over-synthetic-track-renovation-at-maharajas-college-for-kerala-school-olympics-1.9999987 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=mathrubhumi.com |date=19 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Concerns mount over Maharaja's stadium readiness ahead of School Olympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/maharajas-stadium-renovations-will-they-be-ready-for-kerala-school-olympics/articleshow/114381569.cms |access-date=2024-10-19 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

As a result, some events were relocated to alternative venues. Notably, the [[field hockey|hockey matches]], originally set to take place in [[Kochi]] starting from November 4, were shifted to [[Kollam]] for technical reasons. Competitions for Under-14, Under-17, and Under-19 boys and girls will now be held in [[Kollam]] from October 20 to 24.

=== Controversies ===
A protest erupted during the closing ceremony, led by students, teachers, and parents from Malappuram's Tirunavaya Navamukunda HSS and Kothamangalam's Mar Basil HSS. The protest centered around the inclusion of sports schools in the overall school rankings, sparking controversy over the final results. The dispute arose when GV Raja Sports School from Aruvikkara was awarded second place, despite allegedly not being listed in the initial rankings. Tensions escalated, leading to a scuffle between students and the police.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-state-school-sports-conflict-controversy-overall-trophy-1.10068261 | title=Controversy over Points; Clashes at the closing ceremony of the school sports meet. | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news-in-videos/kerala-state-school-sports-meet-2024-protest-1.10068253 | title=Controversy Erupts at Sports Fair as Trophy Awarded to Different School, Igniting Clash Over Second and Third Place Rankings | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/protest-outbreaks-in-kerala-state-school-sports-meet-2024-closing-ceremony/articleshow/115183791.cms | title=Is Our Effort Not Valued?': Protest Erupts at Sports Festival Closing Ceremony, Attempt to Block Minister | publisher=Samayam Magazine | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref>

Navamukunda HSS and Mar Basil HSS expressed their dissatisfaction with the final points tally, in which Navamukunda ranked second with 44 points, and Mar Basil came third with 43 points, while GV Raja Sports School was controversially awarded second place.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramanews.com/sports/latest/2024/11/11/kerala-state-school-sports-meet-protest.html | title=Protest Erupts at Sports Festival Finale; Students Allege Police Misconduct | publisher=[[Manorama News]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 | language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-school-sports-meet-violence-police-clash-1.10068429 | title=Violence breaks out at Kerala Sports Meet after dispute over points allocation | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=11 November 2024 | accessdate=11 November 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:2024 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:2024 in multi-sport events]]
[[Category:2024 in Kerala]]

Army Education Corps (India)

2026-03-22T16:47:46Z

Sddhvnkengineering: minor enhanced references for accuracy also and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian military unit}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| image =
| logo = File:Army Education Corps Insignia (India).svg
| predecessor = Indian Army Education Corps
| formation = 01 June 1921
| type = Education
| headquarters = Indian Army HQ, [[New Delhi]]
| location = [[Pachmarhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| leader_title = Additional Director General Army Education
| leader_name = Maj Gen Tamojeet Biswas,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1723451|title=Indian Army Celebrates 100th Anniversary Of Army Educational Corps|date=2021-06-01|access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref> ADG MT (AE)
| parent_organisation = {{army|India}}
| website = [https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=Rqn3F8AxnKgi3RUuvXll1w==&ParentID=6kPfdMpyEAY63f0zKzvo5g=={{pipe}} Army Education Corps] {{dead link|date=August 2024}}
| formerly =
| abbreviation = AEC
}}
The '''Army Education Corps of India''' is a program run by the [[Army of India|Indian Army]] that develops [[soldier]]s and [[military officer|officers]] of all ranks in a variety of disciplines. The centre provides [[education]] in both [[combat]] and [[Military operations other than war|non-combat operations]].

The Corps' facilities are located in [[Pachmarhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/|title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army|website=www.indianarmy.nic.in|access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> In September 2025, the Army, Navy, and Air Force education branches were combined to form the Tri-Services Education Corps.'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Parwinder |date=2025-09-17 |title=3 joint military stations approved; Education Corps of Army, Navy, Air Force merged |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/3-joint-military-stations-approved-education-corps-of-army-navy-air-force-merged-1503487735.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>'''

== History ==
Army Educational Corps Training College and Centre, Pachmarhi has its origin dating back to 24 Apr 1921 when the British Indian Army HQ India, established the Army School of Education with two separate wings, namely, the British Wing at Wellington and the Indian Wing at Belgaum in 1924. General HQ India decided to amalgamate the two wings under one commandant in view of the economy drive of the government and to establish a centralized control over both wings of the school. Accordingly, the British Wing was moved from Wellington to Belgaum on 11 Nov 1924 to form the Army School of Education India, Belgaum . The schools got amalgamated under one commandant in 1931. The orders were issued for final integration of both the wings of the Army School of Education; thus in Oct 1931 both the wings i.e. the British and Indian wings were combined.

Another historical development took place in Oct 1939 when the Army School of Education India moved from Belgaum to Pachmarhi to cope with the war time education and the release period education schemes during and after World War-II. With India getting Independence in 1947, the Army School of Education, India, was raised as Army School of Education, Pachmarhi. Army Educational Corps Records office was established in the same year as part of the school. The school was again redesignated as AEC Centre and School, Pachmarhi in 1949. AEC Centre and School was redesignated as AEC Training College and Centre after it was affiliated to Dr. Hari Singh Gaur Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, in 1961. This affiliation marked the introduction of degree courses - Bachelor of Education in 1961, Bachelor of Library Science in 1962, later renamed as Bachelor of Library and Info Science in 1981, and Diploma in Audio-visual and fundamental education in 1962, later upgraded to a degree course named as Bachelor of Education Technology. On 26 May 1985, the College attained the status of an Autonomous College under the same university. The autonomy was initially granted for a period of three years up to 1988 and later extended from time to time. As per the policy of the Government of MP, the jurisdiction of University of MP was restructured on geographical proximity and thus wef 1995, this autonomous college was affiliated to Barkatullah Universities, Bhopal.

The Educational training of the [[Indian Army]] started with the establishment of the [[East India Company]]. There was neither a regular army nor a uniform system for training of troops in till the beginning of the eighteenth century.

The Educational system was evolved for the Company's army for their own benefit and because of the persistent demand of the men. As the Company army comprised the [[British troops]], the Company's European troops and the Indian troops, the Educational training was separately evolved for them. The nature of the Company army, the socio-political and military development both in and were the prime factors responsible for the establishment of an Educational system for the army.

The beginning of an educational system for the army in can be traced back to the establishment of the British Regimental Schools. Some of the British Regiments had brought sergeants with them for the purpose of imparting instructions to their troops. But the number of schoolmasters and mistresses were negligible in proportion to the strength of the troops. As a result, the commanding officers were permitted to appoint educationally qualified non- commissioned officers as acting masters. The Company's European troops made a similar request for the provision of educational facilities for them and their children. The Company and the masters acceded to the request and mistresses were posted in Regimental Schools for European troops to impart instruction to their troops and their children. Under the patronage of Warren Hastings, the then Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of India, a number of Regimental schools were opened and barrack libraries were established for European troops in between 1774 and 1785.

The Indian sepoys formed a major part of the Company's army and their number continuously increased to reach 2,14,000 in 1856. Indian troops belonged to various castes, tribes and religions. Some part of general education was required for them as they were basically illiterate but the East India Company, which by then had transformed itself from a commercial concern to a political organisation and was busy with the task of conquest and consolidation of British power in India, had neither time nor inclination for the education of Indian sepoys. The following factors compelled the Company to make provisions for educational facilities for the Indian troops:
* To keep pace with the general development in the field of education in the army. The educational facilities had been provided to the British troops and the Company's European troops and the education for the Indian troops who formed the bulk of the Company's army could no longer be ignored.
* To keep pace with the general development in the field of civil education<ref name=":0" />
* [[Wood's despatch]] laid the foundation of a sound educational system for the Indians. In the wake of general awareness amongst the masses the [[East India Company]] could no longer ignore the education of Indian sepoys.

== Modernisation Drive - Evolving With Time ==

Based on the evolving professional requirements in consonance with emerging technologies, the equipment modernisation projects for the Corps are set down as under:-

(a) Hi-tech Classrooms. Upgradation of the existing class rooms using modern audio visual equipment such as computers and Video Projection Systems would be an inescapable requirement in the future for multi-sensory instruction.

(b) Intranet. This would imply the automation of all functional areas, with nodes available for major functionaries and would later be integrated with the Army Intranet, once permitted.

(c) Instructional Monitoring System. This would allow the senior management to monitor all instruction from a single location, thereby fostering greater accountability and commitment.

(d) Internet & Media Connectivity. The unlimited sweep of the Internet is required to be harnessed and integrated with day-to-day functioning of the College. Networked terminal labs are proposed to be set up in areas of need.

(e) Fully Automated Library. Most libraries are planned to be fully automated with an integrated library management system to enhance functional efficiency.

(f) Computer-based Language Labs. Computer-based language labs with the requisite software would facilitate the teaching of English, foreign and regional languages and would allow the use of the latest language teaching software.

(g) GIS for Map Reading Training. Integrating the Geographical Information System technology into map reading training would allow the trainees to acquire skills in the use of this state-of-the-art technology in the larger interests of the Indian Army.

(h) CBT Production Centre. With the present emphasis on multi-sensory instruction, a modern, well-equipped CBT production centre at the College would facilitate the integration of CBT into all courses of instruction run by the AEC in various areas of functioning throughout the Army.

== Preparing for The Future ==

The AEC may be required to undertake an additional charter in the following areas in the future:-

(a) Stress Management & Counseling

(b) Clerks Training

(c) Educational Rehabilitation and Civic Action

(d) Training of Trainers

(e) Instruction in Ethics and Morality

(f) Computer Training for Recruits

(g) Education of Wards of Servicemen
==ADGAE of Education Corps==
1. BRIG SJ MUKAND 13. MAJ GEN JS GHUMMAN, VSM
2. BRIG PG SAPATNEKER 14. MAJ GEN SS NAIR, AVSM
3. BRIG RL MULLICK 15. MAJ GEN SANDEEP KUMAR, VSM
4. BRIG KS MENON, AVSM 16. MAJ GEN PRANAB CHAKRABORTY, VSM
5. BRIG SS NAKRA, AVSM 17. MAJ GEN SUNIL CHANDRA, VSM
6. MAJ GEN DN CHIBBER, AVSM 18. MAJ GEN GK CHOPRA, VSM
7. MAJ GEN PD SHARMA,AVSM 19. MAJ GEN DEBASISH ROY
8. MAJ GEN DK CHAWLA 20. MAJ GEN AK VYAS
9. MAJ GEN KN SARDANA, AVSM, VSM 21. ADG AE MAJ GEN DEVESH GAUR
10. MAJ GEN OP PARMAR 22. MAJ GEN R PUTARJUNAM
11. MAJ GEN MPS TYAGI, VSM 23. MAJ GEN VK BHATT, VSM
12. MAJ GEN KN BHATT,AVSM 24. MAJ GEN TAMOJEET BISWAS

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Army Arms and Services}}
[[Category:Indian Army]]

Bharat Taxi

2026-03-21T06:23:25Z

Sddhvnkengineering: creating first article v1.

{{Short description|Indian ride-hailing service}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bharat Taxi
| type = Cooperative led ride hailing service
| logo = Bharat Taxi Logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| industry = Ride hailing
| founded = 2025
| headquarters = New Delhi, India
| area_served = National Capital Region, Gujarat
| services = Taxis, Auto rickshaws, Bike taxis
| parent = Sahakar Taxi Cooperative Limited
| website = {{URL|https://bharattaxiapp.com/}}
}}

'''Bharat Taxi''' is an Indian [[ride-hailing service]], structured as a cooperative-led model by Sahakar Taxi Cooperative Limited. It is supported by the [[Ministry of Co-operation]] and promoted by eight leading cooperatives of India: NCDC, Amul, IFFCO, KRIBHCO, NAFED, NDDB, NCEL, and NABARD.<ref name="TOI-8coops">{{cite news |title=Bharat Taxi: India’s first cooperative cab service challenger to Ola, Uber |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bharat-taxi-indias-first-cooperative-cab-service-challenger-to-ola-uber/articleshow/125771736.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 December 2025}}</ref> The platform was announced by the [[Government of India]] in December 2024 as part of an effort to promote cooperative based models in the [[gig economy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Taxi cabs to hit Pune roads in May amid cabbies’ arrogance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/bharat-taxi-cabs-to-hit-pune-roads-in-may-amid-cabbies-arrogance/articleshow/129686563.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pune News: रिक्षा, कॅबचालकांच्या मनमानीपासून पुणेकरांची सुटका! मे महिन्यापासून ‘भारत टॅक्सी’ सेवा; निश्चित व स्वस्त दरात प्रवास |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/bharat-taxi-to-start-in-entire-pune-city-from-may-2026/articleshow/129697391.cms |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

A soft launch of the Bharat Taxi customer application took place in December 2025, with a full commercial rollout planned for 2026.<ref name="BS-Launch">{{cite news |title=Bharat Taxi to roll out in Jan: Here’s how it is different from Ola, Uber |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/bharat-taxi-to-roll-out-in-jan-here-s-how-it-is-different-from-ola-uber-125121800170_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=18 December 2024}}</ref>

== History ==

In December 2024, the Ministry of Cooperation announced the launch of Bharat Taxi as a government supported initiative aimed at addressing concerns related to commissions and driver welfare in app based transport services.<ref name="AIR-Gov">{{cite web |title=Government launches Bharat Taxi, a driver-owned ride-hailing initiative |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/government-launches-bharat-taxi-a-driver-owned-ride-hailing-initiative/ |publisher=[[Prasar Bharati]] (News on Air) |date=December 2024}}</ref>

Sahakar Taxi Cooperative Limited, the entity responsible for operating Bharat Taxi, was registered and incorporated on 6 June 2025.

Driver onboarding for the platform began in November 2025 across select regions, including the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] and [[Gujarat]]. On 1 December 2025, the Bharat Taxi customer application was released as a soft launch, allowing users to access ride booking services on a limited scale.<ref name="NDTV-Delhi">{{cite news |title=Delhi To Get 'Bharat Taxis' On January 1, An Alternative To Ola, Uber, Rapido |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-to-get-bharat-taxis-on-january-1-an-alternative-to-ola-uber-rapido-9831209 |work=NDTV |date=18 December 2024}}</ref>

According to media reports, approximately 56,000 drivers had registered on the platform during the early onboarding phase.<ref name="TOI-Drivers">{{cite news |title=Bharat Taxi to roll out in Delhi from January 1, 56,000 drivers already on board |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/bharat-taxi-to-roll-out-in-delhi-from-january-1-56000-drivers-already-on-board/articleshow/126036482.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

== Business model ==

Bharat Taxi operates under a cooperative ownership structure in which drivers are enrolled as members of the cooperative rather than as [[independent contractor]]s. Media reports have stated that the platform aims to reduce or eliminate per ride commission charges, with a larger share of the fare intended to be paid directly to drivers.<ref name="FE-Tech">{{cite news |title=Bharat Taxi launching in January: How it differs from Ola, Uber and Rapido |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-bharat-taxi-launching-in-january-how-it-differs-from-ola-uber-and-rapido-4084761/ |work=Financial Express |date=18 December 2024}}</ref>

Government representatives have compared the cooperative model to other large cooperative institutions in India, where members collectively own and participate in the organisation.

Pricing on the platform has been described as transparent, with limited use of [[surge pricing]] mechanisms during the trial phase, according to published reports.<ref name="G360-Hindi">{{cite news |title=Bharat Taxi app trial phase starts to give users relief from high fares |url=https://hindi.gadgets360.com/internet/bharat-taxi-app-trial-phase-starts-to-give-users-relief-from-high-fares-of-ola-uber-rapido-private-cab-players-news-9797043 |work=Gadgets360 |language=Hindi |date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Government of India]]
* [[Ministry of Cooperation (India)]]
* [[Transport in Delhi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{official|https://bharattaxiapp.com/}}

[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cooperatives in India]]

Selina Parvin

2026-03-15T04:24:29Z

Sddhvnkengineering: minor cleaned up formatting and added references

{{Short description|Bangladeshi journalist and poet}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|caption =
|birth_name=Siddiqua Chowdhury

|birth_date= 31 March 1931
|birth_place = [[Ramganj Upazila|Ramganj]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date= 14 December 1971 (aged 40)
|death_place = [[Rayer Bazaar]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|burial_place=[[Azimpur, Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|known_for=[[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|Martyred Intellectual]]
|death_cause= [[Assassination]] by [[Bayonet]] charge
|other names= Manwara Begum
|alma_mater=
|education=
|parents= Moulvi Abidur Rahman (father) Mossamat Sajeda Khatoon (mother)
|spouse =
|children =
|occupation= Journalist, poet
|years active= 1959 - 1971
|signature=
|signature alt=
}}

'''Selina Parvin''' (31 March 1931{{snd}}14 December 1971) was a [[Bangladeshi]] journalist and poet.<ref name=DailyStarIntel>{{cite news |title=Profiles of martyred intellectuals |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/december/december14th/intellectuals.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=14 December 2006 |accessdate=7 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062204/http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/december/december14th/intellectuals.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is one of the [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|intellectual martyrs]] killed by [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]]<ref name=DS-Tamanna>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Tamanna |date=4 November 2013 |title=It was matricide |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/it-was-matricide/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=7 November 2013}}</ref> on 14 December, immediately before the victory after the 9-month-long war of independence of Bangladesh in 1971. This day later came to be commemorated as the intellectual martyr day. As a journalist she used to work for ''Weekly Begum'', ''Weekly Lalana'' and ''Shilalipi''.<ref name=DailyStarIntel/> She was buried in Azimpur Graveyard on 18 December 1971.<ref name="Hossain 2012">{{cite book |last=Hossain |first=Selina |year=2012 |chapter=Parvin, Selina |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Parvin,_Selina |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Childhood==
Selina was born in [[Ramganj Upazila]] of erstwhile [[Noakhali District]].<ref name="DailyStarIntel" /><ref name="Hossain 2012"/> Her father Md Abidur Rahman was a teacher. When after World War II her father's house in [[Feni District]] was seized, the family had to settle back in village. Then 12-year-old Selina was a student in class six and skilled in writing poetry and stories. Due to the traditional conservative rural context she had to put an end to her schooling. At the [[child marriage|age of 14 she was married]] against her consent and she refused to live with her husband. She wanted to study further but could not succeed in the matriculation exam. After 10 years they divorced.<ref name=academy>স্মৃতি: ১৯৭১, Volume 4, Page 98, Bangla Academy, {{ISBN|984-07-3351-6}}</ref>

==Career==
Selina Parvin had a job for in nursing at Mitford Hospital in 1957. She worked for some time as a matron in [[Rokeya Hall]] in 1959 and joined the ''Azimpur Baby Home'' as a teacher in 1960. She worked for some time in ''Salimulla Orphanage'' in 1965 and then joined as secretary to the editor of ''week Begum'' in 1966. In 1967 Selina Parvin joined the ''Weekly Lalana'' as a journalist. She then married a politician. She used to work with various periodicals and used to publish her own pro-liberation<ref name=DS-Tamanna/> periodical ''Shilalipi'' on an irregular basis.<ref name=academy/> She used the weekly's earning to help freedom fighters.<ref name=DS-Tamanna/> In Shailalipi, Selina Parveen used to publish articles by prominent personalities including Prof [[Munir Chowdhury]], journalist [[Shahidullah Kaiser]], [[Zahir Raihan]] and [[ANM Golam Mostafa]], all of whom except Raihan became targets of Al-Badr.<ref name=DS-Tamanna/><ref name=Independent1/> Zahir Raihan left his house on 30 January 1972 looking for his brother [[Shahidullah Kaiser]], but never returned.<ref name=Capturing>{{cite news |last=Ferdous |first=Fahmim |date=19 February 2013 |title=Zahir Raihan: Capturing national struggles on celluloid |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=269585 |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=9 November 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110063654/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=269585 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Death==
On 13 December 1971, like other intellectual martyrs, Selina Parvin was seized by members of the paramilitary force Al-Badr. Her son Sumon was only 7 years old.<ref name=MofidulLong/> She was brutally killed on 14 December and her dead body was later discovered in the Rayerbazar Boddhobhumy. Delwar Hossain, the lone survivor of the killing, testified to the court that being blindfolded, he heard a woman [Selina Parvin] screaming and begging Al-Badr men for her life, appealed to spare her as she had a son and there was none to take care of him but her. But the brutal killers did not spare her. She was instantly killed by charging bayonet as narrated by the witness.<ref name=DS-Tamanna/><ref name=MofidulLong/> The lone survivor, who managed to loosen the rope with which he was tied and escaped, had described how three prisoners were tortured before being taken out to be shot. Among the victims, Selina Parvin was [later] found with two bayonet wounds, one through the eye and one in the stomach, and two bullet wounds.<ref name=MofidulLong>{{cite news |last=Hoque |first=Mofidul |date=14 December 2013 |title=Long Walk to Justice |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/long-walk-to-justice/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=31 December 2013 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231101623/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/long-walk-to-justice/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 3 November 2013, [[Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin]], a Muslim leader based in London, and [[Ashrafuz Zaman Khan]], based in the US, were sentenced in absentia after the court found that they were involved in the abduction and murders of 18 people in December 1971 – nine Dhaka University teachers, six journalists including Selina Parvin, and three physicians.<ref name=DS-Tamanna/><ref name=Independent1>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Syed Tashfin |date=3 November 2013 |title=UK Muslim leader Chowdhury Mueen Uddin sentenced to death in Bangladesh |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/uk-muslim-leader-chowdhury-mueen-uddin-sentenced-to-death-in-bangladesh-8919895.html |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |accessdate=7 November 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of journalists killed in Bangladesh]]

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
* {{cite news | title=AFD arranges festival of independent films | url=http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/timeout/18322.html | newspaper=New Age | date=11 May 2011 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129195609/http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-05-11&nid=18322 | archive-date=29 January 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite news | author=Shahidullah, Kaiser | title=Martyred Intellectuals: The saga lives on... | url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2009/december/martyred_day_special/page01.htm | newspaper=The Daily Star | access-date=11 December 2015 | archive-date=22 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122051/http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2009/december/martyred_day_special/page01.htm | url-status=dead }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parvin, Selina}}
[[Category:Bangladeshi women journalists]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Women war correspondents]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi writers]]
[[Category:Burials at Azimpur Graveyard]]
[[Category:People from Ramganj Upazila]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi journalists]]
[[Category:Women in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]

Malipada

2026-03-14T16:28:49Z

Sddhvnkengineering: put up a biography

{{Short description|Town in Odisha, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malipada
| native_name = ମାଳିପଡ଼ା
| native_name_lang = or
| type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.3006|N|85.7590|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = Chandaka
| established_title =
| established_date =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj|Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 3.95
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1658
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 754005
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0674
| registration_plate = OD-02
| blank_name_sec1 = Census code
| blank_info_sec1 = 407475
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Malipada''', is a Town in the '''Chandaka''' police station precinct of [[Khordha district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]]. It is situated on the outskirts of the state capital, [[Bhubaneswar]], and falls under the administrative jurisdiction of the Bhubaneswar Block.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Malipada Village Population - Chandaka - Khordha, Orissa |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/407475-malipada-orissa.html |website=Census 2011 India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Malipada is located at {{coord|20.3006|N|85.7590|E|display=inline}}. It covers a total geographical area of {{convert|395|ha|km2|1}}.<ref name="Census2011"/> The village is situated approximately {{convert|13|km}} from the [[Nandankanan Zoological Park]] and is part of the developing peri-urban region surrounding Bhubaneswar.

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Malipada had a total population of 1,658, consisting of 841 males and 817 females. The village comprises 325 households.<ref name="Census2011"/>

* '''Literacy:''' The literacy rate of Malipada was recorded at 91.03%, which is significantly higher than the state average of 72.87%. Male literacy stands at 93.48%, while female literacy is 88.51%.
* '''Child Population:''' The population of children aged 0–6 was 175, constituting 10.55% of the total population.
* '''Workforce:''' Out of the total population, 480 individuals were engaged in work activities, with approximately 89% described as main workers (employed for more than 6 months).

== Administration ==
In accordance with the [[Constitution of India]] and the [[Panchayati Raj (India)|Panchayati Raj]] Act, the village is administered by a [[Sarpanch]] (Head of Village), who is the elected representative of the village. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Chandaka Police Station.

== Transport ==
Malipada is connected by road to the nearby urban centers of Bhubaneswar and [[Khordha]]. The nearest railway station is [[Bhubaneswar railway station]], located approximately {{convert|15|km}} away. The [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] serves as the nearest airport.

== See also ==
* [[Khordha district]]
* [[Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://khordha.odisha.gov.in/ Official Website of Khordha District]

[[Category:Villages in Khordha district]]

Bene Israel

2026-03-14T15:45:08Z

Sddhvnkengineering: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|Jewish community in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{for|similar uses|Children of Israel (disambiguation){{!}}Children of Israel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image = Israeli Bene Israel.jpg
| caption = Bene Israel wedding
| group = Bene Israel
| langs = [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]],<ref>Benjamin J. Israel, ''The Jews of India'', Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 25: "What the mother tongue of the Bene Israel was when they came to India is unknown. But for centuries it has been Marathi"</ref> [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Jewish Communities of India: Identity in a Colonial Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCNHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT396|year=2018|publisher=[[Routledge]]|first=Joan G.|last=Roland|isbn = 978-1-351-30982-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bene-Israel|title = Bene Israel &#124; people | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref>
| rels = [[Judaism]]
| related = [[Cochin Jews]], [[Paradesi Jews]], [[Baghdadi Jews]]
| native_name = {{Script/Hebrew|בני ישראל}} ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) {{langx|mr|बेने इस्राएल|label=none}} ([[Marathi language|Marathi]])
| native_name_lang =
| population =
| region1 = {{flag|Israel}}
| pop1 = 60–80,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-contribution-of-indian-jews-to-israel-637429 | title=The contribution of Indian Jews to Israel | date=12 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42731363 | title=Israel's Indian Jews and their lives in the 'promised land' | date=19 January 2018 }}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|India}}
| pop2 = 5,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-contribution-of-indian-jews-to-israel-637429 | title=The contribution of Indian Jews to Israel | date=12 August 2020 }}</ref>
}}

The '''Bene Israel''' ({{Literal translation|[[Israelites|Sons of Israel]]}}), also referred to as the "[[Teli|Shanivar Teli]]" ({{Literal translation|Saturday oil-presser}})<ref name="NIH2">{{cite journal |last1=Waldman |first1=Yedael Y. |last2=Biddanda |first2=Arjun |last3=Davidson |first3=Natalie R. |last4=Billing-Ross |first4=Paul |last5=Dubrovsky |first5=Maya |last6=Campbell |first6=Christopher L. |last7=Oddoux |first7=Carole |last8=Friedman |first8=Eitan |last9=Atzmon |first9=Gil |last10=Halperin |first10=Eran |last11=Ostrer |first11=Harry |last12=Keinan |first12=Alon |title=The Genetics of Bene Israel from India Reveals Both Substantial Jewish and Indian Ancestry |journal=PLOS ONE |date=24 March 2016 |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=e0152056 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0152056 |doi-access=free |pmid=27010569 |pmc=4806850 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1152056W }}</ref><ref name="TI">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/india-s-jewish-connection-791548|title=India's Jewish connection: The Tribune India}}</ref><ref name="JE">{{Cite web|url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3489-bombay-india|title=BENI-ISRAEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> or "[[History of the Jews in India|Native Jew]]" caste,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fischel |first=Walter |title=Bombay in Jewish History in the Light of New Documents from the Indian Archives |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research |volume=38/39 |pages=119–144 |jstor=3622356 |date=1970 |doi=10.2307/3622356 }}</ref> are a community of [[Jews]] in India. It has been suggested<ref name="ejio bombay">{{cite encyclopedia |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_COM_0004450 |title=Bombay (Present day Mumbai) |first1=Shalva |last1=Weil |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World |editor1-first=Norman A. |editor1-last=Stillman }}</ref> that they are the descendants of one of the [[Ten Lost Tribes]] via their ancestors who had settled there centuries ago. Starting in the second half of the 18th century,<ref name="DBS"/> after they were taught about normative [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Judaism]],<ref name="JWA29">Benjamin J. Israel, ''The Jews of India'', Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 29: "While the present Orthodox Bene Israel ritual conforms to the Sephardi prayer books, there is one peculiarity which is unique to the Bene Israel,... the ''malida'' ceremony. On every occasion for thanksgiving a special home service is held, the central feature of which is the singing of a hymn... commemorating the prophet Elijah... followed by the recital of blessings over a concoction of parched rice, shredded coconut, raisins and spices... partaken of by all present, with fruit of at least two kinds.")</ref><ref>Solomon Grayzel, ''A History of the Jews'', The Jewish Publication Society of America, Filadélfia, 1968, p. 744: "their Jewish religion has been entirely restored, and they observe it in orthodox fashion, according to the [[Sephardic law and customs|Spanish ritual]]"</ref> they migrated from villages in the [[Konkan|Konkan region]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=1981 |title=The Jews from the Konkan: the Bene Israel Community of India |location=Tel-Aviv |publisher=Beth Hatefutsoth}}</ref><ref name="DBS">{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Mumbai |url=https://dbs.anumuseum.org.il/skn/en/c6/e168438/Place/Mumbai |website=ANU Museum |quote=The foundation of a permanent Jewish settlement in Mumbai was laid in the second half of the 18th century by the Bene Israel who gradually moved from their villages in the Konkan region to Mumbai. Their first synagogue in Mumbai was built (1796) on the initiative of S.E. Divekar. }}</ref> where they had previously lived<ref>Benjamin J. Israel, ''The Jews of India'', Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 21: "At the opening of the eighteenth century the Bene Israel were almost wholly concentrated in a small coastal strip of about 1,000 square miles slightly to the south of Bombay."</ref> to nearby cities throughout [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]—primarily to [[Mumbai]]<ref name="ejio bombay"/> where their first synagogue opened in 1796<ref name="DBS"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madnick |first1=Shulie |title=Why do the Jews of India call Passover 'The holiday of the covered clay pot with the sour liquid'? |url=https://forward.com/news/466618/why-do-the-jews-of-india-call-passover-the-holiday-of-the-covered-clay-pot/ |work=The Forward |date=25 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>Benjamin J. Israel, ''The Jews of India'', Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 27</ref> but also to [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]], and [[Karachi]] (now in [[Pakistan]]),<ref>{{cite book |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=2008 |chapter=The Jews of Pakistan |editor-first=M. Avrum |editor-last=Erlich |title=Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora |location=Santa Barbara, USA |publisher=ABC CLIO}}</ref> where they gained prominent positions in the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] and the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]].

In the early part of the 20th century, many Bene Israel became active in the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]] as actresses/actors, producers, and directors. With [[Partition of India|Indian independence in 1947]] followed by the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948]], many Bene Israel, including those who had arrived in India after their [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries#Pakistan|exodus from newly-independent Pakistan]], soon emigrated to the [[Israel|State of Israel]], the United States, as well as [[Canada]] and other [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]]. Emigration from India reduced the approximate population there from a peak of 20,000 in 1951 to 16,000 in 1961 and 5,500 in 1971, after which the emigration greatly declined.<ref>Benjamin J. Israel, ''The Jews of India'', Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 11</ref>

==History==
{{further|History of the Jews in India}}
[[File:Bene Israels (9727799854).jpg|thumb|Bene Israels in 1850s.]]
[[File:KITLV 87160 - Johnson and Henderson - Bene Israel teachers of the Free Church of Scotland's Mission School and the Jewish English School in Bombay, British India - 1856.tif|thumb|right|Bene Israel teachers in Bombay, 1856]]

The Bene Israel community believes that their ancestors fled [[Judea]] during the persecution under [[Antiochus Epiphanes]] and are descended from fourteen Jews, seven men and seven women, who came to India as the only survivors of a shipwreck<ref name="NIH2"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bene-Israel | title=Bene Israel &#124; Jewish Community, India & Migration &#124; Britannica | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref> near the village of Navagaon on the [[coast]] about {{convert|20|mi|km}} south of Mumbai.<ref name="JWA16">Benjamin J. Israel, ''The Jews of India'', Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 16: "in the early years of the nineteenth century, the Bene Israel believed that their ancestors came a long time ago by sea from somewhere in the 'north' and were shipwrecked off Navagaon about 20 miles south of Bombay Island"</ref> Some historians have thought their ancestors may have belonged to one of the [[Ten Lost Tribes|Lost Tribes of Israel]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=2013 |chapter=Jews of India and Ten Lost Tribes |editor1-first=Raphael |editor1-last=Patai |editor2-first=Haya Bar |editor2-last=Itzhak |title=Jewish Folklore and Traditions: A Multicultural Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Géographie du Talmud |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DIgYKxhNNL8C|first=A.|last=Neubauer|author-link=Adolf Neubauer|location=Paris|publisher=Michel Lévy Frères |year=1868|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DIgYKxhNNL8C/page/n431 386]|language=fr}}, who wrote: "The Bané Israel, a Jewish tribe in India, claim, we have said, to descend from the ten tribes; this tradition deserves serious examination." (End Quote)</ref> They took up the work of oil pressing and running grocery shops but abstained from working on the Sabbath, and hence were called Shanivar Teli. Genetic evidence as of 2005 suggests that the Bene Israel appear to carry a haplotype which points to a Middle Eastern origin, and Jews may have formed part of the founding group.<ref name="Parfitt Egorova 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Parfitt |first1=Tudor |author-link1=Tudor Parfitt |last2=Egorova |first2=Yulia |title=Genetics, History, and Identity: The Case of the Bene Israel and the Lemba |journal=Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry |date=June 2005 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=193–224 |doi=10.1007/s11013-005-7425-4 |pmid=16249950 |s2cid=19691358 }}</ref> They gradually assimilated to the people around them, while retaining customs that are considered Jewish.<ref name="Weil2009">{{cite book |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=2009 |chapter=Bene Israel Rites and Routines |editor-first=Shalva |editor-last=Weil |title=India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle |location=Mumbai |publisher=Marg Publications |orig-date=2002 |edition=3rd |pages=78–89}}</ref> The medieval Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] may have been referring to the Bene Israel when he wrote in a letter:<ref name=Roland1998>Roland JG (1998) The Jewish communities of India: identity in a colonial era. 2nd ed. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers</ref><ref name="NIH2"/> "The Jews of India know nothing of the Torah, save for the Sabbath and circumcision."<ref name="JWA15">Benjamin J. Israel, ''The Jews of India'', Centre for Jewish and Inter-faith Studies, Jewish Welfare Association, New Delhi, 1982, p. 15</ref>

At a point in history which is uncertain, an [[Cochin Jews|Indian Jew from Cochin]] named David Rahabi discovered the Bene Israel in their villages and recognized their vestigial Jewish customs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=1994 |chapter=Yom Kippur: the Festival of Closing the Doors |editor-first=Hananya |editor-last=Goodman |title=Between Jerusalem & Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism & Hinduism |location=New York |publisher=State University of New York Press |pages=85–100}}</ref> Rahabi taught the people about normative Judaism. He trained some young men among them to be the religious preceptors of the community.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{INIST|2465018}} |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=1996 |title=Religious Leadership vs. Secular Authority: the Case of the Bene Israel |journal=Eastern Anthropologist |volume=49 |issue=3–4 |pages=301–316 }}</ref> Known as ''Kajis'', these men held a position that became hereditary, similar to the [[Cohanim]]. They became recognized as judges and settlers of disputes within the community.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sohoni|first1=Pushkar|author1-link=Pushkar Sohoni|last2=Robbins|first2=Kenneth X.|title=Jewish Heritage of the Deccan: Mumbai, the northern Konkan, Pune|date=2017|publisher=Deccan Heritage Foundation; Jaico|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-93-86348-66-1|pages=16–17}}</ref>

Bene Israel tradition places Rahabi's arrival at either 1000 or 1400, although some historians have dated his arrival to the 18th century. They suggest that the "David Rahabi" of Bene Israel folklore was a man named David Ezekiel Rahabi, who lived from 1694 to 1772, and resided in [[Cochin]], then the centre of the wealthy [[Cochin Jews|Malabar Jewish community]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489631/David-Ezekiel-Rahabi |title=David Ezekiel Rahabi (Jewish-Indian leader) |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=10 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Weil |last=Shalva |year=2002 |chapter=Cochin Jews |editor1-first=Carol R. |editor1-last=Ember |editor2-first=Melvin |editor2-last=Ember |editor3-first=Ian |editor3-last=Skoggard |title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |pages=78–80}}</ref> Others suggest that the reference is to David Baruch Rahabi, who arrived in Bombay from Cochin in 1825.<ref>Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, ''The History of the Bene-Israel of India'' (ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv : The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London : G. Salby 1937, p. 66</ref>

It is estimated that there were 6,000 Bene Israel in the 1830s; 10,000 at the turn of the 20th century; and in 1948—their peak in India—they numbered 20,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bh.org.il/bene-israel-mumbai-india/ |title=The Bene Israel of India |first=Shalva |last=Weil |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot}}</ref> Since that time, most of the population has emigrated to Israel. In 2020, the Jewish population in Mumbai numbered about 3,500, out of which 99% were from the Bene Israel community.<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Inside the synagogues of Mumbai |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/forbes-lifes/inside-the-synagogues-of-mumbai/63125/1 |work=Forbes India |date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Mumbai and surrounding regions, like [[Raigad district|Raigad]], house several synagogues, most of which belong to the Bene Israel community.

Under [[Colonial India|British colonial rule]], many Bene Israel rose to prominence in India; they were less affected by discriminatory legislation and gained prominent positions within the [[British Raj|colonial government]] and the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], at a higher rate overall than their non-Jewish counterparts.<ref name="Weil2009" /> Some of these enlistees with their families later immigrated to the [[British protectorate]] of [[Aden Protectorate|Aden]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Yaakov |last=Saphir |author-link=Yaakov Saphir |title=Even Sapir |volume=1 |location=Jerusalem |year=1968 |page=217 |language=he}}</ref> In the 19th century, the Bene Israel did however meet with hostility from the newly anglicized [[Baghdadi Jews]] who considered the Bene Israel to be "Indian". They also questioned the Jewishness of the community. In response, the Bene Israel educator and historian, Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, spearheaded the defence of the Jewishness of the Bene Israel in the late 1800s. In his writings, he tried to portray the Bene Israel as a totally foreign community in India. He also divided the community into two endogamous groups: white (''gora'') and black (''kala''). He claimed the whites had pure blood, while the blacks were the progeny of Indian women and therefore impure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Numark |first1=Mitch |title=Constructing a Jewish Nation in Colonial India: History, Narratives of Discent, and the Vocabulary of Modernity |journal=Jewish Social Studies |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=89–113 |id={{Project MUSE|18256}} |doi=10.2979/JSS.2001.7.2.89 |s2cid=162334921 }}</ref><ref name="Egorova2018">{{cite book|author=Yulia Egorova|title=Jews and Muslims in South Asia: Reflections on Difference, Religion, and Race|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TB5rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=5 September 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-985624-4|pages=36–40}}</ref>

In the early twentieth century, numerous Bene Israel became leaders in the new film industry in India. In addition, men worked as producers and actors: [[Ezra Mir]] (alias Edwin Myers) (1903–1993) became the first chief of [[Films Division of India]], and Solomon Moses was head of the Bombay Film Lab Pvt Ltd from the 1940s to 1990s.<ref name="glitz"/> Ennoch Isaac Satamkar was a film actor and assistant director to [[Mehboob Khan]], a director of Hindi films.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religion and Society|publisher= Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Vol. 38 - India |date=1991| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mecnAAAAYAAJ&q=satamkar |page=53 }}  </ref>

Given the relatively privileged position they had held under British colonial rule, many Bene Israel prepared to leave India at [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]] in 1947. They believed that nationalism and the emphasis on [[Religion in India|indigenous religions]] would mean fewer opportunities for them. Most immigrated to the [[Israel|state of Israel]],<ref name="Weil 2008">{{cite book |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=2008 |chapter=Jews in India |editor-first=M. Avrum |editor-last=Erlich |title=Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora |location=Santa Barbara, USA |publisher=ABC CLIO}}</ref> which was newly established in 1948 as a Jewish homeland.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joan G. |last=Roland |title=Jews in British India: Identity in a Colonial Era |location=Hanover |publisher=University Press of New England |year=1989 |pages=34–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=2005 |chapter=Motherland and Fatherland as Dichotomous Diasporas: the Case of the Bene Israel |editor1-first=Lisa |editor1-last=Anteby |editor2-first=William |editor2-last=Berthomiere |editor3-first=Gabriel |editor3-last=Sheffer |title=Les Diasporas 2000 ans d'histoire |location=Rennes |publisher=Presses Universitaires de Rennes |pages=91–99}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Beth-Ha-Elohim.JPG|Synagogue in [[Pen, India]]
File:Synagogue Madhupura Ahmedabad India.jpg|[[Magen Abraham Synagogue]] in [[Ahmedabad]]
File:120 Bombay 1890.png|A page from a [[Haggada]] with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hebrew]] text, printed in Mumbai, 1890
File:Bene israel-cimetiere juif de bombay en inde.jpg|Bene Israel Cemetery, [[Mumbai]]
File:Jewish community Madhupura Ahmedabad India.jpg|Members of the Jewish community in Madhupura, Ahmedabad
File:Magen Hassidim Synagogue, outside.jpg|Magen Hassidim Synagogue, the largest Bene Israeli Synagogue in Mumbai
File:Shaare Rason Synagogue, Mumbai, Interior 1.jpg|Inside the Shaare Rason Synagogue, Mumbai
File:Tiphearth Israel Synagogue, Mumbai.jpg|Tiphearth Israel Synagogue, Mumbai
</gallery>

==Life in Israel==
{{main|Indian Jews in Israel}}
Between 1948 and 1952, some 2,300 Bene Israel immigrated to [[Israel]].<ref>Weil, Shalva. (2000) ''India, The Larger Immigrations from Eastern Countries,'' Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute and the Ministry of Education. (Hebrew)</ref> In India, the Bene Israel and other Jews lived in urban areas, however in Israel they were settled into [[development town]]s.<ref name="Abhyankar2008">{{cite book|author=Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar|title=West Asia and the Region: Defining India's Role|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YopTyDFI1U4C&pg=PA177|year=2008|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-616-6|pages=196–197}}</ref> Members of the Bene Israel faced [[Racism in Israel|discrimination]] from other Jewish groups—one reason being their darker skin colour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-19 |title=Israel's Indian Jews and their lives in the 'promised land' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42731363 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref> Several rabbis refused to marry Bene Israel to other Jews, on grounds that they were not legitimate Jews under Orthodox law. Between 1952 and 1954, following sit-down protests and hunger strikes by Bene Israel demanding to be sent back to India, the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]] repatriated 337 members of the Bene Israel community to India, though most eventually returned to Israel years later.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=2011 |chapter=Bene Israel |editor-first=Judith |editor-last=Baskin |title=Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref name="Roby2015">{{cite book|author=Bryan K. Roby|title=The Mizrahi Era of Rebellion: Israel's Forgotten Civil Rights Struggle 1948-1966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1ERDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|date=4 December 2015|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-5345-5|pages=116–120}}</ref>

In 1962, authorities in Israel were accused of racism towards the Bene Israel.<ref name="Abramov, S. Zalman 1976, p. 277">Abramov, S. Zalman, ''Perpetual dilemma: Jewish religion in the Jewish State'', Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1976, p. 277-278</ref><ref name="Smooha, Sammy 1978, p. 400-401">Smooha, Sammy, ''Israel: pluralism and conflict'', University of California Press, 1978, p. 400-401</ref> In the case that caused the controversy, the Council of the [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]] ruled that before registering a marriage between Indian Jews and Jews not belonging to that community, the registering rabbi should investigate the lineage of the Indian applicant for possible non-Jewish descent, and in case of doubt, require the applicant to perform conversion or immersion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zieve |first1=Tamara |title=This Week in History: Indian summer in the Knesset |url=https://www.jpost.com/features/in-thespotlight/this-week-in-history-indian-summer-in-the-knesset |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=12 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Abramov, S. Zalman 1976, p. 277"/><ref name="Smooha, Sammy 1978, p. 400-401"/> This discrimination may be related to the fact that some religious authorities believed that the Bene Israel were not fully Jewish because of intermarriage during their long separation.<ref name=Abbink2002>{{cite journal |last1=Abbink |first1=Jon G. |title=Ethnic Trajectories in Israel. Comparing the 'Bené Israel' and 'Beta Israel' Communities, 1950-2000 |journal=Anthropos |date=2002 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=3–19 |jstor=40465613 }}</ref> Between 1962 and 1964, the Bene Israel community staged protests against this policy. In 1964, the Israeli Rabbinate at last ruled that the Bene Israel are "full Jews in every respect".<ref name="Weil 2008"/><ref name="RebhunWaxman2004">{{cite book|author1=Uzi Rebhun|author2=Chaim Isaac Waxman|title=Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2PYTmFwQxcC&pg=PA221|year=2004|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-1-58465-327-1|pages=230–231}}</ref>

The ''Report of the High Level Commission on the Indian Diaspora'' (2012) reviewed life in Israel for the Bene Israel community. It noted that the city of [[Beersheba]] in Southern Israel has the largest community of Bene Israel, with a sizable one in [[Ramla]]. They have a new kind of transnational family.{{Clarify|reason=This sentence is vague and lacks information.|date=September 2025}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=2012 |title=The Bene Israel Indian Jewish Family in Transnational Context |journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.3138/jcfs.43.1.71 }}</ref> Generally the Bene Israel have not been politically active and have been of modest means.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} They have not formed continuing economic connections to India and have limited political status in Israel. Jews of Indian origin are generally regarded as Sephardic; they have become well integrated religiously within the Sephardic community in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter9.pdf|title=Report of the High Level Commission on the Indian Diaspora|publisher=Indian Diaspora|access-date=29 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011172532/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter9.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> Abbink{{Who|date=September 2025}}, on the other hand, states that the Bene Israel have become a distinct ethnic minority in Israel.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The community, despite having been in Israel for many generations, has maintained many of their traditions from India. For example, traditional wedding rituals such as [[mehndi]] remain in practice.<ref name="Hutter2013">{{cite book |author=Manfred Hutter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSZcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=Between Mumbai and Manila: Judaism in Asia since the Founding of the State of Israel (Proceedings of the International Conference, held at the Department of Comparative Religion of the University of Bonn. May 30, to June 1, 2012) |date=17 July 2013 |publisher=V&R Unipress |isbn=978-3-8470-0158-4 |pages=21– 28, 31}}</ref> The ''Malida'' ceremony—a thanksgiving ritual commemorating the Jewish prophet [[Elijah]], who has become a kind of patron saint for Bene Israel—is also still practiced.<ref name="JWA29"/> This ceremony is regarded as unique to the Bene Israel Jewish community.<ref name="JWA29" /> It is also called ''Eliahu HaNabi''{{Citation needed|date=September 2025|reason=In the sources I have found online, the ceremony is only referred to as "Malida", and the name "Eliahu HaNabi" does not appear.}} (the Hebrew name for Elijah) and is performed at weddings and other celebratory events. The ceremony features the [[malida]] food—a tray of [[flattened rice]], grated coconut, raisins, spices, and fruit of two or more different kinds.<ref name="JWA29"/> The Community also observes Tashlich, the ceremony of taking a ritual bath at Rosh Hashanah{{Clarify|reason=Tashlich means "throwing" sins into the sea, and has nothing to do with ritually bathing|date=April 2024}}. The Bene Israel like to attend their own synagogues to maintain group life. Their group lifestyle can be seen through their higher levels of [[endogamy]] compared to other Jewish groups.<ref name=Abbink2002/>

Religiously, the Bene Israel adopted the devotional singing style [[Kirtan]] from their Marathi Hindu neighbors. A popular Kirtan is one based on the [[Joseph (Genesis)|Story of Joseph]].<ref>Judith Cohen: ''Jüdische Musik. IV: Östliche Diaspora (14.–19. Jahrhundert). 3. Orientalische Gemeinden. b. Indien (Bene Israel, Cochin).'' In: ''MGG Online,'' November 2016</ref> Their main traditional musical instruments are the [[Harmonium#The Harmonium in India|Indian Harmonium]] and the [[Bulbul tarang]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moskovich |first1=Rina Krut |title=The Role of Music in the Liturgy of Emigrant Jews from Bombay: The Morning Prayer for the Three Festivals |journal=Asian Music |date=1986 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=88–107 |doi=10.2307/833900 |jstor=833900 }}</ref>

The Central Organisation of Indian Jews in Israel (COIJI) was founded by Noah Massil.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}The organization has twenty chapters around Israel. Maiboli, the newsletter for the Bene Israel community is edited by Noah Masil.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} There is also a website called Indian Jewish Community in Israel which coordinates various cultural activities organized by the community. The community in Israel opened the museum of Indian Jewish Heritage in the town of [[Dimona]] in 2012. The museum is currently run by volunteers. At present, the museum has a small collection of items donated by the community. It also holds cultural and cooking classes for all communities.<ref name="SemiMiccoli2013">{{cite book|author1=Emanuela Trevisan Semi|author2=Dario Miccoli|author3=Tudor Parfitt|title=Memory and Ethnicity: Ethnic Museums in Israel and the Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWIxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|date=5 December 2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-5466-5|page=103}}</ref>

==Migration to other countries==
Members of Bene Israel also settled in Britain<ref>Weil, S. 1974 'Bene Israel in Britain', New Community 3(1-2): 87–91.</ref> and North America, mostly in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/food_wine/2015/04/02/passover-a-spicy-affair-for-torontos-indian-jews.html|title=Passover a spicy affair for Toronto's Indian Jews {{!}} The Star|last=Henry|first=Michele|date=2 April 2015|website=[[Toronto Star]]|language=en|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Reuben Dhondji Ashtumkar]] (1819–1899), Indian soldier who fought in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Joseph Ezekiel Rajpurkar]] (1834–1905), Indian writer and translator of Hebrew liturgical works into Marathi
* [[Rebecca Reuben Nowgaokar]] (1889–1957), writer and educator
* [[Jerusha Jhirad]] (1890–1984), the first female Indian Jewish physician<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/bene-israel|title=Bene Israel {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive|website=jwa.org|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>
* [[Ezra Mir]] alias Edwin Myers (1903–1993), noted in the ''Guinness Book of World Records'' as "the producer of the largest number of documentaries and short films".<ref name="glitz"/>
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar]] (1908–1982), actor who starred in ''Boot Polish'' (1954) and sang (on screen) "Nanhe Munne Bachche"<ref name="glitz"/>
* [[Firoza Begum (actress)|Firoza Begum]] (born as Susan Solomon), actor in the 1920s and 1930s<ref name="glitz">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/19064.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519022310/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/19064.html |archive-date=19 May 2006 |work=IndiaGlitz |title=Jews, the lost tribe of Indian Cinema |first=Harish C. |last=Menon |author-link=Harish C. Menon |date=14 December 2005}}</ref>
* [[Reuben David]] (1912–89), zoologist, founder of Kankaria Zoo, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, father of Esther David
* [[Benjamin Abraham Samson]] (1916–2008), Indian Navy Admiral, father of Leela Samson
* [[Lila Irene Clerides|Lila Erulkar]] (1921–2007), [[First Lady of Cyprus]] (1993–2003) and wife of [[Glafcos Clerides]], president of the [[Republic of Cyprus]]
* [[Nissim Ezekiel]] (1924–2004), Indian poet<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Nissim Ezekiel |first=Lawrence |last=Joffe |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=9 March 2004 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/09/guardianobituaries.india |access-date=2013-09-26}}</ref>
* [[Fleur Ezekiel]], model and 1959 Miss World India
* [[Ralph Sam Haeems]] (1940–2005), Indian-born British criminal defence solicitor
* [[Samson Kehimkar]] (d. 2007), Indian musician
* [[Esther David]] (1945–), Indian writer and critic, daughter of Reuben David
* [[Leela Samson]] (1951–), Indian dancer, choreographer, and actress; daughter of Benjamin Abraham Samson
* [[Isaac David Kehimkar]] (1957–), Indian [[lepidopterist]], butterfly expert based in Navi Mumbai {{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
* [[Liora Itzhak|Liora Itzhak Pezarkar]] (1974–), Israeli singer of Indian origin.
* [[Eban Hyams]] (1981–), Indian-born Australian professional basketball player
* [[Madhura Naik]] (1984–), Indian actress
* [[Bensiyon Songavkar]] (1985–), Indian cricket, silver medalist at the [[2009 Maccabiah Games]]
* [[Ezekiel Isaac Malekar]], Indian rabbi
* [[Judah Reuben | Judah Reuben Nowgaonkar]] (1922 - 2006), Indian cricket umpire

==See also==
* [[Judaism in India]]
* [[Satamkar]]
* [[Synagogues in India]]
* [[Jews of Pakistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

* [[Esther David|David, Esther]]. ''The Book of Esther'', Penguin Global, 2003
* Isenberg, Shirley Berry. ''India's Bene Israel: A Comprehensive Inquiry and Sourcebook,'' Berkeley: [[Judah L. Magnes Museum]], 1988
* {{cite web |title=The Woman Preserving the Endangered Cuisine of Indian Jews |last=Lin-Sommer |first=Sam |date=1 Mar 2023 |website=Atlas Obscura |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/indian-jewish-food?}}
* Meera Jacob. ''Shulamith'' (1975)
* [[Tudor Parfitt|Parfitt, Tudor]]. (1987) ''The Thirteenth Gate: Travels among the Lost Tribes of Israel'', London: [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]].
* [[Sadia Shepard|Shepard, Sadia]]. ''The Girl from Foreign: A Search for Shipwrecked Ancestors, Forgotten Histories, and a Sense of Home,'' [[Penguin Press]], 2008
* [[Shalva Weil|Weil, Shalva]]. (2018) 'Indian Judaic Tradition'&nbsp; in Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds.) ''Religions in South Asia'' (new edition), New York and London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp.186–205.
* Weil, Shalva. (ed.) (2019) ''The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity,'' London: Routledge.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bene Israel}}
* Joseph Jacobs and Joseph Ezekiel, [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=710&letter=B "Beni-Israel"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' (1901–1906).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090627205829/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/?content=20090604 "Interview with Sadia Shepard"], ''Voices on Antisemitism,'' [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], 4 June 2009.
* [http://www.jewsofindia.org "Bene Israel", Photo Gallery & Forum], Jews of India.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060519101358/http://fletcher.tufts.edu/news/2005/09/najam091605.shtml September 2005], The [[Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]], [[Tufts University]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190708172653/http://www.indjews.com/ "The Indian Jewish community and synagogues in Israel"], India Jews.
* [http://www.piyut.org.il/tradition/912.html?currPerformance=1188 "Yonati Ziv Yifatech"], Bene Israel wedding hymn.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=1FhFswoz3U8C&pg=PA1 ''Bene Israel History''].
* [http://www.aventurasliterarias.com/ebks/libr/142-03%20The%20History%20of%20the%20Bene-Israel.pdf ''The History of the Bene-Israel in India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812051302/http://www.aventurasliterarias.com/ebks/libr/142-03%20The%20History%20of%20the%20Bene-Israel.pdf |date=12 August 2014 }}, by Haeem Samuel Kahimkar (1830–1909).
* [https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/beneisrael.htm ''The Bene Israel: A Family Portrait''] (1994), an Indian documentary film on the Bene Israel.
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Bene Israel| ]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Groups claiming Israelite descent]]
[[Category:Jewish ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Oil pressing castes]]

Kadal (2013 film)

2026-03-11T00:11:43Z

Sddhvnkengineering: fixed section after review additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kadal 2013 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Gemini Film Circuit|A. Manohar Prasad]]
* [[Gemini Film Circuit|A. Anand Prasad]]
* [[N. Subash Chandrabose]]
* [[N. Lingusamy]]
* [[Mani Ratnam]]
}}
| story =
| writer = Mani Ratnam [[B. Jeyamohan|Jeyamohan]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]
* [[Arvind Swamy]]
* [[Gautham Karthik]]
* [[Thulasi Nair]]
* [[Lakshmi Manchu]]
}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Rajiv Menon]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Madras Talkies]]
* [[Gemini Film Circuit]]
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* Gemini Film Circuit
* [[Thirupathi Brothers]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|2|1}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INRConvert|50|c}}<ref name="bdgt">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=50 crore for Mani Ratnam's next? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-15/news-interviews/33202251_1_mani-ratnam-gautham-karthik-master-filmmaker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126081209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-15/news-interviews/33202251_1_mani-ratnam-gautham-karthik-master-filmmaker |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=15 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kadal''''' ({{audio|Ta-கடல்.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{translation|the sea}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhash K. Jha |title="Kadal is not a romantic film" – Mani Ratnam |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kadal-is-not-a-romantic-film-mani-ratnam/ |access-date=2 February 2012 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> co-written, co-produced and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]].<ref name="bdgt" /> The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] featuring [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Aravind Swamy]], [[Gautham Karthik]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]] and [[Thulasi Nair]]. The film marks the debut of Gautham Karthik and Thulasi Nair.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Mani Ratnam's hero, Gautham Karthik |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-mani-ratnams-hero/20121206.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053303/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-mani-ratnams-hero/20121206.htm |archive-date=22 December 2017 |access-date=11 December 2012 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First Look: Mani Ratnam's heroine in Kadal |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-mani-ratnams-heroine-in-kadal/20121210.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212052808/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-mani-ratnams-heroine-in-kadal/20121210.htm |archive-date=12 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> The music was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. The film revolves around the life of fishermen who instill the fact that faith can sometimes lead to the triumph of humanity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nirmika Singh |date=22 December 2012 |title=Never believed world would end: AR Rahman |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Never-believed-world-would-end-AR-Rahman/Article1-979347.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222185802/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Never-believed-world-would-end-AR-Rahman/Article1-979347.aspx |archive-date=22 December 2012 |access-date=22 December 2012 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The film was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Kadali''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Lohit |title=''Kadal'' to be dubbed in Telugu as ''Kadali'' |url=http://www.realbollywood.com/2012/09/kadal-dubbed-telugu-kadali.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111035743/http://www.realbollywood.com/2012/09/kadal-dubbed-telugu-kadali.html |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=4 November 2012 |publisher=RealBollywood.com}}</ref> The film was released worldwide on 1 February 2013 to mixed reviews and became a [[Box-office bomb|box-office failure]].

== Plot ==
Bergmans, a brilliant but unruly student, is thrown out of his [[seminary]] for sinning the flesh after being caught red-handed by fellow student Sam Fernando. Blaming the good-hearted Sam for his ouster, Bergmans vows revenge and challenges to prove that evil does reign supreme in this world. Sam finishes his education and training and arrives at a village as the new father of the local church. A local boy named Thomas of this village, the illegitimate son of a local fisherman named Chetty Barnabodas, has grown up in a rough neighbourhood following his mother's death and thus being forced to fend for himself.

Sam takes the rundown church and sceptical villagers in his stride and starts bringing about changes. Through a series of incidents, he also manages to get the unruly Thomas under his control and gets him to learn the tricks of the fishing trade from the villagers. A few years later, Thomas grows up very close to Sam, a well-respected person in the village. Thomas comes across Beatrice "Bea" when she is running away from her convent school group, which had gotten her admitted to the hospital. They keep running into each other a few times, and Thomas eventually likes her presence.

Meanwhile, as Sam meditates on the remote beach, he hears gunshots on the sand. On investigation, he finds an unconscious Bergmans in the waters. On seeing that the shooters are still lurking around trying to finish their job of killing Bergmans, he pulls him to safety into an abandoned ship to take care of his bullet injuries with the help of a local village woman as well as a woman named Celina from a distant village that Bergmans asks him to get. A few villagers, including Chetty, who see Sam running around in the dark with the two women, get suspicious and accuse the three of sleeping together. They call the Bishop, upon whose interrogation, Celina admits to the sin, and Sam gets unfairly implicated. One of the villagers is also killed in the ensuing mêlée, and Sam is sentenced to four years of rigorous [[imprisonment]].

Bergmans visits Sam in prison and admits that he got the woman to implicate him falsely to prove that evil will always triumph. When Sam returns from prison, he discovers that Thomas has fallen in cahoots with Bergmans in his smuggling trade and has committed many sins in his desire to make the village people bow before him. Thomas and Bea have also fallen in love with each other and come to seek Sam's blessings. Thomas subsequently gets to know that Bea is Bergmans's daughter and he takes Bea to Bergmans's house to trigger some long-lost memories when she recalls all the previous horrific incidents of her father, including the one of killing her mother. Bergmans gets angry, abducts Sam and Bea in his boat, and goes out to sea to kill them. However, even after a few feeble attempts, Bergmans who claims to have no emotional ties to family finds himself unable to kill his own daughter.. Thomas comes chasing them, and after a long fight between the three, he and Sam subdue Bergmans.

The film ends on a note that good finally triumphs over evil, whether Sam and Thomas's triumph over Bergmans, Thomas's suppression of his sinister inclination and rejoining forces with Sam, or Bergmans's good nature coming out in his inability to kill Bea.

== Cast ==
''As per the film's opening and closing credits.''
{{colbegin}}
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Bergmans (Meesakaran)
* [[Arvind Swamy]] as Father Sam Fernando
* [[Gautham Karthik]] as Thomas
**[[Saran Shakthi]] as Young Thomas
* [[Lakshmi Manchu]] as Celina
* [[Thulasi Nair]] as Beatrice, Thomas's lover and Bergmans' daughter (voice-over by Krithika Nelson)
* [[Ponvannan]] as Chetty Barnabodas, Thomas's father
* [[Singampuli]] as Clarence
* [[Kalairani]] as Mother Superior
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Kovil Kutty
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Chandi Mary
* [[Ramdoss]] as Masilamani
* Anand Verma as Church Father
* [[Senthi Kumari]] as Chetty's wife and Thomas's stepmother
* George Vijay Nelson

;Uncredited
* Devi as Sahaya Mary, Thomas's late mother
* [[Eka Lakhani]] as Bergmans' late wife
* Baby Rakshana as Young Beatrice
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
During a press meet in December 2009, actor [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] revealed that his son, [[Gautham Karthik]] would make his debut in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s next venture post completion of Ratnam's bilingual films ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]'' and ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} In July 2010, reports emerged that the film was titled as ''Pookkadai''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Mani Ratnam stopped pre-production work on the film in late 2010 and moved on to plan a big-budget historical project titled ''[[Production of Ponniyin Selvan: I and Ponniyin Selvan: II|Ponniyin Selvan]]'', but months later was forced to shelve it due to financial issues. Later, owing to the speculated title of the former project, the team was unable to name the film ''Pookkadai'' as an aspiring director had already registered the name in 2007. Finally the working project was renamed as ''Kadal'' in February 2012.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} When Mani Ratnam had finished ''Raavanan'', [[Jeyamohan]] started writing a 200-page novel for ''Kadal'', which was later transformed by Mani Ratnam into a screenplay.<ref name="jeyhindu">{{Cite news |date=31 January 2013 |title=Sea of imagination |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/sea-of-imagination/article4365144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205133141/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/sea-of-imagination/article4365144.ece |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=31 January 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Jeyamohan was signed to be a part of the script-writing team for the film in August 2011, while [[Rajiv Menon]] was also confirmed as cinematographer for the film, reuniting with Mani Ratnam after the successes of ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' and ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2011 |title=A love story for Mani? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29850163_1_mani-ratnam-mani-sir-love-story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927175542/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-04/news-interviews/29850163_1_mani-ratnam-mani-sir-love-story |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As the film portrays Christianity, Rajiv Menon explored the way artistes capture biblical themes. For this he and Ratnam went through [[Simon Schama]]'s documentary called [[Simon Schama's Power of Art|Power of Art]] on [[Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio|Caravaggio]]. For the outdoor shootings they stuck to the contemporary way. Mani Ratnam's reconnaissance for the film, the process of designing the look was done when his assistants brought back hundreds of pictures after jaunting through the entire coastline of the state [[Tamil Nadu]], including [[Rameswaram]].<ref name="rmnn" />

=== Casting ===
Akshara Haasan, daughter of actor [[Kamal Haasan]] and actress [[Sarika]] was initially approached to play the female lead role but declined due to her then lack of interest in acting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N |first=Patcy |date=4 February 2015 |title=Akshara Haasan: I feared acting would not work out |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/akshara-haasan-i-feared-acting-would-not-work-out/20150204.htm |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> In December 2011, reports emerged that Hindi film actress [[Sonam Kapoor]] was signed on to play the role after being convinced by her father but the news was proven untrue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2011 |title=Sonam Kapoor in Mani Ratnam's next film |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-13/news-interviews/30511098_1_sonam-kapoor-hindi-film-mani-ratnam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715190438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-13/news-interviews/30511098_1_sonam-kapoor-hindi-film-mani-ratnam |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Jhanvi, daughter of producer [[Boney Kapoor]] and actress [[Sridevi]], was also considered to play the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Mani Ratnam's next movie with Sri Devi's daughter |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/20661/kollywood/Mani-Ratnam-s-next-movie-got-Sri-Devi-s-daughter-News-Details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802221302/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/20661/kollywood/Mani-Ratnam-s-next-movie-got-Sri-Devi-s-daughter-News-Details |archive-date=2 August 2011 |access-date=5 February 2012 |publisher=Super Good Movies}}</ref> Finally in January 2012, it was revealed that [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] was confirmed to portray the lead female role, making film ''Kadal'' her most high-profile project to that point.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2012 |title=Samantha bags lead in Pookadai |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-11/news-interviews/30615637_1_mani-ratnam-samantha-pookadai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510061619/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-11/news-interviews/30615637_1_mani-ratnam-samantha-pookadai |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After production had begun, Samantha was forced to opt out of the film in June 2012 due to her [[Polymorphous light eruption|PMLE]] ailments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=7 June 2012 |title=Shot Cuts: Samantha out of 'Kadal' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3500935.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610024231/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3500935.ece |archive-date=10 June 2012 |access-date=7 June 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The director replaced the lead female by signing [[Thulasi Nair]], the second daughter of actress [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]. Though Thulasi was auditioned for the role during the casting process, she was not selected as Ratnam opined that she was too young for the role. Post Samantha's exit, she was roped in.<ref name="tag.three">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2012 |title=If not for Mani Ratnam, I wouldn't be in films: Thulasi |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news-interviews/34149144_1_mani-ratnam-gautham-karthik-karthika |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103104106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news-interviews/34149144_1_mani-ratnam-gautham-karthik-karthika |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=24 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |date=4 September 2011 |title=Mani to launch Karthika's sister? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-04/news-interviews/30112588_1_mani-ratnam-karthika-ponniyin-selvan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701181003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-04/news-interviews/30112588_1_mani-ratnam-karthika-ponniyin-selvan |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The child actress in Mani Ratnam's 2002 film ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'', [[P. S. Keerthana|Keerthana]] was approached for a role but she chose to join the film's team as an assistant director, instead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2011 |title=Mani's search continues... |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-01/news-interviews/30345486_1_mani-ratnam-ponniyin-selvan-gautham |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701151733/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-01/news-interviews/30345486_1_mani-ratnam-ponniyin-selvan-gautham |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Y. Sunita Chowdhary |date=24 December 2011 |title=Arts / Cinema : 'You guys have forgotten me' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2744546.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127221016/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2744546.ece |archive-date=27 November 2012 |access-date=24 March 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In November 2011, actor [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] was signed to play a pivotal role in the film, denying reports that he would play the villain,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2011 |title=Arjun Sarja in Mani's next |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news-interviews/30378321_1_mani-ratnam-bollywood-film-pivotal-character |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707231107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news-interviews/30378321_1_mani-ratnam-bollywood-film-pivotal-character |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sruthi Kannath |date=27 February 2012 |title=I'm not the villain in 'Kadal': Arjun |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article325060.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517140332/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article325060.ece |archive-date=17 May 2014 |access-date=13 March 2013 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> though this was later revealed to be misdirection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=23 February 2013 |title=From Kadal to Kaadhal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/from-kadal-to-kaadhal/article4446325.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301061351/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/from-kadal-to-kaadhal/article4446325.ece |archive-date=1 March 2013 |access-date=13 March 2013 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Lakshmi Manchu]] would be playing a village belle in a negative shade,<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2011 |title=I'm not doing an item song: Lakshmi Manchu |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-18/news-interviews/35185958_1_lakshmi-manchu-mani-ratnam-gautham-karthik |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101092237/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-18/news-interviews/35185958_1_lakshmi-manchu-mani-ratnam-gautham-karthik |archive-date=1 January 2013 |access-date=18 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> making her debut in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2011 |title=Lakshmi Manchu in Mani Ratnam's Pookadai |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-17/news-interviews/30528184_1_lakshmi-manchu-tamil-cinema-kollywood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518001015/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-17/news-interviews/30528184_1_lakshmi-manchu-tamil-cinema-kollywood |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Actor [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] was considered for a supporting role in the film, but dropped the film due to his commitments to the Malayalam film ''[[Ozhimuri]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2012 |title=Lal's commitment forces him to say no to Mani Ratnam |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-05/news-and-interviews/31574267_1_mani-ratnam-lal-actor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025080155/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-05/news-and-interviews/31574267_1_mani-ratnam-lal-actor |archive-date=25 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Arvind Swamy]] who returned to films post twelve years, was signed to play a full-fledged role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anupama Subramanian |date=31 January 2012 |title=Arvind Swamy joins Mani Ratnam's film |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/arvind-swamy-joins-mani-ratnam%E2%80%99s-film-812 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201081024/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/arvind-swamy-joins-mani-ratnam%E2%80%99s-film-812 |archive-date=1 February 2012 |access-date=24 March 2012 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Child artiste Saran, earlier seen in films such as ''[[Mudhal Idam]]'' and ''Mye'', would be seen playing Gautham Karthik's childhood role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=28 April 2012 |title=Itsy-Bitsy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3363978.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804000339/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3363978.ece |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=30 April 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Baby Rakshana would be playing the role of childhood Thulasi. Mani Ratnam roped in [[Nayantara]] for a special role in the film which was confirmed in early July 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2012 |title=Nayanthara's special role in Kadal |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-02/news-interviews/32507700_1_nayanthara-mani-ratnam-prabhu-deva |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131223307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-02/news-interviews/32507700_1_nayanthara-mani-ratnam-prabhu-deva |archive-date=31 January 2013 |access-date=14 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, the actress opted out claiming unavailability of dates and meager scope of her character in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2012 |title=Nayantara in Mani Ratnam's Kadal? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-13/news-interviews/32214227_1_nayantara-mani-ratnam-upcoming-flick |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104045954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-13/news-interviews/32214227_1_nayantara-mani-ratnam-upcoming-flick |archive-date=4 January 2013 |access-date=14 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2012 |title=Nayanthara walks out from Kadal |url=http://www.cinebuzzz.com/articles/727/Nayanthara-walks-out-from-Kadal- |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209054938/http://www.cinebuzzz.com/articles/727/Nayanthara-walks-out-from-Kadal- |archive-date=9 December 2012 |access-date=8 November 2012 |publisher=Cinebuzz}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
{{Quote box
|quote="One reason is the film's ability to take a battering—the cameras are so solid and the horizon blows out in digital camerawork, it becomes white and the sea and the sky become one."
| source = —[[Rajiv Menon]] on the use of [[35mm movie film|35 mm film]] camera for ''Kadal'' making it one of the last Tamil films to use [[film stock]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandini Ramnath |date=18 January 2013 |title=In Focus – Angling partners |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NLxlQGeAKoxvcVCnHZSKlL/In-Focus--Angling-partners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320085837/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NLxlQGeAKoxvcVCnHZSKlL/In-Focus--Angling-partners.html |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=10 March 2013 |website=LiveMint}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 40%
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Keeping principal photography under wraps, the director made the leading duo to undertake a 20-day acting workshop that was conducted by his crew.<ref name="tag.three" /> Later, a two-month acting workshop under the mentorship of actress Kalairani was also attended by them.<ref name="tagb">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2013 |title=Kadal: Age can't be a barrier for acting, says 16-year-old Thulasi Nair |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/age-cant-be-a-barrier-for-acting-thulasi-nair/317957-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130130727/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/age-cant-be-a-barrier-for-acting-thulasi-nair/317957-71-180.html |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref> The shooting of the film started in early March 2012 at [[Manapad]], a sea village in [[Thoothukudi]] district. Scenes involving Arvind Swamy and Lakshmi Manchu were shot first.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mani Ratnam`s Kadal starts |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mani-ratnam-s-kadal-starts-news-tamil-mdfpdAjcibg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305124935/http://www.sify.com/movies/mani-ratnam-s-kadal-starts-news-tamil-mdfpdAjcibg.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 |access-date=2026-01-10 |work=Sify}}</ref> Later, in a schedule of five days, certain scenes were shot at [[Kottayam]], [[Muhamma]], backwaters and forts of [[Kochi]] in Kerala. The filming continued in [[Kerala]] throughout April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2012 |title=Mani Ratnam's Kadal location stills |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/42749/kollywood/mani-ratnam-s-kadal-location-stills-news-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409133008/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/42749/kollywood/mani-ratnam-s-kadal-location-stills-news-details |archive-date=9 April 2012 |access-date=10 April 2012 |publisher=SuperGoodMovies}}</ref><ref name="tag.two">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2012 |title=Mani Ratnam keeps Kadal actors' look under wrap |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2012/maniratnam-keep-kadal-actors-look-under-wrap-090412.html |access-date=10 April 2012 |website=OneIndia}}</ref> A scene featuring the lead actors was shot at a church, created as a set in [[Tuticorin]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2012 |title=Mani Ratnam's church in Kadal |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-16/news-interviews/31349579_1_church-love-story-karthik |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709024033/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-16/news-interviews/31349579_1_church-love-story-karthik |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=21 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Scenes were also canned in longest Indian lake [[Vembanad]], [[Alappuzha]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} In the scenic interiors of [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]], twenty days filming schedule was completed by end of July 2012.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

In an interview with ''[[Times of India]]'' in October 2012, [[Suhasini Mani Ratnam]] revealed that filming was in its final stages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Priya Joshi |date=4 October 2012 |title=Mani Ratnam 'has no plans for Rebecca remake with Aishwarya Rai' |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a410229/mani-ratnam-has-no-plans-for-rebecca-remake-with-aishwarya-rai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108061125/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a410229/mani-ratnam-has-no-plans-for-rebecca-remake-with-aishwarya-rai.html |archive-date=8 November 2012 |access-date=26 October 2012 |work=Digital Spy}}</ref> On 31 October 2012, the crew shot the climax of the film in coastal suburbs of [[Chennai]] under the weather contrived by [[Cyclone Nilam]].<ref name="tag.one">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2012 |title=Cyclone Nilam couldn't stop Mani Ratnam |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/news-interviews/34877213_1_mani-ratnam-gautham-karthik-thulasi-nair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126134644/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/news-interviews/34877213_1_mani-ratnam-gautham-karthik-thulasi-nair |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=2 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 5 November 2012, the shooting of the film was completed except for a song to be canned in [[Alappuzha]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} This song schedule and patchwork for the film kicked off on 13 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2013 |title=Gautham and Thulasi in Alleppey! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Gautham-and-Thulasi-in-Alleppey/articleshow/17994755.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113225210/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Gautham-and-Thulasi-in-Alleppey/articleshow/17994755.cms |archive-date=13 January 2013 |access-date=14 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> By second last week of the same month the patch work and re-recording of the background score was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2013 |title=Prefectionists Rahman, Ratnam re-record 'Kadal' music |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-movie-kadal-will-have-actors-gautham-karthik-and-thulasi-nair-in-the-lead/317300-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130145215/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-movie-kadal-will-have-actors-gautham-karthik-and-thulasi-nair-in-the-lead/317300-71-180.html |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=26 January 2013 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref> Post release of theatrical trailer, it was revealed that the filming of ten second osculating scene between lead actors took four hours to complete after several re-takes. The director had devoided the technicians and crew from the location to ease the situation for the actors.<ref name="contrvs">{{Cite web |title=When a 10 second long kiss took 4 hours, for Kadal |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/when-a-10-second-long-kiss-took-4-hours-for-kadal-kadal-mani-ratnam-20-01-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122204543/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/when-a-10-second-long-kiss-took-4-hours-for-kadal-kadal-mani-ratnam-20-01-13.html |archive-date=22 January 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Picture: Gautham Karthik-Thulasi Nair's kiss in Kadal draws attention |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2013/gautham-karthik-thulasi-nair-kiss-kadal-102807.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324014058/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2013/gautham-karthik-thulasi-nair-kiss-kadal-102807.html |archive-date=24 March 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013 |website=OneIndia}}</ref> Post filming completions, the cinematographer stated that the film was set in a hard landscape. For initial portions of the film the crew created the barren look by emphasising sand colours and muffling vibrancy of costumes. Apparently, this was achieved to create an hostile environment in which the lead male character grows.<ref name="rmnn">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=26 January 2013 |title=Look what's brewing |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/look-whats-brewing/article4348055.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130044100/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/look-whats-brewing/article4348055.ece |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=26 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Writer [[Jeyamohan]] told ''[[The Hindu]]'', that the script was "deeply philosophical and spiritual", "but it has been narrated in an entertaining way, complete with songs and captivating frames. It is a grand saga..", he added.<ref name="jeyhindu" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Kadal (soundtrack)}}
Director [[Mani Ratnam]]'s usual associate music composer, [[A. R. Rahman]] composed the songs as well as the background score for the film. The lyrics of three songs were penned by [[Vairamuthu]], the other three written by his son [[Madhan Karky]] and remaining one by rapper [[Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam]], making the album feature seven tracks in the [[Kadal (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]]. The original Tamil version of the album was released on 28 November 2012, by the record label [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]]. It topped the Indian music charts, especially [[iTunes]] India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shiva Prasad |date=24 November 2012 |title='Elay keechan' top itunes chart |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-26/news-interviews/35748442_1_itunes-madhan-karky-oscar-grammy-award-winner |access-date=24 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version of the soundtrack album was released direct to stores on 19 December 2012 and was also launched in a grand event at H.I.C.C. [[Novotel]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] on 2 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lata Srinivasan |date=2 January 2013 |title=Mani Ratnam has grand Kadal Telugu audio launch |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-02/news-interviews/36257774_1_mani-ratnam-thulasi-gautham |access-date=2 January 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Release ==
[[Gemini Film Circuit]] bought the theatrical rights of the film for {{INR}} 250 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2012 |title=Gemini films procures Mani Ratnam's Kadal |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-01/gemini-films-kadal-04-04-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406140841/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-01/gemini-films-kadal-04-04-12.html |archive-date=6 April 2012 |access-date=5 April 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was given a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] by the [[Censor Board]] after five minor cuts.<ref name="runtime">{{Cite tweet |number=296201346867142656 |user=KollyBuzz |title=@gautham_karthik, @ThulasiN starrer #Kadal movie certified U with just 5 minor cuts. Total duration of the film: 164mins 34secs. |date=29 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2013 |title=Kadal censored with 'U' certificate |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/news-interviews/36431167_1_u-certificate-gautham-karthik-and-thulasi-mani-ratnam-s-madras-talkies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/news-interviews/36431167_1_u-certificate-gautham-karthik-and-thulasi-mani-ratnam-s-madras-talkies |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=20 January 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The advanced booking opened two days prior to the release. However, the distributors in [[Tamil Nadu]] faced arduousness for screen occupancies due to controversial release status of film ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2013 |title=Kadal: Advance booking starts two days before the release |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kadal-advance-booking-starts-two-days-before-the-release/369480-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203112624/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kadal-advance-booking-starts-two-days-before-the-release/369480-71-180.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref>

ATMUS Entertainment secured the distribution rights of the film in USA. The original (Tamil) version was released in 54 screens and dubbed (Telugu) version in 20 screens. The film was premiered in most of the locations of the same country a day prior to the actual release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2013 |title=Kadal/Kadali geared up for big USA release! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/90457.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131114940/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/90457.html |archive-date=31 January 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
In February 2012, after the official announcement of the project with title several forged posters were released over the internet citing wrong credits and the film plot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2012 |title=Mani Ratnam's Kadal First look Posters |url=http://middaytimes.com/mani-ratnams-kadal-first-look-posters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025180928/http://middaytimes.com/mani-ratnams-kadal-first-look-posters/ |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> On 19 November 2012 the film's official page was launched on social networking website Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=Mani Ratnam's Kadal's new launch |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-12-03/mani-ratnam-kadal-20-11-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127173730/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-12-03/mani-ratnam-kadal-20-11-12.html |archive-date=27 November 2012 |access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref> After two days the poster of the male lead concealing his visage was released through the same. In order to guard the facial identities of the debutantes,<ref name="tag.two" /> Mani Ratnam requested their respective parents to not let Thulasi or Gautham Karthik be snapped by anyone. Additionally they had to refrain from public appearances. The actress refused to appear at an interview for the same reason.<ref name="tag.three" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2012 |title=Mani Ratnam's condition to Radha and Karthik |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20125801025849/Mani-Ratnams-condition-to-Radha-and-Karthik.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004104834/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20125801025849/Mani-Ratnams-condition-to-Radha-and-Karthik.col |archive-date=4 October 2012 |access-date=24 November 2012 |publisher=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref name="tag.four">{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar AS |title=First look of Thulasi in Mani Ratnam's Kadal |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/news-interviews/35749268_1_thulasi-nair-mani-ratnam-gautham-karthik |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126074909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/news-interviews/35749268_1_thulasi-nair-mani-ratnam-gautham-karthik |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The main theatrical trailer was released on 11 January 2013 through [[Madras Talkies]]' YouTube channel. The trailer was also attached to the theatre prints of film ''[[Alex Pandian]]'' that released on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kadal' trailer: Mani Ratnam returns with a high voltage romantic drama TA |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kadal-trailer-mani-ratnam-returns-with-a-high-voltage-romantic-drama/315317-71-183.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115060134/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kadal-trailer-mani-ratnam-returns-with-a-high-voltage-romantic-drama/315317-71-183.html |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref> In a frenzy, the trailer crossed 1 million views within a day of its release on ''YouTube''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title='Kadal' trailer creates buzz! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36372981_1_mani-ratnam-arvind-swami-son-of-yesteryear-actor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216064043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36372981_1_mani-ratnam-arvind-swami-son-of-yesteryear-actor |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=20 January 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[STAR Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |title=Vijay TV acquires Kadal satellite rights |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2013/vijay-tv-acquires-kadal-satellite-rights-102659.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131182521/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2013/vijay-tv-acquires-kadal-satellite-rights-102659.html |archive-date=31 January 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=OneIndia Entertainment}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Kadal'' received mixed reviews from critics. At ''[[DNA India]]'', critic Mahalakshmi Prabhakaran quoted, "A poignant film", further adding, "The only drawback of the movie might be the fact that it drags towards the end. Else, go and watch Kadal. It is a beautifully made film".<ref name="dna">{{Cite news |last=Mahalakshmi Prabhakaran |date=2 February 2013 |title=Review: Kadal (Tamil) |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-kadal-tamil_1795430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204042659/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-kadal-tamil_1795430 |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |work=DNA India |location=[[Bengaluru]]}}</ref> However, the Telugu version was reviewed contrary by the same source stating, "With a beautiful story and an imaginative screenplay, Kadal is a breathtaking film topped with fine performances which convey a range of emotions; the film weaves a number of immensely watchable scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=Kadali Movie Review |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/17131.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203204607/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/17131.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff]]'' quoted, "Kadal has all the elements of a regular entertainer but has nothing new in terms of a story" thereby summarising, "Kadal has nothing new to offer".<ref name="rdf">{{Cite web |last=Radhika Rajamani |date=1 February 2013 |title=Review: Kadal has nothing new to offer |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kadal-has-nothing-new-to-offer/20130201.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429020805/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kadal-has-nothing-new-to-offer/20130201.htm |archive-date=29 April 2013 |access-date=1 February 2013 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |location=Hyderabad}}</ref> T.S. Sudhir at ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated, "Mani Ratnam's Kadal leaves viewers at sea".<ref>{{Cite news |last=T.S. Sudhir |date=1 February 2013 |title=Review: Kadal |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/review-mani-ratnams-kadal-leaves-viewers-at-sea-610195.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203175444/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/review-mani-ratnams-kadal-leaves-viewers-at-sea-610195.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=1 February 2013 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath at ''[[Livemint]]'' noted, "Kadal is not a perfect storm, but it's far from a sinking proposition. It floats comfortably midstream, coasting along on the strength of attractive actors and visuals." However, she added more by stating, "A predictable story layered with strong performances"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandini Ramnath |date=1 February 2013 |title=Film Review : Kadal |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TU2oPhpl38YS5Jta808h7O/Film-Review--Kadal.html?ref=dd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203180835/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TU2oPhpl38YS5Jta808h7O/Film-Review--Kadal.html?ref=dd |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=1 February 2013 |publisher=Livemint}}</ref> At ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', Khalid Mohamed wrote, "Well, Mani still matters".<ref name="dc">{{Cite web |last=Khalid Mohamed |date=2 February 2013 |title='Kadal' review |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130202/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/kadal-review-well-mani-still-matters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202164250/http://deccanchronicle.com/130202/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/kadal-review-well-mani-still-matters |archive-date=2 February 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Simon Foster of ''[[Special Broadcasting Service]]'' noted: "Though lovingly cinematic in parts, it’s a dramatically shallow exploration of exploitable themes; a visual feast that will leave audiences intellectually under-nourished."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadal Review |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/movies/review/kadal-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604032922/http://www.sbs.com.au/movies/review/kadal-review |archive-date=4 June 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |website=SBS Movies |date=14 February 2013 }}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted, "Kadal's flaws are even more glaring. It is a failure for Mani Ratnam the storyteller, saved only to a certain extent by his visual flair."<ref name="toi">{{Cite web |last=M. Suganth |date=1 February 2013 |title=Kadal (Review) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Kadal/movie-review/18295736.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203035917/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Kadal/movie-review/18295736.cms |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The critical review board at ''Behindwoods'' quoted, "Technically brilliant, but wanting in Mani Ratnam's magic".<ref name="bw">{{Cite web |last=M. Suganth |date=1 February 2013 |title=KADAL MOVIE REVIEW |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kadal/kadal-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203180907/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kadal/kadal-movie-review.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' reviewed, "Straight off the bat, Mani Ratnam's Kadal is nowhere in the league of his earlier films." However, applauded other aspects stating, "Rajiv Menon's striking camerawork, AR Rahman's music is one of the major plus of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=KADAL REVIEW |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kadal-review-tamil-15019156.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607004540/http://www.sify.com/movies/kadal-review-tamil-15019156.html |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara Samay]]'' attributed the film title stating, "Confusion lasts like a sea. At the end the, movies seems like a tussle between fishing net and church." However, they added, "The music by A.R. Rahman is good and cinematography is at its best."<ref name="ss">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=Kadal review |url=http://english.samaylive.com/entertainment-news/676523086/kadal-review-confusion-lasts-like-a-sea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205064457/http://english.samaylive.com/entertainment-news/676523086/kadal-review-confusion-lasts-like-a-sea.html |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |publisher=Sahara Samay}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' who reviewed the Telugu version said, "Kadali is a visual and musical treat but content wise, the sailing isn't smooth."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo |date=2 February 2013 |title=Kadali: Turbulent flow |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/kadali-turbulent-flow/article4369096.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205070146/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/kadali-turbulent-flow/article4369096.ece |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vivek Ramz of ''[[in.com|In]]'' noted, "Kadal is a tiring watch and recommended only for die-hard Mani Ratnam fans."<ref name="in">{{Cite web |last=Vivek Ramz |date=2 February 2013 |title=Kadal is a tiring watch |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/kadal-is-a-tiring-watch-50178282-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207040626/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/kadal-is-a-tiring-watch-50178282-in-1.html |archive-date=7 February 2013 |access-date=3 February 2013 |publisher=[[in.com]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film began receding occupancy post 20 days of its release and was declared as disaster<ref name="verd">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2013 |title=Lingusamy's wonderful gesture to Mani Ratnam, seeks no compensation for Kadal losses |url=http://truthdive.com/2013/03/03/lingusamys-wonderful-gesture-to-mani-ratnam-seeks-no-compensation-for-kadal-losses.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617074301/http://truthdive.com/2013/03/03/lingusamys-wonderful-gesture-to-mani-ratnam-seeks-no-compensation-for-kadal-losses.html |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=4 March 2013 |publisher=TruthDive}}</ref> by Box Office India.

'''Domestic'''

The film had a poor opening in [[Chennai]]. During the weekend of release, the number of shows in Chennai were 303 where as the average theatre occupancy was 60% and the filmed grossed {{INRConvert|6.7|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHENNAI BOX OFFICE |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kadal/kadal-box-office-feb-03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219014654/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kadal/kadal-box-office-feb-03.html |archive-date=19 February 2013 |access-date=15 February 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> However, certain section of media reported incorrect box office collection leading to contradiction to the actual verdicts.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Shankar |title=கடல் தெலுங்கில் ரூ 98 கோடி குவித்துவிட்டதாம்... – ஒரு சூப்பர் கப்சா!! |url=http://tamil.oneindia.in/movies/news/2013/02/a-mega-lie-on-kadali-box-office-collection-170589.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302224559/http://tamil.oneindia.in/movies/news/2013/02/a-mega-lie-on-kadali-box-office-collection-170589.html |archive-date=2 March 2013 |access-date=28 February 2013 |publisher=OneIndia Entertainment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BO REPORT -KADAL AND DAVID :A DISASTER AT THE BOXOFFICE |url=http://cinemalead.com/news-id-boxoffice-kadal-david-disaster-06-02-131291.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207143426/http://cinemalead.com/news-id-boxoffice-kadal-david-disaster-06-02-131291.htm |archive-date=7 February 2013 |access-date=28 February 2013 |publisher=CINEMALead}}</ref>

'''International'''

In the US the film grossed {{INRConvert|1.9|m}} on the opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar AS |title=Kadal gets lackluster response in overseas |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-05/news-interviews/36763970_1_mani-ratnam-tamil-version-christian-community |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411041927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-05/news-interviews/36763970_1_mani-ratnam-tamil-version-christian-community |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=15 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In UK and Ireland box office, the film collected £1,189 on 4 screens, with the per screen average working out to £297 summing up to £35,737.<ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Taran Adarsh]] |title='Special 26' appreciated, 'ABCD – Any Body Can Dance' disappoints! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/top-overseas-grossers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821040804/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/399 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |access-date=15 February 2013 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|20.54|l}} in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] and {{INRConvert|38.19|l}} in [[United States]] in first weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-12 |title=Madras Talkies not responsible for Kadal losses: Mani Ratnam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madras-talkies-kadal-mani-ratnam-153848-2013-02-12 |access-date=2020-05-19 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
Positive nominations and awards' ceremonies held during 2013–14.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Result
! Reference(s)
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Indian animation industry|24FPS International Animation Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Best Visual Effects Feature Film Studio India
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | [[Reliance MediaWorks]] for the film Kadal
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2013 |title=RMW Wins Award |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/rmw-wins-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193853/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/rmw-wins-award/ |archive-date=2 January 2014 |access-date=2 January 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |[[Radio Mirchi]] South {{small|Top 50 songs of the Year 2013}}
|style="text-align:center;"| Nenjukkule (Ranked as #1)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | A. R. Rahman
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Female Playback Singer
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |[[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| align="center" rowspan="1" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikatan Awards 2013 |url=http://videos.vikatan.com/webtv/index.php?video_id=JKcrp1IoCxg&p_title=Vikatan%20Awards%202013&this_date=2014-01-27&r_frm=search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222060425/http://videos.vikatan.com/webtv/index.php?video_id=JKcrp1IoCxg&p_title=Vikatan%20Awards%202013&this_date=2014-01-27&r_frm=search |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=9 February 2014 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan Televistas]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |[[2013 MTV Europe Music Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Best Indian Act for "Nenjukkule (unplugged)"
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
| rowspan="1" {{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="1" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=AR Rahman, Honey Singh to compete at Europe Music Awards |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ar-rahman-honey-singh-to-compete-at-europe-music-awards/430025-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028022002/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ar-rahman-honey-singh-to-compete-at-europe-music-awards/430025-8-66.html |archive-date=28 October 2013 |access-date=9 February 2014 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | [[Edison Awards|2014 Edison Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Best Introduced Actor
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Gautham Karthik]]
| rowspan="5" {{nominated}}
| align="center" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards Nominations |url=http://www.edisonawards.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213074130/http://www.edisonawards.in/ |archive-date=13 February 2014 |access-date=9 February 2014 |publisher=edisonawards.in}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Stunt Director
|style="text-align:center;"| Kanal Kannan
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Villain
|style="text-align:center;"| Arjun 
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best DOP (cinematography)
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Rajiv Menon]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Supportive Role
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Arvind Swamy]]
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | [[Vijay Awards|2014 Vijay Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Best Music Director
|style="text-align:center;"| A. R. Rahman
| rowspan="6" {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=6 July 2014 |title=Vijay Awards: Ajith's 'Arrambam', Kamal Haasan, Sivakarthikeyan Bag Awards: Winners List |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519170623/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=20 April 2015 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Choreography
|style="text-align:center;"| Brinda Master
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Debut Actor
|style="text-align:center;"| Gautham Karthik 
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Cinematography
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Rajiv Menon]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Villain
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Female Playback Singer
|style="text-align:center;"| Shakthisree Gopalan
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | [[61st Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"| Best Music Director
|style="text-align:center;"| A. R. Rahman
| rowspan="4" {{won}}
| align="center" rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2014 |title=61st Idea Filmfare Awards – Complete Nominations List |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards--Complete-Nominations-List/articleshow/38267114.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716121537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards--Complete-Nominations-List/articleshow/38267114.cms |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=20 April 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=61st South Filmfare Awards 2013 Winners List For Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/61st-idea-south-filmfare-awards2013-14-winners-list-153986.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715014232/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2014/61st-idea-south-filmfare-awards2013-14-winners-list-153986.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=20 April 2015 |website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Playback Singer (Female)
|style="text-align:center;"| Shakthisree Gopalan
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Debut Actor
|style="text-align:center;"| Gautham Karthik 
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Cinematography
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Rajiv Menon]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Best Singer (Male)
|style="text-align:center;"| A. R. Rahman
|rowspan="3" {{nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Best Lyricist
|style="text-align:center;"| Vairamuthu(for "Chithirai Nila")
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|Madhan Karky (for "Anbin Vaasale")
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards#Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|style="text-align:center;"| A. R. Rahman
| rowspan="1" {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil |url=http://www.ntff.no/tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404000530/http://www.ntff.no/tamil |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=20 April 2015 |website=ntff.no}}</ref>
|}

== Controversies ==
After the release of first trailer of the film, the [[French kiss|kissing]] scene between the leading debutantes was brought into discussions by media and audience. Later, Ratnam clarified that the scene has its own importance, justified in the story line of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2013 |title=Mani Ratnam's film in lip-lock dispute |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mani-ratnams-film-in-lip-lock-dispute-152765-2013-01-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202203516/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mani-ratnams-film-in-lip-lock-dispute/1/248013.html |archive-date=2 February 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Thulasi Nair in 2012 was fifteen years of age and scenes portraying such with minors, this fact added more to the same controversy. However, actress [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], mother of Thulasi, defended stating "As I did Bharathiraja's film ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'', I was aged sixteen. There is a unique style and limitations directors have. They give proper directions to artistes. There is no mistake in doing intimate scenes if it is required for the movie."<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2013 |title=Celebrities opine as kiss scenes happen in movies including upcoming 'Kadal' |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-celebrities-opine-as-kiss-scenes-happen-in-movies-including-upcoming-kadal-celebrities-opine-as-kiss-scenes-happen-in-movies-including-upcoming-kadal-kadal-movie-23-01-134049.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126103423/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-celebrities-opine-as-kiss-scenes-happen-in-movies-including-upcoming-kadal-celebrities-opine-as-kiss-scenes-happen-in-movies-including-upcoming-kadal-kadal-movie-23-01-134049.htm |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |publisher=TamilStar}}</ref> The osculating scene was chopped off the theatrical prints of the film thereby reducing the running length of the film to 150 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=#Kadal – Censor certificate says.... |url=https://twitter.com/sri50/status/297326755767779328 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226160305/https://twitter.com/sri50/status/297326755767779328 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2013 |publisher=Sreedhar Pillai as @Sri50}}</ref>

In early February 2013, Indian Christian Democratic Party put allegations that ''Kadal'' had objectionable scenes referring to Christianity. They claimed that the film depicted their community in a cloddish manner. The members of the party proposed the deletion those scenes and warned of intensifying their protests. A memorandum in this regard was also submitted by them to police on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2013 |title=Now Mani Ratnam's 'Kadal' faces protest by Christian outfit |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Chennai/Now-Mani-Ratnam-s-Kadal-faces-protest-by-Christian-outfit/Article1-1006288.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205115100/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Chennai/Now-Mani-Ratnam-s-Kadal-faces-protest-by-Christian-outfit/Article1-1006288.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=5 February 2013 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

The film distributors suffered financial losses due to performance of the film at the box office and hence, on 9 February 2013, around fifty members, who had taken the theatrical rights of the film for various regions, protested in front of [[Madras Talkies]]' office and demanded the compensation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Defending the situation the production house claimed, "Madras Talkies had sold their film 'Kadal' (both Tamil and dubbed Telugu version) to Gemini Industries and Imaging Ltd in March 2012 itself on MG (Minimum Guarantee) basis" They added, "Madras Talkies has had no other dealing with anyone else for the distribution of their film, nor has been party to any contracts Gemini might have entered into in this regard".<ref name="kci">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2013 |title=Madras Talkies not responsible for 'Kadal' losses: Mani Ratnam |url=http://canindia.com/2013/02/madras-talkies-not-responsible-for-kadal-losses-mani-ratnam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407221559/http://canindia.com/2013/02/madras-talkies-not-responsible-for-kadal-losses-mani-ratnam/ |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=11 February 2013 |publisher=CanIndia}}</ref>

Lingusamy's own production company Thirupathi Brothers had purchased the distribution rights of Mani Ratnam's ''Kadal'' for [[Chennai]], [[Madurai]] and [[Coimbatore]] prior to the release of the movie. To the controversies over film, in a press release dated 2 March 2013, the distributor, on a positive note stated that he would never demand compensation for the losses incurred over acquiring ''Kadal'''s distribution rights. He assured that neither he nor anyone from his office would press Mani Ratnam for compensation of monetary losses incurred over ''Kadal'' at any point of time.<ref name="verd" />

As per the proceedings of Madras High Court it was learnt that Mannan, one of the distributors for the film and his men issued false statements to let down the reputations of the director. With no basis and intentions to extort money from his clients, the distributor and some miscreants trespassed into Ratnam's office and abused the staff. On 14 March 2013, the judge was passed interim orders on an application arising out of a civil suit from the director and his wife. The suit claimed for a direction to Mannan to pay {{INR}} 50 million towards the damages.<ref name="prd">{{Cite news |date=14 March 2013 |title=Mani Ratnam gets HC relief on 'Kadal' |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1500369.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317132620/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1500369.ece |archive-date=17 March 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of films directed by Mani Ratnam featuring A. R. Rahman]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Madras Talkies}}
{{Mani Ratnam}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films about filicide]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Christianity-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 controversies]]
[[Category:Films produced by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Madras Talkies films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Benjamin Gilman

2026-03-09T20:33:11Z

Sddhvnkengineering: adjusted information and improved wording

{{Short description|American politician (1922–2016)}}
{{for|the American museum curator (1852–1933)|Benjamin Ives Gilman}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| smallimage = Benjamin A. Gilman.jpg
| order1 = Chair of the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House International Relations Committee]]
| term_start1 = January 3, 1995
| term_end1 = January 3, 2001
| predecessor1 = [[Lee H. Hamilton]]
| successor1 = [[Henry Hyde]]
| office2 = Member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[New York (state)|New York]]
| constituency2 = {{ushr|NY|26|26th district}} (1973–1983) {{ushr|NY|22|22nd district}} (1983–1993) {{ushr|NY|20|20th district}} (1993–2003)
| term_start2 = January 3, 1973
| term_end2 = January 3, 2003
| preceded2 = [[Ogden Reid]]
| succeeded2 = [[John E. Sweeney]]
| state_assembly3 = New York
| district3 = [[New York's 95th State Assembly district|95th]]
| term_start3 = January 1, 1967
| term_end3 = December 31, 1972
| predecessor3 = [[Benjamin Altman]]
| successor3 = [[Eugene Levy (politician)|Eugene Levy]]
| birth_name = Benjamin Arthur Gilman
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|12|6|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Poughkeepsie, New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|12|17|1922|12|6|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Wappingers Falls, New York]], U.S.
| party =[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| alma_mater=[[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[New York Law School]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| spouse = {{marriage|Jane Prizant|1954|1978|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|Rita Kelhofer|1984|1997|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|Georgia Tingus|1997}}
| children = 5 {{small|(With Prizant)}}
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Rep. Benjamin Gilman on Legislation to Admit Former Warsaw Pact Nations into NATO.ogg|title=Benjamin Gilman's voice|type=speech|description=Gilman, as chair of the [[House International Relations Committee]], on legislation allowing former [[Warsaw Pact]] nations to join [[NATO]] Recorded July 23, 1996}}
}}

'''Benjamin Arthur Gilman''' (December 6, 1922 – December 17, 2016) was an American politician and Republican member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] from Middletown, [[New York (state)|New York]], from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 2003.

==Early life==
Gilman was born in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]], the son of Esther (Gold) and Harry Gilman. His parents were Austrian Jewish immigrants.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} Gilman graduated from [[Middletown High School (New York)|Middletown High School]] in [[Middletown, Orange County, New York|Middletown, New York]], in 1941 and received a B.S. from the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School of Business]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1946. He also earned an [[LL.B.]] from [[New York Law School]]. He was a brother of [[Zeta Beta Tau]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zbt.org/about-zbt/notable-brothers/|publisher=[[Zeta Beta Tau]]|title= Notable Brothers|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-date=September 30, 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250930060311/https://zbt.org/about-zbt/notable-brothers/}}</ref> Gilman served in the [[United States Army Air Corps]] from 1942 until 1945 during [[World War II]]. During that conflict, he flew 35 missions over Japan, earning the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] and the [[Air Medal]] with Oak Leaf Clusters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jane |date=19 December 2016 |url=https://hvmag.com/life-style/beloved-former-congressman-benjamin-gilman-dies-at-94/ |title=Beloved Former Congressman Benjamin Gilman Dies at 94 |website=Hudson Valley Magazine |access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

==Early career==
After graduating [[New York Law School]] in 1950, Gilman served as assistant attorney general to the [[Attorney General of New York]] from 1953 until 1955. Following this, he practiced law privately in his hometown of Middletown, New York.

Gilman was a member of the [[New York State Assembly]] from 1967 to 1972, sitting in the [[177th New York State Legislature|177th]], [[178th New York State Legislature|178th]] and [[179th New York State Legislature]]s. He was a member of the New York State Southeastern Water Commission.

==Tenure==
[[File:Benjamin Netanyahu and Benjamin Gilman.jpg|thumb|Gilman with [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]]]
Gilman first won election to Congress in 1972 to represent [[New York's 26th congressional district]]. New York's congressional districts had been redrawn in reapportionment, and in the general election Gilman defeated incumbent congressman [[John G. Dow]], a Democrat who had been serving in [[New York's 27th congressional district]], (which included most of the territory and population of the new 26th district). Gilman subsequently served in Congress from January 3, 1973, until January 3, 2003. During his time in Congress, he was chair of the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Committee on International Relations]] ([[104th United States Congress|104th]] through [[106th United States Congress|106th]] Congresses).

He was widely regarded as a moderate Republican in the mold of New York's [[Nelson Rockefeller]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/nyregion/ben-gilman-dead.html|title=Gilman obituary in New York Times|work=The New York Times |date=18 December 2016 |last1=Fried |first1=Joseph P. }}</ref> He was active on foreign affairs issues, serving as a Congressional delegate to the United Nations, serving under Ambassador [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]] in 1981. He was a Member of the [[Ukraine]] Famine Commission, a member of the U.S., European, Canadian and Mexican Interparliamentary conferences, and a Congressional Advisor to the U.N. Law of the Sea Conference. He was co-chair of the Committee on Irish Affairs and participated on the International Task Force on Narcotics. He was a recipient of the [[Secretary's Distinguished Service Award]], a gold medal and certificate which represents the highest civilian honor bestowed by the State Department.

Throughout his years in Congress, he was a member of the House Post Office and Civil Service Committee, the name of which evolved into the Government Reform and Oversight Committee in the 1990s. As a co-founder of the House Select Committee on Narcotics, he served as a senior member on that Committee (1977–1989) and continued to serve as a member until the committee was abolished in 1993.

During the 1970s, Gilman became closely identified with the issue of Prisoners of War and Missing in Action in [[Southeast Asia]]. He served on the Select Congressional Committee on that problem, and was one of only two Members of Congress to vote in opposition to closing the book on the POW/MIA situation.

He also became involved with [[world hunger]] in the 1970s, authoring the legislation creating a presidential Commission Against Hunger, to which he was subsequently appointed by President [[Jimmy Carter]].

As the chair of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, from 1995 to 2002, Congressman Gilman consistently advocated stronger ties with [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.savetibet.org/congressman-benjamin-gilman-friend-of-tibet-passes-away/|title=Congressman Benjamin Gilman, friend of Tibet passes away {{!}} International Campaign for Tibet|date=2017-04-18|access-date=2017-07-04|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418161049/https://www.savetibet.org/congressman-benjamin-gilman-friend-of-tibet-passes-away/|archive-date=2017-04-18}}</ref><ref name=India>{{cite news|last=Haniffa|first=Aziz|title=Lawmaker Slams Pak, China|work=rediff.com|date=2001-07-18|url=http://www.rediff.com/us/2001/jul/18us2.htm|access-date=2009-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726101304/http://www.rediff.com/us/2001/jul/18us2.htm|archive-date=2008-07-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
, as a counterweight against Chinese influence in the region, particularly in [[Pakistan]]. During the [[Kargil War]] against Pakistan, he urged American lawmakers to pressure the Pakistani government to withdraw from the conflict, stating that he held Pakistan solely responsible for the conflict.<ref name=letter>{{Cite web|last1=Gilman|first1=Benjamin|last2=Gejdenson|first2=Sam|date=1999-06-21|title=Letter on Kargil Situation|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/indusrel/Kargil_US/Gilman_Gejdenson_June_21_1999.htm|access-date=2009-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001213105000/http://www.indianembassy.org/indusrel/Kargil_US/Gilman_Gejdenson_June_21_1999.htm|archive-date=2000-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> During a Hearing on the Status of Negotiations between China and Tibet in April 2000, Congressman Gilman said, “The Tibetan cause enjoys the global support that it does because it is a courageous attempt by a Nation and a people who are trying to regain what is rightfully theirs by throwing off the repression of colonization. It is in the interest of international stability to have Tibet once again serve as it had for 2000 years as a buffer zone strategically placed between India and China.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.savetibet.org/congressman-benjamin-gilman-friend-of-tibet-passes-away/|title=Congressman Benjamin Gilman, friend of Tibet passes away {{!}} International Campaign for Tibet|date=2017-04-18|access-date=2017-07-04|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418161049/https://www.savetibet.org/congressman-benjamin-gilman-friend-of-tibet-passes-away/|archive-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> In recognition of his contribution to furthering U.S. ties with India, he was awarded that country's second-highest civilian honor, the [[Padma Vibhushan]], in 2001.<ref name=Padma>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?ID_PK=490&#PADMA%20VIBHUSHAN|title=Ministry of Home Affairs: Padma Awards|access-date=2009-02-02|date=2001-01-26|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214233653/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?ID_PK=490&#PADMA%20VIBHUSHAN|archive-date=2012-02-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is one of only 12 foreigners, and one of only 3 Americans not of Indian origin, to have received the award. In his later years in Congress, Gilman was a vociferous and frequent critic of President [[Bill Clinton]], particularly on matters related to American foreign policy.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/nyregion/ben-gilman-dead.html|title=Gilman obituary in New York Times|work=The New York Times |date=18 December 2016 |last1=Fried |first1=Joseph P. }}</ref>

Congressman Gilman helped gain passage of the International Academic Opportunity Act of 2000, establishing exchange programs for American students to study abroad. Named after Gilman is the [[Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship]], a program for Pell Grant eligible American college students to study or intern abroad administered by the [[United States Department of State]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Program Overview |url=https://www.gilmanscholarship.org/program/program-overview/ |website=Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship |access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text=Study abroad is a special experience for every student who participates. Living and learning in a vastly different environment of another nation not only exposes our students to alternate views, but also adds an enriching social and cultural experience. It also provides our students with the opportunity to return home with a deeper understanding of their place in the world, encouraging them to be a contributor, rather than a spectator in the international community.
|author=Benjamin A. Gilman
}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Program Overview |url=https://www.gilmanscholarship.org/program/program-overview/ |website=Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship |access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>

Congressman Gilman retired from Congress in 2003 after [[New York's 20th congressional district]], which he had represented, was broken up and dispersed among the 17th, 18th, 19th and 22nd Congressional Districts in the [[redistricting]] that followed the 2000 census and [[reapportionment]]. At the time of his retirement, Gilman was the oldest sitting representative in the U.S. House (in all of Congress, only Senators [[Strom Thurmond]] and [[Robert Byrd]] were older). He was the senior Republican representing New York, and the second-most senior Member from New York overall, behind only [[Charles B. Rangel]]. In 2003, following his retirement from Congress, the Dalai Lama bestowed upon Congressman Gilman the International Campaign for Tibet's Light of Truth Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.savetibet.org/congressman-benjamin-gilman-friend-of-tibet-passes-away/|title=Congressman Benjamin Gilman, friend of Tibet passes away {{!}} International Campaign for Tibet|date=2017-04-18|access-date=2017-07-04|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418161049/https://www.savetibet.org/congressman-benjamin-gilman-friend-of-tibet-passes-away/|archive-date=2017-04-18}}</ref>

On March 28, 2008, Gilman participated in the ribbon cutting ceremony for the Gilman Center for International Education in his hometown of Middletown, New York, on the campus of SUNY Orange, also known as [[Orange County Community College]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=College celebrates expansion of Newburgh Nursing Program |url=https://www.timeshudsonvalley.com/mid-hudson-times/stories/college-celebrates-expansion-of-newburgh-nursing-program,118861 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Mid Hudson Times |language=en}}</ref> This modern new facility for international studies is expected to attract students from throughout the world, and houses Gilman's public papers from throughout his 36 years in elective office. Various photographs and memorabilia from throughout his career are on display.

On Jun 14, 2011, Gilman was awarded the Top Honor Prize, and recognized by the [[World Peace Prize]] Awarding Council for being a lifelong champion of human rights: fighting world hunger, narcotic abuse and trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://worldpeaceprize.org/2010-award/ |title=World Peace Prize |access-date=2017-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103162942/http://worldpeaceprize.org/2010-award/ |archive-date=2015-01-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gilman was married three times: to the former Jane Prizant (1927–2000), a lawyer and daughter of a well-known actor of the [[Yiddish theater]], [[:ru:Призант, Хаим|Hyman Prizant]], to Rita Kelhofer, and to Georgia Tingus. His children from the first marriage were Jonathan Gilman, Susan Gilman-Harts, Harrison Gilman, David Gilman (deceased) and Ellen Gilman (deceased). After his retirement, he continued to live in Middletown, his home in the [[Hudson Valley]] district that he represented.

Gilman was a 33 Degree [[Scottish Rite]] [[Freemasonry|Freemason]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gross |first=Hank |date=2022-01-15 |title=Freemasons honor late Rep. Ben Gilman |url=https://midhudsonnews.com/2022/01/15/freemasons-honor-late-rep-ben-gilman/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Mid Hudson News |language=en-US}}</ref> A local Scottish Rite organization in Middletown, New York, the Benjamin Gilman Lodge of Perfection, is named in his honor and memory.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gross |first=Hank |date=2022-12-25 |title=Hudson Valley Masons remember Congressman Ben Gilman |url=https://midhudsonnews.com/2022/12/25/hudson-valley-masons-remember-congressman-ben-gilman/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Mid Hudson News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Death==
Gilman died on December 17, 2016, at the Castle Point Veteran's Hospital in [[Fishkill (town), New York]] from surgical complications, eleven days after his 94th birthday.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Congressman Gilman dies|url=http://www.midhudsonnews.com/News/2016/December/17/Gilman_obit-17Dec16.htm|website=midhudsonnews.com|publisher=Mid-Hudson News Network|date=December 17, 2016|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229023539/http://www.midhudsonnews.com/News/2016/December/17/Gilman_obit-17Dec16.htm|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was married three times and had five children.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fried|first1=Joseph P.|title=Benjamin Gilman, a New York Congressman for 30 Years, Dies at 94|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/nyregion/ben-gilman-dead.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|access-date=18 December 2016|newspaper=New York Times|date=December 18, 2016|page=A29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012509/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/nyregion/ben-gilman-dead.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|archive-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[List of Jewish members of the United States Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{CongBio|G000212}}
* {{C-SPAN|2195}}

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{{Succession box | title = Member of the [[New York State Assembly]] from the [[New York's 95th State Assembly district|95th]] district | before = [[Benjamin Altman]] | years = 1967–1972 | after = [[Eugene Levy (New York)|Eugene Levy]]}}
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{{US House succession box | state = New York | district = 26 | before = [[Ogden Reid]] | after = [[David O'Brien Martin]] | years = 1973–1983}}
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{{US House succession box | state = New York | district = 20 | before = [[Nita Lowey]] | after = [[John E. Sweeney]] | years = 1993–2003}}
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{{Succession box | before = [[Gene Taylor (Missouri politician)|Gene Taylor]] Missouri | title = Ranking Member of [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability|House Post Office and Civil Service Committee]] | years = 1989–1993| after = [[John T. Myers (politician)|John T. Myers]] Indiana}}
{{Succession box | before = [[William Broomfield]] Michigan | title = Ranking Member of the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House International Relations Committee]] | years = 1993–1995| after = [[Lee H. Hamilton]] Indiana}}
{{Succession box | before = [[Lee H. Hamilton]] Indiana | title = Chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House International Relations Committee]] | years = 1995–2001| after = [[Henry Hyde]] Illinois}}
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{{S-end}}

{{US House Foreign Affairs chairs}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
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[[Category:1922 births]]
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Meera (1945 film)

2026-03-06T03:42:39Z

Sddhvnkengineering: put up article

{{short description|1945 film by Ellis R. Dungan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Meera 1945 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ellis R. Dungan]]
| writer = [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]
| producer = [[Kalki Sadasivam|T. Sadasivam]]
| starring = [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]
| cinematography = Jitan Banerji
| editing = R. Rajagopal
| music = [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| studio = Chandraprabha Cinetone
| distributor = Narayanan & Company
| released = {{film date|1945|11|3|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=304}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Meera''''' is a 1945 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Historical development of Church of England dioceses|historical]] [[musical film]] directed by [[Ellis R. Dungan]], produced by [[Kalki Sadasivam|T. Sadasivam]] and written by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]. Based on the life of the 16th century mystic and poet [[Mirabai]], the film stars [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] as the eponymous character, a zealous devotee of [[Krishna]], who considers him to be her husband. Despite marrying [[Maharana Pratap|Rana]] ([[V. Nagayya|Chittoor Nagayya]]), she follows her own way of living, which is unacceptable to her husband and his family.

Sadasivam wanted to produce a film that would make his singer wife Subbulakshmi's music available to the average person, so he started looking for a good story; Subbulakshmi chose the story of Meera. The film began production at Newtone Studio in [[Chennai|Madras]], but was filmed predominantly [[Location shooting|on location]] in North India in places like [[Jaipur]], [[Vrindavan]], [[Udaipur]], [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]] and [[Dwarka]] to maintain credibility and historical accuracy.

''Meera'' was released on 3 November 1945, [[Diwali]] day, and became a major critical and commercial success. This led to the production of a [[Hindi]]-dubbed version, which had a few scenes reshot, that was released two years later on 21 November and also achieved success. Despite the Hindi version making Subbulakshmi a national celebrity, it would be her last film as an actress, after which she decided to focus solely on her musical career.

== Plot ==
During the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]], young [[Mirabai|Meera]], influenced by the story of [[Andal]] and [[Krishna]], is deeply in love with Krishna, so much so that she considers him to be her husband after she garlands him on an auspicious day as advised by her mother. As Meera matures into a young woman, her devotion to Krishna grows.

Against her wishes, Meera is married to [[Maharana Pratap|Rana]], the king of [[Mewar]]. But even after marriage, her love for Krishna remains unchanged. She follows her own ideals and way of living which are unacceptable to Rana and his family, especially his brother Vikram and sister Udha. Meera asks Rana to construct a temple for Krishna in [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]], the capital of Mewar. Out of love for her, Rana agrees. An overjoyed Meera remains in the temple most of the time, singing in praise of Krishna along with other devotees, and avoids staying at the palace.

On [[Vijayadashami]], Rana expects Meera to be with him at the royal assembly when other kings come to offer their respects. But ''en route'' to the assembly, Meera hears Krishna's flute playing, returns to the temple and remains there. Rana becomes angry upon realising that Meera has returned to the temple again, ignoring her duties as a wife. To kill Meera, Vikram has Udha give her a poisoned drink. Meera is saved by Krishna and the poison does not kill her; instead, Krishna's idol at the [[Vithoba Temple]] turns blue, and the sanctum's double-doors at [[Dwarkadhish Temple|Dwarakadheesh Temple]] close spontaneously, and remain closed.

At Delhi, Akbar learns of Meera's singing and her devotion to Krishna. He sends her a pearl necklace as a gift, which Meera puts on Krishna's idol. Rana becomes angry when he learns of these developments and her disinterest in fulfilling her duties as a wife and queen; he orders the demolition of the temple using cannons so that she will leave. Vikram goes to the temple and orders Meera and the other devotees to come out before the demolition begins. However, Meera refuses, remains in the temple and continues her [[bhajan]]s.

Meanwhile, Rana learns from Udha of Vikram's failed attempt to kill Meera. Shocked when he realises Meera's real identity (she is one with Krishna), he rushes to meet her in the temple, which is about to be demolished. When a cannon is fired, Rana stops it and is injured. When Meera hears Krishna calling her, she admits to Rana that she has failed in her duties as a wife. She explains that her heart is with Krishna and seeks Rana's permission to leave palace life and fulfill her desire to visit Krishna's temple at [[Dwarka]]; Rana realises her devotion and agrees. Once Meera leaves, Mewar suffers from a drought and the subjects plead with Rana to bring Meera back, so Rana goes in search of her.

Meera first goes to [[Vrindavan|Brindavanam]] and meets the sage, who originally predicted her devotion. Together, they leave for Dwarka, Krishna's birthplace. On reaching the temple, she starts singing in praise of Krishna. Rana, who has followed her, also reaches the temple. The temple's doors, which were closed till then, open. Krishna appears and invites Meera inside. Meera runs towards Krishna and falls dead while her soul merges with him. Rana comes rushing in and finds Meera's corpse. Her devotion to Krishna is finally rewarded, and Meera is united with him.

== Cast ==
''Adapted from the opening credits'':<ref name="credits" />{{rp|0:15–0:32}}
{{cast listing|
* [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] as [[Mirabai|Meera]]
* [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor Nagayya]] as [[Maharana Pratap|Rana]]
* [[Radha Viswanathan|Radha]] as Young Meera
* [[Serukalathur Sama]] as [[Rupa Goswami]]
* [[K. Sarangapani]] as Udham
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Vikram
* [[K. R. Chellam]] as Udha
* T. S. Mani and [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Jayamal
* K. Duraisami as Messenger Rao
* [[T. S. Durairaj]] as Narendran
* R. Santhanam as Surendran
* [[Kumari Kamala|Baby Kamala]] as [[Krishna]]
}}
Jayagowri and Leela play roles not named in the opening credits.<ref name="credits" />

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Kalki Sadasivam|T. Sadasivam]] wanted to produce a film that would make his singer wife [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]'s music available to the average person, so he started looking for a good story. He had several discussions with friends like [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] and was of the opinion that if Subbulakshmi was to act in a film, it could not be a mass entertainer, but would need to carry a universal and uplifting message. After much deliberation, Subbulakshmi chose the story of the 16th-century mystic and poet Mirabai alias Meera.{{sfn|Viswanathan|2003|p=59}} Sadasivam decided to produce the film entirely on his own under the Chandraprabha Cinetone banner, and for the first time was not answerable to any financier, co-producer or co-partner. He chose [[Ellis R. Dungan]] to direct, while Krishnamurthy was hired as screenwriter.{{sfn|George|2016|pp=142–143}} Jitan Banerji was the cinematographer and R. Rajagopal the editor.<ref name="credits" />{{rp|0:38–0:47}} This would be the second film based on Mirabai, the first being the 1938 film ''Bhakta Meera''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=15 August 2016 |title=Artistic amends – Flops a reservoir of hot story ideas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/artistic-amends-flops-a-reservoir-of-hot-story-ideas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191203033308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/artistic-amends-flops-a-reservoir-of-hot-story-ideas/ |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
While Subbulakshmi was cast as Meera, her stepdaughter [[Radha Viswanathan|Radha]] was recruited to play the character's younger version.<ref name="technical innovations" /> To prepare for the part, Subbulakshmi decided to go to all the places where Meera had wandered in search of the elusive Krishna, and worship at all the temples where she worshipped.<ref name="pilgrimage" /> [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]] was the first choice to play Meera's husband [[Maharana Pratap|Rana]]. Although he accepted the offer, he was ultimately not hired. In a 1990 interview he recalled, "I had met Sadasivam, and after discussions he told me that he would make arrangements for an advance payment and agreement, but I never heard from him again." Dungan refused a suggestion to cast [[P. U. Chinnappa]] as he felt the actor was "uncouth" and lacked the "regal presence" needed for the role. Dungan successfully recommended [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor Nagayya]], who he felt "proved the right choice for a [[Rajput]] king".<ref name="technical innovations" />

The husband-and-wife comedy duo [[N. S. Krishnan]] and [[T. A. Mathuram]] were supposed to have appeared in ''Meera''. However, Krishnan was arrested in December 1944 as a suspect in the [[Lakshmikanthan murder case]], and he was replaced by [[T. S. Durairaj]], who portrayed Narendran; Madhuram did not remain on the project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16 July 2015 |title=Overshadowed by peer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/comedians-of-the-tamil-screen-part-1-t-s-durairaj/article7429472.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191126170008/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/comedians-of-the-tamil-screen-part-1-t-s-durairaj/article7429472.ece |archive-date=26 November 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="credits" /> T. S. Mani and [[M. G. Ramachandran]] shared the role of a minister named Jayamal.<ref name="credits" /><ref name="dtnext" /> This was the only film in which two future [[Bharat Ratna]] laureates (Ramachandran and Subbulakshmi) acted.<ref name="dtnext" /> Baby Kamala, a girl, was chosen to act as the male Krishna.<ref name="BFTP" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 January 2002 |title=She danced her way to stardom |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/07/stories/2002010700100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110082618/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/07/stories/2002010700100200.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |access-date=18 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Production began in 1944 at Newtone Studio in Madras, before moving to North India, particularly [[Rajasthan]], for [[location shooting]].{{sfn|Viswanathan|2003|p=59}}<ref name="scroll" /> According to filmmaker and historian Karan Bali, Dungan and Banerji "did a series of elaborate lighting tests on a specially created bust of [Subbulakshmi]. They shot the bust using different camera heights and angles with varied lighting schemes. They then studied the developed rushes to decide what worked best for Subbulakshmi's face structure."<ref name="scroll" /> Shooting locations included Rajasthan's capital [[Jaipur]], in addition to Vrindavan, [[Udaipur]], Chittor and Dwarka.{{sfn|Viswanathan|2003|p=59}} The decision to shoot in these locations was Dungan's, who cited the need to be "credible and historically accurate".<ref name="pilgrimage" />

At Udaipur, Sadasivam required some royal elephants and horses for the shooting schedule. After Sadasivam made the request to the Maharana of Udaipur, the Maharana agreed to help the crew with whatever they needed beyond elephants and horses.{{sfn|Viswanathan|2003|p=62}} Dungan recalled in his autobiography:<blockquote>Due to the kindness and assistance of the Maharana's prime minister, we were given ''carte blanche'' to film practically anything and anywhere in and around the palaces and gardens [...] We were also granted the use of such facilities as the royal barge, elephants, a royal procession, the palace dancing girls, hundreds of film "extras" and all of the water fountains in and around the palaces. These were ready-made sets and would have cost us a fortune to reproduce in a studio setting, if they could be reproduced at all.<ref name="scroll" /></blockquote>

While filming at Dwarka, Dungan could not enter the Krishna temple where permission to shoot the film had been obtained, as he was not a [[Hinduism|Hindu]]. Hence, he disguised himself as a [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Pandit]] and was let in.<ref name="technical innovations" /><ref name="dtnext" /> Another scene required Meera to cross the [[Yamuna]] in a boat; the boat was to capsize and she would be saved by Krishna, who would appear in the guise of a boatman. While filming the scene, Subbulakshmi accidentally hurt her head and fell unconscious; the crew barely rescued her from drowning.<ref name="pilgrimage" />{{sfn|Viswanathan|2003|pp=63–65}} The final length of the film was {{convert|10990|feet}}.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=304}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 1945 |title=Meera |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/meera/QBIvRpOCKpI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128034435/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/meera/QBIvRpOCKpI_ |archive-date=28 November 2019 |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://mininoolaham.blogspot.com/2022/08/1945-meera.html |title=மீரா |publisher=Chandraprabha Cinetone |year=1945 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052151/http://mininoolaham.blogspot.com/2022/08/1945-meera.html |archive-date=24 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and released under the [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] label.{{sfn|George|2016|p=143}} The song "Kaatrinile Varum Geetham", written by Krishnamurthy, is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=20 September 2013 |title=Ragas hit a high |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181226035819/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=12 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=19 August 2018 |title=♥'Kaatriniley Varum Geetham'-Melodiously Sung by M.S. Subbulakshmi in/as "Meera"♫ |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/47651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191202115634/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/47651 |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=DBSJeyaraj.com}}</ref> and based on "Toot Gayi Man Bina", a [[Hindi]]-language non-film song composed by [[Kamal Dasgupta]] and sung by Sheila Sarkar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=10 December 2018 |title=இந்தி திரைப்பாடல் தமிழுக்கு தந்த இனிமை! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/61759 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191202055031/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/61759 |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref> While historian [[Randor Guy]] claimed that Krishnamurthy suggested the tune to Venkatraman,<ref name="technical innovations" /> another historian [[V. Sriram]] says Krishnamurthy's daughter Anandi pestered for him to write a Tamil version of the song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sriram |first=V. |author-link=V. Sriram |date=30 May 2018 |title=The Tune Behind Katrinile Varum Geetham |url=https://sriramv.wordpress.com/2018/05/30/the-tune-behind-katrinile-varum-geetham/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606143448/https://sriramv.wordpress.com/2018/05/30/the-tune-behind-katrinile-varum-geetham/ |archive-date=6 June 2019 |access-date=6 June 2019 |website=Madras Heritage and Carnatic Music}}</ref> "Brindhavanatthil" and "Engum Niraindhaaye" are also set in Sindhu Bhairavi,{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|pp=126, 129}} while "Giridhara Gopala" is set in [[Mohanam]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=131}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aranga Un Mahimayai
| extra1 = [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]]
| length1 = 3:21
| title2 = Brindhavanatthil
| extra2 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length2 = 3:17
| title3 = Charaa Charam
| extra3 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length3 = 4:21
| title4 = Devika Tamizh Naattinele
| extra4 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length4 = 3:30
| title5 = Enathullamae
| extra5 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length5 = 3:04
| title6 = Engum Niraindhaaye
| extra6 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length6 = 2:12
| title7 = Giridhara Gopala
| extra7 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length7 = 2:32
| title8 = Hey Harey
| extra8 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length8 = 3:34
| title9 = Ithanai Naalaana Pinnum
| extra9 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length9 = 2:42
| title10 = Kaatrinile Varum Geetham
| extra10 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length10 = 3:03
| title11 = Kandathundo Kannan Pol
| extra11 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length11 = 3:20
| title12 = Kannan Leelaigal
| extra12 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length12 = 3:17
| title13 = Maala Pozhuthinile
| extra13 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length13 = 5:44
| title14 = Maanilathai Vaazha Vaika
| extra14 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length14 = 3:24
| title15 = Maraindha Koondilirudhu
| extra15 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length15 = 2:09
| title16 = Maravene
| extra16 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length16 = 2:25
| title17 = Nandabala
| extra17 = M. S. Subbulakshmi, [[Radha Viswanathan|Baby Radha]]
| length17 = 3:47
| title18 = Thavamum Palithathamma
| extra18 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length18 = 3:20
| title19 = Udal Uruga
| note19 = verse
| extra19 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length19 = 3:20
| title20 = Vandaadum Cholai
| extra20 = M. S. Subbulakshmi
| length20 = 6:15
| title21 = Vinnum Mannum
| extra21 = M. S. Subbulakshmi, [[V. Nagayya]]
| length21 = 2:45
| total_length = 71:22 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Meera'' was released on 3 November 1945, [[Diwali]] day, and distributed by Narayanan & Company.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 1945 |title=Meera |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19451103&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 June 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The distributors ran front-page advertisements to announce "the musical movie of your dreams" and specifically to inform all fans that the film's "song hits" available on [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]].{{sfn|George|2016|p=143}} The film received rave reviews; ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' said, "Meera transports us into a different world of [[bhakti]], piety and melody. It shatters the misguided belief that film music is inferior. Subbulakshmi follows no stereotyped techniques in acting. She is just Meera."{{sfn|Gangadhar|2002|page=47}} Kay Yess Enn of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote on 10 November, "[Subbulakshmi] reveals a flair for histrionic heights in some scenes but in general, though showing great improvement on her previous efforts, there is scope for better work in emotional scenes."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kay Yess Enn |date=10 November 1945 |title=Meera {{!}} M.S.S. At Her Musical Best |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u7I-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3354%2C3228986 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612090827/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u7I-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3354%2C3228986 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=8 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> However, the magazine ''Picturpost'' (15 November) was more critical, saying the Meera bhajans were not "too pleasing to hear", the film lacked conviction, and realism and was not emotional enough. The reviewer felt Subbulakshmi, a Carnatic singer, was miscast as Meera, a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] singer, and Dungan's direction was "bungling".{{sfn|Dwyer|2006|ps=|p=88}} The film was a major box office success; according to Smt. C. Bharathi, author of the 2008 book ''M. S. Subbulakshmi'', this was largely due to the songs than the acting.{{sfn|Bharathi|2008|ps=: "The film was a tremendous success, more because of the songs than of the acting."}} The film has been screened at various film festivals including the Prague Film Festival, the [[Venice Film Festival]] and the [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Devika Bai |first=D. |date=11 May 2014 |title=Tamil classics from American director |url=http://www2.nst.com.my/nation/tamil-classics-from-american-director-1.592884 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110044056/http://www2.nst.com.my/nation/tamil-classics-from-american-director-1.592884 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=10 January 2015 |work=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref>

== Hindi version ==
The success of ''Meera'' prompted Sadasivam to dub it in Hindi and having some scenes reshot.<ref name="scroll" /> The Hindi-dubbed version was released on 21  November 1947,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=16 September 2016 |title=In Only Five Films, M.S. Subbulakshmi Made Her Way to the Stars |url=https://thewire.in/film/ms-subbulakshmi-films |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202061131/https://thewire.in/film/ms-subbulakshmi-films |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019 |website=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]}}</ref> and achieved equal success, making Subbulakshmi a national celebrity.<ref name="scroll" /> The film had an on-screen introduction by the politician and poet, [[Sarojini Naidu]], who described Subbulakshmi as "The Nightingale of India".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seshan |first=A. |date=11 September 2015 |title=When M S Subbulakshmi brought Meera to life |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/when-m-s-subbulakshmi-brought-meera-to-life-115090900800_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128212956/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/when-m-s-subbulakshmi-brought-meera-to-life-115090900800_1.html |archive-date=28 November 2016 |access-date=26 January 2017 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> The premiere was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] himself. [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord]] and [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Lady Mountbatten]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]] and [[Indira Gandhi]] attended the premiere as well. Nehru and the Mountbattens became Subbulakshmi's ardent fans, further propelling her fame.<ref name="technical innovations" /><ref name="BFTP" /> A reviewer from ''[[The Bombay Chronicle]]'' wrote: <blockquote>More than the story of the Queen of Mewar who preferred a heavenly to an earthly diadem it is the voice of the star singing her bhajans and padas that is the picture's chief attraction [...] Narendra Sharma's lyrics embellish this photoplay, the story of which is from the pen of Amritlal Nagar. Subbulakshmi's admirers will find this film highly entertaining.{{Sfn|Dwyer|2006|p=89}}{{Sfn|Dwyer|2006|p=175}}</blockquote> Despite the success of ''Meera'', it was Subbulakshmi's last film as an actress, after which she focused solely on her musical career.<ref name="scroll" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=21 January 2002 |title=He made MS a film star |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/21/stories/2002012100030300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020614032704/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/21/stories/2002012100030300.htm |archive-date=14 June 2002 |access-date=24 January 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Meera'' is considered as a musical cult film of Tamil cinema.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=63}} The scene where young Meera transforms into her older self, and the transition is shown with the song, "Nandha Balaa En Manalaa..", became a milestone in Indian cinema for its filmmaking technique.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 February 2001 |title=He transcended barriers with aplomb |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/01/stories/2002020100850300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103055208/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/01/stories/2002020100850300.htm |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On the April 2013 centenary of Indian cinema, [[IBN Live]] (later known as News18) included ''Meera'' on its list of the 100 greatest Indian films of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-90.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425235242/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-90.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=6 May 2013 |website=[[IBN Live]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="dtnext">{{Cite web |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Venkatesh |date=21 January 2018 |title=Those were the days: An unlikely pioneer in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/01/21000215/1059148/Those-were-the-days-An-unlikely-pioneer-in-Tamil-cinema.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626113257/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/01/21000215/1059148/Those-were-the-days-An-unlikely-pioneer-in-Tamil-cinema.vpf |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=26 June 2019 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>
<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Meera |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Chandraprabha Cinetone |year=1945}}</ref>
<ref name="technical innovations">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=17 December 2004 |title=Full of technical innovations |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/17/stories/2004121700410500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125100145/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/17/stories/2004121700410500.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=26 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=16 September 2016 |title=The making of MS Subbulakshmi's 'Meera', her final and finest film |url=https://scroll.in/reel/816654/the-making-of-ms-subbulakshmis-meera-her-final-and-finest-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021210548/http://thereel.scroll.in/816654/the-making-of-ms-subbulakshmis-meera-her-final-and-finest-film |archive-date=21 October 2016 |access-date=26 January 2017 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>
<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 March 2008 |title=Meera 1945 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/meera-1945/article3022713.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140830202814/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/meera-1945/article3022713.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014 |access-date=26 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="pilgrimage">{{Cite news |last=Ramnarayan |first=Gowri |date=17 September 2004 |title=Brindavan to Dwaraka – Meera's pilgrimage |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/17/stories/2004091702890600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110090846/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/17/stories/2004091702890600.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013 |access-date=18 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Bharathi |first=Smt. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1SFAwAAQBAJ |title=M. S. Subbulakshmi |date=9 May 2008 |publisher=[[Sapna Book House]] |isbn=9788128007347}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Dwyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsKR1RKoJKUC |title=Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-134-38070-1 |oclc=878593281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gangadhar |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpyfAAAAMAAJ |title=M.S. Subbulakshmi: The Voice Divine |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2002 |isbn=9788171678907 |oclc=607561598}}
* {{Cite book |last=George |first=T. J. S. |author-link=T. J. S. George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWO2AQAACAAJ |title=M.S. Subbulakshmi: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Aleph Book Company]] |year=2016 |isbn=9789384067601}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}
* {{Cite book |last=Viswanathan |first=Lakshmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smpnQgAACAAJ |title=Kunjamma: Ode to a Nightingale |publisher=Roli Books |year=2003 |isbn=9788174362735 |oclc=55147492}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0214940|Meera (Tamil)}}
* {{IMDb title|0214941|Meera (Hindi)}}

{{Ellis R. Dungan}}

[[Category:1940s biographical films]]
[[Category:1940s historical musical films]]
[[Category:1945 Indian films]]
[[Category:1945 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ellis R. Dungan]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]
[[Category:Films set in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language musical films]]

Azadi-e-Watan

2026-03-03T23:16:46Z

Sddhvnkengineering: expand section additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|1940 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Azadi-e-Watan
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Dinshaw Billimoria]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1940}}
| runtime =
| country = [[British Raj]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Azadi-e-Watan''''' is a [[Bollywood films of 1940|1940]] [[Bollywood]] [[action film]] directed by and starring [[Dinshaw Billimoria]], [[Gulam Mohd]], Abdul Kader, and [[Wazir Mohammad Khan]].<ref name="Gomolo">{{cite web | url=http://www.gomolo.com/azadiewatan-movie/841 | title=Azadi-e-Watan | publisher=Gomolo.com | accessdate=23 July 2012 | archive-date=14 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203429/http://www.gomolo.com/azadiewatan-movie/841 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema notes that the film was "advertised as directed by him [Billimoria], [but] is probably a dubbed version of an American import.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 July 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> The film was produced by the [[Anglo American Film Corporation]].<ref name="Gomolo"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =|title =Azadi-e-Watan }}

[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:1940 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1940 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Oru Sumangaliyude Katha

2026-03-03T21:08:14Z

Sddhvnkengineering: slightly updated intro and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Sumangaliyude Katha
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Baby (director)|Baby]]
| producer = S. Kumar
| writer = Oscar Movies' M. Bhaskar
| screenplay = [[Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan]](Dialogue)
| starring = [[Sukumaran]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] [[Ratheesh]] [[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] [[Usha Uthup]]
| cinematography = Santhu Roy
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = Sastha Productions
| distributor = Sastha Productions
| released = {{Film date|1984|01|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Oru Sumangaliyude Katha''''' is a 1984 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Baby (director)|Baby]], with story written by Oscar Movies' M. Bhaskar and produced by S. Kumar. The film stars [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]], [[Ratheesh]] and [[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]]. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and [[Usha Uthup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1615|title=Oru Sumangaliyude Kadha|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2955|title=Oru Sumangaliyude Kadha|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/oru-sumangaliyude-katha-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017164954/http://spicyonion.com/title/oru-sumangaliyude-katha-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 October 2014|title=Oru Sumangaliyude Katha|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Rajendran lives with his abnormal behaving wife Yamuna and his daughter. One day Rajendran on returning home finds dead body of Johnny and also finds his wife Yamuna in deep sleep, he suspects his wife killed Johnny so dumps the dead body in a distant slope region and returns back home. Next day s.i.vijayan is in search of investigation regarding Johnny . Johnny wife gracy blackmail Rajendran as she knows he came to his house and got dead but demanded only money as she struggling to live as she gives flashback of Johnny as a drunkard and sexual pervert and gracy knows this but Johnny harasses her so everyday gracy has to cry due to Johnny's cruel character. S.i.vijayan finally interrogates Rajendran also and Rajendran manages to avoid the fault on him as he still suspects his Yamuna. Gracy once again blackmail Rajendran a last time as she wish to go faraway and no more troubling Rajendran but this time excess money is demanded. Rajendran accepts to give with great difficulty. And finally ending scene Rajendran finds out the real killer.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sukumaran]] as Rajendran
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Yamuna
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Sunil Kumar
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Yamuna's father
*[[Ratheesh]] as Johnny
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]]
*[[Captain Raju]] as SI Vijayan
*Baby Jayaprabha as Neena
*[[Shalini (actress)|Baby Shalini]] as Raji
*[[Bahadoor]] as Kumaradas
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as Doctor
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Gracy
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Kalyani
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Sophia
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and [[Usha Uthup]] with lyrics by [[P. Bhaskaran]] and [[Usha Uthup]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chilanke" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kaiyonnu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 3 || "Maanathin" || K. J. Yesudas || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 4 || "Oh My Darling" || Chorus, [[Usha Uthup]] || Usha Uthup ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0359783|Oru Sumangaliyude Katha}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Baby (director)]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Madam (film)

2026-03-03T18:23:38Z

Sddhvnkengineering: put up new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madam
| image = Madam (1994 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = M. V. V. S. Babu Rao {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
| screenplay = Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
| producer = M. Chitti Babu G. Gnaram Harish [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] {{small|(present)}}
| director = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| starring = Rajendra Prasad [[Soundarya]]
| music = [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
| cinematography = V. Suresh
| editing = Trinath
| studio = Vijaya Chamundeswari Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|10|19}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Madam''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]. It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Soundarya]] with music composed by [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]. Prasad plays the titular character of a man who disguises himself as a woman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950701/03/3026a.html|title=Disappointing year for Telugu cinema|page=26|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Narasimham|first=M. L.|date=20 June 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222223335/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950701/03/3026a.html|archive-date=22 December 1996}}</ref> The film was released on 19 October 1994,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madam |url=https://indiancine.ma/AISY/info |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and won two [[Nandi Awards]].

== Plot ==
The film begins with a [[voice-over]] artist, Prasad, whose bestie, Bobby, a tycoon, loves a girl, Kalpana, by holding him back. However, a tiny mess arises, and Kalpana falls for Prasad. Being incognizant of it, they approach her despot brother, Major Chandrakanth, and fix the alliance. Just after, Bobby rushes to convey his grandmother Sarada Devi, who brought him up and desires to view his nuptial. Tragically, she is on her deathbed and wants to see the bride as a last wish. Prasad walks to Kalpana when he discerns the happening and quietly backs for Chandrakanth's scare. During that plight, Prasad jobs a lot to pick anyone but flops. Thus, he only approaches Sarada Devi, in woman Sarojini's guise, when, surprisingly, she recoups, and Prasad locks up therein.

Being a noble, Sarada Devi dedicated her life to women's empowerment and established a college for them. Whereat, she appoints Sarojini, a lecturer, who accompanies a student, Soundarya, as a lodger. Prasad already has a past acquaintance and loves her. He maintains two characters and gains Soundarya's sweet-heartedness by forging as a Mr.Moneybag. Once, while hiding from Kalpana, Prasad re-disguises into a modern girl, Mandakini, when an age-barred bachelor, Rayudu, a photographer, infatuated and shadowed him. Accidentally, Rayudu withholds Prasad's actual attire snap, which makes him draw out the 3rd outfit.

Meanwhile, Soundarya's vagabond brother-in-law expels her sibling for dowry when Soundarya aids Prasad. So, like Sarojini, he handles conflict by opposing the abuse to avoid the challenge. It molds him into a social reformer and wins big hail with the title ''Madam.'' As a glimpse, Rayudu's PA blackmails Prasad by detecting his secrets. He also compels him to extort money via donations, exploiting his Madam's fame. Anyhow, Prasad tactically allocated it to the right cause.

Following this, Prasad becomes like a beached whale since his engagements with Soundarya & Kalpana, Sarojini with Bobby, and Rayudu with Madakini are parallel in a temple. Hereupon, a confusion drama to skip Prasad arises a security alert. Plus, he schemes to eliminate the ''Madam'' character with Bobby to clear these troubles. Overhearing it, Soundarya misconstrues and notifies Sarada Devi when Prasad reappears as Madam and divulges the fact. At last, Sarada Devi decides to uphold secrecy because her ambitions & goals achieved by Sarojini may collapse. Finally, the movie ends comically by declaring Sarojini's death with a public tribute to ''Madam.''

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Prasad / Madam Sarojini / Mandakini<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2014 |title=Seven Eccentric Characters Played by Rajendra Prasad |url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2014/07/19/rajendra-prasad-birthday-article/4743 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217061640/https://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2014/07/19/rajendra-prasad-birthday-article/4743 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=iQlik Movies}}</ref>
*[[Soundarya]] as Soundarya
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Bobby
*[[Nagesh]] as Rayudu
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S.]] as a journalist
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Soundarya's father
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]
*[[Vijaya Rangaraju]] as Major Chandrakanth
*Vinod as Yedakula Venkatrao
*[[Naramalli Sivaprasad|Dr. Siva Prasad]] as Rayudu's P.A.
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Sarojini's bodyguard
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
*K.K.Sarma
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Sarada Devi
*[[Radha Kumari]] as Soundarya's mother
*Latha Sri as Kalpana
*Sailaja as Soundarya's sister
*Athili Lakshmi
*[[Kalpana Rai]]
*[[Chiranjeevi]] as himself
*[[Vijayashanti]] as herself
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 1996 |title=Madam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/madam/DNVRIgnTaZk_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215095134/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/madam/DNVRIgnTaZk_ |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:46
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Mahila Ika Niduranunchi
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra1 = [[S.Janaki]]
| length1 = 3:40
| title2 = Vache Vache Vaisakamlo
| lyrics2 = [[Veturi]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Navallakadu
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length3 = 3:43
| title4 = Singudama Singudama
| lyrics4 = Bhuvana Chandra
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Renuka
| length4 = 4:28
| title5 = My Dear Madam
| lyrics5 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao|Jonnavittula]]
| extra5 = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Chitra
| length5 = 4:45
}}

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]] – 1994<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Best Home Viewing Feature Film]] – M. Chittibabu & Ramprasad
*[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] – [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0252671}}
{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}

[[Category:1994 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Madhavapeddi Suresh]]

Subbhabhumi

2026-03-01T18:58:47Z

Sddhvnkengineering: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Subbhabhumi''' was a part of [[Rarh region|Rarh]] in ancient times. It is located in what is now [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. The more fertile eastern part of the district, consisting of alluvial plains, was known as Subbhabhumi.<ref name=Gazetteer>O'Malley, L.S.S., ''Bengal District Gazetteers - Birbhum'', Govt. of West Bengal</ref>

There is mention of the Rarh region in the Jain text ''[[Acaranga Sutra]]''. The last (24th) great [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]] had wandered through this land, referred to as the "pathless country of Ladha". The people of this region are referred to as ill-mannered and dogs were set upon Mahavira.<ref name=Gazetteer/> Some historians have opined that the people of [[Aryavarta]], were not knowledgeable about the areas beyond their territories and often looked down upon the people of those parts. In the religious text ''[[Baudhāyana|Baudhayana Dharmasutra]]'', it is mentioned that those who visited Vanga had to perform penance.<ref name=Ray>Ray, Nihar Ranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas – Adi Parva'', (Bengali), pp. 137-138, Paschim Banga Nirakharata Durikaran Samiti</ref>

In [[Raghuvaṃśa]] of [[Kalidasa]] there is mention of the Subbhas.<ref name=Ray/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Geography of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Ancient divisions in Bengal]]
[[Category:Birbhum district]]

{{Birbhum-geo-stub}}

Pikoo

2026-02-26T10:14:18Z

Sddhvnkengineering: Put up basic page w/ refs

{{for|the 2015 film|Pikoo (2015 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pikoo
| image = Pikoo (short film 1980, title card).jpg

| alt = Pikoo (short film 1980, title card)
| caption = Title card of the film
| director = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| producer = Henri Fraise for [[France 3]]
| writer = Satyajit Ray
| screenplay = Satyajit Ray
| story = Satyajit Ray
| based_on = {{based on|"Pikur Diary"|Satyajit Ray}}
| starring = Arjun Guha Thakurta, [[Aparna Sen]], Soven Lahiri, Promod Ganguli, [[Victor Banerjee]]
| music = Satyajit Ray
| cinematography = [[Soumendu Roy]]
| editing = [[Dulal Dutta]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1980}}
| runtime = 26 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Pikoo''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[short film]] directed by [[Satyajit Ray]] for French television channel [[France 3]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/films/pikoo.htm|title=Pikoo@satyajitray.org|access-date=12 January 2013|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035941/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/pikoo.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film is based on a short story named ''Pikoor Diary'' (''Pikoo's Diary''), written by Ray. The film showcases a day in the life of a six-year-old child, Pikoo, in the backdrop of his mother's [[extramarital affair]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/films/pikoo.html|title=Pikoo@satyajitray.ucsc|access-date=12 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808173318/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/films/pikoo.html|archive-date=8 August 2012}}</ref>

Satyajit Ray was approached by the [[freelancer|freelance]] producer Henri Fraise to make a film. Ray said in his biography that, when Henri Fraise approached him to make a film, he briefed Ray by saying "[...] you can place your camera at your window and shoot the house next-door—we will accept that."<ref name="raybook">{{cite book|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye|publisher=I. B. Tauris; Revised and Updated edition|author=Robinson, Andrew|author-link=W. Andrew Robinson|pages=253|isbn=1860649653|chapter=Chapter 23: Two (1964) Pikoo (1980)|date=January 1989|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnkcLvYRNfMC&pg=PA253}}</ref> In an interview in ''[[Cineaste (magazine)|Cineaste]]'', Ray stated that ''Pikoo'' is "a very complex film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/ray_on_ray.htm|title=Ray on Ray|access-date=12 January 2013|archive-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207120026/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/ray_on_ray.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film's script was included in the book, ''Original English Film Scripts Satyajit Ray'', put together by Ray's son [[Sandip Ray]] and Aditinath Sarkar, an ex-CEO of Ray Society.<ref name="rayscript">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/news/29400615_1_satyajit-ray-ray-society-sandip-ray|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005203142/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/news/29400615_1_satyajit-ray-ray-society-sandip-ray|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2015|title=Satyajit Ray: Saluting the auteur|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=9 April 2011|access-date=1 January 2013|author=Nag, Ashoke}}</ref> The book also includes original scripts from Ray's other films.<ref>{{cite book|title=Original English Film Scripts Satyajit Ray|publisher=DC Publishers|author=Ray, Satyajit|year=2011|pages=216|isbn=978-8180280016}}</ref> Elements of the film was loosely adapted into the 2015 Hindi-language film [[Piku]] by [[Shoojit Sircar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1172021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150520225641/https://www.dawn.com/news/1172021|archive-date = 20 May 2015|title = 'Piku' trailer released: A mix of humour and emotion|date = 26 March 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==

Ranjan (Soven Lahiri) suspects his wife Seema ([[Aparna Sen]]) is having an affair. Their son, six years old Pikoo (Arjun Guha Thakurta), is enjoying his holiday. While playing, he gets annoyed by the loud barking of the neighbour's dog. Not knowing what to do, he shouts "Hush!" and is delighted when it works. Pikoo receives a telephone call from Hitesh ([[Victor Banerjee]]) who wants to inquire about Seema. Pikoo then passes the phone to Seema, who requests that Hitesh not to come over, without giving any explanation. Pikoo shares a friendly bond with his 80-year-old bedridden grandfather, Loknath (Promod Ganguli). Pikoo secretly tells Loknath about the fights between his parents, their conversation and requests Loknath not to share this little secret with anyone.

Hitesh comes over, uninvited, and brings Pikoo a gift: a drawing book and a set of sketch-pens. Pikoo readily draws pictures and shows them to Seema and Hitesh. Seema suggests that Pikoo go to the garden and draw flowers which matches the colours of his sketch pens. Excited by the idea, Pikoo runs to the garden. Once Pikoo is gone, Seema informs Hitesh about Loknath's second heart-attack and also that Ranjan has started suspecting that she has a boyfriend. Pikoo roams around the garden and draws various flowers but wonders when he sees a white lotus in the pond. Puzzled with not having a white-coloured sketch pen, he shouts from the garden and informs Seema about not having a white-coloured sketch pen to draw it. Seema, who is now having an intimate sexual encounter with Hitesh, does not respond to Pikoo.

Pikoo then uses black-coloured sketch pen to draw the flower but a rain drop spoils his drawing and he runs inside the house. He overhears Seema and Hitesh having a fight. Now knowing how to silence others, he readily shouts "Hush!" again to see that it has worked this time as well. He runs to Loknath to show him his drawings but realizes that Loknath has died in his bed. Not knowing what to do next, Pikoo runs away and sits in the balcony to watch his ruined drawing and starts crying. The film ends when Seema opens her bedroom door and notices Pikoo sitting outside, then avoids him and makes no eye-contact.

==Credits==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

===Cast===
* Arjun Guha Thakurta as Pikoo
* [[Aparna Sen]] as Seema, Pikoo's mother
* Soven Lahiri as Ranjan, Pikoo's father
* Promod Ganguli as Loknath, Pikoo's grandfather
* [[Victor Banerjee]] as Hitesh, Seema's boyfriend

===Crew===

* Sound designer: Sujit Sarkar, Partha Bose, Gobinda Naskar
* Production designer: Bhanu Ghosh, Saibal Gupta
* Recording: Susanta Bannerji
* Art Direction: Ashoke Bose
* Sound: Robin Sen Gupta
{{div col end}}

==Restoration==

After the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] awarded Satyajit Ray an [[Academy Honorary Award|honorary Academy Award]] in 1992 for his lifetime achievements,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/64th.html|title=The 64th Academy Awards (1992)|publisher=oscars.org|date=30 March 1992|access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> the [[Academy Film Archive]], part of the Academy Foundation which mainly works with the objectives as "preservation, restoration, documentation, exhibition and study of motion pictures", took an initiative to restore and preserve Ray's films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/filmarchive/about/index.html|title=About the Academy Film Archive|publisher=oscars.org|access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> Josef Lindner was appointed as a preservation officer and {{as of|October 2010|lc=yes}} the academy has successfully restored 19 titles. However, the academy has yet to restore ''Pikoo'', as the information about the film could not be retrieved.<ref name="restore">{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/raysociety_restoration.php|title=Saving a legacy|access-date=1 January 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210012733/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/raysociety_restoration.php|archive-date=10 February 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0082906|Pikoo}}

{{Satyajit Ray}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:1980 short films]]

Padichira

2026-02-22T20:36:21Z

Sddhvnkengineering: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Padichira
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|50|10|N|76|10|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 28,970
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673579
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in Kerala#Sub Regional Transport Offices|KL-73]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}
''' Padichira ''' is a village near Pulpally in [[Wayanad district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10}}</ref>

[[File:Padichira Kappela.jpg|alt=Padichira town image|thumb|Padichira Town Image]]
[[File:Padichiratown.jpg|alt=Padichira town|thumb|Padichira Town Night View]]
==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Padichira had a population of 28970 with 14409 males and 14561 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padichira Village Population - Sulthanbathery - Wayanad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627312-padichira-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[File:Padichira.jpg|thumb|Padichira Town]]
{{Wayanad district}}
[[Category:Villages in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Sultan Bathery area]]

{{Wayanad-geo-stub}}

Udayamperoor Old Church

2026-02-18T17:08:57Z

Sddhvnkengineering: New Stub...

{{Infobox church
| name = Gervasis and Protasis Church
| fullname = Gervasis and Protasis Synodal Church, Udayamperoor
| native_name = {{langx|ml|ഉദയംപേരൂർ പള്ളി|Udayampērūṟ Paḷḷi}}
| color =
| image = File:Synod of Diamper Church October 2023.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Udayamperoor Old Church (right) and the adjacent Synodal Museum (left)
| landscape =
| denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| previous denomination = [[Church of the East]]
| province =
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
| diocese =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| churchmanship =
| parish =
| division =
| subdivision =
| dedication = [[Gervasius and Protasius]]
| earlydedication = Marth Mariam [[Sabor and Proth]] (pre-1599)
| consecrated date =
| founder =
| architect =
| style =
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| heritage designation =
| dedicated_date =
| closed_date =
| demolished_date =
| archbishop = [[Raphael Thattil]]
| bishop =
| priest =
| archdeacon =
| dean =
| provost =
| rector =
| canon =
| prebendary =
| curate =
| honpriest =
| chaplain =
| vicar = Sebastian Urakkadan
| deacon =
| abbot =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| warden =
| minister =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| location = [[Udayamperoor]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| website = [https://www.synodofdiamper.com synodofdiamper.com]
| former name = All Saints' Church Sabor and Aphroth Church Marth Mariam Church
| embedded =
}}
'''Gervasis and Prothasis Church''', popularly called the '''Udayamperoor Old Church''' or the '''Udayamperoor Synodal Church''', is a [[Syro-Malabar]] [[church (building)|church]] located in [[Udayamperoor]], [[Kerala]], India. This is one of the prominent church buildings of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] and was the venue of the [[Synod of Diamper|Udayamperoor Synod]], held under [[Aleixo de Menezes|Alexis Menezes]] in 1599. It is a [[parish]] church under the [[Ernakulam-Angamaly]] Archeparchy of the Syro-Malabar Church. Adjacent to the old church, there is a museum, and a newer church building also operates within the church premises.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-11-06 |title=Refurbished Udayamperoor synod church to be blessed on Thursday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/refurbished-udayamperoor-synod-church-to-be-blessed-on-thursday/article67504172.ece/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Synod of Diamper or Udayamperppr Synod {{!}} History of Christian Churches in Kerala {{!}} Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/synod-udayamperoor/60 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
====Origin====
The old church in Udayamperoor is traditionally dated to the 6th century and is believed to have been established in 510 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India (Republic) Office of the Registrar |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Census_of_India_1961/ifocAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1964 |publisher=Manager of Publications |pages=169 |language=en}}</ref> Church historian Bernard Thoma states that it was founded by the then Villarvattom king. Subsequent history of the church is largely obscure. According to Saint Thomas Christian tradition, [[Sabor and Proth|Sabor and Aphroth]], two 9th century Persian East Syriac bishops, rebuilt the church along with multiple other churches across Malabar coast.{{sfnp|Thaliath|1958|p=189}} Local tradition says that when the town of Kodungallur was destroyed due to civil unrest, Sabor and Aproth, who were residing there, moved to Udayamperoor. For this reason, the 17th century Portuguese accounts such as the 'Jornada of Menezes' call it a former episcopal see.

====Association with the Villarvattom dynasty====
By the 15th century, Udayamperoor definitely housed the headquarters of the [[Villarvattom]] ({{transliteration|ml|Villāṟvaṭṭam}}) ({{langx|pt|Beliarte}}) dynasty. Villarvattom is known for its association with the Saint Thomas Christian community, with traditions saying that it was indeed a Christian dynasty. [[Thoma of Villarvattom]], the last king to reign in the dynasty, is said to have died in 1502 and entombed in the Udayamperoor Church.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pottamkulam |first=George Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvYyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 |title=Kerala A Journey in Time Part II: Kingdom Of Cochin & Thekamkoor Rajyam; People Places and Potpourri |date=2021-06-11 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63873-514-4 |language=en}}</ref> A tombstone inscription documenting his death is preserved among many such funeral epitaphs in the Synodal Church.{{sfnp|Jenee Peter| Malaat|2024|p=340}} However, in the Travancore Archaeological Series, Ayyar has questioned the 16th century dating and instead provides 1701 as the accurate year in the inscription.{{sfnp|Ayyar|1927|p=68–71}}

{{quote|Tōmmā-rājāvu of Villarvatțam who was risiding at Chēnōnnalam died on the 9th (day), of the 2nd (month) of (the year) 1701.|{{harvnb|Ayyar|1927|p=68}}}}

====Under the Southists====
By the end of the 16th century, Udayamperoor church became one of the strongholds of the [[Southists]] (Knanaya Christians) and was one among their five chief churches (others being [[St. Mary's Valiyapally, Kaduthuruthy|Kaduthuruthy]] ({{transliteration|ml|Kaṭutturutti}}), Kottayam ({{transliteration|ml|Kōṭṭayam}}), Thodupuzha ({{transliteration|ml|Toṭupuḻa}}) and Kallishery ({{transliteration|ml|Kalliśśēri}})). They migrated to Udayamperoor after the fall of Kodungallur ({{transliteration|ml|Koṭungallūṟ}}) to the Sāmutiri King in 1521. Northists (Non-Knanaya Saint Thomas Christians) and Southists did not intermarry and often clashed over parish administration. The church came under the exclusive control of the Southists with the support of the Portuguese. Therefore the Northists were forced to shift to the new parish which they had established in a nearby village called [[Kandanad Valiyapally|Kandanad]] ({{transliteration|ml|Kaṅṭanāṭŭ}}). Francisco Roz documents the bitter rivalry between the Southists and Northists that often erupted as disputes between the two parishes. These disputes eventually spread to other churches which were under collective ownership such as Kaduthuruthy, Thodupuzha and Kottayam. This also forced the Southists to increasingly align themselves with the Portuguese who were in conflict with the larger Saint Thomas Christian community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joseph Koormankan |url=https://archive.org/details/ThekkumbhagarumVadakkumbhagarum |title=Thekkumbhagarum Vadakkumbhagarum |date= |year=1944 |pages=513–5 |language=ml}}</ref>

===Synod of Udayamperoor===
{{main|Synod of Diamper}}
In 1599, Udayamperoor church became the venue for the Synod convened by [[Alexis de Menezes|Alexis Menezes]], the Portuguese colonial Archbishop of Goa. The synod was originally expected to take place in [[Angamaly]], the archdiocesan headquarters. However Menezes disliked Angamaly as it was a stronghold of [[Giwargis of the Cross|Giwargis of Cross]], the Saint Thomas Christian archdeacon, and as its ruler (''Alaṅṅāṭṭŭ Kaimaḷ'') was not in good terms with the Portuguese. Hence, the venue was shifted to Udayamperoor where the large Southist population was friendly with the Portuguese missionaries. Menezes was also supported by the King of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] who was in good terms with the Portuguese.{{sfnp|Thaliath|1958|p=22, 26–27}} The synod was convened following the death of [[Abraham of Angamaly|Metropolitan Abraham]] and was intended to terminate the their hierarchical relationship with the Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate and to bring them under the Portuguese {{transliteration|la|Padroado}} rule.

The Synod was held in June 1599 under presidency of Alexis de Menezes, as the culmination of their latinization efforts among the local Saint Thomas Christians. The Synod was attended by 153 priests and 671 representatives from 168 locations. Most of these were pro-Portuguese, and more than 100 of the priests who participated were ordained by Menezes himself. In preparation to the synod, he performed mass priestly ordinations in Udayamperoor, despite the strong protests of the archdeacon. The synod was held inside and around the church. Multiple priests celebrated Holy Qurbana on each side of the stone cross located in front of the church during the synod. It was this Synod that removed Sabor and Aproth as the parish saints of the church and rededicated it in the name of 'All Saints'. After the synod, a large part of the ancient documents preserved in the church, including the East Syriac liturgical texts, were destroyed under the leadership of Menezes.

====Coonan Cross Oath and schism====
Udayamperoor Church was one of the few parishes that stood with the Portuguese when Archdeacon Thoma was proclaimed Metropolitan following the Coonan Cross Oath against Portuguese hegemony. After this incident, the pope sent Giuseppe Maria Sebastiani, a Carmelite priest, as Apostolic Vicar to Malabar inorder to resolve the division, and the majority of the Saint Thomas Christians joined him. Since then the Udayamperoor church came under the Vicariate of Malabar.

===Later history===
====Tipu's arsonage and Tharakan's reconstruction====
During the Malabar military campaign of the Mysore ruler [[Tipu Sultan]], the church was attacked and the roof was torn down. The remains of the market near the church were piled inside the church and burned, the facade of the church was demolished and cannons were installed there. This church building, which was on the verge of destruction, was rebuilt at the initiative of [[Thachil Matthoo Tharakan|Thachil Mathu Tharakan]].{{sfnp|Koilamparambil|2006}}

====Financial despair====
The continuous disputes between the two factions also hindered the progress of the church. Church property was being encroached upon due to mishandling and the church was in financial despair. The church fell into a heavy financial debt and to resolve this, 12,000 chakram was borrowed from the [[St. George Syro-Malabar Basilica, Angamaly|Angamaly Church]] in exchange for its Portuguese era church bell. This bell is now preserved in [[Angamaly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nazrany Heritage Value – St. George Basilica Angamaly |url=https://angamalybasilica.com/nazrany-heritage-value/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1887, the pope permanently separated the Syro-Malabar Christians from the latin hierarchy and the Udayamperoor church was included in the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Apostolic vicariate of Kottayam]]. Due to financial difficulties, the church could not pay the one-fourth share of income to the vicariate. For this reason, [[Charles Lavigne]], the then Vicar apostolic, seized the golden chalice that was in the church and took it with him. It was returned to the church after [[Ladislaus Michal Zaleski|Wladyslav Zalesky]]'s order at the request of an assembly held at [[Kuravilangad]].{{sfnp|Koilamparambil|2006}}

====Southists vacating the Church====
Gradually, conflicts between the Northists and Southists residing in Udayamperoor widened and the latter, who were relatively few in number, migrated from here to other places, such as Thodupuzha, [[Piravom]], Kaduthuruthy and [[Vadavucode|Vadavukode]], over time.

In 1896, the church was included in the newly established [[Apostolic Vicariate of Ernakulam|Vicariate of Ernakulam]]. With the establishment of a [[Apostolic Vicariate of Kottayam|separate vicariate]] for the Knanaya Catholics in 1911 and the Udayamperoor church continuing within the Vicariate of Ernakulam, most of the Knanaya completely severed their ties with the Udayamperoor church. The few remaining Knanaya families in Udayamperoor were added to Karippadam parish, which was part of the Knanaya vicariate.{{sfnp|Koilamparambil|2006}}

==Architecture==
The Udayamperoor Church is built in a blend of Portuguese and Kerala styles, which is common to most of the old churches in Kerala. According to tradition, this church was built by the Villarvattom kings. Archaeological findings of the foundation prove that this church was built before the Portuguese.{{sfnp|Jenee Peter| Malaat|2024|p=341}} However, the main attractions of the church, such as the façade and pulpit, date back to the Portuguese period. The foundation of the church is made of large laterite stones. The walls of the church are more than 130 centimeters in thickness.{{sfnp|Jenee Peter| Malaat|2024|p=343}} Unlike many other ancient churches, this church did not have raredos in its sanctuary. However, when the church was renovated in 2023, this was also added.

According to the chronicles of the church, it was severely damaged during Tipu Sultan's military raid to Malabar in the 18th century. Tipu's army piled the roof of the church and the remains of the destroyed market inside the church and set it on fire. In addition, the Mysore army demolished the facade of the church at the same level as the wall, filled it with earth, and installed cannons there. Archaeological studies conducted on the church revealed traces of ash, but the absence of burnt tiles suggests that the roof was thatched at the time.{{sfnp|Jenee Peter| Malaat|2024|p=343}}
After this incident, the church, which had been in ruins, was rebuilt under the leadership of Thachil Mathu Tharakan, a wealthy Christian entrepreneur. He rebuilt the roof of the church and since the church lacked a sacristy, he built a sacristy here by dismantling one that existed in the seminary chapel near the [[Kaduthuruthy Thazhath church]]. He installed a strong roof laid with clay tiles. Later, during a festival held at the church, the sacristy was damaged by fireworks and was later repaired. In 1929, during excavations conducted at the church by parish vicar Yawsep Puthuva, an old foundation made of stone was discovered inside the church beneath the existing foundation. This makes it clear that when Mathu Tharakan rebuilt the church in the 18th century, it was built on a larger scale.{{sfnp|Koilamparambil|2006}}

[[File:ഉദയം‌പേരൂർ സൂനഹദോസ്.jpg|thumb|200px|Old church before 2023 renovation]]
The wall on the east side of the church and the cemetery on the north side were built with stones excavated from the premises of the church in 1914. In 1906, the roof of this church was renovated and the old small tiles and wooden planks were replaced and the currently existing tiles were installed. In 1932, an additional door was built by drilling into the eastern side of the southern wall of the church. The waterway on the west side of the church had already fallen into disuse and the new way to the church was on the eastern side at the road side. This not only facilitated people's access inside the church, but also allowed more natural light to enter. In 1929, the floor of the sanctuary ({{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}}) and the eastern end of the nave were paved with bricks (terracota tiles). It was during this time that the gateway was built on the eastern side outside the church.{{sfnp|Jenee Peter| Malaat|2024|p=343–4}} In 1932, the floor of the sacristy was also paved with terracota tiles and railing was installed in front of the sanctuary.{{sfnp|Koilamparambil|2006}}

[[File:Synod of Diamper udayamperoor 1.JPG|thumb|200px|Udayamperoor new church]]
Until a new church was built on the site in 1983, the parish's worship services were held entirely in the old church. Following the consecration of the new church, the old church was declared a museum. In 2016, an annex was built adjacent to the old church with a façade on the eastern side facing the road.{{sfnp|Jenee Peter| Malaat|2024|p=344}} The old church and the annex houses the Synod of Diamper museum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synodal Museum |url=http://beta.museumsofindia.org//museum/9981/synodal-museum |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=beta.museumsofindia.org }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> In 2023, the old church underwent extensive refurbishment and beautification. Portuguese-style raredos were added to the sanctuary and better illumination system was installed. The roof was renovated and the annex was rebuilt.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Portuguese Legacy & Kerala’s First Catholic Synod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/portuguese-legacy-keralas-first-catholic-synod/amp_articleshow/105673320.cms |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The church also houses many historical artefacts including a golden chalice with bells, liturgical vestments and numerous statues and sculptures. These were moved to a safe location during Tipu's war and was later brought back. It is said that many documents were lost during this transfer.{{sfnp|Koilamparambil|2006}}

[[File:Ancient Stone Cross of Synod of diamper church - panoramio.jpg|thumb|200px|Open air granite cross of the Udayamperoor old church]]

==Dedication==
Udayamperoor old church is dedicated to Gervasis and Protasis, the twin Italian saints whom the Portuguese missionaries introduced in Malabar inorder to replace Sabor and Aphroth, the local saints of the Saint Thomas Christians whom the Portuguese accused of [[Nestorianism]].{{sfnp|Thaliath|1958|p=190}}

In earlier documents, the dedication of the church is variable. In Malayalam documents that were published immediately after the Synod of Udayamperoor, the Church is called '{{transliteration|ml|Maṟtha Maṟiam Paḷḷi}}' (Saint Mary's Church). Meanwhile, in most Portuguese accounts the church is said to be named after 'All Saints'.{{sfnp|Thaliath|1958|p=189}} However in the book Jornada of Alexis Menezes published in 1606, the church in Udayamperoor is said to be dedicated to Marxabro and Marprodh (Sabor and Aphroth).{{sfnp|Gouvea|2003|p=302}} The synod in its session IX decree 25 says that all the churches in Malabar dedicated to Sabor and Aphroth should be rededicated to 'All Saints'.{{sfnp|Thaliath|1958|p=189}}

In later documents, the church appears either as 'All Saints church' or 'Gervasis and Protasis church'. Writers such as Raulin, [[Anquetil Du Perron|Anquetil du Perron]], and [[Paulinus of St. Bartholomew|Paulinus]] have used the latter name for the church in their lists of Saint Thomas Christian churches.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Historia Ecclesiae Malabaricae |last=Raulin |first=Johannes Facundos |page=427-429 |year=1745 |publisher=Ex Typographia Hieronymi Mainardi |language=la |location=Rome }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Zend Avesta |last=du Perron |first=Anquetil |year=1771 |publisher=N. M. Tilliard |volume=I |page=clxxxv |language=fr |author-link=Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=India Orientalis Christiana |author=Paulinus |year=1794 |publisher=Typis Salomonianis |page=267 |author-link=Paulinus of St. Bartholomew}}</ref> Meanwhile church documents and the calendars published by the Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly consistently list the church as 'All Saints' church up until 1951, when the name 'Sts. Gervasis and Protasis' officially replaced the title 'All Saints'.{{sfnp|Thaliath|1958|p=190}}

The dedication to Gervasis and Protasis had already become popular among the churches in Malabar in early-17th century. The change brought forward by Alexis Menezes in the dedication of the Syro-Malabar churches named after Sabor and Aphroth to 'All Saints' failed to gain popularity. It was quickly replaced by Gervasis and Protasis inorder to resemble Sabor and Aphroth. However in the church of Udayamperoor this second rededication was implemented only by the 20th century.{{sfnp|Thaliath|1958|p=190}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
====Primary sources====
*{{cite book |title=Jornada of Alexis de Menesis |publisher=L. R. C. Publications |year=2003 |isbn=9788188979004 |first=Antonio |last=Gouvea |editor-last=Malekandathil |editor-first=Pius |location=Kochi |language=en |translator-last=Malekandathil |translator-first=Pius |orig-year=1606}}

====Secondary sources====
*{{Cite book |title=Travancore Archaeological series |volume=VI/1|first=A. S. Ramanatha |last=Ayyar |year=1927 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277149/page/n77/mode/1up |chapter=Six Epitaphs at Udiyamperur |pages=65-71}}
*{{Cite book |last=Thaliath |first=Jonas |title=The Synod of Diamper |publisher=Pontifical Institutum Orientalium Studiorum |year=1958 |edition=1999 |location=Rome }}
*{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/120958611/|chapter=Uncovering the Archaeology of Udayamperoor Synodal Church|author1=Jenee Peter|first2=Arun P.|last2=Malaat|year=2024 |title=Udaymperoor Devalayavum Villarvattam Swaroopavum |pages=339-347}}
*{{Cite web |editor-last=Koilamparambil |editor-first=George|trans-title=The Chronicles of the Udayampērūṟ old church |year=2006 |url=https://www.synodofdiamper.com/mal/ |title=Udayampērūṟ Paḻayapaḷḷiyuṭe Nāḷāgamam |website=www.synodofdiamper.com |language=ml |access-date=2025-05-30}}

[[Category:Ancient churches of the Saint Thomas Christians (pre-1606)]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]

Michael Gough (cricketer)

2026-02-16T21:22:49Z

Sddhvnkengineering: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|English Cricket umpire}}
{{other people|Michael Gough}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Michael Gough
| image =
| caption =
| country = England
| fullname = Michael Andrew Gough
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|12|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hartlepool]], [[County Durham]], England
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off-break]]
| role = Opening [[batsman]], [[Umpire (cricket)|umpire]]
| club1 = [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1998–2003}}
| clubnumber1 =
| type1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| debutdate1 = 13 May
| debutyear1 = 1998
| debutfor1 = [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]]
| debutagainst1 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]
| lastdate1 = 13 August
| lastyear1 = 2003
| lastfor1 = [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]]
| lastagainst1 = [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]]
| type2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| debutdate2 = 13 June
| debutyear2 = 1999
| debutfor2 = [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]]
| debutagainst2 = [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]
| lastdate2 = 7 May
| lastyear2 = 2003
| lastfor2 = [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]]
| lastagainst2 = [[Berkshire County Cricket Club|Berkshire]]

| umpire = true
| testsumpired = 42
| umptestdebutyr = 2016
| umptestlastyr = 2025
| odisumpired = 93
| umpodidebutyr = 2013
| umpodilastyr = 2025
| t20isumpired = 28
| umpt20idebutyr = 2013
| umpt20ilastyr = 2024
| wodisumpired = 6
| umpwodidebutyr = 2008
| umpwodilastyr = 2018
| wt20isumpired = 11
| umpwt20idebutyr = 2011
| umpwt20ilastyr = 2016

| columns = 2
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 67
| runs1 = 2,952
| bat avg1 = 25.44
| 100s/50s1 = 2/15
| top score1 = 123
| deliveries1 = 2,486
| wickets1 = 30
| bowl avg1 = 45.00
| fivefor1 = 1
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 5/66
| catches/stumpings1 = 57/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| matches2 = 49
| runs2 = 974
| bat avg2 = 23.75
| 100s/50s2 = 1/3
| top score2 = 132
| deliveries2 = 1,136
| wickets2 = 21
| bowl avg2 = 45.09
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/26
| catches/stumpings2 = 14/–
| date = 24 November 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/13413.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Michael Andrew Gough''' (born 18 December 1979) is an English [[cricket]] umpire and former [[cricket]]er. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler. He was a member of the [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]], representing the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]].<ref name="elite">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1297090 | title=ICC names two new umpires in elite panel for 2019-20 | publisher=International Cricket Council | access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Having played in two Youth Test matches in 1997, Gough impressed enough to become a fully fledged member of the [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]] team of 1998, having previously been an occasional member of their Second XI team, and carrying on in this role for five more years. On his debut in Second XI cricket, he finished his first innings admirably, but got out for a duck in the second innings. Gough played in eleven Youth Test Matches, debuting in South Africa in December 1997, in a match which ended up as a draw having seen [[English cricket team|England Under-19s]] follow on from 130 runs behind. He subsequently played against [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]], [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] and [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] Under-19s.

He fell out of love with the sport at the highest level and retired at the age of 23. During a spell working in his father's sports shop in Hartlepool, he played football for [[Horden Colliery|Horden]], [[Spennymoor Town F.C.|Spennymoor Town]], [[Barrow A.F.C.|Barrow]] and in the Hartlepool Sunday Morning League, he decided he wanted to get involved in cricket as a coach or umpire. He took umpiring exams at [[Stockton Cricket Club]] during the winter of 2005 and umpired his first match in the summer of 2005 (Bishop Auckland 3rds v Sedgefield 3rds). Michael has also refereed in the Hartlepool Sunday Morning Football League.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-21|title=Q&A with Michael Gough Junior|url=https://www.hufcsupporterstrust.org.uk/qa-with-michael-gough-jnr|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Hartlepool Utd Supporters Trust|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Umpiring career==
Gough umpired in the Second XI Championship and in the Second XI trophy, officiating his first game in April 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sundaysun.co.uk/news/north-east-news/2011/10/09/umpire-michael-gough-named-cricketing-umpire-of-the-year-79310-29563531|title=Umpire Michael Gough named Cricketing Umpire of the Year |work=Sunday Sun |date=9 October 2011 |access-date=28 June 2016}}</ref> He has umpired in several [[One Day International|ODI games]] and [[Twenty20 International]]s since he made his debut as an international umpire in 2013.<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/13413.html |title=Michael Gough |access-date=11 October 2014 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He was one of the twenty umpires during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/83319/icc-announces-match-officials-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2015 |title=ICC announces match officials for ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 |publisher=ICC Cricket |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330201852/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/83319/icc-announces-match-officials-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2015 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref> On 28 July 2016 he stood in his first [[Test cricket|Test match]], between [[New Zealand cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016|Zimbabwe and New Zealand]] at the [[Queens Sports Club]] in [[Bulawayo]].<ref name="Test">{{cite news |title=New Zealand tour of Zimbabwe, 1st Test: Zimbabwe v New Zealand at Bulawayo, Jul 28-Aug 1, 2016 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1024041.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=28 July 2016 |access-date=28 July 2016 }}</ref>

In April 2019, he was named as one of the sixteen umpires to stand in matches during the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1198051 |title=Match officials for ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2019 announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1182149.html |title=Umpire Ian Gould to retire after World Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> In July 2019, Gough along with [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]], were promoted to the [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]], following the retirement of [[Ian Gould]] and exclusion of [[Sundaram Ravi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27285035/michael-gough-joel-wilson-added-icc-elite-umpires-panel-s-ravi-omitted |title=Michael Gough, Joel Wilson added to ICC Elite umpires panel; S Ravi omitted |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref>

In April 2020, he was cited<ref>{{Cite web|title=Which umpire fares the best when reviewed by DRS?|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/which-umpire-fares-the-best-when-reviewed-by-drs-1220067|access-date=2021-01-08|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> as the umpire with the highest percentage of his on-field decisions upheld after a player review, with 95.1% of his on-field decisions upheld after a player review, from all of the 14 umpires who have officiated in at least 10 Test matches since September 28, 2017.

Gough was named the ECB Umpire Of The Year for an unprecedented 8 years in a row from 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gough heads to Australia with his stock rising|url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/17187009.michael-gough-umpire-year-year-year/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=The Northern Echo|language=en}}</ref> In June 2021, Gough was named as one of the on-field umpires for the [[2021 ICC World Test Championship Final]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2167649 |title=Match officials for ICC World Test Championship Final announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

In September 2023, he was named as one of the sixteen match officials for [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="2023 Officials">{{cite news |title=Match officials for the ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023 named |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3676407 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ICC announce Match Officials for ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/3676805 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, Gough was named as one of the 23 match officials for the [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024 ICC Men’s T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=icc |date=2024-05-03 |title=Match officials revealed for the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2024 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/match-officials-revealed-for-the-icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

Gough was removed from the ICC Elite Panel in March 2025 along with [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=ICC elite panel of umpires: Gough and Wilson make way for Wharf and Paleker |url=https://www.espn.com.au/cricket/story/_/id/44397975/icc-elite-panel-umpires-michael-gough-joel-wilson-make-way-alex-wharf-allahuddien-paleker |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is a supporter of Hartlepool United FC and in January 2021 was appointed honorary president of the Hartlepool United Supporters Trust <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-29|title=Michael Gough to be HUST's new honorary president|url=https://www.hufcsupporterstrust.org.uk/michael-gough-to-be-husts-new-honorary-president|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Hartlepool Utd Supporters Trust|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket umpires]]
* [[List of One Day International cricket umpires]]
* [[List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/13413.html}}

{{ECB Umpires List}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gough, Michael}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hartlepool]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Durham cricketers]]
[[Category:English cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English Test cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English One Day International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:English Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:People educated at English Martyrs School and Sixth Form College]]

Income tax return (India)

2026-02-05T13:25:28Z

Sddhvnkengineering: reworked content and cleaned formatting

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=July 2023}}
[[File:Logo_of_Income_Tax_Department_India.png|thumb|Income Tax Department]]
'''Income tax return''' is the form in which a person files information about their income and tax thereon to [[Income Tax Department]]. Various forms are ITR 1, ITR 2, [[ITR 3]], ITR 4, ITR 5, ITR 6 and ITR 7. When you file a belated return, you are not allowed to carry forward certain losses.<ref>{{citation |title=DYK: Last date to file a belated income-tax return for FY14 is 31 july2017|url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/XjshoLJGkLRCd9GNvIODeO/DYK-Last-date-to-file-a-belated-incometax-return-for-FY14.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=27 February 2016 }}</ref>

The [[Income Tax Act, 1961]], and the Income Tax Rules, 1962, obligates citizens to file returns with the Income Tax Department at the end of every [[financial year]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/archive/ITREnglish_2009-10/Form%20ITR-3.pdf |title=INDIAN INCOME TAX RETURN |publisher=Government of India – Income Tax Dept. |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119221941/http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/archive/ITREnglish_2009-10/Form%20ITR-3.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These returns should be filed before the specified due date. Every Income Tax Return Form is applicable to a certain section of the Assessees. Only those Forms which are filed by the eligible Assessees are processed by the Income Tax Department of India. It is therefore imperative to know which particular form is appropriate in each case. Income Tax Return Forms vary depending on the criteria of the source of income of the Assessee and the category of the Assessee.

==Filing of income tax returns: obligation by law==

Individuals who fulfil any one of the following conditions should by law file their [[Income Tax]] Returns during a financial year:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-31|title=Is it Compulsory to File Income Tax Returns?|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/is-it-compulsory-to-file-income-tax-returns-2244225.html|access-date=2020-11-12|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>
* People whose gross total income (before any deductions exceeds ₹2.5 lakh in FY or ₹3 lakh for senior citizens or ₹5 lakh for super senior citizens).
*Companies or firms irrespective of whether you have income or loss during the financial year.
*Those who want to claim an income tax refund.
*Those who want to carry forward a loss under a head of income.
*Resident individuals who have an asset or financial interest in an entity located outside of India. (Not applicable to NRIs or RNORs).
*Residents and signing authorities in a foreign account. (Not applicable to NRIs or RNORs).
*Those who derive income from property held under a trust for charitable or religious purposes or a political party or a research association, news agency, educational or medical institution, trade union, a not for profit university or educational institution, a hospital, infrastructure debt fund, any authority, body or trust.
*Foreign companies taking treaty benefit on a transaction in India.
*NRIs, who have income that exceeds ₹2.5 lakh in FY which is earned or accrued in India, are required to file an income tax return in India.

== Due date for filing returns ==
Due dates of filing income tax return for FY 2023-24 (AY 2024-25) are as under:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Particulars AY: 2019-20 !! Due Date
|-
| Individuals, HUF, BOI, AOP ( whose Books of Account are not required to be audited) || 31 July of Assessment Year
|-
| Assessee who are required to furnish report under sec 92E [TRANSFER PRICING] || 30 November of Assessment Year
|-
| Any assessee whose books of Account are required to be audited [ Other than assessee who is required to furnish report under section 92E] || 31 October of Assessment Year
|}

== Penalty on late filing of ITR (effective from 1 April 2018) ==
As per the new law from this year, Individuals will have to pay late fee after '''last date to file income tax return for the FY 2018-19'''

# Rs· 5000 if tax is filed after due date of 31 August but on before 31 December of that assessment year (in this case 31 December 2019)
# Rs· 10,000 if tax is filed after 31 December but on or before 31 March of the relevant assessment year (in this case from 1 January to 31 March 2020.
# Rs· 1000 if total income does not exceeds Rs· 5,00,000

==Forms==
=== ITR-1 ===
'''ITR-1''' form is an essential Income Tax Return form for [[Indian citizen]]s filing their [[tax return]]s with the [[Income Tax Department]].

====Eligible individuals for ITR-1 SAHAJ (Hindi terminology meaning 'easy')====

Individuals who have earned their Income for a [[Financial Year]] only through the following means are eligible to fill the ITR-1 SAHAJ form.<ref name="SAHAJ">{{cite web |url=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DITTaxmann/IncomeTaxRules/PDF/Ay2011-12/sahaj_instructions_2011.pdf |title=Instruction of SAHAJ Income Tax Return |publisher=Government of India – Income Tax Dept. |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221646/http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DITTaxmann/IncomeTaxRules/PDF/Ay2011-12/sahaj_instructions_2011.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* Through Salary or Pension
* Through One House Property (except in case of losses brought forward from preceding years)
* Through other sources apart from Lottery, Racehorses, Legal Gambling etc. Other sources include FD interest, spousal pension etc.

In case of clubbed Income Tax Returns, where a spouse or a minor
. is included in the tax returns, this can be done only if their income too is limited to the specifications laid down above.

====Non-eligible individuals for ITR-1 SAHAJ====

Individuals who are not eligible to fill the ITR-1 SAHAJ form are those who have earned Income through the following means:<ref name="SAHAJ"/>

* Through more than one piece of Property
* Through Lottery, Racehorses, Legal Gambling etc.
* Through non tax-exempted [[capital gain]]s, Short term as well as Long term
* Through exempted income exceeding Rs. 5000
* Through Business and Professions
* Loss under the head other sources
* Any Person claiming relief under section 90 and/or 91
* Having Total Income more than Rs 5 million
* If any Resident Individual who has any Income from any source outside India or has any asset outside India or has signing authority in any account located outside India

====Submission of ITR-1 form====
The form can be submitted physically at any Income Tax Returns Office. An Acknowledgment Receipt can be obtained upon submission.

In case of Electronic Filing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_tips-on-filing-i-t-returns_1719361 |title=Tips on filing I-T returns |publisher=DNA India |date=25 July 2012 |access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> of the form there are two alternatives. Firstly, if a Digital Signature is obtained, the Form is uploaded online. Secondly, the Form is downloaded, printed, signed, and a copy of the acknowledgement is sent by post to the Income Tax Department's office in [[Bengaluru]].

ITRV can now be verified online using [[Unique Identification Authority of India Aadhaar Card]] or Electronic Verification Code (EVC). The EVC can be generated either via One Time Password sent to email and registered mobile number (if income is less than INR 500,000) or via Net Banking. After online verification Income Tax Assesses is not required to send ITRV to Bangalore CPC.

The '''ITR-2''' is a Form used by Income Tax Assesses in India. The process of filing Tax Returns in India involves the use of various forms for different categories of Assesses and the ITR-2 is one such form.

===ITR-2 Form===

The ITR-2 Form<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/images/banner/linktousbanner/itr/ITR-2.pdf |title=FORM ITR-2 for assessment year 2011–2012|publisher=Government of India, Income Tax Dept. |access-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> is an important Income Tax Return form used by Indian citizens as well as Non Residents to file their Tax Returns with the Income Tax Department of India. The Income Tax Act, 1961, and the Income Tax Rules, 1962, require citizens to file their tax returns with the Income Tax Department at the end of every [[financial year]] and this form is a part of the filing process as specified by the Government of India.

The due date for filing return with the Income Tax Department of India is 31 July every year. This is subject to change only if a directive to this effect is issued by the Income Tax Department or the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], India. The Financial Year ends on 31 March every year so Assessees have a period of four months to prepare their Income Tax Returns.

====Eligibility for the ITR-2 Form====

The use of the ITR-2 Form is applicable to the following means of income only. This form is available for both Individuals as well as Hindu Undivided Families. Individuals earning an income only through the following means are eligible to fill and submit the form to the Income Tax Department.

* Earning Income through a salary or pension
* Income through House Property.
* Earning Income through [[capital gain]]s (Short Term and Long Term)
* Earnings through Other Sources (includes Income through Lottery Winnings, through bets on Racehorses, and other Legal methods of Gambling)

The Income Tax Returns, if clubbed together with that of a spouse, minor child etc. needs to ensure that their sources of income are similar to those stated above. Only then can their returns be filed together. A difference of earnings in even one category makes the Assessee liable to fill a separate and applicable Income Tax Returns Form.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/income-tax-returns-budget-2012-13-changes-rules-e-return/1/24257.html |title=Overseas Assets Under Lens|publisher=Business Today. |access-date=26 November 2012}}</ref>

====Non-eligibility for the ITR-2 Form ====

* Any Individual or [[Hindu Undivided Family]] whose income, in whole or in part, is earned either through a Business or a Profession.
* Individuals who are eligible to fill the [[ITR-1 SAHAJ]] form.
* An individual who is designated as a partner in a Partnership Firm is not eligible to fill the ITR-2 Form.

====Special concession for salaried personnel ====

Salaried personnel who earn an income of [[Rupees]] Five Lakh or less are exempted from filing Tax Returns as per the directive of the Income Tax Department of India. This rule however is only applicable to those who earn less than Rupees Ten Thousand as Income by way of Interest earned through their Savings Bank Accounts. Those who earn Rupees Ten Thousand or more are required to file their Tax Returns.

====E-filing compulsory for a certain section of Income Earners ====

The [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] (CBDT) has made it compulsory for Individual and Hindu Undivided Families earning an income in excess of Rupees Five Lakh to file their Tax Returns only through the E-Filing Process. The manual filing of returns is no more an option for Assessees who come under this category. Electronic Filing of their Tax Returns is the only way to file the income tax return for the Individual and HUFs

===ITR-3 Form===

The ITR-3 Form particularly applies to Individuals and Hindu Undivided Families (HUF) having income under the head profits or gains of business or profession and who is not eligible for filling ITR-1, ITR-2 or ITR-4.

====Eligible Assessees for the ITR-3 Form====

The eligibility criteria of every Income Tax Return form are governed by a set of rules and conditions. The ITR-3 Form is applicable only to those Individuals and Hindu Undivided Families that can be placed under the following categories

* Is a Partner in a firm
* Gains Income through ‘Profits or gains of business or profession’
* Gains Income by means of interest, salary, bonus, [[commission (remuneration)|commission]], [[remuneration]], as a partner

If the partner of a firm only earns income from the firm as a share in the profits and not by any other means such as interest, bonus, salary, remuneration, or commission etc. then such an Individual or [[Hindu Undivided Family]] should file Income Tax Returns using only the ITR-3 Form, and not the ITR-2 Form.

====Non-eligible Assessees for the ITR-3 Form====

Individuals and Hindu Undivided Families who are not eligible to fill the ITR-3 Form are those who have earned Income through a Business or Profession operated as a Proprietorship firm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DITTaxmann/IncomeTaxRules/PDF/Ay-2012-2013/FormITR3ENG.pdf |title=INDIAN INCOME TAX RETURN |publisher=Government of India – Income Tax Dept. |accessdate=20 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510221211/http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DITTaxmann/IncomeTaxRules/PDF/Ay-2012-2013/FormITR3ENG.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Assessees, who apart from being a partner in a firm, also have sources of income from a business or profession, including the speculation market, are also not eligible to file their Income Tax Returns through this form.

=== ITR-4 Form ===
The ITR-4 Form is applicable to those individual and Hindu Undivided Families who want to declare their income from Business or Profession under Presumptive Income Scheme of Income Tax under Section 44AD, Sec 44ADA and Section 44AE of the Income Tax Act.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxation in India}}

[[Category:Income tax in India]]
[[Category:Tax forms]]

Gambheeram Reservoir

2026-01-26T22:25:50Z

Sddhvnkengineering: Starting The Details W/ Sources

{{Short description|Reservoir in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Gambheeram reservoir aerial view 01.jpg|alt=Gambheeram reservoir aerial view|thumb|263x263px|Gambheeram reservoir aerial view]]
[[File:Gambheeram reservoir aerial view 09.jpg|alt=The reservoir surrounded by hills|thumb|259x259px|The reservoir surrounded by hills]]
'''Gambheeram Reservoir''' is a medium-scale [[reservoir]] in [[Gambhiram|Gambheeram]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The dam on the tank was constructed in 1954 with the foundation stone being laid by the then Finance and Law Minister [[Tenneti Viswanadham|Tenneti Viswanatham]] on 19 May 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-25 |title=Summer catches up with Gambheeram tank |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/summer-catches-up-with-gambheeram-tank/article8522361.ece |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The main inflow is from the Gambheeram Gedda, which joins the [[Bay of Bengal]] at [[Mangamaripeta]]. The reservoir is situated north to the [[Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary]]. It serves as a water source for the Vizag city and its capacity is 126 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potnuru |first=Vasu |date=2021-06-11 |title=Vizag reservoirs set to overflow with water |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/vizag-reservoirs-set-to-overflow-with-water-690292 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> There were plans to lay pipelines to connect [[Mudasarlova Reservoir|Mudasarlova reservoir]] with the Gambheeram reservoir.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-23 |title=GVMC to upgrade reservoirs to tackle water demand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/gvmc-to-upgrade-reservoirs-to-tackle-water-demand/articleshow/79917543.cms |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-11 |title=GVMC mulling measures to solve Bheemili’s water woes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/gvmc-mulling-measures-to-solve-bheemilis-water-woes/articleshow/79158083.cms |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> There have been at least five instances of people drowning in the reservoir in recent years and swimming is prohibited.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-11 |title=Body of drowned B.Tech student found in Gambheeram reservoir in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/body-of-drowned-btech-student-found-in-gambheeram-reservoir-in-visakhapatnam/article66725825.ece |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-20 |title=Class IX student allegedly drowned at Gambheeram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-student-drowns-in-gambheeram-reservoir/article65067913.ece |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-24 |title=M.Tech. student drowns in Gambheeram reservoir in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/mtech-student-drowns-in-gambheeram-reservoir-in-visakhapatnam/article67005483.ece |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-10 |title=B.Tech student goes missing in Gambheeram reservoir in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/btech-student-goes-missing-in-gambheeram-reservoir-in-visakhapatnam/article66721525.ece |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|17.876|83.347|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Visakhapatnam]]

Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)

2026-01-16T22:41:19Z

Sddhvnkengineering: put up biography

{{Short description|Indian film director, producer and TV actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| name = Manoj Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|9|23}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://directormanojkumar.com/about.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140304095053/http://directormanojkumar.com/about.html|archive-date=4 March 2014|title=Home |}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Theni]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| birth_name = Manoharan
| other_names =
| occupation = Film director, producer, actor
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = Bharathiraja
| yearsactive = 1986–present
| website = [https://archive.today/20140303092321/http://directormanojkumar.com/movies.html Official website]
}}
'''Manoj Kumar''' (born 23 September 1955) is an Indian film director, producer and actor who has directed Tamil, Telugu and Kannada films and Tamil serials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://directormanojkumar.com/movies.html |title=Movies |work=directormanojkumar.com |accessdate=2014-03-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140303092321/http://directormanojkumar.com/movies.html |archivedate=3 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is the brother-in-law of [[Bharathiraja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News28/29-8-05/tamil-movies-news-bharathiraja.html |title=BharathiRaja's relative ManojKumar has planned several projects on the anvil |website=Behindwoods |date=2005-08-29 |accessdate=2018-04-22}}</ref>

== Career ==
After assisting Bharathiraja in various films, he made his directorial debut with ''Mannukkul Vairam'' (1986).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0BMRL3oAi4|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> He directed several films in 1990s such as, ''[[Guru Paarvai]]'' (1998) starring [[Prakash Raj]], won positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-2.htm |title=A-Z (II) |work=Indolink Tamil |accessdate=2015-02-27 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128025921/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-2.htm |archivedate=28 January 2015 }}</ref> He attempted to collaborate again with Prakash Raj and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] in a film titled ''Vasantha Kaalam'', but the project was stalled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/10-05-99/rahman.htm |title=Dinakaran |website=www.dinakaran.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028203025/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/10-05-99/rahman.htm |archive-date=28 October 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He then went on to make medium budget action films including ''[[Vaanavil]]'' (2000) and ''[[Jaisurya]]'' (2004) featuring [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], as well as ''[[Raajjiyam]]'' (2002) which had [[Vijayakanth]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] and [[Shamita Shetty]] in the lead cast, with the latter two made their Tamil debut by this film.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

He ventured into production in the mid-2000s and made the [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] - starrer ''[[Arya (2007 film)|Arya]]'', before launching a directorial project titled ''Utharavu'' with [[Seeman]], which eventually did not progress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/50222.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090925213809/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/50222.html|archive-date = 25 September 2009|title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref> Manoj Kumar resurfaced in 2013, when it was revealed that he was working with producer [[Kovaithambi|Kovai Thambi]] on a venture titled ''[[Uyirukku Uyiraga]]''. The script of the film was reported to be about the relationship between parents and their grown-up children, while the cast was composed of newcomers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130824/entertainment-kollywood/article/manojkumar-returns-uyirukku-uyiraaga |title=Manojkumar returns with Uyirukku Uyiraaga |access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140303092335/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130824/entertainment-kollywood/article/manojkumar-returns-uyirukku-uyiraaga |archive-date=3 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He is also into acting both in [[Tamil cinema]] and [[Tamil serials]] as character artist most notably in ''Thirumanam'' (TV series) from [[Colours (TV channel)]] Tamil. He also appears in a negative role in Rasathi serial from [[Sun TV (India)]].{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

== Filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}

=== As director ===
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Mannukkul Vairam]]''
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Neram Nalla Irukku]]''
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Pachai Kodi]]''
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Maruthu Pandi]]''
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Vellaiya Thevan]]''
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Pandithurai]]''
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Samundi]]''
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Maravan]]''
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Vandicholai Chinraasu]]''
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Senthamizh Selvan]]''
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Rajapandi]]''
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Guru Paarvai]]''
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Vaanavil]]''
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Raajjiyam]]''
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Jaisurya]]''
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Uyirukku Uyiraga]]''
|-
|}

;Serials
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Channel
|-
| || ''Ration Card'' (Also scriptwriter) || [[Jaya TV]]
|}

=== As producer ===
*''[[I Love You Daa]]'' (2003)
*''[[Arya (2007 film)|Arya]]'' (2007)

=== As actor ===
;Films
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
|-
|rowspan=2|2013||''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]''
|-
|''[[Annakodi]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|2015||''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]''
|-
|''[[Pasanga 2]]''
|-
|2017||''[[Enga Amma Rani]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|2018||''[[Padaiveeran]]''
|-
|''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021||''[[Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu]]''
|-
|''[[Annaatthe]]''
|-
|2024 || ''[[Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai]]''
|-
|TBA||''Vanangamudi''
|-
|}

;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Channel
|-
|2014||10 Mani Kathaigal||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2018–2020||[[Thirumanam (TV series)|Thirumanam]]||[[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|2019||[[Rasaathi]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2020||[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]||[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|[[Kannana Kanne (TV series)|Kannana Kanne]]||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2020–2024||[[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|Vanathai Pola]]
|-
|2023||[[Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum]]||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2024||[[Mounam Pesiyadhe (TV series)|Mounam Pesiyadhe]]||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2025–Present||Poongodi||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2025||Magale En Marumagale||[[Star Vijay]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm1757677|name=Manoj Kumar}}

{{authority control}}

{{Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Manoj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Indian club

2025-12-27T12:30:20Z

Sddhvnkengineering:

{{short description|Type of exercise equipment}}
{{redirect|Iranian club|the football club|Iran Club}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
[[Image:Indian clubs.jpg|thumb|upright|A pair of painted Indian clubs from the late 19th century [[clubs (rhythmic gymnastics)|as used in rhythmic gymnastics]].]]
'''Indian clubs (mudgars or mudgals)'''({{Langx|sa|मुद्गर|translit=mudgara}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=The Mudgar and traditional Indian fitness training |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/wellness/the-mudgar-and-traditional-indian-fitness-training-111661429140112.html |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=Mint}}</ref> known in [[Iran]] as '''meels''' ({{langx|fa|میل|mil}}), are a type of [[exercise]] equipment used to present resistance in movement to develop strength and mobility. They consist of juggling-club shaped wooden clubs of varying sizes and weights, which are swung in certain patterns as part of a strength exercise program. They can range in weight from a few pounds each to special clubs that can weigh as much as up to 100 pounds. They were used in carefully choreographed routines in which the clubs were swung in unison by a group of exercisers, led by an instructor,‌ the way it is still practiced in [[Varzesh-e Bastani]] in Iran and similar to 21st-century [[aerobics]] classes. The routines would vary according to the group's ability along with the weights of the clubs being used. When the 19th-century British colonists came across exercising clubs in India, they named them Indian clubs.

== History ==
[[File:Stone Figure - 5th-7th Century CE - Moghalmari Artefact - Kolkata 2014-09-14 7873.JPG|alt=|thumb|319x319px|Stone figure using an exercise equipment similar to Indian clubs, 5th-7th century CE found in [[Moghalmari]].]]
Club swinging is believed to have originated in India and Persia by soldiers as a method of improving strength, agility, balance and physical ability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dynamicchiropractic.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=55570|title=The Therapeutic Benefits of Indian Club Swinging|date=2011-10-07|website=www.dynamicchiropractic.com|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heffernan |first=Conor |date=2017-05-24 |title=What's Wrong with a Little Swinging? Indian Clubs as a Tool of Suppression and Rebellion in Post-Rebellion India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2017.1374248 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |language=en |volume=34 |issue=7–8 |pages=554–577 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2017.1374248 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Gada (mace)|gada]] club is a blunt mace from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Made either of wood or metal, it consists essentially of a spherical head mounted on a shaft, with a spike on the top. The gada is one of the traditional pieces of training equipment in [[Hindu physical culture]], and is common in the [[akhara]] of north India. Maces of various weights and heights are used depending on the strength and skill level of the practitioner. For training purposes, one or two wooden gada (''[[mudgar]]'')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBYz5jgA4-8C&q=mugdar&pg=PA88|title=Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice|last1=Kasulis|first1=Thomas P.|last2=Aimes|first2=Roger T.|last3=Dissanayake|first3=Wimal|date=1993|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791410806|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=574592&partId=1|title=exercise-club|website=British Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> are swung behind the back in several different ways; this is particularly useful for building grip strength and shoulder endurance. Mudgar are mentioned in the Indian treatise [[Arthashastra]] written by [[Chanakya|Kautilya]] dated to the 4th century BC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arthasastra_English_Translation : R Shamasastry : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/Arthasastra_English_Translation|access-date=2020-08-22|website=Internet Archive|page=70|language=en}}</ref>

In Tamil Nadu, the southern state of India, there exists a cultural practice akin to the club exercises known as Karalakattai. This tradition encompasses 64 distinct types of swings and exercises designed to target various muscles and body parts. Historically, this age-old training equipment was purportedly prevalent in households across Tamilnadu nearly 2000 years ago. Practitioners of Karalakattai suggest its origins trace back to the era of [[Kumari Kandam]], also referred to as [[Lemuria]], a period of historical significance in the region.

Several [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan era]] coins depict club swinging; the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta era]] gold coin also depicts one of its kings performing club swinging with Gada. Gandharan fifth century schist used as wrestler's weight with Gada carved on it indicates that Gada might have been used as a training tool.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Di Castro|first1=Angelo Andrea|year=2003|title=A Late Gandharan Wrestlers' Weight|journal=East and West|volume=53|issue=1/4|pages=257–265|jstor=29757580}}</ref> [[Manasollasa]] written in the twelfth century explicitly describes training exercises and club swinging along with wrestling. The thirteenth century text, [[Malla Purana]], discusses Lord Krishna and Balarama's prescriptions regarding wrestlers’ bodies and training methods such as club swinging; the text exhibits that the club swinging has long been a regulated practice. A Rajput painting from 1610 AD shows athletes performing various acrobatics including club swinging while dancing on Raga Desahka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=painting|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=123705001&objectId=183952&partId=1|access-date=2019-02-15|website=British Museum|language=en-GB}}</ref> A Mughal painting from 1670 depicts Indian athletes using Indian clubs and performing other exercises such as weightlifting, [[Mallakhamba|mallakhamb]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wrestlers exercising, illustrating the musical mode Deshakh Ragini|url=http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/6980/9856/0/15059}}</ref> In the nineteenth century when the British adopted Indian clubs they were remodelled into lightweight clubs bearing little resemblance to their traditional counterparts. Whereas traditional clubs weighed up to seventy pounds, those recommended, and adopted by Britain's army, weighed four.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |title=Indian club swinging in nineteenth and twentieth-century India and England |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261930 |publisher=Faculty of History, University of Cambridge |date=2016-07-05 |degree=MPhil |language=en |first=Conor |last=Heffernan |doi=10.17863/CAM.7166}}</ref>

While torches and other stick-like objects have been used in [[juggling]] for centuries, the modern [[juggling club]] was inspired by Indian clubs, which were first repurposed for juggling by DeWitt Cook [[History of juggling|in the 1800s]].

Exceptionally popular during the fitness movement of the late [[Victorian era]], used by military cadets and well-heeled ladies alike, they appeared as a gymnastic event in the [[gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics|1904]] and [[gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Olympics]]. Gymnasiums were built solely to cater to club exercise groups. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries they became increasingly common in Europe, the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] and the [[United States]].

Circa 1913/14 the Bodyguard unit of the British [[suffragette]] movement carried Indian clubs as concealed weapons for use against the truncheons of the police.<ref>{{Cite book|title=My own story|last=Pankhurst|first=Emmeline|isbn=978-1784871253|location=London|oclc=925307642|date = 2015-09-24}}</ref>

The popularity of Indian clubs waned in Europe during the 1920s and 1930s as organized sports became more prevalent. Regimented exercise routines, like those requiring Indian clubs, were relegated to professional athletes and the military, who had access to more effective and modern [[strength training]] equipment.

[[File:Pahlavan takhti meel.jpg|thumb|191x191px|A pair of meels held by Iranian wrestler [[Gholamreza Takhti]].]]
There are physical fitness enthusiasts reviving the usage of Indian Clubs in the early 21st century, citing the [[aerobic exercise]] and safety advantages over traditional free weight regimens. There are nostalgic replicas of the original clubs being manufactured, as well as modern engineering updates to the concept, such as the Clubbell.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stumptuous.com/clubbell-training|title=Clubbell training|date=18 July 2008|website=Stumptuous.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://barbend.com/surprising-benefits-club-training-strength/|title=The Surprising Benefits of Club Training for Strength - BarBend|last1=English|first1=Nick|date=15 November 2016|website=BarBend|access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Pahlevāni And Zoorkhaneh Rituals ===
Traditional strength-training tools resembling clubs are historically found in ancient Persia, where they are known as ''meel'' or ''mil'' (Persian: میل‎). Their use dates back to at least the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian]] eras (247 BCE–651 CE), and they remain a central element in the traditional Iranian martial art known as ''[[Varzesh-e Pahlavani]]'' (ورزش پهلوانی), particularly within the ''[[Zurkhaneh]]'' (زورخانه). While Persian and Indian training tools may appear similar due to shared [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian heritage]], they developed independently within their respective cultures. ''Varzesh-e Pahlavani'' combines elements of strength training, martial discipline, and spiritual ethics. Notable practitioners include [[Gholamreza Takhti]] and [[The Iron Sheik|Hossein Khosrow Ali Vaziri (The Iron Sheik)]].

=== Japanese version ===
[[Hojo undō#Chi Ishi|Chi'ishi]], a [[karate]] conditioning equipment and its exercise pattern was inspired by the gada and mugdar. The war clubs were also inspired by gada.<ref>[http://www.ihpra.org/war_clubs.htm Club History]</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Indian club swinging team, St Paul's Young Men's Club, Ipswich, 1890s.jpg|Indian (British Raj) club swinging team, 1890s.
File:Indian wrestler exercising. 1973.JPG|An Indian pehlwan (wrestler) training with clubs c. 1973.
File:CarteDeVisiteSimDKehoeLate1800s.jpg|[[Carte de visite]] of [[Sim D. Kehoe]], who brought Indian clubs to the United States from England.
File:Men Working Out at Zurkhaneh (House of Strength) - Yazd - Central Iran.jpg|Men working out at Zurkhaneh (House of Strength) in Iran.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Clubs (rhythmic gymnastics)]]
* [[Kettlebell]]
* [[Newark Athlete]]
* [[Toss juggling]]
* [[Gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's club swinging]] and [[Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Men's Indian clubs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.semlyen.net/cosmosjugglers/lib/contents.htm ''Modern Club Swinging and Pole Spinning: Free Downloadable Book'']
: *[http://www.semlyen.net/cosmosjugglers/lib/bibcs.htm Club Swinging Bibliography]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFsQeDFbptc Documentary video of Iranian Club Swinging]
* [http://ejmas.com/pt/ptart_lewis_1101.htm ''Exercises with Clubs'', by Dio Lewis, M.D., 1862]
: *[http://ejmas.com/pt/dandfclub.html Indian Club Exercises from ''Athletic Sports for Boys'', by Dick and Fitzgerald, 1866]
: *[http://ejmas.com/pt/ptart_dick_0101.htm ''Dick's Indian-Club Exercises'', 1887]
: *[http://ejmas.com/pt/ptart_ymca_0401.htm ''Gymnastic Nomenclature for Apparatus and Indian Club Movements'', 1949]
* [https://archive.org/details/indianclubsdumbb00doug ''Indian clubs and dumb bells'', by J H Dougherty, 1901]

{{Zurkhaneh terminology}}
{{Juggling}}

[[Category:Former Summer Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]
[[Category:Juggling props]]
[[Category:Physical exercise]]
[[Category:Twirling]]
[[Category:Weight training equipment]]

Ports in Odisha

2025-12-07T16:15:51Z

Sddhvnkengineering:

{{Short description|Transportation in the Indian state}}
{{location map+|Odisha
|float=right|width=350
|caption=Ports in Odisha [[File:Blue pog.svg|8px]] Operational; [[File:Yellow pog.svg|8px]] Under construction
|
places=
{{Location map~|Odisha|label='''[[Kirtania Port|Subarnarekha]]'''|mark=Yellow_pog.svg|position=left|lat=21.56121|long=87.32928}}
{{Location map~|Odisha|label='''[[Dhamra Port|Dhamra]]'''|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left|lat=20.823333|long=86.962778}}
{{Location map~|Odisha|label='''[[Paradip Port|Paradip]]'''|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=top|lat=20.2654|long=86.676283}}
{{Location map~|Odisha|label='''Jatadhar'''|mark=Yellow_pog.svg|position=left|lat=20.22|long=86.58}}
{{Location map~|Odisha|label='''[[Astaranga Port|Astaranga]]'''|mark=Yellow_pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=19.97|long=86.26}}
{{Location map~|Odisha|label='''[[Gopalpur Port|Gopalpur]]'''|mark=Blue_pog.svg|position=left|lat=19.29|long=84.95}}
}}

The state of [[Odisha]] has a long coastline of 574.71 km in the eastern peninsular [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Length of Coastline of India |url=https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Length%20of%20Indias%20Coastline%20Circular_0.pdf |website=shipmin.gov.in |access-date=29 April 2025 }}</ref> The coastline is spread over Balasore, Bhadrak, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri and Ganjam districts. There is one major and 2 minor ports, with fourteen ports under development which have been notified by the [[Government of Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Potential Port Sites |url=https://ct.odisha.gov.in/commerce/directorate-ports-inland-water-transport/potential-port-sites |website=ct.odisha.gov.in |access-date=12 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Modern history==
[[File:MV Explorer Asia berthing at CQ2 of Paradip Port.jpg|thumb|Paradip Port]]
The primary and the only major port in the state is the [[Paradip Port]]. [[Biju Patnaik]], the then [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]], is the founding father of Paradip Port. It is situated 210 nautical miles south of Kolkata and 260 nautical miles north of Vishakhapatnam on the east coast on the shore of Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paradipport.gov.in/port_history.aspx|title=Port History}}</ref>

The [[Dhamra Port]] is the second port to start operation, which is located in [[Bhadrak district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]], on the shore of the [[Bay of Bengal]] about seven kilometres from [[Dhamra]] town. The agreement to develop the port was signed by the state government in April 1998. The Port received its first vessel on 8 February 2010 and the first commercial vessel on 10 April 2011.<ref name=dpclupdate>{{cite web|title=Dhamra Port Updates|url=http://www.dhamraport.com/latestUpdates.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815033643/http://www.dhamraport.com/latestUpdates.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 August 2011|publisher=Dharma Port Company Limited|access-date=6 September 2011}}</ref>

The [[Gopalpur port]] started commercial operations in 2013 as an all-weather port. Around 7,500 metric tonne of ilmenite, a sand mineral product of Orissa Sand Complex (OSCOM) division of [[Indian Rare Earths|Indian Rare Earths Limited(IREL)]], was shipped in a small vessel to South Korea.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/gopalpur-port-begins-operations/articleshow/20288883.cms|title=Gopalpur Port begins operations|newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 May 2013}}</ref>

==Maritime Board==
The Odisha Maritime Board was established on 28 March 2022 by the Government of Odisha as the agency to promote the development of ports and inland waterways in the state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State Maritime Board |url=https://sagarmala.gov.in/state-maritime-board |website=sagarmala.gov.in |access-date=27 November 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Port Policy |url=https://ct.odisha.gov.in/node/121718/ |website=ct.odisha.gov.in |access-date=27 November 2025 }}</ref>

== Cargo handling ==
[[File:Dhamra_Port.jpg|thumb|200px|Dhamra Port]]

The state's ports handled about 190 million tons of cargo in financial year 2023–24.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paradip Port becomes numero uno among Indian Major Ports in cargo throughput in FY 2023-24|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2016867|publisher=PIB|date=2 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Monthly Traffic|url=https://paradipport.gov.in/MonthlyTraffic.aspx|access-date=2022-02-16|website=paradipport.gov.in|publisher=Paradip Port Trust}}</ref><ref name="economictimes1">{{cite news |title=APSEZ breaks records: Handles 420 MMT cargo globally, sets new milestones in March 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/apsez-breaks-records-handles-420-mmt-cargo-globally-sets-new-milestones-in-march-2024/articleshow/108932835.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=1 April 2024}}</ref> The rated capacity of the [[Paradip Port]] is 289 million tonnes per annum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paradipport.gov.in/know_ur_port.aspx|title=Know Your Port}}</ref> The Dhamra Port has an initial capacity of 25 million tonnes annually, eventually growing to 80 million tonnes annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhamra Port on schedule |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/27/stories/2008052755481600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529203410/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/27/stories/2008052755481600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2008 |date=27 May 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> The [[Gopalpur Port]] has a capacity of 20 MMT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gopalpurports.in/|title=About Gopalpur Port}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Port Wise Cargo Handled
! scope="col" | S.No.
! scope="col" | Port
! scope="col" | Capacity (in MMT)
! scope="col" | Traffic Handled (in MMT)
! scope="col" | FY
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 1
| Paradip Port
| 289
| 150.40
| 2024–25
| <ref>{{cite web |title=CARGO HANDLING STATUS FOR MAJOR PORTS DURING APRIL 2025 |url=https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Report%20Monthly%20Major%20Port%20April%202252025.pdf |website=shipmin.gov.in |access-date=28 November 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| 2
| Dhamra Port
| 60
| 46.08
| 2024–25
| <ref name="ORB">{{cite web |title=DIRECTORATE OF PORTS & INLAND WATER TRANSPORT |url=https://ct.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-05/EOI_Port%20Locations_Odisha.pdf |website=ct.odisha.gov.in |access-date=28 November 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| 3
| Gopalpur Port
| 20
| 6
| 2024–25
| <ref name="ORB"/>
|}

==List==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
! Port name
! Location
! Type
! Category
! Status
! Authority
|-
| [[Paradip Port]] || [[Paradip]], [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]] || Major || Seaport || Operational || [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Dhamra Port]] || [[Dhamra]], [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]] || Minor || Seaport || Operational || Dhamra Port Company Limited
|-
| [[Gopalpur Port]] || [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]], [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] || Minor || Seaport || Operational || Gopalpur Port Limited
|-
| [[Kirtania Port|Subarnarekha Port]] || Chaumukh, [[Balasore district|Balasore]] || Minor || Seaport || Under Construction || Subarnarekha Port Private Limited
|-
| [[Astaranga Port]] || [[Astaranga]], [[Puri district|Puri]] || Minor || Seaport || Under Construction ||
|-
| Jatadhar Port || Nuagan, [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]] || Minor || Captive jetty || Under Construction ||
|-
| [[Mahanadi Riverine Port|Mahanadi Port]] || Akhadasali, [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]] || Minor || Riverine port || Proposed ||
|-
| Bahuda Port || Sonapur, [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] || Minor || Seaport || Proposed || Paradip Port Authority/Government of India
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://ct.odisha.gov.in/commerce/directorate-ports-inland-water-transport/potential-port-sites Odisha ports]

{{Ports in Odisha}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Odisha]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of India|O]]
[[Category:Lists of ports]]

Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force

2025-11-11T00:58:23Z

Sddhvnkengineering: created

{{Short description|Disaster response unit in Odisha, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force

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The '''Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force''' ('''ODRAF''') is a specialised unit of [[Odisha Police]] constituted "To act immediately in case of disaster which may be due to natural calamity or industrial accident" by a state home department resolution.<ref name="Department of Home resolution">{{cite web|title=Government of Odisha, department of Home resolution, 2001, [7th June, 2001.] |url=https://odishapolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/Government-Resolution-for-Creation-of-ODRAF_1.pdf|publisher= Government of Orissa, Department of Home|accessdate=30 July 2013|author=Government of Orissa}}</ref>

== Composition ==
Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force (ODRAF) is a force of 10 units. The manpower is derived from Odisha State Armed Police(OSAP) and Armed police Reserve(APR). They have been equipped with the necessary equipments such as cranes, generators, troop carriers, trucks, concrete cutting equipments etc. The ODRAF units can additionally use the requisite tools available with Govt. / Public Sector and private agencies for their operations.<ref name="Ramkumar Ramkumar 2009 p. 151">{{cite book | last1=Ramkumar | first1=M. | title=Geological Hazards: Causes, Consequences & Methods of Containment | publisher=New India Publishing Agency | year=2009 | isbn=978-81-908512-7-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5fHnDRqNyAC&pg=PA151 | access-date=2019-05-14 | page=151}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/study_of_reh.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819111520/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/study_of_reh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Deployment ==

These ODRAF units are located at twenty locations in the state based to cut down the response time for their deployment. These locations were chosen according to their vulnerability profile.<ref name="ODISHA STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 2020">{{cite web | title=Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force | website=ODISHA STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY | date=2020-04-20 | url=https://www.osdma.org/preparedness/odraf-response-force/ | access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No.
! ODRAF Unit Location
! Parent Battalion

|-
| 1
| [[Cuttack]]
| OSAP 6th Battalion
|-
|-
| 2
| [[Koraput]]
| OSAP 3rd Battalion
|-
|-
| 3
| [[Jharsuguda]]
| OSAP 2nd Battalion
|-
|-
| 4
| [[Chhatrapur]]
| OSAP 8th Battalion
|-
| 5
| [[Balasore]]
| Armed Police Reserve
|-
|-
| 6
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| OSAP 7th Battalion
|-
|-
| 7
| [[Paradeep]]
| Armed Police Reserve
|-
| 8
| [[Rourkela]]
| OSAP 4th Battalion
|-
| 9
| [[Baripada]]
| OSAP 5th Battalion
|-
| 10
| [[Bolangir]]
| Armed Police Reserve
|-
| 11
| [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]]
| OSAP 1st Bn., Dhenkanal
|-
| 12 || [[Koraput]] || 1st [[India Reserve Battalion]], Upper Kolab
|-
| 13 || [[Rayagada]] || 2nd India Reserve Battalion, Rayagda
|-
| 11 || [[Jajpur]] || 3rd India Reserve Battalion, Kalinganagar
|-
| 14 || [[Debagarh|Deogarh]] || 4th India Reserve Battalion, Deogarh.
|-
| 15 || [[Boudh]] || 5th India Reserve Battalion, Boudh.
|-
| 16 || [[Khordha]] || 6th India Reserve Battalion, Khordha.
|-
| 17 || [[Koraput]] || 7th Specialized India Reserve Battalion, Upper Kolab.
|-
| 18 || [[Ganjam]] || 8th Specialized India Reserve Battalion, Bhanjanagar.
|-
| 19 || Ganjam || OSAP 8th Bn., Chhatrapur.
|-
| 20 || [[Kandhamal]] || 8th Specialized India Reserve Battalion
|}

== Functional parameters ==
The aim of the ODRAF is to immediately respond to disaster which may be either due to natural calamity or industrial accidents. The units are trained in relevant response techniques and to act immediately . The forces are deployed on intimation of a disaster or warning of forthcoming disaster. The units mobilise at the request of Special Relief Commissioner/Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority (OSDMA)/ District Collector . Once deployed they remain under the command of the Superintendent of police of that district.<ref name="Department of Home resolution" />

== Disaster response ==

[[File:Rescue work in Mahendratanya river in Gajapati..jpg|thumb|Rescue work in Mahendratanya river in Gajapati.]]
ODRAF has proved its usefulness with its commendable performance during various disasters including the boat capsizing, [[floods|devastating floods]] and [[Cyclone]]s. Some of the major response operations of NDRF as below:

'''2005'''
* Flood in Bhadrak and Jajpur districts, [[Odisha]] – 3–5 July 2005 –<ref name="ReliefWeb 2005">{{cite web | title=India: Orissa floods situation report, 4 Jul 2005 - India | website=ReliefWeb | date=2005-07-04 | url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-orissa-floods-situation-report-4-jul-2005 | access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref>

'''2009'''
* Coromandel Express derailment.<ref name="The Times of India 2009">{{cite web | title=Coromandel Express death toll mounts to 16; probe ordered - India News | website=The Times of India | date=2009-02-14 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Coromandel-Express-death-toll-mounts-to-16-probe-ordered/articleshow/4127949.cms | access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref><ref name="orissa-train-mishap">{{cite web | title=Orissa mishap, Railways says only nine died | website=Rediff.com | url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2009/feb/14train-orissa-train-mishap-toll-only-nine-says-railways.htm | access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref>
* [[Odisha]] Floods – Oct 2009 - Relief and rescue .<ref name="Deccan Herald 2009">{{cite web | title=13 lakh affected by floods in AP | website=Deccan Herald| date=2009-10-05 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/28756/13-lakh-affected-floods-ap.html | access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref>

'''2011'''
* Flood in Jajpur district, [[Odisha]] – Sep 2011 –<ref name="orissa-floods-nearly-800-villages-marooned">{{cite web | title=Orissa floods: Nearly 800 villages marooned | website=NDTV.com | date=2019-04-30 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/orissa-floods-nearly-800-villages-marooned-468556 | access-date=2019-05-15}}</ref>

'''2013'''

* [[Cyclone Phailin]] - Post cyclone relief and rescue operation.<ref name="The Economic Times 2013">{{cite web | title=After cyclone Phailin, Odisha faces flood | website=The Economic Times | date=2013-10-14 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-cyclone-phailin-odisha-faces-flood/articleshow/24163345.cms | access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref>

'''2014'''

* [[2014 Hirakud boat disaster|Hirakud Boat Capsizing incident]] - Feb 2014 .<ref name="13-dead-as-boat-capsizes-in-odisha">{{cite web | title=13 dead as boat capsizes in Odisha's Hirakud reservoir | website=NDTV.com | date=2019-04-30 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/13-dead-as-boat-capsizes-in-odishas-hirakud-reservoir-550284 | access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref>
* Flood in coastal districts,<ref name="odisha-on-flood-alert-after-three-die-due-to-heavy-rain">{{cite web | title=Odisha on Flood Alert After Three Die Due to Heavy Rain | website=NDTV.com | date=2019-04-30 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-on-flood-alert-after-three-die-due-to-heavy-rain-612069 | access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref><ref name="India 2014">{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India | title=Odisha floods kill 34, affect nearly 10 lakh people | website=The Indian Express | date=2014-08-07 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/odisha-floods-kill-34-affect-nearly-10-lakh-people/ | access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref>
* [[Cyclone Hudhud]] - Post cyclone relief and restoration<ref name="PTI 2014">{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India| title=Cyclone Hudhud: Andhra Pradesh grapples with aftermath, power restoration to take time | website=Deccan Chronicle| date=2014-10-13 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141013/nation-current-affairs/article/cyclone-hudhud-andhra-pradesh-grapples-aftermath-power | access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times 2014">{{cite web | title=Hudhud effect: Road link between Koraput and Andhra Pradesh restored | website=The Economic Times | date=2014-10-14 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/hudhud-effect-road-link-between-koraput-and-andhra-pradesh-restored/articleshow/44810014.cms | access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref>

'''2015'''

* Flood in Odisha, August - relief and rescue operation<ref name="PTI 2015">{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India| title=At least 81 people die in recent floods in Gujarat, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Odisha | website=Zee News | date=2015-08-02 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/india/at-least-81-people-die-in-recent-floods-in-gujarat-rajasthan-west-bengal-odisha_1640642.html | access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref>

'''2016'''

* Deogarh Bus accident relief and rescue operation<ref name="The Times of India April 2016">{{cite web | title=27 killed as bus falls in Deogarh gorge, 10 hurt - Bhubaneswar News | website=The Times of India | date=2016-04-17 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/27-killed-as-bus-falls-in-Deogarh-gorge-10-hurt/articleshow/51868123.cms | access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>
* Bhubaneswar SUM hospital fire - Coordination of patient movement<ref name="Barik 2016">{{cite web | last=Barik | first=Satyasundar | title=22 killed in Bhubaneswar's SUM Hospital fire | website=The Hindu | date=2016-10-17 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/22-killed-in-Bhubaneswars-SUM-Hospital-fire/article16074835.ece | access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>
* Chilika Boat capsize Incident - Rescue operation<ref name="The Times of India Dec 2016">{{cite web | title=3 killed, 8 missing as boat capsizes in Odisha's Chilika lake - Bhubaneswar News | website=The Times of India | date=2016-12-10 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/3-killed-8-missing-as-boat-capsizes-in-Odishas-Chilika-lake/articleshow/55909462.cms | access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

'''2019'''

* [[Cyclone Fani]] relief and rescue.

'''2020'''

* [[Cyclone Amphan]] relief and rescue<ref name="Desk 2020">{{cite web | last=Desk | first=Express Web | title=Cyclone Amphan: Protests erupt as Bengal reels under storm aftermath; Army deployed for restoration work | website=The Indian Express | date=2020-05-23 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-amphan-ndrf-army-mamata-banerjee-restoration-work-6424209/ | access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref><ref name="https://www.outlookindia.com/ 2020">{{cite web | title=Cyclone Amphan: 10 NDRF, 15 ODRAF units positioned in coastal Odisha | website=outlookindia.com/ | date=2020-05-17 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/cyclone-amphan-10-ndrf-15-odraf-units-positioned-in-coastal-odisha/1837504 | access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref>

===2021===
====Elephant rescue incident====
On 24 September 2021, an Odisha TV journalist died while another was critically injured when the boat they were travelling to cover the elephant rescue overturned due to the river current.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha TV journalist dies, another critical, after boat to rescue elephant capsizes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-tv-journalist-dies-another-critical-after-boat-to-rescue-elephant-capsizes-101632509531945.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> An [[ODRAF]] personnel also died in the incident. The elephant rescue operation was put on hold after the boat overturned. The elephant was eventually found dead after he unable to cross the river.

== Training ==
The ODRAF personnel have undergone training on rescue equipment operations and maintenance. In addition they have been trained ate following specialised training.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odishapolice.gov.in/?q=node%2F208 |title=Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force. | Odisha Police |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511080509/https://odishapolice.gov.in/?q=node%2F208 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* Flood Relief & Rescue Operation Training at Mukam Ghat, CRPF Training Centre, Bihar.
* Under Water Diving Course and Salvage Operation at S.E.I., Kolkata
* Basic Mountaineering Course at A.B.V.I., Monali, Himachal Pradesh.
* T.O.T. on Disaster Management at C.I.S.F., NISA, Hyderabad.
* Disaster Management Training at N.C.D.C., Nagpur.
* T.O.T. Course on M.F. & C.S.S.R. at CRPF Training Centre, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
* Flood Rescue Course at N.D.R.F., Bn., Mundali, Cuttack.
* Rescue & Relief Operation at I.N.S., Chilika

== See also ==
* [[Odisha Police]]
*[[National Disaster Response Force]]
* [[State Disaster Response Force, Assam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|1=www.osdma.org/preparedness/odraf-response-force/?lang=en}}

{{Natural disasters in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Disaster Response Force (Ndrf)}}
[[Category:Emergency management in India]]
[[Category:Disaster Response Forces in India]]

Nayanmoola Saddle Dam

2025-11-08T18:33:34Z

Sddhvnkengineering: put up article

{{Short description|Earthen dam in Kerala, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2021}}

[[File:Nayamoola_Saddle_dam.jpg|250px|thumb|Nayamoola Saddle Dam]]
'''Nayanmoola Saddle dam''' (Malayalam: നായൻമൂല തടയണ) is an earthen dam constructed across Karamanthode at [[Padinjarathara]] Panjayath of [[Wayanad district]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a saddle dam of Banasura sagar reservoir built as a part of the Kuttiyadi Augmentation scheme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited - Emergency Action Plan (Tier-I) Kuttiyadi Augmentation Dams (Kuttiyadi Main, Spillway, Nayanmoola & Manjoora)|url=https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=download&id=18125:emergency-action-plan-tier-i-kuttiyadi-augmentation-dams-kuttiyadi-main-spilway-nayanmoola-manjoora&catid=3&Itemid=654&lang=en|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.kseb.in|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730161301/https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=download&id=18125:emergency-action-plan-tier-i-kuttiyadi-augmentation-dams-kuttiyadi-main-spilway-nayanmoola-manjoora&catid=3&Itemid=654&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> The dam has a height of {{Convert|3.5|m}} and a length of {{Convert|24.0|m}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Banasurasagar Dam – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=1|access-date=2021-08-03|language=en-US}}{{CC-notice|cc=bysa2.5}}</ref>

The Kuttiyadi Augmentation Scheme comprises a main dam known as [[Banasura Sagar Dam|Banasurasagar Dam]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banasura Sagar Dam, Earth Dam, Kalpetta, Wayanad, District, Kerala, India|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/wayanad/banasura-sagar-dam.php|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Kerala Tourism - Wayanad|language=en}}</ref> an earth fill dam and a concrete gravity [[Kuttiyadi Augmentation Spillway Dam|spillway dam]] and six saddle dams namely, a) [[Kosani Saddle Dam|Kosani]] (Earth fill dam) {{convert |13.8| m}} high b) [[Near Kottagiri Saddle Dam|Near Kottagiri]] (Earth fill dam) {{convert | 11.0| m}} high c) [[Kottagiri Saddle Dam|Kottagiri]] (Earth fill dam) {{convert |14.5|m}} high d) [[Kuttiyadi saddle dam|Kuttiyadi]] (Concrete dam) {{convert|16.5|m}} high e) '''Nayanmoola''' (Earth fill dam) {{convert|3.5|m}} high f) [[Manjoora Saddle Dam|Manjoora]] (Earth fill dam) {{convert|4.0|m}} high.<ref>{{Cite web|title=പതിമൂന്നാം കേരള നിയമ സഭ പതിനാലാം സമ്മേളനം. ഡാമുകളുടെ സുരക്ഷ|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/session_14/ans/s00508-230715-813754789853-14-13.pdf}}</ref> All the dams, except Kuttiady saddle, are earth fill dams. The Kuttiyadi saddle dam is a concrete dam. The spillway is located adjacent to the main dam at the right bank of the original river course. The water spread area at FRL / MWL is 12.77 km2. The catchment area of Nayanmoola Dam is 61.44 km2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banasurasagar Dam – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=1|access-date=2021-07-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Specifications==
*Latitude :11⁰40’13.92”N *Longitude:75⁰57’45.6”E
*Panchayath: Padinjarathara
*Village : Padinjarathara
*District : Wayanad
*River Basin : Kabani
*River : Karamanthodu
*Release from Dam to river : NA
*Taluk through which release flows : NA
*Year of completion : 2005
*Name of Project : Kuttiady Augmentation Scheme
*Purpose of Project : Diversion

;DAM FEATURES
*Type of Dam : Homogeneous rolled earth fill
*Classification : Saddle Dam
*Maximum Water Level (MWL) : EL 775.60 m
*Full Reservoir Level ( FRL) : EL 775.60 m
*Storage at FRL : 209.25 Mm3
*Height from deepest foundation : 3.5 m
*Length : 24.0 m
*Spillway : No spillway
*Crest Level : NA
*River Outlet : Nil
*Installed capacity of the Project : 231.75 MW
*Officers in charge & phone No.Executive Engineer, Dam Safety Division No. V, Padinjarathara, PIN- 673122 Phone – 9446008415Project Identification Code (PIC) : Nil
*Assistant Executive Engineer, Dam Safety Sub Division, Padinjarathara PIN- 673122 Phone- 9496004480
*Nayamoola is a saddle dam of Banasurasagar reservoir

==Reservoir==

[[File:Banasura sagar reservoir.jpg|left|500px|thumb|Kutyadi Augmentation Reservoir]]
[[File:Kutyadi augmentation Reservoir.jpg|thumb|Kutyadi Augmentation Reservoir layout]]
The gross storage of Kuttiyadi Augmentation (Banasura sagar) Reservoir is 209 Mm3 and live storage 185 Mm3 . The water stored in the reservoir is diverted to the reservoir of Kuttiyadi Hydro Electric Project through an interconnecting tunnel. The sill level of diversion tunnel at inlet is 750.83 m. The size and shape of tunnel is varying. It is varying from 2.35 m dia. circular lined tunnel for a length of 890 m and 2.85 m D-shaped unlined tunnel for a length of 3873 m. Maximum diversion is11.6 m3/s. The diverted water is used for power generation from Kuttiyadi Power Station. FRL of the reservoir is 775.60 m. Top level of dam is 778.50 m. There are four radial gates, each of size 10.97 m x 9.20 m. Crest level of spillway is 767.00 m. Spillway capacity is 1664 m3/s. One lower level outlet is provided in the spillway structure at 750.75 m of size 1.10 m X 1.75 m to release irrigation requirement.

==References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Dams in Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 2005]]
[[Category:Dams in Wayanad district]]

Maladhar Basu

2025-11-03T07:47:54Z

Sddhvnkengineering: refine details for accuracy and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Maladhar Basu''' ({{langx|bn|মালাধর বসু}}; c. 15th century) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet. He wrote ''Sri Krishna Vijaya'' (শ্রীকৃষ্ণবিজয়, ''Triumph of Lord Krishna''), the earliest Bengali narrative poem that can be assigned to a definite date.<ref name = sukumarseneng>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sukumar |title= History of Bengali |edition=3rd |year= 1979 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location= [[New Delhi]] |isbn= 81-7201-107-5|pages=65–66 }}</ref> It is also the oldest Bengali narrative poem of [[Krishna]] legend.<ref name = sukumarseneng/> It was composed between 1473 and 1480.<ref name=bp>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Wakil |year=2012 |chapter=Maladhar Basu |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Maladhar_Basu |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> The long poem is a translation of the 10th and 11th cantos of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''; a part of ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and the story of ''[[Ramayana]]'' is also incorporated here.<ref name = sukumarseneng/>

==Biography==

Maladhar Basu was born in a Bengali [[Kulin Kayastha]] family at [[Kulingram]] village of modern-day [[Purba Bardhaman district]], Paschimbanga ([[West Bengal]]) to Bhagirath Basu and Indumati Devi. Maladhar Basu was a scholar of [[Sanskrit]] literature and [[Vaishnava]] theology. He translated the famous Sanskrit work [[Bhagavata]] into Bengali language, under the patronage of [[Nusrat Shah]], then ruler of Bengal.

In his ''Sri Krishna Vijaya'', composed in Middle Bangla, Maladhar Basu focuses on the divine life of Krishna, with the tenth canto recounting Krishna’s childhood legends and his divine play with the gopis in [[Vrindavana]]. He was honoured by [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]] with the title 'Gunaraj Khan'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Helal Uddin |year=2012 |chapter=History |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Maladhar}}
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:15th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:People from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]

{{india-poet-stub}}

Voice of Freedom (radio station)

2025-10-14T10:00:02Z

Sddhvnkengineering: New A Stub...

{{Short description|Portuguese Indian underground radio station (1955–1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox radio station
| name = Voice of Freedom
| city = [[Portuguese Goa]] (unlicensed)
| country = [[Portuguese India]]
| area = [[Portuguese Goa]]
| frequency = {{Frequency|7.13|MHz}} (42.05 m)
| language = Portuguese, Konkani, Marathi, English
| format = News; [[Goan independence movement]]-related messaging
| airdate = 25 November 1955
| last_airdate = 19 December 1961
}}

'''Voice of Freedom''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Voz da Liberdade''; [[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Goenche Sadvonecho Awaz'') was an [[Underground radio|underground radio station]] that transmitted across [[Portuguese Goa]] from 1955 to 1961, advocating the cause of the [[Goan independence movement]]. The station broadcast a variety of programming in English, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], and in Portuguese, promoting Goan independence from Portuguese rule. Some of the broadcasters on the station included activists [[Nicolau Menezes]], [[Libia Lobo]] and [[Vaman Sardesai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kale |first=Sharwari |date=2021-06-08 |title=The Voice Of Freedom- Goa's Underground Radio Station |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-voice-of-freedom-goas-underground-radio-station |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Homegrown |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221191315/https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-voice-of-freedom-goas-underground-radio-station |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Antao |first=Steve |date=2015-12-19 |title=RADIO - WOMAN'S VOICE OF FREEDOM |url=https://itsgoa.com/radio-womans-voice-freedom |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221191316/https://itsgoa.com/radio-womans-voice-freedom |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=IANS |title='Voice of Freedom' and the battle for airwaves over Goa |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/voice-of-freedom-and-the-battle-for-airwaves-over-goa-1062255.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221191315/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/voice-of-freedom-and-the-battle-for-airwaves-over-goa-1062255.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Voice of Freedom was established in November 1955 by a group of local activists, including [[Vaman Sardesai]], [[Libia Lobo]], and [[Nicolau Menezes]], who aimed to challenge [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule in India]] and promote the idea of an independent [[Goa]]. Lobo and Sardesai were also among the station's announcers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2021-12-19 |title=Voice of freedom: From the jungles to the skies |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/voice-of-freedom-from-the-jungles-to-the-skies/articleshow/88368722.cms |access-date=2023-12-25 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225100608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/voice-of-freedom-from-the-jungles-to-the-skies/articleshow/88368722.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2017-08-15 |title=All you need to know about Voice of Freedom - Goa's underground radio station |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-you-need-to-know-about-voice-of-freedom-goas-underground-radio-station/articleshow/60037919.cms |access-date=2023-12-25 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212550/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/all-you-need-to-know-about-voice-of-freedom-goas-underground-radio-station/articleshow/60037919.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> To maintain secrecy, the station was also referred to as the 'Q station'.<ref name=":0" /> Operating from undisclosed locations, often in trucks and forests near [[Amboli, Sindhudurg|Amboli]] surrounding Goa, organizers maintained anonymity to safeguard against potential reprisals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=B. Sheikh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCZuAAAAMAAJ&q=voice++of+freedom+radio+goa |title=Goa Wins Freedom: Reflections and Reminiscences |date=1986 |publisher=Goa University |isbn=978-81-85571-00-3 |language=en |access-date=2023-12-25 |archive-date=2023-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225201758/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCZuAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=voice++of+freedom+radio+goa&q=voice++of+freedom+radio+goa&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> It is noted that while transmitting from these locations, the broadcasters often encountered venomous snakes, [[Leech|leeches]], and other wildlife.<ref name=":3" /> Broadcast locations included areas near the present-day Maharashtra border near [[Sawantwadi]] and another near the [[Karnataka]] border near [[Castle Rock, Karnataka|Castle Rock]], and later near [[Belgaum]]. The Portuguese government attempted to block signals using jammers and deployed local smugglers to track down the broadcasting setup.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Salgaonkar |first=Seema P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkvaAAAAMAAJ&q=Libia+Lobo |title=Women, Political Power, and the State |date=2006 |publisher=Abhijeet Publications |isbn=978-81-88683-95-6 |language=en |access-date=2023-12-25 |archive-date=2024-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102155058/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkvaAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Libia+Lobo&q=Libia+Lobo&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The station primarily used shortwave radio frequencies, allowing it to reach a broad audience, including remote areas of Goa and international sympathizers of the Goan independence cause. Broadcasts included news updates, political commentaries, discussions on the struggle for independence, and patriotic songs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The station played an important role in shaping public opinion against Portuguese rule, countering the official news broadcasts at a time when the major newspapers were heavily censored. Content also included updates on the [[Indian independence movement]], discussions on the global context of [[decolonization]], and calls for the Goans to join the struggle for their freedom.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Broadcasts also covered updates on anti-colonial movements in Asia and Africa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Anita A. Raut |date=2003 |title=Voices in the liberation struggle the case of goa 1947 6 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/35649/11/11_chapter%206.pdf |website=Goa University}}</ref> In 1956, Indian activist [[Vinoba Bhave]] addressed the Goan population on the station.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=A Clandestine Radio Called "Voice of Freedom" |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?21448 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English |archive-date=2024-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102155005/https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?21448 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The station ceased operations with its final broadcast on December 19, 1961 following India's [[annexation of Goa]] in a military campaign called [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]] that ended Portuguese rule in Goa.<ref name=":1" /> Prior to the operation, the station carried a message from the Indian defence ministry to the Portuguese [[governor-general]] requesting the surrender of Portuguese troops.<ref name=":6" /> In one of its last broadcasts after the liberation of Goa, the station's broadcasters flew in an airplane, sending out messages and dropping flyers to mark the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antao |first=Steve |date=2015-12-19 |title=RADIO - WOMAN'S VOICE OF FREEDOM |url=https://itsgoa.com/radio-womans-voice-freedom |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221191318/https://itsgoa.com/radio-womans-voice-freedom |url-status=live }}</ref> A Portuguese government report on the station's operations was later discovered. [[Major general|Major]] Filipe de Barros Rodrigues of the [[Portuguese Army|Portuguese army]] wrote that the station had "assumed the command of the entire propaganda and maintained its aggressiveness and its militancy. [The station] threatens, criticises, persuades, explains, changes colours, alters perspectives but, in everything it says, it carries a sharp stiletto. [It was] the only voice which was hurting us [the Portuguese] at close range."<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service - Witness History, Goan Independence |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02dyyyj |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=BBC |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225202444/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02dyyyj |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube|id=c9dowawE9ZI|title=The Underground Voice that Fought for Goa}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02dyyyj Witness History - Goan Independence interview with Libia Lobo] on [[BBC World Service]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1955]]
[[Category:Independence movements]]
[[Category:Pirate radio stations]]
[[Category:Amateur radio in India]]
[[Category:Radio stations disestablished in 1961]]

Tiwari

2025-09-21T20:01:04Z

Sddhvnkengineering: expand formatting for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{wiktionary|Tiwari}}
'''Tiwari''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ɪ|ˈ|w|ɑː|r|i}}), from Sanskrit 'tripāṭhin' (learned in three [[vedas]]), is a [[Hindu]] [[surname]] found in [[India]] and [[Nepal]]. Alternative spellings include '''Tiwary''' and '''Tewari'''.

== Notable people ==
===Independence activists===
*[[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] (born Chandrashekhar Tiwari)
*[[Adrian Cola Rienzi]] (born Krishna Deonarine Tiwari), [[Indo-Trinidadian|Indian]] freedom fighter in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]

=== Spiritual leaders ===
*[[Dayananda Saraswati]] (born Mool Shankar Tiwari), founder of [[Arya Samaj]]
*[[Maya Tiwari]], [[Indo-Guyanese]] spiritual leader, international speaker and author
*[[Sahadeo Tiwari]], religious scholar

=== Information technology and business ===

===Academics===
*[[Arun Tiwari]], missile scientist, author and professor
*[[Deepak Tiwari]], Hindi editor of Global Investigative Journalism Network and former Vice Chancellor of [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication|Makhanalal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism]], Bhopal
*[[S Prakash Tiwari]], biotechnologist, geneticist, agriculturalist
*[[Siddhartha Paul Tiwari]], UNESCO Chair on technology and sustainability

=== Civil service ===
*[[A. N. Tiwari]], former [[Chief Information Commissioner of India]]
*[[Sivakant Tiwari]], former legal head officer of the [[Singapore]] Legal Service

=== Politicians ===
*[[Captain B P Tiwari]], Indian politician and former army officer
*[[Brij Bhushan Tiwari]], Indian politician from the [[Samajwadi Party]]
*[[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]], Indian politician, education minister in the Government of [[Rajasthan]]
*[[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1979)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]], Indian politician from the [[Samajwadi party]], Bihar
*[[Hari Shankar Tiwari]], politician
*[[Kamlesh Tiwari]], politician
*[[Kapil Narayan Tiwari]], politician
*[[Kaushal Tiwari]], Indian politician
*[[Manish Tewari]], politician, former Minister of State in UPA Government
*[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], Indian politician, MP from Delhi, BJP State President.
*[[Narayan Datt Tiwari]], Indian politician, former chief minister of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand
*[[Ram Chandra Tiwari]], Nepalese politician
*[[Ravindranath Tewari]], Indian politician, former cabinet minister of Uttar Pradesh
*[[Sita Tiwaree]], Thai politician
*[[Shivanand Tiwari]], [[Janata Dal (United)]] politician
*[[Sriniwas Tiwari]], Indian politician, former Madhya Pradesh speaker and minister
*[[Sushil Kumar 'Indu' Tiwari]], MLA from [[Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Suresh Tiwari]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Rajani Tiwari]], politician from Uttar Pradesh
*[[Upendra Tiwari]], Indian politician, minister in Uttar Pradesh government

=== Military Officers ===
*[[Amit Tiwari (air marshal)]], former Indian Air Force Commanding-in-Chief, Central Air Command.

=== Entertainment ===
*[[Anand Tiwari]], actor and director in Hindi films
*[[Ankit Tiwari]], playback singer and music director
*[[Bhushan Tiwari]], Hindi actor
*[[Dharmesh Tiwari]], Indian film director
*[[Gaurav Tiwari]], paranormal investigator, pilot, UFOlogist, TV presenter, and actor
*[[Girish Tiwari]], scriptwriter, director, lyricist, singer, poet, organic culturist, writer, and social activist in Uttarakhand, India
*[[Indira Tiwari]], Indian actress
*[[Kartik Tiwari|Kartik Aaryan Tiwari]], Indian actor
*[[Lalit Mohan Tiwari]], Indian film and television actor
*[[Laxmi Ganesh Tewari]], Indian vocalist
*[[Manish Tiwary]], Indian film-maker
*[[Mukesh Tiwari]], actor in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu films
*[[Nitesh Tiwari]], director, script writer, lyricist
*[[Ridhima Tiwari]], television actress
*[[Shweta Tiwari]], Indian film and television actress and producer
*[[Surbhi Tiwari]], Indian television actress
*[[Vindhya Tiwari]], Indian show and film actress

=== Literature ===
*[[Aditya Tiwari]], Indian poet and LGBT rights activist
*[[Bhim Nidhi Tiwari]], Nepalese [[Bahun]] poet
*[[Kapil Muni Tiwary]], linguist and scholar
*[[Siyaram Tiwari (writer)]], writer and scholar

=== Sports ===
*[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]], Indian cricketer
*[[Saurabh Tiwary]], Indian cricketer

===Other===
*[[Dudhnath Tewari|Dudhnath Tiwari]], Indian [[sepoy]] who lived with the [[Andamanese]] tribes.
*[[Ram Puneet Tiwary]], Singaporean Indian and acquitted suspect of the [[Sydney double murders]].

{{surname|Tiwari}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Hindustani-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of India]]

Janak Talaviya

2025-09-12T20:05:42Z

Sddhvnkengineering: added the article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Janakbhai Talaviya''' (born 1979)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Janakbhai Talaviya(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- LATHI(AMRELI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5519 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Lathi Assembly constituency in [[Amreli district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Lathi Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Janakbhai Talaviya Wins From Lathi , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/lathi-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568228 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Talaviya is from [[Lathi Assembly constituency|Lathi]], Amreli district, Gujarat. He is the son of Punabhai Talaviya. He studied Class 12 at Mangiben Patel Secondary School, [[Surat]] and passed the examinations conducted by [[Gujarat Secondary Education Board]] in 1998. Later, he discontinued his studies. He owns Muralidhar cotton industries.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Talaviya won from [[Lathi Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 64,866 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Virjibhai Thummar]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 29,274 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0696.htm?ac=96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131155758/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0696.htm?ac=96 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lathi Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Lathi constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/lathi-96 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203024637/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/lathi-96 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lathi Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Janakbhai Talaviya of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/lathi-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561991.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talaviya, Janak}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Amreli district]]

Rajeev Ranjan Nag

2025-05-24T23:32:40Z

Sddhvnkengineering: Put up initial stub with sources

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}

'''Rajeev Ranjan Nag''' is a senior Indian journalist. In October 2014, he was appointed as a Member of the 12th term of the [[Press Council of India]] for a three-year term.<ref name="PCI">{{cite web|title=PCI 12th term|url=http://www.presscouncil.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/GazetteNotification.pdf|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref> He was formerly a member of the 11th term of the Press Council.<ref name="PCI2">{{cite web|title=PCI 11th term|url=http://www.presscouncil.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/11th%20TERM%20MEMBERS.pdf|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref> Nag is the author of a book on news reporting called ''Theory and Practice of Reporting''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Theory and Practice of Reporting|url={{Google books|0SMvSQAACAAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> He has also written a book in Hindi about former Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] called ''Indira Gandhi ka sach''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indira Gandhi ka sach|url={{Google books|kDfwAAAACAAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>

==Paid news==
In January 2013, a Press Council of India committee headed by Nag detected evidence of paid news in the [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012 Gujarat elections]]. The committee published a report giving recommendations on how to curb the practice of paid news.<ref name="ET1">{{cite web|title=Revise paid news guidelines, take suo motu action: PCI panel|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/news/36279708_1_news-in-gujarat-elections-rajeev-ranjan-nag-suo-motu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101843/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/news/36279708_1_news-in-gujarat-elections-rajeev-ranjan-nag-suo-motu|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 17, 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref>

==Press freedom==
In July 2013, a Press Council of India committee headed by Nag published a highly critical report accusing the Bihar state government of muzzling the press.<ref name="ET2">{{cite web|title=PCI adopts report indicting Nitish govt over press freedom|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-23/news/40749303_1_kalyan-barooah-pci-team-pci-panel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617082651/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-23/news/40749303_1_kalyan-barooah-pci-team-pci-panel|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 17, 2015|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref> In September 2014, a three-member committee of the Press Council headed by Nag held an inquiry against Telangana Chief Minister [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|KC Rao]]. This was after the Chief Minister had reportedly commented that if journalists were to insult Telangana culture or fail to salute the Telangana people, then he would "break the necks and bury underground media persons."<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite web|title=KCR gag statement: Press Council public hearing on Tuesday|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/kcr-gag-statement-press-council-public-hearing-on-tuesday/article6413058.ece|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref> The committee heard evidence from over a hundred people, mostly journalists, in this connection.<ref name="Hindu2">{{cite web|title=KCR remarks: over 100 journalists provide evidence at PCI hearing|work=The Hindu |date=16 September 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/kcr-remarks-over-100-journalists-provide-evidence-at-pci-hearing/article6416658.ece|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref> In October 2014, the committee confirmed that the Chief Minister had made the comments in its findings of fact and directed the Chief Minister to exercise restraint and refrain from making provocative comments against journalists.<ref name="Hindu3">{{cite web|title=Restrain from making provocative comments: Panel to KCR|date=27 October 2014 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/restrain-from-making-provocative-comments-panel-to-tgana-cm/article6538420.ece|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nag, Rajeev Ranjan}}
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Cooch Behar Rash Mela

2025-05-19T02:00:50Z

Sddhvnkengineering: Starting The Data W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Annual winter carnival in Cooch Behar}}
{{Italic title|string=Rash Mela}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = 
| image = [[File:Cooch Behar Ras Mela 2023 07.jpg|frameless]]
| caption = Gate 1 of Rash Mela 2023
| status = Active
| genre = [[Winter festival]], [[Religious festival]]
| date = 
| begins =
| ends =
| frequency = Annually
| location = Rash Mela Ground, [[Cooch Behar]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| country = [[India]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1882}} (exact date not known)
| last = 
| organised = 
| filing = 
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.gov.in/festivals/}}
}}
'''Cooch Behar ''Rash Mela''''' (commonly known as just '''Rash Mela''' or '''Ras Mela'''; [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: রাস মেলা) is the annual winter carnival in [[Cooch Behar]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]] which is organised on the occasion of ''Rash Purnima'' every year between the months of November and December every year since the rule of the 17th King of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] Maharaja Harendra Narayan. It is being held every year except in 1912 due to the [[1899–1923 cholera pandemic|cholera outbreak]] and in 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name = 'cobgov'>{{Cite web |title=Fair & Festivals {{!}} Cooch Behar District {{!}} India |url=https://coochbehar.gov.in/festivals/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-30 |title=Covid cancels this year’s Raas Mela |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/covid-cancels-this-years-raas-mela-in-cooch-behar/cid/1799021 |access-date=2024-09-26 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> The duration of the carnival varies between 15-20 days every year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Shashikesh |date=2023-10-31 |title=Cooch Behar’s ‘Rash Mela’ set to shine with int’l flair |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/cooch-behars-rash-mela-set-to-shine-with-intl-flair-538679 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The exact date of inauguration of the carnival is not known but is widely accepted that it began during the rule of the 17th King of Koch Bihar, i.e. Maharaja Harendra Narayan, during 1783-1839. The evidence of this was found in the book ''Rajyopakhyan''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghose |first=Moonshi Jadunath |title=The Rajopakhyan |publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]] |year=1874 |isbn=978-1165679171}}</ref>

The event was first held in [[Bhetaguri]] (formerly known as Vetaguri) after which it was organised in the complex of the [[Madan Mohan Temple, Cooch Behar|Madan Mohan temple]]. Since 1912, it is being organised in the Rash Mela Ground. The festival was conducted elsewhere within a small scale in 1912 due to the cholera outbreak but it continued to be celebrated annually then after except in 2020. The carnival was also conducted after the theft of the idol of Sri Sri Madan Mohan from the temple in 1994. The event is currently organised by the Cooch Behar Municipality and the Debuttor Trust Board which is the temple trust.

Rash Purnima is also celebrated with great joy in [[Nabadwip]] but unlike Nabadwip only [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]], the deity of the royal Koch kingdom is worshipped as Sri Sri Madan Mohan instead of the dual idol of [[Radha Krishna]]. People of all religions and backgrounds are welcomed in the event. The symbolic [[Rashchakra|Rash Chakra]] is also constructed in the temple complex by a Muslim family from numerous generations which is rotated by people for seeking fortune and good luck. The chakra is made of bamboo and paper with floral designs and pictures of Lord Krishna.<ref name = 'cobgov'/>

==Activities and events==
[[File:Ras 2023 01.jpg|thumb|The Rash Chakra in 2023 Rash Mela Celebrations.]]
The event mainly consists of the programs held in the [[Madan Mohan Temple, Cooch Behar|Madan Mohan temple]] and the main fair in the Rashmela ground. The event is inaugurated by the [[district magistrate]] of Cooch Behar every year.

===Celebrations at the Madan Mohan temple===
The main prayer and rituals are conducted in the [[Madan Mohan Temple, Cooch Behar|Madan Mohan temple]]. The temple hosts the Rash Chakra along with a statue of [[Putana]], a rakshasi (demoness) being killed by infant Krishna which is visited by thousands throughout the course of the event. Numerous [[kirtan]]s and theatre plays called [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]] are organised during the night.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Shashikesh |date=2023-11-26 |title=Cooch Behar’s historic Rash Festival flagged off |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/cooch-behars-historic-rash-festival-flagged-off-541903 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Fair at the Rash Mela ground===
A fair is organised in the ground which hosts amusement rides like ferris wheel, mini-roller coasters among others. Along with this food stalls, handicraft stores, book stalls, household goods stalls, clothing stores and street game setups are organised. Traders from [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and nearby Indian states also visit the event. Apart from these a concert stage is set up in the middle of the ground which hosts numerous artists from around the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-17 |title='Rash Mela': Celebration Of The Divine Love Of Sri Krishna And Radha |url=https://www.northeasternchronicle.in/news/rash-mela-celebration/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=www.northeasternchronicle.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Cooch Behar Ras Mela 2023 03.jpg|A ferris wheel at Rash Mela 2023
Cooch Behar Ras Mela 2023 06.jpg|A shop selling idols in 2023
Cooch Behar Ras Mela 2023 01.jpg|A shop selling handicrafts in 2023
Cooch Behar Ras Mela 2023 02.jpg|A airsoft rifle balloon shooting game
Cooch Behar Ras Mela 2023 05.jpg| A man making Bhapa Pitha
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Shakta Rash]]

==References==
<references />

{{Culture of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Festivals in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Cooch Behar]]

Puran Singh Phartyal

2024-12-28T10:18:58Z

Sddhvnkengineering: refined details for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Puran Singh Fartyal]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Annie Thayyil

2024-12-14T17:05:29Z

Sddhvnkengineering: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian novelist, journalist, translator and biographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Annie Thayyil
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1918|11|10}}
| birth_place = Chengaloor, [[Pudukkad]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1993|10|21|1918|11|10}}
| death_place = Kerala
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* biographer
* translator
* politician
}}
| alma mater = {{ublist|[[Holy Cross College, Tiruchirapalli]]|[[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]}}
| spouse = Kurian Thayyil
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Christu Maricha Divasam''|''Kochammini''|''Molente Mon Ninte''|''Hungariyil Enthindayi?''}}
}}

'''Annie Thayyil''' (10 November 1918 – 21 October 1993), was an Indian novelist, journalist, translator and biographer of Malayalam language and a member of the [[Cochin Legislative Council]] between 1945 and 1948. Her oeuvre comprises 78 books covering the genres of novel, biography, politics, travelogue and biblical literature. She was the secretary of the Sahitya Parishad and a member of the executive council of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]].

== Biography ==
[[File:Maharajas College, Ernakulam.jpg|thumb|left|Maharajas College, Ernakulam, Thayyil's alma mater]]
Annie Thayyil, née Annie Joseph,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Rosie |title=Evan Ente Priya C.J. |publisher=D C Books |year=2021 |edition=3rd |location=Kottayam |pages=30 |language=Malayalam}}</ref> was born on 10 November 1918 at Chengaloor in [[Pudukkad]], in [[Thrissur district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Maliekkal Joseph and Mary.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/AnnieThayyil/Html/Anniegraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> She completed her schooling from Sacred Heart Convent and St Joseph's Girls High School, [[Karukutty]] and Sacred Heart Convent Girls High School, Thrissur before passing the intermediate course examination from [[Holy Cross College, Tiruchirapalli]].<ref name="Annie Thayyil - biography">{{Cite web |url=http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php?authid=1411 |title=Annie Thayyil - biography |website=keralaliterature.com |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> Returning to Kerala, she graduated in arts from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]] and started her career by joining the Travancore State Service but quit the job in 1945 to successfully contest the polls to the [[Cochin Legislative Council]]; she won the seat again in the 1948 elections. She continued her political career<ref name="DevikaThampi2012">{{cite book|author1=J. Devika|author2=Binitha V. Thampi|title=New Lamps for Old?: Gender Paradoxes of Political Decentralisation in Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DItDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT91|date=25 June 2012|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-81017-39-5|pages=91–}}</ref> during which she unsuccessfully contested three more elections, the 1964 election to the [[Rajya Sabha]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate and the 1967 and 1970 elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] as an independent candidate supported by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name="Committee1970">{{cite book|author=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee|title=From Delhi to Patna: Congress Marches Ahead|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCk-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA247|year=1970|publisher=All India Congress Committee|pages=247–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Socialist India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PhRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA178-IA95|year=1970|publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee.|pages=178–}}</ref> She also participated in the [[Vimochana Samaram]] of 1958–59 which led to the dismissal of the [[First E. M. S. Namboodiripad ministry]]. While pursuing a political career, she continued her studies to graduate in law and started practicing as a lawyer. In between, she ran a printing business in Kochi under the name Scholar Press, served as the secretary of Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishad in 1960; edited two magazines, ''Vanitha'' and ''Prajamithram''; sat in the [[National Commission for Minorities]] during 1984–85; and served as a member of the Central Social Welfare Board, Catholic Congress and the executive council of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="Women Writers of Kerala">{{Cite web |url=http://womenwritersofkerala.com/author.php?author_id=58&lang=en |title=Women Writers of Kerala |date=2019-04-24 |website=womenwritersofkerala.com |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref>

Thayyil wrote 78 books<ref name="Social Background of Women Writers">{{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/160846/2/11%20%20chapter%20iii.pdf |title=Social Background of Women Writers |date=2019-04-24 |website=Shodhganga |pages=128–129 |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> covering the genres of novel, biography, politics, travelogue and biblical literature, of which ''Molente Mon Ninte'' (Daughter is mine, Son is yours), which criticised the orthodox views prevalent among the Catholics, became a subject of controversy.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/AnnieThayyil/Html/AnnieThayyilBooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> She translated a number of classics of world literature such as [[War and Peace]], [[Anna Karenina]], [[The Count of Monte Cristo]], [[Tess of the d'Urbervilles]] and [[The Holy Sinner]] to publish them as abridged versions, wrote the biographies of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[John F. Kennedy]] and published a number of travelogues<ref name="George1972">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZqqyxVkufQC&pg=PA212|year=1972|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0413-3|pages=212–}}</ref> based on her travels to Europe in 1957 and to Israel in 1971. She published a political commentary, ''Hungariyil Enthundaayi?'' (What Happened in Hungary?)<ref name="Annie Thayyil - biography" /> and her work, ''Christhu Marcha Divasam'' (The Day Christ Died), is a work on the life of Jesus Christ, based on Biblical script.<ref name="Women Writers of Kerala" /> ''Edangazhiyile kurisu'' was the title of her autobiography.<ref name="Edangazhiyile kurisu: aathma katha">{{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26594&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Edangazhiyile kurisu: aathma katha |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1990 |location=Kottayam, D C Books}}</ref>

Annie Thayyil, married to Kurien Thayyil, died on 21 October 1993, at the age of 74.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> The Directorate of Women and Child Development of the [[Government of Kerala]] have instituted [[Vanita Ratnam Award]]s, eponymous awards honouring Annie Thayyil, along with other notable Indian women such as [[Akkamma Cherian]], [[Captain Lakshmi]], [[Kamala Surayya]], [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]], [[Fathima Beevi]], [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]], [[Mary Poonen Lukose]], [[A. V. Kuttimalu Amma]], [[Sukumari]] and [[Annie Mascarene]].<ref name="Vanita Ratna Awards to be presented today in Thiruvananthapuram">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/mar/08/vanita-ratna-awards-to-be-presented-today-in-thiruvananthapuram-1578951.html |title=Vanita Ratna Awards to be presented today in Thiruvananthapuram |website=The New Indian Express |date=8 March 2017 |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref><ref name="Govt to organise week-long celebrations for Women’s Day - Times of India">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/govt-to-organise-week-long-celebrations-for-womens-day/articleshow/63196798.cms |title=Govt to organise week-long celebrations for Women's Day - Times of India |date=7 March 2018|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref> The annual award recognizes excellence of women in various fields.<ref name="‘Vanitha Rathnam’ awards instituted">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/vanitha-rathnam-awards-instituted/article5481385.ece |title='Vanitha Rathnam' awards instituted |date=2013-12-20 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> One of the most prominent and notable great grand children of Annie Thayyil is Veena Mendez who is one of the 100 Women of Influence in Australia and founder of [https://www.womeninoilandgas.com.au/about-us/ (https://www.womeninoilandgas.com.au)]making waves with her contributions in the advancement of women in Australia and also making her strides in the Energy industry.

== Selected bibliography ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=70935&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Onnu punchirikkan Part.1 |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1962 |publisher=Thayyil}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=72639&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Nammude moulikaavakashagal |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1969 |publisher=K. Thayil}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=72581&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Aikyarashtra sabha |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1969 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=25786&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Christhuvinte athbhuthangal |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1970}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26374&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Valiyavareppatti chilathu |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1980 |location=Ernakulam, Scholar Book Stall}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78166&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Christhu Maricha Divasam |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1981 |publisher=Granthakarthri}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78161&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Sthreekal- Baibilil |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1982 |publisher=Granthakarthri |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21622&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Ammayum pathu makkalum |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1985 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=82902&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Bible anudina jeevithathil |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1987 |publisher=Cardianal |location=Kochi}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=81800&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Mary Bibile-il |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1989}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=81735&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Velipaadu |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1989 |publisher=Ladies League |location=Kochi}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=82829&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Oru nalla vaidikante katha |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1990 |publisher=Anne Thayyil |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=27443&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Cheruppakkaar onnichu |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1991 |location=Kochi, Scholar Publications}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=25760&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Pravaachakanmaar |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1992}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=27444&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Oru nimisham |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1992}}
{{div col end}}

=== Biographies ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=72056&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Joan of arc |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1971 |publisher=National Book Stall}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=828&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Indira Gandhi: the soul of India |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1986 |location=New Delhi, Heritage}}

=== Translations ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=24274&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Tess |last1=Annie Thayyil; Tr |last2=Hardy |first2=Thomas |date=1948 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=86720&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Nithya nagaram |last1=Caine |first1=Hall |last2=Annie K Thayyil |first2=Tr |date=1954 |publisher=Sahithyapravarthaka Sahakaranasangham |isbn=9780000102041 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=24338&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Oru penkuttiyum randu vaidikarum |last1=Annie Thayyil; Tr |last2=Mansoni |first2=Alexandra |date=1984 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=24330&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Monte Cristo |last1=Annie Thayyil; Tr |last2=Dumas |first2=Alexander |date=1985 |edition=Ed.4}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=306773&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Tolstoy kathakal |last1=Tolstoy |first1=Leo |last2=Annie Thayyil |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam}}
{{div col end}}

=== Memoirs ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26594&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=Edangazhiyile kurisu: aathma katha |last=Annie Thayyil |date=1990 |location=Kottayam, D C Books}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
* [[Vanita Ratnam Award]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=161101&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520annie%2520thayyil |title=The Stray Goats of the Bazaar: A Survey of Autobiographies in Malayalam by Women |last=Hemalatha Devi G. |publisher=Samyukta: A Journal of Women’s Studies |quote=A study of the biographies of B. Kalyani Amma, Balamani Amma, Annie Thayyil, Ajitha and Madhavikkutty}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.josephpulikunnel.com/a260815.html |title=Jubilee Agoshangal |date=2019-04-23 |website=josephpulikunnel.com |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-23}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/AnnieThayyil/Html/AnnieThayyil.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23}}
* {{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA196|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|pages=196–}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thayyil, Annie}}
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women biographers]]

Vauraddi

2024-07-26T12:40:00Z

Sddhvnkengineering:

{{Short description|1934 Konkani play by Pai Tiatrist}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Vauraddi
| image = Vauraddi handbill 1940.png
| caption = [[Handbill]] from the second staging of the play at Princess Theatre in Bhangwadi, [[Bombay]], 1940
| writer = [[João Agostinho Fernandes]]
| director = João Agostinho Fernandes
| characters = {{Plainlist|
* Leopold
* Carolina
* Anjela
* Fillip
* Lorres
* Damião
* Doctor Minguel}}
| setting = [[Ancestral home|Ancestral mansion]], a hut, and [[canoe]] in Goa
| premiere = 14 January 1934
| place = Sunshine Building, [[Margão]], [[Goa]]
| orig_lang = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| subject = [[Dignity of labour]]
| genre = [[Tiatr]], [[melodrama]]
| series = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Kunbi Jakki]]''
* ''Cazar Matarponnar''
}}
}}

'''''Vauraddi''''' ({{translation|''The Labourer''}}) is a three-act [[Konkani language|Konkani]] play. It was written and directed by [[João Agostinho Fernandes]]. The play was first penned on 13 March 1933 and premiered on 14 January 1934 at the Sunshine Building in [[Margão]], during the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonial era]] in [[Goa]]. The play is set in [[Portuguese Goa]] and explores the themes of the [[Dignity of labour|recognition of the value of work]] is upheld by individuals from all [[Socioeconomic status|socioeconomic backgrounds]], including both the affluent and the less privileged, as well as the romantic relationship between Leopold, a wealthy [[Catholic]] man, and Carolina, a poor [[rural woman]]. The [[melodrama]], underwent two revisions before being staged three times in total. The earnings from these performances were dedicated to [[charitable cause]]s.

==Characters==
Leopold is a wealthy young man who owns land and subscribes to the principle of self-sufficiency through personal labor rather than relying on the output of others' work. He falls in love with Carolina, his future wife. He is the male protagonist.

Carolina is a poor rural, illiterate girl from a laborer background. She is known for her devotion to God, likable character, and admirable virtues. She is the future wife of Leopold and the female protagonist.

Anjela is Leopold's proud, rich mother who is a [[landlady]] and comes from an [[Upper class|affluent social class]]. She is against her son's marriage to Carolina and demonstrates animosity towards individuals of lower socioeconomic status, exhibiting an arrogant demeanor.

Fillip is Carolina's father, a laborer by profession. He is protective and caring towards his daughter.

Lorres is a boatman who enables young couples to express their love for each other in a romantic setting while acting as a witness to their commitment. He comes from a [[toddy tapper]] background.

Damião is a [[Goan]] landlord from [[Neura, Goa]], who arrives to request the assistance of Fillip. He is a minor character.

Doctor Minguel takes up the case of Anjela's [[contagious disease]]. He is a minor character.

Mari Anjel is Lorres's wife, and she is one of the two [[Voice-over|off-stage voices]].

Santan is Lorres's assistant in his business and the second of the two off-stage voices.

==Plot summary==
Leopold, a [[landowner]], values self-sufficiency and the [[dignity of labor]]. He is of the opinion that all types of work are honorable as long as they serve the purpose of securing one's livelihood. Despite his status as a landowner, Leopold is prepared to engage in physical work or manual tasks, demonstrating his loyalty to the principle of earning one's keep through hard work. In contrast, for Fillip, the laborer, views hard work as a vital component for his existence, surpassing mere preference to become a fundamental necessity for his sustenance. Fillip likely depends on his labor to sustain himself and his family. Despite being aware of Carolina's poor financial status, Leopold falls in love with and pursues her. Carolina embodies a modest lifestyle rooted in rural surroundings, emphasizing a devotion to her spiritual beliefs in a [[God in Christianity|higher deity]], she is the daughter of Fillip. Leopold finds Carolina's attributes and moral fiber worthy of his admiration.

Leopold's mother, Anjela, challenges him to choose between staying in the family's [[Ancestral home|ancestral mansion]] or leaving it to live with his wife, Carolina, in her thatched hut. Despite the [[Social inequality|social status disparity]], Leopold makes the choice to depart from the ancestral mansion and opt to live with his wife, Carolina, demonstrating his commitment to her by rejecting any notion of forsaking her. Leopold challenges his mother's [[aristocratic]] views by asserting the principle of human equality as ordained by God, highlighting the role of circumstances and opportunities in shaping one's [[socioeconomic status]]. Leopold provides evidence for his assertion by pointing to the success stories of individuals like [[Henry Ford]], [[Andrew Carnegie]], and [[John D. Rockefeller]], who rose to fame and fortune from common origins, as well as the trajectories of figures such as [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]], [[Mussolini]], [[Hitler]], and [[Neville Chamberlain|Chamberlain]], who attained positions of power and influence despite their modest beginnings. He presents a strong argument against the notion that class disparities should serve as a hindrance to marital unions, emphasizing a more [[egalitarian]] perspective on relationships. He believes that social status should not be a barrier to personal relationships and that all people deserve to be treated with equal dignity, regardless of their socioeconomic background.

Fillip, the father of Carolina, is shown to be protective and worried about his daughter. Upon an unanticipated visit from the stranger Leopold, Fillip responds with hostility. His demeanor shifts when he learns of Leopold's desire to wed Carolina, as he contemplates the possibility of Carolina enduring hardship if she marries into Leopold's family due to perceived mistreatment by Anjela. She has ambitions to elevate her family's financial status by securing a generous [[dowry]] from her son's prospective bride. She is depicted as disapproving of Leopold's decisions and perceives him as callous for refusing her suggestions concerning his marriage. Anjela's arrogance and disdain for those she deems beneath her social status are evident when she belittles laborers and admonishes Leopold for mingling with them. She takes drastic measures by attempting to evict both Leopold and Carolina, and even goes as far as threatening to force Fillip out of his home, leaving the couple without a place to live.

Dr. Minguel suggests that assistance during hardships often comes from the economically disadvantaged. Carolina, despite facing criticism from Anjela, takes care of her mother-in-law during an [[contagious disease]], aiding in her recovery. Despite Carolina's efforts, Anjela remains cold towards her daughter-in-law, while Anjela's own relatives keep their distance during her illness. Lorres, a genial boatman, facilitates the romantic encounter between Leopold and Carolina as they express their commitment in his presence. In the beginning, Lorres exhibits a cold attitude towards Leopold's endeavors to court Carolina, under the impression that Leopold is simply one of many affluent suitors seeking to charm a less privileged woman. Upon realizing the authenticity of Leopold's intentions, Lorres' helpful nature prompts him to support the young couple in uniting. As the play draws to a close, Lorres has come into possession of a ''patmar'', a [[sailing boat]], and possesses the means to extend financial assistance to Leopold. The play concludes with Carolina's apparent death, which is attributed to contracting the contagious illness from her mother-in-law Anjela.

==Staging==
Vauraddi was first staged on 14 January 1934 at the Sunshine Building in [[Margão]], [[Goa]]. The performance was staged with the support of the Socios da Sociedade dos Operarios (Members of the Workers Society). During this initial staging, the playwright Fernandes utilized the term "''theatro''" in the advertising for the play, which helped to popularize the word among the local population. The play was subsequently staged again on 9 April 1940 at the Princess Theatre in Bhangwadi, [[Bombay]]. This second performance was organized to support the Society of Nossa Senhora de Piedade in [[Dabul]], with the objective of collecting funds to aid the local indigent population. For this later staging, Fernandes had made a change in the advertising by using the term "''Theatr''" instead of "''theatro''".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=49–50, 66–67, 87–93 |language=en}}</ref> Scholar [[Olivinho Gomes]] has provided an analysis of ''Vauraddi'' as a play with [[reformist]] themes centered on advocating for the [[dignity of labor]] and advocating for [[social progress]] through [[labor law]] reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scripting the Goan Tiatr {{!}} Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Goa, India |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/art-culture/scripting-the-goan-tiatr |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=www.artandculture.goa.gov.in}}</ref>

[[File:English handbill of Vauraddi, 1940.jpg|thumb|An English [[handbill]] of the second staging of the play in Bombay, 1940]]
In 1941,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Pai Tiatrist |url=https://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend//The-culinary-scientist/07577.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> a severe cyclone struck the Goa region, causing extensive damage to several coastal areas, including Arossim, Cansaulim, [[Majorda]], [[Colva]], Betalbatim, and [[Carmona, Goa|Carmona]]. In response to the devastation, the Goa Flood Relief Fund Committee organized a fundraising event by staging a performance of the play ''Vauraddi'' on 16 February 1941, at the [[St. Xavier's College, Bombay|St. Xavier's College]] Hall in Bombay. The goal of this event was to collect donations to provide aid and assistance to the homeless and impoverished individuals affected by the cyclone. This particular staging of ''Vauraddi'' marked the third and final documented production of the play.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1940 version, the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] comedian [[Anthony Mendes]] was cast in his first main role, playing the character of Lorres, the boatman. This performance helped Mendes gain initial recognition and fame at the start of his acting career. Additionally, Fernandes's son, Tony, another Konkani actor, also participated in one of the productions of ''Vauraddi''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=30, 70}}</ref>

==References==
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[[Category:Tiatr]]
[[Category:1934 plays]]
[[Category:Melodramas]]
[[Category:Thriller plays]]
[[Category:Tragedy plays]]
[[Category:Plays about families]]
[[Category:Plays about marriage]]