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Seetharam Sitralu

2026-05-07T22:56:17Z

Scrapuncle: adding initial entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language Comedy drama 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Seetharam Sitralu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = D.Naga Sasidhar Reddy
| writer = D.Naga Sasidhar Reddy
| producer = {{plainlist|
*P.Partha Saradhi
*D.Nagendra Reddy
*Krishna Chandra Vijayabattu
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Lakshmana Murthy Ratana
* Akella Raghavendra
}}
| cinematography = Arun Kumar Parvathaneni
| editing = Praneeth Kumar
| music = Rudra Kiran MS
| studio = Raising Hands Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|08|30|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}'''''Seetharam Sitralu''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Comedy drama]] film written and directed by D.Naga Sasidhar Reddy. The film stars Lakshmana Murthy Ratana and [[Akella]] Raghavendra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=4 December 2024 |title=Director Maruthi unveils ‘Pa Pa’ trailer |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/director-maruthi-unveils-pa-pa-trailer-927084 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206024306/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/director-maruthi-unveils-pa-pa-trailer-927084 |url-status=live}}</ref>The film was produced by P.Partha Saradhi, D.Nagendra Reddy, Krishna Chandra Vijayabattu under the banner of Raising Hands Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=24 August 2024 |title=Trailer launch for ‘Sitaram Sitralu’celebrates new talent and anticipates success |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/trailer-launch-for-sitaram-sitralucelebrates-new-talent-and-anticipates-success-901984 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829153557/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/trailer-launch-for-sitaram-sitralucelebrates-new-talent-and-anticipates-success-901984 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The film opens with Yadhagiri, a notorious criminal in Kurnool City, brutally killing a man. Unbeknownst to him, a videographer captures the entire incident. Mistaking it for a staged act, the videographer approaches the body, only to be confronted by Yadhagiri, who reveals it to be a real murder. Shocked, the videographer falls into a coma, while Yadhagiri takes the camera and leaves.Several years later, Shiva, the protagonist, watches a success story on [[YouTube]] and is inspired to share his own tale one day. Shiva is a renowned professional tea master in Gundala Village, where his tea is a must-have for the villagers before they start their work.One day, Shiva encounters Paru on the roadside and instantly falls for her. While Shiva's mother suggests a proposal from a teacher, Shiva prefers not to pursue arranged marriages. However, when he sees Paru's face in the mirror, he realizes she is the same person he fell for earlier. Changing the subject, he praises teachers worldwide, and eventually, Paru accepts his proposal.To fund his wedding, Shiva seeks financial assistance from Srinu, the wealthiest person in the village, by convincing him of the auspiciousness of the event. Srinu lends him the requested 5 lakhs.However, when Paru's father, Sakram, distributes the wedding cards, relatives criticize him for agreeing to marry his daughter to a tea master. Influenced by his brother's promise to find a groom settled abroad, Sakram cancels the marriage.Shiva asks Srinu for a year to repay the debt. In need of money, he visits his friend Ravi, an editor for marriage cassette mixing, and shares his story. Ravi explains that quick money is more likely in movies than reality, leaving Shiva disheartened. In the midst of their conversation, a customer with bodyguards offers a deal to convert his grandparents' VCR cassette to CD. Seeing it as an opportunity, Shiva accepts.Having inherited his father's VCR mixing skills, Shiva, with some hurdles, successfully converts the cassette. Impressed, the customer pays him 10,000 rupees. Shiva sees this as a revolutionary idea and decides to open a VCR shop to revive his father's business. Srinu supports the plan, lending Shiva 3,00,000 rupees. Shiva promotes his business extensively to attract customers, believing there is no competition.Yadhagiri contacts Shiva to convert his murder VCR cassette into a CD, threatening him not to leak it. Tara, a girl from Hyderabad, also approaches Shiva to convert her deceased parents' wedding cassette into a CD. A romantic track develops between Shiva and Tara.Ravi urgently needs 5,00,000 rupees for his mother's operation. Shiva, who had borrowed money from someone, hands over his papers to obtain the required funds for Ravi's mother.Tragedy strikes when Shiva's shop is destroyed by a short circuit, including his equipment and data. To make matters worse, he discovers that Ravi has cheated him and fled to Goa, taking his money. Overwhelmed and lost, Shiva is devastated and realizes he has lost Yadhagiri's important cassette.Returning to his village, Shiva's mother motivates him to rebuild his tea business. Yadhagiri visits Shiva and enjoys his tea, leading him to help expand Shiva's business, renaming it Seetharam Tea Stall. Seetharam Tea Stall flourishes, gaining multiple branches

Finally, Shiva is invited to the Success Speaks show to share his inspiring journey. His speech goes viral on social media, and he reunites with Paru, falling in love once again.

== Cast ==

* Lakshmana Murthy Ratana as Shiva
* Akella Raghavendra as Paru
* Sandeep Varanasi
* Bramarambikatutika
* Kishori Dhatrak
* Delhi Rajeswari
* Krishna Murthy Vanjari

== Production ==
The film was produced by P.Partha Saradhi, D.Nagendra Reddy, Krishna Chandra Vijayabattu under the banner of Raising Hands Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=New single ‘Mandhu’ from Seetharam Sitralu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/06/new-single-mandhu-from-seetharam-sitralu-out |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The cinematography was done by Arun Kumar Parvathaneni while editing was handled by Praneeth Kumar and music composed by Rudra Kiran MS<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2024 |title=Trailer of Lakshman Murthy Ratana's Seetharam Sitralu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/09/trailer-of-lakshman-murthy-ratanas-seetharam-sitralu-out |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Suresh Rachamalla of ''[[News18 Telugu]]'' stataed that " Even though it is a small point.. the director steered the story without hesitation in telling the point he chose" and rated two point seven five out five.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=సీతారాం సిత్రాలు మూవీ రివ్యూ.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/sitaram-sitralu-movie-telugu-movie-review-and-rating-sr-2568785.html |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901092616/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/sitaram-sitralu-movie-telugu-movie-review-and-rating-sr-2568785.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

TA [[Kiran Kumar]] of ''[[Zee News]]'' gave two ponint seven five out five and wrote that 'Sitaram Sithralu' that gives peace to the mind.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Sitaram Sitralu Movie Review:‘సీతారాం సిత్రాలు’ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. ప్రేక్షకులను మెప్పించిందా..! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/sitaram-sitralu-movie-review-rating-public-talk-here-are-the-full-movie-details-ta-160446 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33268763}}

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Alandur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T17:36:22Z

Scrapuncle: Started Basic Info Added Tags

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 28
| map_image = Constitution-Alandur.svg
| Existence =
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| established = 1977
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| mla = T. M. Anbarasan
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Alandur
| electors = 301,055
| Reservation =
}}

'''Alandur''' is a [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] in [[Chennai district]] and partially includes areas from [[Chengalpattu district]] and [[Kanchipuram district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 28. It consists of portions that includes the [[Alandur]], [[Nanganallur]], [[Kovur, Chennai]], [[Adambakkam]], [[Palavanthangal]], [[Moulivakkam]], [[Nandambakkam]], [[Iyyapanthangal]], [[Manapakkam]], [[Mugalivakkam]], [[Cowl Bazaar]], [[St.Thomas Mount-cum-Pallavaram|St Thomas Mount cum Pallavaram Cantonment Board]], [[Gerugambakkam]], Kolapakkam, and some other parts of Chennai City and forms a part of [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency]] for elections to the [[Parliament of India]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Assembly
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[K. M. Abdul Razack]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| K. M. Abdul Razack
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[M. Abraham]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[C. Shanmugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[S. Annamalai]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[C. Shanmugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[B. Valarmathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[T. M. Anbarasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Panruti S. Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| 2014
| [[V. N. P. Venkatraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fifteenth]]
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| T. M. Anbarasan<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=28}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixteenth]]
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| T. M. Anbarasan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|Seventeenth
|2026
|[[M. Harish]]
|
|[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|45.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.45}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Harish]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=100%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Saravanan|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahalakshmi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. M. Harish|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =301055|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{cite web|title=alandur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a028|access-date= 3 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. M. Anbarasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=116,785 |percentage=49.12% |change=+4.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Valarmathi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,214 |percentage=32.06% |change=-3.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sarathbabu |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=21,139 |percentage=8.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. R. Karthikeyan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=16,522 |percentage=6.95% |change=+5.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,908 |percentage=0.80% |change=-1.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohammed Thameem Ansari |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=1,770 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,571 |percentage=17.06% |change= 8.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=237,751 |percentage=61.11% |change= -0.63% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=321|percentage=0.14% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 389,032 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. M. Anbarasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,877 |percentage=44.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Panruti S. Ramachandran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,708 |percentage=35.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. S. Sathyanarayanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,806 |percentage=5.90% |change=+0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Chandran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=12,291 |percentage=5.66% |change=-39.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Srinivasan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,194 |percentage=3.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=4,727 |percentage=2.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhanachezhian |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,927 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,169 |percentage=8.83% |change= 5.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=216,997 |percentage=61.74% |change= -8.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 351,470 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |swing= -0.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 Bye-election===

{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2014: Alandur}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate =[[V. N. P. Venkatraman]]
|votes = 89,295
|percentage = 45.33
|change = +45.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[R. S. Bharathi]]
|votes =70,587
|percentage =35.84
|change = +35.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = M. Kamaraja
|votes = 20,442
|percentage = 10.38
|change = -35.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =Nanjil Veswara Prasad
|votes = 6,535
|percentage =3.32
|change = -38.78
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes =18,708
|percentage = 9.30
|change = +5.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,01,261
|percentage =64.27
|change = +5.80
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Panruti S. Ramachandran]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=76,537 |percentage=45.52% |change=+37.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. K. Ghayathri Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=70,783 |percentage=42.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sathya Narayanan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,628 |percentage=5.73% |change=+2.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Ayodhi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,731 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thomas Barnabas |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=1,817 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Anand |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,265 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. T. Kannan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=948 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,754 |percentage=3.42% |change= -2.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=168,135 |percentage=70.07% |change= 4.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,939 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. M. Anbarasan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=133,232 |percentage=46.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Valarmathi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=115,322 |percentage=40.55% |change=-7.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Vijayakumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=22,866 |percentage=8.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Raja |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,298 |percentage=3.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,910 |percentage=6.30% |change= -0.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=284,403 |percentage=65.84% |change= 18.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 431,953 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.74% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Valarmathi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,554 |percentage=47.59% |change=+24.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. M. Veerappan]] |party=MGRK |votes=81,958 |percentage=41.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Lavakumar |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,440 |percentage=6.76% |change=+2.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Rajappa |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=2,728 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Srinivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,980 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,596 |percentage=6.34% |change= -36.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=198,701 |percentage=46.96% |change= -10.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 423,174 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Shanmugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=117,545 |percentage=66.23% |change=+30.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Purushothaman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,551 |percentage=23.41% |change=-35.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijaya Thayanban |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,816 |percentage=3.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tamilvinayagam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,258 |percentage=3.53% |change=+1.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Antony |party=Janata Party |votes=2,008 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elangovan |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,673 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=75,994 |percentage=42.82% |change= 19.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=177,478 |percentage=56.96% |change= 4.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 316,856 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Annamalai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,432 |percentage=58.45% |change=+31.97 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pammal Nallathambi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,521 |percentage=35.37% |change=-7.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Damodaran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,401 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ranganath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,474 |percentage=2.30% |change=+0.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,911 |percentage=23.07% |change= 6.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=151,301 |percentage=52.06% |change= -12.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 296,098 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Shanmugam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,985 |percentage=42.88% |change=-6.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Adaikalam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,976 |percentage=26.48% |change=-21.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Janarthanan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,950 |percentage=17.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. P. Lenin |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,092 |percentage=9.52% |change=-38.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Venkatakrishnan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,417 |percentage=1.52% |change=+0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,009 |percentage=16.41% |change= 15.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=158,532 |percentage=64.72% |change= -2.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 249,164 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Abraham]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,300 |percentage=49.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mohanarangam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,394 |percentage=48.41% |change=-1.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. Kesavan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,618 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kosavan |party=Independent politician |votes=772 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=906 |percentage=0.73% |change= -5.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=124,756 |percentage=66.89% |change= 6.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,759 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. M. Abdul Razack]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,345 |percentage=50.18% |change=+12.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. P. L. Sampath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,506 |percentage=44.36% |change=+36.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Duraivelu |party=Janata Party |votes=2,919 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T L. Ragupathy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,562 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,839 |percentage=5.82% |change= 1.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,332 |percentage=60.74% |change= 6.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,900 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Alandur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. M. Abdul Razack]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,961 |percentage=37.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Abraham]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,112 |percentage=32.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Narayanrao |party=Janata Party |votes=17,042 |percentage=20.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ranganathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,608 |percentage=7.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,849 |percentage=4.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,665 |percentage=54.24% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,152 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|13.003899| 80.203052|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chengalpattu district]]

Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)

2026-05-03T17:19:01Z

Scrapuncle:

{{Redirect|Kolkata Metro Line 1|other uses|Line 1 (disambiguation){{!}}Line 1}}
{{Short description|Transit line of rapid transport in Kolkata, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = <big> Blue Line </big>
| color = {{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Blue}}
| image = BLUE LINE.jpg
| image_width = 350px
| caption = A [[CRRC Dalian]] rake going towards Shahid Khudiram & [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] Medha standing at reversal point at {{stl|Kolkata Metro|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar}}
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Kolkata metropolitan region]]
| start = [[Dakshineswar metro station|Dakshineswar]] (North)
| end = [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]] (South)
| connectinglines = {{Plainlist|
* {{rint|Kolkata|Green}}
* {{rint|Kolkata|Yellow}}
* {{rint|Kolkata|Orange}}
*Future:
* {{rint|Kolkata|Purple}}
* {{rint|Kolkata|Pink}}

}}
| stations = 26
| daily_ridership = {{formatnum:600000}}–{{formatnum:650000}} (Weekdays) 
{{formatnum:380000}} (Weekends)
| ridership2 =18.93 crore(2024-2025)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/21-81-crore-passengers-travelled-in-kolkata-metro-railway-in-2024-25/2574535/
|title=21.81 Crore Passengers Travelled In-Kolkata Metro Railway in 2024-25|author=[[The print]]|date=2025-04-01}}</ref>
| open = {{Start date and age|1984|10|24|df=yes}}
| lastextension = {{Start date and age|2021|02|22|df=yes}}
| character = [[Underground Railroad|underground]], [[At-grade railway|at-grade]] and [[Elevated railway|elevated]]
| depot = {{Plainlist|
* [[Noapara Depot|Noapara]]
* [[Tollygunge depot|Tollygunge]]
* [[New Garia depot|New Garia]]
}}
| stock = {{Plainlist|
* [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] [[BHEL]]
* [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] MEDHA
* [[CRRC Dalian]]
}}
| linelength = {{cvt|32.13|km|mi}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} broad gauge
| electrification = {{750 V DC|conductor=y}}
| speed = {{cvt|65|km/h}} (in service)
| signalling = [[Train Protection & Warning System|TPWS signalling]]
| website = {{URL|https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in|Indian Railways}}
| elevation =
| map_name = Route Map
| map = [[File:Kolkata Metro Blue Line Route Map.png|300px]] {{Kolkata Metro Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Blue Line''', also known as '''North–South Metro''', is a [[rapid transit]] metro line of the [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It consists of 26 operational [[List of Kolkata metro stations|stations]] from [[Dakshineswar Metro Station|Dakshineswar]] to [[Kavi Subhash Metro Station|Kavi Subhash]], out of which 9 of the stations are elevated, 2 are at-grade and the remaining 15 are underground. With a total distance of {{convert|32.13|km|abbr=on}}, the line connects [[Dakshineswar]] and [[New Garia]] and uses {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] tracks. This line was the first underground railway to be built in India, with the first operations commencing in October 1984 and the full stretch that was initially planned being operational by February 1995. On 28 December 2010, [[Kolkata Metro]] became the 17th zone of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kolkata-Metro-is-now-the-17th-zone-of-Indian-Railways/articleshow/7186301.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28264643_1_metro-railway-kolkata-metro-foundation-stone|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|access-date=29 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 December 2010}}</ref> Being the country's first, and a completely indigenous process, the construction of the Kolkata Metro Blue Line was more of a trial-and-error affair, in contrast to the Delhi Metro, which has seen the involvement of numerous international consultants. As a result, it took nearly 23 years to completely construct around {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} underground railway from Birpara up to [[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station|Tollygunge]].

It connects [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] at [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]] and [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange]] at [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]], and will eventually connect [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] at [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]] and [[Park Street metro station (Kolkata)|Park Street]], [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]] at [[Noapara metro station and depot|Noapara]] and [[Pink Line (Kolkata Metro)|Pink Line]] at [[Baranagar metro station|Baranagar]].
==Future Extensions==
Public transport experts have suggested that the line be extended from [[Dakshineswar]] to [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]] (where it can connect with [[Howrah railway division|Howrah Division]] of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]) and eventually to [[Dankuni]], an emerging industrial hub of [[Kolkata metropolitan region]].

== History ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi inaugurates the several railway projects, in West Bengal on February 22, 2021 (3).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurating the Noapara-Dakshineswar stretch of Blue Line on February 22, 2021.]]
The laying of the founding stone was done in 1972, but actual construction of Blue Line started only in 1978. Blue Line is {{convert|31.38|km|abbr=on}} long with 26 stations (see above). Running of the first metro car on the line by 1984 was considered a great engineering challenge. Former railways minister [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Chowdhury]] took a massive effort to perform it. The first section opened between [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] & [[Bhawanipore]] (now called Netaji Bhawan). First day Metro Railway Kolkata was started by Sri Tapan Kumar Nath and Sri Sanjay Sil. There were no connections of this stretch with the two depots at [[Dum Dum]] & [[Tollygunge]] (Now called Mahanayak Uttam Kumar). So metro cars had to be put down on the track near Esplanade by crane, by directly digging the road surface. Initially, only four-car trains were run until 1986. There were no magnetic gates or escalators at that time and ordinary revolving gates served as exits. The Metro too operated on only a single line. Two years later, Blue Line extended up to Tollygunge, at the southern end. At the same time, the metro service was extended to the double line. Magnetic tickets and more entry gates were also introduced at that time. The number of compartments in each train was increased to eight.

Metro service was also started from [[Dum Dum]], at the northern end, to [[Belgachia]] in parallel with the extension of the line to the south. But this short portion was not popular and the service was closed down to be restarted when the entire stretch along the north–south corridor was completed.

After 1986 many political incidents hampered the construction, and work almost stopped for nearly six years. After restarting work, the [[Dum Dum]] to [[Shyambazar]] metro service was started in 1994. This portion was served by four-car trains. Two months later, the Esplanade – [[Chandni Chowk metro station (Kolkata)|Chandni Chowk]] section was opened and Chandni Chowk – [[Central metro station, Kolkata|Central]] section opened three months later. The service from Dum Dum to Tollygunge started in 1995, with [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Kolkata)|Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station]], opening in 1996. During this time, more magnetic gates and escalators were added and the revolving gates were slowly phased out.

In 2009, a large number of stations on Blue Line were renamed by then Minister of Railways [[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/game-of-the-name/cid/1266496|title=Game of the name}}</ref>

On 22 February 2021, the Noapara – Dakshineswar stretch was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].

On 21 July 2024, the entire stretch from Dakshineswar to Kavi Subhash, crossed 1.92 lakh passenger mark for the first time on a single day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-kolkata-metronbspdakshineswar-new-garia-blue-linesees-80-surge-in-ridership-3560250/lite/|title=Kolkata Metro: Dakshineswar-New Garia Blue Line's 80% surge in ridership|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=22 July 2024}}</ref>

On 28 July 2025, cracks were detected in the last four columns of the Line-1 Up platform at [[Kavi Subhash Metro Station|Kavi Subhash]] station, the line's southern terminus. So, the Line-1 platforms of the station were closed to passengers as a safety measure and the trains are being terminated at [[Shahid Khudiram metro station|Shahid Khudiram]] station. However, the empty rakes would continue to run up to the station for reversal and maintenance at its depot.<ref>{{cite-news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-garia-metro-station-closed-after-cracks-found-in-pillars/articleshow/122957679.cms|title=New Garia Metro station closed after cracks found in pillars|date=28 July 2025|access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>On investigation, it was found that the damage on the columns supporting the platforms were weakened beyond repair. So, Metro Authorities decided to raze the entire Line-1 complex of the station (keeping the tracks intact) and rebuild it. E-tenders were floated and the work is expected to be completed within ten months.<ref>{{cite-news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kavi-subhash-stn-to-be-razed-truncated-n-s-metro-services-for-at-least-a-year/articleshow/122981677.cms|title=Kavi Subhash station to be razed, truncated N-S Metro service|date=30 July 2025|access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
The following dates represent the dates the section opened to the public, not the private inauguration.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Blue}};" | '''History'''
|-
! width="5%" |Extension date
! width="5%" colspan="2"|Terminals
! width="7%" |Length
|-
| 24 October 1984||Esplanade||Bhowanipore ||{{convert|3.40|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 12 November 1984||Dum Dum||Belgachhia||{{convert|2.15|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 29 April 1986||Bhowanipur (now Netaji Bhavan)||Tollygunge (now Mahanayak Uttam Kumar)||{{convert|4.24|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 13 August 1994||Belgachhia||Shyambazar||{{convert|1.63|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 2 October 1994||Esplanade||Chandni Chowk||{{convert|0.71|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 19 February 1995||Shyambazar||Girish Park||{{convert|1.92|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 19 February 1995||Chandni Chowk||Central||{{convert|0.60|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 27 September 1995||Central||Girish Park||{{convert|1.80|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 22 August 2009||Tollygunge (Mahanayak Uttam Kumar)||Garia Bazar (now Kavi Nazrul)||{{convert|5.85|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 7 October 2010||Garia Bazar (now Kavi Nazrul)||New Garia (now Kavi Subhash)||{{convert|3.00|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
| 10 July 2013||Dum Dum||Noapara||{{convert|2.09|km|mi|sp=us}}
|-
|22 February 2021
|Noapara
|Dakshineswar
|{{convert|4.1|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}}
|-
!Total ||Dakshineswar||New Garia (now Kavi Subhash){{efn|The train currently terminates at Shahid Khudiram station.}}||{{convert|31.3|km|mi|sp=us}}
|}

== Stations==
{{Main|List of Kolkata metro stations}}

The stations of this Line are:
The stations of this Line are:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
| colspan="8" style="background:#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Blue}};" |'''Blue Line'''

|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Distance (km)
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform Type
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|1
|[[Dakshineswar metro station|Dakshineswar]]
|দক্ষিণেশ্বর
|0
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |22 February 2021
|{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[Dakshineswar railway station|Dakshineswar]]'''
{{rint|ferry}} Ma Bhabotarini Jetty Ghat
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" |Elevated
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Side
|-
|2
|[[Baranagar metro station|Baranagar]]
|বরাহ নগর
|1.759
|{{rint|Kolkata|pink}} ''(Proposed)''
{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[Baranagar Road railway station|Baranagar Road]]'''
|-
|3
|[[Noapara Metro Station|Noapara]]
|নোয়াপাড়া
|2.38
|10 July 2013
|{{rint|Kolkata|yellow}}
|Side & Island
|-
|4
|[[Dum Dum Metro Station|Dum Dum]]
|দমদম
|2.091
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |12 November 1984
|{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[Dum Dum Junction|Dum Dum Jn]]'''
|Side
|-
|5
|[[Belgachia metro station|Belgachia]]
|বেলগাছিয়া
|2.151
|
| colspan="1" rowspan="15" |Underground
| colspan="1" rowspan="8" |Island
|-
|6
|[[Shyambazar metro station|Shyambazar]]
|শ্যামবাজার
|1.625
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |15 February 1995
|
|-
|7
|[[Shobhabazar Sutanuti Metro Station|Shobhabazar Sutanuti]]
|শোভাবাজার সুতানুটি
|0.929
|
|-
|8
|[[Girish Park Metro Station|Girish Park]]
|গিরিশ পার্ক
|1.001
|
|-
|9
|[[Mahatma Gandhi Road Metro Station, Kolkata|Mahatma Gandhi Road]]
|মহাত্মা গান্ধী রোড
|0.766
|27 September 1995
|
|-
|10
|[[Central (Kolkata Metro)|Central]]
|সেন্ট্রাল
|1.037
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |15 February 1995
|
|-
|11
|[[Chandni Chowk Metro Station, Kolkata|Chandni Chowk]]
|চাঁদনি চক
|0.598
|
|-
|12
|[[Esplanade Metro Station|Esplanade]]
|এসপ্ল্যানেড
|0.705
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" |24 October 1984
|{{rint|Kolkata|purple}} ''(Under Construction)''
{{rint|Kolkata|ewm}} {{rint|Kolkata|green}}
|-
|13
|[[Park Street metro station (Kolkata)|Park Street]]
|পার্ক স্ট্রীট
|0.808
|{{rint|Kolkata|purple}} ''(Under Construction)''
|Side
|-
|14
|[[Maidan Metro Station|Maidan]]
|ময়দান
|1.536
|
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |Island
|-
|15
|[[Rabindra Sadan Metro Station|Rabindra Sadan]]
|রবীন্দ্র সদন
|1.015
|
|-
|16
|[[Netaji Bhavan Metro Station|Netaji Bhavan]]
|নেতাজি ভবন
|0.848
|
|-
|17
|[[Jatin Das Park Metro Station|Jatin Das Park]]
|যতীন দাস পার্ক
|1.033
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" |29 April 1986
|
|-
|18
|[[Kalighat Metro Station|Kalighat]]
|কালীঘাট
|0.621
|
|-
|19
|[[Rabindra Sarobar Metro Station|Rabindra Sarobar]]
|রবীন্দ্র সরোবর
|1.864
|{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[Tollygunge railway station|Tollygunge]]'''
|-
|20
|[[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar Metro Station|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar]]
|মহানায়ক উত্তম কুমার
|1.344
||{{rint|Kolkata|Purple}} ''(Proposed)''
|At Grade
|Side & Island
|-
|21
|[[Netaji Metro Station|Netaji]]
|নেতাজি
|1.814
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" |22 August 2009
|
| colspan="1" rowspan="5" |Elevated
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |Side
|-
|22
|[[Masterda Surya Sen Metro Station|Masterda Surya Sen]]
|মাস্টারদা সূর্য সেন
|1.722
|
|-
|23
|[[Gitanjali Metro Station|Gitanjali]]
|গীতাঞ্জলি
|1.053
|
|-
|24
|[[Kavi Nazrul Metro Station|Kavi Nazrul]]
|কবি নজরুল
|1.245
|
|-
|25
|[[Shahid Khudiram metro station|Shahid Khudiram]]
|শহিদ ক্ষুদিরাম
|1.275
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |7 October 2010
|
|-
|26
|[[Kavi Subhash Metro Station|Kavi Subhash]]
(Under Construction)

(Trains terminate at Shahid Khudiram temporarily)
|কবি সুভাষ
|0.91
|{{rint|Kolkata|orange}}
{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[New Garia railway station|New Garia]]'''
|At Grade
|}
[[File:Kolkata Metro.jpg|thumb|Kolkata Metro rake on the north–south line.]]

=== Alignment & interchanges ===
[[Dakshineswar metro station|Dakshineswar]], [[Baranagar metro station|Baranagar]], [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]], [[Noapara metro station and depot|Noapara]], [[Park Street metro station (Kolkata)|Park Street]], [[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar]], [[Netaji metro station|Netaji]], [[Masterda Surya Sen metro station|Masterda Surya Sen]], [[Gitanjali metro station|Gitanjali]], [[Kavi Nazrul metro station|Kavi Nazrul]], [[Shahid Khudiram metro station|Shahid Khudiram]] and [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]] have side platforms; all other stations have island platforms. [[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar]] is an exception as it has both platforms on the sides as well as in the centre. Dakshineswar, Baranagar, Dum Dum, [[Rabindra Sarobar metro station|Rabindra Sarobar]] & Kavi Subhash have connections to interchange with [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]. [[Shyambazar metro station|Shyambazar]], [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Kolkata)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]], [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]], [[Kalighat metro station|Kalighat]]. The [[EM Bypass]] can be accessed from the Shahid Khudiram metro station and Kavi Subhash metro station.

=== Extension up to New Garia (2010) ===
[[Mamata Banerjee]] during her first tenure as the railway minister initiated the project of Tollygunge – Garia metro extension. During her second tenure (2009–2011) she inaugurated the extension, and also introduced new [[Kolkata Metro rolling stock|Air Conditioned rakes]], manufactured indigenously at the [[Integral Coach Factory]].

The new extension to Garia Bazar in the south opened to the public on 23 August 2009. The Garia Bazar station was named after [[Kazi Nazrul Islam|Kavi Nazrul]]. A final extension, in the southern end, from Kavi Nazrul ([[Garia Bazar Metro Station|Garia Bazar]]) to [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]] (New Garia) was inaugurated on 7 October 2010, bringing the total number of stations to 23. On the same day, two Air-Conditioned rakes were also pressed into service.

=== Extension up to Noapara (2013) and Dakshineswar (2021) ===
The line was extended up to [[Noapara, West Bengal|Noapara]] from Dum Dum on 10 July 2013. The line was further extended from Noapara to [[Dakshineswar]] (4.1 km) is now complete & operational. It will be met by a metro line from [[Barrackpore]] at [[Baranagar metro station|Baranagar]] (12.5 km).<ref name="Mamata lays foundation for Dum Dum-Dakshineswar Metro">{{cite web|author=Express News Service |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mamata-lays-foundation-for-dum-dumdakshineswar-metro/562722/ |title=Mamata lays foundation for Dum Dum-Dakshineswar Metro |publisher=Express India |date=3 January 2010 |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref> Trial runs for this stretch started on 23 December 2020, after delay due to COVID-19 pandemic. The stretch was inaugurated on 22 February 2021 & commercial operations began from the following day.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mondal|first=Biswadeep|date=23 December 2020|title=Metrorail Kolkata conducts first trial run of Kolkata's Dakshineswar Metro|work=Mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/watch-railways-conducts-first-trial-run-of-kolkata-s-dakshineswar-metro-11608718267477.html}}</ref>

The stations on this stretch are :

# [[Noapara metro station and depot|Noapara]]
# [[Baranagar metro station|Baranagar]]
# [[Dakshineswar metro station|Dakshineswar]]

== Features ==

=== Technical features ===
[[File:Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake 3.jpg|thumb|Rake at [[Girish Park metro station]].]]
Metro construction is of a very complex nature requiring the application of several new technologies in the fields of civil, electrical, signaling and telecommunication engineering. Indian engineers backed by their own experience and supplemented by their studies abroad adopted advanced technologies in the following fields for the first time in India.

* Cut and cover method of construction using diaphragm walls and sheet piles.
* Use of extensive decking to keep the traffic flowing over the cut while construction is in progress underneath.
* Shield tunneling using compressed air and airlocks.
* Ballastless track using elastic fastenings, rubber pads, epoxy mortar and nylon inserts.
* Air-conditioning and ventilation system for environmental control of stations and tunnels.
* Third Rail current collection system for traction.
* Underground substations with dry-type transformers and SF6 circuit breakers.
* Tunnel-Train VHF-radio communication system.
* Microprocessor-based train control and supervisory remote control system for substations.
* Automatic ticket vending and checking system.

=== Salient features ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
| Total route length
| {{convert|32.13|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Stations
| 26 (15 underground, 2 on the surface and 9 elevated)
|-
| Gauge
| {{convert|1676|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}, Indian Broad Gauge
|-
| Cars per train
| 8
|-
| Maximum permissible speed
| {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}
|-
| Average speed
| {{convert|30-31|km/h|mph|1|abbr=on}}
|-
| Voltage
| 750 V D.C.
|-
| Method of current collection
| Third Rail
|-
| Travel Time: Dakshineswar to Kavi Subhash
| 62 minutes (approx.)
|-
|Headways
| Average 10 minutes
|-
| Total estimated cost of the project
| {{INRConvert|18.25|b|1}} (approx.)
|-
| Environment control
| Air conditioners are used in all trains.
|}

=== Proposed Feature and Expansion ===
Platform Screen Doors (PSDs) are a system of full height/half height motorized sliding doors that provide controlled access to the trains and protect the platform edge. PSD work is proposed for all stations in this line to minimize accidents common in this route. This plan was proposed after the successful utilization of Platform Screen Doors to keep the number of suicidal cases on the [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] to absolute zero.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Metro ने स्टेशन पर सुसाइड रोकने के लिए उठाया ये कदम, सभी प्लेटफॉर्म पर किए जाएंगे खास इंतजाम - Kolkata Metro decision Automatic screen doors will be installed on Platform to Prevent Suicide |url=https://www.jagran.com/west-bengal/kolkata-kolkata-metro-decision-automatic-screen-doors-will-be-installed-on-platform-to-prevent-suicide-23514298.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Metro Railway also plans to extend the platform and viaduct of [[Dakshineswar metro station]] by ~{{cvt|90|m}} via erection of two new pillars beyond the current length to facilitate a crossover so that the trains can switch tracks faster in order to increase the frequency of services to the [[Noapara metro station|Noapara]]–Dakshineswar stretch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Rly Seeks Land For Platform Extension |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-rly-seeks-land-for-platform-extension/articleshow/106797230.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Rolling stock ==
{{Main|Kolkata Metro rolling stock}}

===[[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]/[[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]===

[[File:KolkataMetro3000siries.JPG|thumb]]

===[[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]/MEDHA===

{{Infobox train
| background = #0033FF
| name = ICF/MEDHA rake
| image = File:Kolkata metro at Dakshineswar metro station.jpg
| imagesize = 255px
| caption = MEDHA metro rake at Dakshineswar metro station
| stocktype =
| service = 2019–present
| manufacturer = [[Integral Coach Factory]] and Medha Servo Drives Private Limited
| designer = [[Integral Coach Factory]]
| assembly = [[Chennai]], {{flag|India}}
| family = ICF 4000 series
| numberbuilt = 18
| numberservice = 18
| formation = 2DTC+4MC+2TC
| code = MR-40''n''
| depots =
* [[Noapara metro station and depot#Depot|Noapara Depot]]
* [[New Garia depot|New Garia Depot]]
* [[Joka depot|Joka Depot]]
| operator =[[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| capacity = 3,520
| lines =
* {{ric|Kolkata Metro|blue|name=y}}
* {{ric|Kolkata Metro|purple|name=y}}
* {{ric|Kolkata Metro|orange|name=y}}
* {{ric|Kolkata Metro|yellow|name=y}}
| trainlength =
| carlength = 19.5 m
| width = 2.74 m
| height = 3.625 m
| doors =[[Sliding door operator|Automatic Sliding door]]s
| maxspeed = 90 kmph
| traction motors = 204 kW /[[3 phase]]
| poweroutput = 3264 HP
| acceleration = 0.85 m/s2
| deceleration = 1.1 m/s2
| hvac = Air conditioned
| collectionmethod = [[Contact shoe]]
| bogies = [[ICF coach#Bogie frame|ICF bogie]]
| brakes = Regenerative braking
| coupling = [[Scharfenberg coupler]]
| seating = Longitudinal facing seats
| gauge = {{Track gauge|Indian|al=on}}
}}

===[[CRRC Dalian]]===

{{Infobox train
| background = purple
| name = [[CRRC Dalian]] rake
| image = Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake 5.jpg
| imagesize = 255px
| caption = The first rake at [[Noapara depot]]
| manufacturer = [[CRRC]]
| assembly = [[Dalian]], China
| family =
| numberbuilt = 16
| numberservice = 2
| code = MR-50''n''
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| depots = [[Noapara metro station and depot#Depot|Noapara]]
| lines = {{ric|Kolkata Metro|blue}} Blue line 
{{ric|Kolkata Metro|yellow|name=y}}
| carlength = 19.5 m
| width = 2.74 m
| height = 3.65 m
| floorheight = 1.13 m
| wheeldiameter = 860 mm
| maxspeed = 80 kmph
| axleload = 17 tons
| powersupply = [[750 V DC]]
| hvac = Air conditioned
| electricsystem = [[Third rail]]
| collectionmethod = [[Contact shoe]]
| seating = Longitudinal facing seats
| gauge = {{Track gauge|Indian|al=on}}
| notes = Passenger operation Started on 17th march 2023
}}
There was a need to replace non-AC rakes on Blue line and so during mid 2015 it was announced that Indian Railways for the first time would rope an international train-maker, [[CRRC|China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation (CRRC)]] based in [[Dalian]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/modern-chinese-rakes-for-kolkata-metro-115061700716_1.html|title=Modern Chinese rakes for Kolkata Metro|last1=Basak|first1=Probal|date=20 June 2015|website=Business Standard India|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref> As per the tender, 14 new rakes composed of 8 coaches each will be supplied to [[Kolkata Metro]] by [[CRRC Dalian|CNR Dalian]], a subsidiary of [[CRRC Dalian]], which will be running on Blue Line. These rakes will be of ultra-modern technology. They will have doors that will be {{Cvt|20|cm}} wider than any other metro rails in India. They will have wide vestibules, {{Convert|2|ft|6|in}} wider than the existing trains. The design consists of the aerodynamic front with large doors and [[LED lamp|LED Lights]], and violet colored stripe on silver color body. These rakes are capable of a top speed of {{Cvt|80|km/h}}. The first of the 14 rakes from Chinese firm [[Dalian]] was slated to arrive by December 2017 but got delayed due to various reasons. The first rake finally arrived in [[Kolkata]] on 3 March 2019 on a vessel at Netaji Subhash dock of [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata port]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/metro-rake-from-china-off-vessel/cid/1686223|title=Metro rake from China off vessel|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043437/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/metro-rake-from-china-off-vessel/cid/1686223|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Each of the 8 coaches of the rake weigh nearly 45 tonnes. The rake was unloaded and taken to [[Noapara metro station and depot#Depot|Noapara Carshed]], after which trial runs and inspection would be carried out before commencing operations. Other 13 rakes are ready, but the shipment got delayed due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]].

These rakes were under performance trials for more than 20 months as serious problems related to performance of the rake were identified during trials. Some of the issues related to insufficient power to climb up the slopes in the tunnels and higher oscillation in the bogie.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.crrcgc.cc/dl/g8425/s16347/t282022.aspx|title=印度加尔各答地铁车辆_产品中心_城轨_大连公司|website=www.crrcgc.cc|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812123646/http://www.crrcgc.cc/dl/g8425/s16347/t282022.aspx|archive-date=2019-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2020|first=Jayanta |last=Gupta|title=Kolkata: With Chinese signal system deal off the table, fate of 13 Dalian Metro rakes hangs in balance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/with-chinese-signal-system-deal-off-the-table-fate-of-13-dalian-metro-rakes-hangs-in-balance/articleshow/76591021.cms|access-date=2020-09-06|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 17 March 2023, the first Dalian rake was inducted into service. Another 3 rakes will arrive soon.

===Old fleet===

[[File:KolkataMetroOldCoaches.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|Kolkata Metro Old fleet, Discontinued in 2021 |alt=]]
The whole fleet is vestibuled. Carbodies and mechanical components were made by ICF with electrical components made by NGEF, [[Bangalore]]. The fleet is unique in that it is the only railroad equipment in India with end-mounted cab doors (except for some of the WAG-6 series locomotives).

ICF has specifically designed, manufactured and supplied these cars for the first underground railway system. The special features incorporated are:
* Traction power supply through third rail current collection system.
* Automatic door opening/closing and continuous monitoring of the transit.
* Automatic Train Stop (ATS) system which will automatically apply the brakes in case of human failure.
* Automatic train operation (ATO) with the driver acting as the train supervisor (optional).
* A public address system is provided on the trains to announce approaching stations. A central dispatcher can contact any of the train crew and also make important announcements directly to passengers over the system.

With all these features, the design and manufacturing process of these cars to a very high standard of reliability and safety has been a challenge. This was achieved without any technical collaboration.

== Reservation for women ==
In 2008, the Kolkata Metro Railway experimented with the practice of reserving two entire compartments for women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/life-in-a-ladies-metro/cid/1260947|title=Life in a ladies' Metro|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref>

This system was found to be ineffective and caused inconvenience for a lot of commuters (including women) and the plan was eventually dropped by the metro authority. But a certain section of seats in each of the eight compartments is reserved for women.

== Problems with this line ==

The founder of Delhi Metro, [[E. Sreedharan]] said Indian Railways are not experts at urban transport, and misplanned the Kolkata metro from the beginning.<ref name="intoday1">{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/e-sreedharan-delhi-metro-interview/1/21128.html|title=DMRC MD E Sreedharan says many Indian cities need metro rail urgently – Business Today|date=9 January 2012|publisher=Businesstoday.intoday.in|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref> A private company should run the metro and can bring it up to standard in five years.<ref name="intoday1" />

Since Kolkata Metro is under Indian Railways, it can't take its own independent decisions. It has to rely on Indian Railways for everything (like rakes etc.). The rakes are ordered directly from ICF without floating any global tenders.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
*[[List of Kolkata metro stations]]
*[[Kolkata Metro Rolling Stock]]
*[[Trams in Kolkata]]
*[[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kolkata Metro Blue Line}}
*Old {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070820234733/http://www.kolmetro.com/ Official Website for Blue Line]}}
*New [https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/ Official Website for all lines]

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Kolkata Metro|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1984]]

Sindhanai Sei

2026-05-01T01:11:46Z

Scrapuncle:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sindhanai Sei
| image = Sindhanai Sei Poster.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = R. Yuvan
| producer = Ghilli Sekhar Amma Rajasekhar
| writer = R. Yuvan
| starring = R. Yuvan [[Madhu Sharma]]
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = Pavan Shekar
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| distributor =
| studio = Green Apple Pictures RMA Film Factory
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|07|31}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sindhanai Sei''''' ({{translation|Think about it}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[heist film]] written and directed by R. Yuvan in his directorial debut. The film stars R. Yuvan and [[Madhu Sharma]], with [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]], [[Nitish Veera]], [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]], Bala, Tharsha, and [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] playing supporting roles. The film, produced by Ghilli Sekhar and Amma Rajasekhar, features a musical composed by [[S. Thaman]] (in his Tamil compositional debut) and was released on 31 July 2009. The film was also dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Bheebatsam'' ({{translation|Horrible}}). Its second half has been identified as identical to the 2007 [[Hindi]]-language film ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]''.<ref name=IB/>

==Plot==
The film starts with a flashback. The young man Aadhi (R. Yuvan) was disowned by his family and struggled to find a job in Chennai. He then fell in love with a rich girl named Gayathri ([[Madhu Sharma]]), and they got married a month later. However, Gayathri soon humiliated Aadhi and expelled him from her home because he was apathetic, poor, and could not satisfy her sexually. Aadhi then ran into his childhood friends Pazhani ([[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]) and Seenu (Bala) in a police station. Pazhani was a naïve bank employee who had an unpleasant tendency to talk for hours and drove away every person within his orbit, while the jobless Seenu stole money from bar customers to drink alcohol. They started living together and decided to make easy money: they snatched gold chains and pickpocketed. Soon, they got fed up with small amounts and decided to rob a bank.

In the present, Aadhi and Seenu, both masked and armed, enter the bank, whereas the panic-stricken Pazhani ditches them. The two friends seize control of the bank and take the customers and employees hostage. Two of the hostages then put on their masks and shoot at Aadhi and Seenu. The police surrounds the bank and decides to catch the robbers, but the hostages are released at that moment. The police detains and questions everyone, but are unable to distinguish the identically dressed hostages from the robbers. The police find that the robbers' weapons were plastic replicas and 5 crores were missing from the bank, but no clues were left.

A flashback reveals that Aadhi had roped in two of his childhood friends, Shankar ([[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]]) and Hari ([[Nitish Veera]]), who were professional bank robbers. The five friends have successfully robbed 5 crores from the bank. Since the police are on their trail, they want to split and go to different towns by entrusting the job of carrying the entire money to a single man: Pazhani, who was not in the bank during the robbery. In the meantime, the police inspector ([[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]) is tasked with arresting the culprits, and he finds that five people were involved in the robbery.

The five friends do not trust each other sufficiently. Shankar hires a man to steal the money bag from Pazhani, while Aadhi decides to secretly follow Pazhani in the bus. Aadhi then steals the money bag and runs away. When Pazhani tries to catch Aadhi, a container lorry hits Pazhani, and he dies on the spot. A few days later, Aadhi returns to Seenu's home, and Seenu suspects Aadhi of double-crossing them. Aadhi has no other choice but to kill Seenu. Aadhi escapes from the crime scene and later meets with Shankar and Hari. They discover Seenu's dead body in his home and decide to bury it. Hari, who hates Shankar, suspects him of having the money bag and clashes with him, so he kidnaps Shankar's wife Dhanam (Tharsha) and sequesters her in a godown. Hari then realizes that Aadhi betrayed them and threatens him to give the money bag. Aadhi takes Hari to the woods and stones him to death. Aadhi then calls Shankar with Hari's phone and threatens him to kill his wife. Shankar arrives in the woods, and Aadhi cuts his throat.

With the help of another friend ([[Kadhal Dhandapani]]), Aadhi fakes his death and deposits the money in Gayathri's bank account. The next day, Aadhi meets Gayathri in her bedroom, has sex with her, and vanishes. The police inspector arrests Gayathri and believes that Hari is still alive and was the one who killed his friends. Aadhi, delighted to have gotten revenge on his wife, leaves India to settle abroad.

In the end, when Aadhi returns to retrieve the rest of the money (that he had stashed), Dhanam stabs him from behind (thinking that he was Hari), leading to his death.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*R. Yuvan as Aadhi
*[[Madhu Sharma]] as Gayathri
*[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Shankar
*[[Nitish Veera]] as Hari
*[[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] as Pazhani
*Bala as Seenu
*Tharsha as Dhanam
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Police Inspector
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Police Inspector
*Annadurai Kannadasan as Bank Manager
*[[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as Aadhi's friend
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*Kottai Kumar
*[[S. Thaman]] in a cameo appearance
}}

==Production==

R. Yuvan (Prabhu Sekhar), brother of Telugu film choreographer cum director Amma Rajasekhar, made his directorial debut with ''Sindhanai Sei''. He is the hero of the film and has done the story, screenplay, and dialogues as well.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/11/a-film-on-five-teenagers-5794.html|title=A film on five teenagers|date=11 November 2008|access-date=16 March 2019|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817095127/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/11/a-film-on-five-teenagers-5794.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Sindhanai Sei
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2008
| recorded = 2008
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music Entertainment India]] [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]
| next_year = 2009
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[S. Thaman]].

The audio of the film was released on 9 November 2008 in [[Chennai]], with [[Arjun Sarja]] being the chief guest of the function. [[Boopathy Pandian]], [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]], [[T. Siva]], [[Venkat Prabhu]], and [[A. M. Rathnam]] attended the audio function.<ref name="newindianexpress"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sindhanai-sei/NZNIO3v7teQ_|title=Sindhanai Sei Songs|date=14 November 2009|accessdate=16 March 2019|publisher=jiosaavn.com|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204110752/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sindhanai-sei/NZNIO3v7teQ_|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sindhanai Sei
| writer1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = Krishnamurthy
| length1 = 04:01
| title2 = Ellamey Ellamey
| writer2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra2 = Naveen Madhav
| length2 = 04:19
| title3 = Mannu Nee
| writer3 = R. Yuvan
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length3 = 03:19
| title4 = Thappum Illai
| writer4 = Yugabharathi
| extra4 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| length4 = 05:25
| title5 = Naa Kaakinaada
| writer5 = Yugabharathi
| extra5 = [[Suchitra]]
| length5 = 04:09
| title6 = Uchimeedhu
| writer6 = [[Snehan]]
| extra6 = [[S. Thaman]]
| length6 = 03:46
| total_length = 24:59}}
The audio of the Telugu version was released on 7 November 2008 at [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Labs]] in [[Hyderabad]]. [[S. S. Rajamouli]], [[V. V. Vinayak]], [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]] and [[Srihari]] attended the function as guests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-bheebatsam.html|title=Bheebatsam audio function|date=7 November 2008|accessdate=16 March 2019|publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/Bheebatsam-songs-A0001384|title=Bheebatsam Songs|accessdate=16 March 2019|publisher =raaga.com}}</ref>
{{tracklist
| headline = Telugu Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bheebatsam Idhira
| writer1 = Basha Sri
| extra1 = Krishnamurthy
| length1 = 04:04
| title2 = Kannire Kannire
| writer2 = Kandikonda
| extra2 = Naveen Madhav
| length2 = 04:21
| title3 = Mattivi
| writer3 = Kandikonda
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length3 = 03:22
| title4 = Thappu Ledhu
| writer4 = Kandikonda
| extra4 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| length4 = 05:27
| title5 = He Bala Bala
| writer5 = Kandikonda
| extra5 = [[Suchitra]]
| length5 = 04:11
| total_length = 21:25}}

==Release==
The film was released on 31 July 2009 alongside four other films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-31-news-tamil-kkfrEEbaeacsi.html|title=Friday Fury - July 31|date=1 August 2009|accessdate=16 March 2019|website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Critical reception===

Upon release, the film gained mixed reviews. Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 and called it a "must-watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/aug/03/tamil-movie-review-sindhanai-sei.htm|title=Sindhanai Sei is brilliant|date=3 August 2009|accessdate=16 March 2019|author=Pavithra Srinivasan|publisher=[[Rediff]]|archive-date=5 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505232515/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/aug/03/tamil-movie-review-sindhanai-sei.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhama Devi Ravi of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 and said, "Having drafted a neat screenplay and a solid base for the story, the director never wavers [..] treats the film as a thriller meant to entertain, which is another whiff of freshness. Neat performances by all the actors is an added bonus".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sindhanai-sei/movie-review/4855614.cms|title=Sindhanai Sei Movie Review|date=1 August 2009|accessdate=16 March 2019|author=Bhama Devi Ravi|work=[[The Times Of India]]|archive-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324235844/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sindhanai-sei/movie-review/4855614.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said, "the movie begins with a promise but fails to maintain the momentum in the second half".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sinthanai-sei-interesting-story-too-many-twists-tamil-film-review-news-bollywood-jibqa9jehhesi.html|title='Sinthanai Sei' - interesting story, too many twists (Tamil Film Review)|accessdate=16 March 2019|website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> For the dubbed version, [[Idlebrain.com]] rated the film 1.5 out of 5 and stated, "First half of the film is uninteresting. Second half has interesting elements, but narration is unconvincing" and concluded with, "Bheebatsam disappoints and lives up to its title".<ref name=IB>{{cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-bheebatsam.html|title=Bheebatsam review|accessdate=16 March 2019|publisher=Idlebrain.com|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008040309/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-bheebatsam.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt13200642}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 action drama films]]
[[Category:2009 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2009 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2009 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s heist films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

N. Neelavathi

2026-04-26T07:30:41Z

Scrapuncle: New - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Nengineni Neelavathi''' (10 June 1977) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in 2004 from [[Gooty Assembly constituency|Gooty]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Gooty 2004 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/andhra-pradesh/gooty/27/26611/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/andhra-pradesh/gooty/27/26611/176 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-05-13 |title=Bonhomie brims over at CLP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/bonhomie-brims-over-at-clp/articleshow/672439.cms |access-date=2026-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She was the youngest MLA in the assembly in 2004.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Profile of N. Neelavathi – Anantapur District – hello ap |url=https://helloap.com/profile-of-n-neelavathi-anantapur-district/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Neelavathi was born on 10 June 1977 in Guntakal, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. Her father's name is Nengineni Gadilingappa. She married K. Palaksha Kumar. She completed her post graduation in Master of Computer Applications.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Neelavathi became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Gooty Assembly constituency in Anantapur district representing the Indian National Congress. She polled 52,895 votes and defeated her nearest rival, K. C. Narayana of the [[Telugu Desam Party]], by a margin of 8,712 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gooty Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gooty-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2004 - Constituency wise Results |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/ap04detail.htm |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neelavathi, N.}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]

Daraunda Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:37Z

Scrapuncle: Put Up Basic Article W/ Refs

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Daraunda
| type = SLA
| map_image = 109-Daraunda constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Karanjeet Singh|Karanjeet alias Vyas Singh]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = [[Kavita Singh (politician)|Kavita Singh]] {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Siwan district|Siwan]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 315,729
| abolished = 
}}

'''Daraunda Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Siwan district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 109 Daraunda Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Daraunda and Siswan [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Phalpura, Laheji, Mandrauli, Mandarapali, Sahuli, Telkhthu, Hasanpura, Pakadi,
Rajanpura and Harpur Kotwa [[gram panchayat]]s of Hasanpura CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Daraunda Assembly constituency is part of No. 18 [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Daraundha Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/daraundha.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Jagmato Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2011^
| rowspan="2" |[[Kavita Singh (politician)|Kavita Singh]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|2019^
| rowspan="3" |[[Karanjeet Singh|Karanjeet alias Vyas Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]:Daraundha constituency<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Karanjeet Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:87047}}
|percentage = 47.02
|change = +2.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Amarnath Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:68680}}
|percentage = 37.1
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gudiya Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:11133}}
|percentage = 6.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Satyandra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:6731}}
|percentage = 3.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Balendra Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2976}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Madhusudan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2250}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5151}}
|percentage = 2.78
|change = -0.57
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18367}}
|percentage = 9.92
|change = +2.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185136}}
|percentage = 58.64
|change = +7.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Daraundha constituency<ref name="election2020"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Karanjeet Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:71934}}
|percentage = 44.09
|change = +9.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Amarnath Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:60614}}
|percentage = 37.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rohit Kumar Anurag Alias Bhola Ji
|votes = {{formatnum:10299}}
|percentage = 6.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laichi Bansafor
|votes = {{formatnum:3676}}
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Shailendra Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3453}}
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kaushlendra Singh Alias K.K. Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3004}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jai Maha Bharath Party
|candidate = Anand Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2019}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5458}}
|percentage = 3.35
|change = -2.57
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11320}}
|percentage = 6.94
|change = -1.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163163}}
|percentage = 51.11
|change = -1.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 elections in India#Bihar|2019 Bihar Assembly By-elections]]: Daraundha constituency<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |accessdate=9 January 2024 |date=25 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Karanjeet Singh]]
|votes = 51,223
|percentage =
|change =
|
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Singh
|votes = 23,944
|percentage =
|change =
|
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Umesh Kumar Singh
|votes = 20,911
|percentage =
|change =
|
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 140,328
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=318,460|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
In the 2019 elections and in the 2011 by election necessitated by the death of the sitting MLA, Jagmato Devi, [[Kavita Singh (politician)|Kavita Singh]] of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] defeated Parameshwar Singh of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]].<ref name="election2011">{{cite web| url = http://electionaffairs.com/ |title = Update on by-elections 2011 |work = Indian Election Affairs |access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref> In the 2019 elections and in the 2011 by election necessitated by the death of the sitting MLA, Jagmato Devi, [[Kavita Singh (politician)|Kavita Singh]] of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] defeated Parameshwar Singh of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]].<ref name="election2011" />

=== 2015 ===

In the [[2015 Bihar legislative assembly election|2015 state assembly election BJP Candidate Jitendra Swami]], Jitendra Swami (NDA) Alliance Social Leader Jitendra Swami participated in Daraundha assembly.

{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Daraundha constituency<ref name="election2015">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/|title=Bihar 2015|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Kavita Singh (politician)|Kavita Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66255}}
|percentage = 43.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jitendra Swami
|votes = {{formatnum:53033}}
|percentage = 34.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = ''n/a''
|votes = {{formatnum:8983}}
|percentage = 5.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shailendra Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:6712}}
|percentage = 4.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ganesh Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:4001}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deepak Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:2958}}
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Jayshankar Pandit
|votes = {{formatnum:2681}}
|percentage = 1.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kavita Devi (Pakwaliya)
|votes = {{formatnum:1536}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jay Prakash Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1484}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8983}}
|percentage = 5.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13222}}
|percentage = 8.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:151722}}
|percentage = 52.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}
{{Siwan}}
{{coord|26|03|31|N|84|26|24|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Siwan district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Heingang Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:17Z

Scrapuncle: Put up initial details first draft

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Heingang Assembly Constituency
| mla = [[N. Biren Singh]]
| party =
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1974
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = N Biren Singh.jpg
| electors = {{formatnum:34177}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 2
| map_image = File:Map of Heingang AC.png
}}
'''Heingang Assembly Constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the Indian state of [[Manipur]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/manipur/assembly-constituencies/heingang.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Heingang Assembly Constituency]</ref> Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

== Extent ==
[[Heingang]] is the 2nd of the 60 Assembly constituencies of Manipur, and has 45 parts, namely: 1-Awang Potsangbam Khunou Maning Leikai, 2-Awang Potsangbam Khunou Mamang Leikai, 3-Keikol, 4-Nillakuthi, 5-Koirengei, 6-Maiba Khul, 7-Mongjam, 8-Achanbigei Awang Leikai, 9-Achanbigei Mayai Leikai (A), 10-Achanbigei Mayai Leikai (B), 11-Koirengei Bazar, 12-Luwangshangbam Makha Leikai, 13-Matai, 14-Koirengei Kabui Khul, 15-Luwangsangbam Awang Leikai, 16. Luwangsangbam Mamang Leikai, 17-Kontha Khabam, 18-Kontha Khabam Lamkhai, 19-Kontha Khabam Mamang Leikai, 20-Kontha Khabam Mayai Leikai, 21-Heingang Awang Leikai, 22-Heingang Awang Leikai Saya Lampak, 23-Heingang Mayai Leikai (A), 24-Heingang Mayai Leikai (B), 25-Heingang Makha Panthoibi Leikai, 26-Heingang Makha Leikai, 27-Kontha Ahallup Awang Leikai, 28-Kontha Ahallup Makha Leikai, 29-Kairang Meitei, 30-Kairang Muslim Awang Leikai, 31-Kairang Muslim Mayai Leikai, 32-Kairang Muslim Mamang Leikai, 33-Kairang Khunou Chingya Leikai, 34-Laipham Khunou Awang Leikai, 35-Laipham Khunou Maning Leikai, 36-Laipham Khunou Mamang Leikai, 37-Laipham Khunou Makha Leikai, 38-Laipham Khunou Nagaram, 39-Laipham Khunou Tangkhul Avenue, 40-Lairikyengbam Makha Leikai, 41-Lairikyengbam Mayai Leikai (A), 42-Lairikyengbam Mayai Leikai (B), 43-Lairikyengbam Awang Leikai, 44-Lamlongei, and 45-Pantilong.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral |first=Officer Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll CCR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1974
|Nongthombam Chaoba Singhk
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)| rowspan=3}}
|-
|1978
|L. N. Singh
|-
|1980
| rowspan="2" |Waikhom Jagor
|-
|1984
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1995
| rowspan="2" |Wakambam Thoiba Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur| rowspan=2}}
|-
|2000
|-
|2002
| rowspan="5" |[[Nongthombam Biren Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party}}
|-
|2007
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name=election2022/>
|-
|2027
|
|
|TBA
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|78.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|38.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party}}|29.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|31.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|33.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|29.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|41.40}}
}}
=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heingang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Biren Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,814 |percentage=78.54 |change=40.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pangeijam Saratchandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,543 |percentage=20.71 |change=-6.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=239 |percentage=0.76 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,271 |percentage=57.83 |change=53.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,596 |percentage=92.45 |change= 2.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,177 |change =12.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 40.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heingang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Biren Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,439 |percentage=38.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pangeijam Saratchandra Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=9,233 |percentage=33.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naoroibam Ratan Meetei (Kapu) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,329 |percentage=26.75 |change=-24.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,206 |percentage=4.40 |change=-4.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,394 |percentage=89.94 |change= 3.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,459 |change =14.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heingang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Biren |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,872 |percentage=51.49 |change=5.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naoroibam Ratan (Kapu) Meetei |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=9,790 |percentage=42.46 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Mangi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=604 |percentage=2.62 |change=-25.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Brojendro |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=415 |percentage=1.80 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. G. Tonsana Sharma |party=Manipur Democratic Peoples's Front |votes=373 |percentage=1.62 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,082 |percentage=9.03 |change=-8.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,057 |percentage=86.36 |change= -0.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,694 |change =-1.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heingang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Biren Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,697 |percentage=45.66 |change=26.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mutum Babita Devi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,674 |percentage=28.49 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yanglem Mangi Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=5,660 |percentage=24.16 |change=-3.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wakambam Thoiba |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=163 |percentage=0.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Basantakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=151 |percentage=0.64 |change=-3.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,023 |percentage=17.17 |change=15.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,425 |percentage=86.74 |change= -2.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,007 |change =18.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |swing= 16.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heingang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Biren Singh]] |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=5,869 |percentage=29.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yanglem Mangi Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=5,621 |percentage=27.84 |change=-2.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waikhom Jagor Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,928 |percentage=19.45 |change=17.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Wakambam Thoiba Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,852 |percentage=19.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thongam Angoton Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=858 |percentage=4.25 |change=-17.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=248 |percentage=1.23 |change=0.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,194 |percentage=89.00 |change= -4.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,847 |change =14.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= -4.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heingang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Wakambam Thoiba |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=6,250 |percentage=31.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yanglem Mangi Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=6,066 |percentage=30.59 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thongam Angoton Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,238 |percentage=21.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longjam Ningthemjao |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,628 |percentage=13.25 |change=9.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Irengbam Kumar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=390 |percentage=1.97 |change=-15.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yungkham Ratimanjuri Devi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=261 |percentage=1.32 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=184 |percentage=0.93 |change=-12.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,833 |percentage=110.04 |change= 17.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,001 |change =-0.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= -2.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heingang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wakambam Thoiba |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=6,225 |percentage=33.81 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yanglem Mangi Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,727 |percentage=20.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thongam Angoton |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) |votes=3,712 |percentage=20.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waikhom Jagor Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,304 |percentage=17.95 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingakham Iboyaima Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=762 |percentage=4.14 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yengkokpam Priyokumar Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=519 |percentage=2.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akham Birdhaja Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=100 |percentage=0.54 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,498 |percentage=13.57 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,411 |percentage=93.01 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,025 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heingang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Waikhom Jagor Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,795 |percentage=28.59 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Kumar |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,967 |percentage=22.35 |change=2.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longjam Ningthemjao |party=Independent politician |votes=2,579 |percentage=19.43 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aribam Bimola Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,608 |percentage=12.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nandeibam Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=657 |percentage=4.95 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurumayum Bijoychandra |party=Independent politician |votes=636 |percentage=4.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naoroibam Chaoba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=559 |percentage=4.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=287 |percentage=2.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumkham Gourachandra |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.72 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Biren Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=91 |percentage=0.69 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=828 |percentage=6.24 |change=-2.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,275 |percentage=88.66 |change= 3.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,274 |change =9.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -0.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heingang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Waikhom Jagor Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,388 |percentage=29.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longjan Ningthemjao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,387 |percentage=20.43 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Kumar |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,268 |percentage=19.41 |change=-9.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aribam Bimola Devi |party=Janata Party |votes=1,947 |percentage=16.67 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yanglem Mangi Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,300 |percentage=11.13 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairikyengbam Gourachandra Roy |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=230 |percentage=1.97 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yanglom Ibotombi |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=162 |percentage=1.39 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,001 |percentage=8.57 |change=-4.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,682 |percentage=85.56 |change= -3.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,926 |change =22.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -12.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heingang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Chaoba Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,129 |percentage=41.40 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aribam Bimala Devi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,859 |percentage=28.67 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thouchom Kunjo Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,360 |percentage=23.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairellakpam Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=271 |percentage=2.72 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chanamthabam Goureshore |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=196 |percentage=1.97 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumkham Gourachandra |party=Socialist Labour Party (India) |votes=158 |percentage=1.58 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,270 |percentage=12.73 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,973 |percentage=89.01 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,356 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal East district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.84|93.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Manipur]]

Katol Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:18Z

Scrapuncle: Put up new info and citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Katol]]
| map_image = 48-Katol.svg
| map_caption = Charansing Thakur, present MLA of Katol
| mla = [[Charansing Thakur]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
|alliance = [[Maha Yuti|MahaYuti]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 48
| electors= 281,789
}}
'''Katol Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=15 April 2019 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Katol (constituency number 48) is one of the 12 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Nagpur district]].<ref name=ceo/> It covers the entire Narkhed and Katol [[taluka]]s and part of Nagpur (Rural) taluka. Number of electorates was 245,811 in 2009 (male 128,076, female 117,735).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=15 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |archivedate= 9 April 2011 }}</ref>

Katol is part of the [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments of this district, namely [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]], [[Hingna Assembly constituency|Hingna]], [[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]], [[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]] and [[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]].<ref name=ceo/>
In the 2014 Maharashtra Assembly Election the candidates listed below were standing in this assembly seat:-

* Ashish Ranjit Deshmukh- - Bhartiya Janta Party
* Rahul Virendrababu Deshmukh- - Shetakari Kamagar paksh
* Rajendra Harne- - Shivsena
* Dinesh Thakre- - Indian National Congress
* Anil Vasantrao Deshmukh- - Nationalist Congress Party
* Gaikwad- - Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
* Vrushabh gajananrao Wankhede-aam
Admi party

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class = wikitable
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Shankarrao Gedam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Jiwanlal Chandak
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Shankarrao Gedam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Mukundrao Mankar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Shrikant Jichkar]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2|Sunil Shinde
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan=4|[[Anil Deshmukh]]
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Ashish Ranjeet Deshmukh|Ashish Deshmukh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Anil Deshmukh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Charansing Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Katol">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Katol |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1348.htm |accessdate=6 December 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206071626/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1348.htm |archivedate=6 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Charansing Thakur|Charansing Babulalji Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 104,338 |percentage = 52.85% |change={{increase}}10.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Salil Anilbabu Deshmukh |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 65,522 |percentage = 33.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yajnavalkya Shrikant Jichkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,922 |percentage = 7.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahul Virendrababu Deshmukh |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 6,182 |percentage = 3.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vivek Ramchandra Gayakwad |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,983 |percentage = 1.00% |change={{decrease}}2.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,543 |percentage = 0.78% |change={{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sagar Arun Dudhane |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,232 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,816 |percentage = 19.66% |change= {{increase}}10.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 198,980 |percentage = 70.61% |change= {{increase}}1.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 197,437}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 281,789|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Deshmukh|Anil Vasantrao Deshmukh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 96,842 |percentage = 51.51% |change={{increase}}14.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Charansing Thakur|Charansing Babulalji Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 79,785 |percentage = 42.44% |change={{increase}}2.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinesh Gunvant Tule |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,807 |percentage = 3.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,004 |percentage = 1.07% |change={{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammad Junaidbab Mohammad Walibaba |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,366 |percentage = 0.73% |change={{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Charan Kamal Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,237 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,057 |percentage = 9.07% |change= {{increase}}5.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 190,293 |percentage = 69.89% |change= {{decrease}}1.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,013}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 272,288|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashish Deshmukh|Dr. Ashish Deshmukh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,344 |percentage = 39.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Deshmukh|Anil Vasantrao Deshmukh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 64,787 |percentage = 36.64% |change={{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Manohar Harne |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 13,649 |percentage = 7.72% |change={{decrease}}11.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahul Virendrababu Deshmukh |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 9,589 |percentage = 5.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinesh Sheshrao Thakare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,789 |percentage = 2.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhir Jagannath Metangale |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,930 |percentage = 1.66% |change={{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gayatri Pandurang Gharat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,740 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 550 |percentage = 0.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,557 |percentage = 3.14% |change= {{decrease}}16.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 177,656 |percentage = 70.83% |change= {{increase}}5.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,806}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 250,822|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Deshmukh|Anil Vasantrao Deshmukh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 68,143 |percentage = 42.54% |change={{decrease}}22.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Charansing Thakur|Charansing Babulalji Thakur]] |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 35,940 |percentage = 22.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiran Krushnarao Pandav |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 31,372 |percentage = 19.58% |change={{decrease}}6.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahul Virendrababu Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,120 |percentage = 6.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Sunilbhau Vishwanathji Narnaware |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,512 |percentage = 1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Ulhas Shalikaram Dupare |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,501 |percentage = 1.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dongre Vijay Natthuji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,126 |percentage = 1.33% |change={{decrease}}3.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,203 |percentage = 20.10% |change= {{decrease}}18.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,361 |percentage = 65.24% |change= {{decrease}}6.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,200}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,811|ref = |change= {{increase}}51.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}22.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Deshmukh|Anil Vasantrao Deshmukh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 75,173 |percentage = 64.56% |change={{increase}}21.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Satish Sunil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 30,324 |percentage = 26.04% |change={{increase}}16.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Anandrao Deshmukh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,243 |percentage = 4.50% |change={{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sheikh Lukmaan Haidarmiya |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,672 |percentage = 2.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Shamrao Maraskolhe |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 1,019 |percentage = 0.88% |change={{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,849 |percentage = 38.52% |change= {{increase}}26.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,460 |percentage = 71.73% |change= {{increase}}6.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,434}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,354|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}21.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Deshmukh|Anil Vasantrao Deshmukh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 42,509 |percentage = 43.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Virendrababu Kashirao Deshmukh |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 30,227 |percentage = 30.78% |change={{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gupta Rameshbabu Balmukundji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,937 |percentage = 13.17% |change={{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalmegh Dipti Dilip |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,614 |percentage = 9.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhurve Suresh Mohanlal |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 2,216 |percentage = 2.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Santoshrao Manohar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 704 |percentage = 0.72% |change={{decrease}}2.81 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,282 |percentage = 12.51% |change= {{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,276 |percentage = 70.39% |change= {{decrease}}12.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,207}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,564|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}17.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Deshmukh|Anil Vasantrao Deshmukh]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 29,807 |percentage = 25.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Virendrababu Kashirao Deshmukh |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 25,784 |percentage = 21.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Sunil Shamrao Shinde |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,057 |percentage = 17.06% |change={{decrease}}24.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Diptibai Dilipbabu kalmegh|party=Independent politician |votes = 14,545 |percentage = 12.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Neole Ram Mannalal |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,508 |percentage = 8.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barokar Preranatai Prataprao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,659 |percentage = 6.52% |change={{decrease}}12.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Pramod Anandrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,151 |percentage = 3.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,023 |percentage = 3.42% |change= {{decrease}}10.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,092 |percentage = 79.37% |change= {{increase}}10.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,550}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,298|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Sunil Shamrao Shinde |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,597 |percentage = 41.87% |change={{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Ram Mannalal Neole |party=Janata Dal |votes = 25,327 |percentage = 28.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Gangadhar Kothiram Korde|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,791 |percentage = 18.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Hanumantrao Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,948 |percentage = 3.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalavi Pandurang Buddhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,246 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhajan Natthudeo Madhodeo |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 1,160 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrashekhar Laxmanrao (Dada) Kolhe |party=Independent politician |votes = 924 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,270 |percentage = 13.66% |change= {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,137 |percentage = 68.36% |change= {{decrease}}2.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,804}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,320|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}9.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Sunil Shamrao Shinde|party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 38,596 |percentage = 51.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shrikant Jichkar|Shrikant Ramchandra Jichkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,246 |percentage = 40.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Somkuwar Dajiba Lalji |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,112 |percentage = 4.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kodape Natthu Ramaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,626 |percentage = 2.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Mahadeorao |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,170 |percentage = 1.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,350 |percentage = 11.10% |change= {{decrease}}12.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,409 |percentage = 71.34% |change= {{increase}}10.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,240}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,106|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shrikant Jichkar|Shrikant Ramchandra Jichkar]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,564 |percentage = 45.45% |change={{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Korde Gangadhar Kothiramji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,889 |percentage = 22.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalmegh Vasantrao Gulabrao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 9,479 |percentage = 16.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Virendrababu Kashirao Deshmukh |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,617 |percentage = 7.90% |change={{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Shankar Mahadeorao |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 4,298 |percentage = 7.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chauke Baburao Marotrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 604 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,675 |percentage = 23.40% |change= {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,455 |percentage = 60.49% |change= {{decrease}}17.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,451}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,281|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mankar Mukundrao Govindrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 36,800 |percentage = 51.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawade Motiram Gulabrao |party=Janata Party |votes = 22,207 |percentage = 30.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Daulatrao Gedam |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,608 |percentage = 9.18% |change={{decrease}}44.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Virendrababu Kashirao Deshmukh |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,660 |percentage = 6.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patole Murolihdar Bawaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,150 |percentage = 1.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingale Velkanthrao Ganpatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 525 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,593 |percentage = 20.28% |change= {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,527 |percentage = 78.26% |change= {{increase}}1.62 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,950}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,950|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Daulatrao Gedam |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,663 |percentage = 53.81% |change={{increase}}10.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Motilram Gulabraoji Pawade |party=Independent politician |votes = 27,338 |percentage = 41.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeo Atmaram Menghal |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,770 |percentage = 2.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Shioram Kene |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 694 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parashram Amrutwahane |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 662 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,325 |percentage = 12.56% |change= {{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,681 |percentage = 77.69% |change= {{decrease}}3.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,274}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,404|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=J. S. Chandak |party=Independent politician |votes = 33,661 |percentage = 53.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. D. Gedam |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,284 |percentage = 43.22% |change={{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. A. Punje |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,103 |percentage = 1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. P. Goswami |party=Independent politician |votes = 748 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,377 |percentage = 10.10% |change= {{increase}}9.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,031 |percentage = 83.52% |change= {{increase}}3.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,133}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,256|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Daulatrao Gedam |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,511 |percentage = 47.31% |change={{decrease}}15.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jiwanlal Sawangidas Chandak |party=Independent politician |votes = 25,101 |percentage = 46.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shiwaji Warluji Bhagat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,704 |percentage = 3.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Murlidhar Bawako Patole |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,301 |percentage = 2.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 410 |percentage = 0.76% |change= {{decrease}}24.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,334 |percentage = 79.81% |change= {{increase}}2.54 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,924}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,842|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Daulatrao Gedam |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,297 |percentage = 62.86% |change={{decrease}}19.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Nilkanthrao Alias Kalibabu Hanumantrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,490 |percentage = 37.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,807 |percentage = 25.72% |change= {{decrease}}44.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,787 |percentage = 72.52% |change= {{increase}}5.96 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,787}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,656|ref = |change= {{increase}}32.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Katol<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221154/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Daulatrao Gedam |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,475 |percentage = 82.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sardar Gurudayalsingh Gurugovindsingh Thorat |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 4,181 |percentage = 12.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Shioram Kene |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,940 |percentage = 5.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,294 |percentage = 70.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,596 |percentage = 66.56% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,596}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,979|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Katol]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|21.27|78.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Yasin Khan

2026-04-14T01:33:18Z

Scrapuncle: adding the details added tags.

{{short description|Indian social reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| prime_minister1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|11|1}}
| birth_place = Village Rehna, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]], [[Haryana]], [[India]])}}
| children = [[Tayyab Husain]] (son), [[Hamid Hussain]] (son), Asgar Hussain (son)
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| profession = [[Politician]], [[advocate]]
| name = Yasin Khan
| image = Chaudhary Yasin Khan Meo, 1947.jpg
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1962
| term_end1 = 1946
| term_start1 = 1926
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office1 = [[Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)|Member of the Punjab Provincial Assembly]]
| other_party = [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] (until 1947)
| constituency = [[Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency|Ferozepur Jhirka]]
| constituency1 = [[1937 Punjab Provincial Assembly election#Muhammadan Rural|North-Western Gurgaon]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Chaudhary]]
}}

'''Chaudhary Mohammad Yasin Khan Meo''' was an Indian politician, social reformer and a prominent leader in the [[Mewat|Mewat region]] of [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=Meo Yasin Khan: A Secularist, a Pluralist and a Peace Broker |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/tiffin/meo-yasin-khan-secularist-pluralist-and-peace-broker |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The India Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rahim |first=Anisa |title=An American Meo: A Tale of Remembering and Forgetting |publisher=puyten Duyvil |year=2023 |isbn=978-1959556374 |publication-date=8 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Aijaz |date=1994 |title=Chaudhary Mohammad Yasin Khan - Social Reformer of the Mewatis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143419 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=55 |pages=622–629 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Yasin Khan was born in 1896 in the village of Rehna in modern-day [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]], [[Haryana]]. After experiencing the loss of his father at a young age, he was raised by an uncle who was revered as a spiritual [[Sufism in India|Sufi leader]]. Yasin Khan excelled in academics and later pursued higher education at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], becoming the first ever [[lawyer]] from the [[Mewat|Mewat region]].<ref name=":0" />

== Political activism ==
Yasin Khan played a pivotal role as a member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] and the [[Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)|Punjab Provincial Assembly]] from the [[Ferozepur Jhirka|Ferozepur Jhirka constituency]] before 1946. He spearheaded initiatives to build infrastructure, including roads, schools, and hospitals, throughout Mewat.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Yasin Khan had met the freedom fighter, [[Chhotu Ram|Sir Chhotu Ram]], where he said the following quote to Khan:<ref>{{Citation |title=नूंह हिंसा पर पहली बार बोले Satyapal Malik,Mewat पंचायत में गरजेंगे।Bajrang Dal-BJP पर भी बोले। |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVdcvtCaAWc |access-date=2024-02-17 |language=en}}</ref>{{Blockquote|text=What is Hindu for the Jat and Muslim for the Meo? We are all one.|author=Sir Chhotu Ram}}

=== Role in Meo Uprising and Leadership ===
{{See also|Mewat#The Alwar Movement and Yasin Khan}}
Yasin Khan emerged as a central figure during the Meo uprising of 1932 against the high agricultural taxes imposed by the [[Alwar State|Maharaja of Alwar]], [[Jai Singh Prabhakar]]. He led efforts to negotiate with the authorities, eventually leading to a reduction in taxes and the exile of the Raja. This event elevated Yasin Khan's stature, earning him the title "[[Chaudhary|Chaudhriyon ka Chaudhary]]," ({{Literally|the Social Head of Social Heads}}) the leader of the [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo community]].

=== Stance on Partition and Legacy ===
{{See also|Mewat#Communal tensions during the Partition of India}}
During the tumultuous period of Partition, Yasin Khan opposed the mass migration of Meos to Pakistan, fearing the loss of their land rights.

He was also responsible for bringing [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to [[Ghasera|Ghasera village]] in 1947 where allied with Gandhi, advocating for Meos to remain in India and emphasizing their crucial role in the nation's backbone. After his death, approximately one hundred thousand people assembled in [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]] to pay homage.<ref name=":1" />

== Legacy ==
Yasin Khan's granddaughter, Anisa Rahim, wrote the book ''"An American Meo: A Tale of Remembering and Forgetting"'' in tribute and reference to her grandfather.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references responsive="1"></references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Yasin}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1962–1967]]

Rasukutty

2026-04-13T22:34:37Z

Scrapuncle: put up a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rasukutty.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| writer = K. Bhagyaraj
| producer = Meena Panchu Arunachalam
| starring = K. Bhagyaraj [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
| cinematography = M. C. Sekar
| editing = B. K. Mohaan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = P. A. Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|1992|10|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rasukutty''''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ɑː|s|u|k|u|t|t|i}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film, written and directed by [[K. Bhagyaraj]] and produced by Meena Panchu Arunachalam. The film stars Bhagyaraj and [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]], with [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[Kalyan Kumar]] in supporting roles. It was released on 25 October 1992. The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Raja Babu (film)|Raja Babu]]'' (1994),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bobby |date=15 December 2020 |title=CinemaScope: David Dhawan, Govinda and their world of remakes |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/cinemascope-david-dhawan-govinda-and-their-world-of-remakes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422164321/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/cinemascope-david-dhawan-govinda-and-their-world-of-remakes |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Abbayigari Pelli''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2019 |isbn=9788193848210 |pages=524}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rasukutty, the only son of wealthy landlord Periyapannai, dropped out of school at a young age. His mother, Eswari spoils him, but his father constantly urges him to become a responsible man. Rasukutty spends his father's wealth aimlessly, accompanied by his sidekick Sembuli. Periyapannai's brother, Chinnapannai, manages his brother's land and farm with his son, Sengodan. However, they misappropriate Periyapannai's wealth. Rasukutty falls for Rukmani's beauty after seeing her photograph in a studio. To find out who she is, Sembuli places an advertisement by the name of Soona Baana, to whom he owes money, in the newspaper, claiming she has gone missing. Rukmani, an agriculture graduate, is outraged by the newspaper advertisement and confronts Soona Baana. Chinnapannai orders the villagers to rescue Soona Baana from Rukmani.

Soona Baana tries to take Rukmani hostage, but Rasukutty, disguised as a North Indian, fights off Soona Baana's men and saves her. Rasukutty and Sembuli accompany Rukmani back to her village. When Rukmani discovers they were responsible for the newspaper advertisement, they escape. Eventually, Rasukutty and Rukmani get engaged. However, Rukmani learns that Rasukutty is illiterate, leading to a confrontation between Rukmani and Rasukutty's mother, Eswari. Rukmani tears up the wedding invitation, humiliating Periyapannai in front of the villagers. Rasukutty protests in front of Rukmani's house, trying to win her over. Rasukutty gains the villagers' support, but Rukmani hires goons to attack him. Rasukutty fights them off and finally accepts Rasukutty's love.

Periyapannai refuses to accept Rukmani citing the humiliation, but Rasukutty is determined to marry her, leading to a confrontation. In a fit of anger, Rasukutty's aunt reveals that Rasukutty is an adopted child. This revelation sparks a change in Rasukutty, and he becomes more responsible, starting to work on their land. Although Rasukutty learns that Rukmani loves him, fearing his father's wrath, he agrees to marry the woman his father has chosen, Poovatha, who turns out to be mentally challenged. Rukmani pleads with Periyapannai to allow Rasukutty to marry her, but he refuses. Rukmani with the help of the police, stops the marriage by falsely accusing Periyapannai of demanding dowry. Periyapannai sees this as another humiliation and blames Rasukutty for plotting to stop the marriage. Enraged, he kicks Rasukutty out of the house. Rasukutty's mother, Eswari, leaves with him.

Rukmani threatens to take her own life and demands that Eswari confirm her acceptance as Rasukutty's wife. Meanwhile, Chinnapannai and his son Sengodan manipulate Periyapannai and Eswari, creating a rift between them. Chinnapannai and Sengodan poison Poovatha and arrange for her to marry Ammavasai, Chinnapannai's younger son. They deceive Periyapannai into promising to adopt Ammavasai as his son, ensuring they gain a share of the property. Rasukutty emotionally manipulates Periyapannai, making him believe that Eswari and Rasukutty are leaving town. This reunites Periyapannai and Eswari emotionally.

Chinnapannai and Sengodan falsely accuse Rasukutty of planning to kill Periyapannai and Ammavasai for their wealth, leading to Rasukutty's arrest. Using this as an opportunity, Sengodan and Chinnapannai attempt to murder Periyapannai and Eswari but Ammavasai bravely fights his father and brother to protect his uncle Periyapannai and aunt Eswari. Rasukutty escapes from police custody and saves his parents from Chinnapannai's goons. The film concludes with Rukmani apologising to Periyapannai, Rasukutty welcoming Ammavasai as his adopted brother, and Ammavasai preparing to marry Poovatha.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]] as Rasukutty
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Rukmani
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Eswari, Rasukutty's mother
* [[Kalyan Kumar]] as Periyapannai, Rasukutty's father
* Jagan as Sembuli, Rasukutty's sidekick
* [[Mounika]] as Poovaatha, Rasukutty's cousin
* [[Nalinikanth]] as Chinnapannai, Rasukutty's paternal uncle
* [[Suryakanth]] as Sengodan, Chinnapannai's elder son
* [[Junior Balaiah]] as Subramani Chettiyar "Soona Baana"
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Poovatha's father
* Nandhagopal as Ammavasai, Chinnapannai's younger son
* Sivaraman as a villager
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as a postman
* Tirupur Ramasamy as a village healer
}}

== Production ==
[[K. Bhagyaraj]] agreed to do a film for [[Panchu Arunachalam]] which eventually became ''Rasukutty''. The film saw Bhagyaraj and [[Ilaiyaraaja]] reuniting after a brief misunderstanding. The film was completely shot at Mettur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalaignanam |title=Kalaignanam Cinema Secrets – Part 5 |publisher=Nakkeeran |year=2020 |pages=216 |language=Ta |author-link=Kalaignanam}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 1992 |title=Raasukutti |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/raasukutti/gzRStLKPfGA_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917085044/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/raasukutti/gzRStLKPfGA_ |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandian – Rasukutty – Thangakili Tamil Film Songs Audio Cd |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/ilayaraja-audio-cd/pandian-rasukutty-thangakili-tamil-film-songs-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207045221/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/ilayaraja-audio-cd/pandian-rasukutty-thangakili-tamil-film-songs-audio-cd/ |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Banumass |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Adi Naan Pudicha" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[Panchu Arunachalam]] || 04:55
|-
| "Holi Holi" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]] || rowspan=3|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 05:35
|-
| "Palayathu Ponnu" || [[K. S. Chithra]], Sundarrajan, Saibaba || 05:59
|-
| "Vaadi En Sengamalam" || [[Minmini]] || 04:09
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Rasukutty'' was released on 25 October 1992, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=நவநீதகிருஷ்ணன் |first=பா ஸ்டாலின் |date=25 October 2022 |title=ABP Nadu Exclusive: இந்த நாள் மறக்கவே கூடாது... 30 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் ஒரே நாளில் மோதிய டாப் ஹீரோக்கள்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/leading-tamil-actors-movies-released-on-1992-25th-october-diwali-80898 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025074012/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/leading-tamil-actors-movies-released-on-1992-25th-october-diwali-80898 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> Ayyappa Prasad of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote the film "has a very interesting storyline with Bhagyaraj giving a very good performance".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=30 October 1992 |title=Weird villager |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "We see the old Bhagiaraj we used to love in ''Rasukutti''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=28 November 1992 |title=Glimpses of Bhagiaraj at his very best |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ca9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5486%2C3144099 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515043256/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ca9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5486%2C3144099 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=26 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the humorous dialogues and fast paced screenplay prove the brand of Bhagyaraj but the sudden twists towards the end were exaggerated.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=29 November 1992 |title=ராசுக்குட்டி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-11-29/page/n47/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231007072539/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-11-29/page/n47/mode/2up |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=18 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=46–47 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Jagan, who portrayed a character named Sembuli, acquired the sobriquet "Sembuli Jagan" after acting in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? – ராசுக்குட்டி |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=91276 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526063050/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=91276 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Bhagyaraj}}
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bhagyaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Porur Bypass metro station

2026-04-12T08:43:28Z

Scrapuncle: put up a post

{{short description|Upcoming Chennai Metro's Yellow Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Porur Bypass
| style = Chennai Metro
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = 4}}
| image = Porur Bypass metro station.jpg
| caption = Entrance of Porur Bypass metro station
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.03628|80.15017|display=inline,title}}
| owned = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| operator = [[Chennai Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| platforms = [[Island platforms]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Vadapalani}} * Platform-2 → Train Terminates Here * ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}}''' in the future)''
| tracks = 2
| structure = Elevated, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Final Stages before Commercial Operations - 95% complete
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|June 2026}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| electrified = Single phase 25 kV, 35 Hz AC through [[overhead catenary]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=Yellow|left1=Thelliyaragaram|to-left1=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2026)''|right1=Porur Junction|to-right1=Vadapalani|line2=Yellow|left2=Thelliyaragaram|to-left2=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid2=''(Lighthouse - Around Dec 2027)''|right2=Porur Junction|to-right2=Lighthouse|line3=Yellow|left3=Thelliyaragaram|to-left3=Parandur Airport|note-mid3=''(Extension in the future)''|right3=Porur Junction|to-right3=Lighthouse}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Porur Bypass''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)|Yellow Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This metro station will be among the 30 stations of Corridor IV and 12 underground stations along Corridor IV of the Chennai Metro, [[Poonamallee Bypass metro station|Poonamallee Bypass]]–[[Lighthouse metro station|Lighthouse]] stretch. This station is slated to be commercialized in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Poonamallee to Porur metro stretch to be inaugurated by December|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Feb/14/poonamallee-to-porur-metro-stretch-to-be-inaugurated-by-december-says-cm-stalin|date=2025-02-14|access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The New Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/chennai-metro-phase-2-information-map/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
In February 2021, Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) invited bids for the construction of Porur Bypass metro station along with eight other stations from [[Thelliyaragaram metro station|Thelliyaragaram]] to [[Poonamallee Bypass metro station|Poonamallee Bypass]] stations, in a package.

Upon evaluation, '''[[Hindustan Construction Company|HCC]] - [[KEC International|KEC]] JV''', submitted the most favorable bid in both technical and financial terms and was consequently awarded the contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=HCC-KEC JV bags Rs 1,147 crore order from Chennai Metro Rail|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/hcc-kec-jv-bags-rs-1147-cr-order-from-chennai-metro-rail/articleshow/82603523.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Economic Times|language=en-US}}</ref> They commenced construction of elevated viaducts in accordance with the approved execution framework, marking another milestone in the progress of Corridor 4.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Barricading Work Begins for Chennai Metro's Phase 2 |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/05/31/barricading-work-begins-for-chennai-metros-phase-2/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Porur Bypass track layout ''(TBC)''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}
| title-color = blue
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = CONTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Porur Junction}} **
*'''P1'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P2'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Thelliyaragaram}} **
HSTg\CONTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="30" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
| rowspan="3" width="30" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Vadapalani}} * '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Porur Junction}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards ← {{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}} ** '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Thelliyaragaram}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" valign="top" |'''''Note:'''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" valign="top" |'''''Further extension to * {{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}} and ** {{stl|Chennai Metro|Parandur Airport}} in the future'''''
|-
|}

==Entry/Exit==
Porur Bypass metro station will have only one Entry/Exit point (in the direction of Poonamallee towards Porur) rather than two as in case of other metro stations, due to the presence of [[Porur Lake]] on the opposite side of the station.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-23 |title=Chennai Metro Rail to build only one entry/exit point at Porur Bypass station in the phase II project |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-to-build-only-one-entryexit-point-at-porur-bypass-station-in-the-phase-ii-project/article68786951.ece |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Hindu|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|line 4=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Lakshmipur (disambiguation)

2026-03-30T05:29:11Z

Scrapuncle: Made A Info...

'''[[Lakshmipur]]''' is a town in Bangladesh.

'''Lakshmipur''' also may refer to:

==Bangladesh==
*[[Lakshmipur District]]
**[[Lakshmipur Sadar Upazila]]

==India==
*[[Lakshmipur, Orissa]]
*[[Lakshmipuram, Theni]], Tamil Nadu
*[[Lakshmipuram, Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
*[[Lakshmipuram Palace]], the royal palace of the Parappanad royal families at Changanassery
*[[Lakshmipuram, Mysore]], a neighborhood in Mysore, Karnataka
*[[Laxmipuram, Srikakulam]], Andhra Pradesh

==Nepal==
*[[Lakshmipur Patari]]
*[[Lakshmipur, Dang]]

{{Disambiguation}}

Kurukshetra War

2026-03-28T19:25:08Z

Scrapuncle: refined page and fixed typos per standard format

{{short description|War described in the Hindu epic Mahabharata}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{overly detailed|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Kurukshetra War The Great War of Mahabharata
| image = The Pandava and Kaurava armies face each other.JPG
| caption = {{circa|1700}} watercolour from [[Mewar]] depicts the Pandava and Kaurava armies arrayed against each other.
| place = [[Kurukshetra]]
| territory = *Reunification of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] cities of [[Hastinapura]] and [[Indraprastha]] under the [[Pandavas]].
*Restoration of Panchala lands held by [[Drona]] to the [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala Kingdom]].
*Truce and status quo ante bellum

| result = {{ubl|[[Pyrrhic victory]] for [[Pandavas]] and allies, overthrow of the [[Kauravas]]}} 

*Fall of [[Hastinapura]]
*Abdication of the throne of [[Hastinapura]] by [[Dhritarashtra]] and ascension of [[Yudhisthira]].
*Vassalage of [[Indraprastha]] to [[Hastinapura]] under [[Yuyutsu]].
*Succession crises in [[Anga]], [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]], [[Gandhara kingdom|Gandhara]], [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]], [[Kosala]], [[Madra kingdom|Madra]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Matsya kingdom|Matsya]], [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala]] and [[Sindhu kingdom|Sindhu]].
*Regional hegemony shift from the [[Kuru kingdom|Kurus]] to the [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchalas]]
| combatant1 =<nowiki/>
*Territory-less [[Pandavas]] of [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]
*[[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala]] under [[Drupada]]
*[[Matsya kingdom|Matsya]] under [[Virata]]
*[[Vrishni]] under [[Satyaki]]
*[[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]] under [[Dhrishtaketu]]
*[[Pandyas]]
*[[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] under Jayatsena
*[[Kashi Kingdom|Kashi]]
*[[Kunti kingdom|Kunti]]
*[[Krishna]] (noncombatant)
Other allies
| combatant2 = *[[Kauravas]] of [[Kuru kingdom]]
*[[Anga]]
*[[Gandhara kingdom|Gandhara]]
*[[Sindhu kingdom|Sindhu]]
*[[Madra kingdom|Madra]]
*[[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]]
*[[Kambojas]]
*[[Bahlikas]]
*[[Trigarta]]
*[[Pragjyotisha kingdom|Pragjyotisha]]
*[[Yadava]] Army ([[Narayani Sena]] of [[Krishna]])
*[[Pundravardhana|Pundras]]
Other allies
| commander1 =
;Overlord: [[Yudhishthira]]
;Commander-in-chief: [[Dhrishtadyumna]] (day 1-18){{KIA}}
;Other-main warriors'''
:[[Arjuna]]
:[[Bhima]]
:[[Drupada]]{{KIA}}
:[[Virata]]{{KIA}}
:[[Chekitana]]{{KIA}}
:[[Satyaki]]
:[[Shikhandi]]{{KIA}} :[[Abhimanyu]]{{KIA}}
:[[Ghatotkacha]]{{KIA}}
:5 [[Kekaya]] princes{{KIA}}
:[[Uttamaujas and Yudhamanyu]]{{KIA}}
| commander2 =
;Overlords
:[[Dhritrashtra]]{{Surrender}}
:[[Duryodhana]]{{KIA}}
;Commanders-in-chief
:[[Bhishma]] (day 1-10){{KIA}}
:[[Drona]] (day 11-15){{KIA}}
:[[Karna]] (day 16-17){{KIA}}
:[[Shalya]] (day 18){{KIA}}
:[[Ashwatthama]] (night raid){{Surrender}}
;Other commanders
:[[Dushasana]]{{KIA}}
:[[Jayadratha]]{{KIA}}
:[[Kripa]]{{Surrender}}
:[[Kritavarma]]{{Surrender}}
:[[Bhurishravas]]{{KIA}}
:[[Bahlika (Mahabharata)|Bahlika]]{{KIA}}
:[[Bhagadatta]]{{KIA}}
:[[Sudakshina]]{{KIA}}
;[[Shakuni]]{{KIA}}
| strength1 = {{ubli|7 [[Akshauhini]]s |153,090-100,300,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section L |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06050.htm |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.sacred-texts.com |quote=And Nakula and Sahadeva placed themselves on the left wing. And on the joints of the wings were placed ten thousand cars and on the head a hundred thousand, and on the back a hundred millions and twenty thousand and on the neck a hundred and seventy thousand. |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325223145/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06050.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ratha|chariots]] and chariot riders | 10,000–153,090 [[War elephant|elephants]] and elephant riders | 459,270–1,000,000 horses and horse riders | 765,450–1,000,000,000 infantry <ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/mahbhrata0000unse |title=The Mahābhārata |date=2009 |location=New Delhi |publisher= Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-044681-4 |pages=291}}</ref> | (total 1,530,900 soldiers–1,003,830,900)}}
| strength2 = {{ubli|11 [[Akshauhini]]s | 240,570 chariots and chariot riders | 240,570 elephants and elephant riders | 721,710 horses and horse riders – 100,000,000 horses (mentioned possibly as a hyperbole)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Uluka Dutagamana Parva: Section CXCIX |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05199.htm |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.sacred-texts.com |quote=And he was followed by Sauchitti, who steadily adhered to truth and was invincible in battle, and Srenimat, and Vasudeva and Vibhu, the son of the ruler of Kasi, with twenty thousand cars, and hundred million steeds of high mettle, each bearing scores of bells on its limbs, and twenty thousand smiting elephants with tusks as long as plough-shares, all of good breed and divided temples and all resembling moving masses of clouds. |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325222046/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05199.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | 1,202,850 infantry | 6,000,000 protecting elephants and chariots<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parvad: Section XVIII |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06018.htm |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.sacred-texts.com |quote=And with a division that consisted of ten thousand active elephants, the king of Magadha followed that large car division. They that protected the wheels of the cars and they that protected the elephants, numbered full six millions. |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325222046/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06018.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | 140,000,000 [[Pishachas]] | 280,000,000 [[Rakshasa]] | 420,000,000 [[Yaksha]] | 100,000,000 [[Narayani Sena]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Section VII |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05007.htm |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=www.sacred-texts.com |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121558/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05007.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Draupadi-harana Parva: Section CCLXXIX |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03279.htm |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.sacred-texts.com |quote=One hundred and forty millions of Pisachas, twice as many man-eating Rakshasa of terrible deed, and thrice as many Yaksha do my bidding! |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326083149/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03279.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | (total 8,450,700 – 1,048,405,700 soldiers)}}
| casualties1 = {{ubli|Almost total (1,530,892 soldiers) | Only 8 known survivors: the Pandavas, Krishna, Satyaki, and Yuyutsu}}
| casualties2 = {{ubli|Almost total (2,405,697 soldiers) | Only 3 known survivors - Ashwatthama, Kripa, and Kritavarma}}
| casualties3 = Yudhishthira gives a different number which is 1,660,020,000 dead and 24,165 missing.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/mahbhrata0000unse |title=The Mahābhārata |date=2009 |location=New Delhi |publisher= Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-044681-4 |pages=593 |quote=Dhristarashtra asks Yudhishthira the number of battle casualties: he reports that 1,660,020,000 men are dead and 24,165 missing.}}</ref>
}}

The '''Kurukshetra War''' ({{langx|sa|कुरुक्षेत्रयुद्ध}}), also called the '''Mahabharata War''', is a war described in the Hindu [[Indian epic poetry|epic poem]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', arising from a dynastic struggle between two groups of cousins, the [[Kaurava]]s and the [[Pandava]]s, for the throne of [[Hastinapur]]a. The war is used as the context for the dialogues of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.

==Background==
{{Main|Mahabharata}}
The ''Mahābhārata'' recounts the lives and deeds of several generations of a ruling dynasty known as the [[Kuru (Hindu mythology)|Kuru]] clan.<ref name="encindlit2">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1755 |title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |volume=Two: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0}}</ref> Central to the epic is a dynastic conflict between two branches of this family—the five Pandava brothers and their cousins, the hundred Kauravas—over the throne of Hastinapura.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QcB30D3nGsC&q=what+cause+kurukshetra+war |title=The Mahabharata |date=2001-03-01 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-119081-5 |language=en}}</ref> The climactic battle takes place at [[Kurukshetra]], literally the "field of the Kurus", also called ''Dharmakshetra'' ("field of dharma").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ring |first=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC&dq=The+location+of+the+battle+is+described+as+Kurukshetra+in+northern+India&pg=PA505 |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mhlh5pxQEC&dq=kurukshetra+meaning&pg=PA122 |title=The Mystery of the Mahabharata |volume=II: The Systems of Hindu Philosophy & Religion |publisher=India Research Press}}</ref> According to the text, the site was chosen because sins committed there would be absolved due to the land’s sanctity.

The war narrative occupies nearly one-fifth of the ''Mahābhārata'', primarily in its sixth to tenth books (''parvas'').<ref>{{cite book |last=van Buitenen |first=J. A. B. |title=The Mahābhārata |volume=2 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1975 |isbn=9780226846620}}</ref> [[Krishna]] plays a pivotal role as mediator and as [[Arjuna|Arjuna’s]] charioteer. On the eve of battle, when Arjuna hesitates to fight his relatives and teachers, Krishna delivers a discourse on duty and existence, later compiled as the [[Bhagavad Gita|''Bhagavad Gītā'']].<ref>{{cite book |last=van Buitenen |first=J. A. B. |title=The Mahābhārata |volume=2 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1975 |isbn=9780226846620}}</ref>

The conflict begins after failed negotiations to divide the kingdom. Both sides gather powerful allies from across the subcontinent: the Pandavas are supported by [[Drupada]] and [[Shikhandi]], while the Kauravas are aided by [[Bhishma|Bhīṣma]], [[Drona]], [[Karna]], and [[Shalya]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=9788131716779 |pages=330–332}}</ref>

==Historicity and dating==
{{see also|Historicity of the Mahabharata}}

The historicity of the war remains the subject of scholarly discussion.<ref name="Singh2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C|title=Delhi: Ancient History|last=Singh|first=Upinder|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2006|isbn=9788187358299|page=85}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=19}}<ref name="Insoll">{{cite book|title=Case Studies in Archaeology and World Religion: The Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference|first=Timothy|last=Insoll|page=166|publisher=Archaeopress}}</ref> The [[Battle of the Ten Kings]], mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', may have formed the core of the Kurukshetra war's story. The war was greatly expanded and modified in the ''Mahabharata''{{'s}} account, which makes it dubious.<ref name="Murthy 2016 pp. 1–15">{{cite journal |last=Murthy |first=S. S. N. |date=8 September 2016 |title=The Questionable Historicity of the Mahabharata |url=https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/view/782 |url-status=live |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.11588/ejvs.2003.5.782 |issn=1084-7561 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126164815/https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/view/782 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> Attempts have been made to assign a historical date to the Kurukshetra war, with research suggesting {{circa|1000}} BCE.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=19}} However, popular tradition claims that the war marks the transition to the ''[[Kali Yuga]],'' dating it to {{circa|3102}} BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Mahabharata |volume=1 |publisher=Penguin UK|year=2015|isbn=9788184753882}}</ref>

[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|left|The approximate extent of ''Āryāvarta'' during the late [[Vedic period]] (c. 1100-500 BCE). ''Aryavarta'' was limited to northwest India and the western Ganges plain, while [[Greater Magadha]] in the east was habitated by non-Vedic Indo-Aryans, who gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2017}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}]]
[[File:Hitopadesha.jpg|thumb|left|Modern bronze sculpture of Chariot with [[Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]] during the Kurukshetra War]]

===Literary traces===
Although the Kurukshetra War is not mentioned in Vedic literature, its prominence in later literature led British Indologist [[A. L. Basham]] to conclude that there was a great battle at Kurukshetra which, "magnified to titanic proportions, formed the basis of the story of the greatest of India's epics, the ''Mahābhārata''". Acknowledging that later "generations looked upon it as marking an end of an epoch", he suggested that rather than being a civil war it might have been "a muddled recollection of the conquest of the Kurus by a tribe of Mongol type from the hills". He saw it as useless to the historian and dates the war to the ninth century BCE based on archaeological evidence and "some evidence in the Brahmana literature itself to show that it cannot have been much earlier".{{sfn|Basham|1954|p=39-40}}{{refn|group=note|In discussing the dating question, historian A. L. Basham says: "According to the most popular later tradition the Mahabharata War took place in 3102 BCE, which in the light of all evidence, is quite impossible. More reasonable is another tradition, placing it in the 15th century BCE, but this is also several centuries too early in the light of our archaeological knowledge. Probably the war took place around the beginning of the 9th century BCE; such a date seems to fit well with the scanty archaeological remains of the period, and there is some evidence in the Brahmana literature itself to show that it cannot have been much earlier."{{sfn|Basham|1954|p=40}} Basham cites H.C. Raychaudhuri, ''Political History of Ancient India'', pp.27ff.}}

[[Puranas|Puranic literature]] presents genealogical lists associated with the ''Mahābhārata'' narrative. There are two pieces of evidence of the Puranas: there is the direct statement{{where|date=July 2021}} that there were 1,015 (or 1,050) years between the birth of Parikshit (Arjun's grandson) and the accession of [[Mahapadma Nanda]], commonly dated to 382 BCE, which would yield an estimate of about 1400 BCE for the Bharata battle,<ref>A.D. Pusalker, ''History and Culture of the Indian People'', Vol I, Chapter XIV, p.273</ref> which would imply improbably long reigns on average for the kings listed in the genealogies.<ref>F. E. Pargiter, ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', p.180. He shows estimates of the average as 47, 50, 31 and 35 for various versions of the lists.</ref>

There are also analyses of parallel genealogies in the Puranas between the times of Adhisimakrishna (Parikshit's great-grandson) and Mahapadma Nanda. Pargiter estimated 26 generations by averaging 10 different dynastic lists and assuming 18 years for the average duration of a reign, arrived at an estimate of 850 BCE for Adhisimakrishna and approximately 950 BCE for the Bharata battle.<ref>Pargiter, ''op.cit.'' pp. 180–182</ref>

===Scholarly dating===
Despite the inconclusiveness of the data, attempts have been made to assign a historical date to the Kurukshetra War. The existing text of the ''Mahābhārata'' went through many revisions, and mostly belongs to the period between c. 500 BCE and 400 CE.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8sYSPhSBEAC|title=The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night|year=1998|page=13|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192823618}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2009|pp=18–21}}{{refn|group=note|Indian archeologist [[Swaraj Prakash Gupta]] and K. S. Ramachandran: "Divergence of views regarding the Mahabharata war is due to the absence of reliable history of the ancient period. This is also true of the historical period, where also there is no unanimity of opinion on innumerable issues. Dr Mirashi accepts that there has been interpolation in the Mahabharata and observes that, 'Originally it (Mahabharata) was a small poem of 8,800 verses and was known by the name Jaya (victory), then it swelled to 24,000 verses and became known as Bharata, and, finally, it reached the present stupendous size of the one [[lakh]] verses, passing under the name Mahabharata.{{'"}}<ref name="Gupta">{{cite book|author1=Swaraj Prakash Gupta|author2=K. S. Ramachandran|editor1-last=Singh|title=Delhi: Ancient History|publisher=Social Science Press|isbn=978-8187358299|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&q=Kurukshetra|access-date=5 August 2016|chapter=Mahabharata: Myth and Reality|year=2006|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183328/https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&q=Kurukshetra|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Within the [[frame story]] of the ''Mahābhārata'', the kings [[Parikshit]] and [[Janamejaya]] are featured significantly as scions of the Kuru clan,{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} and [[Michael Witzel]] concludes that the general setting of the epic has a historical precedent in the [[Vedic period]], where the [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] kingdom was the center of political power during roughly 1200 to 800 BCE.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} According to Professor [[Alf Hiltebeitel]], the ''Mahābhārata'' is essentially mythological.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2005|p=5594}} Indian historian [[Upinder Singh]] wrote:

{{blockquote|Whether a bitter war between the Pandavas and the Kauravas ever happened cannot be proved or disproved. It is possible that there was a small-scale conflict, transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets. Some historians and archaeologists have argued that this conflict may have occurred in about 1000 BCE.{{sfn|Singh|2009||p=19}}}}

According to Finnish Sindhologist [[Asko Parpola]], the war may have taken place during the later phase of the [[Painted Grey Ware]], c. 750–350 BCE.{{sfn|Parpola|2015|p=299}}

===Popular tradition and archaeoastronomy===
Popular tradition holds that the war marks the transition to ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' and dates it to 3102 [[BCE]]. A number of other proposals have been put forward:

* Vedveer Arya gives a date of 3162 BCE, by distinguishing between the [[Shaka era#History|Śaka]] and [[Saka Era|Śakanta]] eras and applying correction of 60 years to the date given in popular tradition and based on [[Aihole inscription]].<ref>''The Chronology of India: From Manu to Mahabharata''. {{ISBN|978-8194321309}}</ref>
* B. N. Achar used [[planetarium software]] to argue that the Mahabharata War took place in 3067 BCE.{{sfn|Singh|2010|at=Chapter 7, pp. 202–252, 302}}
* Dieter Koch dates the war to 1198 BCE using planetarium software on the basis super-conjunctions mentioned in the text.<ref>{{cite web | title=Astronomical Dating of the Mahābhārata War | url=http://www.gilgamesh.ch/KochMahabharata.pdf | last=Koch | first=Dieter | date=2015 | page=395 | access-date=25 July 2021 | archive-date=25 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725161733/http://www.gilgamesh.ch/KochMahabharata.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Kesheo Lakshman Daftari, one of the members of the Calendar Reform Committee which prepared the [[Indian national calendar]], holds that the war took place in 1197 BCE.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35777/page/n64/mode/1up | title=The Astronomical Method and Its Application to the Chronology of Ancient India | date=1942 | last=Daftari | first= K. L. | pages=40–45}}</ref>
* V. S. Dubey claims that the war happened near 950 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Mahabharata-war-goes-back-to-950BC/articleshow/46081267.cms|title=Experts dig up 950BC as epic war date|date=1 February 2015|website=Times of India|access-date=2021-01-15|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118185355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Mahabharata-war-goes-back-to-950BC/articleshow/46081267.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Associations with archaeological cultures===
Indian archeologist [[B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|B. B. Lal]] used the same approach with a more conservative assumption of the average reign to estimate a date of 836 BCE and correlated it with archaeological evidence from Painted Grey Ware (PGW) sites, the association being strong between PGW artifacts and places mentioned in the epic.<ref>B. B. Lal (1976), "Mahabharata and Archaeology", in Gupta and Ramachandran, p.57–58.</ref> [[John Keay]] confirmed it and also dated the battle to have taken place in 950 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |title=India: A History |year=2000 |publisher=Grove Press |location= New York City |isbn=0-8021-3797-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |pages = 42}}</ref>

According to Parpola, the war may have taken place during the later phase of the Painted Grey Ware culture, c. 750–350 BCE.{{sfn|Parpola|2015|p=299}} He noted that the Pandava heroes are not being mentioned in the Vedic literature from before the [[Grhyasutras]].{{sfn|Parpola|2015|p=299}} Parpola suggests that the Pandavas were [[Iranic]] migrants, who came to [[South Asia]] around 800 BCE.{{sfn|Parpola|2015|p=299-300}}

Excavations in [[Sinauli]] unearthed burials with the remains of carts{{efn|These carts, often dubbed as "chariots", does not have any spokes on their wheels like the chariots (Sanskrit: ''[[Ratha]]'') mentioned in [[Vedic literature|Vedic]] or [[Hindu epics|epic literature]]; the wheels are solid with no spokes.}} belonging to the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] (OCP).{{sfn|Parpola|2020}} Several authors proposed to relate the Rig Vedic culture and the war to the OCP, instead of the PGW.{{sfn|Parpola|2020|p=176}}{{sfn|Gupta|Mani|2017}} While the carts are dated to 1800–1500 BCE (±150),<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-largest-known-burial-site-is-3800-yrs-old-confirms-carbon-dating/articleshow/74254040.cms | title=India's largest known burial site is 3,800 yrs old, confirms carbon dating | first=Rohan | last=Dua | date=22 February 2020 | website=Times of India | access-date=26 July 2021 | archive-date=8 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608011133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-largest-known-burial-site-is-3800-yrs-old-confirms-carbon-dating/articleshow/74254040.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Gupta and Mani state that "in the present state of archaeological evidence OCP seems to be a stronger contender for the ''Mahābhārata'' association", dating the war to the 4th millennium BCE.{{sfn|Gupta|Mani|2017|p=378}} Parpola sees the finds as ox-pulled carts, indicating support for his proposal for a [[Indo-Aryan migrations#Multiple waves of migration into northern India|first wave of Indo-Aryan migrations]] into the Indian subcontinent at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, prior to the migration of the Rig Vedic people.{{sfn|Parpola|2020}}{{refn|group=note|See also Giacomo Benedetti, [http://new-indology.blogspot.com/2019/01/mahabharata-and-archaeology-chariot-of.html "Mahābhārata and archaeology: the chariot of Sanauli and the position of Painted Grey Ware"]{{sps|certain=yes|date=March 2026}} and [https://www.academia.edu/7683313/The_Chronology_of_Puranic_Kings_and_Rigvedic_Rishis_in_Comparison_with_the_Phases_of_the_Sindhu_Sarasvati_Civilization "The Chronology of Puranic Kings and Rigvedic Rishis in Comparison with the Phases of the Sindhu–Sarasvati Civilization"],{{fcn|reason=also seems to be self published, not a journal article|date=March 2026}} dating the Mahabharata War at 1432 BCE.}}

==Mahabharata account of the war==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2021}}

===Beginning===
In the beginning, [[Sanjaya]] gives a description of the various [[Dvipa|continents]] of the [[Prithvi|Earth]], the [[Navagraha|other planets]], and focuses on the Indian subcontinent, then gives an elaborate list of kingdoms, tribes, provinces, cities, towns, villages, rivers, mountains, and forests of the ancient Indian subcontinent ([[Bharata varsha|Bharata Varsha]]). He also explains the military formations adopted by each side on each day, the death of each hero and the details of each war-racing.

===Krishna's peace mission===
[[File:Krishna Pleads with Dhritarashtra to Avoid War.jpg|thumb|left|Krishna Pleads with Dhritarashtra to Avoid War]]

As a last attempt at peace is called for in Rajadharma, [[Krishna]] travels to the Kingdom of [[Hastinapur]]a to persuade the [[Kauravas]] to see reason, avoid bloodshed of their kin, and to embark upon a peaceful path with him as the "divine" ambassador of the Pandavas. [[Duryodhana]] is insulted that Krishna turns down his invitation to accommodate himself in the royal palace. Duryodhana plots to arrest Krishna and insult, humiliate, and defame him in front of the entire royal court of [[Hastinapur]]a as a challenge to the prestige of the Pandavas and declaration of an act of open war.

At the formal presentation of the peace proposal by Krishna in the Kuru Mahasabha at the court of Hastinapura, Krishna asks Duryodhana to return [[Indraprastha]] to the Pandavas and restore the status quo, or at least give five villages, one for each of the Pandavas; Duryodhana refuses. Krishna's peace proposals are ignored and dismissed, and Duryodhana publicly orders his soldiers to arrest Krishna despite warnings from the elders. Krishna laughs and displays his divine form, radiating intense light. He curses Duryodhana that his downfall was certain at the hands of the one who was sworn to tear off his thigh. His peace mission utterly insulted by Duryodhana, Krishna returns to the Pandava camp at [[Upaplavya]] to inform the Pandavas that the only course left to uphold the principles of virtue and righteousness is war. During his return, Krishna meets [[Karna]], [[Kunti]]'s firstborn (before Yudhishthira), and asks him to help his brothers and fight on the side of dharma. However, as he is being helped by Duryodhana, Karna says to Krishna that he would battle against the Pandavas as he had a debt to pay.

===War preparations===
[[File:Krishna and Arjun on the chariot, Mahabharata, 18th-19th century, India.jpg|thumb|Krishna, and Arjuna on the chariot, 18th-19th century painting]]

Duryodhana and [[Arjuna]] go to Krishna at [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] to ask for his and his army's help. Duryodhana arrives first and finds Krishna asleep. Duryodhana chooses a seat at Krishna's head and waits for him to awaken, while Arjuna sits and waits at Krishna's feet. When Krishna woke up, he saw Arjuna first and gave him the first right to make his request. Krishna tells Arjuna and Duryodhana that he would give the Narayani Sena consisting of gopas<ref>{{cite book| last= Kumar| first = Nava| title = The Mahabharata A Spiritual Interpretation| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XHUpAAAAYAAJ&q=mahabharat%20narayani%20sena| page =152| year= 1979| publisher = Sura Sadan Pub.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Nath Soni| first = Lok| title = The Cattle and the Stick An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wT-BAAAAMAAJ&q=narayani| page =16| isbn= 9788185579573| year= 2000| publisher = Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Gaṅgā Rām| first = Garg| title = Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&pg=PR12| page =129| isbn= 978-81-7022-376-4| year= 1992| publisher = Concept Publishing Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Paul| first = Samiran Kumar| title = Grandeur And Narratives In The Great Indian Epics- The Ramayana And The Mahabharata| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=hC7aEAAAQBAJ| page =65| isbn= 9789357649186| year= 2023| publisher = BFC Publications}}</ref> to one side and himself as a non-combatant to the other. Since Arjuna is given the first opportunity to choose, Duryodhana worries that Arjuna would choose the mighty army of Krishna. When given the choice of either Krishna's army or Krishna himself on their side, Arjuna chooses Krishna. Arjuna asks Krishna to be his charioteer, who agrees. Both Duryodhana and Arjuna returned satisfied.

The Pandavas gather their armies while camping at Upaplavya in [[Virata]]'s territory. Contingents arrive from across the country.

====Pandava Army====
[[File:Kurukshetra.jpg|left|thumb|A manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra, fought between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, recorded in the ''Mahābhārata'']]

[[Yudhishthira]] asks his brothers to organize their army. The Pandavas have seven [[Akshauhini|''akshauhinis'']] with the help of their allies. After consulting his commanders, the Pandavas appoint [[Dhrishtadyumna]] as the [[Senapati|Major General]] of the Pandava Army.

====Kaurava Army====
The Kaurava Army is made up of 11 ''akshauhinis''. This includes the Narayani Sena of Krishna, which originally included seven [[Maharathis|''maharathi''s]] (Krishna, [[Balaram]]a, [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], Ahuka, Charudeshna, Chakradeva, and [[Satyaki]]) and seven ''athirathi''s ([[Kritavarma]], Anadhrishti, Samika, Samitinjaya, Kanka, Sanku, and Kunti).{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} Duryodhana asks [[Bhishma]] to command the Kaurava Army. Bhishma accepts on the condition that, while he would fight the battle sincerely, he would not harm the five Pandava brothers. He also says that Karna would rather not fight under him, but serve as Duryodhana's bodyguard as long as he was in the battlefield. Having little choice, Duryodhana agrees to Bhishma's conditions and makes him the Major General of the Kaurava Army, while Karna is debarred from fighting. Karna joins the war later when Bhishma is severely wounded by Arjuna and rendered immobile on the bed of arrows.

====Neutral parties====
The [[Vidarbha kingdom|Kingdom of Vidarbha]], [[Vidura]], and [[Balarama]] are the neutral parties in this war. [[Rukmi]], King of Vidarbha, wanted to join the war, but Arjuna refuses because he had lost to Krishna during Rukmini's ''[[svayamvara]]'' and he boasted about his war strength and army, and Duryodhana does not want Arjuna's reject. Vidura does not want to see bloodshed and is insulted by Duryodhana.

===Course of the war===
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2016}}

====Before the battle====
[[File:War council at Kuru.jpg|thumb|War council at Kuru]]
The ''Mahābhārata'' states that in the year in which the war took place, three [[solar eclipse]]s took place within a thirty-day period; eclipses are considered ill omens in [[Hindu astrology]].<ref>{{cite web| website=[[NASA]]| url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEperiodicity.html| title=Periodicity of Solar Eclipses| access-date=21 June 2021| archive-date=16 May 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516084953/https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEperiodicity.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

On the first day of the war, as would be on all the following days, the [[Kaurava]] Army stood facing west and the [[Pandava]] Army east. The Pandava Army was organised by [[Yudhishthira]] and [[Arjuna]] in the diamond ([[vajra]]) formation.

Ten ''akshauhinis'' of the Kaurava Army were arranged in a [[phalanx]]. The eleventh was put under the immediate command of Bhishma, partly to protect him. The safety of the supreme commander Bhishma was central to Duryodhana's strategy, as he had placed all his hope on the great warrior's abilities.

====The ''Bhagavad Gita''====
{{Main|Bhagavad Gita}}

[[File:Avatars of Vishnu.jpg|thumb|Krishna displays his [[Vishvarupa]] (universal form) to [[Arjuna]] on the battlefield of [[Kurukshetra]].]]

When the war is declared and the two armies face each other, Arjuna realises that he would have to kill his dear granduncle Bhishma and his respected teacher Drona. Despondent and confused about what is right and what is wrong, Arjuna turns to Krishna for divine advice and teachings. Krishna, who Arjuna chose as his charioteer, advised him of his duty. Krishna instructs Arjuna not to yield to degrading impotence and to fight his kin. He also reminds him that it is a war between righteousness and unrighteousness ([[dharma]] and [[adharma]]), and it is Arjuna's duty to slay anyone who supported the cause of unrighteousness, or sin. Krishna reveals his divine form and explains that he is born on earth in each eon when evil raises its head.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garbe |first=Richard |title=INTRODUCTION TO THE BHAGAVADGlTA |date=1918 |publisher=The University of Bombay}}</ref>

Before the battle begins, Yudhishthira drops his weapons, takes off his armor, and walks towards the Kaurava Army with folded hands in prayer. He falls on Bhishma's feet to seek his blessing for success in battle, and he is blessed. Yudhishthira returned to his [[Ratha|chariot]] and the battle was ready to commence.

====Day 1====
The Pandavas suffered heavy losses and are defeated at the end of the first day. Virata's sons, [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]] and Sweta, are slain by [[Shalya]] and Bhishma. Krishna consoles Yudhishthira saying that eventually, victory would be his.

====Day 2====
Arjuna, realizing that something needs to be done quickly to reverse the Pandava losses, decides to kill Bhishma. Krishna locates Bhishma's chariot and steers Arjuna toward him. Arjuna tries to engage Bhishma in a duel, but the Kaurava soldiers protect him and attack Arjuna. Arjuna and Bhishma fight a fierce battle over hours. Drona and Dhrishtadyumna similarly engage in a duel, and Drona defeats Dhrishtadyumna, who is saved by [[Bhima]]. Duryodhana sends the troops of [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]] to attack Bhima and most of them, including the King of Kalinga, are killed. Bhishma comes to relieve the battered Kalinga forces. [[Satyaki]], who was assisting Bhima, shoots at Bhishma's charioteer and kills him. Bhishma's horses bolt and carry Bhishma away from the battlefield.

====Day 3====
The Kauravas concentrate their attack on Arjuna, whose chariot becomes covered with arrows and javelins. Arjuna builds a fortification around his chariot with an unending stream of arrows from his bow. [[Abhimanyu]] and Satyaki join forces to defeat [[Shakuni]]'s [[Gandhara kingdom|Gandhara]] forces. Bhima and [[Ghatotkacha]] attack Duryodhana in the rear. Bhima's arrows hit Duryodhana, who collapses in his chariot. His charioteer drives him off the battlefield, and Duryodhana's forces scatter. Bhishma restores order and Duryodhana returns to lead the army. He is angry at Bhishma for what he saw as leniency towards the five Pandava brothers, and spoke harshly of him. Bhishma, stung by this unfair charge, returns to the battlefield.

Arjuna attacks Bhishma to restore order. Arjuna and Bhishma duel again.

====Day 4====
[[File:Kurukshetra war.jpg|thumb|Kurukshetra War]]
Bhishma commands the Kaurava Army to move on the offensive. When the Kauravas form a [[chakravyuha]], Abhimanyu enters it but is surrounded and attacked by Kaurava princes. Arjuna joins to help him. Bhima appears and attacks the Kauravas. Duryodhana sends a huge force of [[war elephant]]s at Bhima, who leaves his chariot and attacks them singlehandedly with his iron [[Gada (mace)|mace]]. The elephants scatter and stampede into the Kaurava forces. Duryodhana orders an all-out attack on Bhima, who kills eight of Duryodhana's brothers before being struck by an arrow from Dushasana, the second-eldest Kaurava, in the chest and sits down in his chariot dazed.

At the end of the fourth day, Duryodhana goes to Bhisma and asks him how could the Pandavas, facing a superior force against them, have the upper hand. Bhishma says that the Pandavas have justice on their side and advises Duryodhana to seek peace.

====Day 5====
The Pandava Army suffers from Bhishma's attacks. Satyaki is being beaten by [[Drona]], but Bhima drives by and rescues him. Arjuna kills thousands of soldiers sent by Duryodhana to attack him. Bhima engages Bhishma in a duel with no clear winner. [[Drupada]] and his son [[Shikhandi]] go to help Bhima, but they are stopped by [[Vikarna]], one of Duryodhana's brothers, who attacks and injures them badly.

====Day 6====
Drona kills many Pandava soldiers and both armies' formations are broken. [[Bhima]] penetrates the Kaurava formation and attacks Duryodhana, who is defeated but rescued. The [[Upapandavas]] (sons of [[Draupadi]]) fight against [[Ashwatthama]] and destroy his chariot.

====Day 7====
Drona kills Shanka, one of Virata's sons. [[Yuyutsu]] is injured by Kripa in a sword fight. [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] fight Duryodhana's brothers but are overwhelmed by the number of them.

====Day 8====
Bhima kills 17 of [[Dhritarashtra]]'s sons. [[Iravan]], the son of Arjuna, kills five of [[Shakuni]]'s brothers. Duryodhana deploys the [[Rakshasa]] warrior [[Alambusha]], who kills Iravan.

====Day 9====
Bhishma destroys Pandava armies. Arjuna heads to Bhishma but fights him half-heartedly. Krishna, overwhelmed by anger at the apparent inability of Arjuna to kill Bhishma, rushes towards the Kaurava commander. [[Ghatotkacha]] kills the rakshasa Alambusha.

Realising that the war could not be won as long as Bhishma was standing, Krishna suggests placing a transgender in the field to face him.

====Day 10====
[[File:The Death of Bhishma.jpg|thumb|Bhishma on a deathbed of arrows, from a collection of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]]]

The Pandavas put [[Shikhandi]], who had been a woman in a prior life, in front of Bhishma, as Bhishma has taken a vow not to attack a woman. Shikhandi's arrows fell on Bhishma without hindrance. Arjuna positions himself behind Shikhandi, protecting himself from Bhishma's attack and aimed his arrows at the weak points in Bhishma's armor and defeats him.

The Kauravas and Pandavas gathered around Bhishma and at his request, Arjuna places three arrows under Bhishma's head to support it. Bhishma had promised his father, King [[Shantanu]], that he would live until Hastinapura was secured from all directions. To keep this promise, Bhishma used the boon of ''Ichcha Mrityu'' (self-wished death) given to him by his father. After the war ended, when Hastinapura had become safe from all sides and after giving lessons on politics and [[Vishnu Sahasranama]] to the Pandavas, Bhishma dies on the first day of [[Uttarayana]].

====Day 11====
With Bhishma unable to continue, Karna joins the battlefield. Duryodhana makes Drona the Major General of the Kaurava forces according to Karna's advice. Duryodhana wants to capture Yudhishthira alive; killing Yudhishthira in battle would only enrage the Pandavas more, while holding him as a hostage would be strategically useful. Drona cuts down Yudhishthira's bow, and Arjuna stops Drona from capturing Yudhishthira.

====Day 12====
Drona tells Duryodhana that it would be difficult to capture Yudhishthira as long as Arjuna is present. He orders the Samsaptakas (the [[Trigarta kingdom|Trigarta]] warriors headed by [[Susharma]], who had vowed to either conquer or die) to keep Arjuna busy in a remote part of the battlefield, an order which they readily obey on account of their old hostilities with the Pandava scion. Arjuna defeats them before the afternoon, then faces [[Bhagadatta]], who had been creating havoc among the Pandava troops, and defeated Bhima, Abhimanyu and Satyaki. Arjuna and Bhagadatta fight and the latter is killed. Drona continues his attempts to capture Yudhishthira, however his attacks were repelled by [[Upapandavas#Prativindhya|Prativindhya]] that day. The Pandavas, however, fought hard and delivered severe blows to the Kaurava Army, frustrating Drona's plans.

====Day 13====
Drona's goal remains to capture Yudhishthira. Among the Pandavas, only Arjuna and Krishna knew how to penetrate this formation, and to prevent them from doing so, the Samsaptakas led by Susharma challenge Arjuna and keep him busy at a remote part of the battlefield the whole day.

On the other side of the battlefield, the remaining four Pandavas and their allies find it impossible to break Drona's chakra formation. Yudhishthira instructed [[Abhimanyu]] to break the chakra/padma formation. Abhimanyu knows how to enter the chakra formation, but not know how to exit, so the Pandava follow to protect him from any potential danger. As soon as Abhimanyu enters the formation, [[Jayadratha]] stops them with help from a boon obtained from [[Shiva]], and defeats Bhima and [[Satyaki]].

Inside the chakra/kamala formation, Abhimanyu kills many warriors, including Vrihadvala (the king of [[Kosala]]); the king of [[Asmaka kingdom|Asmaka]], Martikavata (the son of [[Kritavarma]]); Rukmaratha (the son of [[Shalya]]); and Shalya's younger brother, Lakshmana (the son of Duryodhana) and Dushasana's second son, Dushmanara.

The Kaurava commanders devise a strategy to prevent Abhimanyu from causing further damage to their force. Following Drona's instructions, six warriors attacks Abhimanyu and deprived him of his chariot, bow, sword, and shield. Abhimanyu picks up a mace; smashes Ashwatthma's chariot (upon which the latter fled); and slays one of Shakuni's brothers and numerous troops and elephants before being killed by the son of Dushasana in a mace-fight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07046.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Abhimanyu-badha Parva: Section XLVII|website=sacred-texts.com|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802222718/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07046.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon learning of the death of his son, Arjuna vows to kill Jayadratha.

====Day 14====
[[File:Karna kills Ghatotkacha.jpg|thumb|Karna kills Ghatotkacha]]

While searching for Jayadratha on the battlefield, Arjuna kills seven ''akshauhinis'' of Kaurava soldiers. By Shakuni's plot, Duryodhana hides Jayadratha in their camp. Arjuna uses ''divyastra'' to carry Jayadratha's head to his father leading to his own father's death. Many [[Maharathi (warrior)|''maharathis'']] including Drona and Karna try to protect Jayadratha but fail to do so. Arjuna warns that everyone who supported adharma would be killed.

While Arjuna destroys the rest of the Shakatavyuha, Vikarna, the third eldest Kaurava, challenges Arjuna to an archery fight. Arjuna asks Bhima to kill Vikarna, but Bhima refuses because Vikarna had defended the Pandavas during the Draupadi Vastrapaharanam. Bhima and Vikarna shoot arrows at each other, before Bhima kills Vikarna with his mace. Drona kills Vrihatkshatra, the King of [[Kekeya kingdom|Kekeya]], and Dhrishtakethu, the King of [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]].

Dushasana's first son, Drumsena, is slain by Prativindya, the eldest son of Draupadi and Yudhishthira, in a duel. When the bright moon rose, Ghatotkacha killed warriors like Alambusha and Alayudha while flying in the air. Karna fights him and releases ''Vasava Shakti'', a [[Astra (weapon)|divine weapon]] given to him by [[Indra]]. Ghatotkacha grows in size and falls on the Kaurava Army as he dies, killing an ''akshauhini'' of them.

====Day 15====
After [[Drupada]] and Virata are killed by Drona, Bhima and [[Dhrishtadyumna]] fight him. Because Drona has the [[Brahmanda astra]], Krishna tells Yudhishthira that Drona would give up his arms if his son Ashwatthama were dead. Yudhishthira lies to Drona. Which disheartens [[Dronacharya]], and he lays his weapons down before being killed by Dhrishtadyumna to avenge his father's death and satisfy his vow. [[Kunti]] secretly meets Karna and asks him to spare the Pandavas, as they were his younger brothers. Karna promises Kunti that he would spare them except for Arjuna, but also added that he would not fire the same weapon against Arjuna twice.

====Day 16====
[[File:Wayang Painting of Bharatayudha Battle.jpg|thumb|On the left Karna with Salya as chariot driver versus Arjuna with Krishna on the right, Cirebon [[wayang]] glass painting, Java, Indonesia.]]

Karna is made the Major General of the Kaurav Army. He is surrounded and attacked by Pandava generals, who are unable to defeat him. Karna inflicts heavy damage on the Pandava Army.

====Day 17====
[[File:Krishna declaring the end of Mahabharata War by blowing the Conch Shell.jpg|thumb|Krishna declaring the end of Mahabharata War by blowing [[Panchajanya]], the Conch Shell.]]

Bhima shatters Dushasana's chariot.
Bhima seizes Dushasana, rips his right arm from his shoulder, and kills him, tearing open his chest, drinking his blood, and carrying some to smear on Draupadi's untied hair, fulfilling his vow made when [[Draupadi]] was humiliated. Arjuna kills [[Susharma]], [[Trigartas]], and Samsaptakas. Karna later defeats Satyaki, Shikhandi, the Pandava brothers [[Nakula]], [[Sahadeva]], [[Yudhishthira]] and [[Bhima]] in battle but spares their lives. Karna kills multiple [[Akshauhini|''akshauhinis'']] of the Pandava Army and kills the [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchalas]]. Karna resumes dueling with Arjuna. During their duel, Karna's chariot wheel gets stuck in the mud and Karna asks for a pause. Krishna reminds Arjuna about Karna's ruthlessness on Abhimanyu while he was similarly left without chariot and weapons. Hearing his son's fate, Arjuna shoots an arrow that decapitates Karna.

====Day 18====
Shalya takes over as the Major General of the remaining Kaurava forces. Yudhishthira kills him in spear combat and [[Sahadeva]] kills [[Shakuni]]. Nakula kills Shakuni's son [[Uluka]]. Realizing that he had been defeated, [[Duryodhana]] flees the battlefield and takes refuge in the lake, where the Pandavas catch up with him. Under the supervision of the now-returned [[Balarama]], a battle between Bhima and Duryodhana begins. Bhima breaks the rules under instructions from Krishna and strikes Duryodhana below the waist, leaving him mortally wounded.

[[Ashwatthama]], [[Kripa]], and [[Kritavarma]] gather at Duryodhana's deathbed and promise to avenge him. With Ashwatthama as general, they attack the Pandavas' camp later that night and kill all the Pandavas' remaining army including their children.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Virodai |first1=Yashodhara |title=कुरुक्षेत्र के एक भी योद्धा का देह नहीं मिला आज तक |url=https://www.newstrend.news/81734/sanatan-dharma-historywhy-any-evidence-not-found-of-mahabharat-battle/ |website=Newstrend |access-date=13 August 2020 |language=hi |date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603024810/https://www.newstrend.news/81734/sanatan-dharma-historywhy-any-evidence-not-found-of-mahabharat-battle/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Aftermath====
[[File:Return of Heroes Slain in Battle, Kurukshetra War of Mahabharata, Aftermath.jpg|thumb|Return of heroes slain in war following chanting by [[Vyasa]].]]

Only eleven major warriors survive the war: the five Pandavas, Krishna, Satyaki, Ashwatthama, Kripa, Yuyutsu and Kritavarma. Yudhishthira is crowned King of [[Hastinapur]]a. After the war being a [[pyrrhic victory]] for the [[Pandava|Pandavas]], but [[Arjuna]] during the post-war period led military campaigns against Chedis, Dasharma, [[Nishadas]], [[Gandhara|Gandharas]], [[Manipura (Mahabharata)|Manipurs]] and [[Pundravardhana|Pundras]]<ref>Sabha Parva (Book II, Chapter 27), Mahabharata</ref> After ruling for 36 years, he renounces the throne and passes the title on to Arjuna's grandson [[Parikshit]]. [[Draupadi]] and four Pandavas—Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva - die during the journey. Yudhishthira, the lone survivor and being of pious heart, is invited by [[Yama]] to enter the [[Svarga|heavens]] as a mortal.

==See also==
* [[Hastinapur]]a
* [[Indraprastha]]
* [[Kaurava]]s
* [[Historicity of the Mahabharata|Historicity of the ''Mahabharata'']]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note|35em}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation | last =Basham | first =A. L. | year =1954 | title =The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims | publisher =ACLS Humanities E-Book | isbn =978-1597405997}}
* {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | title =Brahmanism: Its place in ancient Indian society | journal =Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=51 |issue=3 |year=2017 |pages=361–369 | doi =10.1177/0069966717717587 | s2cid =220050987 | url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319562898}}

* {{Cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Vinay|last2=Mani|first2=B.R.|date=2017|title=Painted Grey Ware Culture: Changing Perspectives|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333311996|journal=Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology|volume=|pages=377–378|via=}}

* {{Citation | last =Hiltebeitel | first =Alf | year =2005 | chapter =Mahabaratha | editor-last =Jones | editor-first =Lindsay |title= MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher =MacMillan}}


* {{Citation | last =Parpola | first =Asko | year =2015 | title =The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Parpola|first=Asko|title=Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages|date=2020|url=https://journal.fi/store/article/view/98032/56890|journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica|volume=8|issue=1 |pages=176|doi=10.23993/store.98032|s2cid=226331373|via=|doi-access=free}}

* {{Cite book | last =Samuel | first =Geoffrey | year =2010 | title =The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century | publisher =Cambridge University Press }}
* {{Citation | last =Singh | first =Upinder | year =2009 | title =History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | publisher =Longman | isbn =978-8131716779}}
* {{Citation | last =Singh | first =Bal Ram | year =2010 | title =Origin of Indian civilization | publisher =Center for Indic Studies, University of Massachusetts and D.K. Printworld, New Delhi | location =Dartmouth | isbn =978-8124605608 | edition =First | url =http://www.dkprintworld.com/product-detail.php?pid=1280856795 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234232/http://www.dkprintworld.com/product-detail.php?pid=1280856795 | archive-date =4 March 2016 | df =dmy-all }}

* {{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060313192059/http://haryana-online.com/Districts/Kurukshetra.htm Kurukshetra (town)]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060217125416/http://ignca.nic.in/nl002503.htm Dating the Kurukshetra War]
* [http://www.saraswatifilms.org/movies.php Kurukshetra War: Is it real or just a myth?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103194444/http://www.saraswatifilms.org/movies.php |date=3 November 2016 }}
* [http://mahabharata-research.com/military%20academy/vyuhas%20-%20the%20strategic%20formations.html Explanation of military formations (''vyuhas'') used in the war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081041/http://mahabharata-research.com/military%20academy/vyuhas%20-%20the%20strategic%20formations.html |date=12 November 2022 }}
{{Mahabharata}}

{{HinduMythology}}{{Historicity}}

[[Category:Kurukshetra]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra War| ]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Puranic chronology]]
[[Category:War in mythology]]
[[Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:2nd-millennium BC conflicts]]

Bharti Airtel

2026-03-28T00:10:59Z

Scrapuncle: brief cleaned up lead for consistency also and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian multinational telecommunications company}}
{{About|Bharti Airtel worldwide|Bharti Airtel's telecommunication operations in India|Airtel India}}
{{distinguish|Aircel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bharti Airtel Limited
| trading_name = Airtel
| logo = Bharti Airtel Logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| image =
| image_caption = Bharti Airtel registered office in [[Gurgaon]] since March 2024
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|532454}}|{{NSE|BHARTIARTL}}|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE397D01024}}
| industry = [[Telecommunications]]
| founder = [[Sunil Mittal]]
| area_served = South Asia, Africa, Channel Islands
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Sunil Mittal]] ([[chairman]])|[[Gopal Vittal]] (MD, [[Vice chairman]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| products = {{ubl|[[Landline|Fixed line telephone]]|[[Mobile telephony]]|[[Broadband]]|[[Satellite television]]|[[Payments bank]]|[[Digital television]]|[[Streaming television|Internet television]]|[[Internet Protocol television|IPTV]]|[[Over-the-top media service|OTT services]] }}
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|172985|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|94249|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|37481|c}} (2025)
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|514360|c}} (2025)
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|113671|c}} (2025)
| members = {{Increase}} 60 crore (600 million) (September 2025)<ref name="fy2025"/>
| num_employees = 24,420 (March 2025)<ref name="Bharti-Airtel">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-bharti-airtel-q4-results-employee-count-dips-marginally-in-india-as-profit-rises-fourfold-to-rs-11021-80-crore-3843253/|title=Bharti Airtel Q4 Results: Employee count dips marginally in India as profit rises fourfold to Rs 11,021.80 crore|date=13 May 2025|website=[[The Indian Express|Financial Express]]}}</ref>
| owners = {{ubl|[[Bharti Enterprises|Bharti Telecom]] (40.47%)|[[Singtel]] (8.32%)|[[Bharti Enterprises|Indian Continent Investment Limited]] (2.47%)|[[Public float]] (48.74%)<ref>{{cite news |title=Latest Shareholding Pattern - Bharti Airtel Ltd. |url=https://trendlyne.com/equity/share-holding/187/BHARTIARTL/latest/bharti-airtel-ltd/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=Trendlyne.com |language=en}}</ref>}}
| subsid = {{plainlist|
*[[Airtel India]]
*[[Robi Axiata PLC]]
*[[Airtel Payments Bank]]
*[[Airtel-Vodafone]] (50%)
*[[Indus Towers]] (51.23%)}}
| divisions = {{plainlist|
*Airtel Asia
*Airtel Europe
*[[Airtel Africa]]
}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1995|07|07|df=y}}<ref name="airtel.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.airtel.in/about-bharti/investor-relations/company-profile/fact-sheet/ |title=Overview |publisher=Airtel.in |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107091228/http://www.airtel.in/about-bharti/investor-relations/company-profile/fact-sheet |archive-date=7 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| homepage = {{URL|https://airtel.com}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y}}.<ref name="fy2025">{{cite web |title=Bharti Airtel Limited: Q4 FY25 Highlights |url=https://assets.airtel.in/static-assets/cms/investor/docs/quarterly_results/2024_25/Q4/Press-Release.pdf |publisher=Bharti Airtel |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Audited Consolidated Financial Results for the quarter and year ended March 31, 2025 |url=https://assets.airtel.in/static-assets/cms/investor/docs/quarterly_results/2024_25/Q4/Published-Results.pdf |publisher=Bharti Airtel |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Bharti Airtel''' is an Indian multinational telecommunications company, headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. It operates in 18 countries across the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Africa]], and the [[Channel Islands]]. In India, the company provides mobile telephony services using [[5G]], [[4G]], and [[LTE Advanced]] technologies, along with fixed-line broadband and voice services, while the range of services varies by country of operation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Joji Thomas |date=2012-10-15 |title=Bharti Airtel may merge India & Africa operations by mid 2013 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-may-merge-india-africa-operations-by-mid-2013/articleshow/16814439.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Airtel is the [[List of telecom companies in India#Wireless operators|second-largest mobile network operator in India]] and [[List of mobile network operators#Terrestrial|second largest mobile network operator in the world]].<ref name="Bharti-Airtel" /> It has also deployed [[Voice over LTE]] (VoLTE) technology across telecom circles in India to support voice calls over 4G networks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/telecom/news/airtel-volte-services-2017-launch-rivalling-reliance-jio-1722991 |title=Airtel Plans to Launch Its 4G VoLTE Services Later This Year, Says CEO |publisher=NDTV Gadgets360.com |access-date=10 July 2017 |language=en }}</ref>

==History==
In 1984, [[Sunil Mittal]] started assembling [[Push-button telephone|push-button phones]] in India,<ref name=generator>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU39b9g1oOo|publisher=YouTube.com|title=Sunil Mittal TimesNow interview|access-date=1 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706081032/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU39b9g1oOo|archive-date=6 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> which he earlier used to import from a Singaporean company, [[Singtel]], replacing the old-fashioned, bulky [[Rotary dial|rotary phones]] that were in use in the country then. Bharti Telecom Limited (BTL) was incorporated and entered into a technical tie-up with Siemens AG of [[Germany]] for the manufacture of electronic push-button phones. By the early 1990s, Bharti was making fax machines, cordless phones and other telecom gear.<ref name=dream>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-32019056,prtpage-1.cms|title=Sunil Mittal speaking: I started with a dream|date=22 December 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|first1=Vinod|last1=Nair|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421212649/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-32019056,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=21 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> He named his first push-button [[phone]] as 'Mitbrau'.

In 1992, he successfully bid for one of the four mobile phone network licenses auctioned in [[India]].<ref name=dream/> One of the conditions for the Delhi cellular licenses was that the bidder have some experience as a telecom operator. So, Mittal clinched a deal with the French telecom group [[Vivendi]]. He was one of the first Indian entrepreneurs to identify the mobile telecom business as a major growth area. His plans were finally approved by the Government in 1994<ref name=generator/> and he launched services in [[Delhi]] in 1995, when Bharti Cellular Limited (BCL) was formed to offer cellular services under the brand name AirTel. Within a few years, Bharti became the first telecom company to cross the 2 million mobile subscriber mark. Bharti also brought down the STD/ISD cellular rates in India under the brand name 'India one'.<ref name=generator/>

In 1999, Bharti Enterprises acquired control of JT Holdings, and extended cellular operations to [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. In 2000, Bharti acquired control of Skycell Communications, in [[Chennai]]. In 2001, the company acquired control of Spice Cell in [[Kolkata]]. Bharti Enterprises went public in 2002, and the company was listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India]]. In 2003, the cellular phone operations were re-branded under the single Airtel brand. In 2004, Bharti acquired control of Hexacom and entered Rajasthan. In 2005, Bharti extended its network to [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar]]. This expansion allowed it to offer voice services all across India.

In July 2004, Airtel launched "Hello Tunes", a caller ring back tone service ([[Ringing tone|Ringing Tone]]), becoming the first operator in India to do so. The Airtel theme song was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telecomtalk.info/airtel-completes-9-years-of-its-hello-tune-service/107420/ |title=Airtel Completes 9 Years of its Hello Tune Service |publisher=Telecomtalk.info |date=19 July 2013 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185008/http://telecomtalk.info/airtel-completes-9-years-of-its-hello-tune-service/107420/ |archive-date=17 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Airtel logo (1994-2002).svg|right|thumb|Logo used by Airtel from 1995 to 2002]]
[[File:Bharti Airtel logo.svg|right|thumb|Logo used by Airtel from 2002 to 2010]]

In 2009, Bharti negotiated for its strategic partner [[Alcatel-Lucent]] to manage the network infrastructure for the fixed-line business. Later, Bharti Airtel awarded the three-year contract to [[Alcatel-Lucent]] for setting up an [[Internet Protocol]] access network across the country. This would help consumers access internet at faster-speed and high-quality internet browsing on mobile handsets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news/31921971_1_ip-network-bharti-airtel-alcatel-lucent-india|title=Bharti Airtel chooses Alcatel Lucent to set up next generation internet protocol Network|date=31 May 2012|work=The Economic Times|access-date=27 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522200230/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news/31921971_1_ip-network-bharti-airtel-alcatel-lucent-india|archive-date=22 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2009, Airtel launched its first international mobile network in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharti.com/wps/wcm/connect/bhartiportal/Bharti/home/about_us/|title=Group Overview|publisher=Bharti Group|access-date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021031734/http://www.bharti.com/wps/wcm/connect/BhartiPortal/Bharti/home/about_us|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2010, Bharti acquired the African business of [[Zain Group|Zain Telecom]] for $10.7 billion, making it the largest ever acquisition by an Indian telecom firm.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bharti-completes-acquisition-of-Zains-Africa-biz-for-10-7bn/articleshow/6023848.cms |title=Bharti completes acquisition of Zain's Africa biz for $10.7bn |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 June 2010 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185008/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bharti-completes-acquisition-of-Zains-Africa-biz-for-10-7bn/articleshow/6023848.cms |archive-date=17 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, Bharti tied up with [[Walmart]], the US retail giant, to start a number of retail stores across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-09-21/wal-mart-in-talks-with-bharti-after-india-eases-rules |title=Wal-Mart May Open India Retail Stores Within Two Years |publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=5 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924205229/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-09-21/wal-mart-in-talks-with-bharti-after-india-eases-rules |archive-date=24 September 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> In 2014, Bharti planned to acquire [[Loop Mobile]] for {{INRConvert|7|b}}, but the deal was called off later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-calls-off-rs-700-crore-deal-to-acquire-loop-mobile/articleshow/45044945.cms |title=Bharti Airtel calls off Rs 700-crore deal to acquire Loop Mobile |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=6 November 2014 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185008/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-calls-off-rs-700-crore-deal-to-acquire-loop-mobile/articleshow/45044945.cms |archive-date=17 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 18 November 2010, Airtel rebranded itself in India in the first phase of a global rebranding strategy. The company unveiled a new logo with 'airtel' written in lower case. Designed by London-based brand agency, [[Superunion]], the new logo is the letter 'a' in lowercase, with 'airtel' written in lowercase under the logo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28828_Airtel+dons+a+new+look+plans+to+be+closer+to+consumers+across+the+globe |title=Airtel dons a new look, plans to be closer to consumers across the globe > afaqs! news & features |publisher=Afaqs.com |date=19 November 2010 |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611191547/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28828_Airtel+dons+a+new+look+plans+to+be+closer+to+consumers+across+the+globe |archive-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 23 November 2010, Airtel's Africa operations were rebranded to 'airtel'. Sri Lanka followed on 28 November 2010 and on 20 December 2010, Warid Telecom rebranded to 'airtel' in [[Bangladesh]].

In May 2024, Bharti Airtel announced a collaboration with Google Cloud to support cloud adoption and the development of generative AI solutions for businesses in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pal |first1=Priyasi |title=Airtel and Google Cloud Join Forces to Power India's AI Revolution |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/airtel-and-google-cloud-join-forces-to-power-indias-ai-revolution |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Airtel, Google partner to deliver cloud solutions to Indian businesses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/May/13/airtel-google-partner-to-deliver-cloud-solutions-to-indian-businesses |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, Bharti Airtel and Nokia successfully completed India’s first non‑standalone (NSA) 5G Cloud‑RAN trial. The trial, conducted over the air using commercial spectrum in the 3.5 GHz (5G) and 2.1 GHz (4G) bands, achieved data throughput of over 1.2 Gbps.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mallick |first=Subhrojit |date=2024-07-22 |title=Nokia and Airtel successfully complete first 5G cloud RAN trial in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/nokia-and-airtel-successfully-complete-first-5g-cloud-ran-trial-in-india/articleshow/111925545.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In December 2024, Bharti Airtel signed a “multi‑billion” dollar deal with Ericsson to deploy centralized and Open‑RAN‑ready solutions and upgrade 4G/5G radios, aiming to improve network speed, coverage, and reliability.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-04 |title=India's Bharti Airtel signs 'multi-billion' dollar 4G, 5G equipment deal with Ericsson |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/indias-bharti-airtel-signs-multi-billion-dollar-4g-5g-equipment-deal-with-2024-12-04/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2025, Bharti Airtel entered into a strategic agreement with SpaceX’s Starlink to explore the introduction of satellite-based internet services in India, leveraging Airtel’s existing retail and enterprise distribution channels. The collaboration remains subject to regulatory approvals from Indian authorities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=Musk's Starlink, India's Airtel tie up to challenge Ambani in broadband race |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/indias-bharti-airtel-signs-deal-with-spacex-bring-starlink-internet-india-2025-03-11/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=Starlink coming soon to India as Airtel signs deal with Elon Musk's SpaceX for satellite internet service |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/airtel-signs-deal-with-elon-musks-spacex-to-bring-starlink-internet-in-india-101741692223347.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430163942/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/airtel-signs-deal-with-elon-musks-spacex-to-bring-starlink-internet-in-india-101741692223347.html |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Acquisitions and mergers===
====MTN Group merger negotiations====
In May [[2006 Canadian federal election|2006]], it emerged that Airtel was exploring the possibility of buying the [[MTN Group]], a South Africa-based telecommunications company with operations in 21 countries in Africa and the Middle East, founded by Leena Jaitley. ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that Bharti was considering offering US$45 billion for a 100% stake in MTN, which would be the largest overseas acquisition ever by an Indian firm. However, both sides emphasized the tentative nature of the talks. ''[[The Economist]]'' magazine noted, "If anything, Bharti would be [[Hypergamy|marrying up]]", as MTN had more subscribers, higher revenues and broader geographic coverage.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11323216&top_story=1 "Emerging-market telecoms: Eyes on Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507064205/http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11323216&top_story=1 |date=7 May 2008 }}, ''[[The Economist]]'', 6 May 2008</ref> However, the talks fell apart as MTN Group tried to reverse the negotiations by making Bharti almost a subsidiary of the new company.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/25/technology/25bharti.html "$50 Billion Telecom Deal Falls Apart"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503162323/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/25/technology/25bharti.html |date=3 May 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 25 May 2008</ref>

In May 2009, Airtel confirmed that it was again in talks with MTN and both companies agreed to discuss the potential transaction exclusively by 31 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Bharti renews tie-up talks with MTN - The Himalayan Times|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/indias-bharti-renews-tie-up-talks-with-mtn/|website=The Himalayan Times|access-date=2017-10-23|date=25 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100837/https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/indias-bharti-renews-tie-up-talks-with-mtn/|archive-date=24 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Airtel said "Bharti Airtel Ltd is pleased to announce that it has renewed its effort for a significant partnership with [[MTN Group]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://topupguru.com/2009/05/25/bharti-renews-talks-with-mtn/ |title=Topupguru.com |publisher=Topupguru.com |access-date=23 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024133534/http://topupguru.com/2009/05/25/bharti-renews-talks-with-mtn/ |archive-date=24 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> The exclusivity period was extended twice up to 30 September 2009. Talks eventually ended without agreement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telecoms.com/14914/bharti-mtn-call-off-merger-talks |title=Bharti, MTN call off merger talks |publisher=Telecoms.com |date=1 October 2009 |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413065132/http://www.telecoms.com/14914/bharti-mtn-call-off-merger-talks/ |archive-date=13 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A solution was proposed where the new company would be listed on two stock exchanges, one in South Africa and one in India. However, [[Dual-listed company|dual-listing]] of companies is not permitted by Indian law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityam.com/article/bharti-airtel-and-mtn-talks-collapse-again-due-dual-listing-disagreement |title=Bharti Airtel and MTN talks collapse again due to dual-listing disagreement {{pipe}} City A.M |publisher=City A.M. |date=1 October 2009 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222303/http://www.cityam.com/article/bharti-airtel-and-mtn-talks-collapse-again-due-dual-listing-disagreement |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Acquisition of Zain's Africa operations====
{{further|Zain Group}}
In June 2010, Bharti struck a deal to buy [[Zain Group|Zain]]'s mobile operations in 15 African countries, in India's second-biggest overseas acquisition after [[Tata Steel|Tata Steel's]] $13 billion buy of Corus in 2007. Bharti Airtel completed its $10.7 billion acquisition of African operations from the Kuwaiti firm on 8 June 2010, making Airtel the world's fifth largest wireless carrier by subscriber base.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/Bharti-Airtel-completes-Zain-acquisition/article16241933.ece|title=Bharti Airtel completes Zain acquisition|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-06|language=en}}</ref> Airtel has reported that its revenues for the fourth quarter of 2010 grew by 53% to US$3.2 billion compared to the previous year, newly acquired Zain Africa division contributed US$911 million to the total. However, net profits dropped by 41% from US$470 million in 2009 to US$291 million in 2010 due to a US$188 million increase in radio spectrum charges in [[India]] and an increase of US$106 million in debt interest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel profits drop 41% after acquiring Zain Africa |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/314885/airtel-profits-drop-41-after-acquiring-zain-africa.html |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>

====Warid Bangladesh and Robi====
{{further|Warid Bangladesh|Robi (company)}}
In 2010, Warid Telecom sold a majority 70.90% stake in the company to Bharti Airtel for US$300 million.<ref name="wsj-bhartiwarid"/> The Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission approved the deal on 4 January 2010.<ref name="wsj-bawarid">{{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Rumman |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703436504574639763075967666 |title=Bharti Airtel to Invest $300 Million in Warid Telecom - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=5 January 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185009/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703436504574639763075967666 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bharti Airtel Limited took management control of the company and its board, and rebranded the company's services under its own "airtel" brand from 20 December 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fonearena.com/blog/27903/airtel-launches-mobile-services-in-bangladesh-after-completing-acquisition-of-warid-telecom.html |title=Airtel launches mobile services in Bangladesh after completing acquisition of Warid Telecom |publisher=Fonearena.com |date=20 December 2010 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014924/http://www.fonearena.com/blog/27903/airtel-launches-mobile-services-in-bangladesh-after-completing-acquisition-of-warid-telecom.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2010/12/21/airtel-brand-launched-in-bangladesh-replacing-warid/ |title=Airtel brand launched in Bangladesh, replacing Warid |publisher=Telegeography.com |date=21 December 2010 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185010/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2010/12/21/airtel-brand-launched-in-bangladesh-replacing-warid/ |archive-date=17 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Warid Telecom sold its remaining 30% share to Bharti Airtel's Singapore-based concern Bharti Airtel Holdings Pte Limited in March 2013.<ref name="Bharti Buys Out airtel Bangladesh">{{cite web|title=Bharti Buys out airtel Bangladesh|work=The Daily Star |date=2 May 2013|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bharti-buys-out-airtel-bangladesh/|access-date=9 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015161946/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bharti-buys-out-airtel-bangladesh/|archive-date=15 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, [[Airtel Bangladesh]] was merged into Robi as a product brand of Robi, where [[Robi (company)|Robi Axiata Limited]] is the licensee of airtel brand in Bangladesh.<ref name="Airtel Bangladesh"/> Robi is a joint venture between Malaysian telecom operator [[Axiata]] holding 61.82% and Bharti Airtel holding 28.18%.<ref name="robi-merged"/>

====Telecom Seychelles====
On 11 August 2010, Bharti Airtel announced that it would acquire a 100% stake in Telecom Seychelles for US$62 million taking its global presence to 19 countries. Telecom Seychelles began operations in 1998 and operates [[3G]], fixed-line, ship to shore services, satellite telephony, among value added services like [[Very-small-aperture terminal|VSAT]] and Gateways for International Traffic across Seychelles under the Airtel brand. The company has over 57% share of the mobile market of Seychelles.<ref name="Bharti Airtel to buy Telecom Seychelles for Rs 288 crore"/> Airtel announced plans to invest US$10 million in its fixed and mobile telecoms network in Seychelles over three years, whilst also participating in the Seychelles East Africa submarine cable (SEAS) project. The US$34 million SEAS project is aimed at improving Seychelles' global connectivity by building a 2,000 km undersea high-speed link to Dar es Salaam in Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegeography.com/cu/article.php?article_id=34109&email=html |title=USD10m plan for Airtel Seychelles; Bharti announces commitment to SEAS cable |publisher=Telegeography.com |date=18 August 2010 |access-date=18 September 2012 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726185625/https://www.telegeography.com/cu/article.php?article_id=34109&email=html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Wireless Business Services Private Limited====
On 24 May 2012, Airtel announced an agreement to acquire a 60% stake in Wireless Business Services Private Limited (WBSPL) at an investment of {{INRConvert|9.07|b}}.<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bharti-airtel-acquires-49-in-qualcomm-india-for-rs-907-cr-112052500034_1.html |title=Bharti Airtel acquires 49% in Qualcomm India for Rs 907 cr |publisher=Business Standard |date=25 May 2012 |access-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021081848/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bharti-airtel-acquires-49-in-qualcomm-india-for-rs-907-cr-112052500034_1.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> WBSPL was a joint venture founded by Qualcomm and held BWA spectrum in the telecom circles of [[Delhi]], Haryana, [[Kerala]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/1905282/report-bharti-airtel-acquires-wireless-business-services |title=Bharti Airtel acquires Wireless Business Services |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021050815/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/1905282/report-bharti-airtel-acquires-wireless-business-services |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Qualcomm had spent US$1 billion to acquire BWA spectrum in those 4 circles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/1905575/report-bharti-buys-out-qualcomm-in-4g-jv |title=Bharti buys out Qualcomm in 4G JV |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=19 October 2013 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020032106/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/1905575/report-bharti-buys-out-qualcomm-in-4g-jv |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The deal gave Airtel a 4G presence in 18 circles.<ref name="Business Standard"/> On 4 July 2013, Airtel announced that it had acquired an additional 5% equity share capital (making its stake 51%)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bharti-airtel-raises-stakequalcomms-india-venture_911265.html |title=Bharti Airtel raises stake in Qualcomm's India venture |date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185009/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bharti-airtel-raises-stakequalcomms-india-venture_911265.html |archive-date=17 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> in all the four BWA entities of Qualcomm, thereby making them its subsidiaries.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-raises-stake-in-qualcomms-india-broadband-venture/articleshow/20907883.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Bharti Airtel raises stake in Qualcomm's India broadband venture | date=5 July 2013 | access-date=4 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823131631/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-raises-stake-in-qualcomms-india-broadband-venture/articleshow/20907883.cms | archive-date=23 August 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 October 2013, Airtel announced that it had acquired 100 percent equity shares of WBSPL for an undisclosed sum,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/bharti-qualcomm-4g-idINDEE99H05C20131018 | work=Reuters | title=Bharti Airtel buys out Qualcomm stake in India 4G broadband JV | date=18 October 2013 | access-date=19 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019095416/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/18/bharti-qualcomm-4g-idINDEE99H05C20131018 | archive-date=19 October 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Nikhil Pahwa |url=http://www.medianama.com/2013/10/223-airtel-qualcomm/ |title=Airtel Buys 100% In Qualcomm's 4G Business in India |publisher=MediaNama |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921171943/http://www.medianama.com/2013/10/223-airtel-qualcomm/ |archive-date=21 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> making it a wholly owned subsidiary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/sunil-mittal-bharti-airtel-qualcomm-buy-reliance-jio-compete/1/199772.html |title=Airtel fully acquires Qualcomm's 4G unit, seen set on warpath with Reliance Jio |publisher=Businesstoday.intoday.in |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705231739/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/sunil-mittal-bharti-airtel-qualcomm-buy-reliance-jio-compete/1/199772.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bharti-airtel-acquires-100-pct-stake-in-qualcomm-founded-4g-wireless-business-services/1184216/ |title=Bharti Airtel acquires 100 pct stake in Qualcomm founded 4G Wireless Business Services |publisher=Indian Express |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222090408/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bharti-airtel-acquires-100-pct-stake-in-qualcomm-founded-4g-wireless-business-services/1184216 |archive-date=22 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Augere Wireless====
Airtel purchased Augere Wireless Broadband India Private Limited, a company that owned 4G spectrum in the Chhattisgarh-Madhya Pradesh circle for an undisclosed sum in December 2015. ''[[The Economic Times]]'' estimated Augere's spectrum to be worth {{INRConvert|1.5|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/4g-lte-how-reliance-jio-airtel-vodafone-idea-cellular-aircel-stack-up/51357478|title=4G LTE: How Reliance Jio, Airtel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular, Aircel stack up|author=www.ETTelecom.com|date=19 May 2016|work=ETTelecom.com|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408214544/http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/4g-lte-how-reliance-jio-airtel-vodafone-idea-cellular-aircel-stack-up/51357478|archive-date=8 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 February 2017, Airtel announced that the merger of Augere Wireless into Bharti Airtel Limited had been completed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bharti Airtel completes acquisition of Augere Wireless - The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/bharti-airtel-completes-acquisition-of-augere-wireless/articleshow/57193905.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217234903/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/bharti-airtel-completes-acquisition-of-augere-wireless/articleshow/57193905.cms|archive-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Telenor India====
On 2 January 2017, ''[[The Economic Times]]'' reported that Airtel had entered into discussions with Telenor India to acquire the latter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Airtel in advanced talks with Telenor to buy its India business|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/airtel-in-advance-talks-with-telenor-to-buy-its-india-business/articleshow/56302830.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214015601/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/airtel-in-advance-talks-with-telenor-to-buy-its-india-business/articleshow/56302830.cms|archive-date=14 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bharti Airtel in talks with Telenor to buy India business for $350 million: ET Now|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/56292228.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214005543/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/56292228.cms|archive-date=14 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 February 2017, Airtel announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Telenor. As part of the deal, Airtel will acquire Telenor India's assets and customers in all seven telecom circles that the latter operates in - [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (East), Uttar Pradesh (West) and [[Assam]]. Airtel will gain a 43.4 MHz spectrum in the 1800 MHz band from the Telenor acquisition.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Raj|first1=Amrit|title=Airtel buys Telenor India amid battle with Reliance Jio|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/67gRgc87zTripp7wjsDorJ/Airtel-to-buy-Telenor-operations-in-seven-circles.html|website=Mint|access-date=23 February 2017|date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223091117/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/67gRgc87zTripp7wjsDorJ/Airtel-to-buy-Telenor-operations-in-seven-circles.html|archive-date=23 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Telenor exits India as Airtel acquires local arm to fight Reliance Jio|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/telenor-exits-india-as-airtel-acquires-its-operations/story-Lt5i5JDUafAnLvAfm6GdHP.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 February 2017|language=en|date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223071113/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/telenor-exits-india-as-airtel-acquires-its-operations/story-Lt5i5JDUafAnLvAfm6GdHP.html|archive-date=23 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Business Standard]]'' reported that it was a no-cash deal, but would cost Airtel {{INR}}1,600 crore over a 10-year period due to spectrum license payments.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Manchanda|first1=Megha|title=Airtel acquires Telenor in no-cash deal|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bharti-airtel-to-buy-telenor-india-unit-in-response-to-jio-onslaught-117022300353_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=23 February 2017|date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223090747/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bharti-airtel-to-buy-telenor-india-unit-in-response-to-jio-onslaught-117022300353_1.html|archive-date=23 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Tikona 4G spectrum====
On 23 March 2017, ''The Economic Times'' reported that Airtel had acquired [[Tikona Infinet Limited]]'s 4G spectrum for approximately {{INR}}1,600 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/bharti-airtel-to-acquire-tikona-digital-ops-for-up-to-rs-1600-crore/articleshow/57793235.cms |title=Airtel acquires Tikona's 4G business for Rs 1,600 crore, but co-founder slaps legal notice |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008130301/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/bharti-airtel-to-acquire-tikona-digital-ops-for-up-to-rs-1600-crore/articleshow/57793235.cms |archive-date=8 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The deal also includes Tikona's 350 cellular sites in 5 circles. Tikona had purchased 20 MHz of 4G spectrum in the 2,300 MHz band in the 2010 auctions in Gujarat, [[Himachal Pradesh]], Uttar Pradesh (East), Uttar Pradesh (West) and [[Rajasthan]] for {{INR}}1,058 crores. Prior to the deal, Airtel did not hold any spectrum in the 2300 MHz band in UP (East), UP (West) and Rajasthan, and held 10 MHz each in Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Raj|first1=Amrit|title=Airtel to buy Tikona's 4G business for Rs1,600 crore|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/KFfhLvpbyCmsaFqk3pNZ0M/Airtel-to-acquire-Tikonas-4G-business-including-BWA-spectr.html|website=Mint|access-date=24 March 2017|date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324041937/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/KFfhLvpbyCmsaFqk3pNZ0M/Airtel-to-acquire-Tikonas-4G-business-including-BWA-spectr.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=raj|first1=amrit|title=Bharti Airtel close to buying Tikona's 4G spectrum|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/ooQIcR2iWUeser75cRzeFN/Bharti-Airtel-close-to-buying-Tikonas-4G-spectrum.html|website=www.livemint.com/|access-date=2017-10-23|date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317212304/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/ooQIcR2iWUeser75cRzeFN/Bharti-Airtel-close-to-buying-Tikonas-4G-spectrum.html|archive-date=17 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Tikona's co-founder Rajesh Tiwari sent a legal notice to both companies for not providing details regarding the splitting of proceeds among shareholders.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/57793235.cms |title=Airtel acquires Tikona's 4G business for Rs 1,600 crore, but co-founder slaps legal notice |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327085909/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/57793235.cms |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Tigo Rwanda====
Bharti Airtel announced on 12 December 2017 that its Rwandan subsidiary had signed an agreement with [[Millicom]] to acquire complete control of the latter's Rwandan subsidiary which operates under the brand name of Tigo Rwanda. The deal was estimated to be worth $60–70 million.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Navadha |title=Airtel's Rwanda unit to buy Millicom subsidiary Tigo Rwanda |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/D0nXYu3bNZWqknJV7nTERO/Bharti-Airtel-to-buy-Millicoms-operations-in-Rwanda.html |website=mint |access-date=21 October 2021 |language=en |date=19 December 2017}}</ref> The company operated as Airtel-Tigo following the merger, until it was rebranded as Airtel Rwanda in January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airtel-Tigo rebrands, launches new campaign |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/business/airtel-tigo-rebrands-launches-new-campaign |website=The New Times |access-date=21 October 2021 |language=en |date=16 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airtel-Tigo becomes Airtel Rwanda |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/01/20/airtel-tigo-becomes-airtel-rwanda/ |website=telegeography.com |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>

====Tata Docomo====
In October 2017, Bharti Airtel announced that it would acquire the consumer mobile businesses of [[Tata Teleservices]], [[Tata Docomo]] and Tata Teleservices Maharashtra Ltd (TTML), in a debt-free cash-free deal. The deal will essentially be free for Airtel which will only incur TTSL's unpaid spectrum payment liability. TTSL will continue to operate its enterprise, fixed -line and broadband businesses and its stake in tower company Viom Networks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bharti Airtel to acquire Tata's mobile business on debt-free cash-free basis|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/bharti-airtel-acquire-tata-teleservices-ttsl-consumer-mobile-business/story/261930.html|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=12 October 2017 |access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tata and Bharti to combine consumer telecom business via @tatacompanies|url=http://www.tata.com/company/releasesinside/tata-bharti-combine-telecom-business|website=tata.com|access-date=18 November 2017|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712003107/http://www.tata.com/company/releasesinside/tata-bharti-combine-telecom-business|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kurup|first1=Rajesh|title=Tata Tele hangs up on mobile business; Airtel picks it up|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/bharti-airtel-to-merge-consumer-mobile-business-of-tata-teleservices/article9901695.ece|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=18 November 2017|language=en|date=12 October 2017}}</ref> The deal received approval from the [[Competition Commission of India]] (CCI) in mid-November 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bharti Airtel-Tata Tele Merger Deal Gets CCI Approval|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/bharti-airtel-tata-tele-merger-deal-gets-cci-approval-1579393.html|website=News18|date=16 November 2017|access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airtel receives CCI nod for Tata Tele's consumer business buy - ET Telecom|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/airtel-receives-cci-nod-for-tata-teles-consumer-business-buy/61675791|website=ETTelecom.com|access-date=18 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> On 29 August 2018, Bharti Airtel got its shareholders' approval for the merger proposal with Tata Teleservices.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharti Airtel shareholders approve merger proposal with Tata Teleservices |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/bharti-airtel-shareholders-approve-merger-proposal-with-tata-teleservices/articleshow/65598475.cms |access-date=18 September 2018 |publisher=Economic Times |date=29 August 2018}}</ref> On 17 January 2019, NCLT Delhi gave final approval for merger between Tata Docomo and Airtel.<ref>{{cite news |title=NCLT approves merger of Tata Teleservices with Bharti Airtel|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nclt-approves-merger-of-tata-teleservices-with-bharti-airtel/articleshow/67628329.cms |access-date=12 February 2019 |publisher=Economic Times |date=21 January 2019}}</ref> On 1 July 2019, the consumer mobile business of Tata Teleservices has become part of telecom operator Bharti Airtel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/telecom/airtel-completes-merger-of-tata-teleservices-consumer-mobile-business-1562001016569.html |title= Airtel Completes Merger of Tata |publisher= Livemint |date=1 July 2019 |access-date=4 July 2019 }}</ref>

Airtel will absorb the [[Tata Sons]]-owned telco's consumer mobile operations in 19 circles across India—17 under Tata Teleservices and two under Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Ltd. As part of the proposed agreement, Airtel will also take over a small portion of the unpaid spectrum liability of Tata Teleservices. Bharti Airtel will get an additional 178.5 MHz of spectrum in three bands—1800 MHz, 2100 MHz and 850 MHz—that are widely used for 4G, an area where Airtel is expanding fast to keep pace with Reliance Jio Infocomm.
Airtel will also add about 13 million of Tata Tele's mobile subscribers as of April 2019 to its nearly 322 million users. But most of Tata Tele's mobile users are inactive, as per the regulator.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bharti-airtel-completes-merger-of-tata-tele-s-consumer-mobile-businesses-119070101217_1.html |title= Airtel acquired Tata Mobile Business |newspaper= Business Standard India |publisher= Business Standard |date=1 July 2019 |access-date=3 July 2019 |last1= Manchanda |first1= Megha }}</ref>

====Aqilliz====
In February 2022, Bharti Airtel announced in Airtel Marq 2.0 and 3.0, Airtel Mall, Airtel Clinic that it has acquired a strategic stake in a blockchain startup Aqilliz via its "Airtel Startup Accelerator Program". Singapore-based Aqilliz is a [[blockchain]]-enabled MediaTech startup offering a new age middleware technology for the media marketplace and create a more collaborative digital marketing environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Airtel Acquires Stake in Aqilliz, A Blockchain-based MediaTech Startup|url=https://www.indianweb2.com/2022/02/airtel-acquires-stake-in-aqilliz.html|website=www.indianweb2.com|date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>

In Aug 2024, Bharti Global agreed to purchase 24.5% Stake in UK telecom BT Group.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jolly |first1=Jasper |title=India's Bharti to buy 24.5% BT stake from Patrick Drahi's Altice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/article/2024/aug/12/bharti-buy-bt-stake-patrick-drahi-altice |work=The Guardian |date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

==Airtel India==
{{main|Airtel India}}

Bharti Telecom (BTL) is a [[holding company]] of Bharti Airtel. Bharti Enterprises and [[Singtel]] hold 50.56 percent and 49.44 percent stakes in BTL, respectively. Bharti Telecom, in turn, owns 35.80 percent of Bharti Airtel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Saikat |last2=Parbat |first2=Kalyan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/companies/airtel-promoter-arm-to-raise-rs-1380-cr-to-participate-in-the-rights-issue/articleshow/87113123.cms |title=Airtel promoter arm to raise Rs 1,380 cr, to participate in the rights issue |work=The Economic Times |date=19 October 2021 |accessdate=15 November 2021 }}</ref>

Airtel Bharat is the second-largest provider of [[mobile telephony]] services in India after [[Jio]] and the second-largest provider of [[Landline|fixed-line telephony]]. It also provides [[Internet access|broadband]] and [[Pay television|subscription television]] services. These services are offered under the Airtel brand.

===Broadband===
Airtel provides broadband internet access through fibre, DSL, internet leased lines, and MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) solutions{{buzzword inline|date=October 2019}}, along with [[Internet Protocol television|IPTV]] and fixed-line telephone services. Until 18 September 2004, Bharti offered fixed-line telephony and broadband services under the Touchtel brand. Subsequently, all telecom services, including fixed-line services, were consolidated under the Airtel brand. As of June 2019, Airtel provided telemedia services in 99 cities.<ref name="Q12020">{{cite web|title=Quarterly Report Q1 2019-20|url=https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/bsy/iportal/images/Quarterly-IR-Pack-Bharti-Airtel-Consolidated_D9EB4DDAFE7ECBC818A2D3987B78FCC1.pdf|publisher=Airtel.in|access-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123131411/http://www.airtel.in/QuarterlyResult/Quarterly_report_Q2_13.pdf|archive-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> As of 30 June 2019, Airtel had 2.342 million broadband subscribers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/bsy/iportal/images/Quarterly-IR-Pack-Bharti-Airtel-Consolidated_D9EB4DDAFE7ECBC818A2D3987B78FCC1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004230006/http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/Documents/AnuualReports/TRAI-English-Annual-Report-10032014.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>

In May 2012, Airtel Broadband and several other Indian internet service providers temporarily blocked access to file-sharing websites such as [[Vimeo]], [[Megaupload|Megavideo]], and [[The Pirate Bay]] without providing prior legal notice to customers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian ISPs block Vimeo, Pirate Bay and other torrent sites|url=http://www.firstpost.com/tech/indian-isps-block-vimeo-pirate-bay-and-other-torrent-sites-312802.html|access-date=17 May 2012|publisher=First Post|date=17 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016134256/http://www.firstpost.com/tech/indian-isps-block-vimeo-pirate-bay-and-other-torrent-sites-312802.html|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In June 2011, ''The Economic Times'' reported that Airtel merged its telemedia business with its mobile and direct-to-home (DTH) operations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/bharti-airtel-to-merge-mobile-dth-telemedia-businesses-2000-jobs-may-be-lost/articleshow/8983752.cms|title=Bharti Airtel to merge mobile, DTH & telemedia businesses; 2,000 jobs may be lost|last=Philip|first=Chaitali Chakravarty & Joji Thomas|date=25 June 2011|work=The Economic Times|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008083243/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/bharti-airtel-to-merge-mobile-dth-telemedia-businesses-2000-jobs-may-be-lost/articleshow/8983752.cms|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Digital television===
{{Main|Airtel digital TV}}

Airtel’s [[digital television]] business provides direct-to-home (DTH) television services across India under the brand name [[Airtel digital TV]]. Services commenced on 9 October 2008. As of June 2019, the service had approximately 16.027 million subscribers.<ref>{{ cite web | title= In Q4 FY22, Bharti Airtel's revenues increased by 22% year on year, while its net profit increased by 165 per cent | url= https://www.inventiva.co.in/trends/in-q4-fy22-bharti-airtels-revenues/ | publisher = Inventiva | date = 27 May 2022 }}</ref>

===Banking===
{{main|Airtel Payments Bank}}

Airtel Payments Bank was launched in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} Airtel Payments Bank|url=https://www.airtel.in/bank/about-us|access-date=9 July 2021|website=www.airtel.in}}</ref>

===Business===
Airtel Business<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airtel.in/business/|title=Airtel Advantage For Business - Global Data, Voice, MPLS, Internet|website=www.airtel.in|access-date=22 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123071339/https://www.airtel.in/business/|archive-date=23 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> provides enterprise connectivity and communication services.

===Airtel Digital Ltd===
Airtel Digital Ltd is a subsidiary of Bharti Airtel that manages its digital services and platforms, including Wynk Music, Airtel Xstream, Airtel Thanks, the Mitra Payments platform, Airtel Ads, Airtel IQ, Airtel Secure, and Airtel Cloud.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airtel Withdraws Scheme For New Corporate Structure |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/airtel-withdraws-scheme-for-new-corporate-structure-announced-in-april-2021-2688946 |website=NDTV.com |date=4 January 2022 |access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>

==International presence==
[[File:Bharti Airtel countries of operations.svg|thumb|500px|Coverage map of Bharti Airtel across 17 countries.
{{legend|#ED1D24|Current operations}}
{{legend|#008000|Joint venture/Minority shareholder}}
{{legend|#000080|Former operations}}]]
Airtel is the [[List of mobile network operators|second-largest mobile operator]] in the world by subscriber base and has a commercial presence in 17 countries and the [[Channel Islands]].

Its area of operations include:
* The [[South Asia]]:
** [[Airtel India]], in India
** [[Dialog Axiata]](10.335%), in Sri Lanka
** [[Robi (company)|Robi]], in Bangladesh
* [[Airtel Africa]], which operates in 14 African countries:
** [[Chad]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Gabon]], [[Kenya]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malawi]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], [[Rwanda]], [[Seychelles]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] and [[Zambia]].
* The British [[Crown Dependencies]] of [[Jersey]] and [[Guernsey]], under the brand name [[Airtel-Vodafone]], through a joint venture with [[Vodafone]].

Airtel operates in the following countries:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Country
! Operator name
! Remarks
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Bangladesh}}
| [[Robi (company)|Robi]]
| [[Airtel Bangladesh]] was merged into [[Robi (company)|Robi Axiata Limited]] in which Bharti Airtel holds a 28.18% stake.<ref name="Zain.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.zain.com/muse/obj/lang.default/portal.view/content/Investor%20relations/Financial%20Reports/Earning%20Releases |title=Zain.com |publisher=Zain.com |date=14 July 2008 |access-date=23 August 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100726105821/http://www.zain.com/muse/obj/lang.default/portal.view/content/Investor%20relations/Financial%20Reports/Earning%20Releases| archive-date= 26 July 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Chad}}
| airtel Chad
| Airtel Chad is the No. 1 operator with 69% market share.<ref name="Zain.com"/>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
| airtel DRC
|Airtel was the top mobile provider by sales at the end of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Publication |first=Equipe |title=DR Congo: Airtel Earned $741M in 2024, Remains Top Mobile Provider |url=https://bankable.africa/en/digital/1905-1182-dr-congo-airtel-earned-741m-in-2024-remains-top-mobile-provider |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=bankable.africa |language=fr-fr}}</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Gabon}}
| airtel Gabon
| Airtel Gabon has 829,000 customers and its market share stood at 61%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel - Gabon - Wireless Frequency Bands and Device Compatibility |url=https://www.frequencycheck.com/carriers/airtel-gabon |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.frequencycheck.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|India}}
| [[airtel India]]
|As of March 2024, Airtel India had about 352 million mobile subscribers, making it India’s second-largest mobile operator.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratings) |first=India Ratings and Research Private Limited(India |title=India Ratings and Research: Credit Rating and Research Agency India |url=https://www.indiaratings.co.in/pressrelease/71610 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.indiaratings.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Kenya}}
| [[Airtel Kenya]]
| Airtel Kenya is the second largest operator and has 8.6 million subscribers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001288490/airtel-kenya-subscribers-jump-by-18-per-cent|title=Airtel Kenya subscribers jump by 18 per cent|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225622/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001288490/airtel-kenya-subscribers-jump-by-18-per-cent|archive-date=28 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Madagascar}}
| airtel Madagascar
| As of early 2025, Airtel Madagascar has around 4.9 million mobile subscribers, and its market share is estimated at approximately 7%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaczmarek |first=Mateusz |date=2025-08-01 |title=Inside Madagascar's Internet Revolution: From Mobile Networks to Starlink Skies |url=https://ts2.tech/en/inside-madagascars-internet-revolution-from-mobile-networks-to-starlink-skies/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=TechStock² |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Malawi}}
| airtel Malawi
| Airtel Malawi is the market leader with a market share of 72%.<ref name="Zain.com"/>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Niger}}
| airtel Niger
| Airtel Niger is the market leader with a 68% market share.<ref name="Zain.com"/>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Nigeria}}
|[[Airtel Networks Limited|airtel Nigeria]]
| Airtel Nigeria is the third largest operator in Nigeria with a 26.92% market share and 50.2 million customers.
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
| airtel Congo B
| Airtel Congo is the market leader with a 55% market share.<ref name="Zain.com"/>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Rwanda}}
| airtel Rwanda
| Airtel launched services in Rwanda on 30 March 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-30/news/31260864_1_joint-md-manoj-kohli-bharti-airtel-ceo-zain | work=The Times of India | title=Airtel launches mobile services in Rwanda | date=30 March 2012 | access-date=31 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522192722/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-30/news/31260864_1_joint-md-manoj-kohli-bharti-airtel-ceo-zain | archive-date=22 May 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2024-25, network coverage in Rwanda has reached over 95% 4G population coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel_Africa_plc_Sustainability_Report_2025 |url=https://cdn-webportal.airtelstream.net/website/investor/main/SR2025/reports/static/Airtel_Africa_plc_Sustainability_Report_2025.pdf?v=1749222329&}}</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Seychelles}}
| airtel Seychelles
| Airtel is the leading comprehensive telecommunications services provider with over 55% market share of mobile market in Seychelles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airtel.sc/about-us |title=About us {{pipe}} Airtel (Seychelles) – Mobile Phones, Mobile Internet, Broadband, Email, Blackberry & Roaming |publisher=Airtel.sc |date=24 October 1997 |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828220024/http://www.airtel.sc/about-us |archive-date=28 August 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| [[Dialog Axiata]]
| Airtel Sri Lanka commenced operations on 12 January 2009. It had about 1.8 million mobile customers at the end of 2010.<ref name="ghanabusinessnews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2011/02/03/airtel-profits-drop-41-after-zain-africa-acquisition/ |title=Airtel profits drop 41% after Zain Africa acquisition |access-date=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121171926/https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2011/02/03/airtel-profits-drop-41-after-zain-africa-acquisition/ |archive-date=21 January 2015 }}</ref> On 27 June 2024, Airtel Sri Lanka merged with Dialog Axiata. Bharthi Airtel currently holds a 10.36% stake in Dialog Axiata.
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Tanzania}}
| [[airtel Tanzania]]
| Airtel Tanzania is the market leader with a 38% market share.<ref name="Zain.com"/>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Uganda}}
| [[airtel Uganda]]
| Airtel Uganda stands as the No. 2 operator with a market share of 38%.<ref name="Zain.com"/>
|-
! {{rh}} |{{flag|Zambia}}
| airtel Zambia
| Airtel Zambia is the second market leader in Zambia with a 40% market share of the mobile network sector.<ref name="World Bank Group">{{cite web |url=https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/9ec534da-f826-4c9b-a1b0-b38abb5e0297/Zambia+Market+Scoping+Report.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=mk1.6T3 |title=Zambia Market Scoping Report |publisher=[[World Bank Group]] |website=International Finance Corporation |access-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} |[[Channel Islands]]† : {{flag|Jersey}} {{flag|Guernsey}}
| [[Airtel-Vodafone]]

| Airtel operates in the Channel Islands under the brand name Airtel–Vodafone in a joint venture agreement with Vodafone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel-Vodafone Channel Islands {{!}} Powertec Information Portal |url=https://portal.powertec.com.au/industry-resources/companies/airtel-vodafone-channel-islands |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=portal.powertec.com.au}}</ref>
|}
†Jersey and Guernsey are British Crown Dependencies. They are not independent countries. Therefore, Airtel's countries of operation are considered to be 17.

===Africa===
{{Main|airtel Africa}}

[[File:Airtel Networks Limited.jpg|thumb|Airtel Nigeria headquarters in [[Banana Island, Lagos]].]]
[[File:The ship like building of Airtel headquarter.jpg|thumb|Airtel Tanzania headquarters in [[Dar es Salaam]].]]
Airtel Africa is a subsidiary of Bharti Airtel, which provides [[telecommunications]] and [[Mobile payment|Mobile Payment]] services in 14 countries in Africa, primarily in East, Central, and West Africa. [[Airtel Networks Limited|Airtel Nigeria]] is the most profitable unit of Airtel Africa, due to its cheap data plans in Nigeria. As of March 2019, Airtel had over 99 million subscribers on the continent.<ref name="ET1">{{cite news|title=Airtel, Millicom ink pact to merge in Ghana - The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/companies-a-z/corporate-trends/airtel-millicom-ink-pact-to-merge-in-ghana/articleshow/57456883.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> It is listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] and is a constituent of the [[FTSE 250 Index]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.ftserussell.com/analytics/factsheets/Home/DownloadConstituentsWeights/?indexdetails=MCX&_ga=2.14834358.1237574770.1622373160-1388021711.1615134037|title=FTSE 250 Index Constituents|publisher=FTSE Russell|access-date=30 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212911/https://research.ftserussell.com/analytics/factsheets/Home/DownloadConstituentsWeights/?indexdetails=MCX&_ga=2.14834358.1237574770.1622373160-1388021711.1615134037|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 8 June 2010, Bharti Airtel completed the purchase of mobile operations in 15 African countries from [[Zain Group|Zain]], a Kuwaiti operator.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zain-bharti-idUSTRE6570VJ20100608|title=Bharti closes $9 billion Zain Africa deal|last1=Tripathy|first1=Devidutta|last2=Goma|first2=Eman|date=8 June 2010|work=[[Reuters]]|publisher=Reuters|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907233926/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/06/08/us-zain-bharti-idUSTRE6570VJ20100608|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 August 2010, Bharti Airtel announced that it would acquire Telecom Seychelles for US$62 million.<ref name="Bharti Airtel to buy Telecom Seychelles for Rs 288 crore">{{cite news|title=Bharti Airtel to buy Telecom Seychelles for Rs 288 crore|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/telecom/Bharti-Airtel-to-buy-Telecom-Seychelles-for-Rs-288-crore/articleshow/6291986.cms|access-date=11 August 2010|newspaper=Economic Times|date=11 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823123109/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/telecom/Bharti-Airtel-to-buy-Telecom-Seychelles-for-Rs-288-crore/articleshow/6291986.cms|archive-date=23 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 August 2017, Bharti Airtel and Millicom's Tigo in Ghana merged to form new company AirtelTigo.<ref name="livemint.com">{{cite web|title=Airtel, Millicom sign pact to combine Ghana operations|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/jFs45g0EN7ejTK9vlBOdhJ/Airtel-Millicom-sign-pact-to-combine-Ghana-operations.html|website=Mint|date=3 March 2017|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323202156/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/jFs45g0EN7ejTK9vlBOdhJ/Airtel-Millicom-sign-pact-to-combine-Ghana-operations.html|archive-date=23 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 October 2020, Airtel announced that it planned to exit its business in Ghana, and that it had entered into "advanced stages of discussions" for sale of shares in AirtelTigo to the [[Government of Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana government in talks to takeover AirtelTigo shares |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ghana-airtel-idINKBN27D29P |publisher=Reuters |access-date=16 March 2021 |language=en |date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

====Sale to Orange====
On 13 January 2016, France-based [[Orange S.A.|Orange SA]] and Bharti Airtel inked a deal to sell Airtel's operations in [[Burkina Faso]] and [[Sierra Leone]] to Orange. On 19 July 2016, Airtel completed the deal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-13 |title=Airtel to sell 2 operations in Africa to France's Orange - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/telecom/story/airtel-to-sell-2-operations-in-africa-to-frances-orange-60398-2016-01-13 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
[[Airtel Bangladesh]] Ltd. was a [[GSM]]-based cellular operator in Bangladesh. Airtel was the sixth mobile phone carrier to enter the Bangladesh market, and originally launched commercial operations under the brand name "[[Warid Bangladesh|Warid Telecom]]" on 10 May 2007. [[Warid Telecom|Warid Telecom International LLC]], an [[Abu Dhabi]]–based [[consortium]], sold a majority 70% stake in the company to India's Bharti Airtel Limited for US$300 million.<ref name="wsj-bhartiwarid">{{cite news |author=R. Jai Krishna And Prasanta Sahu |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704081704574653542877960828 |title=Bharti Airtel to Buy Warid Telecom for $300 Million - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=12 January 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185009/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704081704574653542877960828 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, [[Airtel Bangladesh]] was merged into Robi as a product brand of Robi Axiata, where [[Robi (company)|Robi Axiata Limited]] is the licensee of the Airtel brand in Bangladesh.<ref name="Airtel Bangladesh">{{Cite web|url=http://bd.airtel.com/about-us|title=Airtel Bangladesh|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117212546/http://www.bd.airtel.com/about-us|archive-date=17 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Robi at present is a joint venture between [[Axiata]] Group of Malaysia, Bharti Airtel of India and [[NTT Docomo]] Inc. of Japan. Axiata holds 68.7% controlling stake in the entity, Bharti holds 25% while the remaining 6.3% is held by NTT Docomo of Japan.<ref name="robi-merged">{{Cite web|url=https://www.robi.com.bd/media-room/press-release/robi-sets-sail-as-the-merged-company|title=একীভূত কোম্পানি হিসেবে যাত্রা শুরু করল রবি|access-date=16 November 2016|website=robi.com.bd|publisher=Robi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133307/https://www.robi.com.bd/media-room/press-release/robi-sets-sail-as-the-merged-company|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
{{Main|airtel Sri Lanka}}

Bharti Airtel Lanka (Pvt) Ltd is a subsidiary of Bharti Airtel Limited.

Airtel Lanka commenced commercial operations of services on 13 January 2009. Granted a license in 2007 in accordance with the Sri Lanka Telecommunications Act No. 25 of 1991, it is also a registered company under the Board of Investment of Sri Lanka. Under the license, the company provides digital mobile services to Sri Lanka. This is inclusive of voice telephony, voicemail, data services and GSM-based services. All of these services are provided under the Airtel brand.

===Channel Islands: Jersey and Guernsey===
{{Main|Airtel-Vodafone}}

On 1 May 2007, Jersey Airtel and Guernsey Airtel, both wholly owned subsidiaries of the [[Bharti Enterprises|Bharti Group]], announced they would launch mobile services in the British [[Crown Dependencies|Crown Dependency]] islands of [[Jersey]] and [[Guernsey]]<ref name="Telegeography.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2007/05/02/jersey-guernsey-airtel-to-launch-as-airtel-vodafone/ |title=Jersey & Guernsey Airtel to launch as Airtel-Vodafone |publisher=Telegeography.com |date=2 May 2007 |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728113437/http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2007/05/02/jersey-guernsey-airtel-to-launch-as-airtel-vodafone/ |archive-date=28 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="About us">{{cite web|url=http://www.airtel-vodafone.je/227-About-Us.php |title=Airtel-Vodafone {{pipe}} About us |publisher=Airtel-vodafone.je |access-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215164936/http://www.airtel-vodafone.je/227-About-Us.php |archive-date=15 February 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> under the brand name [[Airtel-Vodafone]] after signing an agreement with [[Vodafone]]. Airtel-Vodafone operates a 4G network in Jersey and Guernsey.

===Subscriber base===
Bharti Airtel has about 496.91 million subscribers worldwide as of June 2022. The numbers include mobile services subscribers in 17 countries and Indian Telemedia services and Digital services subscribers.

===One Network===
One Network is a mobile phone network that allows Airtel customers to use the service in a number of countries at the same price as their home network. Customers can place outgoing calls at the same rate as their local network, and incoming calls are free.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bafna |first=Sanjay |url=http://telecomtalk.info/airtel-cuctomers-africa-free-incoming-calls-international-roaming-india-sri-lanka-bangladesh/102789/#more-102789 |title=AIRTEL Customers in AFRICA to Get FREE Incoming Calls While International Roaming in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh |publisher=Telecomtalk.info |date=15 November 2012 |access-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527221430/http://telecomtalk.info/airtel-cuctomers-africa-free-incoming-calls-international-roaming-india-sri-lanka-bangladesh/102789/#more-102789 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2014}}, the service is available in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo Brazzaville, Gabon, Ghana, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia only for international roamers from [[Airtel Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://africa.airtel.com/wps/wcm/connect/africarevamp/malawi/home/personal/voice-and-text/voice/one-network |title=One Network Services |year=2014 |publisher=Airtel |access-date=7 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721033945/http://www.africa.airtel.com/wps/wcm/connect/AfricaRevamp/malawi/home/personal/voice-and-text/voice/one-network |archive-date=21 July 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Joint ventures and agreements==
===Airtel-Vodafone===
{{Main|Airtel-Vodafone}}

On 1 May 2007, Jersey Airtel and Guernsey Airtel, both wholly owned subsidiaries of the [[Bharti Enterprises|Bharti Group]], announced they would launch mobile services in the British [[Crown Dependencies]] islands of [[Jersey]] and [[Guernsey]]<ref name="Telegeography.com"/><ref name="About us"/> under the brand name [[Airtel-Vodafone]] after signing an agreement with [[Vodafone]]. Airtel-Vodafone operates a 4G network in Jersey and Guernsey.

===Airtel-Ericsson===
In July 2011, Bharti signed a five-year agreement with Ericsson, who will manage and optimize Airtel's mobile networks in Africa. Ericsson will modernize and upgrade Airtel's mobile networks in Africa with the latest technology including its multi-standard RBS 6000 base station. As part of the modernization, Ericsson will also provide technology consulting, network planning & design and network deployment. Ericsson has been the managed services and network technology partner in Asian operations.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shauvik Ghosh |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/fUhLLCkr1mhYkeyjdGHwLI/Ericsson-to-manage-Bharti-Airtel8217s-network-in-Africa.html |title=Ericsson to manage Bharti Airtel's network in Africa |publisher=Livemint |date=21 July 2011 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143211/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/fUhLLCkr1mhYkeyjdGHwLI/Ericsson-to-manage-Bharti-Airtel8217s-network-in-Africa.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sponsorship==

On 9 May 2009, Airtel signed a major deal with [[Manchester United W.F.C.|Manchester United FC]]. As a result of the deal, Airtel had the rights to broadcast the matches played by the team to its customers.

Bharti Airtel signed a five-year deal with [[Fox Sports (Asian TV network)|ESPN Star Sports]] to become the title sponsor of the [[Champions League Twenty20]] [[cricket]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/cl-t20/news/detail/item300163/Airtel-as-title-sponsors-of-CLT20/ |title=ESPNstar.com |publisher=ESPNstar.com |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312073418/http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/cl-t20/news/detail/item300163/Airtel-as-title-sponsors-of-CLT20/ |archive-date=12 March 2010 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Airtel also signed a deal to be the title sponsor of the [[Formula One]] [[Indian Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/8/12420.html |title=Airtel Grand Prix of India set to flag off India's F1 dreams |publisher=Formula1.com |date=18 August 2011 |access-date=18 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923191316/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/8/12420.html |archive-date=23 September 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>

Airtel sponsored the [[Macau Grand Prix|2018–21 FIA GT World Cup]].

Airtel signed a deal to be the title sponsor of the [[I-League]] for [[2013–14 I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5230.html|title=Airtel roped in as I-League's Title Sponsor|publisher=the-aiff.com|date=20 September 2013|access-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922025455/http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5230.html|archive-date=22 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Airtel is also the main sponsor of [[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Airtel Super Singer]] and [[Super Singer Junior|Airtel Super Singer Junior]] since 2006, which are currently broadcast on [[Star Vijay]].

==Signature tune==

The [[sound trademark|signature tune]] of Airtel is composed by Indian musician [[A. R. Rahman]]. The tune became the world's most downloaded mobile music, with over 150 million downloads. Rahman along with [[Anu Malik]] re-used the same tune in a 2004 Kannada movie ''[[Love (2004 film)|Love]]''.<ref name="tune">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamag.in/airtel-new-signature-tune-available-for-download.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120222528/http://www.indiamag.in/airtel-new-signature-tune-available-for-download.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2010 |title=Airtel New Signature Tune Available for Download |author=Bharat |publisher=Indiamag.in |access-date=19 November 2010 }}</ref> A new version of the song was released on 18 November 2010, as part of the rebranding of the company.<ref name="tune"/><ref name="newtune">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/113986/airtel-unveils-logo-tune.html|title=Airtel unveils new logo, tune|work=Deccan Herald|date=18 November 2010|location=India|access-date=18 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122033156/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/113986/airtel-unveils-logo-tune.html|archive-date=22 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> This version was also composed by Rahman.<ref name="newtune"/>

== Awards and recognitions ==
Bharti Airtel has been featured in Forbes Asia's Fab 50 list, rated amongst the best-performing companies in the world in the ''BusinessWeek'' IT 100 list 2007, and voted as India's most innovative company in a survey by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-04 |title=11 Indian firms in Forbes Asia's Fab 50 - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/11-indian-firms-in-forbes-asias-fab-50-32722-2012-09-04 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/bharti-airtel-among-top-3-businessweek/story-YdOWcraRKfuaK85chdJp2J.html|title=Bharti Airtel among top 3: BusinessWeek|date=2 July 2007|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bureau |first=afaqs! news |title=Bharti Airtel rated as India's most innovative company by The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.afaqs.com/company-briefs/36586_bharti-airtel-rated-as-indias-most-innovative-company-by-the-wall-street-journal |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===Net neutrality debate===
{{Further|Net neutrality in India}}
In February 2014, [[Gopal Vittal]], CEO of Airtel's India operations, said that companies offering free messaging apps like [[Skype]], [[Line (software)|Line]] and [[WhatsApp]] should be regulated similar to telecom operators.<ref name=instantmsg>{{cite news|title=Instant messaging application firms should be regulated: Airtel CEO|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/instant-messaging-app-firms-should-be-regulated-airtel-ceo/article5732465.ece|access-date=29 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610074910/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/instant-messaging-app-firms-should-be-regulated-airtel-ceo/article5732465.ece|archive-date=10 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2014, TRAI rejected a proposal from telecom companies to make messaging application firms share part of their revenue with the carriers or the government.<ref name=rejects>{{cite news|title=Trai rejects telcos' proposal to charge fee on popular services like WhatsApp, Viber and Skype|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-19/news/52983474_1_data-revenue-whatsapp-voice-services|access-date=29 September 2014|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006155325/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-19/news/52983474_1_data-revenue-whatsapp-voice-services|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2014, TRAI began investigating if Airtel was implementing preferential access by offering special internet packs which allowed WhatsApp and Facebook data at rates that were lower than its standard data rates.<ref name=TRAIExamining>{{cite news|title=Trai examining Bharti Airtel's special deals on Facebook and WhatsApp|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-25/news/56455517_1_net-neutrality-mobile-data-services-uninor|access-date=26 December 2014|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226071047/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-25/news/56455517_1_net-neutrality-mobile-data-services-uninor|archive-date=26 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Chua Sock Koong#Anti-Netneutrality|statements]] of [[Chua Sock Koong]], Group CEO of [[Singtel]] and also a shareholder (32.15%) of Bharti Airtel share similar statements about the Anti-[[Net neutrality|Net Neutrality]] position.

In December 2014, Airtel changed its service terms for 2G and 3G data packs so that VoIP data was excluded from the set amount of free data. A standard data charge of {{INRConvert|0.04}} per 10 KB for 3G service and {{INRConvert|0.10}} per 10 KB (more than {{INRConvert|10|k}} for 1 GB) for 2G service was levied on VoIP data.<ref name="Net neutrality?">{{cite news|title=What Net Neutrality?|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/what-net-neutrality-voip-calls-such-as-skype-could-cost-extra-on-airtel-639283|access-date=24 December 2014|work=[[NDTV]]|date=24 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224150150/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/what-net-neutrality-voip-calls-such-as-skype-could-cost-extra-on-airtel-639283|archive-date=24 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> A few days later, Airtel announced a separate internet pack for VoIP apps, it offered 75 MB for {{INRConvert|75}} with a validity of 28 days.<ref name=75MB>{{cite news|title=For Skype, Airtel will charge Rs 75 for 75MB, postpaid packs soon|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/tech/for-skype-airtel-will-charge-rs-75-for-75mb-postpaid-packs-soon/23571/|access-date=27 December 2014|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=27 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227071856/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/tech/for-skype-airtel-will-charge-rs-75-for-75mb-postpaid-packs-soon/23571/|archive-date=27 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The TRAI chief Rahul Khullar said that Airtel cannot be held responsible for violating net neutrality because India has no regulation that demands net neutrality.<ref name=VoIPRahul>{{cite news|title=Can't fault Airtel on VoIP rates: Rahul Khullar|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/companies/cant-fault-airtel-on-voip-rates-rahul-khullar/23513/|access-date=27 December 2014|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=27 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227071747/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/companies/cant-fault-airtel-on-voip-rates-rahul-khullar/23513/|archive-date=27 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Airtel's move faced criticism on social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter and [[Reddit]].<ref name=RageSpills>{{cite news|title=Rage against Airtel spills onto social networking sites|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-29/news/57495222_1_bharti-airtel-voice-services-voip-services|access-date=1 January 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101073219/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-29/news/57495222_1_bharti-airtel-voice-services-voip-services|archive-date=1 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later on 29 December 2014, Airtel announced that it would not be implementing the planned changes, pointing out that there were reports that TRAI would be soon releasing a consultation paper on the issue.<ref name=AirtelDrops>{{cite news|title=Airtel drops plans to charge extra for internet voice calls|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airtel-will-not-charge-extra-for-internet-voice-calls-via-skype-viber/article6735030.ece|access-date=1 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230045738/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airtel-will-not-charge-extra-for-internet-voice-calls-via-skype-viber/article6735030.ece|archive-date=30 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2015, Airtel announced the "Airtel Zero" scheme. Under the scheme, app firms will sign a contract and Airtel will provide the apps for free to its customers.<ref name=AirtelZero>{{cite news|title=Airtel Zero: Another blow to net is net neutrality is only for airtel users..?/?neutrality|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Airtel-Zero-Another-blow-to-net-neutrality/articleshow/46823419.cms|access-date=6 April 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406214055/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Airtel-Zero-Another-blow-to-net-neutrality/articleshow/46823419.cms|archive-date=6 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The reports of [[Flipkart]], an e-commerce firm, joining the "Airtel Zero" scheme drew negative response. People began to give the one-star rating to its app on [[Google Play]].<ref name=BGRFlipkart>{{cite news|title=Flipkart mobile app bears the brunt of the company's reported plans to join 'Airtel Zero'|url=http://www.bgr.in/news/flipkart-mobile-app-bears-the-brunt-of-the-companys-reported-plans-to-join-airtel-zero/|access-date=10 April 2015|work=[[Boy Genius Report|BGR India]]|date=9 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412033214/http://www.bgr.in/news/flipkart-mobile-app-bears-the-brunt-of-the-companys-reported-plans-to-join-airtel-zero/|archive-date=12 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=FlipkartDownvote>{{cite news|title=Consumers downvote Flipkart app after net neutrality controversy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/consumers-downvote-flipkart-app-after-net-neutrality-controversy-247898-2015-04-09|access-date=10 April 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=9 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409213402/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/technology/story/consumers-downvote-flipkart-app-after-net-neutrality-controversy/1/429310.html|archive-date=9 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the protest, [[Flipkart]] decided to pull out of Airtel Zero. The e-commerce giant confirmed the news in an official statement, saying, "We will be walking away from the ongoing discussions with Airtel for their platform Airtel Zero."<ref>{{cite news|author1=Mahim Prathap Singh|author2=Pradeesh Chandran|title=Following consumer backlash, Flipkart pulls out of Airtel Zero|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/we-are-in-favour-of-net-neutrality-flipkart-ceo/article7101557.ece|access-date=14 April 2015|work=The Hindu|date=14 April 2015|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185008/http://www.thehindu.com/business/we-are-in-favour-of-net-neutrality-flipkart-ceo/article7101557.ece|archive-date=17 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2016, India's telecom regulator TRAI recommended imposing a combined penalty of {{INRConvert|3050|c|year=2016}} on three mobile network operators — Vodafone, Bharti Airtel and Idea Cellular — for denying interconnection to Reliance Jio Infocomm (Jio), the latest entrant into India's telecom service.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/jio-fight-trai-recommends-rs-3050-crore-fine-on-airtel-vodafone-and-idea-3095852/|title=Trai recommends Rs 3,050-crore fine on Airtel, Vodafone and Idea|date=2016-10-22|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-09-18|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044011/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/jio-fight-trai-recommends-rs-3050-crore-fine-on-airtel-vodafone-and-idea-3095852/|archive-date=15 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===User privacy===
In June 2015, a code used by the company was accused of compromising subscribers' privacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Airtels-mystery-code-raises-privacy-concerns/articleshow/47599548.cms|title=Airtel's mystery code raises privacy concerns|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=9 June 2015|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117185009/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Airtels-mystery-code-raises-privacy-concerns/articleshow/47599548.cms|archive-date=17 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150609/06505631281/guy-reveals-airtel-secretly-inserting-javascript-gets-threatened-with-jail-criminal-copyright-infringement.shtml |title=Guy Reveals Airtel Secretly Inserting JavaScript, Gets Threatened With Jail For Criminal Copyright Infringement |publisher=Techdirt |date=9 June 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100926/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150609/06505631281/guy-reveals-airtel-secretly-inserting-javascript-gets-threatened-with-jail-criminal-copyright-infringement.shtml |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/technology-others/is-airtel-spying-on-its-3g-subscribers-programmer-reveal-codes/ |title=Airtel: We have nothing to do with "spy code" or legal notice |publisher=The Indian Express |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024041852/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/technology-others/is-airtel-spying-on-its-3g-subscribers-programmer-reveal-codes/ |archive-date=24 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/under-fire-for-snooping-airtel-denies-wrongdoing/article1-1357247.aspx |title=After Airtel, MTNL gets slammed for violating customer privacy {{pipe}} business |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717114601/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/under-fire-for-snooping-airtel-denies-wrongdoing/article1-1357247.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===eKYC licence suspension===
The [[Unique Identification Authority of India]] (UIDAI) suspended Bharti Airtel and [[Airtel Payments Bank Limited]]'s licence for eKYC of [[Aadhaar]] on 16 December 2017, following complaints from customers that their accounts were being opened without their consent. Some even received their LPG subsidies in their Airtel Payments Bank accounts.<ref>{{cite news|title=UIDAI suspends Airtel, Airtel Payments Bank's eKYC licence|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/uidai-bharti-airtel-ekyc-4985801/|access-date=17 December 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216173843/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/uidai-bharti-airtel-ekyc-4985801/|archive-date=16 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Airtel app security flaw===
On 8 December 2019, a serious security fault was detected that existed in Airtel's [[API]]. The bug allowed potential threat actors to "fetch sensitive user information of any Airtel subscriber."<ref>{{cite news |title=Security flaw in Airtel app exposes customers data, fixed now |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/security-flaw-in-airtel-app-exposes-customers-data-fixed-now/articleshow/72421661.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> Ehraz Ahmed was the first to observe this security vulnerability, and he released a video demonstrating a script being used to obtain information from the Airtel's mobile app's API.<ref name="Airtel mobile app security flaw exposes personal data of 32 crore subscribers">{{cite web |title=Airtel mobile app security flaw exposes personal data of 32 crore subscribers |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/telecom/bharti-airtel-security-flaw-data-breach-exposes-personal-and-sensitive-user-information-of-32-crore-subscribers/story/391724.html |website=Business Today |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> On his blog, Ehraz concluded that such flaw can result in "revealed information like first and last name, gender, email, date of birth, address, subscription information, device capability information for 4G, 3G & [[General Packet Radio Service|GPRS]], network information, activation date, user type (prepaid or postpaid) and current [[International Mobile Equipment Identity|IMEI]] number", all being very sensitive user information.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ehraz |title=Security Flaw in Airtel - Ehraz Ahmed |url=https://ehraz.co/security/casestudy/airtel/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=ehraz.co |date=7 December 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Airtel mobile app security flaw exposes personal data of 32 crore subscribers"/> Airtel acknowledged the issue and it was fixed shortly after.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-06 |title=Indian Airtel: Bug meant users' personal data was not secure |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50641608 |access-date=2023-07-18}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies|Telecommunication}}
* [[Airtel Africa]]
* [[Airtel Bangladesh]]
* [[Airtel India]]
* [[Airtel Sri Lanka]]
* [[Airtel-Vodafone]]
* [[Bharti Enterprises]]
* [[List of mobile network operators]]
* [[List of telecom companies in India]]
* [[Singtel]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.airtel.in Official website]

{{Bharti Enterprises}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}
{{Bridge Alliance}}
{{BSE Sensex}}
{{S&P CNX Nifty companies}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{Major telecommunications companies}}

[[Category:Bharti Airtel| ]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of India]]
[[Category:Internet service providers of India]]
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Private equity portfolio companies]]
[[Category:BSE SENSEX]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:Vodafone]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in Africa]]
[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Bharti Enterprises]]

Lion

2026-03-27T06:49:53Z

Scrapuncle: enhance citations as per guidelines

{{Short description|Large cat native to Africa and India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Mountain lion|Lyon|Loin}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp|vandalism|small=y}}
{{Pp-move|vandalism}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Lion
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}}

| image = 020 The lion king Snyggve in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg
| image_caption = Male in [[Serengeti National Park]], Tanzania
| image2 = Okonjima Lioness.jpg
| image2_caption = Female in [[Okonjima]], Namibia
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera leo'' |author1=Nicholson, S. |author2=Bauer, H. |author3=Strampelli, P. |author4=Sogbohossou, E. |author5=Ikanda, D. |author6=Tumenta, P. F. |author7=Venktraman, M. |author8=Chapron, G. |author9=Loveridge, A. |year=2024 |amends=2023 |article-number=e.T15951A259030422 |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = {{efn|Populations of India are listed in Appendix I.}}<ref name=IUCN/>
| taxon = Panthera leo<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000228 |page=546 |heading=Species ''Panthera leo''}}</ref>
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name="Linn1758" />
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = :''[[Panthera leo leo|P. l. leo]]''
:''[[Panthera leo melanochaita|P. l. melanochaita]]''
| range_map = Lion (Panthera leo) IUCN range 2023.svg
| range_map_caption = Historical lion distribution
}}

The '''lion''' ('''''Panthera leo''''') is a large [[Felidae|cat]] of the genus ''[[Panthera]]'', currently ranging only in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[India]]. It has a muscular, broad-chested [[body (biology)|body]]; a short, rounded head; round ears; and a dark, hairy tuft at the tip of its tail. It is [[sexually dimorphic]]; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane that which extends from the head to the shoulders and chest.

The lion inhabits [[grassland]]s, [[savannah]]s, and [[shrubland]]s. It is an [[apex predator|apex]] and [[keystone predator]], preying mostly on medium-sized and large [[ungulate]]s. It is usually more [[diurnality|diurnal]] than other wild cats, but when persecuted, it adapts to being active [[nocturnality|at night]] and [[crepuscular|at twilight]]. It is a [[social species]], forming groups called prides. A lion pride consists of related females and cubs, and a few or one adult male who is unrelated to the females. Groups of female lions usually hunt together. Adult males often compete to keep or gain their membership in the pride.

During the [[Neolithic]] period, the lion ranged throughout Africa and Eurasia, from Southeast Europe to India, but it has been reduced to fragmented populations in sub-Saharan Africa and one population in [[western India]]. It has been listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 1996 because populations in African countries have declined by about 43% since the early 1990s. Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood, [[habitat loss]] and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes for concern.

The lion has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in literature and films. It is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. Lions have been kept in [[menagerie]]s since the time of the [[Roman Empire]] and have been a key species sought for exhibition in [[zoological garden]]s across the world since the late 18th century. [[Cultural depictions of lions]] have occurred worldwide, particularly as a symbol of power and royalty. They figure prominently as symbols and deities in ancient religions.

==Etymology==
The English word ''lion'' is derived via [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] {{lang|xno|liun}} from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|leōnem}} (nominative: {{lang|la|leō}}), which in turn was a borrowing from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|λέων}} {{lang|grc-Latn|léōn}}. The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word {{lang|he|לָבִיא|rtl=yes}} {{lang|he-Latn|lavi}} may also be related.<ref>{{cite OED|lion|access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref> The generic name ''Panthera'' is traceable to the [[classical Latin]] word 'panthēra' and the [[ancient Greek]] word πάνθηρ 'panther'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Liddell, H. G. |last2=Scott, R. |year=1940 |chapter=πάνθηρ |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Revised and augmented |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411203109/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
{{Cladogram|align=right|caption=Phylogeny of the genus ''Panthera'' based on a 2016 [[nuclear DNA]] study<ref name=Li_al2016/>
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Panthera]]''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Snow leopard]] [[File:Schneeleoparden (Panthera uncia) Zoo Salzburg 2014 f white background.jpg|70px]]
|2=[[Tiger]] [[File:Tigress in Bandhavgarh NP white background.jpg|70px]]
}}
|2={{clade sequential
|1=[[Jaguar]] [[File:Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) male Three Brothers River white background.JPG|70px]]
|2=[[Leopard]] [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Sassy Lassy white background.jpg|70px]]
|3='''Lion''' [[File:Panthera leo -Ngorongoro, Tanzania-8b white background.jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}

''Felis leo'' was the [[scientific name]] used by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758, who described the lion in his work ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name="Linn1758">{{cite book |last=Linnaeus|first= C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |page=41 |chapter=''Felis leo'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}} {{in lang|la}}</ref> The genus name ''Panthera'' was coined by [[Lorenz Oken]] in 1816.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oken |first1=L. |year=1816 |title=Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung |location=Jena |publisher=August Schmid & Comp. |page=1052 |chapter=1. Art, ''Panthera'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5o5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1052}}</ref> Between the mid-18th and mid-20th centuries, 26 lion [[Zoological specimen|specimen]]s were described and proposed as subspecies, of which 11 were recognised as [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]] in 2005.<ref name=MSW3/> They were distinguished mostly by the size and colour of their manes and skins.<ref name=Hemmer/>

===Subspecies===
In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion [[type specimen]]s were described and proposed as [[subspecies]], with about a dozen recognised as [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]] [[Taxon|taxa]] until 2017.<ref name=MSW3/> Between 2008 and 2016, [[IUCN Red List]] assessors used only two subspecific names: ''P. l. leo'' for African lion populations, and ''P. l. persica'' for the Asiatic lion population.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=Breitenmoser2008>{{cite iucn |author=Breitenmoser, U. |author2=Mallon, D. P. |author3=Ahmad Khan, J. |author4=Driscoll, C. |date=2008 |article-number=e.T15952A5327221 |title=''Panthera leo'' ssp. ''persica'' |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en}}</ref><ref name=Henschel2015>{{cite iucn |author=Henschel, P. |author2=Bauer, H. |author3=Sogbohoussou, E. |author4=Nowell, K. |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en |title=''Panthera leo'' West Africa subpopulation}}</ref> In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised lion [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]], and recognises two subspecies based on results of several [[phylogeographic]] studies on lion [[evolution]], namely:<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=71–73 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=71 |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=71 |url-status=live}}</ref>

*[[Panthera leo leo|''P. l. leo'']] {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} − the [[Nominate subspecies|nominate]] lion subspecies includes the [[Asiatic lion]], the [[Locally extinct|regionally extinct]] [[Barbary lion]], and lion populations in West and northern parts of Central Africa.<ref name=catsg/> [[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]] include ''P. l. persica'' {{small|(Meyer, 1826)}}, ''P. l. senegalensis'' {{small|(Meyer, 1826)}}, ''P. l. kamptzi'' {{small|([[Paul Matschie|Matschie]], 1900)}}, and ''P. l. azandica'' {{small|([[Joel Asaph Allen|Allen]], 1924)}}.<ref name=MSW3/> It has been called 'northern lion' and 'northern subspecies'.<ref name=Wood1865>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=J. G. |author-link=John George Wood |title=The Illustrated Natural History |volume=((Mammalia, Volume 1)) |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter=Felidæ; or the Cat Tribe |pages=129−148 |location=London |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1DPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA147 |year=1865 |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505150653/https://books.google.com/books?id=v1DPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA147#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Hunter2018>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=L. |last2=Barrett |first2=P. |title=The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World |edition=Second |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney |isbn=978-1-4729-5080-2 |date=2018 |chapter=Lion ''Panthera leo'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HpxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |pages=46−47 |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305201610/https://books.google.com/books?id=4HpxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Panthera leo melanochaita|''P. l. melanochaita'']] {{small|([[Charles Hamilton Smith|Smith]], 1842)}} − includes the extinct [[Cape lion]] and lion populations in East and Southern African regions.<ref name=catsg/> Synonyms include ''P. l. somaliensis'' {{small|(Noack 1891)}}, ''P. l. massaica'' {{small|([[Oscar Neumann|Neumann]], 1900)}}, ''P. l. sabakiensis'' {{small|([[Einar Lönnberg|Lönnberg]], 1910)}}, ''P. l. bleyenberghi'' {{small|(Lönnberg, 1914)}}, ''P. l. roosevelti'' {{small|([[Edmund Heller|Heller]], 1914)}}, ''P. l. nyanzae'' {{small|(Heller, 1914)}}, ''P. l. hollisteri'' {{small|([[Joel Asaph Allen|Allen]], 1924)}}, ''P. l. krugeri'' {{small|([[Austin Roberts (zoologist)|Roberts]], 1929)}}, ''P. l. vernayi'' {{small|(Roberts, 1948)}}, and ''P. l. webbiensis'' {{small|(Zukowsky, 1964)}}.<ref name=MSW3 /><ref name=Hemmer/> It has been referred to as 'southern subspecies' and 'southern lion'.<ref name=Hunter2018/>

Based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, the two subspecies can be further divided into seven [[clade]]s. These clades have been recommended by scientists as basal units for possible translocations of lions between different areas of occurrence.<ref name="Bertola2022"> Bertola, L. D., Miller, S. M., Williams, V. L., Naude, V. N., Coals, P., Dures, S. G., ... & Lindsey, P. (2022). ‘’[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.13318 Genetic guidelines for translocations: Maintaining intraspecific diversity in the lion (Panthera leo).]‘’ Evolutionary Applications, 15(1), 22-39.</ref>

There is however, some degree of overlap between both groups in northern Central Africa. DNA analysis from a more recent study indicates that Central African lions are derived from both northern and southern lions, as they cluster with ''P. leo leo'' in mtDNA-based phylogenies whereas their genomic DNA indicates a closer relationship with P. ''leo melanochaita''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Manuel |first1=M. |last2=Barnett |first2=R.|last3=Sandoval-Velasco |first3=M. |last4=Yamaguchi |first4=N. |last5=Vieira |first5=F. G. |last6=Mendoza |first6=M. L. Z. |last7=Liu |first7=S. |last8=Martin |first8=M. D. |last9=Sinding |first9=M-S. S. |last10=Mak |first10=S. S. T. |last11=Carøe |first11=C. |last12=Liu |first12=S. |last13=Guo |first13=C. |last14=Zheng |first14=J. |last15=Zazula |first15=G. |last16=Baryshnikov |first16=G. |last17=Eizirik |first17=E. |last18=Koepfli |first18=K.-P. |last19=Johnson |first19=W. E. |last20=Antunes |first20=A. |last21=Sicheritz-Ponten |first21=T. |last22=Gopalakrishnan |first22=S. |last23=Larson |first23=G. |last24=Yang |first24=H. |last25=O'Brien |first25=S. J. |last26=Hansen |first26=A. J. |last27=Zhang |first27=G. |last28=Marques-Bonet |first28=T. |last29=Gilbert |first29=M. T. P. |date=2020 |title=The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions |journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=117 |issue=20 |pages=10927–10934 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1919423117 |pmid= 32366643 |pmc=7245068 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11710927D |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Lion samples from some parts of the [[Ethiopian Highlands]] cluster genetically with those from Cameroon and Chad, while lions from other areas of Ethiopia cluster with samples from East Africa. Researchers, therefore, assume Ethiopia is a contact zone between the two subspecies.<ref name=Bertola2016>{{cite journal |author1=Bertola, L. D. |author2=Jongbloed, H. |author3=Van Der Gaag, K. J. |author4=De Knijff, P. |author5=Yamaguchi, N. |author6=Hooghiemstra, H. |author7=Bauer, H. |author8=Henschel, P. |author9=White, P. A. |author10=Driscoll, C. A. |author11=Tende, T. |author12=Ottosson, U. |author13=Saidu, Y. |author14=Vrieling, K. |author15=de Iongh, H. H. |year=2016 |title=Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |article-number=30807 |doi=10.1038/srep30807 |pmid=27488946 |pmc=4973251 |bibcode=2016NatSR...630807B}}</ref> [[Genome]]-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan showed that it clustered with ''P. l. leo'' in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to ''P. l. melanochaita''; this suggested that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision.<ref name=DeManuel_al2020>{{cite journal |author1=de Manuel, M. |author2=Ross, B. |author3=Sandoval-Velasco, M. |author4=Yamaguchi, N. |author5=Vieira, F. G. |author6=Mendoza, M. L. Z. |author7=Liu, S. |author8=Martin, M. D. |author9=Sinding, M.-H. S. |author10=Mak, S. S. T. |author11=Carøe, C. |author12=Liu, S. |author13=Guo, C. |author14=Zheng, J. |author15=Zazula, G. |author16=Baryshnikov, G. |author17=Eizirik, E. |author18=Koepfli, K.-P. |author19=Johnson, W. E. |author20=Antunes, A. |author21=Sicheritz-Ponten, T. |author22=Gopalakrishnan, S. |author23=Larson, G. |author24=Yang, H. |author25=O'Brien, S. J. |author26=Hansen, A. J. |author27=Zhang, G. |author28=Marques-Bonet, T. |author29=Gilbert, M. T. P. |title=The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=117 |issue=20 |pages=10927–10934 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1919423117 |year=2020 |pmid=32366643 |pmc=7245068 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11710927D |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Fossil records===
Other lion subspecies or [[sister species]] to the modern lion existed in prehistoric times:<ref name="Christiansen08CaveLions">{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=P. |year=2008 |title=Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=977–992 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x|pmid=34892880 |bibcode=2008Cladi..24..977C |s2cid=84497516 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
*[[Panthera fossilis|''P. fossilis'']] was larger than the modern lion and lived in the [[Middle Pleistocene]]. Bone fragments were excavated in caves in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Czech Republic.<ref name=Marciszak2010>{{cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Stefaniak |first2=K. |year=2010 |title=Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea fossilis'' Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea spelaea'' Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bisnik Cave, Poland |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=258 |issue=3 |pages=339–351 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 |bibcode=2010NJGPA.258..339M |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 |access-date=14 March 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925142142/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Sabol2014>{{cite journal |last=Sabol |first=M. |year=2014 |title=''Panthera fossilis'' (Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987–2007 |journal=Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis |volume=70 |issue=1–2 |pages=59–70 | doi=10.14446/AMNP.2014.59 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''[[Panthera spelaea|P. spelaea]]'', or the cave lion, lived in [[Eurasia]] and [[Beringia]] during the [[Late Pleistocene]]. It became extinct due to [[climate warming]] or [[Early human migrations|human expansion]] latest by 11,900 years ago.<ref name=Stuart2011>{{cite journal |last1=Stuart |first1=A. J. |last2=Lister |first2=A. M. |year=2011 |title=Extinction chronology of the cave lion ''Panthera spelaea'' |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=30 |issue=17 |pages=2329–2340 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023 |bibcode=2011QSRv...30.2329S}}</ref> Bone fragments excavated in European, North Asian, Canadian and Alaskan caves indicate that it ranged from Europe across Siberia into western Alaska.<ref name="Hemmer2011">{{cite journal |author=Hemmer, H. |year=2011 |title=The story of the cave lion – ''Panthera Leo Spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810) – A review |journal=Quaternaire |volume=4|pages=201–208 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285886884}}</ref> It likely derived from ''P. fossilis'',<ref name=Barnett2016>{{cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Mendoza |first2=M. L. Z. |last3=Soares |first3=A. E. R. |last4=Ho |first4=S. Y. W. |last5=Zazula |first5=G. |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Shapiro |first7=B. |last8=Kirillova |first8=I. V. |last9=Larson |first9=G. |last10=Gilbert |first10=M. T. P. |year=2016 |title=Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the ''Panthera'' cats |journal=Open Quaternary |volume=2 |article-number=4 |doi=10.5334/oq.24 |doi-access=free |hdl=10576/22920 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> and was genetically isolated and highly distinct from the modern lion in Africa and Eurasia.<ref name="BurgerJ-Molecular-phylogeny">{{Cite journal |last1=Burger |first1=J. |year=2004 |title=Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion ''Panthera leo spelaea'' |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |pmid=15012963 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=841–849 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020 |url=http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Biologie/Anthropologie/MolA/Download/Burger%202004.pdf |last3=Loreille |first3=O. |last4=Hemmer |first4=H. |last5=Eriksson |first5=T. |last6=Götherström |first6=A. |last7=Hiller |first7=J. |last8=Collins |first8=M. J. |last9=Wess |first9=T. |last2=Rosendahl |first2=W. |last10=Alt |first10=K. W. |bibcode=2004MolPE..30..841B |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925204424/http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Biologie/Anthropologie/MolA/Download/Burger%202004.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=Barnett2016/> It is depicted in [[Paleolithic]] cave paintings, ivory carvings, and clay busts.<ref name="Packer00">{{Cite journal |author=Packer, C. |author2=Clottes, J. |title=When Lions Ruled France |journal=Natural History |volume=109 |issue=9 |pages=52–57 |date=2000 |url=http://www.cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/public/downloads/When_lions_ruled_France.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229212607/http://cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/public/downloads/When_lions_ruled_France.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[American lion|''P. atrox'']], or the American lion, ranged in the Americas from Canada to possibly [[Patagonia]] during the Late Pleistocene.<ref name="Chimento2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Chimento |first1=N. R. |last2=Agnolin |first2=F. L. |year=2017 |title=The fossil American lion (''Panthera atrox'') in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=850–864 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017CRPal..16..850C |hdl=11336/65990 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> It diverged from the cave lion around 165,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Salis |first1=A. T. |last2=Bray |first2=S. C. E. |last3=Lee |first3=M. S. Y. |last4=Heiniger |first4=H. |last5=Barnett |first5=R. |last6=Burns |first6=J. A. |last7=Doronichev |first7=V. |last8=Fedje |first8=D. |last9=Golovanova |first9=L. |last10=Harington |first10=C. R. |last11=Hockett |first11=B. |last12=Kosintsev |first12=P. |last13=Lai |first13=X. |last14=Mackie |first14=Q. |last15=Vasiliev |first15=S. |date=2022 |title=Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=31 |issue=24 |pages=6407–6421 |bibcode=2022MolEc..31.6407S |doi=10.1111/mec.16267 |pmid=34748674 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11343/299180}}</ref>

Additionally, in 1938 paleontologist [[Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Paulus Deraniyagala]] named a subspecies ''P. l. sinhaleyus'' based on two fossils, a lower left carnassial and a damaged right lower canine tooth, both excavated from deposits in [[Kuruwita]], Sri Lanka. He called it "narrower and more elongate" but otherwise failed to distinguish ''P. l. sinhaleyus'' from other lion subspecies. A subsequent study of felid fossils from the Kuruwita deposits in 2005 described the fossils in further detail but only assigned to them to ''P. leo''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deraniyagala |first1=P. E. P. |date=1938 |title=Some fossil animals from Ceylon, Part II |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch) |volume=34 |issue=91 |pages=231–239 |jstor=45385414}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=K. |last1=Manamendra-Arachchi |first2=R. |last2=Pethiyagoda |first3=R. |last3=Dissanayake |first4=M. |last4=Meegaskumbura |year=2005 |title=A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka |journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=Supplement 12 |pages=423–434 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237009731}}</ref>

===Evolution===
{{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|image1=Panthera Atrox.jpg |thumb|caption1=Skull of an American lion on display at the [[National Museum of Natural History]]|
image2=Cave lion range.png|caption2={{legend|#fe6033|''[[Panthera spelaea]]''}}{{legend|#6363ff|''[[Panthera atrox]]''}}{{legend|#6cff8a|''Panthera leo''}}{{break}}Maximal range of the modern lion{{break}}and its prehistoric relatives{{break}}in the late Pleistocene}}

The ''Panthera'' [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]] is estimated to have [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] from the [[common ancestor]] of the [[Felidae]] around {{Ma|10.8}}.<ref name=Johnson2006>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |date=2006 |title=The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=311|issue=5757|pages=73–77 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |pmid=16400146 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J }}</ref> [[Hybrid (biology)|Hybridisation]] between lion and [[snow leopard]] ancestors possibly continued until about 2.1 million years ago.<ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal|last1=Li |first1=G. |last2=Davis |first2=B. W. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |date=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742 }}</ref> The lion-leopard clade was distributed in the Asian and African [[Palearctic]] since at least the early [[Pliocene]].<ref name=Tseng2014>{{cite journal |author1=Tseng, Z. J. |author2=Wang, X. |author3=Slater, G. J. |author4=Takeuchi, G. T. |author5=Li, Q. |author6=Liu, J. |author7=Xie, G. |date=2014 |title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1774 |article-number=20132686 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686|pmid=24225466 |pmc=3843846 |bibcode=2014PBioS.28132686T |doi-access=free}}</ref> The earliest fossils recognisable as lions were found at [[Olduvai Gorge]] in Tanzania and are estimated to be up to 2 million years old.<ref name=werdelin2009>{{cite book|last1=Werdelin|first1=L.|last2=Yamaguchi|first2=N.|last3=Johnson|first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J.|chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)|date=2010|pages=59–82|isbn=978-0-19-923445-5|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Estimates for the divergence time of the modern and cave lion lineages range from 529,000 to 392,000 years ago based on [[mutation rate]] per generation time of the modern lion. There is no evidence for [[gene flow]] between the two lineages, indicating that they did not share the same geographic area.<ref name="DeManuel_al2020" /> The Eurasian and American cave lions became extinct at the end of the [[last glacial period]] without [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] descendants on other continents.<ref name="BurgerJ-Molecular-phylogeny"/><ref name=Barnett>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |author-link2=Beth Shapiro |last3=Barnes |first3=I. |last4=Ho |first4=S. Y. W. |last5=Burger |first5=J. |author-link5=Joachim Burger |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Higham |first7=T. F. G. |last8=Wheeler |first8=H. T. |title=Phylogeography of lions (''Panthera leo'' ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |date=2009 |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1668–1677 |pmid=19302360 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x |first9=W. |last9=Rosendahl |last10=Sher |first10=A. V. |last11=Sotnikova |first11=M. |last12=Kuznetsova |first12=T. |last13=Baryshnikov |first13=G. F. |last14=Martin |first14=L. D. |last15=Harington |first15=C. R. |last16=Burns |first16=J. A. |last17=Cooper |first17=A. |bibcode=2009MolEc..18.1668B |s2cid=46716748 |url=http://www.zin.ru/Labs/theriology/eng/staff/baryshnikov/references/barnett_et_al_2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808225555/http://www.zin.ru/labs/theriology/eng/staff/baryshnikov/references/barnett_et_al_2009.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Argant, A. |author2=Brugal, J.-P. |year=2017 |title=The cave lion ''Panthera (Leo) spelaea'' and its evolution: ''Panthera spelaea intermedia'' nov. subspecies |journal=Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=58–103 |doi=10.3409/azc.60_2.59 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The modern lion was probably widely distributed in Africa during the [[Middle Pleistocene]] and started to diverge in sub-Saharan Africa during the Late Pleistocene. Lion populations in East and Southern Africa became separated from populations in West and North Africa when the equatorial rainforest expanded 183,500 to 81,800 years ago.<ref name=Barnett_al2014>{{cite journal |author1=Barnett, R. |author2=Yamaguchi, N. |author3=Shapiro, B. |author4=Ho, S. Y. |author5=Barnes, I. |author6=Sabin, R. |author7=Werdelin, L. |author8=Cuisin, J. |author9=Larson, G. |year=2014 |title=Revealing the maternal demographic history of ''Panthera leo'' using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=70 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-70|pmid=24690312 |pmc=3997813 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...70B}}</ref> They shared a common ancestor probably between 98,000 and 52,000 years ago.<ref name="DeManuel_al2020" /> Due to the expansion of the Sahara between 83,100 and 26,600 years ago, lion populations in West and North Africa became separated. As the rainforest decreased and thus gave rise to more open habitats, lions moved from West to Central Africa. Lions from North Africa dispersed to southern Europe and Asia between 38,800 and 8,300 years ago.<ref name=Barnett_al2014/>

Extinction of lions in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East interrupted gene flow between lion populations in Asia and Africa. Genetic evidence revealed numerous [[mutation]]s in lion samples from East and Southern Africa, which indicates that this group has a longer evolutionary history than genetically less diverse lion samples from Asia and West and Central Africa.<ref name=Bertola2011>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertola |first1=L. D. |last2=Van Hooft |first2=W. F. |last3=Vrieling |first3=K. |last4=Uit De Weerd |first4=D. R. |last5=York |first5=D. S. |last6=Bauer |first6=H. |last7=Prins |first7=H. H. T. |last8=Funston |first8=P. J. |last9=Udo De Haes |first9=H. A. |last10=Leirs |first10=H. |last11=Van Haeringen |first11=W. A. |last12=Sogbohossou |first12=E. |last13=Tumenta |first13=P. N. |last14=De Iongh |first14=H. H. |year=2011 |title=Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion (''Panthera leo'') in West and Central Africa |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=1356–1367 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x |bibcode=2011JBiog..38.1356B |s2cid=82728679}}</ref> A whole genome-wide sequence of lion samples showed that samples from West Africa shared [[alleles]] with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This phenomenon indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated, possibly migrating through corridors in the [[Nile Basin]] during the early [[Holocene]].<ref name=DeManuel_al2020/>

===Hybrids===

{{Further|Panthera hybrid}}

In zoos, lions have been bred with [[tiger]]s to create hybrids for the curiosity of visitors or for scientific purpose.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1898 |title=Lion-Tiger Hybrid |journal=Nature |volume=58 |issue=1496 |page=200 |doi=10.1038/058200b0 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1889713 |bibcode=1898Natur..58Q.200P |s2cid=4056029 |doi-access=free |access-date=7 December 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326042949/https://zenodo.org/record/1889713 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Benirschke, K. |title=Comparative Aspects of Reproductive Failure |chapter=Sterility and Fertility of Interspecific Mammalian Hybrids |pages=218–234 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |year=1967 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-48949-5_12 |isbn=978-3-642-48949-5}}</ref> The [[liger]] is bigger than a lion and a tiger, whereas most [[tigon]]s are relatively small compared to their parents because of reciprocal gene effects.<ref name="shi">{{cite thesis |last=Shi |first=W. |year=2005 |title=Growth and Behaviour: Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis |type=PhD |series=Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology |publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis |location=Uppsala |chapter=Hybrid dysgenesis effects |pages=8–10 |chapter-url=http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:165749/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518050521/http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:165749/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4784 }}</ref><ref name="Carnivores">{{Cite book |last1=Rafferty |first1=J. P. |title=Carnivores: Meat-eating Mammals |date=2011 |location=New York |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-340-3 |chapter=The Liger |page=120 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMui7zVOqeUC&pg=PA120 |access-date=4 July 2014 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505150613/https://books.google.com/books?id=EMui7zVOqeUC&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[leopon]] is a hybrid between a lion and leopard.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Zhang, Z. |author2=Chen, J. |author3=Li, L. |author4=Tao, M. |author5=Zhang, C. |author6=Qin, Q. |author7=Xiao, J. |author8=Liu, Y. |author9=Liu, S. |title=Research advances in animal distant hybridization |year=2014 |journal=Science China Life Sciences |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1 |pmid=25091377 |s2cid=18179301 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030104852/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11427-014-4707-1.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2018 |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Description==
{{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical
|image1=Lioness 12.jpg|caption1=A tuft at the end of the tail is a distinct characteristic of the lion.
|image2=Description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossiles (Panthera leo).jpg|caption2=Skeleton}}
The lion is a muscular, broad-chested cat with a short, rounded head, a reduced neck, and round ears; males have broader heads. The fur varies in colour from light [[Buff (colour)|buff]] to silvery grey, yellowish red, and dark brown. The colours of the underparts are generally lighter. A new-born lion has dark [[Rosette (zoology)|spots]], which fade as the cub reaches adulthood, although faint spots may still be seen on the legs and underparts.<ref name=Guggisberg1975/><ref name=Haas2005>{{cite journal |author1=Haas, S. K. |author2=Hayssen, V. |author3=Krausman, P. R. |title=''Panthera leo'' |year=2005 |journal=Mammalian Species |volume=762 |pages=1–11 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf |doi=10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=198968757 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728131140/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> The tail of all lions ends in a dark, hairy tuft that, in some lions, conceals an approximately {{cvt|5|mm}}-long, hard "spine" or "spur" composed of dermal papillae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=W.C. |date=1873 |title=On the So-Called Prickle or Claw at the End of the Tail of the Lion and Other Felines &blobtype=pdf |journal=Journal of Anatomy and Physiology |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=271–273 |pmid=17230977|pmc=1318943 }}</ref> The functions of the spur are unknown. The tuft is absent at birth, develops at around {{frac|5|1|2}} months of age and is readily identifiable at the age of seven months.<ref name="Schaller28">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 28–30.</ref>

Its skull is very similar to that of the tiger, although the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened and has a slightly shorter [[postorbital]] region and broader nasal openings than those of the tiger. Due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species.<ref name=Pocock1939>{{cite book |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1939 |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma |volume=((Mammalia. Volume 1)) |publisher=Taylor and Francis Ltd. |location=London |chapter=''Panthera leo'' |pages=212–222 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n261/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=USSR>{{Cite book |last1=Heptner |first1=V. G. |last2=Sludskii |first2=A. A. |orig-date=1972 |year=1992 |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |location=Washington DC |chapter=Lion |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/82/mode/2up |pages=83–95 |isbn=978-90-04-08876-4}}</ref>

The skeletal muscles of the lion make up 58.8% of its body weight and represent the highest percentage of muscles among mammals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D. D. |date=1962 |title=Allometric relationships in Lions vs. Domestic Cats |journal=Evolution |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=505–514 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03240.x |bibcode=1962Evolu..16..505D |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calder |first=W. A. |chapter=Skeletal muscle |pages=17–21 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iBS6-2OO3wC&pg=PA19 |title=Size, Function, and Life History |date=1996 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-69191-6 |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305201618/https://books.google.com/books?id=-iBS6-2OO3wC&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> The lion has a high concentration of [[fast twitch muscle]] fibres, giving them quick bursts of speed but less stamina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kohn |first1=T. A. |last2=Burroughs |first2=R. |last3=Hartman |first3=M. J. |last4=Noakes |first4=T. D. |date=2011 |title=Fiber type and metabolic characteristics of lion (''Panthera leo''), Caracal (''Caracal caracal'') and human skeletal muscle |url=https://www.academia.edu/18641695 |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.006 |hdl=2263/19598 |pmid=21320626}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=B. |last2=Garcia |first2=M. E. |last3=Shea-Shumsky |first3=N. B. |last4=Tennison |first4=M. E. |last5=Schall |first5=M. |last6=Saviano |first6=M. S. |last7=Tummino |first7=T. A. |last8=Bull |first8=A. J. |last9=Driscoll |first9=L. L. |last10=Raghanti |first10=M. A. |last11=Lewandowski |first11=A. H. |last12=Wicinski |first12=B. |last13=Ki Chui |first13=H. |last14=Bertelsen |first14=M. F. |last15=Walsh |first15=T. |date=2018 |title=Comparative morphology of gigantopyramidal neurons in primary motor cortex across mammals |journal=Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=526 |issue=3 |pages=496–536 |doi=10.1002/cne.24349 |pmid=29088505 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320596823}}</ref>

===Size===
Among felids, the lion is second only to the tiger in size.<ref name=Haas2005/> The size and weight of adult lions vary across its range and habitats.<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980>{{Cite journal |last=Smuts |first=G. L. |author2=Robinson, G. A. |author3=Whyte, I. J. |title=Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=1980 |volume=190 |issue=3 |pages=365–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x |bibcode=1980JZoo..190..365S}}</ref><ref name=Chellam1993>{{cite book |author=Chellam, R. |author2=Johnsingh, A. J. T. |year=1993 |chapter=Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India |pages=409–423 |title=Mammals as predators: the proceedings of a symposium held by the Zoological Society of London and the Mammal Society, London. Volume 65 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London |editor1-last=Dunstone |editor1-first=N. |editor2-last=Gorman |editor2-first=M. L. |publisher=Zoological Society of London |location=London}}</ref><ref name=BCKM1993>{{cite book |author=Brakefield, T. |chapter=Lion: Sociable Simba |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szBm5kPeC-cC&pg=PA50 |pages=50–67 |title=Big Cats: Kingdom of Might |publisher=Voyageur Press |location=London |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-89658-329-0 |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114707/https://books.google.com/books?id=szBm5kPeC-cC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nowak>{{Cite book |last=Nowak |first=R. M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |chapter=''Panthera leo'' |pages=832–834 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&pg=PR832 |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8}}</ref> Accounts of a few individuals that were larger than average exist from Africa and India.<ref name=Guggisberg1975/><ref name=CAP>{{Cite book |last1=Nowell |first1=K. |last2=Jackson |first2=P. |title=Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529182212/http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2005 |url-status=live |year=1996 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0045-8 |pages=17–21; 37–41 |chapter=African lion, ''Panthera leo'' (Linnaeus, 1758); Asiatic lion, ''Panthera leo persica'' (Meyer, 1826)}}</ref><ref name="Smuts et al., 1982">{{cite book |author=Smuts, G. L. |year=1982 |title=Lion |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |publisher=MacMillan}}</ref><ref name=Sinha1987>{{cite thesis |author=Sinha, S. P. |year=1987 |title=Ecology of wildlife with special reference to the lion (''Panthera leo persica'') in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Saurashtra, Gujurat |type=PhD |publisher=Saurashtra University |location=Rajkot |isbn=978-3-8443-0545-6}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Average !!Female lions !!Male lions
|-
|Head-and-body length
||{{cvt|160|-|184|cm}}<ref name=West2013>{{cite book |last1=West |first1=P. M. |last2=Packer |first2=C. |chapter=''Panthera leo'' Lion |pages=150–159 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=RA4-PA150 |editor1=Kingdon, J. |editor2=Happold, D. |editor3=Butynski, T. |editor4=Hoffmann, M. |editor5=Happold, M. |editor6=Kalina, J. |title=Mammals of Africa |year=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-8996-2}}</ref>
||{{cvt|184|-|208|cm}}<ref name=West2013/>
|-
|Tail length
||{{cvt|72|-|89.5|cm}}<ref name=West2013/>
||{{cvt|82.5|-|93.5|cm}}<ref name=West2013/>
|-
|Weight
||{{cvt|118.37|-|143.52|kg}} in Southern Africa,<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980/>{{break}}{{cvt|119.5|kg}} in East Africa,<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980/>{{break}}{{cvt|110|-|120|kg}} in India<ref name=Chellam1993/>
||{{cvt|186.55|-|225|kg}} in Southern Africa,<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980/>{{break}}{{cvt|174.9|kg}} in East Africa,<ref name=Smuts_etal_1980/>{{break}}{{cvt|160|-|190|kg}} in India<ref name=Chellam1993/>
|}

===Mane===
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |image1=Lion (Panthera leo) male 6y.jpg |caption1=A six-year-old male in [[Phinda Private Game Reserve]] |image2=Lion au repos parc pendjari.jpg |caption2=Young male in Pendjari National Park}}
The male lion's mane is the most recognisable feature of the species.<ref name=Hemmer>{{cite journal |author=Hemmer, H. |year=1974 |title=Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (''Pantherinae'') Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen ''Panthera (Panthera) leo'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |journal=Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung |volume=17| pages=167–280 |url=https://archive.org/stream/verfentlichungen171974zool#page/178/mode/2up}}</ref> It may have evolved around 320,000–190,000 years ago.<ref name=Yamaguchietal2004Mane>{{Cite journal |last1=Yamaguchi |first1=N. |last2=Cooper |first2=A. |last3=Werdelin |first3=L. |last4=MacDonald |first4=D. W. |date=2004 |title=Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (''Panthera leo''): a review |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=263 |issue=4 |pages=329–342 |doi=10.1017/S0952836904005242 |bibcode=2004JZoo..263..329Y}}</ref> It grows downwards and backwards, covering most of the head, neck, shoulders, and chest. The mane is typically brownish and tinged with yellow, rust, and black hairs.<ref name=Haas2005/> Mutations in the genes [[microphthalmia-associated transcription factor]] and [[tyrosinase]] are possibly responsible for the colour of manes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tefera |first=M. |date=2003 |title=Phenotypic and reproductive characteristics of lions (''Panthera leo'') at Addis Ababa Zoo |journal=Biodiversity & Conservation |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=1629–1639 |doi=10.1023/A:1023641629538|bibcode=2003BiCon..12.1629T}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barazandeh |first1=M. |last2=Kriti |first2=D. |last3=Fickel |first3=J. |last4=Nislow |first4=C. |date=2024 |title=The Addis Ababa Lions: Whole-genome sequencing of a rare and precious population |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=16 |issue=2 |article-number=evae021 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evae021 |pmc=10871700 |pmid=38302110}}</ref> It starts growing when lions enter adolescence, when [[testosterone]] levels increase, and reach their full size at around four years old.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], p. 148.</ref> Cool ambient temperatures in European and North American zoos may result in a heavier mane.<ref name=BarnettYamaguchi2006/> On average, Asiatic lions have sparser manes than African lions.<ref name=Menon>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=V. |year=2003 |title=A Field Guide to Indian Mammals |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Dorling Kindersley India |isbn=978-0-14-302998-4}}</ref>{{page needed |date=April 2025}}

This feature likely evolved to signal the [[fitness (biology)|fitness]] of males to females. Males with darker manes appear to have greater reproductive success and are more likely to remain in a pride for longer. They have longer and thicker hair and higher testosterone levels, but they are also more vulnerable to heat stress.<ref name=PeytonPacker1992>{{cite journal |last1=Peyton |first1=P. M. |last2=Packer |first2=C. |year=2002 |title=Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane |journal=Science |volume=297 |issue=5585 |pages=1339–1343 |doi=10.1126/science.1073257 |pmid=12193785 |bibcode=2002Sci...297.1339W |s2cid=15893512}}</ref><ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], pp. 137, 145.</ref> The core body temperature does apparently not increase regardless of sex, season, feeding time, length and colour of mane, but only surface temperature is affected.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trethowan |first1=P. |last2=Fuller |first2=A. |last3=Haw |first3=A. |last4=Hart |first4=T. |last5=Markham |first5=A. |last6=Loveridge |first6=A. |last7=Hetem |first7=R. |last8=du Preez |first8=B. |last9=Macdonald |first9=D. W. |date=2017 |title=Getting to the core: Internal body temperatures help reveal the ecological function and thermal implications of the lions' mane |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=253–262 |doi=10.1002/ece3.2556 |pmc=5214092 |pmid=28070288 |bibcode=2017EcoEv...7..253T}}</ref> Unlike in other felid species, female lions consistently interact with multiple males at once.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], pp. 145.</ref> Another hypothesis suggests that the mane also serves to protect the neck in fights, but this is disputed.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 360.</ref><ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], pp. 133.</ref> During fights, including those involving maneless females and adolescents, the neck is not targeted as much as the face, back, and hindquarters. Injured lions also begin to lose their manes.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], pp. 133, 137, 145, 148.</ref>

Almost all male lions in [[Pendjari National Park]] are either maneless or have very short manes.<ref name=Schoeetal2010>{{cite book |author1=Schoe, M. |author2=Sogbohossou, E. A. |author3=Kaandorp, J. |author4=De Longh, H. |title=Progress Report—collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin |publisher=The Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund (for funding the project) |year=2010}}</ref> [[Maneless lion]]s have also been reported in Senegal, in [[Sudan]]'s [[Dinder National Park]] and in [[Tsavo East National Park]], Kenya.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Trivedi |first=B. P. |title=Are maneless Tsavo Lions prone to male pattern baldness? |magazine=National Geographic |year=2005 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605184139/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0412_020412_TVtsavolions.html |archive-date=5 June 2002 |access-date=7 July 2007}}</ref> [[Castration|Castrated]] lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the [[gonad]]s inhibits testosterone production.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=L. |last=Munson |date=2006 |title=Contraception in felids |journal=Theriogenology |pmid=16626799 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=126–134 |doi=10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.016}}</ref> Lionesses rarely have manes.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gruber |first=K. |date=2022 |access-date=19 November 2023 |title=Five wild lionesses grow a mane and start acting like males |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2106866-five-wild-lionesses-grow-a-mane-and-start-acting-like-males/ |magazine=New Scientist |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411033205/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2106866-five-wild-lionesses-grow-a-mane-and-start-acting-like-males/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Young |first=L. J. |date=2016 |access-date=19 November 2023 |title=The rare case of a lioness with a mane |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/zoo-lioness-mane/ |magazine=Popular Science |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119185541/https://www.popsci.com/science/zoo-lioness-mane/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported in northern Botswana.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=National Geographic |last=Dell'Amore |first=C. |date=2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |title=No, those aren't male lions mating. One is likely a female |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/160418-lions-mating-africa-animals-science|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228190519/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/160418-lions-mating-africa-animals-science |archive-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>

===Colour variation===
{{Further|White lion}}
The white lion is a rare [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] with a genetic condition called [[leucism]], which is caused by a double [[recessive allele]]. It is not albino; it has normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around [[Kruger National Park]] and the adjacent [[Timbavati Private Game Reserve]] in eastern South Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion [[gene pool]]. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five prides between 2007 and 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turner|first1=J. A. |last2= Vasicek|first2=C. A. |last3= Somers |first3=M. J. |year=2015 |title=Effects of a colour variant on hunting ability: the white lion in South Africa |journal=Open Science Repository Biology |page=e45011830}}</ref> White lions are selected for breeding in captivity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McBride |first=C. |title=The White Lions of Timbavati |year=1977 |publisher=E. Stanton |location=Johannesburg |isbn= 978-0-949997-32-6}}</ref> They have reportedly been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during [[canned hunt]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tucker|first=L. |title=Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God |year=2003 |publisher=Npenvu Press |location=Mapumulanga |isbn=978-0-620-31409-1}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Lions.Gir5.jpg|thumb|Lion in [[Gir National Park]], India]]
African lions live in scattered populations across sub-Saharan Africa. The lion prefers grassy plains and [[savannah]]s, scrub bordering rivers, and open woodlands with bushes. It rarely enters closed forests. On [[Mount Elgon]], the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of {{cvt|3600|m}} and close to the snow line on [[Mount Kenya]].<ref name=Guggisberg1975>{{Cite book |last=Guggisberg |first=C. A. W. |title=Wild Cats of the World |year=1975 |publisher=Taplinger Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8008-8324-9 |chapter=Lion ''Panthera leo'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |pages=138–179 |chapter-url=}}</ref> Savannahs with an annual rainfall of {{cvt|300|to|1500|mm}} make up the majority of lion habitat in Africa, estimated at {{cvt|3390821|km2}} at most, but remnant populations are also present in tropical moist forests in West Africa and [[Afromontane|montane]] forests in East Africa.<ref name=Riggio_al2013>{{cite journal |author=Riggio, J. |author2=Jacobson, A. |author3=Dollar, L. |author4=Bauer, H. |author5=Becker, M. |author6=Dickman, A. |author7=Funston, P. |author8=Groom, R. |author9=Henschel, P. |author10=de Iongh, H. |author11=Lichtenfeld, L. |author12=Pimm, S. |year=2013 |title=The size of savannah Africa: a lion's (''Panthera leo'') view |journal=Biodiversity Conservation |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=17–35|doi=10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013BiCon..22...17R }}</ref> The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around [[Gir National Park]] in Gujarat, western India. Its habitat is a mixture of dry savannah forest and very dry, deciduous [[scrub forest]].<ref name=Breitenmoser2008/>

===Historical range===
In Africa, the range of the lion originally spanned most of the central [[African rainforest]] zone and the [[Sahara]] desert.<ref name=Schaller5>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 5.</ref> In the 1960s, it became extinct in North Africa, except in the southern part of Sudan.<ref name=Chardonnet2002/><ref name=Riggio_al2013/><ref name=Black_al2013>{{cite journal |last1=Black |first1=S. A. |last2=Fellous |first2=A. |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=N. | last4=Roberts |first4=D. L. |year=2013 |title=Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=4 |article-number=e60174 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0060174 |pmid=23573239 |pmc=3616087 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...860174B |doi-access=free }}</ref>

During the mid-[[Holocene]], around 8,000-6,000 years ago, the range of lions expanded into Southeastern and Eastern Europe, partially re-occupying the range of the now extinct [[Panthera spelaea|cave lion]].<ref name=Marciszak2022>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Ivanoff |first2=D. V. |last3=Semenov |first3=Y. A. |last4=Talamo |first4=S. |last5=Ridush |first5=B. |last6=Stupak |first6=A. |last7=Yanish |first7=Y. |last8=Kovalchuk |first8=O. |date=2022 |title=The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in ''Panthera spelaea'' |journal=[[Journal of Mammalian Evolution]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=109–135 |doi=10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11585/903022 }}</ref> In [[Hungary]], the modern lion was present from about 4,500 to 3,200 years [[Before Present]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Daróczi-Szabó, M. |author2=Kovács, Z. E. |author3=Raczky, P. |author4=Bartosiewicz, L. |year=2020 |title=Pending danger: Recent copper age lion (''Panthera leo'' L., 1758) finds from Hungary |journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=469–481 |doi=10.1002/oa.2875|doi-access=free }}</ref> In [[Ukraine]], the modern lion was present from about 6,400 to 2,000 years Before Present.<ref name=Marciszak2022 /> In Greece, it was common, as reported by [[Herodotus]] in 480 BC; it was considered rare by 300 BC and [[Local extinction|extirpated]] by AD 100.<ref name=Guggisberg1975 />

In Asia the lion once ranged in regions where climatic conditions supported an abundance of prey.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schnitzler |first1=A. |last2=Hermann |first2=L. |title=Chronological distribution of the tiger ''Panthera tigris'' and the Asiatic lion ''Panthera leo persica'' in their common range in Asia |journal=[[Mammal Review]] |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=340–353 |doi=10.1111/mam.12166 |date=2019 |bibcode=2019MamRv..49..340S |s2cid=202040786}}</ref> It was present in the [[Caucasus]] until the 10th century.<ref name=USSR/> It lived in the [[Levant]] until the [[Middle Ages]] and in Southwest Asia until the late 19th century. By the late 19th century, it had been extirpated in most of Turkey.<ref>{{cite book |author=Üstay, A. H. |year=1990 |title=Hunting in Turkey |publisher=BBA |location=Istanbul}}</ref> The last live lion in Iran was sighted in 1942, about {{cvt|65|km}} northwest of [[Dezful]],<ref name=Firouz05>{{cite book|last=Firouz|first=E.|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2EZCScFXloC&pg=PA66|title=The complete fauna of Iran |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-85043-946-2 |pages=5–67|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505151453/https://books.google.com/books?id=t2EZCScFXloC&pg=PA66|url-status=live}}</ref> although the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the [[Karun]] river in [[Khuzestan province]] in 1944.<ref name=simba /> It once ranged from [[Sind]] and [[Punjab]] in Pakistan to [[Bengal]] and the [[Narmada River]] in central India.<ref name=Kinnear1920>{{cite journal |author=Kinnear, N. B. |year=1920 |title=The past and present distribution of the lion in southeastern Asia |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=27 |pages=34–39 |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn27192022bomb#page/32/mode/2up}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
Lions spend much of their time resting; they are inactive for about twenty hours per day.<ref name="Schaller122">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 122.</ref> Although lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising, grooming, and defecating. [[Cathemerality|Intermittent bursts of activity]] continue until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and fifty minutes eating.<ref name="Schaller120">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 120–121.</ref>

===Group organisation===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Lion (Panthera leo) male and cub Etosha.jpg
| caption1 = Lion pride in Etosha National Park
| image2 = Lions Family Portrait Masai Mara.jpg
| caption2 = A lioness (left) and two males in Masai Mara
}}

The lion is the most social of all wild felid species, living in groups of related individuals with their offspring. Such a group is called a "[[List of animal names#L|pride]]". Groups of male lions are called "coalitions".<ref name="Schaller33">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 33.</ref> Females form the stable social unit in a pride and do not tolerate outside females.<ref name="Schaller37">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 37.</ref> The majority of females remain in their birth prides while all males and some females [[Biological dispersal|disperse]].<ref name=Packer33>[[#Packer|Packer]], p. 33.</ref> The average pride consists of around 15 lions, including several adult females and up to four males and their cubs of both sexes. Large prides of up to 30 individuals have been observed.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 34–35.</ref> The sole exception to this pattern is the [[Tsavo lion]] pride that always had only one adult male.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milius |first=S. |date=2002 |title= Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride |journal=Society for Science & the Public |volume=161 |issue=16 |page=253 |doi=10.1002/scin.5591611614}}</ref> Prides act as [[fission–fusion society|fission–fusion societies]], and members split into subgroups that keep in contact with [[roar]]s.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], pp. 25, 31.</ref>

Nomadic lions range widely and move around sporadically, either in pairs or alone.<ref name="Schaller33"/> Pairs are more frequent among related males. A lion may switch lifestyles; nomads can become residents and vice versa.<ref name=Estes>{{cite book |author=Estes, R. |year=1991 |title=The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08085-0 |location=Berkeley |chapter=Lion |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/369 369–376] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/369 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/369 }}</ref> Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile, although pride females in [[estrus]] allow nomadic males to approach them.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 52–54.</ref> Males spend years in a nomadic phase before gaining residence in a pride.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hanby, J. P.|author2=Bygott, J. D. |year=1979 |chapter=Population changes in lions and other predators |title=Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem |editor1=Sinclair, A. R. E. |editor2=Norton-Griffiths, M. |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=249–262}}</ref> A study undertaken in the [[Serengeti National Park]] revealed that nomadic coalitions gain residency at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Borrego, N. |author2=Ozgul, A.|author3=Slotow, R.|author4=Packer, C. |year=2018 |title=Lion population dynamics: do nomadic males matter? |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=29 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/beheco/ary018 |pages=660–666 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In Kruger National Park, dispersing male lions move more than {{cvt|25|km}} away from their natal pride in search of their own territory. Female lions stay closer to their natal pride. Therefore, female lions in an area are more closely related to each other than male lions in the same area.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Van Hooft, P.|author2=Keet, D. F. |author3=Brebner, D. K.|author4=Bastos, A. D. |year=2018 |title=Genetic insights into dispersal distance and disperser fitness of African lions (''Panthera leo'') from the latitudinal extremes of the Kruger National Park, South Africa |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.1186/s12863-018-0607-x |pmid=29614950 |pmc=5883395 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The evolution of sociability in lions was likely driven both by high [[population density]] and the clumped resources of savannah habitats. The larger the pride, the more high-quality [[Territory (animal)|territory]] they can defend; "hotspots" are near river [[confluence]]s, where they have optimal access to water, prey and vegetation cover.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], pp. 195–196, 222.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mosser |first1=A. A.|last2=Kosmala |first2=M. |last3=Packer|first3=C.|year=2015 |title=Landscape heterogeneity and behavioral traits drive the evolution of lion group territoriality |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=1051–1059 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arv046 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A study on three lion prides in a Zimbabwean wildlife reserve revealed that the dominant pride of 12 lions had the shortest average distance to water and the smallest [[home range]] of {{cvt|130.35|km2}}; the smallest pride of four lions had the longest average distance to water and the largest home range of {{cvt|174.6|km2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tarugara, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clegg, B. W. |author3=Clegg, S. B. |year=2024 |title=Factors influencing space-use and kill distribution of sympatric lion prides in a semi-arid savanna landscape |journal=PeerJ |volume=12 |article-number=e16749 |doi=10.7717/peerj.16749 |pmid=38282863 |pmc=10821722 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The area occupied by a pride is called a "pride area" whereas that occupied by a nomad is a "range".<ref name="Schaller33"/> Males associated with a pride patrol the fringes.<ref name=Haas2005/> Both males and females defend the pride against intruders, but the male lion is better-suited for this purpose due to its stockier, more powerful build. Some individuals consistently lead the defence against intruders, while others lag behind.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heinsohn |first=R. |author2=Packer, C. |year=1995 |title=Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions |journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1260–1262 |doi=10.1126/science.7652573 |pmid=7652573 |bibcode=1995Sci...269.1260H |s2cid=35849910 |url=http://www.life.umd.edu/faculty/wilkinson/BIOL608W/Heinsohn%26Packer95.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810170702/http://www.life.umd.edu/faculty/wilkinson/BIOL608W/Heinsohn%26Packer95.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=1 January 2019 }}</ref> Lions tend to assume specific roles in the pride; slower-moving individuals may provide other valuable services to the group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morell |first=V. |year=1995 |title=Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory |journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5228 |pages=1216–1217 |doi=10.1126/science.7652566 |pmid=7652566 |bibcode=1995Sci...269.1216M |s2cid=44676637}}</ref> Alternatively, there may be rewards associated with being a leader that fends off intruders; the rank of lionesses in the pride is reflected in these responses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahn |first=G. C. |year=1996 |title=Lioness Leadership |journal=Science |volume=271 |issue=5253 |page=1215 |doi=10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a |pmid=17820922 |bibcode=1996Sci...271.1215J |s2cid=5058849}}</ref> The male or males associated with the pride must defend their relationship with the pride from outside males who may attempt to usurp them.<ref name=Estes/>

Asiatic lion prides differ in group composition. Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males, forming a loose pride while females associate with up to 12 other females, forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. Female and male lions associate only when mating.<ref name=Joslin1973>{{cite book |author=Joslin, P. |year=1973 |title=The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour |location=University of Edinburgh, UK |publisher=Department of Forestry and Natural Resources}}</ref> Coalitions of males hold territory for a longer time than single lions. Males in coalitions of three or four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy, in which one male dominates the others and mates more frequently.<ref name=Chakrabarti2017>{{cite journal |author=Chakrabarti, S. |author2=Jhala, Y. V. |author2-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |year=2017 |title=Selfish partners: resource partitioning in male coalitions of Asiatic lions |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1532–1539 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arx118 |pmid=29622932 |pmc=5873260}}</ref>

===Hunting and diet===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| image2 = Lions taking down cape buffalo.jpg
| caption2 = Four lionesses catching a buffalo in the Serengeti
| image1 = Lion and eland.jpg
| caption1 = A skeletal mount of a lion attacking a [[common eland]], on display at [[The Museum of Osteology]]
| image3 = Lions and a Zebra b.jpg
| caption3 = Lions feeding on a zebra
}}

The lion is a [[Generalist and specialist species|generalist]] [[hypercarnivore]] and is considered to be both an apex and keystone predator due to its wide prey spectrum.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 208.</ref><ref name=Frank1998>{{cite book |last=Frank| first=L. G. |year=1998 |title=Living with lions: carnivore conservation and livestock in Laikipia District, Kenya |location=Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki |publisher=US Agency for International Development, Conservation of Biodiverse Resource Areas Project, 623-0247-C-00-3002-00}}</ref> Its prey consists mainly of medium-sized to large [[ungulate]]s, particularly [[blue wildebeest]], [[plains zebra]], [[African buffalo]], [[gemsbok]] and [[giraffe]]. It also frequently takes [[common warthog]] despite it being much smaller.<ref name=Hayward2005>{{Cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=M. W. |last2=Kerley |first2=G. I. H. |year=2005 |title=Prey preferences of the lion (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=267 |issue=3 |pages=309–322 |doi=10.1017/S0952836905007508 |citeseerx=10.1.1.611.8271 |url=http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1595.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627132429/http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1595.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In India, [[chital]] and [[sambar deer]] are the most common wild prey,<ref name=Haas2005/><ref name=Hayward2005/><ref name=Mukherjee>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=S. |last2=Goyal |first2=S. P. |last3=Chellam| first3=R. |year=1994 |title=Refined techniques for the analysis of Asiatic lion ''Panthera leo persica'' scats |journal=Acta Theriologica |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=425–430 |doi=10.4098/AT.arch.94-50 |bibcode=1994AcTh...39..425M |doi-access=free}}</ref> while livestock contributes significantly to lion kills outside protected areas.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Meena, V. |author2=Jhala, Y. V. |author3=Chellam, R. |author4=Pathak, B. |year=2011 |title=Implications of diet composition of Asiatic lions for their conservation |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=284 |issue=1 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00780.x |bibcode=2011JZoo..284...60M |doi-access=free}}</ref> It usually avoids adult [[elephant]]s, [[rhinoceros]] and [[hippopotamus]] and small prey like [[dik-dik]], [[hyrax]]es, [[hare]]s and [[monkey]]s, and seldom consumes other predators.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 220–221.</ref>

Young lions first display stalking behaviour at around three months of age, although they do not participate in hunting until they are almost a year old and begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two.<ref name=Schaller153>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 153.</ref> Single lions are capable of bringing down zebra and wildebeest, while larger prey like buffalo and giraffe are riskier.<ref name=Estes/> In [[Chobe National Park]], large prides have been observed hunting [[African bush elephant]]s up to around 15 years old in exceptional cases, with the victims being calves, juveniles, and even subadults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joubert |first1=D. |year=2006 |title=Hunting behaviour of lions (''Panthera leo'') on elephants (''Loxodonta africana'') in the Chobe National Park, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=279–281 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x|bibcode=2006AfJEc..44..279J}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Power |first1=R. J. |last2=Compion |first2=R. X. S. |title=Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana |journal=African Zoology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |doi=10.3377/004.044.0104 |year=2009 |s2cid=86371484 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232693088 |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035431/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232693088 |url-status=live}}</ref> In typical group hunts, each lioness has a favoured position in the group, either stalking prey on the "wing", then attacking, or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing prey fleeing from other lionesses. Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting.<ref name=hunt>{{Cite journal |last=Stander |first=P. E. |title=Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=445–454 |year=1992 |doi=10.1007/BF00170175 |bibcode=1992BEcoS..29..445S |s2cid=2588727 |url=http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Mail/xmcamail.2011_09.dir/pdfeL5GzNL2FL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095055/http://lchc.ucsd.edu/MCA/Mail/xmcamail.2011_09.dir/pdfeL5GzNL2FL.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Some evidence suggests, however, that males are just as successful as females; they are typically solo hunters who ambush prey in small bushland.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loarie, S. R. |last2=Tambling, C. J. |last3=Asner, G. P. |year=2013 |title=Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=899–906 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018 |bibcode=2013AnBeh..85..899L |hdl=2263/41825 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=53185309 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/41825/1/Loarie_Lion_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816101650/http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/41825/1/Loarie_Lion_2013.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> They join in the hunting of large, slower-moving prey like buffalo; and even hunt them on their own. Moderately-sized hunting groups generally have higher success rates than lone females and larger groups.<ref>[[#Packer|Packer]], p. 150, 153, 164–165.</ref> Lions studied in [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]] increased their chances of success when hunting at night and moonless nights, when the prey was solitary and the cover of bushes dense; the chances of success increased when they attacked from a distance of {{cvt|20|m}} and with a grass cover of {{cvt|80|cm}} tall.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orsdol |first=K. G. V. |date=1984 |title=Foraging behaviour and hunting success of lions in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda |journal=African Journal of Ecology |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227938875 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=79–99 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1984.tb00682.x |bibcode=1984AfJEc..22...79O }}</ref>

Lions are not particularly known for their stamina. For instance, a lioness's heart comprises only 0.57% of her body weight and a male's is about 0.45% of his body weight, whereas a hyena's heart comprises almost 1% of its body weight.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 248.</ref> Thus, lions run quickly only in short bursts at about {{cvt|48-59|km/h}} and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack.<ref name=Schaller2478>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 233, 247–248</ref> They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night.<ref name=Schaller237>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 237.</ref> One study in 2018 recorded a lion running at a top speed of {{cvt|74.1|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wilson |first1=A. M. |last2=Hubel |first2=T. Y. |last3=Wilshin |first3=S. D. |last4=Lowe |first4=J. C. |last5=Lorenc |first5=M. |last6=Dewhirst |first6=O. P. |last7=Bartlam-Brooks |first7=H. L. |last8=Diack |first8=R. |last9=Bennitt |first9=E. |last10=Golabek |first10=K. A. |last11=Woledge |first11=R. C. |year=2018 |title=Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala |url=https://rvc-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1388812/11143.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Nature |volume=554 |issue=7691 |pages=183–188 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..183W |doi=10.1038/nature25479 |pmid=29364874 |s2cid=4405091 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305065622/https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/11143/1/11143.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> Analysis of films of lion hunting has found that lions have an initial acceleration of 9.5 [[Metre per second squared|m/s2]], while a [[Thomson's gazelle]] has an acceleration of only 4.5 m/s2, even though lions only would reach 50 km/h (31 mph) compared to the gazelles' nearly 97 km/h (60 mph); lions stalk their prey in order to attack them unexpectedly, as their prey begins to run unprepared while the predator is better prepared to start.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=R. M. |url=https://www.originalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2020/04/Alexander_2013_Principles-of-Animal-Locomotion.pdf |title=Principles of animal locomotion |date=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=3, 103, 105, 143}}</ref> The lion's attack is short and powerful; it attempts to catch prey with a fast rush and final leap, usually pulls it down by the rump, and kills with a clamping bite to the [[Throat clamp|throat]] or [[Muzzle clamp|muzzle]]. It can hold the prey's throat for up to 13 minutes, until the prey stops moving.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 244, 263–267.</ref> A lioness has a [[Bite force quotient|bite force]] of 1593.8 [[Newton (unit)|Newtons]] (162.5 [[Kilogram-force|kgf]]) at the canine teeth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Van der Meijden |first1=A. |last2=González-Gómez |first2=J. C. |last3=Pulido-Osorio |first3=M. D. |last4=Herrel |first4=A. |date=2023 |title=Measurement of voluntary bite forces in large carnivores using a semi-automated reward-driven system |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=226 |issue=7 |doi=10.1242/jeb.245255 |page=jeb245255 |pmid=36939369 |bibcode=2023JExpB.226B5255V}}</ref>

[[File:Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004.JPG |thumb|Male lion and cub with mostly eaten buffalo carcass in [[Sabi Sand Game Reserve]]]]
Lions typically consume prey at the location of the hunt but sometimes drag large prey into cover.<ref name=Schaller2706/> They tend to squabble over kills, particularly the males. Cubs suffer most when food is scarce but otherwise all pride members eat their fill, including old and crippled lions, which can live on leftovers.<ref name=Estes/> Large kills are shared more widely among pride members.<ref name=Schaller133>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 133.</ref> An adult lioness requires an average of about {{cvt|5|kg}} of meat per day while males require about {{cvt|7|kg}}.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 276.</ref> Lions gorge themselves and eat up to {{cvt|30|kg}} in one session.<ref name=simba>{{Cite book |last=Guggisberg |first=C. A. W. |title=Simba: the life of the lion |year=1961 |publisher=Howard Timmins |location=Cape Town}}</ref> If it is unable to consume all of the kill, it rests for a few hours before continuing to eat. On hot days, the pride retreats to shade with one or two males standing guard.<ref name=Schaller2706>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 270–76.</ref> Lions defend their kills from scavengers such as vultures and hyenas.<ref name=Estes/>

Lions scavenge on [[carrion]] when the opportunity arises, scavenging animals dead from natural causes such as disease or those that were killed by other predators. Scavenging lions keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, which indicate the death or distress of an animal.<ref name=Schaller213>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 213–216.</ref> Most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed upon are killed by hyenas rather than lions.<ref name=nowak/> Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet.<ref name=AWF>{{cite web |title=Behavior and Diet |work=African Wildlife Foundation website |publisher=African Wildlife Foundation |year=1996 |url=http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719112213/https://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Predatory competition===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| image1 = Lioness vs. Hyena in KNP 07.jpg
| caption1 = Lioness chasing a spotted hyena in Kruger National Park
| image2 = Lioness vs Leopard 9 July 2016 Latest Sightings 1.png
| caption2 = Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park
}}

Lions and [[spotted hyena]]s occupy a similar ecological niche and compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%.<ref name="prey">{{Cite journal |title=Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (''Crocuta crocuta'') and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (''Panthera leo'') |url=http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430024111/http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1598.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=live |last=Hayward |first=M. W. |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=2006 |volume=270 |issue=4 |pages=606–614 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x}}</ref> Lions typically ignore hyenas unless they are on a kill or are being harassed, while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions with or without the presence of food. In the [[Ngorongoro crater]], lions subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing them to increase their kill rate.<ref name="Kruuk">{{Cite book |first=H. |last=Kruuk |title=The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour |publisher=Echo Point Books & Media |year=2014|isbn=978-1-62654-905-0 |pages=128–138|edition=2nd}}</ref> In Botswana's Chobe National Park, the situation is reversed as hyenas there frequently challenge lions and steal their kills, obtaining food from 63% of all lion kills.<ref name="Conservation">{{Cite book |chapter=Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores |last1=Creel |first1= S.|last2= Spong |first2=G. |last3=Creel|first3= N. |pages=35–60 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v39RdyYUfRIC&pg=PA36 |title=Carnivore Conservation |edition=First |editor1-first=J. L. |editor1-last=Gittleman |editor2-first=S. M. |editor2-last=Funk |editor3-first=D. W. |editor3-last=Macdonald |editor4-first=R. K. |editor4-last=Wayne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-66232-1}}</ref> When confronted on a kill, hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of {{cvt|30|-|100|m}} until the lions have finished.<ref name="schaller272">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 272.</ref> Hyenas may feed alongside lions and force them off a kill. The two species attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason.<ref name="schaller273">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 273–74.</ref> Lions can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in [[Etosha National Park]]. Hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their home ranges.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia |last1=Trinkel |first1=M. |last2=Kastberger |first2=G. |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=43 |issue=3 |year=2005 |pages=220–224 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x|bibcode=2005AfJEc..43..220T }}</ref> When the lion population in Kenya's [[Masai Mara National Reserve]] declined, the spotted hyena population increased rapidly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1= D. S.| last2= Johnson-Ulrich |first2=L.| last3=Couraud | first3=H. E. |last4=Holekamp |first4=K. E. |year=2018 |title=Anthropogenic disturbance induces opposing population trends in spotted hyenas and African lions |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=871–889 |doi=10.1007/s10531-017-1469-7 |bibcode= 2018BiCon..27..871G|s2cid= 44240882}}</ref> However, some experts have found no evidence of competition having a notable impact on either lion or spotted hyena populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Angharad K. |last2=Blockley |first2=Simon P.E. |last3=Schreve |first3=Danielle C. |last4=Carbone |first4=Chris |date=November 2021 |title=Environmental factors influencing spotted hyena and lion population biomass across Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356649726_Environmental_factors_influencing_spotted_hyena_and_lion_population_biomass_across_Africa# |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=23 |pages=17219-17237 |doi=10.1002/ece3.8359 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Additionally in Tanzania's Ruaha-Rungwa, the spotted hyena population has been noted to increase with lion populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Searle |first=C. E. |last2=Strampelli |first2=P. |last3=Smit |first3=J. B. |display-authors=et al. |date=October 2023 |title=Spotted hyaena population density across habitat and land use types in southern Tanzania |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.13119 |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=322 |issue=1 |pages=89-100 |doi=10.1111/jzo.13119 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Lions tend to dominate [[cheetah]]s and leopards, steal their kills and kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Denis-Hoot|first1=C. |last2= Denis-Hoot|first2= M. |year=2003 |title=The Art of Being a Lion |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7607-4767-4 |page=198}}</ref> Cheetahs often lose their kills to lions or other predators.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Wildt |first2 =D. E. |last3=Bush |first3=M. |year=1986 |title=The Cheetah in Genetic Peril |journal=Scientific American |volume=254 |issue=5 |pages=68–76 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0586-84 |url=http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513071205/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/OBrien_et_al_1986_Cheetah_in_genetic_peril.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live|bibcode=1986SciAm.254e..84O}}</ref> A study in the Serengeti ecosystem revealed that lions killed at least 17 of 125 cheetah cubs born between 1987 and 1990.<ref name="laurenson">{{cite journal |last1=Laurenson |first1=M. K. |title=High juvenile mortality in cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus'') and its consequences for maternal care |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=1994 |volume=234 |issue=3 |pages=387–408 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04855.x |url=http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/L/Laurenson_1994_Cheetah_cub_mortality_-_maternal_care.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120042410/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/L/Laurenson_1994_Cheetah_cub_mortality_-_maternal_care.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cheetahs avoid their competitors by hunting at different times and habitats.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rostro-García |first1=S. |last2=Kamler |first2=J. F. |last3=Hunter |first3=L. T. B. |year=2015 |title=To kill, stay or flee: the effects of lions and landscape factors on habitat and kill site selection of cheetahs in South Africa |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=2 |article-number=e0117743 |pmid=25693067 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0117743 |pmc=4333767 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1017743R |doi-access=free}}</ref> Leopards, by contrast, do not appear to be motivated by an avoidance of lions, as they use heavy vegetation regardless of whether lions are present in an area and both cats are active around the same time of day. In addition, there is no evidence that lions affect leopard abundance.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=J. R. B. |last2=Pitman|first2=R. T.|last3=Mann|first3=G. K. H.|last4=Fuller|first4=A. K.|last5=Balme|first5=G. A.|year=2018|title=Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=87|issue=6|pages=1709–1726|doi=10.1111/1365-2656.12883|pmid=30010193 |bibcode=2018JAnEc..87.1709M}}</ref> Leopards take refuge in trees, though lionesses occasionally attempt to climb up and retrieve their kills.<ref name="Schaller293">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 293.</ref>

Lions similarly dominate [[African wild dog]]s, taking their kills and dispatching pups or adult dogs. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Conserving the African wild dog ''Lycaon pictus''. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline |last1=Woodroffe |first1=R. |last2=Ginsberg |first2=J. R. |year=1999 |journal=Oryx |volume=33 |pages=132–142 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x |issue=2 |bibcode=1999Oryx...33..132W |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs.<ref name=Pienaar1969>{{Cite journal |last1=Pienaar |first1=U. de V. |title=Predator–prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park |journal=Koedoe |date=1969 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=108–176 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Schaller, p. 188">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 188.</ref>

===Reproduction and life cycle===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Panthera leo massaica mating.jpg
| caption1 = Lions mating at Masai Mara
| image2 = Lion_cub,_Masai_Mara,_Kenya.jpg
| caption2 = A lion cub in Masai Mara
}}

Most lionesses reproduce by the time they are four years of age.<ref name="Schaller29">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 29.</ref> Lions do not mate at a specific time of year and the females are [[polyestrous]].<ref name="Schaller174">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 174.</ref> Like other cats, lions have [[penile spines]] that rake the walls of the vagina during [[copulation (zoology)|copulation]], which may [[Induced ovulation (animals)|cause ovulation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/zoo.1430130403 |title=Spontaneous and induced ovulation in the lion (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Zoo Biology| volume=13| issue=4| pages=301–307|year=1994 |last1=Schramm |first1=R. D.| last2=Briggs |first2=M. B.| last3=Reeves| first3=J. J.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Asdell |first=S. A. |title=Patterns of mammalian reproduction |year=1993 |orig-date=1964 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |isbn=978-0-8014-1753-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/asdellspatternso00hays}}</ref> A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is [[Estrous cycle|in heat]].<ref name=Schaller142>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 142.</ref> Lions of both sexes may be involved in group [[Homosexuality in animals|homosexual]] and courtship activities. Males also head-rub and roll around with each other before mounting each other.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagemihl |first=B. |year=1999 |title=Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-19239-6 |pages=302–305 |url=https://archive.org/details/biologicalexuber00bage/page/302}}</ref><ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 137.</ref> [[Generation time|Generation length]] of the lion is about seven years.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Generation length for mammals |author=Pacifici, M. |author2= Santini, L.|author3= Di Marco, M.|author4= Baisero, D.|author5= Francucci, L. |author6=Grottolo Marasini, G. |author7=Visconti, P. |author8=Rondinini, C. |journal=Nature Conservation |year=2013 |issue=5 |pages=87–94}}</ref> The average [[gestation]] period is around 110{{spaces}}days;<ref name=Schaller174/> the female gives birth to a litter of between one and four cubs in a secluded den, which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some other sheltered area, usually away from the pride. She will often hunt alone while the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the den.<ref name="Scott45">[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 45.</ref> Lion cubs are born blind, their eyes opening around seven days after birth. They weigh {{convert|1.2|–|2.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at birth and are almost helpless, beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age.<ref name="Schaller143">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 143.</ref> To avoid a buildup of scent attracting the attention of predators, the lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one-by-one by the nape of the neck.<ref name=Scott45/>

Lionesses of reproductive age within a pride have a similar number of surviving cubs, which they initially keep hidden. Lionesses without offspring do not assist in the care of the communal litter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Packer |first1=C. |last2=Pusey |first2=A. E. |last3=Eberly |first3=L. E. |date=2001 |title=Egalitarianism in female African lions |journal=Science |volume=293 |issue=5530 |pages=690–693 |doi=10.1126/science.1062320 |pmid=11474110 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11868804}}</ref>
Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old.<ref name=Scott45/> Sometimes the introduction to pride life occurs earlier, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time.<ref name=Estes/><ref name=Schaller148/> When first introduced to the rest of the pride, lion cubs lack confidence when confronted with adults other than their mother. They soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life, however, playing among themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults.<ref name=Schaller148/> Lionesses with cubs of their own are more likely to be tolerant of another lioness's cubs than lionesses without cubs. Male tolerance of the cubs varies—one male could patiently let the cubs play with his tail or his mane, while another may snarl and bat the cubs away.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 46.</ref>

[[File:Lion Cubs Phinda 2011.ogv|thumb|right|Video of a lioness and her cubs in Phinda Reserve]]
Pride lionesses often synchronise their reproductive cycles and communal rearing and suckling of the young, which suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. The synchronisation of births is advantageous because the cubs grow to being roughly the same size and have an equal chance of survival, and sucklings are not dominated by older cubs.<ref name=Estes/><ref name=Schaller148>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 147-49.</ref> Weaning occurs after six or seven months. Male lions reach maturity at about three years of age and at four to five years are capable of challenging and displacing adult males associated with another pride. They begin to age and weaken at between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crandall |first=L. S. |title=The management of wild animals in captivity |year=1964 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |oclc=557916}}</ref>

When one or more new males oust the previous males associated with a pride, the victors often [[infanticide (zoology)|kill any existing young cubs]], perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die. Females often fiercely defend their cubs from a usurping male but are rarely successful unless a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against the male.<ref name=Packpus83>{{Cite journal |last1=Packer |first1=C. |last2=Pusey |first2=A. E. |date=May 1983 |title= Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males |journal= American Naturalist |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=716–728 |doi=10.1086/284097 |bibcode=1983ANat..121..716P |s2cid=84927815}}</ref> Cubs also die from starvation and abandonment, and predation by leopards, hyenas and wild dogs. Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity at around two or three years of age,<ref name=Schaller44>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 44.</ref> while some females may leave when they reach the age of two.<ref name=Packer33/> When a new male lion takes over a pride, adolescents both male and female may be evicted.<ref>[[#Scott|Scott]], p. 68.</ref>

===Health and mortality===
[[File:Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG|thumb|Lions in a tree near [[Lake Nakuru]]]]
Lions may live 12–17 years in the wild.<ref name=Haas2005/> Although adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests most die violently from attacks by humans or other lions.<ref name="Schaller183">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 183.</ref> Lions often inflict serious injuries on members of other prides they encounter in territorial disputes or members of the home pride when fighting at a kill.<ref name="Schaller1889">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 188–189.</ref> Crippled lions and cubs may fall victim to hyenas and leopards or be trampled by buffalo or elephants. Careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey.<ref name="Schaller1890">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 189–190.</ref> Male lions may suffer more skull and teeth injuries when hunting very large prey than when fighting each other.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valkenburgh |first1=B. V. |last2=White |first2=P. A. |date=2021 |title=Naturally-occurring tooth wear, tooth fracture, and cranial injuries in large carnivores from Zambia |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |article-number=e11313 |doi=10.7717/peerj.11313 |pmid=33976987 |pmc=8063872 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Nile crocodile]]s also kill and eat lions, evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs.<ref name=Guggisberg1972>{{Cite book |last=Guggisberg |first=C. A. W. |title=Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation |year=1972 |page=195 |isbn=978-0-7153-5272-4 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot}}</ref>

[[Tick]]s commonly infest the ears, neck and groin regions of lions.<ref name="Schaller184">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 184.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yeoman |first=G. H. |author2=Walker, J. B. |title=The ixodid ticks of Tanzania |year=1967 |publisher=Commonwealth Institute of Entomology |location=London |oclc=955970}}</ref> Adult forms of several [[tapeworm]] species of the genus ''[[Taenia (flatworm)|Taenia]]'' have been isolated from lion intestines, having been ingested as larvae in [[antelope]] meat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sachs |first=R. |year=1969 |title=Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere |trans-title=Differentiation and species determination of muscle-cysticerci in East African game animals |journal=Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |pmid=5393325|language=de}}</ref> Lions in the Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of [[stable fly]] in 1962, resulting in lions becoming emaciated and covered in bloody, bare patches. Lions sought unsuccessfully to evade the biting flies by climbing trees or crawling into hyena burrows; many died or migrated and the local population dropped from 70 to 15 individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fosbrooke |first=H. |year=1963 |title=The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro |journal=East African Wildlife Journal |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=124–126 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x}}</ref>

Captive lions have been infected with [[canine distemper]] virus since at least the mid-1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Myers, D. L. |author2=Zurbriggen, A. |author3=Lutz, H. |author4=Pospischil, A. |date=1997 |title=Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers |journal=Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.1128/CDLI.4.2.180-184.1997 |pmid=9067652 |pmc=170498}}</ref> A 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures, and several lions died from [[pneumonia]] and [[encephalitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roelke-Parker |first1=M. E. |date=1996 |title=A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Nature |volume=379 |issue=6564 |pages=441–445 |doi=10.1038/379441a0|pmid=8559247 |last2=Munson |first2=L. |last3=Packer |first3=C. |last4=Kock |first4=R. |last5=Cleaveland |first5=S. |last6=Carpenter |first6=M. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |last8=Pospischil |first8=A. |last9=Hofmann-Lehmann |first9=R. |first10=Hans |last10=L. |first11=G. L. M. |last11=Mwanengele |first12=M. N. |last12=Mgasa |first13=G. A. |last13=Machange |first14=B. A. |last14=Summers |first15=M. J. G. |last15=Appel |bibcode=1996Natur.379..441R |pmc=7095363}}</ref> [[Feline immunodeficiency virus]] and [[lentivirus]] also affect captive lions.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Bull, M. E. |author2=Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. |author3=Levine, J. F. |author4=Loomis, M. |author5=Gebhard, D. G. |author6=Tompkins, W. A. |date=2003 |title=Evaluation of T lymphocytes in captive African lions (''Panthera leo'') infected with feline immunodeficiency virus |journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1293–1300 |doi=10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1293|pmid=14596469 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Poli, A. |author2=Abramo, F. |author3=Cavicchio, P. |author4=Bandecchi, P. |author5=Ghelardi, E. |author6=Pistello, M. |date=1995 |title=Lentivirus infection in an African lion: a clinical, pathologic and virologic study |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=70–74 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.70 |pmid=7563428 |doi-access=free |hdl=11568/174438 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

===Communication===
When resting, lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours; the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful, tactile gestures are [[Bunting (animal behavior)|head rubbing]] and [[social licking]],<ref name=Schaller85>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 85.</ref> which have been compared with the role of [[allogrooming]] among primates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sparks |first=J. |title=Primate Ethology |chapter=Allogrooming in primates: a review |pages=148–175 |orig-date=1967 |editor=Morris, D. |publisher=Aldine |location=Chicago |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-202-36816-0}}</ref> Head rubbing, nuzzling the forehead, face and neck against another lion appears to be a form of greeting<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leyhausen |first=P. |title=Verhaltensstudien an Katzen |edition=Second |year=1960 |publisher=Paul Parey |location=Berlin |oclc=636909227 |language=de}}</ref> and is seen often after an animal has been apart from others or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females.<ref name=Schaller858>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 85–88.</ref> Social licking often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked; this behaviour may have arisen out of utility because lions cannot lick these areas themselves.<ref name=Schaller8891>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 88–91.</ref>

Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures.<ref name=Schaller92102>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 103–117.</ref> A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or [[flehmen response]], which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose, closed eyes and relaxed ears.<ref>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], p. 95.</ref> Lions also use chemical and visual marking;<ref name=Schaller92102/> males [[Territory (animal)#Scent marking|spray urine]]<ref name="Schaller116">[[#Schaller|Schaller]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7ann2dYn9iYC&pg=PA116 p. 116.]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Andersen, K. F. |author2=Vulpius, T. |year=1999 |title=Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, ''Panthera leo'' |journal=Chemical Senses |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=179–189 |doi=10.1093/chemse/24.2.179 |pmid=10321819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and scrape plots of ground and objects within the territory.<ref name=Schaller92102/>

The lion's repertoire of vocalisations is large; variations in intensity and pitch appear to be central to communication. Most lion vocalisations are variations of roaring, [[growling]] and [[snarling]]. Other sounds produced include puffing, humming, and exhalations similar to purring, while cubs communicate by [[meow]]ing and bleating. Roaring is used to advertise the animal's presence. Lions most often roar at night, a sound that can be heard from a distance of {{cvt|8|km}}.<ref name=Schaller10313>[[#Schaller|Schaller]], pp. 103–113.</ref> A 2025 study identified four stages in a roaring sequence; moaning, full-roaring, intermediary roaring (which is shorter and deeper) and grunting.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Growcott|first1=J|last2=Lobora|first2=A|last3=Markham|first3=A|last4=Searle|first4=C. E.|last5=Wahlström|first5=J|last6=Wijers|first6=M|last7=Simmons|first7=B. I.|year=2025|title=Roar data: Redefining a lion's roar using machine learning|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=15|issue=11|article-number=e72474|doi=10.1002/ece3.72474|bibcode=2025EcoEv..1572474G|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Lion cub with mother.jpg|Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour.
File:Lion (Panthera leo) marking its territory ... (52806595064).jpg|Male lion marking territory
File:Lionroar.wav|Lion roaring sequence
</gallery>

==Conservation==
The lion is listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. The Indian population is listed on [[CITES Appendix I]] and the African population on [[CITES Appendix II]].<ref name="IUCN" />

===In Africa===
[[File:Lion.ogv|thumb|right|Video of a wild lioness]]

Several large and well-managed protected areas in Africa host large lion populations. Where an infrastructure for wildlife tourism has been developed, cash revenue for park management and local communities is a strong incentive for lion conservation.<ref name="IUCN" /> Most lions now live in East and Southern Africa; their numbers are rapidly decreasing, and fell by an estimated 30–50% in the late half of the 20th century. Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference.<ref name=IUCN/> In 1975, it was estimated that since the 1950s, lion numbers had decreased by half to 200,000 or fewer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=N. |year=1975 |title=The silent savannahs |journal=International Wildlife |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=5–10 }}</ref> Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=H. |last2=Van Der Merwe |first2=S. |year= 2002 |title=The African lion database |journal=Cat News |volume=36 |pages=41–53}}</ref><ref name=Chardonnet2002>{{Cite book |last=Chardonnet|first=P. |year=2002|title=Conservation of African lion |url=http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf |publisher=International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife|location=Paris, France |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110184540/http://conservationforce.org/pdf/conservationoftheafricanlion.pdf}}</ref>

In the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Odzala-Kokoua National Park]] was considered a lion stronghold in the 1990s. By 2014, no lions were recorded in the protected area so the population is considered locally extinct.<ref name=carn>{{cite journal |last1=Henschel |first1=P. |last2=Malanda |first2=G.-A. |last3=Hunter |first3=L. |title=The status of savanna carnivores in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, northern Republic of Congo |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |date=2014 |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=882−892 |doi=10.1644/13-mamm-a-306 |doi-access=free }}{{open access}}</ref> The West African lion population is isolated from the one in Central Africa, with little or no exchange of breeding individuals. In 2015, it was estimated that this population consists of about 400 animals, including fewer than 250 mature individuals. They persist in three protected areas in the region, mostly in one population in the [[W National Park|W]] [[Arli National Park|A]] [[Pendjari National Park|P]] protected area complex, shared by [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]] and [[Niger]]. This population is listed as [[Critically Endangered]].<ref name=Henschel2015/> Field surveys in the [[W-Arly-Pendjari Complex|WAP ecosystem]] revealed that lion occupancy is lowest in the W National Park, and higher in areas with permanent staff and thus better protection.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henschel |first1=P. |last2=Petracca |first2=L. S. |last3=Hunter |first3=L. T. |last4=Kiki |first4=M. |last5=Sewadé |first5=C. |last6=Tehou |first6=A. |last7=Robinson |first7=H. S. |year=2016 |title=Determinants of distribution patterns and management needs in a critically endangered lion ''Panthera leo'' population |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=110 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2016.00110 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016FrEEv...4..110H }}</ref>

A population occurs in Cameroon's [[Waza National Park]], where between approximately 14 and 21 animals persisted as of 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tumenta |first1=P. N. |last2=Kok |first2=J. S. |last3=van Rijssel |first3=J. C. |last4=Buij |first4=R. |last5=Croes |first5=B. M. |last6=Funston |first6=P. J. |last7=de Iongh |first7=H. H. |last8=de Haes |first8=H. A. Udo |year=2009 |title=Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (''Panthera leo leo'') in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon |journal=African Journal of Ecology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x |pages=1–7 |volume=48 |issue=4|hdl=1887/14372 |s2cid=56451273 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In addition, 50 to 150 lions are estimated to be present in Burkina Faso's [[Arly-Singou]] ecosystem.<ref name="Bauer & van der Merwe">{{Cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=H. |last2=Van Der Merwe |first2=S. |doi=10.1017/S0030605304000055 |title=Inventory of free-ranging lions ''Panthera leo'' in Africa |journal=Oryx |volume=38 |year=2004 |issue=1 |pages=26–31|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2015, an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana's [[Mole National Park]]. These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Angelici |first1=F. M. |last2=Rossi |first2=L. |year=2017 |title=Further lion, ''Panthera leo senegalensis'' Meyer, 1826, sightings in Mole National Park, Ghana, and possible first serval ''Leptailurus serval'' Schreber, 1776 record after 39 years (Mammalia Felidae) |journal=Biodiversity Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=749–752 |url=http://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/8(2)_749-752.pdf |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074200/http://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/8(2)_749-752.pdf }}</ref> In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been [[Local extinction|extirpated]] was filmed in the [[Alatash National Park]], Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border.<ref name="NewScientist2016">{{cite magazine|magazine=New Scientist|last=Wong|first=S. |title=Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia|date=2016|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2075740-hidden-population-of-up-to-200-lions-found-in-remote-ethiopia/|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201230053/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2075740-hidden-population-of-up-to-200-lions-found-in-remote-ethiopia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC Ethiopian lion, 2016">{{cite news|date=2016|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35460573|title=Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201144220/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35460573|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, Lion Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and East and Southern Africa. The strategies seek to maintain suitable habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base for lions, reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations, and make lion–human coexistence sustainable.<ref>{{cite book |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion West and Central Africa |publisher=IUCN |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |year=2006 |location=Yaounde, Cameroon |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.4._Strategies___Action_Plans/African_lion/IUCN_CatSG_2006_West_and_Central_Africa_Lion_Conservation_Strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919114530/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.4._Strategies___Action_Plans/African_lion/IUCN_CatSG_2006_West_and_Central_Africa_Lion_Conservation_Strategy.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |year=2006 |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |location=Pretoria, South Africa |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.4._Strategies___Action_Plans/African_lion/IUCN_CatSG_2006_East_and_South_Africa_Lion_Conservation_Strategy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619001314/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.4._Strategies___Action_Plans/African_lion/IUCN_CatSG_2006_East_and_South_Africa_Lion_Conservation_Strategy.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lion depredation on livestock is significantly reduced in areas where herders keep livestock in improved enclosures. Such measures contribute to mitigating [[human–lion conflict]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Assessment and mitigation of human-lion conflict in West and Central Africa |author1=Bauer, H. |author2=de Iongh, H. |author3=Sogbohossou, E. |journal=Mammalia |year=2010 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=363–367 |doi=10.1515/MAMM.2010.048|s2cid=86228533 }}</ref>

===In Asia===
[[File:Lion Gir.jpg|thumb|A lioness in Gir National Park]]
The last refuge of the Asiatic lion population is the {{cvt|1412|km2}} Gir National Park and surrounding areas in the [[Saurashtra (region)|region of Saurashtra]] or [[Kathiawar Peninsula]] in Gujarat State, India. The population has risen from approximately 180 lions in 1974 to about 400 in 2010.<ref name="Singh, Gibson">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh | first1=H. S. |last2=Gibson |first2=L. |title=A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir forest |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=1753–1757 |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009| bibcode=2011BCons.144.1753S}}</ref> It is geographically isolated, which can lead to [[inbreeding]] and reduced [[genetic diversity]]. Since 2008, the Asiatic lion has been listed as [[Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=Breitenmoser2008/> By 2015, the population had grown to 523 individuals inhabiting an area of {{cvt|7000|km2}} in Saurashtra.<ref name=Venkataraman2016>{{cite book |author=Venkataraman, M. |year=2016 |chapter=Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape |title=Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies |editor1=Agrawal, P. K. |editor2=Verghese, A. |editor3=Krishna, S. R. |editor4=Subaharan, K. |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |location=New Delhi |pages=32−40}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Singh, A. P. |year=2017 |title=The Asiatic Lion (''Panthera leo persica''): 50 Years Journey for Conservation of an Endangered Carnivore and its Habitat in Gir Protected Area, Gujarat, India |journal=Indian Forester |volume=143 |issue=10 |pages=993–1003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Singh, H. S. |year=2017 |title=Dispersion of the Asiatic lion ''Panthera leo persica'' and its survival in human-dominated landscape outside the Gir forest, Gujarat, India |journal=Current Science |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=933–940 |doi=10.18520/cs/v112/i05/933-940 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2017, about 650 individuals were recorded during the Asiatic Lion Census.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lion population roars to 650 in Gujarat forests|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lion-population-roars-to-650-in-Gujarat-forests/articleshow/59907625.cms|author=Kaushik, H.|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2017|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193821/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/lion-population-roars-to-650-in-gujarat-forests/articleshow/59907625.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The presence of numerous human settlements close to Gir National Park resulted in conflict between lions, local people and their livestock.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=V. K. |last1=Saberwal |first2=J. P. |last2=Gibbs |first3=R. |last3=Chellam |first4=A. J. T. |last4=Johnsingh |title=Lion-Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India |date=1994 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x |journal=Conservation Biology |issue=2 |volume=8 |pages=501–507|bibcode=1994ConBi...8..501S}}</ref><ref name=Venkataraman2016 /> Some consider the presence of lions a benefit, as they keep populations of crop damaging herbivores in check.<ref name=Meena2016>{{cite book |author=Meena, V. |year=2016 |chapter=Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape |editor=Agrawal, P. K. |editor2=Verghese, A. |editor3=Radhakrishna, S. |editor4=Subaharan, K. |title=Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

===Captive breeding===
[[File:India Animals.jpg|thumb|Captive male Asiatic lions in [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], India]]

Lions imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century were possibly foremost Barbary lions from North Africa, or Cape lions from Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Shapiro |first3=B. |last4=Nijman |first4=V. |year=2007 |title=Using ancient DNA techniques to identify the origin of unprovenanced museum specimens, as illustrated by the identification of a 19th century lion from Amsterdam |url=http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=7602a02 |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=87–94 |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522041326/http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=7602a02 |archive-date=22 May 2011 |doi=10.1163/18759866-07602002 |s2cid=2131247}}</ref> Another 11 animals thought to be Barbary lions kept in [[Addis Ababa Zoo]] are descendants of animals owned by [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Emperor Haile Selassie]]. WildLink International in collaboration with [[Oxford University]] launched an ambitious International [[Barbary lion|Barbary Lion Project]] with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the [[Atlas Mountains]] of Morocco.<ref name="yamaguchi-haddane">{{Cite journal |last=Yamaguchi |first=N. |author2=Haddane, B. |year=2002 |title=The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project |journal=International Zoo News |volume=49 |pages=465–481}}</ref> However, a genetic analysis showed that the captive lions at Addis Ababa Zoo were not Barbary lions, but rather closely related to wild lions in Chad and Cameroon.<ref name="Bruche_al2012">{{Cite journal |last=Bruche |first=S. |author2=Gusset, M. |author3=Lippold, S. |author4=Barnett, R. |author5=Eulenberger, K. |author6=Junhold, J. |author7=Driscoll, C. A. |author8=Hofreiter, M. |title=A genetically distinct lion (''Panthera leo'') population from Ethiopia |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |year=2012 |pages=215–225 |doi=10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5 |volume=59 |issue=2 |s2cid=508478}}</ref>

In 1982, the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] started a [[Species Survival Plan]] for the Asiatic lion to increase its chances of survival. In 1987, it was found that most lions in North American zoos were hybrids between African and Asiatic lions.<ref name=OBrien1987>{{cite journal |author1=O'Brien, S. J. |author2=Joslin, P. |author3=Smith, G. L. III |author4=Wolfe, R. |author5=Schaffer, N. |author6=Heath, E. |author7=Ott-Joslin, J. |author8=Rawal, P. P. |author9=Bhattacharjee, K. K. |author10=Martenson, J. S. |year=1987 |title=Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic lion Species Survival Plan |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=99–116 |doi=10.1002/zoo.1430060202 |url=http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS129_O%27Brien_ZooBiol.pdf |access-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225092713/http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS129_O%27Brien_ZooBiol.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2014 }}</ref> Breeding programs need to note origins of the participating animals to avoid cross-breeding different subspecies and thus reducing their conservation value.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Frankham |first1=R. |last2=Ballou |first2=J. |last3=Briscoe |first3=D. |title=Introduction to Conservation Genetics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009| isbn=978-0-521-70271-3 |location=Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid |edition=Second |chapter=Genetic management of Captive Populations |pages=430–452 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLZKnsCk89wC&pg=PA437 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> Captive breeding of lions was halted to eliminate individuals of unknown origin and [[Pedigree (animal)|pedigree]]. Wild-born lions were imported to American zoos from Africa between 1989 and 1995. Breeding was continued in 1998 in the frame of an African lion Species Survival Plan.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Daigle, C. L. |author2=Brown, J. L. |author3=Carlstead, K. |author4=Pukazhenthi, B. |author5=Freeman, E. W. |author6=Snider, R. J. |year=2015 |title=Multi-institutional survey of social, management, husbandry and environmental factors for the SSP African lion Panthera leo population: examining the effects of a breeding moratorium in relation to reproductive success |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=198–213 |doi=10.1111/izy.12073 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270901189}}</ref>

About 77% of the captive lions registered in the [[International Species Information System]] in 2006 were of unknown origin; these animals might have carried genes that are extinct in the wild and may therefore be important to the maintenance of the overall [[genetic variability]] of the lion.<ref name=BarnettYamaguchi2006>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2 =N. |last3=Barnes | first3=I. |last4=Cooper |first4=A. |date=2006 |title=Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion ''Panthera leo'': Implications for its ''ex situ'' conservation |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=507–514 |doi=10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0 |bibcode=2006ConG....7..507B |s2cid=24190889 |url=http://abc.zoo.ox.ac.uk/Papers/consgen06_lion.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824064412/http://abc.zoo.ox.ac.uk/Papers/consgen06_lion.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2006}}</ref>

==Interactions with humans==
===In zoos and circuses===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Lion - melbourne zoo.jpg
| caption1 = Lion at [[Melbourne Zoo]]
| image2 = Lion tamer (LOC pga.03749).jpg
| caption2 = 19th-century [[etching]] of a lion tamer in a cage with lions and tigers
}}

Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that have been central to zoo exhibits since the late 18th century. Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits,<ref name="dc81">[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], pp. 81–82.</ref> there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes.<ref name="WAZA">{{cite web |last1= Dollinger |first1= P. |last2= Geser |first2= S. |title=Lion: In the Zoo (subpage) |work= Visit the Zoo |publisher= WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums) |url= http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |access-date= 5 April 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110929135611/http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/visit-the-zoo/cats-1254385523/panthera-leo |archive-date= 29 September 2011 }}</ref> Lions can live over twenty years in captivity; for example, three sibling lions at the [[Honolulu Zoo]] lived to the age of 22 in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aguiar|first=E.|date=2007|title=Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html|access-date=4 September 2007|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225033236/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/08/ln/hawaii708080394.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lum|first=C.|date=2007|title=Zoo puts end to 2 lions' suffering|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Feb/25/ln/hawaii902250384.html|access-date=29 September 2020|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106104728/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Feb/25/ln/hawaii902250384.html}}</ref>

The first European "zoos" spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century, and until the 17th century were called [[seraglio]]s. At that time, they came to be called [[menagerie]]s, an extension of the [[cabinet of curiosities]]. They spread from France and Italy during the [[Renaissance]] to the rest of Europe.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], pp. 19–21, 42.</ref> In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, lions were [[Tower of London#Menagerie|kept at the Tower of London]] in a seraglio established by [[John of England|King John]] in the 13th century;<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Owen |first=J. |title=Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo"|magazine=National Geographic Magazine |date=2005 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105025912/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html|archive-date=5 November 2005| access-date=5 September 2007}}</ref> this was probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] at his hunting lodge in [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire]], where according to [[William of Malmesbury]] lions had been stocked.<ref name=Blunt15>[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 15.</ref>

Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at [[London Zoo]] until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s.<ref name=Blunt208>[[#Blunt|Blunt]], p. 208.</ref> Further changes took place in the early 20th century when [[Carl Hagenbeck]] designed enclosures with concrete "rocks", more open space and a moat instead of bars, more closely resembling a natural habitat. Hagenbeck designed lion enclosures for both [[Melbourne Zoo]] and Sydney's [[Taronga Zoo]]; although his designs were popular, the use of bars and caged enclosures prevailed in many zoos until the 1960s.<ref name=dc69>[[#Courcy|de Courcy]], p. 69.</ref> In the late 20th century, larger, more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals; some attractions such as the Cat Forest/Lion Overlook of [[Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden|Oklahoma City Zoological Park]] placed the den on ground level, higher than visitors.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Grisham |first=J. |editor-first=C. E. |editor-last=Bell |title=Lion |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos |volume=2: G–P |year=2001 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1-57958-174-9 |pages=733–739}}</ref>

[[Lion taming]] has been part of both established [[circus]]es and individual acts such as [[Siegfried & Roy]]. The practice began in the early 19th century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American [[Isaac A. Van Amburgh|Isaac Van Amburgh]], who both toured widely and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers.<ref name=baratay187/> Martin composed a [[pantomime]] titled {{lang|fr|Les Lions de Mysore}} ("the lions of Mysore"), an idea Amburgh quickly borrowed. These acts eclipsed [[equestrianism]] acts as the central display of circus shows and entered public consciousness in the early 20th century with cinema. In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal, lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries.<ref name=baratay187>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 187.</ref> The ultimate proof of a tamer's dominance and control over a lion is the placing of the tamer's head in the lion's mouth. The lion tamer's chair was possibly first used by American [[Clyde Beatty]] (1903–1965).<ref>{{Cite book |first=D. |last=Feldman |author-link=David Feldman (author) |year=1993 |title=How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-016923-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/howdoesaspirinfi00davi}}</ref>

===Hunting and games===
{{Main|Lion hunting}}

{{See also|Lion baiting}}
[[File:Sculpted reliefs depicting Ashurbanipal, the last great Assyrian king, hunting lions, gypsum hall relief from the North Palace of Nineveh (Irak), c. 645-635 BC, British Museum (16722183731).jpg|thumb|[[Bas-relief]] of a wounded lioness from [[Nineveh]], {{circa|645–635 BC}}]]
Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal tradition, intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. Such hunts took place in a reserved area in front of an audience. The monarch was accompanied by his men and controls were put in place to increase their safety and ease of killing. The earliest surviving record of lion hunting is an [[ancient Egypt]]ian inscription dated circa 1380 BC that mentions Pharaoh [[Amenhotep III]] killing 102 lions in ten years "with his own arrows". The [[Assyria]]n emperor [[Ashurbanipal]] had one of his lion hunts depicted on a sequence of [[Assyrian palace reliefs]] {{circa|640 BC}}, known as the [[Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal]]. Lions were also hunted during the [[Mughal Empire]], where Emperor [[Jahangir]] is said to have excelled at it.<ref name=Jackson156>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], pp. 156–159.</ref> In [[Ancient Rome]], lions were kept by emperors for [[Venatio|hunts]], [[Bestiarii|gladiator fights]] and [[Damnatio ad bestias|executions]].<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], p. 142.</ref>

The [[Maasai people]] have traditionally viewed the killing of lions as a rite of passage. Historically, lions were hunted by individuals, however, due to reduced lion populations, elders discourage solo lion hunts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hazzah |first1=L. |last2=Borgerhoof Mulder |first2=M. |last3=Frank |first3=L. |year=2009 |title=Lions and warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=142 |issue= 11|pages=2428–2437 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.006 |bibcode=2009BCons.142.2428H}}</ref> During the [[Scramble for Africa]] in the 19th century, the hunting of lions was encouraged because they were considered pests and lion skins were sold for [[Pound sterling]] each.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], p. 166.</ref> The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century.<ref>[[#Baratay|Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier]], p. 113.</ref> [[Trophy hunting]] of lions in recent years has been met with controversy, notably with the [[killing of Cecil the lion]] in mid-2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Capecchi |first1=C |last2=Rogers |first2=K. |title=Killer of Cecil the lion finds out that he is a target now, of internet vigilantism |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/us/cecil-the-lion-walter-palmer.html |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729215743/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/us/cecil-the-lion-walter-palmer.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Man-eating===
[[File:Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg|thumb|The Tsavo maneaters of East Africa on display in the [[Field Museum of Natural History]] in Chicago]]
{{Further information|Man-eating animal#Lions{{!}}Man-eater lions}}
Lions do not usually hunt humans but some (usually males) seem to seek them out. One well-publicised case is the [[Tsavo maneaters]]; in 1898, 28 officially recorded workers building the [[Uganda Railway]] were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge in Kenya.<ref name=Patterson>{{cite book |last=Patterson |first=B. D. |year=2004 |title=The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-136333-4}}</ref> The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals' predatory behaviour; they were larger than normal and lacked manes, and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay. The infirmity theory, including tooth decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=B. D. |author2=Neiburger, E. J.|author3=Kasiki, S. M. |date=2003 |title=Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=190–196 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sick or injured animals may be more prone to man-eating but the behaviour is not unusual, nor necessarily aberrant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peterhans |first1=J. C. K. |first2=T. P. | last2=Gnoske |title=The Science of Man-eating |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |volume=90 |issue=1&2 |year=2001 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Lions' proclivity for [[Man-eating animal#Lions|man-eating]] has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period. The incidents occurred near [[Selous Game Reserve]] in [[Rufiji River]] and in [[Lindi Region]] near the Mozambican border. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi in which lions seize humans from the centres of substantial villages have been documented.<ref name=Packer05>{{Cite journal |last1=Packer |first1=C. |last2=Ikanda | first2= D. |last3=Kissui| first3= B. |last4=Kushnir| first4= H. |date=2005 |title=Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=436 |issue=7053 |pages=927–928 |doi=10.1038/436927a| pmid=16107828 |bibcode=2005Natur.436..927P |s2cid=3190757}}</ref> Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the [[full moon]], when there was less moonlight, were a strong indicator of increased night-time attacks on people.<ref name=fullmoon>{{cite journal |title=Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions |last=Packer |first=C. |journal=[[PLOS One]] |date=2011 |volume=6 |issue=7 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 |author2=Swanson, A. |author3=Ikanda, D. |author4=Kushnir, H. |article-number=e22285 |pmid=21799812 |pmc=3140494|bibcode=2011PLoSO...622285P|doi-access=free}}</ref>

According to Robert R. Frump, Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park, South Africa, at night are attacked and eaten by lions. Frump said thousands may have been killed in the decades after [[apartheid]] sealed the park and forced refugees to cross the park at night.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frump |first=R. R. |title=The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park |year=2006 |publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn=978-1-59228-892-2}}</ref>

===Cultural significance===
{{main|Cultural depictions of lions}}

The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature.<ref name=Guggisberg1975/> It is considered to be the 'King of the Beasts'<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], p. 7.</ref> and has symbolised power, royalty and protection.<ref name=Symbolism>{{cite book | first=H. B. | last=Werness |year=2007 |title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |pages=254–260|isbn=978-0-8264-1913-2}}</ref> Several leaders have had "lion" in their name including [[Sundiata Keita]] of the [[Mali Empire]], who was called "Lion of Mali",<ref name=Lynch/> and [[Richard the Lionheart]] of England.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], p. 133.</ref> The male's mane makes it a particularly recognisable feature and thus has been represented more than the female.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], p. 100.</ref> Nevertheless, the lioness has also had importance as a guardian.<ref name=Symbolism/>
[[File:Berlín Ishtar león. 02.JPG|thumb|right|Roaring and striding lion from the Throne Room of [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], 6th century BC, from [[Babylon]], Iraq]]
In sub-Saharan Africa, the lion has been a common character in stories, proverbs and dances, but rarely featured in visual arts.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], p. 119.</ref> In the [[Swahili language]], the lion is known as ''simba'' which also means "aggressive", "king" and "strong".<ref name=BCKM1993/> In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and provides the connection between [[Clairvoyance|seers]] and the supernatural. In other East African traditions, the lion represents laziness.<ref name=Hogarth>{{cite book |last1=Hogarth |first1=C. |last2=Butler |first2=N. |year=2004 |title=Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture |volume=1 |editor=Walter, M. N. |isbn=978-1-57607-645-3 |chapter=Animal Symbolism (Africa) |pages=3–6 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&pg=PA3 |url=https://archive.org/details/shamanism00mari/page/3}}</ref> In much of [[African folklore]], the lion is portrayed as having low intelligence and is easily tricked.<ref name=Lynch>{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=P. A. |year=2004 |title=African Mythology A to Z |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=63 |isbn=978-0-8160-4892-2 |chapter=Lion |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/africanmythology00lync_0/page/63}}</ref> In [[Nubia]], the lion-god [[Apedemak]] was associated with the flooding of the Nile. In [[Ancient Egypt]], lions were linked both with the sun and the waters of the Nile. Several gods were conceived as being part lion, including the war deities [[Sekhmet]] and [[Maahes]], and [[Tefnut]], the goddess of moisture.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], pp. 107–108, 111.</ref>

[[File:Cowardly lion2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dorothy Gale]] meets the Cowardly Lion in ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]''. Art by [[W. W. Denslow]], 1900.]]
The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient [[Mesopotamia]] from [[Sumer]] up to [[Assyria]]n and [[Babylonia]]n times, where it was strongly associated with kingship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cassin |first=E. |author-link=Elena Cassin |year=1981 |title= Le roi et le lion |journal=Revue de l'Histoire des Religions |trans-title=The King and the Lion | volume=298 |issue=198–4 |pages=355–401 |language=fr |doi=10.3406/rhr.1981.4828}}</ref> The big cat was a symbol and steed of fertility goddess [[Inanna]].<ref name=Symbolism/> Lions decorate the [[Ishtar_Gate#Ishtar_Gate_and_Processional_Way|Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate]] in Babylon which was built by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] in the 6th century BCE. The [[Lion of Babylon]] symbolised the power of the king and protection of the land against enemies, but was also invoked for good luck.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Watanabe|first=C. E.|year=2015|title=The symbolic role of animals in Babylon: a contextual approach to the lion, the bull and the mušḫuššu |journal=Iraq |volume=77 |pages=215–224 |doi=10.1017/irq.2015.17}}</ref> The constellation [[Leo (constellation)|Leo the lion]] was first recognised by the Sumerians around 4,000 years ago and is the fifth sign of the [[zodiac]]. In ancient Israel, [[Lion of Judah|a lion]] represented the [[tribe of Judah]].<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], pp. 109, 115.</ref> Lions are frequently mentioned in the [[Bible]], notably in the [[Book of Daniel]], in which the [[Daniel (biblical figure)|eponymous hero]] is forced to sleep in [[Daniel in the lions' den|the lions' den]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Sakenfeld, K. D. |year=2008 |title=New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible |volume=3 |chapter=Lion |author=Borowski, O. |publisher=Abingdon Press |pages=669–670 |isbn=978-0-687-33365-3}}</ref>

Indo-Persian chroniclers regarded the lion as keeper of order in the realm of animals. The [[Sanskrit]] word ''mrigendra'' signifies a lion as king of animals.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rangarajan, M. |year=2013 |title=Animals with rich histories: the case of the lions of Gir Forest, Gujarat, India |journal=History and Theory |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=109–127 |doi=10.1111/hith.10690 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In India, the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]], erected by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, depicts four lions standing back to back. In [[Hindu mythology]], the half-lion [[Narasimha]], an avatar of the deity [[Vishnu]], battles and slays the evil ruler [[Hiranyakashipu]]. In Buddhist art, lions are associated with both ''[[arhat]]s'' and [[bodhisattva]]s and may be ridden by the [[Manjushri]]. Though they were never native to the country, lions have played important roles in [[Chinese culture]]. Statues of the beast have guarded the entrances to the imperial palace and many religious shrines. The [[lion dance]] has been performed for over a thousand years.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], pp. 113, 119–122, 124.</ref>

In [[ancient Greece]], the lion is featured in several of [[Aesop's fables]], notably [[The Lion and the Mouse]]. In [[Greek mythology]], the [[Nemean lion]] is slain by the hero [[Heracles]] who then [[Skinning|wears its skin]]. [[Lancelot]] and [[Gawain]] were also heroes slaying lions in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]]. Lions continue to appear in modern literature such as the [[Cowardly Lion]] in [[L. Frank Baum]]'s 1900 ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'', and in [[C. S. Lewis]]'s ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]''. For cinema, the lion was portrayed as the ruler of animals in the 1994 [[Disney animated feature]] film ''[[The Lion King]]''.<ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson]], pp. 7, 96, 99, 103–105, 128, 135, 150, 197.</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[List of largest cats]]
* [[Mapogo lion coalition]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==


=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|23em}}

=== Books ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Baratay |first1=E. |first2=E. |last2=Hardouin-Fugier |year=2002 |title=Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0JSVvpZvYYC&pg=PA3 |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-111-2 |ref=Baratay |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505151453/https://books.google.com/books?id=V0JSVvpZvYYC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=W. |year=1975 |title=The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_241893313 |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=978-0-241-89331-9 |ref=Blunt }}
* {{Cite book |last=de Courcy |first=C. |year=1995 |title=The Zoo Story |location=Ringwood, Victoria |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-023919-5|ref=Courcy}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=D. |year=2010 |title=Lion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65lK7UIVRfIC |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-655-1 |ref=Jackson |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305201628/https://books.google.com/books?id=65lK7UIVRfIC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Packer|first=C.|author-link=Craig Packer|year=2023|title=The Lion: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation of an Iconic Species|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-21529-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYOREAAAQBAJ&q=The+Lion:+Behavior,+Ecology,+and+Conservation+of+an+Iconic+Species|ref=Packer|access-date=10 July 2023|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828195723/https://books.google.com/books?id=TYOREAAAQBAJ&q=The+Lion:+Behavior,+Ecology,+and+Conservation+of+an+Iconic+Species|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schaller |first=G. B. |author-link=George Schaller |year=1972 |title=The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator–Prey Relations |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-73639-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ann2dYn9iYC&pg=PP1 |ref=Schaller |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505151524/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ann2dYn9iYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Scott |first1=J. |last2=Scott |first2=A. |year=2002 |title=Big Cat Diary: Lion |location=New York |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-00-714666-6 |ref=Scott}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{EB1911 poster|Lion}}
{{wikijunior|Big Cats/Lion|l1=Lion}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=108 |title=Lion ''Panthera leo'' |author=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |access-date=16 December 2014 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090743/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=108 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.lionconservationfund.org/ | title=Lion Conservation Fund}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/rare-desert-lion-killed-in-angola-after-supplying-unprecedented-data/32633 |title=Rare desert lion killed in Angola after supplying unprecedented data |website=The Portugal News |date=2014 |access-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223523/http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/rare-desert-lion-killed-in-angola-after-supplying-unprecedented-data/32633 |archive-date=2 August 2018 }}
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Lion|short=x}}

{{Carnivora |Fe.}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q140|from2=Q15294488}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Cats|Mammals|Animals|Biology|Africa|India}}

[[Category:Lions| ]]
[[Category:Apex predators]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Big cats]]
[[Category:Extant Pliocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Felidae of Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of South Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Burundi]]
[[Category:National symbols of Chad]]
[[Category:National symbols of Eswatini]]
[[Category:National symbols of Kenya]]
[[Category:National symbols of Malawi]]
[[Category:National symbols of Morocco]]
[[Category:National symbols of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:National symbols of Singapore]]
[[Category:National symbols of South Africa]]
[[Category:National symbols of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:National symbols of Togo]]
[[Category:National symbols of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Panthera]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Vulnerable animals]]
[[Category:Vulnerable biota of Africa]]

M. Khalilullah

2026-03-27T03:59:40Z

Scrapuncle:

{{Short description|Indian doctor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. Khalilullah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Muhammad Khalilullah
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| education = [[Government Medical College, Nagpur]]
| title = Former Honorary Physician to the President of India
| alma_mater = [[Nagpur University]]
| occupation = Cardiologist
| years_active = 1960–Present
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1990), [[Padma Shri]] (1984), [[Dr. B.C. Roy]] (1984)
}}
'''M. Khalilullah''' is an Indian [[cardiologist]] and a former honorary physician to the [[President of India]]. He is a recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1990 (the third highest civilian award in India) and [[Padma Shri]] in 1984 (the fourth highest civilian award in India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-15 |title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954-2013) Year-Wise List |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |access-date=2023-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=1984-1984&Field=Medicine |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> He also received the highest award a doctor can achieve in India - [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award|Dr. B.C. Roy]] award in 1984.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalilullah |first=Mohd |date=2016-03-01 |title=My Journey in Cardiology – So far |journal=Indian Heart Journal |language=en |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=242 |doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2016.03.034 |issn=0019-4832 |pmc=4986929 |pmid=27133352}}</ref>

== life ==
He developed the first indigenous [[pacemaker]] (Khalilullah-Mendez) in India while undertaking his D.M. (Cardiology) at AIIMS, Delhi in 1969.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Mrinal Kanti |last2=Kumar |first2=Soumitra |last3=Deb |first3=Pradip Kumar |last4=Mishra |first4=Sundeep |date=2015-03-01 |title=History of Cardiology in India |journal=Indian Heart Journal |language=en |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=163–169 |doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2015.04.004 |issn=0019-4832 |pmc=4475834 |pmid=26071301}}</ref>

He also edited the first Indian text book on cardiology.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr M Khalilullah comes up with Indian textbook on cardiology |work=The Times of India |url=https://www.arcattoscana.org/city/nagpur/dr-m-khalilullah-comes-up-with-indian-textbook-on-cardiology/articleshow_new/18697719.cms |access-date=2023-04-02}}</ref>

He is an alumnus of Nagpur University (Govt. Medical College, Nagpur) where he completed his M.B.B.S (1960) and M.D. (Medicine) (1965).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-07-12 |title=Oh, my Alma Mater |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nagpur-times/oh-my-alma-mater/articleshow/2195620.cms |access-date=2023-04-02}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalilullah, M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]

Sanjana Ganesan

2026-03-26T08:58:49Z

Scrapuncle: adding some post added tags.

{{short description|Indian sports journalist and anchor (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjana
| image = Sanjana Ganesan in PMO New Delhi.jpg
| caption = Ganesan in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|05|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, India
| spouse = {{marriage| [[Jasprit Bumrah]] |15 March 2021}}
| children = 1
}}
'''Sanjana Ganesan''' (born 6 May 1991) is an Indian [[Sports journalism|sports journalist]], anchor, broadcaster of cricket matches, and former model.

==Career==
Sanjana began her professional career as a model. She is a sports presenter and has been hosting special shows during cricket and badminton tournaments for Star Sports. Sanjana was part of the [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019 World Cup]] in England, 2020 Women's T20 World Cup and Also [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]<ref name="ITSG">{{cite news |title=Jasprit Bumrah marriage: Who is Sanjana Ganesan? All you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jasprit-bumrah-marriage-who-is-sanjana-ganesan-sports-presenter-world-cup-ipl-1779580-2021-03-15 |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=India Today |date=15 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182834/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jasprit-bumrah-marriage-who-is-sanjana-ganesan-sports-presenter-world-cup-ipl-1779580-2021-03-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has been part of the Star Sports broadcast team during the [[Indian Premier League]] for many seasons.<ref name="ITSG"/>

== Early life ==
Ganesan completed her schooling at The Bishop's School. After this, she enrolled herself in B.Tech. from the Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune.
Sanjana Ganesan is a former [[Miss India Worldwide|Miss India finalist]] and was a participant in [[MTV Splitsvilla]] in 2014.<ref name="ITSG"/>

==Personal life==
On 15 March 2021, Sanjana married Indian cricketer [[Jasprit Bumrah]] in Goa.<ref>{{cite news |title='Love, if it finds you worthy, directs your course': Jasprit Bumrah ties the knot in Goa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-marriage-love-if-it-finds-you-worthy-directs-your-course-india-pacer-ties-the-knot-in-goa-with-sanjana-ganesan-see-pics-101615802667587.html |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315102308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-marriage-love-if-it-finds-you-worthy-directs-your-course-india-pacer-ties-the-knot-in-goa-with-sanjana-ganesan-see-pics-101615802667587.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news|title=Jasprit Bumrah married Sanjana Ganesan, shares photos from their wedding|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/jasprit-bumrah-sanjana-ganesan-wedding-see-pics-7229337|access-date=15 March 2021|work=The Indian Express|date=15 March 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420042021/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/jasprit-bumrah-sanjana-ganesan-wedding-see-pics-7229337/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Jasprit Bumrah marries model turned TV presenter Sanjana Ganesan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/jasprit-bumrah-ties-knot-with-sanjana-ganesan/articleshow/81511273.cms|access-date=15 March 2021|work=The Times of India|date=15 March 2021|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219063404/https://plus.timesofindia.com/toi-feed/config/toiw/trans/commonnudge?lang=1&fv=1100&theme=light&cc=US|url-status=live}}</ref> The two first met during an interview at the [[2013 Indian Premier League]]. They became friends over time, and after dating for two years, they got married in March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jasprit Bumrah And Sanjana Ganesan Become Parents: Know All About Their Love Story, In PICS |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/sports/jasprit-bumrah-and-sanjana-ganesan-expecting-first-child-together-know-all-about-their-love-story-in-pics-2657508 |website=[[Zee News]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923102935/https://zeenews.india.com/photos/sports/jasprit-bumrah-and-sanjana-ganesan-expecting-first-child-together-know-all-about-their-love-story-in-pics-2657508 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |date=4 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jasprit Bumrah, in an interview, said that he proposed to Sanjana during the initial days of November 2020, and they finally decided to marry on 15 March 2021. On 4 September 2023, Sanjana and Bumrah welcomed their son Angad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2023 |title=Jasprit Bumrah blessed with baby boy. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-blessed-with-baby-boy-shares-news-on-social-media-8923305/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906144804/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-blessed-with-baby-boy-shares-news-on-social-media-8923305/ |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

{{commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{imdbname|10144578}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesan, Sanjana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Women sports journalists]]

UP Warriorz

2026-03-25T21:22:23Z

Scrapuncle:

{{Short description|Indian franchise cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = UP Warriorz
| image = UP Warriors(z) WPL logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| league = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]
| colours = Purple and yellow {{color box|#330066}} {{color box|#FFE700}}
| coach = [[Abhishek Nayar]]
| captain = [[Meg Lanning]]
| owner = Capri Global
| founded = {{start date and age|2023}}
| city = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| ground = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
| title1 = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]]
| title1wins = 0

| t_pattern_la = _upw26
| t_pattern_b = _upw26
| t_pattern_ra = _upw26
| t_pattern_pants =
| t_leftarm = FFE000
| t_body = FFE000
| t_rightarm = FFE000
| t_pants = FFE000
}}

'''UP Warriorz''' are an Indian professional franchise [[women's cricket]] team that compete in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] (WPL). The team is based in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and is owned by Capri Global. They are coached by [[Abhishek Nayar]].

UP Warriorz reached the eliminator in the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|inaugural season]], where they were defeated by [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]].<ref name="23eliminator">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/mumbai-indians-women-vs-up-warriorz-women-eliminator-1358949/match-report |title=Sciver-Brunt fifty, Wong hat-trick put Mumbai in WPL final |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=24 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref>

The team was captained by [[Alyssa Healy]] in the first two seasons. For the [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025 season]], [[Deepti Sharma]] took over the captaincy after Healy was ruled out due to injury.

For the [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026 season]], [[Meg Lanning]] was announced the new captain of the franchise after the successful Mega Auction.<ref name="Meg1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/137137/meg-lanning-named-up-warriorz-captain-for-wpl-2026|title=Meg Lanning named UP Warriorz captain for WPL 2026 |publisher=cricbuzz|access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref>

==History==
In October 2022, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] announced its intentions to hold a five-team women's franchise cricket tournament in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wipl-2023-inaugural-womens-ipl-likely-to-be-played-from-march-3-to-26-1348845 |title=Inaugural Women's IPL likely to be played from March 3 to 26 |date=9 December 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The tournament was named the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] in January 2023, with investors buying the rights to franchises through a closed bidding process during the same month.<ref name="rights">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mumbai-indians-delhi-capitals-royal-challengers-bangalore-adani-group-capri-global-to-own-womens-ipl-teams-1355823 |title=Owners of Mumbai Indians, Delhi Capitals, RCB win bids to own Women's Premier League teams |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> Capri Global bought the rights to one of the franchises, to be based in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="rights"/>

In February 2023, [[Jon Lewis (cricketer, born 1975)|Jon Lewis]] was announced as head coach of the team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-england-national-coach-jon-lewis-appointed-head-coach-of-up-warriorz-1358234 |title=WPL: England national coach Jon Lewis appointed head coach of WPL team UP Warriorz |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> The inaugural player auction for the WPL was held on 13 February 2023, with UP Warriorz signing 16 players for their squad.<ref name="auction">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/live-blog/live-blog-2023-wpl-auction-1358703 |title=Bid-by-bid updates - 2023 WPL auction |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> The team went on to finish third in the group stage of the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|inaugural edition]] of the WPL, qualifying for the eliminator.<ref name="23table">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/points-table-standings |title=Women's Premier League 2022/23 - Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> However, they lost to [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] by 72 runs in the eliminator.<ref name="23eliminator"/>

==Current squad==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Notes
|-
|[[Asha Sobhana]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1991|3|16|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
|
|-
|[[Charli Knott]]
|{{crw|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|2002|11|29|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|Overseas player; Replacement player
|-
|[[Chloe Tryon]]
|{{crw|RSA}}
|{{Birth date and age|1994|1|25|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|[[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|Overseas Player
|-
|[[Deandra Dottin]]
|{{crw|West Indies}}
|{{Birth date and age|1991|6|21|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|Overseas Player
|-
|'''[[Deepti Sharma]]'''
|{{crw|India}}
|{{Birth date and age|1997|8|24|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|Vice-Captain
|-
|[[Gongadi Trisha]]
|{{crw|India}}
|{{Birth date and age|2005|12|15|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Dight arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
|
|-
|[[Harleen Deol]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1998|6|21|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
|
|-
|[[Kiran Navgire]]
|{{crw|India}}
|{{Birth date and age|1994|9|18|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|
|-
|[[Kranti Goud]]
|{{crw|India}}
|{{Birth date and age|2003|8|11|df=y}}
|Right handed
|Right-arm [[medium fast]]
|
|-
|'''[[Meg Lanning]]'''
|{{crw|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|1992|3|25|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|Captain;<ref name="Meg1"/> Overseas Player
|-
|[[Phoebe Litchfield]]
|{{crw|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|2003|4|18|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
|Overseas Player
|-
|[[Pratika Rawal]]
|{{crw|India}}
|{{birth date and age|2000|9|1|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|
|-
|[[Shikha Pandey]]
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|1989|5|12|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
|Shipra Giri
|{{crw|India}}
|{{Birth date and age|2002|6|24|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|–
|
|-
|[[Shweta Sehrawat]]
|{{crw|India}}
|{{Birth date and age|2004|2|26|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
|
|-
|Simran Sheikh
|{{crw|India}}
|{{Birth date and age|2002|1|12|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]]
|
|-
|[[Sophie Ecclestone]]
|{{crw|England}}
|{{Birth date and age|1999|5|6|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|[[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]]
|Overseas Player
|-
|Suman Meena
|{{crw|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|2000|7|8|df=y}}
|Right-handed
|Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|
|-
|[[Tara Norris]]
|{{crw|USA}}
|{{birth date and age|1998|6|4|df=y}}
|Left-handed
|Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
|Overseas Player; Withdrew
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Year
!Kit Manufacturer
!Main shirt sponsor
!Back sponsor
|-
|2023
| rowspan=4|UYP
|[[Patanjali Ayurved|Patanjali]]
| rowspan=4|[[EaseMyTrip]]
|-
|2024
|[[Katrina Kaif|Kay Beauty]]
|-
|2025
|RR Signature
|-
|2026
|[[L'Oréal Professionnel]]
|}

==Support staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach|| [[Abhishek Nayar]]
|-
|Assistant coach || Hitshu Bachani
|-
|Bowling coach || Alagh Pratibhan
|-
|Fielding coach || [[Saurabh Bandekar]]
|-
|Mentor || [[Lisa Sthalekar]]
|}

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Played
!Won
!Lost
!Success Rate
!League standing
!Final standing
|-
|[[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]]
| 9
| 4
| 5
| 44.44
|3/5
|style="background: lightgreen;"| Playoffs
|-
|[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]]
| rowspan="3" | 8
| rowspan="2" | 3
| rowspan="2" | 5
| rowspan="2" | 37.50
|4/5
| rowspan="3"| League Stage
|-
|[[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]]
|rowspan="2"| 5/5
|-
|[[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
|2
|6
|25.00
|}

=== Head to Head Record ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Opponent
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! Success Rate
|-
! [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| 8
| 2
| 6
| 25.00
|-
! [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| 8
| 3
| 5
| 37.50
|-
! [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| 9
| 4
| 5
| 44.44
|-
! [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 8
| 3
| 5
| 37.50
|-
! Total
! 33
! 12
! 21
! 36.36
|}

==Captaincy record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Player
! Duration
! Matches
! Won
! Lost
! Best Result
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Alyssa Healy]]
| 2023–2024
| 17
| 7
| 10
|bgcolor=lightgreen|'''Playoffs ([[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]])'''
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepti Sharma]]
| 2025
| 8
| 3
| 5
|'''5th ([[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]])'''
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Meg Lanning]]
| 2026–Present
| 8
| 2
| 6
|'''5th ([[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]])'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{UP Warriorz}}
{{UP Warriorz squad}}

[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2023]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) teams]]
[[Category:UP Warriorz]]

Chaaver

2026-03-25T12:41:20Z

Scrapuncle: Put Up Basic Entry Needs Work

{{Short description|2023 Indian film directed by Tinu Pappachan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chaaver film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Tinu Pappachan]]
| writer = [[Joy Mathew]]
| producer = Arun Narayan Venu Kunnapilly
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Kunchacko Boban]]
*[[Arjun Ashokan]]
*[[Antony Varghese]]
}}
| cinematography = Jinto George
| editing = [[Nishadh Yusuf]]
| music = [[Justin Varghese]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
*Arun Narayan Productions
*Kavya Film Company
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|10|05|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=Kunchacko Boban's 'Chaaver' censored with a U/A certificate; release date confirmed! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-bobans-chaaver-censored-with-a-u/a-certificate-release-date-confirmed/articleshow/104039860.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-bobans-chaaver-censored-with-a-u/a-certificate-release-date-confirmed/articleshow/104039860.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Chaver |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chaver-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2ndk3 |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018075615/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chaver-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2ndk3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Chaaver''''' ({{Translation|Suicide Squad}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Political cinema|political]] [[action thriller film]] directed by Tinu Pappachan and written by [[Joy Mathew]]. It is produced by Arun Narayan and Venu Kunnapilly under the banners Arun Narayan Productions and Kavya Film Company. The film stars [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Arjun Ashokan]] and [[Antony Varghese]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=പിന്നിൽ തെയ്യം, മുന്നിൽ കത്തിയെടുത്ത് ചാക്കോച്ചൻ,'ചാവേർ' ഒഫീഷ്യൽ ടൈറ്റിൽ ലുക്ക്‌ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/chaaver-movie-poster-tinu-pappachan-kunchacko-boban-antony-varghese-and-arjun-ashokan-1.8011196 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=2 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128183249/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/chaaver-movie-poster-tinu-pappachan-kunchacko-boban-antony-varghese-and-arjun-ashokan-1.8011196 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-28 |title=Chaaver Movie : Tinu Pappachan's death arrives; Chacochan and Pepe as stars; Motion Teaser |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/chaaver-movie-starring-kunchacko-boban-and-antony-varghese-directed-by-tinu-papachen-film-motion-teaser-released-124477 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128155933/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/chaaver-movie-starring-kunchacko-boban-and-antony-varghese-directed-by-tinu-papachen-film-motion-teaser-released-124477 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunchacko Boban in Tinu Pappachan's 'Chaaver', here's the first look - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-in-tinu-pappachans-chaaver-heres-the-first-look/articleshow/95248204.cms |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128183248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-in-tinu-pappachans-chaaver-heres-the-first-look/articleshow/95248204.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The music was composed by [[Justin Varghese]], the cinematography handled by Jinto George and editing by Nishadh Yusuf.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-30 |title='Chaaver' second look motion poster out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/chaaver-second-look-motion-poster-out/articleshow/102251345.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018075614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/chaaver-second-look-motion-poster-out/articleshow/102251345.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Chaaver'' was released on 5 October 2023 to mixed reviews from critics and [[Box-office bomb|bombed at the box office]].<ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
Ashokan, Musthafa, Asif and Thomas are political goons who are on the run after being involved in a problem. Musthafa calls and requests Arun, a medical student and the son of a late veteran [[communist party]] leader, to provide [[first aid]] to Ashokan as he was apparently injured while trying to fix their jeep. Arun takes his friend Sooraj's bike and reaches the location with some first-aid provisions. Before helping Ashokan, Arun asks Musthafa and Ashokan about the nature of his injuries as he does not believe they were caused while trying to fix any vehicle, but he does not get a proper answer from either of them. They promise to leave Arun after he is done applying the first-aid. During all these events it is also shown that Ashokan is getting instructions from GK, a party leader.

They stop the jeep at a secret location to avoid being seen by anyone while the first-aid is being applied, but they spot a group of [[Theyyam]] performers coming towards them and immediately leave the location. They reach a house and rest there for the time being as they have lunch. Arun refuses to eat with them as he is scared and doesn't know about the happenings. As they are having lunch, Arun overhears Ashokan's conversation between others and understands that they are on the run after killing a Theyyam performer named Kiran. Arun later asks Musthafa about killing Kiran, where Musthafa replies that it was all for the party.

The murder of Kiran leads to [[protest]]s all over the town and the police are actively on the hunt for the murder suspects.

Later, GK calls Ashokan and tells him that the police are tracing their whereabouts and they need to leave their current location immediately. Before leaving, Thomas tries to dispose the remaining bomb by throwing it into a well, but the bomb blasts inside the well, creating further problems. The police capture Sooraj and start questioning him as his [[Motorcycle|bike]] was present near the location where Kiran was killed, but Sooraj tells that he is unaware of what happened and refuses to reveal Arun's name to the police. Arun manages to escape the place when the bomb blasts and reaches a house, where he asks a person living there for some water.

Meanwhile, Ashokan and the others get worried that Arun might reveal their details to the police and set out to find him. They find him after sometime and take him with them. Musthafa reveals to Arun that he is now at risk of being a suspect. Later that night, Ashokan calls another party leader Mukundan and tells him to make some other people surrender to the police or he will be forced to reveal all the other [[Extrajudicial killing|political killings]] he has done for the party. Asif and Thomas then split from the group and leave home. Ashokan, Musthafa and Arun drive to a hideout situated in a hilly region and decides to stay there until GK sends his henchmen over to the police station. In the background Mukundan calls GK and tells him that he will take of everything. It is then shown that Asif while returning home is killed in a [[hit and run]] accident .

Musthafa takes Arun and goes outside to make a call and learns that he and Ashokan were used by GK to kill Kiran as his daughter was in relationship with Kiran, who is from a lower caste. Thinking Ashokan is also in on this, Musthafa instructs Arun to run away and confronts Ashokan but they are shot at by an unknown assailant. At the same time, Ashokan also gets to know from another party sympathiser about the treachery committed by GK and decides to leave the place. As he is about to leave, GK's henchmen surround the house and shoot at him. Musthafa who got separated from Arun reaches the house and somehow gets inside as the [[Henchman|henchemen]] shoot at it. Picking up a hunting rifle from one of the rooms, Musthafa meets up with Ashokan who reveals that he was also cheated by GK. Suddenly one of the stray bullets hits Musthafa in his shoulder. Ashokan then picks up the rifle and starts shooting back at the henchmen. He manages to shoot them down but he and Musthafa get critically injured in the process. At that time, Arun who was being chased by another henchman, manages to lose him and gets back to the house. Seeing him, Ashokan gives the keys of the jeep to Arun and tells him to leave them be and escape from there. Ashokan and Musthafa succumb to their own injuries, while Arun successfully escapes from the hilly region after the henchman who was chasing him gets blown up after hitting an electrified fence.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Ashokan
* [[Arjun Ashokan]] as Arun
* [[Antony Varghese]] as Kiran Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-28 |title=Tinu Pappachan's third film's title announced by Mammootty |url=https://theprimetime.in/tinu-pappachans-third-films-title-announced-by-mammootty/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The Prime Time |language= |archive-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160445/https://theprimetime.in/tinu-pappachans-third-films-title-announced-by-mammootty/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Manoj K. U. as Musthafa
* [[Sajin Gopu]] as Asif
* Anuroop P. as Thomas
* [[Deepak Parambol]] as Sooraj
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Mukundan
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]] as Devi teacher
* Arun Narayanan as Gireesh
* [[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]] Renjith Babu
* Anand Balan as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]]
* Murukan Martin as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Biju Ayyappan
* Jayaraj Calicut as Chamunni
* Krishna Priya as Kiran Kumar's Lover and GK Nambiar's Daughter
* [[Renji Panicker]] as G. K. Nambiar (voice appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Chaaver'' marks the third directorial of Tinu Pappachan after ''[[Swathanthryam Ardharathriyil]]'' (2018) and ''[[Ajagajantharam]]'' (2021).<ref name=":0" /> The film is produced by Arun Narayanan and Venu Kunnapilly under the banners of Arun Narayanan Productions and Kavya Films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-28 |title=Chaaver Movie : ടിനു പാപ്പച്ചന്റെ ചാവേർ എത്തുന്നു; താരങ്ങളായി ചാക്കോച്ചനും പെപ്പെയും; മോഷൻ ടീസർ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/chaaver-movie-starring-kunchacko-boban-and-antony-varghese-directed-by-tinu-papachen-film-motion-teaser-released-124477 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128155933/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/chaaver-movie-starring-kunchacko-boban-and-antony-varghese-directed-by-tinu-papachen-film-motion-teaser-released-124477 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also marks Tinu Pappachan's third collaboration with Antony Varghese and the first collaboration with Kunchacko Boban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anticipation soars as Kunchacko Boban starrer Chaver's first look revealed |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/07/03/kunchacko-boban-malayalam-movie-chaver-first-look-revealed.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210223/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/07/03/kunchacko-boban-malayalam-movie-chaver-first-look-revealed.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chaaver
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Justin Varghese]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio = {{ubl|Bodhi Silent Scape, [[Ernakulam]]|NHQ Studio, Ernakulam|People’s Studio, [[Payyannur]]}}
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|19:30}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Justin Varghese
| prev_title = [[Christopher (film)|Christopher]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Ponman]]
| next_year = 2025
}}

The film's songs and score are composed by [[Justin Varghese]]. The lyrics for the songs were written by Hareesh Mohanan.

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:30
| title1 = Polika Polika
| extra1 = [[Govind Vasantha]], Baby Jean, [[Santhosh Varma]]
| length1 = 04:44
| title2 = Poomale Pothiyamme
| extra2 = Pranav C. P., Niranjana Rema
| length2 = 05:06
| title3 = Chenthamara
| extra3 = Pranav C. P., Santhosh Varma
| length3 = 03:57
| title4 = Chenthamara End Credit Version
| extra4 = Pranav C. P., Santhosh Varma
| length4 = 05:43
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
The release date of ''Chaaver'' was postponed several times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=27 September 2023 |title=Chaaver: Tinu Pappachan explains why the Kunchacko Boban-starrer's release date is delayed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chaaver-tinu-pappachan-explains-why-the-kunchacko-boban-starrers-release-date-is-delayed/0aae46d987798 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005042150/https://www.ottplay.com/news/chaaver-tinu-pappachan-explains-why-the-kunchacko-boban-starrers-release-date-is-delayed/0aae46d987798 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was initially planned to release on 20 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2023 |title=Kunchacko Boban's action thriller 'Chaaver' release postponed! Read more |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-bobans-action-thriller-chaaver-release-postponed-read-more/articleshow/101385464.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630174408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-bobans-action-thriller-chaaver-release-postponed-read-more/articleshow/101385464.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2023 |title=Kunchacko Boban and Tinu Pappachan's action flick 'Chaaver' will hit the big screens in July |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-and-tinu-pappachans-action-flick-chaaver-will-hit-the-big-screens-in-july/articleshow/101211004.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624192025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-and-tinu-pappachans-action-flick-chaaver-will-hit-the-big-screens-in-july/articleshow/101211004.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The release date was later pushed to 21 September 2023 and then to 28 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Tinu Pappachan's Chaaver locks a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/sep/28/tinu-pappachanschaaverlocks-a-release-date-48096.html |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002181857/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/sep/28/tinu-pappachanschaaverlocks-a-release-date-48096.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2023 |title=Is Kunchacko Boban's 'Chaaver' releasing on September 28? Check out the latest poster |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/is-kunchacko-bobans-chaaver-releasing-on-september-28-check-out-the-latest-poster/articleshow/103635909.cms |access-date=30 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005164252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/is-kunchacko-bobans-chaaver-releasing-on-september-28-check-out-the-latest-poster/articleshow/103635909.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to its release, the film was given a U/A certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=27 September 2023 |title=ഒറ്റ കട്ട് മാത്രം, സെൻസറിംഗ് കഴിഞ്ഞു, ചാവേര്‍ റിലീസ് പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ച് നിര്‍മാതാവ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kunchacko-boban-tinu-pappachans-chaver-censored-gets-ua-certificate-action-thriller-to-release-on-october-5-hrk-s1n586 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005042151/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kunchacko-boban-tinu-pappachans-chaver-censored-gets-ua-certificate-action-thriller-to-release-on-october-5-hrk-s1n586 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 5 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2023 |title=Kunchacko Boban's action-packed thriller 'Chaaver' to release on October 5 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-bobans-action-packed-thriller-chaaver-to-release-on-october-5/articleshow/103984656.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005164246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-bobans-action-packed-thriller-chaaver-to-release-on-october-5/articleshow/103984656.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
[[SonyLIV]] acquired the digital rights of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Chaaver on OTT: Where to watch Kunchacko Boban's action drama after its theatrical release |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chaaver-on-ott-where-to-watch-kunchacko-bobans-action-drama-after-its-theatrical-release/d1f9deee0a415 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004222811/https://www.ottplay.com/news/chaaver-on-ott-where-to-watch-kunchacko-bobans-action-drama-after-its-theatrical-release/d1f9deee0a415 |url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered on 24 November 2023. The satellite rights of the film is acquired by [[Amrita TV]] and will premiere on the occasion of [[Onam]] 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asianet Onam Premiers Are Thudarum, Empuraan, Prince and Family, Bromance and Padakkalam|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-onam-premier-films-list/ |website=Kerala TV|date=25 August 2025|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film earned $58,913 in the United Arab Emirates, $1,815 in New Zealand and $1,390 in Australia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite Box Office Mojo|id=23183388|title=Chaver|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite The Numbers|id=Chaaver-(2023-India)|title=Chaaver|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''Chaaver'' shows why mere technical excellence cannot make a film work. All of Tinu Pappachan's craft could not save a poorly-written film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=5 October 2023 |title='Chaaver' movie review: Tinu Pappachan's craft fails to save a poorly-written film |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chaaver-movie-review-tinu-pappachans-craft-fails-to-save-a-poorly-written-film/article67383862.ece |access-date=5 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006015332/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chaaver-movie-review-tinu-pappachans-craft-fails-to-save-a-poorly-written-film/article67383862.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Tinu Pappachan's ''Chaaver'', starring Kunchacko Boban in the lead role, explores violence stemming from political rivalry. However, the film's aestheticisation of violence does not align with its central theme."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=5 October 2023 |title=Chaaver movie review: Tinu Pappachan, Kunchacko Boban film uses bloodbath to convey the message that bloodshed is wrong |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chaaver-movie-review-rating-tinu-pappachan-kunchacko-boban-film-uses-bloodbath-to-convey-bloodhsed-is-wrong-8968504/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005162010/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chaaver-movie-review-rating-tinu-pappachan-kunchacko-boban-film-uses-bloodbath-to-convey-bloodhsed-is-wrong-8968504/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "What helps '<nowiki/>''Chaver''' stand apart though is Tinu Pappachan's treatment of it, which is as raw as it is aesthetic."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=5 October 2023 |title=Chaver review: Kunchacko-Tinu Pappachan film is a visual treat let down by the script |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/chaver-review-kunchacko-tinu-pappachan-film-is-a-visual-treat-let-down-by-the-script |access-date= |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018075616/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/chaver-review-kunchacko-tinu-pappachan-film-is-a-visual-treat-let-down-by-the-script |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gopika ls of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Chaaver'' is a movie that stands out because of its making. Even with a weak script, the film works because of how the scenes are planned and the refreshing frames. It's not really a new story, but the presentation and the fantasy elements make it a watchable film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=ls |first=Gopika |date=6 October 2023 |title=Chaaver Movie Review : A watchable film with a weak script but fabulous making |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/chaaver/movie-review/104195740.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |access-date=6 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018075617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/chaaver/movie-review/104195740.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Nirmal Jovial of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "A tightly woven and more engaging third act would have taken ''Chaaver'' to the next level. It's highly probable that the film may face criticism, especially upon its release on OTT platforms."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jovial |first=Nirmal |date=5 October 2023 |title=Chaaver review: This hard-hitting political drama is a story of two halves |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/10/05/chaaver-review-this-hard-hitting-political-drama-is-a-story-of-two-halves.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018075614/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/10/05/chaaver-review-this-hard-hitting-political-drama-is-a-story-of-two-halves.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "Despite the finesse in filmmaking, the script, which boldly explores how party leaders use their workers as pawns, at times is a letdown."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=5 October 2023 |title='Chaaver' movie review: Script is a handicap for Tinu Pappachan's directorial |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/10/05/chaaver-movie-tinu-pappachan-arjun-ashokan-kunchacko-boban.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Onmanorama |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018075615/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/10/05/chaaver-movie-tinu-pappachan-arjun-ashokan-kunchacko-boban.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vishal Menon of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "It's as though the film only works in an abstract form with the characters not amounting to any real feeling."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=5 October 2023 |title=Chaaver Review: Tinu Pappachan's Spectacular Imagery In An Uneven Drama About Martyrs And Their Lost Cause |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/chaaver-review-tinu-pappachan-spectacular-imagery-in-an-uneven-drama-about-martyrs-and-their-lost-cause-kunchacko-boban-arjun-ashokan |website=Film Companion |language=en |access-date=5 October 2023 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006020509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/chaaver-review-tinu-pappachan-spectacular-imagery-in-an-uneven-drama-about-martyrs-and-their-lost-cause-kunchacko-boban-arjun-ashokan |url-status=live }}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Tinu Pappachan's obsession with good-looking frames often reaches self-indulgent, near-fetishistic heights."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=5 October 2023 |title=Chaaver Movie Review: Stylish imagery masks frustratingly deficient writing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/oct/05/chaaver-movie-review-stylish-imagery-masks-frustratingly-deficient-writing-48323.html |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018075615/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/oct/05/chaaver-movie-review-stylish-imagery-masks-frustratingly-deficient-writing-48323.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Neelima Menon of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Chaaver's'' promising premise is let down by its tiresome, weakly written narrative, executed by a woefully self-indulgent filmmaker."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=5 October 2023 |title=Chaaver Review: Style Trumps Substance In Kunchacko Boban-Starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/chaaver-review-style-trumps-substance-in-kunchacko-boban-starrer/afcec33e56163 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=OTTPlay |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018075617/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/chaaver-review-style-trumps-substance-in-kunchacko-boban-starrer/afcec33e56163 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Justin Varghese]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]

Kumheri

2026-03-22T10:30:58Z

Scrapuncle:

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kumheri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.971|N|78.83996|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.467
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3370
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kumheri''' ({{IAST|Kumherī}}) is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh India. As of 2011, it had a population of 3,370, in 609 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Kumheri had a population of 3,370, in 609 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|131}} This population was 52.6% male (1,771) and 47.4% female (1,599). The 0-6 age group numbered 458 (230 male and 228 female), or 13.6% of the total population. 1,146 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 34.0% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|106-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Kumheri as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 1,494 people (696 male and 798 female), in 206 households and 154 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,111 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|liv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Kumheri had 2 primary schools; it did not have any kind of healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office and public library; there was at least some access to electricity for domestic and agricultural purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|131-6}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

List of districts of Kerala

2026-03-22T07:14:24Z

Scrapuncle: updated page

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Districts of Kerala
| map = Political map of Kerala.svg
| category = Districts
| territory = [[Kerala]]
| start_date =
| current_number = 14 districts
| number_date =
| population_range = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] – 846,637 (lowest); [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] – 4,494,998 (highest)
| area_range = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] – {{Convert|1415|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest); [[Idukki district|Idukki]] – {{Convert|4612|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)
| government = [[Government of Kerala]]
| subdivision = [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala|Revenue Divisions]] [[List of taluks of Kerala|Taluks]]
| caption = Districts of Kerala
}}
The Indian state of [[Kerala]] is divided into 14 districts. Districts are the major administrative units of a [[States and union territories of India|state]] which are further sub-divided into [[List of revenue divisions of Kerala|revenue divisions]] and [[List of taluks of Kerala|taluks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue administration (Department of Revenue, Government of Kerala) |url=http://clr.kerala.gov.in/english/index.php/structure |author1=Stateitcell }}</ref>

[[Idukki district]] is the largest district in Kerala with a total land area of 461,223.14 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Idukki reclaims top spot as Kerala's largest district |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/idukki-reclaims-top-spot-as-kerala-s-largest-district-1.8894290 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

When the independent India merged smaller states together, Travancore and Cochin states were integrated to form [[Travancore-Cochin]] state on 1 July 1949. However, [[North Malabar]] and [[South Malabar]] remained under the [[Madras state]]. The [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1 November 1956 elevated Kerala to statehood through the unification of [[Malayalam]]-speaking territories in the southwestern [[Malabar Coast]] of India.

The state comprises three parts – the Northern Kerala districts of [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]; the Central Kerala districts of [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kottayam district |Kottayam]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]]; and the Southern Kerala districts of [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/highresolutionimages/central-kerala |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> Such a regional division occurred being part of historical regions of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], [[North Malabar]], [[South Malabar]], and [[Travancore]].<ref name="mlbr">{{cite book
| author = William Logan | year=1887
| title= Malabar Manual (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up
}}</ref> [[North Malabar]] region includes [[Kasargod]], [[Kannur]], [[Wayanad]], and the northern region of [[Kozhikode]] district, [[South Malabar]] region includes south-central part of [[Kozhikode district]], [[Malappuram]], parts except Chittoor taluk of [[Palakkad district]], [[Kunnamkulam]] and [[Chavakkad]] region of [[Thrissur]] district. The regions of [[South Malabar]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin]], both of which share many historical, geographical, and cultural similarities, together constitute the districts of Central Kerala.<ref name="mlbr"/><ref>{{cite book
| author = C. Achutha Menon | year=1911
| title = The Cochin State Manual | publisher=Cochin Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22142/page/n9/mode/2up
}}</ref> The [[Travancore]] region is incorporated in the districts of South Kerala.<ref>{{cite book
| author = V. Nagam Aiya | year=1906
| title=The Travancore State Manual | publisher=Travancore Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog/page/n10/mode/2up
}}</ref> The Travancore region was again divided into three zones as [[Northern Travancore]] (Hill Range) ([[Idukki district|Idukki District]], [[Kottayam district]] and eastern portion of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] district), [[Central Travancore]] (Central Range) ([[Kollam district]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] and [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] district) and [[Southern Travancore]] (Southern Range) ([[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=J.B.C. |date=September 1953 |title=State of Travancore-Cochin. The Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly Manual. (Ernakulam: Government Press. 1952. Pp. xii, 132.) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055400301198 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=903 |doi=10.1017/s0003055400301198 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The districts in Kerala are often named after the largest town or city in the district. Some of the districts were renamed in 1990 from the anglicised names to their local names. The 14 districts are further divided into [[List of revenue divisions of Kerala|27 revenue divisions]], [[List of taluks of Kerala|77 taluks]] and 1664 [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]] for land revenue administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Department of Revenue and Land Survey (Kerala)|Revenue Department]] |date=2023-09-21 |title=Revenue administration - Government of Kerala |url=https://clr.kerala.gov.in/eng/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Department of Land Revenue |language=en-gb}}</ref>

For local governance, Kerala has 6 [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]] and 87 [[Municipal council (India)|municipalities]] overseeing urban areas. Additionally, there are 941 [[gram panchayat]]s, 152 [[Panchayat samiti|block panchayats]] and 14 [[District council (India)|district panchayats]] responsible for rural governance.

==Administrative structure==
[[File:Regions of Kerala.svg|thumb|Regional grouping of districts in Kerala]]
Kerala State has been divided into 14 districts, 27 [[List of revenue divisions of Kerala|revenue divisions]], 78 taluks, 152 [[Community development block in India|community development blocks]] and 1664 [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]].

=== Revenue administration ===
A district is administered by a [[District Collector]], who is an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) of Kerala cadre, and is appointed by the State [[Government of Kerala]]. The headquarters of the district administration is known as the [[Collectorate]]. The District Collector serves as the head of revenue administration in the district and also functions as the [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] responsible for maintaining law and order within the district. The Collector serves as both the agent of the state Government and also as the representative of the people in the district. District administration is performed by the various Departments of the State Government, each of which has its own office at the district level. The District Officers of the various Departments in the district render technical advice to the collector in the discharge of his duties. The district collector is assisted by an additional district magistrate and deputy collectors.

The districts are divided into [[List of revenue divisions of Kerala|revenue divisions]] which comprises several [[List of taluks of Kerala|taluks]] under its jurisdiction. Taluks comprises several [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]]. A revenue division is headed by a [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Revenue Divisional Officer]]/[[Sub Collector]], and taluk is headed by a [[Tehsildar]]. The Tahsildar is assisted in each revenue village by village officers and village assistants. Village offices functions as the grassroot of the revenue administration.

=== Local governance ===
For the purpose of local governance, there are local-self government institutions, which includes 941 gram panchayats, 152 block panchayats, 14 district panchayats, 6 corporations and 87 municipalities.

The panchayati raj institutions ([[gram panchayat]]s, [[block panchayat]]s, [[District Panchayat|district panchayats]]) look after the governance of the rural areas in the district. These panchayats are governed by elected councils, headed by presidents and vice presidents respectively.
[[File:Jinoy Tom Jacob, Open Data Kerala.webm|thumb|360x360px|'''An NGO Contributes to Kerala Maps - Based on Open Street Maps & Wikivoyage''']]
The urban local bodies ([[Municipalities of Kerala|municipalities]] and [[List of municipal corporations in Kerala|municipal corporations]]) look after the governance of the urban areas in the district. These urban local bodies are governed by elected municipal councils, headed by [[Mayor (India)|mayor]]/chairperson and [[deputy mayor]]/vice chairperson respectively. A municipality, which consists of urban areas, is administered by a municipal council headed by a Municipal Chairperson. In cities, a municipal corporation, administered by a corporation council headed by a mayor, oversees the municipal affairs.

The other administrative subdivision is "[[Community development block|blocks]]", which is co-terminus with the block panchayats area. Th CD blocks are established for the purpose of [[rural development]], aligning with the boundaries of the [[Panchayat samiti|block panchayat]]. Each CD Block encompasses several gram panchayats within its limit. A block is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO), appointed by the government, who also functions as the ex-officio secretary of the Block Panchayat.

A taluk consists of urban units such as [[Municipal governance in India|statutory towns]] and [[census town]]s and rural units called gram panchayats (for revenue purposes). The Local Self-Governments Department (LSGD), Government of Kerala, coordinates and supervises the administrative affairs of these local bodies and has district-level offices.

=== Police ===
{{Main|Kerala Police}}
There are 20 police districts in total, and among these, 8 police districts are coterminous with the respective revenue districts, while the remaining 12 police districts are constituted by bifurcating the revenue district into "city" and "rural" areas. Each police district is headed by a "District Police Chief" (DPC), an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer typically holding the rank of [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP) or above. The District Police Chief is responsible for maintaining law and order, conducting criminal investigations and overseeing police administration in the district.

These districts are further divided into police sub-divisions. A subdivision comprises several police stations under its jurisdiction, each headed by an Assistant Superintendent of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP) designated as the [[sub-divisional police officer]] (SDPO). The police station is the basic unit of police administration at the district level, each headed by an Inspector of Police, or in the case of rural areas, by a Sub-Inspector of Police designated as the [[Station house officer|Station House Officer]] (SHO).

=== Judiciary ===
The [[Kerala High Court]] has the jurisdiction of the state of Kerala. Each of the districts has a [[District courts of India|District & Sessions Court]].

=== Other ===
Each state government department has a district office at the district level, headed by district-level officials, such as the [[Medical officer of health#India|District Medical Officer]] for the health department, District Fire Officer for the Fire and Rescue Department, Divisional Forest Officer for the Forest Department, etc. Each department's district-level offices oversee their respective areas of administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stateitcell |title=Structure |url=http://www.clr.kerala.gov.in/english/index.php/structure |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.clr.kerala.gov.in |language=en-gb}}</ref>
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{{Clear}}

==History==
At the time of formation, Kerala had only five districts: [[Malabar district|Malabar]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]].

On 1 January 1957, the [[Malabar district]] was trifurcated to form new districts of [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], bringing the total to seven districts.

[[Alappuzha district]] was carved out of erstwhile Kottayam and Kollam districts on 17 August 1957, to form the 8th district.

[[Ernakulam district]] was formed on 1 April 1958 as the 9th district, carved out of parts of erstwhile Thrissur and Kottayam districts.

[[Malappuram district]] was formed on 16 June 1969 as the 10th district, with Ernad and Tirur taluks of the erstwhile Kozhikode district and Perinthalmanna and Ponnani taluks of Palakkad district.

[[Idukki district]] was formed on 26 January 1972 as the 11th district, with Devikulam, Udumbanchola and Peermedu taluks of the erstwhile Kottayam district and Thodupuzha taluk of the erstwhile Ernakulam district.

[[Wayanad district]] was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts.

[[Pathanamthitta district]] was formed on 1 November 1982 as the 13th district by carving out the entire Pathanamthitta taluk and nine villages of Kunnathur taluk from Kollam district, entire Thiruvalla taluk and part of [[Chengannur]] and Mavelikkara taluks from Alapphuzha district and parts of Idukki district.

[[Kasaragod district]] was formed on 24 May 1984 as the 14th district by carving out a major portion of the erstwhile Kannur district. Kasaragod remains the last formed district of Kerala to date.

== Characteristics ==
[[Idukki district]] is the largest [[List of districts in India|district]] in Kerala by area. [[Alappuzha district]] is noted for its small area, while [[Malappuram district]] stands out as the most populous in Kerala. [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]], and [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]] are the least populated districts in the state. Ernakulam district stands out as the most urbanised in Kerala, housing a municipal corporation and 11 municipalities, with 68.07% of its population residing in urban areas. Thiruvananthapuram has the highest population density at 1509 persons per sq.km, followed closely by Alappuzha and Kozhikode districts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-11 |title=Idukki once again becomes the biggest district in State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/idukki-once-again-becomes-the-biggest-district-in-state/article67295973.ece |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urbanization in Kerala |url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/economic-review/ER2016/chapter01_02.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic review, 2017 State Planning Board, Government of Kerala |url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/economic-review/ER2017/web_e/ch11.php?id=1&ch=11}}</ref>

==Districts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Code<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf |title = NIC Policy on format of e-mail Address: Appendix (2): Districts Abbreviations as per ISO 3166–2 |pages = 5–10 |publisher = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry Of Communications and Information Technology]], Government of India |date = 2004-08-10 |access-date = 2008-11-24 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080911133331/https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf |archive-date = 2008-09-11}}</ref>
! scope=col | District
! scope=col | Headquarters<ref name="kldistp">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=KL|title=Districts : Kerala|publisher=Government of India portal|access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref>
! scope=col | Established<ref>Here 'Established' means the year of establishment as a district of Kerala. If the district was formed earlier than the formation of the state of Kerala, 1 Nov 1956 will be considered as the day of establishment of the district.</ref>
! scope=col | Population (2018)<ref name="kerdemo_2018">{{Cite book|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report - 2018|publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala|year=2020|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=55|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf}}</ref>
! scope=col | Area<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/32part1.pdf|title=Part I: state|publisher=Government of India Census portal|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref>
! scope=col | Subdivisions
! scope=col | Map
|-
| ALA
! scope=row | [[Alappuzha District|Alappuzha]]
| [[Alappuzha]]
| {{dts|17 Aug 1957}}<ref name="alappuzhanic">{{cite web|url=http://alappuzha.nic.in/history.htm|title=Alappuzha : History|publisher=alappuzha.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024019/http://alappuzha.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref>
| 2,146,033
| {{convert|1415|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Ambalapuzha]] ([[Alappuzha]])
*[[Chengannur]]
*[[Cherthala]]
*[[Karthikappally]] ([[Haripad]])
*[[Kuttanad]] ([[Mankombu]])
*[[Mavelikkara]]<ref name="alappuzhanic" />
|[[File:India Kerala Alappuzha district.svg|100px]]
|-
| ERN
! scope=row | [[Ernakulam District|Ernakulam]]
| [[Kakkanad]]
| {{dts|1 Apr 1958}}<ref name="ernakulamnic">{{cite web|url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/history.htm|title=History of Ernakulam|publisher=ernakulam.nic.in ( Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Govt. of India)|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115160050/http://ernakulam.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=15 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 3,427,659
| {{convert|2407|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Aluva]]
* [[Kanayannur]] ([[Ernakulam]])
* [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] ([[Fort Kochi]])
* [[Kothamangalam, Ernakulam|Kothamangalam]]
* [[Kunnathunad]] ([[Perumbavoor]])
* [[Muvattupuzha]]
* [[North Paravur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/taluk.asp|title=Taluks — Ernakulam District|publisher=ernakulam.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227095053/http://ernakulam.nic.in/taluk.asp|archive-date=2009-02-27}}</ref>
|[[File:India Kerala Ernakulam district.svg|100px]]
|-
| IDU
! scope=row | [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| [[Painavu]]
| {{dts|26 Jan 1972}}<ref name="idukkinic">{{cite web|url=http://idukki.nic.in/formation.htm|title=IDUKKI : History|publisher=idukki.nic.in ( Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Govt. of India)|access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref><ref>as per Government notification No 54131/C2/71/RD dated 24 January 1972, Government of Kerala</ref>
| 1,093,156
| {{convert|4612|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Devikulam]]
* [[Peermade]]
* [[Udumbanchola]] ([[Nedumkandam]])
* [[Idukki]] ([[Painavu]])
* [[Thodupuzha]]
|[[File:India Kerala Idukki district.svg|100px]]
|-
| KAN
! scope=row | [[Kannur District|Kannur]]
| [[Kannur]]
| {{dts|1 Jan 1957}}<ref name="knr">{{cite web|url=http://www.knr.kerala.gov.in/administration.htm|title=Kannur district : Administration|publisher=knr.kerala.gov.in ( Govt. of Kerala)|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421152855/http://www.knr.kerala.gov.in/administration.htm|archive-date=2009-04-21}}</ref>
| 2,615,266
| {{convert|2966|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Thalassery]]
* [[Iritty]]
* [[Kannur]]
* [[Taliparamba]]
*[[Payyanur]]<ref name="knr" />
|[[File:India Kerala Kannur district.svg|100px]]
|-
| KAS
! scope=row | [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| [[Kasaragod]]
| {{dts|24 May 1984}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/afterdisform.htm|title=District came into existence...|publisher=kasargod.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025049/http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/afterdisform.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>As per GO.(MS)No.520/84/RD dated 19.05.1984, Government of Kerala</ref>
| 1,390,894
| {{convert|1989|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]] ([[Uppala]])
* [[Kasaragod]]
* [[Vellarikundu]]
* [[Hosdurg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kasargod.nic.in/|title=Kasaragod District > taluks|publisher=kasargod.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref>
|[[File:India Kerala Kasaragod district.svg|100px]]
|-
| KOL
! scope=row | [[Kollam District|Kollam]]
| [[Kollam]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/history.html|title=Short History of Kollam|publisher=kollam.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518045229/http://kollam.nic.in/history.html|archive-date=18 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ( 1 July 1949)<ref name="previousdate" /><ref>[[Paravur, Kollam]]</ref>
| 2,659,431
| {{convert|2483|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
* [[Kollam]]
* [[Karunagappally]]
* [[Kunnathur (Kerala)|Kunnathur]] ([[Sasthamkotta]])
* [[Kottarakkara]]
* [[Punalur]]
* [[Pathanapuram]]<ref name="kollamnictaluk">{{cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/villa.html|title=Taluks and Villages|publisher=Kollam.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210123336/http://kollam.nic.in/villa.html|archive-date=10 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[File:India Kerala Kollam district.svg|100px]]
|-
| KOT
! scope=row | [[Kottayam District|Kottayam]]
| [[Kottayam]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/district_handbook/Kottayam.pdf |title=District Handbooks of Kerala KOTTAYAM |publisher=kerala.gov.in |access-date=2009-03-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319183020/http://www.kerala.gov.in/district_handbook/Kottayam.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-19 }}</ref> (1 July 1949 )<ref name="previousdate" />
| 1,983,573
| {{convert|2206|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Changanassery, Kottayam|Changanasserry]]
* [[Kanjirappally]]
* [[Kottayam]]
* [[Vaikom]]
* [[Meenachil]] ([[Pala, Kerala|Pala]])
|[[File:India Kerala Kottayam district.svg|100px]]
|-
| KOZ
! scope=row | [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
| {{dts|1 Jan 1957}}<ref name="kozhikodenic">{{cite web|url=http://kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/History.htm|title=Kozhikode: History|publisher=kozhikode.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402230805/http://kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/History.htm|archive-date=2007-04-02}}</ref>
| 3,249,761
| {{convert|2345|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Kozhikode]]
* [[Thamarassery]]
* [[Koyilandy]]
* [[Vatakara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/administration.htm|title=Kozhikode: Administration|publisher=kozhikode.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207061813/http://www.kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/administration.htm|archive-date=2009-02-07}}</ref>
|[[File:India Kerala Kozhikode district.svg|100px]]
|-
| MAL
! scope=row | [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]]
| [[Malappuram]]
| {{dts|16 Jun 1969}}<ref name="malappuramnichist">{{cite web|url=http://malappuram.nic.in/history.html|title=Malappuram: HISTORY|publisher=malappuram.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
| 4,494,998
| {{convert|3554|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Nilambur]]
* [[Eranad]] ([[Manjeri]])
* [[Kondotty]]
* [[Perinthalmanna]]
* [[Ponnani]]
* [[Tirur]]
* [[Tirurangadi]]<ref name="malappuramnichist" />
|[[File:India Kerala Malappuram district.svg|100px]]
|-
| PAL
! scope=row | [[Palakkad District|Palakkad]]
| [[Palakkad]]
| {{dts|1 Jan 1957}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palghat.net/html/glancefrm.htm|title=Welcome to Palghat|publisher=palghat.net|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
| 2,952,254
| {{convert|4482|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Alathur]]
* [[Chittur]]
* [[Palakkad]]
* [[Pattambi]]
* [[Ottappalam]]
* [[Mannarkkad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://palakkad.nic.in/basicstats.htm|title=BASIC STATISTICS of PALAKKAD|publisher=palakkad.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023946/http://palakkad.nic.in/basicstats.htm|archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref>
* [[Attappady]] ([[Agali, Palakkad|Agali]])<ref>https://www.mathrubhumi.com › news
അട്ടപ്പാടി ട്രൈബൽ താലൂക്ക് ... - Mathrubhumi</ref>
|[[File:India Kerala Palakkad district.svg|100px]]
|-
| PAT
! scope=row | [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| [[Pathanamthitta]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1982}}<ref name="pathanamthittanic">{{cite web|url=http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm|title=Pathanamthitta : History|publisher=pathanamthitta.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023559/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm|archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref><ref>As per GO (MS) No.1026/82/(RD) dated 29.10.1982, Government of Kerala</ref>
| 1,172,212
| {{convert|2652|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Adoor]]
* [[Konni, India|Konni]]
* [[Kozhencherry]] ([[Pathanamthitta]])
* [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]
* [[Mallappally]]
* [[Thiruvalla]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/Administration1.htm |title=Pathanamthitta : Administration |publisher=pathanamthitta.nic.in |access-date=2009-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023822/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/Administration1.htm |archive-date=2009-04-10 }}</ref>
|[[File:India Kerala Pathanamthitta district.svg|100px]]
|-
| THI
! scope=row | [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref name="THIRUVANANTHAPURAM">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm |title=THIRUVANANTHAPURAM |access-date=2009-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207004457/http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm |archive-date=2009-02-07 }}</ref> (1 July 1949)<ref name="previousdate"/>
| 3,355,148
| {{convert|2189|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Neyyattinkara (tehsil)|Neyyattinkara]]
* [[Kattakada]]
* [[Nedumangad taluk|Nedumangad]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram Taluk|Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]] ([[Attingal]])
* [[Varkala]]
|[[File:India Kerala Thiruvananthapuram district.svg|100px]]
|-
| THR
! scope=row | [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]
| [[Thrissur]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref name="thrissurnic">{{cite web|url=http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrglance.asp|title=Thrissur At A Glance |publisher=thrissur.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref> (1 Jul 1949)<ref name="previousdate">Note: This date means the day when the district was initially formed, even before the formation of the state of Kerala. Hence 1 Nov 1956 will be considered as the day of formation of district in the state of Kerala</ref>
| 3,243,170
| {{convert|3027|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Kodungallur]]
*[[Mukundapuram]] ([[Irinjalakuda]])
*[[Chalakudy]]
*[[Chavakkad]]
*[[Thalapilly]] ([[Wadakkancheri]])
*[[Thrissur]]
*[[Kunnamkulam]]<ref name="thrissurnic" />
|[[File:India Kerala Thrissur district.svg|100px]]
|-
| WAY
! scope=row | [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| [[Kalpetta]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1980}}<ref name="wayanadnic">{{cite web|url=http://wayanad.nic.in/profile.htm|title=Wayanad :profile|publisher=wayanad.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
| 846,637
| {{convert|2130|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
*[[Mananthavady]]
*[[Sultan Bathery]]
*[[Vythiri]] ([[Kalpetta]])<ref name="wayanadnic" />
|[[File:India Kerala Wayanad district.svg|100px]]
|-
!Total
! 14
! 14
! 14
!34,630,192
!{{convert|38852|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
! 78
!
|}

==Demand for new districts ==
{{anchor | New | Demand }}

Listed from north to south:

* '''North Kerala'''
** '''Peringome district''' (from southern Kasargod and northern Kannur districts): With in-land Peringome (Peringom) lush green hill station in the northeastern Kannur district as HQ.

** '''Vadakara district''' (from northern Kozhikode district): With costal city Vadakara as HQ.

* '''Central Kerala'''
** '''Tirur district''' (from western/coastal areas of Malappuram district): With the costal Tirur city as HQ. This is the most vocal demand due to Malappuram being the state's most populous district with nearly 4.5 million people. Tirur district would entail the Tirur, Tirurangadi, and Ponnani taluks.<ref name=newdk1>[https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/old-demand-new-politics-call-for-bifurcating-malappuram-grows-louder Old demand, new politics: Call for bifurcating Malappuram grows louder], thesouthfirst.com, 6 Oct 2025.</ref><ref name=newdk2>[https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1651154 Demand for new districts takes centre stage in local body election campaign], keralakaumudi.com, 21 Nov 2025.</ref>

** '''Valluvanad district''' (from southern Malappuram and northern Palakkad districts): With the in-land Perinthalmanna city as HQ.

** '''Irinjalakuda district''' (from southern Thrissur district): With the in-land Irinjalakuda city as HQ halfway between Thrissur and Kochi cities.

** '''Muvattupuzha district''' (from eastern Ernakulam and northern Idukki districts): With the in-land city Muvattupuzha as HQ east of Kochi. The district will entail Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam, and Kunnathunadu from Ernakulam district as well as the Thodupuzha from Idukki district, to create a dedicated agricultural district separate from the industrial hub of Kochi.<ref name=newdk2/>

* '''South Kerala'''

** '''Mavelikara district''' (from southern Alappuzha, western Pathanamthitta, and northern Kollam districts): With the in-land Mavelikara city as HQ equidistant from Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta cities.<ref name=newdk3>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/demand-for-creation-of-new-district-with-mavelikara-as-headquarters-grows-louder/article68542583.ec Demand for creation of new district with Mavelikara as headquarters grows louder], The Hindu, 19 Aug 2024.</ref>

** '''Neyyattinkara district''' (from southern Thiruvananthapuram district): With the in-land Neyyattinkara city as HQ. District will entail the Neyyattinkara and Kattakada taluks. A mass petition with 50,000 signatures was submitted to the Chief Minister as the demand for this new district intensified with the operationalization of the Vizhinjam Port, which is expected to trigger massive regional growth requiring a closer administrative headquarters.<ref name=newdk2/>

==See also==

* [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Department of Revenue and Land Survey|Revenue Department]] (Kerala)
* [[List of revenue divisions of Kerala]]
* [[List of taluks of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Districts of Kerala}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ Official website of Government of Kerala]
{{Clear}}

{{Districts of Kerala}}
{{Districts of India}}
{{Kerala topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Districts in Kerala, List of}}
[[Category:Districts of Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala geography-related lists]]

Pareshnath

2026-03-15T16:07:53Z

Scrapuncle: put up data

{{distinguish|Parasnath}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pareshnath
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.955921|N|86.747607|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 219
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722148
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03243
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranibandh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranibandh]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pareshnath''' is a village in the [[Ranibandh (community development block)|Ranibandh]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Khatra subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=420| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|56|0|N|86|54|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Khatra subdivision in Bankura district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, C: craft centre, T: ancient/ temple centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|51|51|N|87|0|21|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Baragari| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Baragari]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|46|14|N|86|47|37|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barikul| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Barikul]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|52|50|N|86|52|43|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Haludkanali| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Haludkanali]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|48|N|86|48|8|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Hirbandh| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Hirbandh]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|0|N|86|56|0|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Indpur| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Indpur]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|49|0|N|86|38|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Jhilimili| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Jhilimili]] (R)
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|mark-coord8={{coord|22|58|0|N|86|47|15|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Mukutmanipur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Mukutmanipur]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|42|39|N|86|51|57|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Phulkusma| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Phulkusma]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|51|53|N|86|47|4|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Ranibandh| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Ranibandh]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|50|N|86|39|42|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Rautara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Rautara]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|46|36|N|87|1|23|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Sarenga| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Sarenga, Bankura]] (R)
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|mark-coord20={{coord|22|56|15|N|86|46|14|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Ambikanagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Ambikanagar, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|46|N|86|59|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Atbaichandi| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Atbaichandi]] (T) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|57|16|N|87|9|49|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Deulbhira| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Deulbhira]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|1|27|N|87|0|0|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Harmasra| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Harmasra]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|57|10|N|86|44|51|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Pareshnath| numbered24=T| mark-title24= Pareshnath (T) |shape-color24=black| label-size24=13|label-color24=black 
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|44|37|N|86|54|51|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Mandankuli| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Mandankuli]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|22.9462|N|86.7003|E}} |label26=Kangsabati Project|labela26= Reservoir| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=0| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|22.8573|86.9125}}| label27=Kangsabati River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=80| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none}}

===Location===
Pareshnath is located at {{coord|22.955921|N|86.747607|E|display=inline}}.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Pareshnath had a total population of 219, of which 119 (54%) were males and 100 (46%) were females. There were 189 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Pareshnath was 50 (26.46% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_p190ca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 April 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
Bankura district was once under the influence of [[Jainism]] and a number of Jain relics lie scattered in the district. Jain relics at villages [[Sonatapal]], [[Bahulara]], [[Dharapat]], [[Harmasra]] and Paresnath (near [[Ambikanagar, Bankura|Ambikanagar]]) are now taken as Hindu relics and some of the intact images are daily worshipped as Hindu deities.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.hindubooks.org/temples/bengal/bankura/page8.htm| title = Temples and Legends of Bengal| access-date = 15 March 2026| work = Bankura| publisher = Hindu Books| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110617103235/http://www.hindubooks.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=144&page=9| archive-date = 17 June 2011| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

There are two ancient sites at Pareshnath (temple site now represented only by a mound and a statue of Surya and temple site of an old Jain temple now represented only by a mound with a Jain statue) and both the sites are included in the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (serial no. N-WB-34 & 35).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140627005558/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 27 June 2014 |title = List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of National Importance| work= West Bengal|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India | access-date = 21 April 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Parasnath}}
{{Bankura District}}
{{Jain centres in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Villages in Bankura district]]

Junnar

2026-03-13T22:55:54Z

Scrapuncle: Updated article with clearer structure

{{About|the Junnar city in Pune district, Maharashtra, India| the tehsil in Pune district|Junnar tehsil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Junnar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Junnar city.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Junnar city
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|12|26|N|73|52|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 689
| population_total = 36567
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 410502
| registration_plate =
| website = [http://www.junnartourism.com/ Junnar Tourism Website]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''Junnar''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[d͡ʒunːəɾ]]]) is a city in the [[Pune district]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Forest law trampled in Junnar, Abhi-Ash's Ravan in trouble|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/forest-law-trampled-in-junnar-abhiashs-ravan-in-trouble/505342/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122190522/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/forest-law-trampled-in-junnar-abhiashs-ravan-in-trouble/505342/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2013|access-date=22 August 2009}}</ref> The city has history dating back to the first millennium. The nearby fort of [[Shivneri]] was the birthplace of Maratha king [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Junnar was declared the first tourism taluka in Pune district by the government of Maharashtra on 9 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pathare |first1=Vicky |title=MTDC bid to give Junnar a tourism tehsil tag |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/mtdc-bid-to-give-junnar-a-tourism-tehsil-tag-soon/articleshow/62185628.cms |issue=21 December |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=2017 |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125626/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/mtdc-bid-to-give-junnar-a-tourism-tehsil-tag-soon/articleshow/62185628.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Junnar has been an important trading and political centre for the last two millennia. The town is on the trade route that links the ports of western India or more specifically of [[Konkan]] with [[Deccan]] interiors. The first mention of Junnar comes the [[Indo-Roman trade relations|Greco-Roman travellers]] from the first millennium,<ref>Margabandhu, C. "Trade Contacts between Western India and the Graeco-Roman World in the early centuries of the Christian era." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient/Journal de l'histoire economique et sociale de l'Orient (1965): 316-322.</ref><ref>Rath, Jayanti. "QUEENS AND COINS OF INDIA."</ref><ref>Deo, S. B. "The Genesis of Maharashtra History and Culture." Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 43 (1984): 17-36.</ref> The [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Western Satraps]] ruled at Junnar during the 2nd century CE as shown by their cave inscriptions in the area of Junnar, at [[Manmodi Caves]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay|date=1986|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bombay|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zgUAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=If Konow is right, then the length of time for Ksatrapa rule in the Nasik-Karla-Junnar region would be at least thirty-five years.}}</ref> "[[Yavana]]" Greeks also left donative inscriptions in the 2nd century CE at [[Lenyadri]] and [[Manmodi Caves]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West|date=2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004255302|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXdfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|language=en}}</ref> According to [[Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi|Damodar Kosambi]], the real name of Junnar may have been Tagara. In his opinion, the name Junnar may be the contracted form of Jirnanagar (Old city).<ref name="Kosambi1975">{{cite book|author=Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi|title=An Introduction to the Study of Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTvQiXVFB0gC&pg=PR9|year=1975|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-038-9|page=269}}</ref>

In the 1400s, the Russian traveler, [[Afanasy Nikitin]] spent many months in Junnar during the monsoon season. He describes vividly the life in the [[Bahamani]]-ruled area around Junnar.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Fisher|editor-first1=Michael H.|title=Visions of Mughal India : an anthology of European travel writing|date=2007|publisher=I. B. Tauris|location=London|isbn=978-1-84511-354-4|pages=15–18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcQ69SE64KIC&q=nikitin&pg=PR6|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref>
After the collapse of the Bahamanis, the breakaway state of [[Nizam Shahi]] had Junnar as their first capital in the 1490s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Poona District Nizam Shahis, 1490-1636.|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Poona%20District/Poona-II/history_Musalmans.html#.|website=Maharashtra|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> Later in early 1600s, [[Malik Ambar]] the Nizam Shahi general again moved his capital there.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=Richard M.|title=The new Cambridge history of India.|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-25484-1|page=118|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&q=junnar+ambar&pg=PA118|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> The father of [[Shivaji]], [[Shahaji]] Raje Bhonsale worked for Malik Ambar early in his career. Shivaji was born at the nearby [[Shivneri]] fort.

==Geography==
[[File:Shivneri fort1.JPG|thumb|right|[[Shivneri|Shivneri hill]], Junnar]]

Junnar has an average elevation of 689 metres (2,260 feet).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Junnar.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Junnar, India|website=Fallingrain.com|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> The [[Kukadi River]] flows to the north.

===Teak Forest ===
The Junnar area has been historically famed for its teak forest. The [[Shaniwar Wada]], the de facto seat of government of the [[Maratha Empire]] in [[Pune]] was completed in 1732 by [[Peshwa]] [[Bajirao I]].[[Teak]] from Junnar was used extensively in its construction.

==Demographics==
[[File:Scouts at Shankarrao Butte Patil Vidyalaya.jpg|thumb|right|Scouts in Junnar.]]
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Junnar had a population of 24,740. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Junnar has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 72%. In Junnar, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Transport ==
[[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|State Transport]] buses run between Pune and Junnar from Shivajinagar ST stand from 06:30 AM every hour.
Also bus facility available from Mumbai (kalyan) for every 10–30 minutes from 05:20 AM till 12:30 AM.
Same is the case from Ahmednagar and Nashik. Transportation from Ahmednagar and Mumbai takes a route of [[National Highway 222 (India)|NH 222]] while from Pune and Nashik will take a route of [[National Highway 50 (India)|NH 50]].

==Junnar Tourism==
Junnar area is dotted with historic places including [[Shivneri]], the birthplace of the Maratha king Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the cave temple at [[Lenyadri]], Kulswami khandoba temple wadaj, One of the famous temple of Lord Ganesha [[Vigneshwara Temple, Ozar|Ozar]], and the walled town of Junnar itself. Also Junnar has historical underground water chain which it exists at Sayyed Wada (Nehr e Hussaini hauz) Junnar in the remembrance of Karbala. This water reservoir exist today.

===Shivneri Fort===
[[File:MainEntranceGate.jpg|thumb|Entrance to [[Shivneri|Shivneri fort]].]]
[[Shivneri]], the birthplace of Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]] Maharaj

===Jivdhan Fort===
[[Jivdhan]], Jivdhan (or Jeevdhan) is a hill fortress situated 1 km near the modern day town of Ghatghar in Junnar Taluka of Pune district in Maharashtra, India.

===Hadsar Fort===
[[Hadsar]], fort is among the many forts in Junnar region of Pune district which were meant for protection of the ancient commercial trade route from Mawal region to Kalyan via Naneghat. There is a marvelous sculpture design of the bastion and the fort entrance, which is not seen elsewhere. They are all carved from a single rock.

===Cave temples===
[[File:Manmodi Chaitya Cave Junnar.png|thumb|[[Manmodi Caves]] Chaitya. Woodcut from Photograph, 1880.]]
[[File: Caves around Junnar.jpg|thumb|left|Location of Buddhist caves around the city of Junnar.]]
Surroundings of Junnar are very rich with ancient cave temples. In total there are more than 220 individual rock-cut caves located in four hills around Junnar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp|title=Lenyadri Group of Caves, Junnar|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410125940/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Junnar has the largest and longest cave excavations in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm?kefa1=0-8|title=National Council Of Educational Research And Training :: Home|website=Ncert.nic.in|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> The most famous among the caves is the [[Lenyadri]] complex. It represents a series of about 30 rock-cut mostly [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] caves. Cave 7 is a famous [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the god [[Ganesha]]. It is one of the [[Ashtavinayak]] shrines, a set of the eight prominent Ganesha shrines in Maharashtra. Twenty-six of the caves are individually numbered. The caves face to the south and are numbered serially from east to west.<ref name="asi">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp|title=Lenyadri Group of Caves, Junnar|year=2009|work=Archaeological Survey of India official site|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|access-date=4 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410125940/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Gazetteer>{{Cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |access-date=2010-02-02 |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_j.html#. |chapter=Junnar |publisher=Govt. Central Press |orig-year=1885 |year=2006 |volume=18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016101200/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_j.html |archive-date=16 October 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Edwardes>{{Cite book|last=Edwardes|first=S. M.|authorlink=Stephen Edwardes|title= By-Ways of Bombay|work=The Ganesh Caves|pages=34–36|access-date=2010-02-26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw32HknckP0C&q=Ganesh+Lena&pg=PA34|publisher= Echo Library|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4068-5154-0}}</ref> Caves 6 and 14 are ''[[chaitya-griha]]s'' (chapels), while the rest are ''[[vihara]]s'' (dwellings for monks). The latter are in the form of dwellings and cells. There are also several rock-cut water cisterns; two of them have inscriptions. The layout of the caves, in general, are similar in pattern and shape. They generally have one or two sides with two long benches for occupants' use.<ref name="asi"/><ref name=Gazetteer/><ref name=Edwardes/>
The caves date from between the 1st and 3rd century AD; the Ganesha shrine situated in Cave 7 is dated to the 1st century AD,<ref name="asi"/><ref name="Feldhaus p. 143">Feldhaus p. 143</ref> though the date of conversion to a Hindu shrine is unknown. All of the caves arise from [[Hinayana]] Buddhism.<ref name="asi"/>
[[File:Nane Ghat cave.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Naneghat]] caves near Junnar]]

The caves of Junnar are grouped according to the following classification:<ref>{{cite web|title=Lenyadri Group of Caves, Junnar - Ticketed Monument - ArchaeologicalSurvey of India|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp|website=Asi.nic.in|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410125940/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_junnarcaves.asp|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Tulja Leni]] or Tuljalena, on the Tuljabai hill, 4 km west of Junnar.
* [[Shivneri Caves|Shivneri group]] or Sivaneri group, 3 km southwest of Junnar.
:* East facing group (1, 2, and 3)
:* West facing group
:* South facing group
* [[Manmodi Caves|Manmodi group]], on Manmodi hill, 3 km south of Junnar.
:* Bhimasankar group
:* Amba-Ambika group
:* Bhutalinga group
* [[Lenyadri]] or Ganesh lena group, 5 km north of Junnar.

About 20 km to the northwest of Junnar, the [[Naneghat]] caves can also be seen.

===Saudagar Gumbaz===
[[File:N-MH-M75 Habsi Gumbaz 4.jpg|right|thumb|Saudagar Gumbaz]]
The monument is located in Hapusbaug village, 10 km away from Junnar. It was built in the 17th century, and is considered the finest building from the islamic era of the town. The tombs has a double-storied facade with a single large space.It is an example of an early post-[[Bahmani]] type architecture.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pdfcoffee.com/the-architecture-of-a-deccan-sultanate-pushkar-sohoni-pdf-free.html | title=The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate - Pushkar Sohoni }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Poona/PART%20VI/Chap%20(20)/Jejuri.html |title=JEJURI |website=cultural.maharashtra.gov.in}} </ref> It is on the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]].

===Yavana Inscriptions===

Several inscriptions related to donations by [[Yavanas]] ([[Indo-Greeks]]) have been found at the Junnar caves.<ref name="RT">Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, BRILL, 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXdfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 p.97 Note 97]</ref> These inscriptions are located in the Shivneri Caves:<ref>"The Junnar Cave 18 speaks of three Yavanas...." in Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture - D. R. Bhandarkar - 1989, p.60</ref>
* One inscription mentions the gift of two cisterns to the monks by a Yavana donor named Irila.<ref name="RT"/>
* Another inscription mentions the gift of a dining hall to the [[samgha]] by a Yavana donor named Chita.<ref name="RT"/>
At [[Manmodi Caves]], another Yavana donor named Chanda dedicated a hall front to the [[Samgha]].<ref name="RT"/>

Similar donations by Yavanas can be found at the [[Nasik Caves]] and the Great [[Chaitya]] of the [[Karla Caves]].<ref name="RT"/>

===Agritourism===
Agritourism or agrotourism, as it is defined most broadly, involves any agriculturally based operation or activity that brings visitors to a farm or ranch. Few popular such venture, "Parashar Agri & Village Tourism centre", is situated in village Rajuri of Junnar Taluka, and other Rashmigreenland Agri Tourism Center, located at the foothills of Leynadri temple, Golegaon, Junnar.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

An emerging group of youth from junnar are trying new trends into the business of agrotourism. Arranging Treks, tours, leaving in countryside, tents under the sky are features you can try out here with them. Easy accessible from Pune, Mumbai and Nashik.

==Leopard==

There have been numerous cases of leopards attacking people and livestock in Junnar in recent years with many fatalities. According to field studies, carried out in Junnar, the man-leopard crisis has been brought about not only by development but by the recent translocations of the leopards. The problem is most acute in areas bordering Junnar Forest Division where sugarcane plantations provide a good hiding place for leopards.<ref>Shingote, R.J., 2011. THE PREDATORS OF JUNNAR: LOCAL PEOPLES’KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS LEOPARDS AND LEOPARD CONSERVATION (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University).[https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9441/SHINGOTE-THESIS.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y]</ref> There is a leopard rescue centre located at Manikdoh for this cause also Manikdoh dam one of bigger dam is situated Near Junnar.

== See also ==
* Rama Kirve

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Junnar}}

==External links==
* [http://www.junnartourism.com/ Junnar Tourism Website]

{{adjacent communities
|title = Adjacent caves
|Northwest = [[Naneghat|Naneghat caves]]
|North = [[Lenyadri caves]]
|Northeast =
|West = [[Tulja Caves]]
|Center = Junnar
|East =
|Southwest = [[Shivneri Caves]]
|South = [[Manmodi Caves]]
|Southeast =
}}

{{Pune district topics}}

[[Category:Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Rukmini Vasanth

2026-03-08T17:28:43Z

Scrapuncle: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian film actress (born 1996)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Rukmini|Vasanth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox actor
| name = Rukmini Vasanth
| image = Rukmini Vasanth1.jpg
| caption = Rukmini in 2023
| birth_date = 10 December 1996
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019–present
| works = ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello]]'', ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]''
| alma_mater = [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts]], [[London]]
| awards = [[Filmfare]] Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada
}}

'''Rukmini Vasanth''' (born 10 December 1996) is an Indian actress who works in [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. She made her debut into films with the Kannada movie ''[[Birbal Trilogy|Birbal]]'' (2019). Rukmini had her acting breakthrough with the 2023 two-part Kannada romantic drama ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello]]'' for which she won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]. Her performance in the 2025 film ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' was highly appreciated, with the film eventually becoming her most successful and highest grossing film to date.

== Early life ==
Rukmini Vasanth was born on 10 December 1996<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-10 |title=Rukmini Vasanth's glimpse from Vijay Sethupathi's 'ACE' out on the actress' 28th birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rukmini-vasanths-glimpse-from-vijay-sethupathis-ace-out-on-the-actress-28th-birthday/articleshow/116165970.cms |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> into a [[Kannadigas|Kannada]] family in [[Bengaluru]]. Her father, [[Vasanth Venugopal|Colonel Vasanth Venugopal]], is Karnataka's first recipient of India's highest peacetime military decoration, the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=My father taught me that patriotism is not limited to overt gestures: Rukmini Vasanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-father-taught-me-that-patriotism-is-not-limited-to-overt-gestures-rukmini-vasanth/articleshow/102719286.cms |date=15 August 2023 |accessdate=31 January 2024 |first1=Madhu |last1=Daithota |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906234858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-father-taught-me-that-patriotism-is-not-limited-to-overt-gestures-rukmini-vasanth/articleshow/102719286.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ashoka Chakra for three officers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ashoka-chakra-for-three-officers/articleshow/2282046.cms |date=15 August 2007 |accessdate=31 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He was killed in action in 2007 while preventing heavily armed Pakistani terrorists from Pakistan crossing the India-Pakistan border at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/090119/talented-rukmini-vasanth-in-reel-life.html |title=Talented Rukmini Vasanth in reel life |first=Shashiprasad |last=SM |date=9 January 2019 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=29 September 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209092045/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/090119/talented-rukmini-vasanth-in-reel-life.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Her mother, Subhashini Vasanth, is an accomplished [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer who has set up a foundation, named Veer Ratna, to support war widows in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/healing-with-dance/articleshow/61093057.cms |title=Healing with dance |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |access-date=29 September 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216203518/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/healing-with-dance/articleshow/61093057.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rukmini was educated at Army School, Air Force School and Centre for Learning in Bangalore. She obtained an acting degree from the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts]] in [[Bloomsbury]], [[London]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rukmini is a trained dancer, and an alumnus of the Royal Academy of Dramatics Arts (RADA) in London. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rukmini-vasanth-eyes-a-versatile-journey-in-kannada-cinema/article67058626.ece |date=18 July 2023 |accessdate=17 August 2023 |first1=Vivek M. |last1=V. |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131143211/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rukmini-vasanth-eyes-a-versatile-journey-in-kannada-cinema/article67058626.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rv">{{cite web |title=Rukmini Vasanth went to London, where she learned theatre at Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jan/11/i-got-birbal-after-a-gruelling-audition-which-lasted-for-four-hours-rukmini-vasanth-9590.html |date=11 June 2019 |accessdate=17 August 2023 |first1=A |last1=Sharadhaa |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817104342/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jan/11/i-got-birbal-after-a-gruelling-audition-which-lasted-for-four-hours-rukmini-vasanth-9590.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Rukmini made her debut with the 2019 Kannada film ''[[Birbal Trilogy]]'' opposite [[M. G. Srinivas]].<ref name="B">{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/birbal-movie-review-a-slow-moving-whodunnit/articleshow/67594492.cms|title=Birbal movie review: A slow moving whodunit|website=Bangalore Mirror|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref>

Rukmini played Priya opposite [[Rakshit Shetty]], in the 2023 films, ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' and ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2023-11-17 |title='Sapta Sagaradaache Ello (Side B)' movie review: A fantastic Rakshit Shetty steers the sequel to the shore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-side-b-movie-review-a-fantastic-rakshit-shetty-steers-the-sequel-to-the-shore/article67544047.ece |access-date=2024-02-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>'' which found commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-06 |title='Sapta Sagaradaache Ello' box office collection day 5: Rakshit Shetty and Rukmini Vasanth starrer gains momentum, collects Rs 10.73 crore |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-box-office-collection-day-5-rakshit-shetty-and-rukmini-vasanth-starrer-gains-momentum-collects-rs-10-73-crore/articleshow/103427553.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907034109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-box-office-collection-day-5-rakshit-shetty-and-rukmini-vasanth-starrer-gains-momentum-collects-rs-10-73-crore/articleshow/103427553.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' noted, "Rukmini effortlessly emerges as the luminary, and she doles out a remarkable performance as Priya,"<ref>{{cite web |title='Sapta Sagaradaache Ello' review: A profound portrait of Love |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/sep/02/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-review-a-profound-portrait-of-love-2610869.html |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904154948/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/sep/02/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-review-a-profound-portrait-of-love-2610869.html |url-status=live }}</ref> For this role, she won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=1 September 2023 |title=Sapta Sagaradaache Ello Review: A Brooding, Beautiful Love Story |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/kannada-review/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-review-a-brooding-beautiful-love-story-rakshit-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-hemanth-m-rao |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929062358/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/kannada-review/sapta-sagaradaache-ello-review-a-brooding-beautiful-love-story-rakshit-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-hemanth-m-rao |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Film Companion}}</ref> The same year, she appeared opposite [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], in ''[[Baanadariyalli]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/baanadariyalli-review-this-ganesh-rukmini-vasanth-romance-is-laden-with-cliches|title=Baanadariyalli review: This Ganesh, Rukmini Vasanth romance is laden with cliches|website=The News Minute|date=28 September 2023 }}</ref>

In 2024, Rukmini appeared in two successful Kannada films, ''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]'' opposite [[Sriimurali]],<ref>{{cite news |access-date=2024-11-14 |title=Bagheera Final Worldwide Box Office Collections: Srii Murali and Rukmini Vasanth movie set to wind up theatrical run at Rs 29 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/bagheera-final-worldwide-box-office-collections-srii-murali-and-rukmini-vasanth-movie-set-to-wind-up-theatrical-run-at-rs-29-crore-1358259|work=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Nov/02/bagheera-movie-review-sriimurali-shines-in-a-superhero-tale-with-spectacular-action-and-genuine-emotion|title=Bagheera Movie Review: Sriimurali shines in a superhero tale with spectacular action and genuine emotion|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 November 2024 }}</ref> and ''[[Bhairathi Ranagal]]'' opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-15 |title=Bhairathi Ranagal Box Office: Shivarajkumar-Starrer Film Opens At 2 Crore On Day 1 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/bhairathi-ranagal-box-office-shivarajkumar-starrer-film-opens-at-2-crore-on-day-1-article-115343658 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> She also made her [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film debut with ''[[Appudo Ippudo Eppudo]]'' opposite [[Nikhil Siddhartha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2024-11-08 |title=Appudo Ippudo Eppudo is a boring and painful watch |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/appudo-ippudo-eppudo-is-a-boring-and-painful-watch-1836396 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, she ventured into [[Tamil cinema]] with [[Ace (film)|''Ace'']], playing the role of Rukku opposite [[Vijay Sethupathi]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-14 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'ACE' debuts on OTT: Receives better response, Rukmini Vasanth steals the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathis-ace-debuts-on-ott-receives-better-response-rukmini-vasanth-steals-the-show/articleshow/121845796.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-09-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and co-starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]] in ''[[Madharaasi]]'', directed by [[A. R. Murugadoss]]. Both [[Ace (film)|''Ace'']] and ''[[Madharaasi]]'' failed at the box office, though her performance was well received in both the films. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-06 |title='Madharasi' Box Office collection day 1: Sivakarthikeyan's film opens strong with Rs 13 crore; BEATS Tiger Shroff's 'Baaghi 4' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/madharasi-box-office-collection-day-1-sivakarthikeyans-film-opens-strong-with-rs-13-crore-beats-tiger-shroffs-baaghi-4/articleshow/123729834.cms |access-date=2025-09-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The same year, she returned to [[Kannada cinema]] with the film ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'', a [[prequel]] to the film ''[[Kantara (2022 film)|Kantara]]'' (2022). This became her highest grossing and most successful film; in a review of the film for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Vivek M.V. stated: "Rukmini Vasanth, in her first role that pushes her abilities since the ''Sapta Sagaradaache Ello'' films, stands out with strong dialogue delivery."<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2025-10-02 |title='Kantara Chapter 1' movie review: Rishab Shetty delivers a spectacle-heavy prequel high on entertainment value |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-kantara-rishab-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-ajaneesh-loknath-hombale-films/article70117072.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

She is also a part of the [[ensemble cast]] announced for [[Geetu Mohandas]]'s upcoming film ''[[Toxic: A Fairy Tale for Grown-Ups]]'', alongside [[Yash (actor)|Yash]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-18 |title=Rukmini Vasanth steps into the star-studded world of Yash's Toxic |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/18/rukmini-vasanth-steps-into-the-star-studded-world-of-yashs-toxic |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Rukmini Vasanth film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Birbal Trilogy]]''|| Jahnvi || [[Kannada]]
|
| <ref name="B"/>
|-
| ''[[Upstarts (film)|Upstarts]]'' || NGO girl || [[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/in-pics-kannada-actress-chaithra-j-achar-bonds-with-rukmini-vasanth-8824062.html|title=In Pics: Kannada Actress Chaithra J Achar Bonds With Rukmini Vasanth|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023
| ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' || rowspan="2" | Priya || rowspan="5" | Kannada
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Rukmini Vasanth on her role in 'Sapta Sagaradaache Yello |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/feb/03/its-a-blessing-to-get-such-a-subject-rukmini-vasanth-on-her-role-in-sapta-sagaradaache-yello-2258650.html |date=3 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |accessdate=17 August 2023 |first1=A |last1=Sharadhaa |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111171438/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/feb/03/its-a-blessing-to-get-such-a-subject-rukmini-vasanth-on-her-role-in-sapta-sagaradaache-yello-2258650.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Baanadariyalli]]'' || Leela
|
|<ref>{{cite news |script-title=kn:'ಗೋಲ್ಡನ್ ಸ್ಟಾರ್' ಗಣೇಶ್ 'ಬಾನ ದಾರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ' ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸರ್ಫಿಂಗ್‌ ಆಟಗಾರ್ತಿಯಾದ ನಟಿ ರುಕ್ಮಿಣಿ ವಸಂತ |language=kn |trans-title='Golden Star' Ganesh Rukmini Vasantha turns surfing player in 'Bana Daariyil' |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/golden-star-ganesh-starrer-baana-daariyalli-movie-heroine-rukmini-vasanth-character/articleshow/91654384.cms |date=19 May 2022 |accessdate=17 August 2023 |first1=Padmashree |last1=Bhat |newspaper=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131143110/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/golden-star-ganesh-starrer-baana-daariyalli-movie-heroine-rukmini-vasanth-character/articleshow/91654384.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
|''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]'' || Dr. Sneha
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/bagheera-movie-review-srii-murali-wins-hearts-as-a-sharp-witted-superhero-3258709|title='Bagheera' movie review: Srii Murali wins hearts as a sharp-witted superhero|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhairathi Ranagal]]''
| Dr. Vaishali
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ram |first1=Avinash G. |date=4 June 2023 |script-title=kn:ಶಿವಣ್ಣನ 'ಭೈರತಿ ರಣಗಲ್‌' ಸಿನಿಮಾಕ್ಕೆ ನಾಯಕಿಯಾದ ರುಕ್ಮಿಣಿ ವಸಂತ್‌ |trans-title=Shivarajkumar: Rukmini Vasanth to play the female lead in Shivanna's 'Bhairathi Ranagal' |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/rukmini-vasanth-plays-female-lead-in-shivarajkumar-starrer-bhairathi-ranagal/articleshow/100743992.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817110106/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/rukmini-vasanth-plays-female-lead-in-shivarajkumar-starrer-bhairathi-ranagal/articleshow/100743992.cms |archive-date=17 August 2023 |accessdate=17 August 2023 |newspaper=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Appudo Ippudo Eppudo]]''
|Tara
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-06 |title=Nikhil's Appudo Ippudo Eppudo gets a first look and a release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/06/nikhils-appudo-ippudo-eppudo-gets-a-first-look-and-a-release-window |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
| ''[[Ace (film)|Ace]]''
| Rukku
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=30 November 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Vijay Sethupathi – Rukmini Vasanth's 'VJS 51'‌ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-vijay-sethupathi-rukmini-vasanths-vjs-51/article67591000.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125104657/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-vijay-sethupathi-rukmini-vasanths-vjs-51/article67591000.ece/amp/ |archive-date=25 January 2024 |accessdate=25 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Madharaasi]]''
|Malathy
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-15 |title=Rukmini Vasanth pairs up with Sivakarthikeyan in SK23 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rukmini-vasanth-pairs-up-with-sivakarthikeyan-in-sk23-latest-news/articleshow/107718296.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]''
|Kanakavathi
|Kannada
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-08-08 |title='Kantara: A Legend Chapter 1': Rukmini Vasanth revealed as female lead in Rishab Shetty's ambitious prequel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-rukmini-vasanth-kantara-2-rishab-shetty-hombale-films/article69908537.ece |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| {{pending film|[[Toxic (2026 film)|Toxic]]}}
| Mellisa
|Kannada [[English language|English]]
|Bilingual film; Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-18 |title=Rukmini Vasanth steps into the star-studded world of Yash's Toxic |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/18/rukmini-vasanth-steps-into-the-star-studded-world-of-yashs-toxic |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2027
| {{pending film|NTR-Neel film}}
|{{TBA}}
|Telugu
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-27 |title=Exclusive: Rukmini for NTR, Conditions Apply |url=https://www.m9.news/movienews/exclusive-rukmini-vasanth-for-ntr-conditions-apply/|access-date=2024-12-13 |work=M9.news}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="6"|2024
| rowspan="2"|[[69th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B|Sapta Saagaradaache Ello]]''{{efn|Includes both ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' and ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]''.}}
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2024_-67630.html|title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Kannada) 2024 |work=Filmfare |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress Critics – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| rowspan="4"|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Dasara, Hi Nanna, Kaatera and Sapta Sagaradaache Ello win big on Day 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress Critics – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[3rd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam]]
| Best Actress – Kannada
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=IIFA 2024 Utsavam unveils nominations, honouring the diversity of South Indian cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada cinema#Chittara Star Awards|Chittara Star Awards]]
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.chittaranews.com/2024-3/|title=Chittara Star Awards 2024 Winners |website=Chittara Star Awards|access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
|''[[Bhairathi Ranagal]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA {{!}} Vote For SIIMA 2025 |url=https://siima.in/vote |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=siima.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[69th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
|[[Bagheera (2024 film)|''Bagheera'']]
| {{Nom}}
| <ref>
{{Cite web |title=70th Filmfare Awards South - Date, Venue, Nominations, Highlights & Updates |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/70th-filmfare-awards-south/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm9813269}}
* {{Instagram|rukmini_vasanth}}
* {{Commons-inline}}
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasanth, Rukmini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

The Hindu Group

2026-03-07T04:19:10Z

Scrapuncle: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian publishing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

'''The Hindu Group''' is an Indian publishing company based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]; which is owned by Kasturi and Sons Limited, a company whose ownership is held by the descendants of Kasturi Ranga Iyengar, the individual who acquired their first publication ''[[The Hindu]]'', a daily newspaper in 1878.

==Hindu Group Publications==

The Hindu Group publishes a number of newspapers, magazines and other journals.<ref name="Businessweek">{{cite web |url= http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9804483 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121007114526/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9804483 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 7 October 2012 |title=Kasturi and Sons Limited: Private Company Information |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg L.P]] |location= New York, New York, US |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |year=2012 |access-date=1 September 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[The Hindu]]'' – National Daily Newspaper
* ''[[The Hindu Business Line]]'' – Business Daily
* ''[[Sportstar]]'' – Weekly Sports magazine
* ''[[Frontline magazine|Frontline]]'' – Fortnightly magazine
* Survey of Indian Industry – An annual review on Indian Industries
* Survey of Indian Agriculture – An annual review on Indian Agriculture
* Survey of the Environment – An annual review of the Environment
* ''[[Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]'' – An annual record book on Cricket
* The Hindu Index – Monthly and Cumulated Annual
* ''[[The Hindu (Tamil)]]'' – [[Tamil language]] daily
* Kamadenu – Weekly Tamil Magazine
* RoofandFloor.com - a Chennai-focussed real-estate portal <ref name="Medianama">{{cite web |last1=Pahwa |first1=Nikhil |title=Too little, too late: The Hindu launches real estate site RoofandFloor.com |url=https://www.medianama.com/2014/09/223-roofandfloor-hindu/ |website=Medianama |publisher=Mixed Bag Media Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>

===Special Publications===
Special Publications under the series The Hindu Speaks on Libraries: Information Technology, Management, Education, Religious Values, Music, etc.

One of their special publication was from the pages of The Hindu—The Last 200 Days of Mahatma Gandhi

===Former Publications===
* [[NDTV Hindu]] – Chennai based English and Tamil news channel (now stopped)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://thehindugroup.in/}}

{{India-company-stub}}

{{KasturiSons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Group}}
[[Category:The Hindu Group| ]]
[[Category:Newspaper companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1878]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1878]]

Sangli, Miraj and Kupwad City Municipal Corporation

2026-03-06T14:00:05Z

Scrapuncle: adding new location w/ infobox

{{Short description|Local civic body in Sangli, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation
| native_name = Sangli Miraj & Kupwad Mahānagarpālikā
| motto =
| foundation = 9 February 1998
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| house_type = Unicameral
| leader1_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader1 = Satyam gandhi
| leader2_type = Mayor
| leader2 = Dheeraj Suryavanshi , [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| preceded_by =
| leader3_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader3 = Gajanan Magdum , [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| members = 78
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_alt =
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (55)'''
:*{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|39}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|16}}

'''Official Opposition (23)'''
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|18}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|3}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|2}}
| committees1 = {{flatlist|
* Standing Committee
* Ward Committees (4)
* Social Welfare Committee
* Women and Child Welfare Committee
}}
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting]]
| first_election1 = 1998
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = SMKC Building, Rajwada Chowk Sangli
| website = [https://smkc.gov.in/ Official website]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation''' ('''SMKC''') is the governing body of the [[Sangli Metropolitan Region]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is located in [[Sangli]]. The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically-elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's infrastructure and public services. It was founded on 9 February 1998. SMKC serves an area approximately 118.18 km2 and provides civil services and facilities for more than 6.5 [[lakh]] (650,000) people.<ref>[http://smkc.gov.in/aboutsmkc.aspx/ Sangli Municipal Corporation]</ref>

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Sa11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sa12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sa13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tax revenue ===
Tax-related revenue for the corporation includes:

* Property tax
* Profession tax
* Entertainment tax
* Grants from the Central and State Government, including the Goods and Services Tax
* Advertisement tax

=== Non-tax revenue ===

The non-tax-related revenue for the corporation includes:

* Water usage charges
* Fees from documentation services
* Rent received from municipal property
* Funds from municipal bonds

==List of Mayors==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="3" |Tenure
!Election
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-08 |title=Idris Naikwadi has been elected as new mayor of Sangli, Miraj, Kupwad municipal corporation. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/idris-naikwadi-has-been-elected-as-new-mayor-of-sangli-miraj-kupwad-municipal-corporation-/articleshow/7454033.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|[[File:Idris.naikwadi.jpg|113x113px]]
|[[Idris Naikwadi]]
|8 February 2011
|7 August 2013
|{{Age in years and days|8 February 2011|7 August 2013}}
|2008
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-15 |title=Latest Marathi News- Breaking News Today {{!}} Read Marathi Batmya from Maharashtra, India ब्रेकींग मराठी न्यूज at https://loksatta.com/ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta/kanchan-kamble-mayor-of-sangli-174113/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|
|Kanchan Kamble
|14 August 2013
|6 February 2016
|{{Age in years and days|6 February 2016|20 August 2018}}
| rowspan="2" |2013
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-07 |title=सांगलीच्या महापौरपदी काँग्रेसचे हारूण शिकलगार - Marathi News {{!}} Harun Shikalgar Of Congress Mayor Of Sangli - Latest Kolhapur News at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/kolhapur/harun-shikalgar-of-congress-mayor-of-sangli-1199327/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|
|Harun Shikalgar
|6 February 2016
|14 August 2018
|{{Age in years and days|6 February 2016|14 August 2018}}
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-08-20 |title=BJP corporator Sangita Khot elected Sangli Mayor |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-corporator-sangita-khot-elected-sangli-mayor-118082000607_1.html |access-date= |website=www.business-standard.com |language=}}</ref>
|
|Sangita Khot
|20 August 2018
|23 February 2021
|{{Age in years and days|20 August 2018|23 February 2021}}
| rowspan="2" |2018
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-23 |title=Despite majority, BJP loses mayoral election to NCP in Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad civic body |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/sangli-miraj-kupwad-municipal-corporation-elections-7201337/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|
|Digvijay Suryawanshi
|23 February 2021
|20 August 2023
|{{Age in years and days|23 February 2021|20 August 2023}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
|–
|
|Vacant
([[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner's rule]])
|20 August 2023
|10 February 2026
|{{Age in years and days|20 August 2023|10 February 2026}}
| colspan="3" |–
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-11 |title=BJP’s Suryanvanshi elected unopposed as Sangli mayor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/bjps-suryanvanshi-elected-unopposed-as-sangli-mayor/articleshow/128174323.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|
|Dhiraj Suryavanshi
|10 February 2026
|''incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|10 February 2026}}
|2026
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}
{{Incomplete section|date=November 2022}}

== Municipal elections ==
=== 2026 ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Party
!Seats
!+/-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
|'''[[File:Lotus_flower_symbol.svg|25x25px]]'''
|'''39'''
|'''{{Decrease}}2'''
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|[[File:Clock symbol of NCP.png|25x25px]]
|16
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:INC_Hand.svg|33x33px]]
|18
|{{Decrease}}2
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party – SP]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Man_Blowing_Turha.png|25x25px]]
|3
|{{New entry}}
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow2.svg|25x25px]]
|2
|{{New entry}}
|-
| colspan="3" |{{center|'''Total'''}}
|78
|
|}

=== 2018 ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Party<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=2018-08-03 |title=सांगली-मिरज-कुपवाड मनपा निकाल: विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/sangli-municipal-corporation-election-result-2018-live-winners-list-569918 |access-date= |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
!Seats
!+/-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
|'''[[File:Lotus_flower_symbol.svg|25x25px]]'''
|'''41'''
|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:INC_Hand.svg|33x33px]]
|20
|
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Clock.png|25x25px]]
|15
|
|-
|
|Others
|
|2
|
|-
| colspan="3" |{{center|'''Total'''}}
|78
|
|}

=== 2018 ===
Municipal elections were held on 3 August 2018 to elect a total of 78 councillors in 38 wards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/sangli-municipal-corporation-election-result-2018-live-winners-list-569918|title=सांगली-मिरज-कुपवाड मनपा निकाल: विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी|date= 3 August 2018|publisher=abplive.com}}</ref> The BJP won an absolute majority in the 2018 elections, marking the first time the city had a mayor from the party. Sangita Khot (BJP) was elected as the mayor and Dhiraj Suryawanshi (BJP) as the deputy mayor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/maharashtra/bjps-sangita-khot-elected-as-mayor-of-sangli-miraj-kupwad-municipality-and-dhiraj-suryawanshi-deputy-mayor-1734769/|title=सांगली-मिरज-कुपवाड महापालिकेच्या महापौरपदी भाजपाच्या संगीता खोत|date= 20 August 2018|publisher=lokmat.com}}</ref>

=== 2021 by-election ===
In the 2021 mayor and deputy mayor elections, the NCP, INC and Shiv Sena coalition defeated the BJP. This election, Digvijay Suryawanshi (NCP) was elected as the Mayor and Umesh Patil (INC) as the Deputy Mayor. In this election, some of the BJP councillors changed their party and they had to face this defeat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/maharashtra-jolt-to-bjp-as-ncp-wins-mayoral-election-in-sangli/articleshow/81171633.cms|title=Maharashtra : Jolt to BJP as NCP wins mayoral election in Sangli|date= 23 February 2021|publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref>

=== 2026 ===
BJP won an absolute majority. Dheeraj Suryavanshi (BJP) was elected mayor.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8UZMYG-OCo#:~:text=Sangli%20Mayor%20Dhiraj%20Suryawanshi%20:%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,YouTube.%20Sign%20in.%20This%20content%20isn't%20available.</ref>

== Taxes ==
The municipal corporation recently added a new tax as a substitute for the [[octroi]], i.e. the [[Local Body Tax]], from 25 September 2013 onward.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad-Municipal-Corporation-body-calls-traders-for-local-body-tax-hearing/articleshow/23013846.cms | title=Sangli Miraj Kupwad Municipal Corporation body calls traders for local body tax hearing | date=25 September 2013 | first=Nikhil | last=Deshmukh | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=13 December 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official Website | https://smkc.gov.in/index.aspx}} of SMKC

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Maharashtra]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Slam Book (film)

2026-03-04T09:45:09Z

Scrapuncle: rework layout for accuracy and corrected details per standard format

{{UDP|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Slam Book
| image =Slam Book film poster 2015.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =Official poster
| native_name =
| director = Ruturaj Dhalgade
| producer = Ruturaj D Productions
| story = Ruturaj Dhalgade
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Shantanu Rangnekar
* [[Ritika Shroti]]
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
* [[Kushal Badrike]]
* Usha Nadkarni
* Mrunmayee Deshpande
* Siddharth Menon
* Mangesh Desai
* Supriya Pathare
* Yogesh Sirsat }}
| cinematography = Anand Pande
| editing = Rohit Mhatre
| music = Shubhankar
| released = {{Film date|2015|08|21}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Slam Book''''' is a 2015 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film which is produced by Ruturaj D Film Productions and directed by Ruturaj Dhalgade. The screenplay by Ruturaj Dhalgade centres on a teenage love story.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/slambook/movie-review/48618404.cms |title=Slambook Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Shantanu Rangnekar - Hruday
* [[Ritika Shroti]] - Aparna
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] - Krishna kant Aajoba
* [[Kushal Badrike]] - Vishnu
* [[Usha Nadkarni]] - Sumi Aaji
* [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] - Grown up Aparna
* [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] - Grown up Hruday
* Mangesh Desai - Mama
* Yash Abbad - Friend
* [[Supriya Pathare]]
* Yogesh Sirsat
* Kanchi Shinde - Meera
* Ketki Gokhle - Urvashi
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Rajshahi Cantonment

2026-03-03T23:11:03Z

Scrapuncle: Created first data first draft - done

{{Short description|Bangladeshi military cantonment}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Rajshahi Cantonment
| ensign =
| native_name = রাজশাহী সেনানিবাস
| location = [[Rajshahi]]
| image = শহীদ কর্নেল জাহিদ গেট, রাজশাহী সেনানিবাস.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| coordinates = {{coord|24.387752|N|88.599156|E}}
| caption =
| type = [[Cantonment]]
| built =
| materials =
| used =
| controlledby = [[Bangladesh Army]]
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| battles =
}}
'''Rajshahi Cantonment''' is a Bangladeshi military cantonment in Rajshahi.<ref>{{cite web|title=President calls army to work for people's welfare|url=https://newsnextbd.com/?p=3404|website=|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President: Army must work for people's welfare|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/02/16/president-army-must-work-peoples-welfare/|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|accessdate=12 March 2017|date=16 February 2017}}</ref>

It is the home of [[Bangladesh Infantry Regimental Centre]] (BIRC), which is an infantry training centre of [[Bangladesh Infantry Regiment]] of [[Bangladesh Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh University of Professionals {{!}} Affiliated Institute |url=https://bup.edu.bd/affiliate-institute/26 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=bup.edu.bd}}</ref>

==Institutions==
*[[Bangladesh Infantry Regimental Centre]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Work for people's welfare|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/work-peoples-welfare-1362595|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|accessdate=12 March 2017|language=en|date=17 February 2017}}</ref>

*BIRC Training Battalion

== Establishments ==

=== Education ===
*Rajshahi Cantonment Public School and College<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajshahi Cantonment Public School & College|url=http://rajcpsc.edu.bd/|website=|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref>
*Rajshahi Cantonment Board School and College (established 1986)<ref>{{cite web |title=About RCBSC |url=http://www.rcbsc.edu.bd/ |website=Rajshahi Cantonment Board School and College}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===

* Combined Military Hospital<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMHs |url=https://dgmsbd.net/cmhs-institution |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=dgmsbd.net}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cantonments of Bangladesh}}

[[Category:Cantonments of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Rajshahi]]

{{Bangladesh-mil-stub}}

Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

2026-03-01T17:01:09Z

Scrapuncle:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name =Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
|former_name =
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|motto =
|established ={{start date and age|2010}}
|type =[[Public university|Public]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|president =
|principal =
|rector =
|chancellor = [[Governor of Rajasthan]]
|vice_chancellor = Dr. Sumant Vyas<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Chancellor Profile – RAJUVAS |url=https://rajuvas.org/vice-chancellor-profile/ |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>
|founder =
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city =[[Bikaner]]
|state = [[Rajasthan]]
|country =[[India]]
| coor =
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|nickname =
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]
|website = {{URL|http://rajuvas.org}}
| image = [[File:Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences logo.png|200px]]
}}

'''Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences''' ('''RAJUVAS''') is a [[State university (India)|state]]<ref name=State>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/State%20University%20as%20on%2029-06-2017.pdf|title=List of State Universities as on 29.06.2017|date=29 June 2017|accessdate=1 July 2017|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref> [[Agricultural Universities (India)|agricultural university]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Universities|url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/universities.htm|publisher=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]|accessdate=10 July 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818145202/http://www.icar.org.in/en/universities.htm|archivedate=18 August 2011}}</ref> located at [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It was established in 2010 by the ''Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Act, 2010'' of the [[Government of Rajasthan]], amended in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=University Act|url=http://rajuvas.org/rules-act/|publisher=Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref> Its constituent colleges are [[College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner]] (CVAS Bikaner), College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur (CVAS Udaipur) and Post Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (PGIVER).<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituent Colleges|url=http://rajuvas.org/constituent-colleges/|publisher=Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences|accessdate=10 July 2017}}</ref> It also has 65 other institutes awarding two-year diplomas.<ref>{{cite web|title=University at Glance|url=http://rajuvas.org/university-at-glance/|publisher=Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences|accessdate=10 July 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://rajuvas.org}}

{{Universities in Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in Bikaner]]
[[Category:Veterinary schools in India]]

{{Rajasthan-university-stub}}

Florence Nelson Wright

2026-02-26T22:54:45Z

Scrapuncle: Put Up Initial Data V1

{{Short description|Lady Harcourt Butler & Girl Guide leader}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lady Harcourt Butler
| other names = Florence Nelson Wright Florence, Lady Butler
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Amelia Katherine Florence Wright
| birth_date = {{birth date|1872|03|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1951|10|20|1872|03|25|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| occupation = Girl Guide leader
| spouse = [[Harcourt Butler|Sir Spencer Harcourt Butler]]
| children = Victor Spencer Butler
| family = [[H. Nelson Wright|Harry Nelson Wright]], brother
}}

'''Lady Harcourt Butler''' (also '''Florence, Lady Butler''') (25 March 1872 – 20 October 1951) was chief commissioner for [[Bharat Scouts and Guides|Indian Girl Guides]] in the 1930s. She was recipient of the [[Silver Fish Award]], the Girl Guiding movement's highest adult honour.<ref>{{cite news |date=1932-05-07 |work=Bexhill-on-Sea Observer |author= |title=Silver Fish Award |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001530/19320507/061/0003 | page=3 |location=Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex}}</ref> She founded ''Les Amis de la France'' in Simla, a society for the "encouragement of the study of French literature, language, music and culture".<ref>{{cite book |date=1925 |last=Buck |first=Edward J. |title=Simla Past and Present |publisher=The Times Press |location=Bombay |page=133 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Amelia Katherine Florence Wright was born in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India on 25 March 1872, to Amelia Hannah née Barnes and Francis Nelson Wright. She was the eldest of seven children.

She married [[Harcourt Butler|Sir Spencer Harcourt Butler]] (1869–1938) in India on 14 July 1894, abandoning him "temporarily" before returning on their wedding day.<ref>{{cite book |date=2006 |last=Gilmour |first=David |title=The Ruling Caste |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |page=281 }}</ref> They had one child, Victor, born in 1900. Spencer was knighted in 1911, making her ''Florence, Lady Butler''.

In January 1914, she and Spencer sailed from Athens to India on [[Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey|Lord Brassey]]'s yacht, ''The Sunbeam'', which had cruised around the world to great acclaim 40 years previously. In August 1914, while in Simla, she arranged the collection of gifts and clothing for the war wounded.<ref>{{cite news |date=1914-01-05 |work=The Bombay Chronicle |author= |title=Viceregal Lodge News |url= https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.4503/page/10/mode/2up?q=%22Lady+Butler%22 | page=10 |location=Bombay, India }}</ref>
In April 1915 she left India for England for her health,<ref>{{cite news |date=1915-04-12 |work=The Bombay Chronicle |author= |title=Mail Departures |url= https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.5208/page/n3/mode/2up?q=%22Sir+Harcourt+Butler%22+Lady+Butler | page=5 |location=Bombay, India }}</ref> staying for several months.<ref>{{cite book |date=1916 |last=Murray |first=John |title=Speeches by Lord Hardinge of Penshurt Vol III |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |location=Calcutta |page=131 }}</ref> In the same year, Sir Spencer became the [[List of colonial governors of Burma|Governor of Burma]] for the first of two postings in the position. In 1914, Lady Butler was honoured as Lady of Grace by the Order of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospital of St John of Jerusalem]] in England.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1916 |author=Arthur B. Dale |title=The Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem in England |magazine= First Aid: The Independent Journal for the Ambulance and Nursing Services |location=London |edition=Vol. XXII No. 259 |publisher=British Red Cross Society |page=151}}</ref> Later the same year, she moved to Burma (now Myanmar) and lived in Yangon.<ref>{{cite news |date=1916-02-19 |work=The Bombay Chronicle |author= |title= Rangoon's Baby Show |url= https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.5507/page/10/mode/2up?q=%22Sir+Harcourt+Butler%22+Lady+Butler | page=11 |location=Bombay, India }}</ref> She became a member of the East India Association.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 1952 |author=J A Woodhead |title=The Eighty-Fifth Annual Report of the East India Association |magazine=Asiatic Review |location=insert |edition=Vol. XLVIII No. 173 |publisher=London, England |page=310}}</ref>

Lady Butler and her husband had an unhappy marriage. Spencer confided in his Under Secretary, Mr Lupton, that although he and Lady Butler had been married for many years, they had "not lived together for more than eight days." To Lupton, Lady Butler gave the order "Mr Lupton, never leave me in the room with Harcourt."<ref>{{cite book |date=2006 |last=Gilmour |first=David |title=The Ruling Caste |publisher=Farrar, Strauss and Giroux |location=New York |page=281 }}</ref> When Spencer died in 1938, Butler did not attend his memorial service.<ref>{{cite book |date=2018 |last=Gilmour |first=David |title=The British in India: Three Centuries of Ambition and Experience |publisher=Penguin |location=London |page=193 |isbn=978-0241004531}}</ref>

==Girl Guiding==
Lady Butler was involved with [[Girlguiding|Girl Guides]] in India for around 30 years. In 1925 the movement was "provincialised", with Butler taking the role of provisional commissioner of the central provinces.<ref>{{cite news |date=1930-11-30 |work=Civil and Military Gazette |author= |title= Lady Butler Presents Prizes |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19301129/180/0011 | page=11 |location=Lahore, India}}</ref> In 1928 she presented a report on the first All-India Women's Conference (AIWC) at the World Conference.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71423703.pdf |title=White, Black and Dusky: Girl Guiding in Malaya, Nigeria, India and Australia from 1909-1960 |author=Sally K. Stanhope |website= core.ac.uk |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref> The following year she opened the All-India Girl Guides' Training Camp at [[Nagpur]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1928-01-15 |work=Civil and Military Gazette |author= |title= Girl Guides' Training Camp |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19280115/072/0004 | page=4 |location=Lahore, India }}</ref>

In 1929 Indian Girl Guiding became affiliated to Imperial headquarters in London.<ref>{{cite news |date=1937-12-17 |work=Saffron Waldon Weekly News |author= |title= Guiding in Cambs. |url= https://www.newspapers.com/image/799664132/?terms=%22Lady%20Butler%22%20India&match=1 | page=9 |location=Saffron Waldon, Essex, England }}</ref> Butler was Chair of the All-India Executive Committee in the early 1930s and was recipient of the Silver Fish Award, Girl Guiding's highest adult honour, in 1932, for "good service to the movement".<ref>{{cite news |date=1932-05-07 |work=Bexhill-on-Sea Observer |author= |title=Silver Fish Award |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001530/19320507/061/0003 | page=3 |location=Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex}}</ref> In 1933 she became Chief Commissioner of India Girl Guides, the first time the post had been filled since 1919, the post having been taken over by headquarters with the idea that Guiding in India had become too large and the movement "too scattered for any one person to be able to keep in touch with every Province." It had become clear, however, that there was a need for a local head "on the ground", hence the reinstatement of this position.<ref>{{cite news |date=1933-05-27 |work=Eastbourne Chronicle |author= |title= Youth in Eastbourne |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003202/19330527/160/0017 | page= 17 |location=Eastbourne, East Sussex}}</ref>

== ''Les Amis de la France'' ==
Lady Butler founded ''Les Amis de la France'', a society for the "encouragement of the study of French literature, language, music and culture" in Simla, in 1912. It was an immediate success, and her efforts were recognized by the French Government, with the minister of the French Republic presenting her with a dinner service made of [[Manufacture nationale de Sèvres|Sèvres]] china.<ref>{{cite book |date=1925 |last=Buck |first=Edward J. |title=Simla Past and Present |publisher=The Times Press |location=Bombay |page=133 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{portal|scouting|biography}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wright, Florence Nelson}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Girlguiding officials]]
[[Category:Girlguiding]]
[[Category:International Scouting]]
[[Category:Scouting pioneers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Fish Award]]

Adani Green Energy

2026-02-20T21:30:44Z

Scrapuncle: slightly cleaned up intro as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian renewable energy company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Adani Green Energy Limited
| logo = Adani_Green_Energy_logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| caption =
| image = KamuthiSolarPark.jpg
| image_size = 260px
| image_caption = Aerial view of [[Kamuthi Solar Power Project]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
*{{BSE|541450}}
*{{NSE|ADANIGREEN}}}}
| ISIN = INE364U01010
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2015}}
| founder = [[Gautam Adani]]
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = India
| key_people = Vineet S. Jain (Managing Director and [[CEO]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adanigreenenergy.com/about-us/ceo-message|title = Vneet S. Jaain | Managing Director & CEO, Adani Green Energy Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/board-of-adani-green-energy-appoints-md-ceo-120071001364_1.html|title = Board of Adani Green Energy appoints MD& CEO|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 10 July 2020|last1 = Market|first1 = Capital}}</ref>
| industry = [[Renewable energy]]
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Solar energy]]
*[[Wind energy]]}}
| services =
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|10460|c}}<ref name="fy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/cfc11906-8490-4143-897d-0bef10e3b5f1.pdf |title = Adani Green Energy Ltd financials|work=moneycontrol.com}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2024
| operating_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|1628|c}}<ref name="fy"/>
| income_year = 2024
| net_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|1260|c}}<ref name="fy"/>
| net_income_year = 2024
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|88538|c}}<ref name="fy"/>
| assets_year = 2024
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|17448|c}}<ref name="fy"/>
| equity_year = 2024
| num_employees = 3,324 (including 1727 off-roll) (2024)
| parent = [[Adani Group]] (55%) [[TotalEnergies]] (20%)
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|adanigreenenergy.com}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani Green Energy Limited - Annual Report |url=https://reports.adani.com/Adani-Green-Energy-Limited-Annual-Report/index.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=[[Adani Group]] |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413133434/https://reports.adani.com/Adani-Green-Energy-Limited-Annual-Report/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| intl =
}}

'''Adani Green Energy Limited''' ('''AGEL''') is an Indian [[renewable energy]] company, headquartered in [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.moneycontrol.com/stock/adanigreenenergylimited/ADANI54145/company-facts/management|title=Adani Green Energy Limited Registered Address, Adani Green Ene Contact Details - Moneycontrol|website=m.moneycontrol.com|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> It is majority-owned by the Indian conglomerate [[Adani Group]], which is a major international coal-mining enterprise, and minority-owned by [[TotalEnergies]]. The company operates [[Kamuthi Solar Power Project]], one of the largest [[Solar Photovoltaic|solar photovoltaic]] plants in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2016/11/30/india-solar-power-plant-huge/|title=India has built the world's largest solar power plant|last=Mix|date=2016-11-30|website=The Next Web|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/11/mega-projects-fail-infrastructure-energy-dams-nuclear/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111163434/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/11/mega-projects-fail-infrastructure-energy-dams-nuclear/|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2020|title=Massive Infrastructure Projects Are Failing at Unprecedented Rates|date=2017-11-20|website=National Geographic News|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://interestingengineering.com/india-unveils-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant|title=India Unveils World's Largest Solar Power Plant|date=2016-12-11|website=interestingengineering.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>

== History ==

The company was incorporated on 23 January 2016, as Adani Green Energy Limited under the [[Companies Act 2013]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/adani-green-energy-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-64847.cms|title=Adani Green Energy History {{!}} Adani Green Energy Information |website=Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/adani-green-70666/information/company-history|title=Adani Green Energy Ltd.|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>

During the initial days of existence, AGEL and Inox Wind together established a 20 MW capacity wind power project in Lahori, [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/inox-wind-bags-two-70-mw-wind-energy-projects-from-adani-green/articleshow/51792352.cms?from=mdr|title=Inox Wind bags two 70-MW wind energy projects from Adani Green|date=2016-04-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> Also, AGEL bought Inox Wind's 50 MW wind power project at Dayapar village in [[Kutch]]. The project was conceived by the latter when it won a [[Solar Energy Corporation of India]]'s capacity bids for wind power projects connected to the [[National Grid (India)|National Grid]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/inox-wind-closes-deal-to-sell-50-mw-wind-project-to-adani-green-energy|title=Inox Wind Closes Deal To Sell 50 MW Wind Project To Adani Green Energy|website=BloombergQuint|date=16 October 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>

In 2015–2016, Adani Renewable Energy Park Limited, a subsidiary of AGEL, signed a [[joint venture]] agreement with the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/adani-rajasthan-govt-form-jt-venture-to-set-up-solar-park/article7318806.ece|title=Adani, Rajasthan govt form jt venture to set up solar park|website=@businessline|date=15 June 2015 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>

In 2017, the company took the complete control of overall solar energy portfolio of [[Adani Enterprises]] and got itself listed at [[National Stock Exchange of India]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mnacritique.mergersindia.com/adani-renewable-energy-demerger/|title=Adani Enterprises to demerge renewable energy business|last=Jain|first=Hiteshkumar|date=2017-12-11|website=M&A Critique|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/adani-enterprises-to-demerge-renewable-energy-business-to-simplify-structure|title=Adani Enterprises to Demerge Renewable Energy Business to Simplify Structure|website=www.saurenergy.com|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>

In 2022, Adani Green Energy Limited had a market cap of Rs. 3,26,635.42 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 stocks by Market Capitalization {{!}} BSE Listed stocks Market Capitalization |url=https://www.bseindia.com/markets/equity/eqreports/topmarketcapitalization.aspx |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref>

== Operations ==

Currently, the company manages 5,290 MW of wind energy and solar power plants including 46 operational projects in 11 states of [[India]] namely [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Telangana]]. AGEL has a current project portfolio of ~5.29 GW and an operational capacity of ~2.36 GW.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/adani-green-energy-arm-bags-130-mw-wind-power-project-from-seci/articleshow/69874616.cms?from=mdr|title=Adani Green Energy arm bags 130-MW wind power project from SECI|date=2019-06-20|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>

As of 31 March 2019, AGEL has one joint venture and 39 subsidiaries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/annual-report/adanigreenenergylimited/directors-report/ADANI54145|title=Adani Green Energy Limited Directors Report, Adani Green Ene Reports by Directors|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>

In May 2020, AGEL won the world's largest solar bid worth $6 billion by the [[Solar Energy Corporation of India]] (SECI). The bid entails AGEL building an 8000 MW photovoltaic power plant.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=2020-06-09|title=Adani Green hits new high on winning world's largest solar bid worth $6 bn|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/adani-green-hits-new-high-stock-zooms-127-in-three-months-120060900281_1.html|access-date=2020-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-09|title=Adani wins world's largest solar project; to invest Rs 45,000 crore|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/adani-wins-worlds-largest-solar-project-to-invest-rs-45000-crore/1986420/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

In May 2021, AGEL confirmed its decision to buy [[SoftBank Group|SoftBank Group Corp]] backed SB Energy Holdings Limited for $3.5 billion.<ref name="mitra">{{Cite web|agency=Reuters|author=Anuron Kumar Mitra|title=India's Adani Green to buy SoftBank-backed SB Energy in $3.5 billion deal|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/indias-adani-green-to-buy-softbank-backed-sb-energy-in-%243.5-billion-deal-2021-05-18|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Nasdaq|language=en}}</ref>

According to media reports, The Khavda renewable energy plant was initiated in December 2022, and its first production occurred on December 31, 2023.The plant covers an area of 538 square kilometers. The hybrid renewable energy cluster generates solar energy during the day and wind energy in the evening, with an operational capacity of 2,000 MW of solar energy.<ref name="s355">{{cite web | last=Walia | first=Aggam | title=With core assets in Khavda & Mundra, Kachchh becomes central to Adani’s green ambitions | website=The Indian Express | date=8 Apr 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/with-core-assets-in-khavda-mundra-kachchh-becomes-central-to-adanis-green-ambitions-9257059/ | access-date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref><ref name="r580">{{cite web | title=Adani Green's Khavda power plant world's largest, five times the size of Paris | website=The Economic Times | date=7 Apr 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/adani-greens-khavda-power-plant-worlds-largest-five-times-the-size-of-paris/articleshow/109107172.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst | access-date=20 Aug 2024}}</ref>

The wind turbines used at Khavda had a capacity of 5.2 MW each, based on German designs and manufactured at Adani Group facilities near Mundra Port. According to the report, it supplied electricity to millions of households annually and reduced carbon dioxide emissions by an estimated 58 million tonnes per year.<ref name="c758">{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Lalatendu | title=Adani Green Energy commissions 480 MW solar and wind energy capacity; on track to complete world’s largest RE park at Khavda | website=The Hindu | date=2025-04-01 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/adani-green-energy-commissions-480-mw-solar-and-wind-energy-capacity-on-track-to-complete-worlds-largest-re-park-at-khavda/article69397294.ece | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref><ref name="w482">{{cite web | title=Adani Green Energy operationalises 250 MW wind capacity at Khavda, Gujarat | website=ETEnergyworld.com | date=2024-07-24 | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/adani-green-energy-operationalises-250-mw-wind-capacity-at-khavda-gujarat/111988510 | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref> The site also featured waterless robotic cleaning systems for solar panels to reduce water consumption in the arid environment. In 2024, United States Ambassador Eric Garcetti visited the Khavda site and highlighted its role in the US–India partnership on clean energy.<ref name="w004">{{cite web | title=US Ambassador Eric Garcetti hails Adani's Khavda renewable energy project | website=The Economic Times | date=2024-07-18 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/us-ambassador-eric-garcetti-hails-adanis-khavda-renewable-energy-project/articleshow/111833102.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-08-16}}</ref>

== Green bonds ==
In late 2019, AGEL became the first Indian company to offer investment-grade US dollar [[green bond]]s worth US$362.5 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/adani-green-energys-362-5-mn-green-bonds-attracts-strong-interest|title=Adani Green Energy's $362.5 mn Green Bonds Attracts Strong Interest|website=www.saurenergy.com|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> to foreign investors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esg.theasset.com/ESG/39820/the-asset-talk-adani-green-energy-us3625-million-amortizing-senior-secured-green-bond|title=The Asset Talk: Adani Green Energy US$362.5 million amortizing senior secured green bond|website=esg.theasset.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> The bonds got listed on Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (SGX- ST) on 15 October 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/adani-green-energy-arms-to-issue-bonds-worth-362-5-million-4504341.html|title=Adani Green Energy arms to issue bonds worth $362.5 million|website=Moneycontrol|date=4 October 2019 |access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> and it will mature on the same date in 2039.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Market|first=Capital|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/adani-green-energy-to-issue-usd-362-50-million-green-bonds-119100400777_1.html|title=Adani Green Energy to issue USD 362.50 million Green Bonds|date=2019-10-04|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>

== Acquisitions ==
In March 2018, upon acquisition of 49 percent equity shares of Kodangal Solar Parks Private Limited, the latter became a joint venture of AGEL.<ref name=":0" /> In 2019, AGEL acquired the rest 51 percent equity share as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-green-energy-acquires-remaining-51-per-cent-stake-in-kodangal-solar-parks/article25980090.ece|title=Adani Green Energy acquires remaining 51 per cent stake in Kodangal Solar Parks|last=PTI|website=@businessline|date=12 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-green-energy-acquires-remaining-51-stake-in-kodangal-solar-parks-119011200552_1.html|title=Adani Green Energy acquires remaining 51% stake in Kodangal Solar Parks|date=2019-01-12|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>

In mid-2019, AGEL acquired [[Essel Group]]'s solar power portfolio of 205 MW located in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] for US$185 million (approx. ₹1,300 crores).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/essel-group-in-talks-with-adani-to-sell-solar-energy-assets-1569517438223.html|title=Essel Group in talks with Adani to sell solar energy assets|last=Thomas|first=Tanya|date=2019-09-26|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> AGEL has also agreed to buy out the remaining 480 MW solar energy portfolio of the former which are under construction.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/adani-green-may-buy-rest-of-essels-480-mw-solar-assets/articleshow/72701862.cms?from=mdr|title=Adani Green may buy rest of Essel's 480-MW solar assets|date=2019-12-15|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>

In early 2020, French energy company TotalEnergies entered into a binding agreement with AGEL for the investment of US$510 million to acquire a 20% stake in the latter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/power-generation/adani-green-energy-surges-after-signing-deal-with-total-for-510-million/articleshow/74133215.cms|title=Adani Green Energy surges after signing deal with Total for $510 million|date=2020-02-14|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Market|first=Capital|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/adani-green-energy-signs-deal-for-total-s-investment-of-usd-510-mn-in-solar-venture-120021400317_1.html|title=Adani Green Energy signs deal for Total's investment of USD 510 mn in solar venture|date=2020-02-14|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Total to Acquire 20% of AGEL the Largest Solar Developer in the World |url=https://totalenergies.com/media/news/press-releases/total-to-acquire-20-percent-of-AGEL-the-largest-solar-developer-in-the-world |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=TotalEnergies.com |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2021, AGEL acquired [[SoftBank Group|SoftBank Group Corp]] backed SB Energy Holdings Limited for $3.5 billion.<ref name="mitra"/>

== Controversies ==

=== Rajasthan Solar Park ===
Local farmers have opposed to construction of 1.5 GW solar park at [[Pokhran]] after which High Court of Rajasthan has ordered status quo.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2020-09-08|title=Raj HC temporarily stays Adani's 1500 MW solar power project near Pokhran|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/raj-hc-temporarily-stays-adani-s-1500-mw-solar-power-project-near-pokhran-120090802001_1.html|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref>

===Allegations of stock manipulation ===
In January 2023, [[Hindenburg Research]] published the findings of a two-year investigation claiming that Adani had engaged in [[market manipulation]] and accounting malpractices; Hindenburg also disclosed that it was holding [[Short (finance)|short positions]] on Adani Group companies.<ref name="report">{{cite web |url=https://hindenburgresearch.com/adani/ |title=Adani Group: How The World's 3rd Richest Man Is Pulling The Largest Con In Corporate History |date=January 24, 2023 |website=hindenburgresearch.com |publisher=[[Hindenburg Research]] |access-date=January 24, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Chris |last2=Kalra |first2=Aditya |title=Hindenburg shorts India's Adani citing debt, accounting concerns; shares plunge |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/hindenburg-says-holds-short-positions-indias-adani-flags-risks-2023-01-25/ |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sorkin |first1=Andrew Ross |last2=Mattu |first2=Ravi |last3=Warner |first3=Bernhard |last4=Kessler |first4=Sarah |last5=de la Merced |first5=Michael J. |last6=Hirsch |first6=Lauren |last7=Livni |first7=Ephrat |title=A Short Seller Takes Aim at an Indian Corporate Giant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/business/dealbook/short-seller-hindenburg-adani.html |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lockett |first1=Hudson |title=Adani shares take $10.8bn hit after Hindenburg bets against group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4aedaaf9-9ee8-4334-945c-12ac08429d6a |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=25 January 2023}}</ref> Bonds and shares of companies associated with Adani experienced a decline in value after the accusations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Jihye |title=Adani shares fall as short seller firm Hindenburg announces short position |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/25/adani-group-hindenburg-short-position.html |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[CNBC]] |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kay |first1=Chris |last2=Vishnoi |first2=Abhishek |last3=Joshi |first3=Ashutosh |title=Hindenburg Targets Asia's Richest Man, Triggering Adani Selloff |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-25/adani-group-stocks-drop-after-hindenburg-takes-short-position |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Adani denied the fraud allegations as unfounded and ill intentioned.

== See also ==

* [[Renewable energy in India]]
* [[Solar power in India]]
* [[Wind power in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Adani Group}}
{{Energy in India}}
{{Renewable energy by country}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{SPIN}}

[[Category:Adani Group]]
[[Category:Companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Energy in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Solar power in India| ]]
[[Category:Solar energy companies of India]]
[[Category:TotalEnergies]]
[[Category:Utilities of India]]
[[Category:Wind power in India| ]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Gujarat]]

1996 Indian general election

2026-02-08T14:36:08Z

Scrapuncle: slightly fix article and updated info per sources

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1991 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1991
| next_election = 1998 Indian general election
| next_year = 1998
| election_date = 27 April, 2 May and 7 May 1996
| seats_for_election = 543 of the 545 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 272
| registered = 592,572,288
| turnout = 57.94% ({{increase}} 1.21[[Percentage point|pp]])
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Atal Bihari Vajpayee 2004 (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| last_election1 = 20.07%, 120 seats
| seats1 = '''161'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 41
| popular_vote1 = 67,950,851
| percentage1 = 20.29%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 0.18[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=P. V. Narasimha Rao.JPG|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| last_election2 = 36.40%, 244 seats
| seats2 = 140
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 104
| popular_vote2 = '''96,455,493'''
| percentage2 = '''28.80%'''
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 7.46[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=H. D. Deve Gowda BNC.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader4 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| alliance4 = [[United Front (India, 1996)|UF]]
| party4 = Janata Dal
| last_election4 = 11.73%, 59 seats
| seats4 = 46
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 13
| popular_vote4 = 27,070,340
| percentage4 = 8.08%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 3.76[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Surjith-6.JPG|bSize=250|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=60|oTop=60}}
| leader5 = [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
| alliance5 = [[United Front (India, 1996)|UF]]
| party5 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| last_election5 = 6.16%, 35 seats
| seats5 = 32
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 3
| popular_vote5 = 20,496,810
| percentage5 = 6.12%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 0.04[[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse Indien 1996.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 11th Lok Sabha
}}

General elections were held in [[India]] on 27 April, 2 May and 7 May 1996 to elect the members of the [[11th Lok Sabha|eleventh]] [[Lok Sabha]].

The elections resulted in a hung parliament with no single party having a majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/the-united-front-experiment-elections-that-shaped-india-1996-1998-elections/article67707166.ece|title=Elections that shaped India, The United Front experiment (1996-98)|work=The Hindu |date=7 April 2024 |last1=Karthikeyan |first1=Suchitra }}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which had won the most seats despite finishing second in the popular vote, formed a short-lived government under Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. However, two weeks later the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] coalition was able to secure a parliamentary majority and [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] of [[Janata Dal]] became prime minister. In 1997 [[Inder Kumar Gujral]], also from the United Front, succeeded Gowda as prime minister. Due to the instability, [[1998 Indian general election|early elections]] were held in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/1952-2019-lok-sabha-election-results-history-9369279/|title=1952 to 2019: A look at India's general election results so far|date=4 June 2024 }}</ref> The elections were the first since 1980 in which every states' seats were elected in a single election period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1996-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2198293.html|title=INKredible India: The story of 1996 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Indian National Congress]] government of Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] came into the election on the back of several government scandals like the [[1992 Indian stock market scam]] and accusations of mismanagement. Seven cabinet members had resigned during the previous term, and Rao himself faced charges of corruption. The Congress(I) more generally had been plagued in recent years by a series of splits, conflicts and factional disputes that had seen various key regional parties and figures abandon the party. In particular, the high-profile May 1995 defection of [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]] and [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]] to form the new [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]] party underscored the internal divisions within the Congress (Indira).

The government was further weakened by a series of major scandals breaking less than 12 months from the election. In July 1995 it was found a former Congress(I) youth leader had murdered his wife and tried to destroy the evidence by stuffing her corpse into a [[tandoor]] (clay oven). In August 1995 the [[Vohra Report]] was finally released to the parliament, decrying that a politician-criminal nexus was "virtually running a parallel government, pushing the state apparatus into irrelevance".<ref>{{cite book|last=Vohra|first=N|title=The Vohra Committee Report|date=October 1993|chapter= Chapter 3.4, pp.3}}</ref> Government credibility fell further still when in late 1995 violence significantly worsened in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]] region, and sporadic fighting and ethnic tensions boiled over in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] province. As a result of the scandals, the Rao government went into the 1996 election at a low of ebb of public support.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vohra|first=Ranbir|title=The Making of India|year=2001 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk|pages=282–284|isbn=978-0-7656-0712-6}}</ref>

==Campaign==
The elections triggered a significant realignment of political forces in Indians, with all-India parties attempting to construct widespread regional coalitions with minor parties in order to secure a central majority. Such political negotiations were to become an increasingly necessary process in Indian politics over the next two decades as the dominance of the INC(I) declined and smaller, ethnic and regional parties took its place. The Bharatiya Janata Party, led by [[Lal Krishna Advani]] attempted to add several regional coalition partners - most notably the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], but was ultimately unsuccessful in overcoming ideological differences. Yet it did join with several strong regional partners - [[Shiv Sena]], [[Haryana Vikas Party]], and the [[Samata Party]]. The Congress(I) party attempted to form regional allies as well, most notably with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Heath|first=Oliver|title=Parties and Party Politics in India|editor=Zoya Hasan|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-566833-9|series=Oxford India Paperbacks|chapter=Anatomy of the BJP's Rise to Power: Social, Regional and Political Expansion in 1990s}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=Paul|author2=Ramashray Roy|title=India's 1999 Elections and 20th Century Politics|publisher=Sage|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7619-9598-2}}</ref>

The so-called "Third Force" during the 1996 elections was the [[National Front (India)|National Front]]. After its collapse in 1990, the coalition had chopped and changed before reuniting in the run up to the 1996 election. Three main parties grouped back together in September 1995 in hopes of presenting a viable political choice - the Communist parties like the [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Janata Dal]] and the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. It attempted to build a wider coalition of regional partners and state parties, however negotiations repeatedly broke down, and no consensus could be arrived at on a 'common minimum program' - a platform of issues on which all parties could agree upon. A split in the Uttar Pradesh government in December 1995 divided the front further. Finally, lacking a strong leader or common set of principles, the main three parties joined with the [[Samajwadi Party]] in a common goal of simply denying power to either the Congress(I) or BJP. Thus a characteristic of the 1996 elections was a large number of strong regional and state parties declined to form an alliance with any of the three major contenders for government.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pai|first=Sudha|title= Transformation of the Indian Party System: The 1996 Lok Sabha Elections|journal=Asian Survey|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|volume=36|issue=12|pages=1177–1179|doi=10.2307/2645573|jstor=2645573 }}</ref>

In January, only a few months before the election, a major scandal erupted: the [[Hawala scandal|Jain hawala]] scandal. Jain, an industrialist in the steel and power sectors, was revealed to have given US$33 million in bribes to politicians from nearly all major parties in return for favours. Further shocking the public, Jain had also channelled money to Kashmiri Muslim militants. In the first wave of names implicated were three Rao cabinet members, [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]] from the breakaway Congress (T) party, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[Lal Krishna Advani]], [[Sharad Yadav]] (leader of the [[Janata Dal]] parliamentary party), and former Congress(I) Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. Almost 115 names would eventually be released, and numerous candidates and ministers were forced to resign in the aftermath. Most significantly was the resignation of L.K. Advani as [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], though he continued to lead the election campaigning as the BJP's president.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vohra|first=Ranbir|title=The Making of India|year=2001 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk|pages=288–290|isbn=978-0-7656-0712-6}}</ref>

The BJP ran a campaign centred around a four-point plan which aimed for probity of public life, self-reliance in the economy, social harmony and greater security. It strongly advocated an economic plan which would significantly scale back government intervention and encourage capital investment and creation. In the backdrop of the 1992 [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]], BJP stressed on the role of [[Hindutva]] in its vision for India, creating a more Hindu-orientated state by removing the provisions of [[Secularism in India|secularism]] and making [[Hinduism]] the country's [[state religion]], implementing a nationwide ban on [[Cattle slaughter in India|cow slaughter]], abolishing [[Family law|personal laws]] of non-Hindus by introducing a [[Uniform Civil Code|uniform civil code]] and removing the [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|special status of Kashmir]] alongside construction of the [[Ram Mandir|''Ram-mandir'']] as its main agenda. The Congress(I) Party attempted to campaign on its foreign policy record, its handling of the numerous natural and ethnic crises that had emerged over the past five years, and on better concessions for ethnic minorities and empowering the state governments. It additionally stressed the economic gains already made by the government due to its liberalization policies post 1992. However it drew flak for promising re-construction of the demolished mosque at the [[Ram Janmabhoomi|disputed site of Ayodhya]] in its electoral manifesto, leading the BJP to accuse the Congress (Indira) of indulging in Muslim appeasement and fostering [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|Hinduphobia]]. The Janata Dal and the National Front campaigned on maintaining a strong public sector though with some commitment to deregulation and anti-corruption measures while committing to implement the [[Mandal Commission]] report. It also pushed other more populist measures as well, such as more state-run infrastructure projects, subsidised fertilizer, and increased education investment.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vohra|first=Ranbir|title=The Making of India|year=2001 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk|pages=290–293|isbn=978-0-7656-0712-6}}</ref>

==Results==
{{Main list|Results of the 1996 Indian general election}}
The BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition of Babri Masjid to win 161 Lok Sabha seats, making it the largest party in parliament. [[L.K. Advani]], whose aggressive campaigning as BJP president is widely credited with these results.<ref>{{citation |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy |year=2007 |publisher=Picador |location=India |isbn=978-0-330-39610-3 |title-link=India after Gandhi |page=633}}</ref> The election delivered an unclear mandate and resulted in a [[hung parliament]]. Although Congress continued to remain the single largest party in terms of voteshare, it was for the first time since the [[1951-52 Indian general election|country's first general elections]] that the Congress' voteshare fell below 30% on a national scale. The Congress also for the first time in its existence, won fewer than 150 seats in a general election, surpassing the record of 154 seats in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general elections]]. Hence the result was considered as the worst result of the Congress party in its history to that date, with commentators blaming the poor result on the personal unpopularity of Prime Minister Rao and the numerous internal divisions that had dogged the party alongside the religious polarisation fueled by the BJP under the [[Ayodhya dispute]]. Congress(I) was almost wiped out in its traditional strongholds of [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Bihar]] with many stalwarts like [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]], [[Jagannath Mishra]], [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]] suffered electoral setbacks inflicted by both Janata Dal & BJP.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960531-elections-1996-11th-lok-sabha-elections-saw-eclipse-of-the-national-constituency-syndrome-832983-1996-05-30 Elections 1996: 11th Lok Sabha elections saw eclipse of the National Constituency syndrome] India Today, 31 May 1996</ref> The BJP became the largest party within the [[Lok Sabha]], a first for a non-Congress party, although it secured neither a significant increase in the popular vote or enough seats to secure a parliamentary majority.<ref name="Hardgrave1996">{{cite web|url=http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/india/indianelection.html |title=1996 Indian Parliamentary Elections: What Happened? What Next? |last=Hardgrave |first=Robert |year=1996 |publisher=University of Texas |access-date=12 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807161934/http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/india/indianelection.html |archive-date=7 August 2008 }}</ref>

{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1996.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=96455493|seats1=140|sc1=
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=67950851|seats2=161|sc2=
|party3=[[Janata Dal]]|votes3=27070340|seats3=46|sc3=
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=20496810|seats4=32|sc4=
|party5=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes5=13453235|seats5=11|sc5=
|party6=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes6=10989241|seats6=17|sc6=
|party7=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes7=9931826|seats7=16|sc7=
|party8=[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]|votes8=7339982|seats8=20|sc8=
|party9=[[Samata Party]]|votes9=7256086|seats9=8|sc9=
|party10=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes10=7151381|seats10=17|sc10=
|party11=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes11=6582263|seats11=12|sc11=
|party12=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes12=4989994|seats12=15|sc12=
|party13=[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]]|votes13=4903070|seats13=4|sc13=
|party14=[[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)]]|votes14=3249267|seats14=0|sc14=
|party15=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes15=2560506|seats15=5|sc15=
|party16=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes16=2534979|seats16=8|sc16=
|party17=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes17=2130286|seats17=0|sc17=
|party18=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes18=2105469|seats18=5|sc18=
|party19=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes19=1454363|seats19=0|sc19=
|party20=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes20=1287072|seats20=1|sc20=
|party21=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes21=1279492|seats21=3|sc21=
|party22=[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes22=1235812|seats22=0|sc22=
|party23=[[Haryana Vikas Party]]|votes23=1156322|seats23=3|sc23=
|party24=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes24=808065|seats24=0|sc24=
|party25=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes25=757316|seats25=2|sc25=
|party26=[[Janata Party]]|votes26=631021|seats26=0|sc26=
|party27=[[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|Karnataka Congress Party]]|votes27=581868|seats27=1|sc27=
|party28=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes28=571910|seats28=0|sc28=
|party29=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes29=437805|seats29=0|sc29=
|party30=[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]|votes30=404261|seats30=0|sc30=
|party31=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes31=382319|seats31=1|sc31=
|party32=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes32=340070|seats32=1|sc32=
|party33=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)]]|votes33=339520|seats33=0|sc33=
|party34=[[Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee|Madhya Pradesh Vikas Congress]]|votes34=337539|seats34=1|sc34=
|party35=[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]|votes35=329695|seats35=0|sc35=
|party36=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes36=320539|seats36=0|sc36=
|party37=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Mardi)|votes37=299055|seats37=0|sc37=
|party38=[[United Minorities Front, Assam]]|votes38=244571|seats38=0|sc38=
|party39=[[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]|votes39=222669|seats39=0|sc39=
|party40=[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]|votes40=180112|seats40=1|sc40=
|party41=[[Forward Bloc (Socialist)]]|votes41=172685|seats41=0|sc41=
|party42=Gujarat Adijati Vikash Paksh|votes42=166003|seats42=0|sc42=
|party44=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes44=129220|seats44=1|sc44=
|party45=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes45=124218|seats45=1|sc45=
|party46=[[Federal Party of Manipur]]|votes46=120557|seats46=0|sc46=
|party47=[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]|votes47=114406|seats47=0|sc47=
|party48=Krantikari Samajwadi Manch|votes48=113975|seats48=0|sc48=
|party49=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes49=111710|seats49=0|sc49=
|party50=[[United Goans Democratic Party]]|votes50=109346|seats50=1|sc50=
|party51=Jharkhand Party (Naren)|votes51=102111|seats51=0|sc51=
|party52=Jammu & Kashmir Panthers Party|votes52=99599|seats52=0|sc52=
|party53=Savarn Samaj Party|votes53=84725|seats53=0|sc53=
|party54=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes54=78907|seats54=0|sc54=
|party55=[[Majlis Bachao Tahreek]]|votes55=78335|seats55=0|sc55=
|party56=[[Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti]]|votes56=66065|seats56=0|sc56=
|party57=[[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]|votes57=65641|seats57=0|sc57=
|party58=[[Amra Bangali]]|votes58=65595|seats58=0|sc58=
|party59=Mahabharat People's Party|votes59=64266|seats59=0|sc59=
|party60=[[Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha]]|votes60=60361|seats60=0|sc60=
|party61=[[Jharkhand People's Party]]|votes61=58132|seats61=0|sc61=
|party62=[[Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)]]|votes62=52585|seats62=0|sc62=
|party63=[[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]|votes63=52300|seats63=0|sc63=
|party64=[[Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]|votes64=49978|seats64=0|sc64=
|party65=Satya Marg Party|votes65=48056|seats65=0|sc65=
|party66=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]|votes66=42175|seats66=0|sc66=
|party67=Lok Hit Party|votes67=37127|seats67=0|sc67=
|party68=[[United Tribal Nationalist Liberation Front]]|votes68=34803|seats68=0|sc68=
|party69=Pavitra Hindustan Kaazhagam|votes69=34147|seats69=0|sc69=
|party70=[[Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)]]|votes70=33900|seats70=0|sc70=
|party71=Kannada Chalevali Vatal Paksha|votes71=31136|seats71=0|sc71=
|party72=Akhil Bharatiya Bhrastachar Normoolan Sena|votes72=30970|seats72=0|sc72=
|party73=[[Hul Jharkhand Party]]|votes73=30220|seats73=0|sc73=
|party74=Bhoomijotak Samooh|votes74=29874|seats74=0|sc74=
|party75=Proutist Sarva Samaj Samiti|votes75=26403|seats75=0|sc75=
|party76=Akhil Bhartiya Loktantra Party|votes76=25131|seats76=0|sc76=
|party77=[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]|votes77=22640|seats77=0|sc77=
|party78=Uttar Pradesh Republican Party|votes78=22515|seats78=0|sc78=
|party79=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhag|votes79=19394|seats79=0|sc79=
|party80=New India Party|votes80=19135|seats80=0|sc80=
|party81=Bhatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh|votes81=17744|seats81=0|sc81=
|party82=[[Indian National League]]|votes82=15954|seats82=0|sc82=
|party83=Jan Parishad|votes83=15112|seats83=0|sc83=
|party84=Rashtriya Nayay Party|votes84=13160|seats84=0|sc84=
|party85=[[Lokdal]]|votes85=11957|seats85=0|sc85=
|party86=Shoshit Samaj Dal|votes86=11937|seats86=0|sc86=
|party87=Bahujan Kranti Dal (JAI)|votes87=11735|seats87=0|sc87=
|party88=Mahakushal Vikas Party|votes88=11152|seats88=0|sc88=
|party89=Jansatta Party|votes89=10901|seats89=0|sc89=
|party90=[[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]]|votes90=10657|seats90=0|sc90=
|party91=[[Republican Party of India (Democratic)]]|votes91=10072|seats91=0|sc91=
|party92=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes92=9985|seats92=0|sc92=
|party93=Pragtisheel Manav Samaj Party|votes93=9974|seats93=0|sc93=
|party94=Akhil Bharatiya Berozgaar Party|votes94=9813|seats94=0|sc94=
|party95=Janhit Morcha|votes95=9404|seats95=0|sc95=
|party96=[[Hindustan Janata Party]]|votes96=9208|seats96=0|sc96=
|party97=Rashtriya Samajwadi Party 'pragatisheel'|votes97=8779|seats97=0|sc97=
|party98=Lok Party|votes98=8758|seats98=0|sc98=
|party99=Pachim Banga Rajya Muslim League|votes99=8624|seats99=0|sc99=
|party100=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes100=8491|seats100=0|sc100=
|party101=Akhil Bhartiya Janata Vikas Party|votes101=7726|seats101=0|sc101=
|party102=Arya Sabha|votes102=7563|seats102=0|sc102=
|party103=Bharatiya Jan Sabha|votes103=7338|seats103=0|sc103=
|party104=Republican Presidium Party of India|votes104=7298|seats104=0|sc104=
|party105=Bahujan Kranti Dal|votes105=6968|seats105=0|sc105=
|party106=Political Party of National Management Service|votes106=6667|seats106=0|sc106=
|party107=Rashtriya Surajya Parishad|votes107=6000|seats107=0|sc107=
|party108=Samajwadi Janata Party (Maharashtra)|votes108=5784|seats108=0|sc108=
|party109=Maharashtra Pradesh Krantikari Party|votes109=5765|seats109=0|sc109=
|party110=Akhil Bartiya Manav Seva Dal|votes110=5673|seats110=0|sc110=
|party111=National Republican Party|votes111=5271|seats111=0|sc111=
|party112=Indian Democratic Party|votes112=5084|seats112=0|sc112=
|party113=Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Mazdoor Dal|votes113=5075|seats113=0|sc113=
|party114=Surajya Party|votes114=4917|seats114=0|sc114=
|party115=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes115=4720|seats115=0|sc115=
|party116=Rashtriya Aikta Manch|votes116=4574|seats116=0|sc116=
|party117=National Democratic Peoples Front|votes117=4462|seats117=0|sc117=
|party118=[[Bolshevik Party of India]]|votes118=4345|seats118=0|sc118=
|party119=Bharatiya Lok Panchayat|votes119=4018|seats119=0|sc119=
|party120=Bharatiya Rashtriya Party|votes120=3724|seats120=0|sc120=
|party121=Rashtriya Kisan Party|votes121=3635|seats121=0|sc121=
|party122=Akhil Bharatiya Mahasand Sarvahara Krantikari Party|votes122=3552|seats122=0|sc122=
|party123=Bharatiya Labour Party|votes123=3550|seats123=0|sc123=
|party124=Rashtriya Unnatsheel Das|votes124=3476|seats124=0|sc124=
|party125=Rashtriya Samdarshi Party|votes125=3360|seats125=0|sc125=
|party126=Vijeta Party|votes126=3328|seats126=0|sc126=
|party127=Satyayug Party|votes127=3319|seats127=0|sc127=
|party128=Bharatiya Rashtriya Morcha|votes128=3181|seats128=0|sc128=
|party129=Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party|votes129=3176|seats129=0|sc129=
|party130=Marxist Engelist Leninist Proletariat Health Commune|votes130=3155|seats130=0|sc130=
|party131=Akhil Bharatiya Rashtriya Azad Hind Party|votes131=3152|seats131=0|sc131=
|party132=Bahujan Samaj Party (Raj Bahadur)|votes132=3114|seats132=0|sc132=
|party133=Socialist Party (Lohia)|votes133=3006|seats133=0|sc133=
|party134=Kannada Paksha|votes134=2883|seats134=0|sc134=
|party135=Bharatiya Manav Raksha Dal|votes135=2796|seats135=0|sc135=
|party136=Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Utthan Party|votes136=2654|seats136=0|sc136=
|party137=Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha|votes137=2295|seats137=0|sc137=
|party138=Indian Secular Congress|votes138=2136|seats138=0|sc138=
|party139=Bira Oriya Party|votes139=2088|seats139=0|sc139=
|party140=Republican Party of India (Sivaraj)|votes140=2081|seats140=0|sc140=
|party141=Bharathiya Nethaji Party|votes141=2024|seats141=0|sc141=
|party142=Bharatiya Rajiv Congress|votes142=1967|seats142=0|sc142=
|party143=Bharatiya Jantantrik Parishad|votes143=1867|seats143=0|sc143=
|party144=Ekta Samaj Party|votes144=1852|seats144=0|sc144=
|party145=Congress Of People|votes145=1850|seats145=0|sc145=
|party146=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|Revolutionary Communist Party Of India (Rasik Bhatt)]]|votes146=1803|seats146=0|sc146=
|party147=Bhartiya Ekta Party|votes147=1801|seats147=0|sc147=
|party148=Shoshit Samaj Party|votes148=1684|seats148=0|sc148=
|party149=Samajwadi Dal|votes149=1637|seats149=0|sc149=
|party150=Akhil Bharatiya Shivsena Rashtrawadi|votes150=1477|seats150=0|sc150=
|party151=Bharatiya Kranti Sena|votes151=1439|seats151=0|sc151=
|party152=Indian Democratic People's Party|votes152=1438|seats152=0|sc152=
|party153=Ekta Krandi Dal U.P.|votes153=1409|seats153=0|sc153=
|party154=Indian Bahujan Samajwadi Party|votes154=1376|seats154=0|sc154=
|party155=Sarvadharam Party (Madhya Pradesh)|votes155=1327|seats155=0|sc155=
|party156=People's Democratic League of India|votes156=1276|seats156=0|sc156=
|party157=Punjab Vikas Party (Punjab)|votes157=1185|seats157=0|sc157=
|party158=Desh Bhakt Party|votes158=1148|seats158=0|sc158=
|party159=Sabjan Party|votes159=1120|seats159=0|sc159=
|party160=Akhil Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Alp-Sankhyak Jan Morcha|votes160=1111|seats160=0|sc160=
|party161=Kisan Vyawasayee Mazdoor Party|votes161=1056|seats161=0|sc161=
|party162=Pratap Shiv Sena|votes162=1049|seats162=0|sc162=
|party163=Adarsh Lok Dal|votes163=1037|seats163=0|sc163=
|party164=Gareebjan Samaj Party|votes164=962|seats164=0|sc164=
|party165=Akhil Bharatiya Dharmnirpeksh Dal|votes165=894|seats165=0|sc165=
|party166=All India Azad Hind Mazdur & Jan Kalyan Party|votes166=883|seats166=0|sc166=
|party167=Bahujan Loktantrik Party|votes167=857|seats167=0|sc167=
|party168=Socialist Party (Ramakant Pandey)|votes168=848|seats168=0|sc168=
|party169=Manav Sewa Sangh|votes169=841|seats169=0|sc169=
|party170=Bharatiya Samajwadi Vikas Party|votes170=805|seats170=0|sc170=
|party171=Akhil Bhartiya Rajarya Sabha|votes171=787|seats171=0|sc171=
|party172=Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)|votes172=786|seats172=0|sc172=
|party173=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes173=724|seats173=0|sc173=
|party174=Ambedkar Kranti Dal|votes174=667|seats174=0|sc174=
|party175=Bhartiya Jan Kisan Party|votes175=633|seats175=0|sc175=
|party176=Mahabharath Mahajan Sabha|votes176=572|seats176=0|sc176=
|party177=Bharatiya Samaj Sangathan Morcha|votes177=535|seats177=0|sc177=
|party178=Rashtriya Bharat Nav Nirman Sangathan|votes178=528|seats178=0|sc178=
|party179=Samajik Kranti Dal|votes179=522|seats179=0|sc179=
|party180=Rashtriya Krantikari Dal|votes180=520|seats180=0|sc180=
|party181=Bharat Jan Party|votes181=505|seats181=0|sc181=
|party182=Hind National Party|votes182=496|seats182=0|sc182=
|party183=Sachet Bharat Party|votes183=470|seats183=0|sc183=
|party184=Bhartiya Azad Party|votes184=457|seats184=0|sc184=
|party185=Bhrishtachar Virodhi Dal|votes185=434|seats185=0|sc185=
|party186=Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad (Prem Ballabh Vyas)|votes186=428|seats186=0|sc186=
|party187=Tamil Nadu Hindu Vellalar Youth Kazhagam|votes187=422|seats187=0|sc187=
|party188=Pragati Sheel Party|votes188=407|seats188=0|sc188=
|party189=Socialist League of India|votes189=384|seats189=0|sc189=
|party190=United Indian Democratic Council|votes190=374|seats190=0|sc190=
|party191=Rashtriya Samaj Sevak Dal|votes191=348|seats191=0|sc191=
|party192=Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Mazdoor Morcha|votes192=345|seats192=0|sc192=
|party193=Hindu Praja Party|votes193=332|seats193=0|sc193=
|party194=Janata Kranti Congress|votes194=324|seats194=0|sc194=
|party195=Mukt Bharat|votes195=295|seats195=0|sc195=
|party196=Jan Swarajya Party|votes196=278|seats196=0|sc196=
|party197=Gujarat Janta Parishad|votes197=266|seats197=0|sc197=
|party198=Bharat Pensioner's Front|votes198=231|seats198=0|sc198=
|party199=Bharatiya Parivartan Morcha|votes199=231|seats199=0|sc199=
|party200=All India Democratic People Federation|votes200=195|seats200=0|sc200=
|party201=Akhil Bharatiya Jagrook Nagrik Dal|votes201=176|seats201=0|sc201=
|party202=Federation of Sabhas|votes202=142|seats202=0|sc202=
|party203=Hind Kisan Mazdoor Party|votes203=131|seats203=0|sc203=
|party204=Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress|votes204=124|seats204=0|sc204=
|party205=Kranti Dal|votes205=112|seats205=0|sc205=
|party206=Jan Ekata Morcha|votes206=94|seats206=0|sc206=
|party207=Bharatiya Sarvkalyan Krantidal|votes207=89|seats207=0|sc207=
|party208=Manav Samaj Party|votes208=74|seats208=0|sc208=
|party209=Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad)|votes209=68|seats209=0|sc209=
|party210=Bharatiya Rashtrawadi Dal|votes210=53|seats210=0|sc210=
|party211=Independents|votes211=21041557|seats211=9|sc211=
|row212=Nominated [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats212=2
|invalid=8434804
|electorate=592572288
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/ ECI]
}}

==Aftermath==
Following [[Westminster system|Westminster]] custom, [[President of India|President]] [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] invited Atal Bihari Vajpayee as leader of the BJP to form a government. Sworn in on 15 May, the new prime minister was given two weeks to prove majority support in parliament. In the weeks leading up to the first [[Motion of no confidence|confidence vote]] on 31 May, the BJP attempted to build a coalition by moderating positions to garner support from regional and Muslim parties, however sectarian issues and fears of certain nationalist policies of the BJP hampered efforts. On 28 May, Vajpayee conceded that he could not arrange support from more than 200 of the 545 members of parliament, and thus resigned rather than face the confidence vote, ending his 13-day government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9605/28/india/index.html |title=India's prime minister resigns after 13 days |website=CNN |date=28 May 1996 |access-date=12 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825063513/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9605/28/india/index.html |archive-date=25 August 2004 }}</ref>

The second largest party, the Indian National Congress (Indira), also declined to form a government. After Janata Dal leader [[V. P. Singh]] refused to become prime minister for a second time, CPI(M) leader and [[West Bengal]] Chief Minister [[Jyoti Basu]] was approached by the National Front to be its prime ministerial face, but the [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|party politburo]] refused to endorse it (a decision which Basu later criticised as a "historic blunder") in order to affirm its commitment towards establishing ''[[dictatorship of the proletariat]]''. Basu put forward the name of Janata Dal leader and [[Karnataka]] Chief Minister H. D. Deve Gowda as the candidate for the Prime Minister post. Janata Dal and a bloc of smaller parties thus formed the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front government]],<ref name="Hardgrave1996" /> with outside support from INC(I). Gowda resigned on 21 April 1997 due to withdrawal of support by the Indian National Congress{{efn|After 1996 the Indian National Congress (Indira) dropped the suffix 'Indira' from its name, becoming known as Indian National Congress}} to pave way for [[Inder Kumar Gujral|I. K. Gujral]], who maintained good relations with the Congress.

However the [[Fodder Scam]] resulted in many United Front members demanding the resignation of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], an alliance partner and the then [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]. Yadav retaliated by breaking away from Janata Dal and forming [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) on 3 July 1997. Out of 45 Janata Dal members of parliament, 17 left the party and supported Yadav. However, the new party continued to support the United Front and Gujral's government was saved from immediate danger. Gujral resigned 11 months later when INC withdrew support from the government over Gujral's refusal to expel [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] from the government, whose leader [[M. Karunanidhi]] was implicated in assisting [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi's assassination]] and the country went back to the polls in 1998.

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 11th Lok Sabha]]
*[[:Category:1996 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1996 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:April 1996 in India|General]]
[[Category:May 1996 in India|General]]
[[Category:1996 in Indian politics|General]]
[[Category:1996 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Pauri

2026-02-07T03:38:14Z

Scrapuncle:

{{About|the town}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pauri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|perrow = 1
|total_width = 300
|caption_align = center
| image1 = Pauri City.jpg}}
| nickname = '''Garhwal'''
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.15|N|78.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = NPP
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1765
| population_total = 25440
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Garhwali
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 246001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-1368
| registration_plate = UK-12
| website = {{URL|pauri.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| leader_title = [[District magistrate|DM]]
| leader_name = Smt.Swati S. Bhadauria, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>https://egov.eletsonline.com/2025/06/33-ias-24-pcs-transferred-in-uttarakhand-swati-s-bhadauria-made-dm-pauri-garhwal/</ref>
}}
'''Pauri''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Pauri Garhwal district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. Pauri is the seat of the [[Divisional Commissioner]] of the [[Garhwal Division]].

==Geography==
Pauri is located at {{Coord|30.15|N|78.78|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/39/Pauri.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Pauri]</ref> It is located 1,765 meters above sea level. Pauri provides a panoramic view of the snow-covered Himalayan peaks of [[Nanda Devi]] and [[Trisul]], [[Gangotri Group]], Thalaiya-Sagar, [[Nilkantha (mountain)|Nilkantha]], [[Bandar Poonch]], [[Swargarohini]], [[Kedarnath (mountain)|Kedarnath]], Kharcha Kund, [[Satopanth Glacier|Satopanth]], [[Chaukhamba]], Ghoriparvat, [[Haathi Parvat]], and [[Mount Meru|Sumeru]].

==Climate==
[[File:शहर-ए-पौड़ी.jpg|thumb|282x282px|An evening view of Pauri town from the Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam (GMVN) guest house.]]
The region has a sub-temperate to temperate climate, which remains pleasant throughout the year. The climate of Pauri is very cold in winters and the region experiences low to moderate snowfall in the months of January or February.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>
Pauri had a population of 24,742. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. In Pauri, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

According to the [[Census of India, 2011|Census India 2011]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Census India 2011 Pauri|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800316-pauri-uttarakhand.html}}</ref> the Pauri Nagar Palika Parishad has a population of 25,440 of which 13,090 are males and 12,350 are females. The population of children ages 0-6 is 2766, which is 10.87% of the total population. The literacy rate of Pauri city is 92.18%, higher than state average of 78.82%. In Pauri, male literacy is around 95.74% while female literacy rate is 88.44%. Pauri Nagar Palika Parishad contains 6,127 houses.

The language most commonly used in Pauri Garhwal is [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]].

==Education==
===Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College===
[[Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College]] (GBPEC), now known as Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology (GBPIET), is an autonomous State Government Higher Technical Institution. It was created in 1989 to honour the Indian Freedom Fighter, Bharat Ratna, [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]. The institute is located at a height of 1800m (approx 5905 ft.) above Sea Level and overlooks the Great Himalayan Range on its East flank. The college offers courses such as Bachelor of Technology, Master of Technology and Master of Computer Applications, Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

===Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Central University===
Dr. B. G. R Campus, referred to as the Pauri campus of [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]] is a full-fledged educational campus established in 1971. Pauri College is one of the three campuses of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, located in Srinagar, Garhwal. The campus offers arts, science and law courses at graduation, post graduation and research fellowships levels.

{{wide image|Himalaya Panorama From Pauri.jpg|1800px|alt=Himalaya Panorama From Pauri|[[Himalaya]] Panorama from Pauri.}}

==Media and communications==
[[All India Radio]] has a local station in Pauri which transmits various programs of mass interest.

== Notable people ==
* [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]] (1958–2021), India's 1st [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defense Staff]], last [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]], 26th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] and 37th [[Vice Chief of Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
* [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Laxman Singh Rawat]] – Former [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] and father of General Bipin Rawat
* [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]], India's 2nd Chief of Defense Staff and former [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command]] of the [[Indian Army]]

==See also==
*[[Poudel]], a Bahun surname which originates from the town

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090922231447/http://210.212.78.56/50cities/pauri/english/home.asp Pauri, Official website]
* [http://wikimapia.org/country/India/Uttaranchal/Pauri/ Pauri] at ''[[wikimapia]]''.

{{Pauri Garhwal}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Pauri| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Garhwal division]]

Second Modi ministry

2026-02-06T07:09:36Z

Scrapuncle:

{{Short description|Government of India (2019–2024)}}
{{about|the 2nd Union Council of Ministers headed by Narendra Modi|the Second Gujarat Council of Ministers headed by Narendra Modi|Second Modi ministry (Gujarat)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = [[List of Indian union ministries|25th]]
| jurisdiction = the [[Republic of India]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_border =
| incumbent =
| image =
The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind, the Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu with the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the other Ministers after the Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 30, 2019 (1).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| date_formed = 30 May 2019
| date_dissolved = 9 June 2024
| government_head = [[Narendra Modi]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Ram Nath Kovind]] (until 25 July 2022) [[Droupadi Murmu]] (from 25 July 2022)
| current_number = 27 cabinet ministers 3 ministers of state (Independent Charge) 42 ministers of state
| former_members_number = 22
| total_number = 94
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|border=darkgray}} '''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''
* {{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* {{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
* {{Color box|{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
;Former
* {{color box|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|border=darkgray}} [[Shiv Sena]] {{small|(2019)}}
* {{color box|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] {{small|(2019{{ndash}}2020)}}
* {{color box|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Lok Janshakti Party]] {{small|(2019{{ndash}}2020)}}
* {{color box|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Janata Dal (United)]] {{small|(2021{{ndash}}2022)}}
* {{color box|{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]] {{small|(2021{{ndash}}2024)}}
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_party = None{{efn|In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]], no opposition party obtained the minimum (54) amount of seats to become the official opposition, and thus there was no opposition leader. [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] is the leader of the Indian National Congress party in the Parliament, which has the largest number (50) of seats in the opposition.}}
| opposition_leader =
None{{efn|In the [[2019 Indian general election]], no opposition party secured at least 10% of the total seats (55 out of 545) in the [[Lok Sabha]] to be eligible for the post of official Leader of the Opposition. As a result, the position has remained vacant. [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] served as the leader of the Indian National Congress in the Lok Sabha, which was the largest opposition party with 52 seats.}} ([[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]])
| election = [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| last_election = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| legislature_term = {{ayd|30 May 2019|9 June 2024 }}
| budget = [[2019 Union budget of India|2019 Budget]] [[2020 Union budget of India|2020 Budget]] [[2021 Union budget of India|2021 Budget]] [[2022 Union budget of India|2022 Budget]] [[2023 Union budget of India|2023 Budget]] [[2024 Interim-Union budget of India|2024 Budget (Interim)]]
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation = [[17th Lok Sabha]]
| outgoing_formation = [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| previous = [[First Modi ministry]]
| successor = [[Third Modi ministry]]
| state_head_title = President | government_head_title = Prime Minister }}

{{Narendra Modi series}}
The '''Second Modi ministry''' was the [[Union Council of Ministers of India|Council of Ministers]] headed by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] that was formed after the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]] which was held in seven phases from 11 April to 19 May 2019. The results of the election were announced on 23 May 2019 and this led to the formation of the [[17th Lok Sabha]]. The [[Second oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi|oath ceremony]] was arranged in the forecourt of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] at [[Raisina Hill]]. The heads of the states of [[BIMSTEC]] countries were invited as guests of honor for this ceremony.

On 7 July 2021, the government went through a [[2021 Indian cabinet reshuffle|ministry expansion]] with several big names dropped and new faces sworn in. Many current ministers were also given promotion for their good work.<ref>{{cite news |title=LIVE: Union ministers Gangwar, Pokhriyal resign ahead of Cabinet reshuffle |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/union-cabinet-reshuffle-live-updates-narendra-modi-new-team-union-ministers-names-portfolio-highlights-121070700384_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707082504/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/union-cabinet-reshuffle-live-updates-narendra-modi-new-team-union-ministers-names-portfolio-highlights-121070700384_1.html |date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |access-date=7 July 2021 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref>

Following the victory of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], Prime Minister Modi and the council of ministers tendered their resignation to the [[President of India]] on 5 June 2024. However, they remained in office on caretaker basis until a new cabinet assumed office. On 9 June 2024, the new Cabinet of [[Third Modi ministry]] was sworn in with Modi again as Prime Minister.

==History==
{{Further|2019 Indian general election|Second oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi}}
The Second Modi ministry came into existence following the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]] to the [[17th Lok Sabha]] in which the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] emerged victorious winning 353 of the 543 seats of the Lok Sabha. On 31 May 2019, [[Narendra Modi]] was sworn-in as the Prime Minister for the second time by President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] along with his council of ministers. The council of ministers which was sworn-in into office on 31 May 2019 consisted of 24 ministers with cabinet rank, 9 ministers of state with independent charge, and 24 ministers of state.

On August 8, 2023, [[Gaurav Gogoi]] moved a no-confidence motion against the second Modi ministry in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/no-confidence-motion-gaurav-gogoi-congress-8882084/|title='Compelled to move no-confidence motion to end PM Modi's vow of silence': Congress' Gaurav Gogoi|date=August 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/no-confidence-motion-live-updates-parliament-monsoon-session-rahul-gandhi-pm-modi-congress-bjp-debate-lok-sabha-manipur-issue-2417739-2023-08-08|title=No-Confidence Motion Highlights: Supreme Court order ratified INDIA bloc's no-confidence motion: RSP MP|website=India Today|date=8 August 2023 }}</ref> The government defeated the motion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-11 |title=Modi wins no-trust vote over India ethnic violence |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66458482 |access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>

==Reshuffle and changes==
Since the formation of the ministry in May 2019, the council of ministers had undergone several major and minor changes under various circumstances.
*'''12 November 2019''': Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Minister [[Arvind Sawant]] of [[Shiv Sena]] resigned from the cabinet after Shiv Sena's withdrawal from [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]. [[Prakash Javadekar]] was assigned the additional charge of his ministry.
*'''18 September 2020''': Food Processing Industries Minister [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]] of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] resigned from the cabinet after Akali Dal's withdrawal from NDA in protest against [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three controversial farm laws]]. [[Narendra Singh Tomar]] was assigned the additional charge of the ministry.
*'''23 September 2020''': Minister of State for Railways [[Suresh Angadi]] died due to COVID-19 complications.
*'''8 October 2020''': Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Minister [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] of [[Lok Janshakti Party]] died after short illness. [[Piyush Goyal]] was assigned the additional charge of his ministry.
*'''7 July 2021''': A [[2021 Indian cabinet reshuffle|major cabinet reshuffle]] took place prior to which 12 ministers submitted their resignation. 15 ministers with cabinet rank and 27 ministers of state were inducted. Of the 15 cabinet ministers inducted, 7 ministers of state were promoted to cabinet rank.
*'''6 July 2022''': Minority Affairs Minister [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]] and Steel Minister [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]] submitted their resignations prior to expiration of tenure as Rajya Sabha MPs. [[Smriti Irani]] was assigned the additional charge of Minority Affairs ministry while [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] was assigned the charge of Steel ministry.
*'''18 May 2023''': Law and Justice Minister [[Kiren Rijiju]] was appointed as Minister of Earth Sciences. [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]] was appointed as the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Law and Justice, while [[S. P. Singh Baghel]] was appointed as the Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare.
*'''7 December 2023''': Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Minister [[Narendra Singh Tomar]], Jal Shakti and Food Processing Industries Minister of State [[Prahlad Singh Patel]], and Tribal Affairs Minister of State [[Renuka Singh (politician)|Renuka Singh Saruta]] resigned from the cabinet following their election to the state legislative assemblies; Tribal Affairs Minister [[Arjun Munda]] assigned additional charge of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare ministry. [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]] assigned additional charge as minister of state for Jal Shakti, [[Shobha Karandlaje]] as minister of state for Food Processing Industries, and [[Bharati Pawar]] as minister of state for Tribal Affairs.
*'''19 March 2024''': Food Processing Industries Minister [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]] of [[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]] resigned from the cabinet following seat-sharing disagreement; Earth Sciences Minister [[Kiren Rijiju]] assigned additional charge of the ministry.

==List of ministers==
===Cabinet Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:17em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|'''Prime Minister''']] [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space]] All important policy issues; and All other portfolios not allocated to any Minister.
| minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1_termstart = 30 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Amit Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Narayan Rane]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Corporate Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2020
| minister1_party = [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Died on 8 October 2020.}}
| minister2 = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| minister2_termstart = 9 October 2020
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Additional charge following demise of Ram Vilas Paswan.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 December 2023
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Arjun Munda]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Narendra Singh Tomar.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]] [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Minister of Panchayati Raj]]
| minister1 = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Giriraj Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 18 May 2023
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 May 2023
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) is responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]] [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister of Electronics and Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food Processing Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 18 September 2020
| minister1_party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| minister2_termstart = 18 September 2020
| minister2_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Harsimrat Kaur Badal.}}
| minister3 = [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 19 March 2024
| minister3_party = Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party
| minister3_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister4 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| minister4_termstart = 20 March 2024
| minister4_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister4_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister4_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Pashupati Kumar Paras.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| minister1 = [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[S. Jaishankar]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Human Resource Development]]
| minister1 = [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 29 July 2020
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Ministry of Education.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]]
| minister1 = [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 July 2020
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Minister of Tribal Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Arjun Munda]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development (India)|Minister of Women and Child Development]]
| minister1 = [[Smriti Irani]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[Smriti Irani]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) is responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)|Minister of Earth Sciences]]
| minister1 = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 18 May 2023
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 May 2023
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| minister1 = [[Prakash Javadekar]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Bhupender Yadav]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Prakash Javadekar]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Anurag Singh Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| minister1 = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Minister of Steel]]
| minister1 = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 6 July 2022
| minister2_party = Janata Dal (United)
| minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister3 = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| minister3_termstart = 6 July 2022
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Ramchandra Prasad Singh.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (India)|Minister of Minority Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2022
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Smriti Irani]]
| minister2_termstart = 6 July 2022
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]] [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]] [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Prahlad Joshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Minister of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
| minister1 = [[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Arvind Sawant]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 12 November 2019
| minister1_party = Shiv Sena
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Prakash Javadekar]]
| minister2_termstart = 12 November 2019
| minister2_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Arvind Sawant. The ministry was bifurcated into Ministry of Heavy Industries and Department of Public Enterprises.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Minister of Heavy Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
| minister1 = [[Giriraj Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Parshottam Rupala]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Minister of Jal Shakti]]
| minister1 = [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]]
| minister1 = [[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Bhupender Yadav]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of AYUSH|Minister of AYUSH]]
| minister1 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Kiren Rijiju]] ''(Acting)''
| minister2_termstart = 19 January 2021
| minister2_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Additional charge during period of indisposition of Shripad Yesso Naik.}}
| minister3 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]]
| minister1 = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Anurag Singh Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]] [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]] [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New and Renewable Energy]]
| minister1 = [[Raj Kumar Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Raj Kumar Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Minister of Shipping]]
| minister1 = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 10 November 2020
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Ministry renamed as Ports, Shipping and Waterways.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
| minister1 = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
| minister1_termstart = 10 November 2020
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Co-operation|Minister of Co-operation]]
| minister1 = [[Amit Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State (Independent Charge)===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:17em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Planning]]
| minister1 = [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:17em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office]] [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] [[Department of Atomic Energy|Minister of State in the Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space|Minister of State in the Department of Space]]
| minister1 = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Minority Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[John Barla]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Minister of State in the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
| minister1 = [[Raj Kumar Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Som Prakash]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Anupriya Singh Patel]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Bhagwanth Khuba]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel]]
| minister1 = [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Bharati Pawar]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 May 2023
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[V. Muraleedharan]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|The ministry was bifurcated into the Ministry of Heavy Industries and the Department of Public Enterprises.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[V. K. Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| minister1 = [[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ramdas Athawale]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = Republican Party of India (Athawale)
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
| minister3_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister3_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[A. Narayanaswamy]]
| minister4_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister4_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister4_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[Pratima Bhoumik]]
| minister5_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister5_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister5_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister5_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Niranjan Jyoti]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Nityanand Rai]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Ajay Mishra Teni]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Nisith Pramanik]]
| minister4_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister4_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister4_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Parshottam Rupala]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Kailash Choudhary]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development]]
| minister1 = [[Niranjan Jyoti]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| minister1 = [[Babul Supriyo]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Minister of State in the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying]]
| minister1 = [[Sanjeev Balyan]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister2_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[L. Murugan]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Human Resource Development|Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource Development]]
| minister1 = [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 29 July 2020
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Ministry of Education.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Education]]
| minister1 = [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 July 2020
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Annpurna Devi]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Subhas Sarkar]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Rajkumar Ranjan Singh]]
| minister4_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister4_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister4_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Devusinh Chauhan]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister of State in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Anurag Singh Thakur]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Bhagwat Karad]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Anurag Singh Thakur]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Suresh Angadi]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 23 September 2020
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Died on 23 September 2020.}}
| minister2 = [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Darshana Jardosh]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Minister of State in the Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
| minister1 = [[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 7 December 2023
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister3 = [[Bishweswar Tudu]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
| minister4_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister4_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister4_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister4_ref =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[V. Muraleedharan]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Meenakshi Lekhi]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Rajkumar Ranjan Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Renuka Singh (politician)|Renuka Singh Saruta]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 December 2023
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Bishweswar Tudu]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Bharati Pawar]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of State in the Ministry of Food Processing Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Rameswar Teli]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 7 December 2023
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister3 = [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
| minister3_termstart = 7 December 2023
| minister3_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister3_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister3_ref =
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of State in the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Minister of State in the Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
| minister1 = [[Debasree Chaudhuri]]
| minister1_termstart = 31 May 2019
| minister1_termend = 7 July 2021
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Mahendra Munjapara]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
| minister1 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Shantanu Thakur]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Meenakshi Lekhi]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister2_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister2_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[V. K. Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Power]]
| minister1 = [[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal]] [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 18 May 2023
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[Darshana Jardosh]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour and Employment]]
| minister1 = [[Rameswar Teli]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of State in the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]] [[Ministry of Co-operation|Minister of State in the Ministry of Co-operation]]
| minister1 = [[B. L. Verma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|B. L. Verma]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of State in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]
| minister1 = [[Bhagwanth Khuba]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Minister of State in the Ministry of Panchayati Raj]]
| minister1 = [[Kapil Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of AYUSH|Minister of State in the Ministry of AYUSH]]
| minister1 = [[Mahendra Munjapara]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[L. Murugan]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of State in the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Nisith Pramanik]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 July 2021
| minister1_termend = 9 June 2024
| minister1_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== Demographics ==
{{Pie chart
| caption = Representation of cabinet ministers by party
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| value1 = 97.22
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| label2 = [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
| value2 = 1.39
| color2 = {{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
| label3 = [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
| value3 = 1.39
| color3 = {{party color|Apna Dal}}
}}

=== Parties ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Colspan=2|Party
! Cabinet Ministers
! Ministers of State (I/C)
! Ministers of State
! Total number of ministers
|-
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|27 {{Efn|Including Prime Minister}}
|3
|40
|70
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI (A)]]
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Soneylal)|AD (S)]]
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
|27
|3
|42
|72
|-
|}

===States===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State
! Cabinet Ministers
! Ministers of State (I/C)
! Ministers of State
! Total number of ministers
! Name of ministers
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
* [[Kiren Rijiju]]
|-
|[[Assam]]
|1
|—
|1
|1
|
* [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
* [[Rameswar Teli]]
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|2
|—
|2
|4
|
* [[Giriraj Singh]]
* [[Raj Kumar Singh]]

* [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]]
* [[Nityanand Rai]]
|-
|[[Goa]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
* [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|4
|—
|3
|7
|
* [[Amit Shah]]
* [[S. Jaishankar]]
* [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
* [[Parshottam Rupala]]

* [[Darshana Jardosh]]
* [[Devusinh Chauhan]]
* [[Mahendra Munjapara]]
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|—
|1
|1
|2
|
* [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]

* [[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
* [[Anurag Singh Thakur]]
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|1
|—
|1
|2
|
* [[Arjun Munda]]

* [[Annpurna Devi]]
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|2
|—
|4
|6
|
* [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
* [[Prahlad Joshi]]

* [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]
* [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
* [[A. Narayanaswamy]]
* [[Bhagwanth Khuba]]
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|3
|—
|2
|5
|
* [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
* [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
* [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]

* [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
* [[L. Murugan]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|3
|—
|6
|9
|
* [[Nitin Gadkari]]
* [[Piyush Goyal]]
* [[Narayan Rane]]

* [[Raosaheb Danve]]
* [[Ramdas Athawale]]
* [[V. Muraleedharan]]
* [[Kapil Patil]]
* [[Bhagwat Karad]]
* [[Bharati Pawar]]
|-
|[[Manipur]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
* [[Rajkumar Ranjan Singh]]
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|1
|—
|1
|2
|
* [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]

* [[Bishweswar Tudu]]
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
* [[Som Prakash]]
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2
|1
|1
|4
|
* [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
* [[Bhupender Yadav]]

* [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]

* [[Kailash Choudhary]]
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
* [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|-
|[[Tripura]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
* [[Pratima Bhoumik]]
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|5
|—
|10
|15
|
* [[Narendra Modi]] (Prime Minister)
* [[Rajnath Singh]]
* [[Smriti Irani]]
* [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
* [[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]

* [[V. K. Singh]]
* [[Niranjan Jyoti]]
* [[Sanjeev Balyan]]
* [[Pankaj Chaudhary]]
* [[Anupriya Singh Patel]]
* [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
* [[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]]
* [[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]
* [[B. L. Verma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|B. L. Verma]]
* [[Ajay Mishra Teni]]
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
* [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|—
|—
|4
|4
|
* [[Subhas Sarkar]]
* [[Shantanu Thakur]]
* [[John Barla]]
* [[Nisith Pramanik]]
|-
|[[Delhi]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
* [[Meenakshi Lekhi]]
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|—
|1
|—
|1
|
* [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
|-
|'''Total'''
|27
|3
|42
|72
|
|}

== Demographics of former minister ==

=== Parties ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Colspan=2|Party
! Cabinet Ministers
! Ministers of State (I/C)
! Ministers of State
! Total number of ministers
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8
|1
|8
|17
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD (U)]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party}}|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party|RLJP]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
|13
|1
|8
|22
|-
|}

===States===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State
! Cabinet Ministers
! Ministers of State (I/C)
! Ministers of State
! Total number of ministers
! Name of ministers
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|4
|—
|—
|4
|
* [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
* [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
* [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]
* [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
* [[Renuka Singh (politician)|Renuka Singh]]
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
* [[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
* [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|1
|—
|1
|2
|
* [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]
* [[Suresh Angadi]]
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2
|—
|1
|3
|
* [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
* [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
* [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2
|—
|1
|3
|
* [[Prakash Javadekar]]
* [[Arvind Sawant]]
* [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
* [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
* [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|—
|1
|—
|1
|
* [[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
* [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|—
|—
|2
|2
|
* [[Babul Supriyo]]
* [[Debasree Chaudhuri]]
|-
|[[Delhi]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
* [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
|-
|'''Total'''
|13
|1
|8
|22
|
|}

== Initiatives ==
{{See Also|Category:Modi_administration_initiatives}}
According to [[Shashi Tharoor]], some noteworthy achievements are the rapid construction of infrastructure, including new ports, airports and highways, relying on private contractors; modernisation of the rail network of India; strengthening the social safety net for millions of poor Indians; providing toilets, cooking gas cylinders; cash transfers to farmers and access to electricity and drinking water in rural India; progress in technology diffusion; cheap data plans for android phones, connecting nearly a billion Indians to the Internet; enabling private companies to create commons online; stimulating growth in the startup culture, mainly in the tech domain, and several unicorns; digital money transfer via Unified Payments Interface (direct money transfers between bank accounts); reducing middlemen by paying social benefits directly to the accounts of beneficiaries and effective Indian diplomacy, all with high approval ratings.<ref>{{cite web | last=Tharoor | first=Shashi | title=The ups and downs of the Modi decade | website=The Japan Times | date=2023-06-07 | url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2023/06/07/commentary/world-commentary/narendra-modi-era/ | access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== See also ==

* [[National Democratic Alliance]]
* [[2021 Indian cabinet reshuffle]]
* [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha]]
* [[Union Council of Ministers]]
* [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Union Council of Ministers of India}}
*[http://cabsec.nic.in/index.php Website of Cabinet Secretariat of India]
*[http://india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/council-ministers Council of Ministers – Official Portal of the Indian Government]

{{Second Modi ministry|state=collapsed}}
{{Narendra Modi}}
{{Asia topic|Cabinet of |title=National cabinets of Asia}}
{{Indian federal ministries}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Types of government minister}}

[[Category:Council of Ministers of India|India]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 2019|India]]
[[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 2024|India]]
[[Category:Indian union ministries|Modi II]]
[[Category:Authoritarianism]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2024 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry| ]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi-related lists]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party]]
[[Category:Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
[[Category:Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United)]]
[[Category:2010s in Delhi]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Ceremonies in India]]
[[Category:May 2019 in India]]
[[Category:Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi administration]]
[[Category:2019 in international relations]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2019|Modi II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2024|Modi II]]

Moulinath Banerjee

2026-01-26T00:54:58Z

Scrapuncle: Stub

{{Short description|Indian-American statistician}}
'''Moulinath (Mouli) Banerjee'''<ref name="umich" /> (born 1974) is an Indian statistician at the [[University of Michigan]].

== Education and career ==
Banerjee completed his bachelor's and master's in statistics at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in 1995 and 1997, respectively,<ref name="umich"/> then authored a doctoral dissertation, ''Likelihood Ratio Inference in Regular and Nonregular Problems'' in 2000, advised by [[Jon A. Wellner]] of the [[University of Washington]].<ref>{{MathGenealogy}}</ref> Banerjee remained in Washington as a lecturer until joining the [[University of Michigan]] faculty in 2001.<ref name="umich">{{cite news |title=Moulinath Banerjee |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/stats/people/faculty/moulib.html |access-date=13 August 2023 |publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref>

== Research ==
Banerjee's research interests comprise non-standard statistical models, shape-constrained methods, [[empirical process theory]], [[distributed computing]], and [[Meta-learning (computer science)|meta-learning]]. Apart from his statistical pursuits, he takes an avid interest in classical music, [[fine dining]], literature, and philosophy, and together with a co-author has published a [https://www.amazon.com/Rubaiyat-Revisited-Moulinath-Banerjee-ebook/dp/B09P4GV6LY new translation] of the [[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam]] from the original Persian. Banerjee married the economist Debasri Mukherjee in July 2004 and the couple welcomed their only child and the family's only grandchild, Vedantika Banerjee, on October 14, 2009.

== Honors and awards ==
In 2017, Banerjee was elected a fellow of the [[Institute of Mathematical Statistics|Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Professor Moulinath Banerjee named IMS Fellow |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/stats/news-events/all-news/facultynews/BanerjeeIMSFellow.html |access-date=13 August 2023 |publisher=University of Michigan |date=3 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2017 IMS Fellows |url=https://imstat.org/2017/05/15/2017-ims-fellows-2/ |access-date=13 August 2023 |publisher=Institute of Mathematical Statistics |date=15 May 2017}}</ref> The following year, the [[American Statistical Association]] elected him to an equivalent honor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Moulinath Banerjee has been selected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association |url=https://lsa.umich.edu/stats/news-events/all-news/facultynews/moulinath-banerjee-has-been-selected-as-a-fellow-of-the-american.html |access-date=13 August 2023 |publisher=University of Michigan |date=13 April 2018}}</ref> Banerjee will deliver one of the prestigious [https://imstat.org/ims-special-lectures/honored-special-lecturers-recipient-list/ IMS Medallion Lectures] in 2024 and is serving as Editor of IMS's primary review journal, [https://imstat.org/journals-and-publications/statistical-science/ Statistical Science], from 2023 to 2025.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Moulinath}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:University of Washington alumni]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian Statistical Institute alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Mathematical statisticians]]
[[Category:21st-century statisticians]]

Anthony Blacker Elliott

2025-12-29T19:31:03Z

Scrapuncle:

{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{Short description|Irish bishop (1887–1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix = Bishop
| name = Anthony Blacker Elliott, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| honorific_suffix = Assistant Bishop - in - Dornakal {{small|(1935-1945)}} Bishop – in – [[Dornakal]] {{small|(1945-1955)}} Bishop - in - [[Krishna-Godavari Diocese|Krishna-Godavari]] {{small|(1955-1959)}}
| title =The Right Reverend
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Church of South India]] (''A [[United and uniting churches|Uniting church]] comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]], [[Calvinist]], [[Presbyterian]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies – [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|ABCFM]], [[Dutch Reformed Church]], [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Basel Mission]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]])''
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| see =
| elected = 
| term =
*1935-1945 as Assistant Bishop - in - [[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India|Dornakal]]<ref name="Edwin"/><ref name="Review">''The Missionary Review of the World'', Volume 58, Missionary Review Publishing Company, 1935, p.208. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d2sJAQAAMAAJ&q=anthony+blacker+elliott+dublin]</ref>
*1945-1955<ref name="Edwin">M. Edwin Rao (Compiled), ''Prophet Azariah and the Blessed Dornakal: A centenary revisit 1912-2012'', Dornakal Diocese, Dornakal, 2012, pp.80-81</ref> as Bishop - in - [[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India|Dornakal]]
*1955-1959 as Bishop - in - [[Krishna-Godavari Diocese|Krishna-Godavari]]
| quashed = 
| predecessor =
* ''Post created'' (as Assistant Bishop)
* [[V. S. Azariah]], CSI (as Bishop - in - [[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India|Dornakal]])
* [[Y. Muthyalu]], CSI (as Bishop - in - [[Krishna-Godavari Diocese|Krishna-Godavari]])
| successor =
* [[Y. Muthyalu]], CSI (as Assistant Bishop)
*[[P. Solomon]], CSI (as Bishop - in - Dornakal)
*[[N. D. Anandarao Samuel]], CSI (as Bishop - in - [[Krishna-Godavari Diocese|Krishna-Godavari]])
| opposed =
| previous_post =
*[[Pastor]], [[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India|Dornakal]] {{small|(1913-1925<ref name="Edwin"/>)}}
*[[Tutor]],<ref name="Edwin"/> Dornakal Divinity School, Dornakal {{small|(1925-1935)}}<ref>Gordon Hewitt, ''The Problems of Success: a History of the Church Missionary Society, 1910-1942'', Volume 2, SCM Press, London, 1971, p.143.[]https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tuMpAQAAIAAJ&q=a.b.elliott+ordination+church+missionary+society&dq=a.b.elliott+ordination+church+missionary+society&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhg6SwgoX8AhW8znMBHQaCBEYQ6AF6BAgHEAI</ref>

| ordination =
| ordained_by = [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS)
| consecration =
*27<ref name="Edwin"/> January 1935 as Assistant Bishop<ref name="Powell">[https://books.google.com/books?id=3a3SAAAAMAAJ&q=anthony+blacker+eliott+india J. L. Powell, ''The Spirit of Missions'', Volume 100, 1935, p.147]</ref>
*1945<ref name="George">K. M. George, ''Church of South India: life in union, 1947–1997'', Jointly published by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Christava Sahitya Samithi, Tiruvalla, 1999, pp.20-23 and 44-46. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=]</ref> as Bishop
| consecrated_by =
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank =Bishop
| laicized =

| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1887<ref name="Gibbs">Mildred E. Gibbs, ''The Anglican Church in India, 1600-1970'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 1972, p.375. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DA5XAAAAMAAJ&q=anthony+blacker+elliott+dublin]</ref>
| baptised = 
| birth_place = [[Ireland]]
| death_date = 19 December 1980<ref name="Edwin"/> (aged 93)
| death_place = [[Alair]]<ref name="Edwin"/>
|buried = CSI-Epiphany Cathedral Compound, [[Dornakal]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = 
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| residence =
| parents = 
| spouse = 
| children =
| occupation =
| profession = 
| education = [[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College Dublin]]
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date =

| module =
| module2 =
| other =
}}
{{Portal|Christianity}}

'''Bishop A. B. Elliott''' (1887<ref name="Gibbs"/> – 19 December 1970<ref name="Edwin"/>) was the second Bishop - in - [[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India]] succeeding [[V. S. Azariah]] as well as the second Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari]]. Elliott lived the life of a [[Catholic priest]] and never got married even though the institution of marriage was optional in the Anglican Church. From the time he came to [[Dornakal]] in 1913, Elliott remained serving the cause of the Church until his death, aged 83.

Anthony Blacker Elliott studied at the [[Trinity College Dublin]], taking a [[Bachelor of Divinity]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/calendar2190809trinuoft/calendar2190809trinuoft_djvu.txt Dublin University Calendar]</ref> degree in 1912<ref>''Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East...'', Church Missionary Society, Church Missionary House, 1919, p.lxxiv. [https://books.google.com/books?id=a8s6AQAAMAAJ&q=anthony+blacker+eliott+india]</ref> and came to India as a missionary of the [[Church Missionary Society]] in 1913 soon after the<ref name="Gibbs"/> erection of the [[Diocese of Dornakal]]. After nearly two decades of episcopal ministry, he was made Assistant Bishop<ref name="Powell"/> - in - [[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India|Dornakal]] in 1935 and elevated as bishop in 1945, the year in which Bishop [[V. S. Azariah]] died. From 1945 to 1955, Eliott occupied the [[Cathedra]] at the Ephiphany Cathedral, Dornakal until his transfer in 1955 to the adjoining [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari]].

Elliott moved to [[Eluru]] in 1955<ref>''The Living Church'', Volume 132, Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1956, p.20. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DmnkAAAAMAAJ&q=bishop+a.b.elliott]</ref> following his transfer by the [[Church of South India Synod]] to the [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari]] to fill the [[sede vacante]] caused by the sudden death of Bishop [[Y. Muthyalu]]. Elliott was installed as Bishop on 26 October 1955.<ref>Rajaiah David Paul, ''The First Decade: An Account of the Church of South India'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1958, p.276. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mNEsAAAAIAAJ&q=bishop+pereji+solomon+dornakal]</ref>

The [[Church of South India Synod]] appointed [[P. Solomon]] as Bishop - in - [[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India|Dornakal]] in the place of Elliott. As Bishop-in-Krishna Godavari, Elliott was in the office of the Bishop from 1956 until his retirement in September 1959<ref>Rajaiah David Paul, ''Ecumenism in action: a historical survey of the Church of South India'', Christian Literature Society, 1972 [https://books.google.com/books?id=5cpWAAAAMAAJ&q=bishop+a.b.elliott]</ref> following which [[N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel]] was appointed in 1961 to succeed Elliott.

Elliott moved to [[Alair]],<ref name="Edwin"/> [[Warangal District]], where he remained until his death on 19<ref name="Edwin"/> December 1970 and was buried in the courtyard<ref name="Edwin"/> of the CSI-Epiphany Cathedral in [[Dornakal]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=Anantha Sudhaker Bobbili
| title=The Road from Poodur in Biographical Passages: Essays in Victorian and Modernist Biography: Honouring Mary M. Lago, University of Missouri, North America
| year=2000
| volume=
| publisher=University of Missouri Press
| isbn=978-0-8262-1256-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qfXSKIo4fDoC&dq=diocese+of+karimnagar&pg=PA133
}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box
| before=''Post created''| title=Anglican Church in India Assistant Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Dornakal]]
|after=[[Y. Muthyalu]], CSI
| years=1935-1945
}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[V. S. Azariah]], CSI 1912-1945| title=[[Church of South India]] Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Dornakal]]
|after=[[P. Solomon]], CSI 1945-1955
| years=1945-1955
}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Y. Muthyalu]], CSI 1947-1954| title=[[Church of South India]] Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari]] [[Church of South India]]
|after=[[N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel]], CSI 1961-1980
| years=1956-1959
}}

{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elliott, Anthony Blacker}}
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Dornakal]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Krishna-Godavari]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]

T. N. Rajarathnam Pillai

2025-12-20T02:55:24Z

Scrapuncle: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{other uses|Rajaratnam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = T. N. Rajarathnam Pillai
| birth_name = Balasubramaniam
| alias = TNR
| image = TN Rajarathnam Pillai 2010 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Rajarathnam Pillai on a 2010 stamp of India.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1898|08|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvaduthurai]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1956|12|12|1898|08|27|df=yes}}
| instruments = [[Nadaswaram]]
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu), India
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| occupations = [[Nadaswaram]] Performer
| years_active = 32
| website =
}}
'''Thirumarugal Natesapillai Rajarathinam Pillai''' (27 August 1898 – 12 December 1956) or '''TNR'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/07/stories/2007120751320600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208132554/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/07/stories/2007120751320600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=The Emperor passes|date= 7 December 2007}}</ref> was an Indian [[Carnatic music]]ian, [[Nagaswaram|nadaswaram]] ''maestro'', vocalist and film actor.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy, Jawaharlal Nehru University|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC|date=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6445-0|page=160}}</ref> He was popularly known as "Nadaswara Chakravarthi" (literally, the Emperor of Nadaswaram).

== Film career ==
He featured in the main role as the 16th century Tamil poet [[Kalamegam]] in the 1940 film ''[[Kalamegam (film)|Kalamegam]]''.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kalamegham-1940/article3023815.ece Blast From the Past - Kalamegham 1940, The Hindu 21 September 2007]</ref> He also appeared briefly as a Nadhaswaram player in the film [[Thiruneelakantar (1939 film)]].<ref>[http://raja1630.tripod.com/id2.html M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar Filmography]</ref>

== Titles, honors and service ==

Rajarathnam Pillai was a recipient of many titles, none of them official or academic. He was popularly known as ''Nadaswara Chakravarthi'' meaning Emperor of Nagaswaram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/01/14/stories/2007011400070200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117105721/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/01/14/stories/2007011400070200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Reader-friendly approach |date= 14 January 2007}}</ref> He is believed to have promoted nadaswaram and tavil players for recognition as musicians in their own right and it is thought that his lead was recognised when the [[Madras Music Academy]] conferred the title of ''[[Sangita Kalanidhi|Sangeetha Kalanidhi]]'' (doctor of music) on fellow [[nagaswaram]] exponent [[Thiruvizhimizhalai Subramania Pillai]] in 1956. In spite of his fame and following, there is no formal or official account of his life readily available in Tamil or another language.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Q942zQsnoY&pp=ygU3Ik5BVEhBU1dBUkEgT1NBSVlJTEUgRG9jdW1lbnRhcnkgYWJvdXQgVE4gUmFqYXJhdGhpbmFtIg%3D%3D NATHASWARA OSAIYILE Documentary about TN Rajarathinam]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajarathinam Pillai, T. N.}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Nadaswaram players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]

Manakkattu Devi Temple

2025-12-17T15:19:10Z

Scrapuncle: fix content for consistency also and improved wording

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Manakkattu Devi Temple
|image = Manakkaattaamma.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Manakkattu Devi
|map_type = India Kerala
|map_caption = Manakkattu Devi Temple, [[Pallippad]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]
|coordinates= {{coord|9|15|28.3|N|76|28|52.3|E|display=inline,title}}
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|locale = [[Harippad]], [[Pallippad]]
|elevation_m = 27.49
|deity = Bhuvaneswari
|festivals= Thiru Utsavam, Parayeduppu
|architecture= [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Style]]
|website= [http://www.manakkattudevitemple.com www.manakkattudevitemple.com]
|temple_quantity = One
|monument_quantity=
|inscriptions=
| established =
|creator =
}}

'''Manakkattu Devi Temple''' is a temple in [[Kerala]]. The temple is located at [[Pallippad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manakkattu Devi Temple, Kerala - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/8650-2/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination |language=en-US}}</ref> in [[Karthikappalli]] taluk of [[Alappuzha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manakkattu Devi Temple Alappuzha |url=https://www.templesofkerala.org/alappuzha/manakkattudevitemple.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=www.templesofkerala.org}}</ref> district in the [[south Indian]] state [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manakkattu Devi Temple, Pallippad, Kerala - Hindu Temples |url=https://rgyan.com/en/temples/manakkattu-devi-temple |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=rgyan.com}}</ref> It is situated about 4 km east of [[Harippad]] on [[Nangiarkulangara]] [[Mavelikkara]] road. It comes under four NSS Karayogams (Thekkummuri, Kottakkakam, Naduvattom and Thekkekkara kizhakku)

== Temple history ==

Long before at the time before at Dvapra yuga, these areas were included in Khandava forest. [[Arjuna]] sent his arrow as per the advice of Bhagavan [[Sree Krishna]] from eythooru (എയ്ത്തൂര്) later known as Evoor, where is famous Sree krishna swami temple is situated. After Khandavadahana the temples in this area got fire. after decades a farmer lady on the way to punja kandam tries to sharpen her bow shaped knife in the stone. Suddenly blood came from the stone. The frightened lady went to the prominent Brahin Family Kochoor Madam and informed the incident. The highest priest came down and find Sree Bhuvaneswary idol there. He made the idol was consecrated priestly near to the old shasta temple which was consecrated by [[Parasu Rama]]. The area where Sree ponnu Manakkattamma's idol got is known as valiya manakkattu kaavu.

Manakkattamma is in the form of Sree Bhuvaneswari. The mother of all Godssess includes Brahma Vishnu and Siva. She is the Prakruthi. Manakkattu Temple rituals are entirely different. It has three different poojas on three daily occasions for Durga, Lakshmi and Saraswathi like [[Mookambika devi]].

Kadumpayasam, Therali are important prasada for amma.

== Valyachan (Sree Kunjekutty Pilla Sarvadhi Karyakkar) ==

Valiyachan is the most important Sub deity in Sree Manakkadu Devi temple. He was the army chief of [[Dharma Raja]] Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma and the key person who made the Victory over [[Tippu Sultan]]. Kunje Kutty pilla was born at [[Evoor]] but his mother's house was Nadalikkal Madam near to Manakkattu devi temple. Valiyachan was the most trusted devotee to Manakkattu Amma. His history was noted down in [[Aitheeha Mala]] by [[Kottarathil Sankunny]]. After his army service, Valyachan was select for his life to be a servant to Manakkattu amma until he went to [[Vanaprastha]]. It's believed that he hailed to moksha during Vanaprastha.

Valyachan is really an eternal presence in the Manakattu Devi Temple. There have been many incidents in the past and present about Valyachan. Valyachan has another temple near the Natalikkal Math, also known as the Natalikkal Temple. Until recently, the temple celebrated his birthday.In addition, the senior person in the family will always be under the soul-control of the Valyachan and act as him. He only touches the banana with Valyachan's sword, but the bunches are cut in two. During a festival, some people try to test the Valyachan, and they put the turret which used to grind pulses, inside the banana stalk. The man who was under the control of Valyachan's spirit became angry and ordered him to bring the turbulent banana in front of him, and to everyone's surprise to saw the cut that had been placed inside the stalk. However, Valyachan announce that there was no need for such an event and that the festival at the Natalikkal temple was canceled forever. There are still people in this country who have seen it firsthand.

== Sree Dharmma Shastha Temple ==

Sree Dharmma Shastha Temple was there before. It has been believed for centuries that Sri Dharma Sastha was consecrated by Sri [[Parasu Raman]]. But the Temple was demolished for reconstruction and nothing has been done for last 10 years. Sree dharmma Sastha Prathishta was relocated to balalaya which is very painful to devotees. The Temple authority is failed to do something for this.

== Other Sub-deities ==
There are many Upadevathas (sub-deities) adjacent to the temple.
The main Upadevathas in the temple premises are:

[[File:Manakkaattutemple.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The main Temple.]]
[[File:Mana11.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Shaastha Temple(old)]]
* '''Yakshi'''
* '''Madaswami'''
* '''Nagarajav'''
* '''Muhurthi'''
* '''Rekshas '''

== Festivals ==
The Temple has two major festivals and a number of festivals.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background:yellow"| Period
!style="background:yellow"| Event
|-
!style="background:violet"| Chingam 1
!style="background:violet"| Niraputhari
|-
!style="background:violet"| Navaraatri
!style="background:violet"| Navaraatri Pooja
|-
!style="background:violet"| Vrischikam 1
!style="background:violet"| Chirappu
|-
!style="background:violet"| Vrischikam 21, 22
!style="background:violet"| Kolam
|-
!style="background:violet"| Vrischikam 24
!style="background:violet"| Kodiyettu Utsavam
|-
!style="background:violet"| Dhanu 1
!style="background:violet"| Aaraattu
|-
!style="background:violet"| Makara Bharani
!style="background:violet"| Bhagavathippara (Harippad area)
|-
!style="background:violet"| Shivaraatri
!style="background:violet"| Bhagavathippara
|-
!style="background:violet"| Midhunam 13
!style="background:violet"| Sreemad Bhaagavatha Navaha Yanjam
|-
!style="background:violet"| Midhunam 21
!style="background:violet"| Prathista Varshikam, Valiya Guruthi
|}

== Parayeduppu ==
In the numerous temples of [[Onattukara]], the "[[:ml:ഭഗവതിപ്പറ|Parayeduppu]]" period is the festival season. It all begins when the deity ("Devi") of Manakkattu Devi temple is taken out in procession for Parayeduppu on the Bharani star of the Malayalam month Makaram. The main part of Parayeduppu is the Jeevathaconstructed in the model of the temple structure itself.
The rhythms used during Jeevatha Ezunnallathu (procession) are quite noteworthy. Starting with very slow beats, it builds up a crescendo and ends in fast beats. The ensemble consists of Veekkan chenda, Uruttu chenda (both drums), Elathaalam (cymbals), Kombu and Kuzhal (both, wind instruments).

== Aarattu ==
Arattu is celebrated in the last week of the month of Vruschika. its starts on 24 of Vrischikam and ends on Dhanu 1st. On the seventh day of Kodiyeram, Manakattamma goes out to the temple pool of Sri Arayakulangara Sri Krishna Swamy and hoists the flag on return. In the past, the poojas were performed by the Brahmins of the Kochur Math, but now it is performed by the Tantri of the Thazhaman Math, who holds thanthra of the Manakattu Devi Temple.

=== Sajeev Sadasivan ===

Sajeev is the unchanging nouveau riche of Muttam Nadu where Manakattu temple is the deity by his good character. Born on Manakattu temple's Aarattu day.He loved his mother and Manakkattu amma more than his life until he departs at the age of 35. He died in 2016, on an Aarattu day. Sajeev, who worked hard from an early age, had a degree in Biology Science and a Diploma in Instrumentation. During the time when his own father and elder brother were expatriates, he stayed at home and raised cattle for the sole reason that he could not leave his mother alone, even though he had many good job Offers. He was a brother, a Son, a guide for the whole people in Muttom area. Sajeev is still a pain for us. His memories will live with for forever.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Mana01.jpg|Kodiyettu
Mana02.jpg|Pallivetta
Mana03.jpg|Aarattu
Mana05.jpg|Valyachan
Mana06.jpg|Maadaswami
Mana07.jpg|Naagaraaja
Mana08.jpg|Moorthi Temple
Mana09.jpg|Yakshiamma
Mana10.jpg|Rekshasu
Mana12.jpg|Pallivetta Aalthara
Para1.jpg|Manakkattu Bhagavathippara
Para3.jpg|Bhagavathippara
Para6.jpg|Bhagavathippara
Para7.jpg|Bhagavathippara
Para9.jpg|Bhagavathippara
Mana14.jpg|Temple
[[File:Mana13.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bhagavathippara]]
[[File:Para4.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bhagavathippara]]
[[File:Mana04.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Aarattu]]
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Temples of Kerala]]
* [[Temple festivals of Kerala]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130811125130/http://www.manakkattudevitemple.com/ Temple Website]
*[https://www.facebook.com/ManakkattuDeviTemple?ref=hl Facebook Page]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVxnBm1m2-Ty8S_9dlXym5g YouTube Videos]

{{Commons category|Manakkattu Devi Temple}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Kerala]]

Padappai

2025-11-30T11:15:24Z

Scrapuncle: page fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Padappai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in CMA, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.8870|N|80.0213|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai City]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8285
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 601301
| registration_plate = '''TN-11'''
| website =
| footnotes =
}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
'''Padappai''' is a town near [[Chennai]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is a small town developing fast in Chennai suburbs about 12 km from Tambaram connected to Bangalore highway and near Oragadam SIPCOT & many big companies like Nissan, Appolo tyres, Alstom T&D, Tii Techno Testing Services PVT LTD, Infac India are few companies near this small town.

The road from Vandalur to Walajabad via Oragadam is known as Padappai road that connects Chennai and Kanchipuram, an alternate road for Chennai Bangalore highway [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH 4]]. Padappai road and Sriperumpudur (NH4) to Singaperumalkoil (NH45) road meets at Oragadam, known as "Oragadam kootu road".

The nearby villages in Padappai road (Vandaloor to Walajabad) are Athanancherry, Panapakkam, Vanchuvancherry, Umaianparangcherry, Cherrappanancherry, Kuzhangalacherri, Nariyampakkam, KaaranaiThangal, Karasangal, Oragadam, Ezhichur, Pandruti, Varanavasi, Mettupalayam, Aarambakkam, Uthukkadu, Vembakkam, Devariyampakkam, Kunnavakkam, Thalampattu, Aloor, Eraiyamangalam, Vattambakkam, Eraiyur, Ammanambakkam Vaipur (Vaipoor), Salamangalam, Sirumathur, Samadhuvapuram, and Mannivakkam.

Padappai is the name from ancient Tamil which means "Beautiful Flower Garden", Bunch of edibles.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Chennai]]

{{Kanchipuram-geo-stub}}

Tratte Koot

2025-11-16T16:50:07Z

Scrapuncle: adding a page basic info.

{{Short description|Mountain in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Tratte koot Peak
| other_name = ''Tatakuti''
| photo = Northen face of the Tatakooti peak.jpg
| photo_caption =Northern face of the Tatakooti peak
| elevation_m = 4760
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Budgam-Poonch district, India| Budgam-Poonch district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| range = [[Pirpanjal Range]], [[Himalayas]]
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|33|42|15.4|N|74|31|0.24|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent = 1901 by C.E. Barton, Dr Ernest Neve
| easiest_route = SE arete : glacier/rock climb
| border = Budgam & Poonch
}}
'''Tratte Koot''' or '''Tatakooti''' or '''Tatakuti,<ref>{{cite web|title =Mountaineering==Srinagar and its Environs - Mountain Climbs|url=http://www.koausa.org/SamsarChandKoul/mountains.html|publisher=Kashmiri Overseas Association|accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref> Peak''' is a [[mountain]] with a peak elevation<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kashmirinformation.com/Jammu-Kashmir-Trip.aspx|title=Kashmir Information|accessdate=13 June 2012}}</ref> of {{convert|4760|m|ft}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ckashmir.com/kashmirunseen.aspx|title=Unseen Kashmir|publisher=ckashmir.com|accessdate=13 June 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415044221/http://www.ckashmir.com/kashmirunseen.aspx|archivedate=15 April 2012}}</ref> on the border of Budgam and Poonch districts of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. [[Ernest Neve]] described it as "the most conspicuous and imposing peak of [[Pir Panjal]] range".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neve |first=Dr. Ernest |title=Beyond the Pir Panjal |year=1912}}</ref> The other higher peak of this range is [[Sunset Peak (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunset Peak]] at {{convert|4750|m|ft|abbr=in}}. Tatakooti, along with Sunset Peak, lies southwest of the [[Kashmir Valley]]. It is located 40 km west of [[Shopian|Shopian town]] and 30 km from
Chadoora Budgam and 105 km southwest of [[Srinagar]], the summer capital of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is the highest peak of the Pir Panjal bounding Kashmir from SW.

==History==
Early exploration of the [[Pirpanjal Range]] was carried by [[Thomas Montgomerie]] and [[Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen|Godwin Austen]] in 1856.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/drawings-watercolors/henry-haversham-godwin-austen-the-baltoro-glacier-karakoram-4966451-details.aspx?from=salesummary&pos=1&intObjectID=4966451&sid=&page=14|title=Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen (1834-1923) The Baltoro Glacier Karakoram|publisher=christies.com|accessdate=13 June 2012}}</ref> The first ascent of Tatakooti peak was made in 1901 by C. E. Barton and Dr Ernest Neve.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neve |first=Dr. Ernest |title=Beyond the Pir Panjal}}</ref> ..

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Climbing areas of India]]
[[Category:Mountains of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Rajavaram

2025-11-02T03:18:49Z

Scrapuncle: put up new post

{{Other places|Rajavaram (Rowthulapudi mandal)|Rajavaram, Atreyapuram Mandal}}
{{Short description|Village in Gampalagudem mandal, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.9665|80.4188}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| map_caption = Interactive map
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.33
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 955
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Chennupati Narasimha Rao<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANCHAYAT DEVELOPMENT PLAN CAMPAIGN |url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Rajavaram''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], there are 251 households with a total population of 955 individuals (488 males and 467 females. Scheduled Castes comprise 457 individuals, while Scheduled Tribes include 7 individuals. The literate population is 573. There are 534 workers in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area, Vinagadapa Village |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

National Highway 11B (India, old numbering)

2025-10-08T14:52:25Z

Scrapuncle: redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 143 (India)]]

Vasco House, Kochi

2025-08-08T17:36:38Z

Scrapuncle: adding basic article from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Vasco house
| image = Vasco House Fort Kochi 2023-09-30-17-41-57-359.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Vasco House in 2023
| location = [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| built = Early 16th century
| architect =
| architecture = European style
| latitude=
| longitude=
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

'''Vasco House''' is one of the oldest surviving [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] residences in [[Fort Kochi]], located in the city of [[Kochi]], in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is believed by some sources to have once been the residence of the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]]. The building is considered a representative example of early European domestic architecture in the region and reflects the historical interactions between European powers and the [[Malabar Coast]] during the [[Age of Discovery]].<ref name="KeralaTourismVasco">{{cite web |title=Vasco House, Fort Kochi |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/vasco-house-fort-kochi.php |publisher=Kerala Tourism |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="KeralaTourism">{{cite web |title=Vasco House, Fort Kochi |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/vasco-house-kochi/109/|publisher=Kerala Tourism |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

== History ==

Vasco House is believed to date to the early 16th century, making it one of the earliest European-style residential structures in Kochi. Local tradition suggests that Vasco da Gama, who first arrived in [[Calicut]] in 1498, may have stayed at the residence during visits to Kochi, although no conclusive historical documentation confirms this.<ref name="KeralaTourismVasco"/><ref name="NIEVasco">{{cite news |title=Rediscovering Vasco |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2011/Dec/08/rediscovering-vasco-318412.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

The house has remained through various colonial phases, including Portuguese, Dutch, and British rule. Its architecture features whitewashed exteriors, glass-pane windows, and a verandah with wooden railings-characteristics of Portuguese-style dwellings adapted to the local climate.<ref name="KeralaTourismVasco"/>

== Architecture and features ==

The building displays features suited to coastal Kerala, including shuttered windows, high ceilings, and an open front verandah, which support ventilation in the humid climate. The design incorporates local materials such as timber and tiles with European stylistic elements.<ref name="KeralaTourismVasco"/><ref name="KeralaTourism"/>

The original wooden staircases and tiled roof remain in place. Though the interiors have undergone functional changes, conservation efforts have aimed to retain key architectural features.<ref name="NIEVasco"/>

== Cultural significance ==

Vasco House is a notable part of Fort Kochi's colonial-era architecture and is included in several heritage walking tours. It has been featured in Malayalam films, most notably in the 1987 film ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'', which contributed to its public recognition in Kerala.<ref name="NIEVasco"/>

The site is presented alongside other heritage structures in Fort Kochi such as [[St. Francis Church, Kochi|St. Francis Church]], [[Santa Cruz Basilica, Kochi|Santa Cruz Basilica]], and the [[Mattancherry Palace]] in promotional material and tourism literature.<ref name="KeralaTourismVasco"/><ref name="KeralaTourism"/>

== Conservation efforts ==

Although privately owned, Vasco House has been the focus of heritage conservation discussions involving local cultural organizations and the [[Kerala State Department of Archaeology]]. These efforts emphasize preserving its original design amid increasing urban development.<ref name="KeralaTourismHistoric">{{cite web |title=Historic Buildings of Fort Kochi |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/historic-building-fort-kochi.php |publisher=Kerala Tourism |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="NIEVasco"/>

[[Kerala Tourism]] has officially included Vasco House as part of its promoted heritage circuit, encouraging cultural tourism in the area.<ref name="KeralaTourism"/><ref name="KeralaTourismHistoric"/>

== Visitor experience ==

Vasco House is typically visited as part of heritage walks in Fort Kochi. Although the building is not a museum and interior access may be restricted due to private ownership, its exterior is accessible and frequently photographed. It is located near other landmarks such as the Chinese fishing nets.<ref name="KeralaTourismVasco"/><ref name="KeralaTourismHistoric"/>

Tour guides and local residents often share narratives linking the site to Vasco da Gama, which contribute to its popularity among tourists, despite the lack of definitive historical proof.<ref name="NIEVasco"/>

== In popular culture ==

The house has been used as a filming location in Malayalam cinema and television, with its architecture serving as a backdrop representing Fort Kochi's colonial history.<ref name="NIEVasco"/>

== See also ==
* [[Fort Kochi]]
* [[Vasco da Gama]]
* [[St. Francis Church, Kochi]]
* [[Santa Cruz Basilica]]
* [[Mattancherry Palace]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|9.96602|76.24151|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]

Pammal

2025-08-03T18:06:04Z

Scrapuncle: put up pg

{{short description|Prime Neighbourhood in Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pammal
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]] 
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of metropolitan areas in India|Metro]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.974900|N|80.132800|E|display=inline,title}}
| official_name =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chennai Metropolitan Area##Location in Tamil Nadu##Location in India
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| settlement_type = Suburb of Chennai
| native_name = 
| area_codes = 2248, 2263
| population_total = 75870
| postal_code = 600075
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 13
| unit_pref = Metric
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name = [[T. R. Baalu|T.R. Baalu]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| leader_title1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[I. Karunanithi]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| leader_title2 = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Corporation Commissioner]]
| leader_title3 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name3 = K. Vasanthakumari ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| leader_title4 = [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name4 = G. Kamaraj ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#TN—Tamil Nadu|TN 85]]
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title=52nd report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2014 to June 2015) |page=132 |date=29 March 2016 |work=Ministry of Minority Affairs (Government of India) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Languages with official status in India|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Languages with official status in India|Additional official]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of cities in India by population|City]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Tambaram]], [[Chennai]]
| leader_name2 = S. Balachander [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| elevation_m = 47
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Law enforcement agency]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Tambaram City Police]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban Development Authority (India)|Urban planning agency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]
}}

'''Pammal''' is a southern suburb in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

The neighborhood is around 22 kilometers from [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central Railway Station]], in proximity to [[Pallavaram]] on the western side of the [[Grand Southern Trunk Road|Grand Southern Trunk Road (GST Road)]] close to [[Chennai International Airport]]. The neighborhood is served by [[Pallavaram railway station|Pallavaram Railway Station]] of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. Formerly a [[Municipal council|Municipality]], Pammal was merged to [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tambaram becomes the 20th municipal corporation of Tamil Nadu, Ordinance promulgated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/nov/05/tambaram-becomes-the-20th-municipal-corporation-of-tamil-naduordinance-promulgated-2379839.html |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

[[Pallavaram–Thuraipakkam Radial Road|Pallavaram–Thuraipakkam 200-feet Radial Road]] connects Pammal with Thuraipakkam and other areas in [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|OMR (Rajiv Gandhi Salai)]] and [[East Coast Road|ECR (East Coast Road)]]. The service road along the [[Chennai Bypass|Chennai Bypass Flyover]] in Pammal connects many areas with Pammal. The [[Outer Ring Road, Chennai|Chennai Outer Ring Road]] is 5 km from Pammal. [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram Railway Station Terminal]] is 7 kilometers and is a halt for express trains and 12 km from [[Poonamallee]].

[[Leather]] and [[Tanning (leather)|tannery factories]] are present in and around Pammal, which are labour-intensive and employ many people.<ref>{{citation|url=http://chennaileatherbds.com/Doc/final%20list%20tanneries.pdf|title=Tanneries in Pammal|access-date=2016-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213193717/http://chennaileatherbds.com/Doc/final%20list%20tanneries.pdf|archive-date=13 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar]], the father of modern Tamil theatre, was born in Pammal.

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|73.16}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|13.02}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|12.09}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.04}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.03}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.14}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.77}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}}
According to 2011 Census, Pammal had a population of 75,870, of which 37,971 were men and 37,899 were women. Out of the total population, 73.16% are Hindus, 13.02% are Muslims, 12.09% are Christians, 0.04% are Sikhs, 0.01% are Buddhists, 0.16% are Jains, 0.02% are of other category and 0.80% are not stated.

== History ==
During the late [[Chola period]] (9th to 12th century CE) the area belonged to the Churathur Nadu, named after Thiruchuram, the modern Trisulam village near Pallavaram. The Churathur Nadu extended from Tambaram in the south to [[Adambakkam]] and [[Alandur]] in the north and included Pammal, Pallavaram, and Thiruneermalai.

Inscriptions at Thiruneermalai refer to certain merchants from Pammal, showing that this village near Pallavaram existed even then.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Chennai Southern Suburbs|url=https://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Archeaology/arch_tambaramhistory.htm|access-date=2019-12-01|website=www.cmi.ac.in}}</ref>

== Neighbourhoods ==
Pammal is made up of many communities and townships:

* '''Moongil Nagar:''' Several years back, this area was covered by Moongil Eri (Lake). So, the place got its name. Now, the place changed into a residential colony.
* '''Muthamizh Nagar''' is the entrance gateway to Pammal along Pammal Main Road from Pallavaram. The place is familiar with Tannery in the land behind the Nagaiamman Temple. Several major shop are available. Sri Selva Vinayagar Temple is located here.
* '''Krishna Nagar''' is located next to Muthamizh Nagar along Pammal Main Road. The Place is famous for Sri Siddhi Vinagar Temple. Tamil Nadu Brahmin Association Pammal Branch Office is located here.
* '''Aranganathan Nagar''' is a residential area between Krishna Nagar and Muthamizh Nagar, located on the northern side of Pammal Main Road. It is a developing area with the construction of more new apartments. Pammal Post Office is located near Aranganathan Nagar. Sri Devi Karumaari Amman Temple is located here. The Head Office and Packaging Area for Jinga Dharbar Restaurant, Maduravoyal is located near Aranganathan Nagar.
* '''Anna Nagar''' is the entrance to Pammal when plying through Nallathambi Main Road from Abdul Farook Sahib Main Road in Pallavaram. It has several shops along Nallathambi Main Road. Pammal Municipality Community Centre is located here.
* '''SBI Colony''' is named after State Bank of India employees residing in these areas. A Children Park is available here. The Signal Office - Mide Marker Station owned by the Airport Authority of India for the arrival of flights is located here.
* '''Lakshmi Narayana Nagar''' is the residential area very closer to [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai Airport]] Runway. The viewpoint for Airport Runway is available here. It is located near Signal Office.
* '''Ayyappa Nagar''' is a residential area on the northern side of Moses Street.
* '''Ponni Nagar''' is located on the southern side of Pammal Main Road next to Krishna Nagar.
* '''Swaminathan Nagar''' is a residential area near Ayyappa Nagar.
* '''Thiruvalluvar Nagar''' is named after Tamil Poet Thiruvalluvar. Nadar Sanga Matriculation Higher Secondary School is located here. A Thiruvalluvar Statue is located in Elumalai Street in Thiruvalluvar Nagar.
* '''Sambandhanar Nagar''' is named after Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar. It is located next to Krishna Nagar along Pammal Main Road.
* '''VOC Nagar''' is a residential area. It extends from Anna Salai up to Shankar Nagar. It has a famous Shiva Vishnu Temple.
* '''Easwaran Nagar''' is located along Moses Street which links with Anna Salai (Pammal Market Road).
* '''Annai Sathya Nagar''' (include Vallalar street, Mgr street and Arignar Street) is located along Palaniyappan St between Moses Street which links with Anna Salai (Pammal Market Road).
* '''Gandhi Nagar''' is a residential area in Nagalkeni. It is located on the southern side of Moses Street.
* '''HL Colony''' is a residential colony located along Nallathambi Road and close to Pozhichalur Main Road. It is named after Hindustan Lever Company, a company producing several cosmetic products and manufacturer of Ponds products. Hindustan Lever had its factory well known as Ponds Company in [[Pallavaram]] for manufacturing of Ponds Powder. The Employees in the company had been residing in the Hindustan Lever Colony of Pammal. Now the area is also getting many more developments.
* '''LIC Colony''' is a residential area along Thiruneermalai Main Road. It is a way to Service Road along [[Chennai Bypass|Chennai Bypass Flyover]] and connects other localities like [[Thiruneermalai]] and [[Thirumudivakkam]]. It is also a way to Shankar Nagar and Kamarajapuram. Pammal EB Sub Station is located here.
* '''Shankar Nagar''' is a major locality and well known for major apartments. It has several temples like Sri Shankara Vinayagar Sundara Anjaneyar Temple, and Pammal Sri DharmaSastha Guruvayurappan Temple. It also has several educational institutions like Meenakshi Krishnan Polytechnic college, VKK Ammani ammal Matriculation School, Sri Sankara Vidyaya Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Sri Sankara Global Academy, and EuroKids International Preschool. Other important landmarks located in this area are Exnora Green Pammal head office, Pammal Bus Terminus, and the S6 Sankar Nagar Police station.
* '''Pasumpon Nagar''' is a residential area along Pozhichalur Main Road sharing its border with [[Polichalur|Pozhichalur]] village.
* '''Nagalkeni''' is where the leather industry once thrived. The Tamil Nadu government school, the oldest Adi-Dravida Higher Secondary School, is located in Nagalkeni. The [[groundwater]] was [[Pollution|polluted]] by industry. The area continues to be an industrial center; one noted company is the Tag Corporation, which manufactures heavy electrical equipment. With the construction of a railway overbridge on the Pallavaram-Thoraipakkam radial road, this area will become much more accessible to the IT corridor than East Tambaram and is hence attracting real estate investment. This area has Reliance Market which is a supermarket.
* '''Arkeeswarar Colony''' is adjacent to Nagelkeni. This colony is the property of Arkeeswarar Kovil and has 7 streets in it.
* '''Kalyanipuram''' is located near Nagalkeni. This area is famous for Pazhaya Periya Palayathamman Temple and Prasanna Venkatesa Perumal temple.

== Transportation ==
The [[Chennai International Airport]] is 2 km from Pammal, and Pammal bus stand is located between [[Pallavaram]] and [[Kunrathur|Kundrathur]], linking [[Pallavaram]] and [[Poonamallee]]. Pammal is served by [[Pallavaram railway station|Pallavaram Railway Station]] on the [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] - [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu]] section of [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai Suburban Railway Network]].

[[Pallavaram-Kundrathur-Poonamallee Road|State Highway 113A (SH-113A) Pallavaram - Kundrathur - Poonamallee Road]] runs through Pammal, it is popularly known as Pammal Main Road.

Currently, the neighborhoods of Pammal and Pallavaram are served by the [[Chennai Airport metro station|Chennai Airport Metro Station]] of the [[Chennai Metro|Chennai Metro Rail Limited(CMRL)]] network.

CMRL feeder services are also available from Chennai Airport Metro Station to Pammal Bus Stop.

The proposed [[Chennai International Airport|Airport]] - [[Kilambakkam]] metro extension of Blue Line will introduce Pallavaram Metro Station to serve Pallavaram and Pammal.

The Airport - Kilambakkam Metro Line was originally planned with a route via Pallavaram, Pammal, Thiruneermalai Service Road, and then Tambaram and straight along the GST road up to Vandalur [[Kilambakkam]]. Later CMRL decided to follow the route through the GST Road from [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Airport]] to [[Kilambakkam]] via [[Pallavaram]], [[Tambaram]] and [[Vandalur]] which involved less land acquisition, was easier to construct and was expected to have more patronage.

As part of the plan for the [[Chennai Monorail|Chennai Mono Rail]], there was a plan for a route between Vandalur and Puzhal via Pallavaram, Pammal, Kundrathur, Mangadu, Kumanan Chavadi, and Poonamallee High Road to reach Puzhal. Recently, CMRL announced feasibility for a Chennai Light Rail project between [[Tambaram]] and [[Velachery]]. After completion of the CMRL Phase I Extension from Airport to Kilambakkam and CMRL Phase II extension from Light House to Poonamallee, there will be a [[Chennai Light Rail]] connection between [[Pallavaram]] and [[Poonamallee]] via Pammal, Anakaputhur, and Kundrathur.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Tambaram|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Tambaram]]

List of Ollywood films of 1993

2025-07-29T08:01:56Z

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#REDIRECT [[List of Odia films of 1993]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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Radha Kund

2025-07-24T11:26:25Z

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{{short description|Pilgrimage site dedicated to Goddess Radha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Radha Kund
| other_name = {{IAST|Rādhākuṇḍa}}
| settlement_type = town

| image_skyline =
{{Photomontage
| photo1a = Radha Kund 3.jpg
| photo2a = Shyam Kund.jpg
| spacing = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = black
| size = 266
| foot_montage = Top to bottom: [[Radha]] Kund and [[Krishna|Shyam]] Kund}}
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.525278|N|77.491389|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5884
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 281504
| registration_plate = UP85
| website = http://mathura.nic.in/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Radha Kund''' ({{IAST3|Rādhākuṇḍa}}, {{lit|[[Radha]]’s Pond}}) is a town and ''[[nagar panchayat]]'' in [[Mathura district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is also one of the pilgrimage sites dedicated to [[Hindus|Hindu]] goddess [[Radha]].

== Legend ==
[[File:Radha Kund 2.jpg |thumb| Stepwell of Radha Kund.]]
Following the ''[[Upadesamrta]]'' (''Nectar of Instruction'') by early 16th-century saint [[Rupa Goswami]] of [[Vrindavan]], a close associate of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], many [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]] consider Radha Kund to be the supreme of all holy places.<ref>Rupa Gosvami: ''[http://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-a-magazines-mainmenu-63/doc_details/34-sri-upadesamrta-2nd-edition.html Sri Upadeshamrita] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205085547/http://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-a-magazines-mainmenu-63/doc_details/34-sri-upadesamrta-2nd-edition.html |date=5 December 2013 }}'', verse 9. Gaudiya Vedanta Publications, 2003.</ref>

According to popular legend, when Lord [[Krishna]] slew a mighty [[asura]] (demon) in the form of a bull, his consort [[Radha]] asked Krishna to wash off his [[sin]]s by taking dips in various holy rivers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=MUKHERJEE|first1=TARAPADA|last2=HABIB|first2=IRFAN|date=1987|title=Akbar and the Temples of Mathura and its Environs|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141685|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=48|pages=234–250|jstor=44141685 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Krishna laughed it off and struck the ground with his foot whereupon all the river goddesses emerged in front of them and filled the ground with their water. Krishna bathed in this ''kund'' ([[temple tank]]) to please [[Radha]]. Later, this water reservoir is called ''Shyam kund.'' Opposite to Shyam Kunda, Radha and her friends also dug out the ground, which was filled with the holy water of Shyam kund by Krishna. This water reservoir is named after Radha and is called Radha kund. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=Prafulla Kumar|date=2013|title=WATER BODIES AND THE STATE — A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF ANCIENT AND EARLY MEDIEVAL ODISHA|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158818|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=74|pages=219–228|jstor=44158818|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jaibhole.co.in/articles/radha-kund|title=radha kund|website=jaibhole.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Singh|first1=Rana P. B.|title=Hindu Pilgrimages: The Contemporary Scene|date=2014-11-21|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_39|work=The Changing World Religion Map|pages=783–801|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-017-9375-9|access-date=2021-06-29|last2=Haigh|first2=Martin J.|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_39|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Srila Bhaktivedanta Narayana Gosvami Maharaja: ''[http://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-a-magazines-mainmenu-63/doc_details/71-sri-vrajmandala-parikrama-2nd-edition.html Sri Vrajmandala-Parikrama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205085732/http://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-a-magazines-mainmenu-63/doc_details/71-sri-vrajmandala-parikrama-2nd-edition.html |date=5 December 2013 }}'', pages 139-144. Gaudiya Vedanta Publications, 2007.</ref> Krishna then took bath in the Radha kunda and announced that to whoever takes bath in Radha kund will be blessed with the intense love ''(Prem-Bhakti'') which Radharani has for him. Similarly, Radharani also took bath in the Shyam kund and announced that whoever takes bath in Shyam kund would be blessed with the love that Krishna has for her. To this day, millions of pilgrims desiring love for [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] come to this holy spot to take bath in a reverential mood, bathing first in Radha-Kund, then in Shyam-kund, and then again in Radha-kund. This is the only place of pilgrimage where an auspicious bath is taken at midnight.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Pushpa|title=Vrindaban in Eighteenth Century: Side Lights from Nagari Documents|date=2002|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158110|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=63|pages=415–422|jstor=44158110|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Pika|date=2002|title=Tales, Tanks, and Temples: The Creation of a Sacred Center in Seventeenth-Century Bengal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178971|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|volume=61|issue=2|pages=193–222|doi=10.2307/1178971|jstor=1178971|issn=0385-2342|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Radha-Kund had a population of 5889. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Radha-Kund has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 53%. In Radha-Kund, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== See also ==
* [[Kusum Sarovar]]
* [[Govardhan Hill]]
* [[Braj|Braj region]]
* [[Radha Krishna]]
* [[Vrindavan]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Mathura district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Uttar Pradesh]]

Siddha Central Research Institute

2025-06-18T09:28:20Z

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{{Short description|Medical research center in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{primary sources|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Siddha Central Research Institute (SCRI)
| image =
| image_size =
| logo =
| mottoeng = Food is Medicine: Medicine is Food
| top_free_label1 = Asst. Director & In-Charge
| top_free1 = Dr A.Kanagarajan
| top_free_label2 = Director General (CCRS)
| top_free2 = Prof.Dr. M.J Muthukumar
| established = 1971
| type = Autonomous research / public
| endowment =
| president =
| head_label =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9391|80.1282|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| language = Hindi
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label1 =
| colours =
| mascot =
| website = {{url|https://crisiddha.tn.nic.in}}
| administrative_staff = 25
| tagline =
| academic_affiliations = {{ubl|Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS)|Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India}}
}}

'''Siddha Central Research Institute''' (SCRI) is a center for [[clinical research]] and methodology in [[Siddha medicine]]. This Institute is located in the campus of Arignar Anna Government Hospital of Indian Systems of medicine at [[Arumbakkam]], Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is functioning under the Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS).

==History==
In 1979, centralized projects like literary research and documentation department, mobile Clinical research unit and drug research scheme (multidisciplinary) were also established along with Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. From 1999 the tribal projects functioning at Thirupathur and Kalasa were merged with Central Research Institute (Siddha) along with M.C.R.U., D.R.S. (MD), DSU(S) and L.R.&D.D. also was merged with Central Research Institute (Siddha) with effect from 1.4.2007. This Institute has the basic facilities for clinical research, drug research and literary research.<ref>{{Cite book|title=CCRS Annual Report 2015-16|publisher=Central Council for Research in Siddha|year=2015–16|location=SCRI Building, Anna Govt. Hospital Campus, Arumbakkam, Chennai – 600106|pages=3–5}}</ref>

== Departments ==
# Department of Clinical Research (DCR)
# Department of Biochemistry
# Department of Pathology
# Department of pharmacognacy
# Department of Chemistry
# Department of pharmacology
# Department of Pharmacy
# Literary Research & Documentation Department and Library (LR&DD)<ref>Siddha Central Research Institute, Anna hospital campus, Arumbakkam, CCRS, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India</ref>

== Committees ==
# Institutional Human Ethical Committee (IHEC)
# Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC)
# Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of CCRS

== Clinical research and hospital services ==
SCRI is a presumed Siddha research institute. It is a referral hospital for Psoriasis.

Research includes:
* Clinical research
* Drug trials are conducted.

The institute is running a general outpatient department (OPD) on all the days of the week. It has a 50 bedded research hospital for in-patients (IPD) also. This IPD is a reputed center for treatment of psoriasis and patients from all over India get admitted and treated. The patients attending this OPD are charged nominally for their laboratory investigations. For research cases and senior citizens the investigations are done free of cost.

The government of India and the Dept of AYUSH are taking keen interest in promoting the health care of the old people through Indian systems of medicine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=CCRS|date=2014|title=CCRS Annual Report 2013-14|url=http://www.siddhacouncil.com/AR13-14.pdf|journal=CCRS|volume=1|pages=135–139}}</ref>

=== Special OPDs ===
1. Neerizhivu (Diabetes) Special- on every Monday<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/now-diabetes-clinic-at-siddha-research-centre/article6598428.ece|title=The Hindu|date=2014-11-14|work=Now, diabetes clinic at Siddha Research Centre}}</ref>

2. Geriatric Health Care- on every Tuesday

3. Reproductive and Child Health care (RCH) – on every Saturday

A special Geriatric health care unit started functioning here since 13. 05. 2008. Siddha system of medicine has a specialized branch of study called Kayakalpam (Rejuvenation therapy) for geriatric health care. A Special OPD for Neerizhivu (Diabetes mellitus) since 14.11.2014

A unit of Varmam and traditional bone setting is functioning in the OPD of this hospital and better care is given for the patients suffering from dislocations, disc prolapse, cervical spondylosis and lumbar spondylosis. The Varmam OPD functioning on every day. OPD timing is 8 AM – 12 Noon.<ref name=":0" />

== Department of Pharmacology ==
In the Department of Pharmacology
* Acute
* Sub-acute
* Chronic toxicity studies for Siddha drugs

== Publications ==
This institute has 230 publications in national and international peer reviewed journals.<ref>[http://crisiddha.tn.nic.in/services.html SCRI]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://crisiddha.tn.nic.in/ SCRI website]

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Siddha medicine]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Chennai]]
[[Category:Ministry of Ayush]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1971]]

Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council

2025-05-15T09:51:36Z

Scrapuncle: Put Up First Data Basic Info

{{Short description|Legislative council of Eastern Bengal and Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council
| native_name = পূর্ববঙ্গ ও আসাম আইন পরিষদ
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| coa_res = 200px
| term_limits =
| foundation = {{Start-date|18 December 1906}}
| disbanded = {{End-date|18 March 1912}}
| preceded_by = [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]]
| succeeded_by = [[Assam Legislative Council]] [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]]
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| houses =
| leader1_type =
| leader1 =
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| members = 41
| house1 =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
| committees1 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 =
| last_election1 =
| session_room = Old Highcourt Bhaban (1).JPG
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Government House in [[Dacca]], [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] (now known as [[Old High Court Building, Dhaka]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

{{politics of Bangladesh}}
{{politics of India}}
The '''Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council'''<ref name="Bareh2001">{{cite book |author=Hamlet Bareh |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Assam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odY_PWn7pesC&pg=PA271 |year=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-789-4 |pages=271}}</ref> ({{Langx|bn|পূর্ববঙ্গ ও আসাম আইন পরিষদ}}) was the [[legislative council]] of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], a province of the [[British India]] covering [[Bangladesh]] and [[Northeast India]]. It would meet in the Government House of [[Dacca]], the provincial capital. Its ex-officio head was the Lieutenant Governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/core/parliamentinfo.aspx?committee=assam |title=The Parliament of Assam, India |website=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414160010/http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/core/parliamentinfo.aspx?committee=assam |archive-date=14 April 2021}}</ref>

==Constitution==
The first Legislative Council was formed under the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]]. The Lt. Governor recommended members from the recommendations of District Boards, municipalities, landlords and chambers of commerce. The Lt. Governor required the assent of the [[Viceroy of India]] to appoint the nominees. The council was entitled to discuss budgets and make suggestions to the government, but lacked voting powers. Most members of the council were Europeans, with a minority being native Indian subjects.<ref name="banglapedia">{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bengal_Legislative_Council |title=Bengal Legislative Council |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

==Morley–Minto Reforms==
The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], crafted by [[John Morley]] and [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], ushered partially elected legislative councils. The reforms increased the representation of native subjects. Land owners received the [[right to vote]]. Muslims were granted the right to a [[separate electorate]], as part of [[affirmative action]]. The Legislative Council assembled for the purpose of making Laws and Regulations under the Provisions of the Indian Council Acts, 1861, 1892 and 1909. It advised the Executive Council of the Lt. Governor.<ref>Ilbert, Sir Courtenay Peregrine (1907). "Appendix II: Constitution of the Legislative Councils under the Regulations of November 1909", in The Government of India. Clarendon Press. pp. 432-5.</ref><ref name="banglapedia" />

==Membership==
The council included 41 members after the Morley-Minto Reforms. Its composition is illustrated in the following.<ref name="Broomfield1968">{{cite book |author=J. H. Broomfield |title=Elite Conflict in a Plural Society: Twentieth-century Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2jUSq08eCcC&pg=PA38 |year=1968 |publisher=University of California Press |page=38 |id=GGKEY:PGQKZ3RNLLG}}</ref>
*Ex-officio Member
**Lieutenant Governor
*Nominated Members
**A maximum of 17 from Officials
**1 from Indian commerce
**2 from Experts
**A minimum of 2 from Others
*Elected members
**[[Port of Chittagong|Chittagong Port Commission]]
**[[Municipalities]]
**District and [[Local government|local boards]]
**[[Zamindar|Landholder]]s
**[[Muslim|Muhammadans]]
**[[Tea]] interest
**[[Jute]] interest

==Geographic coverage==
East Bengal had the most seats on the council due to its large population. Colonial Assam, which covers the Indian states of [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]; had 5 seats on the 41-member council due to its smaller population.

==See also==
* [[Legislatures of British India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1906 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1912 disestablishments in British India]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Historical legislatures in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Defunct upper houses in India]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:History of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislatures of British India]]
[[Category:Historical legislatures in India]]

Sujana Bai

2025-05-04T10:43:56Z

Scrapuncle: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Ruler of Thanjavur Maratha kingdom from 1737–1738}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sujana Bai Bhosale
| title =
| image = Sujanbai Rani Saheb.jpg
| succession = [[Rani]] of [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]]
| reign = 1737–1738<ref name="subramanian">{{Cite book |author=K. R. Subramanian |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.74638/page/n51/mode/1up |title=The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore |date=1928|pages=43–44}}</ref>
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = after 1738
| death_place =
| predecessor = [[Ekoji II]]
| successor = [[Shahuji II of Thanjavur|Shahuji II]]
| royal house = [[Bhonsle]]
| father =
| religion = Hinduism
}}

'''Sujana Bai Bhonsle''' or '''Sujan Bai Bhonsle''' was the [[Maratha]] queen of [[Thanjavur]] of king [[Ekoji II]] of the [[Bhonsle]] dynasty. She ruled the state from the death of her husband in 1737 until she was deposed in 1738.<ref name="subramanian"/>

== Reign ==
Sujana Bai ascended the throne on the death of her husband Ekoji II in 1737 and ruled the state for a year. Her reign is notable for intrigues of Sayyid who held the actual power behind the throne. In the end, taking matters onto her own hands she drove out the pretender [[Shahuji II of Thanjavur|Katturaja]]. Katturaja sought the help of the French and invaded Thanjavur. Sujana Bai was deposed and Katturaja ascended the throne as Shahuji II.<ref name="subramanian"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom#List of rulers|Maratha Ruler of Thanjavur]]|before=[[Ekoji II]]|after=[[Shahuji II of Thanjavur|Shahuji II]]|years=1737–1738}}
{{s-end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Indian queens regnant]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Eidgah Shah-i-Hamdan

2025-05-04T02:10:01Z

Scrapuncle: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani#Influence]]