Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)

2026-05-07T06:20:23Z

Scopex: Creating A Biography

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{other people|Ashok Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashok Kumar
| image =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = India
| birthname = Ashok Kumar Balakrishnan
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1993; 2007–present
| other_names = ''Muruga'' Ashok
| alma mater =
| spouse = 
}}

'''Ashok Kumar Balakrishnan'''<ref name="navbharattimes.tomar.2020.05.04"/> is an Indian actor who has appeared predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-11 |title='4554' is a tribute to dedicated drivers, says actor Ashok Kumar- Exclusive! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/4554-is-a-tribute-to-dedicated-drivers-says-actor-ashok-kumar-exclusive/articleshow/95449764.cms |access-date=2023-05-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Originally from [[Thanjavur district]], Ashok Kumar grew up in [[Mumbai]]. He was a [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and won the Nrithyamayoor ({{Translation|Dancing Peacock}}) Award from the Government of [[Maharashtra]]. He played [[Krishna]] in the Hindi television serial ''[[Krishna (TV series)|Krishna]]'' (1993-97). His film debut but was supposed to be ''[[Dishyum]]'' (2006), but he was subsequently removed from the film and replaced by [[Jiiva]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-would-never-take-on-a-project-just-for-the-heck-of-it-says-ashok-kumar/articleshow/108812301.cms|title =I would never take on a project just for the heck of it, says Ashok Kumar|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 March 2024|access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> He then made his feature film debut with [[R. T. Neason]]'s ''[[Muruga (film)|Muruga]]'' (2007) and starred in ''[[Pidichirukku]]'' the following year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/05/01/stories/2009050150391600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504093002/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/05/01/stories/2009050150391600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 May 2009 |title=My First Break -- Ashok Kumar |ref=none}}</ref> He made a special appearance as a Tamil actor in a song from the Malayalam film ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mulla-malayalam-movie-9907|title=Mulla review. Mulla Malayalam movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Ashok made his Telugu debut with the bilingual ''[[kaki (film)|Kaki]]'' (2015), which was made by [[Vetrimaaran]]'s assistant director.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151124/entertainment-kollywood/article/vetrimaaran-heaps-praises-his-prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9|title=Vetrimaaran heaps praises on his protégé|date=24 November 2015|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|accessdate=31 May 2021}}</ref> The film was released in Tamil two years later as ''Ka Ka Ka: Aabathin Arikuri'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2017/09/28214201/1110526/Ka-Ka-Ka-Aabathin-Arikuri-movie-review.vpf|language=ta|title=கா கா கா ஆபத்தின் அறிகுறி [Ka Ka Ka: Aabathin Arikuri]|date=28 September 2017|website=[[Maalai Malar]]|url-status=dead|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021055250/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2017/09/28214201/1110526/Ka-Ka-Ka-Aabathin-Arikuri-movie-review.vpf}}</ref>

In 2019, he appeared in the multi-starrer movies such as ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi 2]]'' and ''[[Gangs of Madras]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chithiram Pesuthadi 2 Movie Review|url=https://indiaglitz.com/chithiram-pesuthadi-2-review-tamil-movie-22601 |access-date=2019-02-16 |work=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gangs Of Madras Movie Review: CV Kumar’s Second Film Is A Pretty Decent Heroine-oriented Thriller|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/gangs-of-madras-movie-review-cv-kumars-second-film-is-a-pretty-decent-heroine-oriented-thriller |access-date=2019-04-12 |work=Film Companion}}</ref> He also acted in the Malaysian film ''Unakkagathane'' released in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unakkagathane
|url=https://www.imdb.com/fr/title/tt11920236/|access-date=2020-02-20 |work=Imdb}}</ref> He was seen in the crime series ''[[Kuruthi Kalam]]'' (2021) which was released on [[MX Player]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kuruthi Kalam - An MX Original Series
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/mx-player/kuruthi-kalam-an-mx-original-series/webseriesshow/80407381.cms|access-date=2021-01-22 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2022, Ashok Kumar was seen successively in horror films such as ''Vidiyatha Iravondru Vendum'', ''[[Bestie (film)|Bestie]]'',
and ''Mayathirai''. In 2023, he was appeared in the action thriller, ''[[Vizhithelu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Vizhithelu' is an awareness film, says director Tamilchelvan Exclusive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vizhithelu-is-an-awareness-film-says-director-tamilchelvan-exclusive/articleshow/98312505.cms |access-date=2023-02-28 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2024, he was appeared in the drama thriller ''[[E-mail (film)|E-mail]]''.as well as part of a [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] project called ''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge'',and the fantasy thriller, ''[[Maya Puthagam]]''.<ref name=":0"/> The, Ashok Kumar appeared in ''[[Lara (2025 film)|Lara]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lara Movie Review : A coastal mystery, more murky than deep |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/lara/movie-review/116884004.cms |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ashok Kumar film credits
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Muruga (film)|Muruga]]'' || Murugan ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008 || ''[[Pidichirukku]]'' || Velu || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Seemingly-endless-search-Pidichirukku/article15397272.ece |title=Seemingly endless search -- Pidichirukku |date=10 October 2016 |orig-date=18 January 2008 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105133023/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Seemingly-endless-search-Pidichirukku/article15397272.ece |archive-date=5 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]'' || Himself || [[Malayalam]] film; cameo appearance
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (2012 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]'' || Kumaresan || <ref name="toi.sharanyacr.2017.02.21">{{Cite web |author=Sharanya CR |date=21 February 2017 |title=Creating awareness through his short film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/creating-awareness-through-his-short-film/articleshow/57253365.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''Vetkathai Kettal Enna Tharuvaai'' || Shiva || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thabu-shankar-lists-out-his-favourites/articleshow/11910276.cms|title=Thabu Shankar lists out his favourites!|date=15 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Kadhal Solla Aasai]]'' || Mahesh || <ref name="toi.sharanyacr.2017.02.21"/>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kaki (film)|Kaki]]'' || Karthik || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| 2017 || ''Ka Ka Ka: Aabathin Arikuri'' || Karthik ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2019 || ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi 2]]'' || Salim ||
|-
| ''[[Gangs of Madras]]'' || Ibrahim ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Unakkagathane'' || Ashok Singh || Malaysian film
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2022 || ''Vidiyatha Iravondru Vendum'' || Kathir ||
|-
|''[[Bestie (film)|Bestie]]'' || Ashok ||
|-
|''Mayathirai'' || Jeeva ||
|-
|''4554'' || Karthi ||
|-
| ''[[Therkathi Veeran]]'' || Vasanth ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023 || ''[[Vizhithelu]]'' || Sivakumar ||
|-
|''[[Priyamudan Priya]]'' || Markendya ||
|-
|''[[Are You Ok Baby?]]'' || Thyagi ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024 || ''[[E-mail (film)|E-mail]]'' || Vimal ||
|-
| ''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge'' || Krishna || [[Kannada]] film
|-
| ''[[Maya Puthagam]]'' || Guru ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2025 || ''[[Lara (2025 film)|Lara]]'' || Maharoof ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2026 || ''Thiraivi'' || ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Ashok Kumar television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 1993
| ''[[Krishna (TV series)|Shri Krishna]]''
| Child Krishna || Hindi ||DD National
| Debut TV show Best Child Actor Award
| <ref name="navbharattimes.tomar.2020.05.04">{{Cite news |script-title=hi:श्रीकृष्णा: 'कन्हैया' बनकर कालिया नाग का घमंड तोड़ने वाले ऐक्टर अशोक कुमार बालकृष्णन |trans-title=Sri Krishna: Actor Ashok Kumar Balakrishnan breaks Kalia Nag's pride by becoming 'Kanhaiya' |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/tv-photogalleries/ashok-kumar-balakrishnan-little-krishna-of-ramanand-sagar-who-danced-on-kaliya-naag-and-held-govardhan-parvat-interesting-story/ashok-kumar-balakrishnan-little-krishna/photoshow/75518674.cms |first1=Sangeeta |last1=Tomar |date=3 May 2020 |newspaper=[[Navbharat Times]] |via=indiatimes.com |language=hi|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| 2021
|''[[Kuruthi Kalam]]''
| Item Kumar || Tamil || [[MX Player]] || ||
|-
! scope="row" | 2024 - 2025
| ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe (TV series)|Mounam Pesiyadhe]]''
| Shiva || Tamil
|Zee Tamil
|
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6311476}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashok}}
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actors from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

G. Chitra

2026-05-07T02:30:58Z

Scopex:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Chitra
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 19 May 2016
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[C. Perumal]]
| successor = [[P. Usharani]]
}}

'''G. Chitra''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211223080836/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC083.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC083.pdf|access-date= 2 May 2022 |archive-date=23 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yercaud Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a083|access-date= 2 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chitra.g(AIADMK):Constituency- YERCAUD(SALEM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1603|access-date=2021-05-10|website=myneta.info}}</ref> She is a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party. She was elected as a member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Yercaud]] Constituency in May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-19|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly election 2021, Yercaud profile: AIADMK's G Chitra won constituency in 2016|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2021-yercaud-profile-aiadmks-g-chitra-won-constituency-in-2016-9275511.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=G Chitra {{!}} Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/g-chitra-yercaud-(st)-candidate-s22a083c002/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=News18}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]]|| [[AIADMK]] || Won ||51.30% || C. Tamilselvan|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 40.35%|| <ref name=":0" />
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]]|| [[AIADMK]] || Won ||45.18% || C. Tamilselvan|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 37.37%|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitra, G}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Narkatiya Assembly constituency

2026-04-29T00:28:35Z

Scopex:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narkatiya
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Vishal Kumar (Narkatiya politician)|Vishal Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = [[Shamim Ahmad]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
| division = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|12]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 301,008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Narkatiya''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[East Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 12. Narkatiya Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Banjaria, Chhauradano (Narkatia) and Bankatwa [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Narkatiya Assembly constituency is part of 2. [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Shyam Bihari Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shamim Ahmad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Vishal Kumar (Narkatiya)|Vishal Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS0412.htm
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Narkatiya<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vishal Kumar (politician)|Vishal Kumar]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:104450}}
|percentage = 46.7
|change = +15.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Shamim Ahmad]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes={{formatnum:103007}}|percentage=46.06|change=-0.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lal Babu Prasad|party=Jan Suraaj Party|votes={{formatnum:7002}}|percentage=3.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:5425}}|percentage=2.43|change=-0.26}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:1443}}|percentage=0.64|change=-14.52}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:223643}}|percentage=74.22|change=+10.58}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = +0.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin||title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Narkatiya<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Shamim Ahmad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:85562}}
|percentage = 46.69
|change = +0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Shyam Bihari Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:57771}}
|percentage = 31.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sonu Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:20494}}
|percentage = 11.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suresh Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:6149}}
|percentage = 3.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2104}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vidyanand Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1706}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4936}}
|percentage = 2.69
|change = -2.78
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27791}}
|percentage = 15.16
|change = +2.93
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183251}}
|percentage = 63.64
|change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Narkatiya<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Shamim Ahmad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:75118}}
|percentage = 45.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Sant Singh Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:55136}}
|percentage = 33.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sonu Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:12890}}
|percentage = 7.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2750}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Dinesh Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:2177}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anwar Alam Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:1991}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8938}}
|percentage = 5.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19982}}
|percentage = 12.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163447}}
|percentage = 63.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Narkatiya}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Shyam Bihari Prasad
|votes = 31,549
|percentage = 26.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Yasmin Sabir Ali
|votes = 23,861
|percentage = 20.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Shamim Ahmad]]
|votes = 14,217
|percentage = 11.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sonu Kumar
|votes = 13,813
|percentage = 11.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Shashi Bhushan Singh
|votes = 10,794
|percentage = 9.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 7,688
|percentage = 6.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,19,067
|percentage = 58.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|44|36|N|84|49|41|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Bhagwanpura Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:20Z

Scopex: Creating New Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhagwanpura
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 186
| map_image = 186-Bhagwanpura.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Khargone district|Khargone]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency|Khargone]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Kedar Chidabhai Dawar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Vijay Singh Solanki]]
}}
'''Bhagwanpura''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Khargone District]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Jamna Singh Solanki<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Vijay Singh Solanki]]<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
| rowspan="2" | [[Kedar Chidabhai Dawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhagwanpura<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kedar Chidabhai Dawar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:99043}}
|percentage = 49.8
|change = +37.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chandar Singh Waskle
|votes = {{formatnum:86876}}
|percentage = 43.68
|change = +6.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohan Vishram Kirade
|votes = {{formatnum:5995}}
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2806}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change = -1.16
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12167}}
|percentage = 6.12
|change = +0.41
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198891}}
|percentage = 78.71
|change = +2.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhagwanpura<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Kedar Chidabhai Dawar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73758}}
|percentage = 43.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jamna Singh Solanki]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:64042}}
|percentage = 37.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijay Singh Solanki]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:20112}}
|percentage = 11.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bhai Kiransingh Badole (Kiresh)
|votes = {{formatnum:2809}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rakesh S/O Tukaram Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:1577}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4371}}
|percentage = 2.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9716}}
|percentage = 5.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170104}}
|percentage = 76.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bhagwanpura, Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Khargone district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|21.68|75.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Khargone district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Aizawl West 2 Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:36Z

Scopex: Creating New Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aizawl West 2
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Aizawl West 2 highlighted).png
| constituency_no = 16
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Lalnghinglova Hmar]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:18563}}
}}
'''Aizawl West 2''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Aizawl district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[T. Sailo]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Mizoram People's Conference}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| Lalruatkima
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|rowspan=2| [[Lalnghinglova Hmar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement|rowspan=2}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl West 2}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalnghinglova Hmar]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 10,398
|percentage = 58.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lalruatkima
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5,579
|percentage = 31.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Ngurdingliana
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,528
|percentage = 8.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = K. Laldingliana
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 99
|percentage = 0.56
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 36
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,819
|percentage = 27.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 17,640
|percentage = 78.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Zoram People's Movement
|loser = Mizo National Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl West 2<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalruatkima
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Aizawl district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|23.733|92.709|display=title}}

[[Category:Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Aizawl]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Hura Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:17:47Z

Scopex: adding the page basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hura
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| constituency_no = 243
| established = 1962
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Hura Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Hura Assembly constituency ceased to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2011-01-28 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref>

It was part of [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2011-01-28 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

For Members of Legislative Assembly from Hura Assembly constituency see [[Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency]]

==Election results==
===1977-2006===
In the 2006 elections to the state assembly, Subhas Chandra Mahata of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Hura assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Baghambar Mahato of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Abinas Mahata of CPI(M) defeated Bikash Chandra Mahato of Trinamool Congress in 2001 and Baghambar Mahato representing [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] in 1996. Ambarish Mukhopadhyay of CPI(M) defeated [[Madan Mohan Mahato]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1991, Bikash Mahato of Congress in 1987, Bhola Nath Mahato of [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] in 1982, and Raj Rajeshwari Prasad Singhdeo of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp243.htm |title =243 - Hura Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-26 }}</ref>

===1962-1972===
Satadal Mahto of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Saharendra Ojha of Lok Sewak Sangh won in 1969 and 1967. Ajit Prasad Singh Deo of Congress won in 1962. Prior to that the Hura seat did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purulia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{Coord|23.30|N|86.65|E|format=dms|display=title| }}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purulia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Violence against women during the Partition of India

2026-04-18T13:02:15Z

Scopex: made new stub first draft...

{{Short description|None}}
{{Violence against women}}

During the [[partition of India]], [[violence against women]] occurred extensively.<ref name="Žarkov">{{cite book|last=Žarkov|first=Dubravka|title=The Body of War: Media, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Break-Up of Yugoslavia|year=2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822339663|page=[https://archive.org/details/bodyofwar01zark/page/172 172]|url=https://archive.org/details/bodyofwar01zark/page/172}}</ref> It is estimated that during the partition between 75,000<ref name=Aftab>{{cite book|last=Aftab|first=Tahera|title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim Women: An Annotated Bibliography & Research Guide|date= 2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004158498|edition=Annotated|page=224}}</ref> and 100,000<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ian Talbot|author2=Gurharpal Singh|title=The Partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ|date= 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|pages=2–3}}</ref> women were kidnapped and raped.<ref name=Butalia>{{cite book|last=Butalia|first=Urvashi|title=Writings on Human Rights, Law and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology|year=2011 |publisher=Human Rights Law Network|isbn=978-81-89479-78-7|editor=Harsh Dobhal|page=598}}</ref> The rape of women by men during this period is well documented,<ref name=Kabir/> with women sometimes also being complicit in these attacks.<ref name=Kabir>{{cite book|last=Kabir|first=Ananya Jahanara|title=Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation|date= 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415806084|edition=1st|editor=Sorcha Gunne, Zoe Brigley Brigley Thompson|page=149}}</ref><ref name=Chowdhry>{{cite book|last=Chowdhry|first=Geeta|title=Women, States, and Nationalism: At Home in the Nation?|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415221726|edition=1st|editor=Sita Ranchod-Nilsson, Mary Ann Tétreaul|pages=107–110}}</ref> In March 1947, systematic violence against women started in [[Rawalpindi Massacres|Rawalpindi]] where Sikh women were targeted by Muslim mobs.<ref name="sikh" />{{sfn|Major|1995|pages=59}} Violence was also perpetrated on an organized basis, with [[Pashtuns|Pathans]] taking Hindu and Sikh women from refugee trains while armed Sikhs periodically dragged Muslim women from their refugee column and killing any men who resisted, while the military sepoys guarding the columns did nothing.{{sfn|Major|1995|page=60}}

It has been estimated that in the Punjab, the number of abducted Muslim women was double the number of abducted Hindu and Sikh women, because of the actions of coordinated Sikh ''[[jatha]]s''<ref name=":4">Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 A Concise History of Modern India.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229160215/https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226&dq=&redir_esc=y |date=2022-12-29 }} p 226, Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-139-53705-6}}.</ref> who were aided and armed by Sikh rulers of the 16 semi-autonomous princely states in Punjab which overlapped the expected partition border, and had been preparing to oust the Muslims from East Punjab in case of partition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|date=2003-03-01|title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: Means, methods, and purposes 1|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520305657|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=5|issue=1|pages=71–101|doi=10.1080/14623520305657|s2cid=14023723 |issn=1462-3528|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lists provided by India contained names of 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women to be repatriated from Pakistan (this did not include women from Kashmir and it was felt that if these were added the figure could have well reached 50,000), while the lists supplied by Pakistan contained 21,000 names of women to be repatriated from India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/Schechtman-Population-Transfers-in-Asia |title=Schechtman-Population-Transfers-in-Asia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/isbn_818510767x |title=Women and the Hindu right : a collection of essays |date=1996 |publisher=New Delhi, India : Kali for Women |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-85107-66-0}}</ref> India and Pakistan later worked to repatriate the abducted women. Muslim women were to be sent to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh women to India.<ref name=":4" />

== Background ==
During partition [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] society was affected at all levels by murder, displacement and assault. Rival communities targeted women to humiliate them and actions against women included rape, abduction and forcible conversions. Violence against women also occurred in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and the [[Rajputana]] states.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|pages=57–58}}

== Violence ==
In contrast to earlier riots, women were victimised in the [[Direct Action Day|direct action day riots]] in Calcutta.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ian Talbot|author2=Gurharpal Singh|title=The Partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|page=70}}</ref> Many Hindu women were kidnapped during the [[Noakhali riots|Noakhali violence]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ian Talbot|author2=Gurharpal Singh|title=The Partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|page=71}}</ref> Anti-women violence occurred during the 1946 massacres of Muslims in [[1946 Bihar riots|Bihar]]. Thousands were kidnapped just in Patna district.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ian Talbot|author2=Gurharpal Singh|title=The Partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|page=72}}</ref> Muslim women in Bihar committed suicide by jumping into wells.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ian Talbot|author2=Gurharpal Singh|title=The Partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|page=64}}</ref> In November 1946, Muslim women were subjected to stripping, nude processions and rape by Hindu mobs in the town of [[Garhmukteshwar]].<ref name="Pandey2001">{{cite book|author=Gyanendra Pandey|title=Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdLhnFet4w4C&pg=PA104|date= 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00250-9|pages=104–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ian Talbot|author2=Gurharpal Singh|title=The Partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ|date= 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|page=74}}</ref> In [[Amritsar]], Sikhs paraded naked Punjabi Muslim women, who were then publicly raped before being set fire to in the street.<ref name="White-Spunner2017">{{cite book |author =Barney White-Spunner |date=2017 |title= Partition: The Story of Indian Independence and the Creation of Pakistan in 1947 |publisher= Simon & Schuster |pages=166 |isbn = 978-1-4711-4800-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgf2MAAACAAJ}}[https://www.pdfdrive.com/partition-the-story-of-indian-independence-and-the-creation-of-pakistan-in-1947-d189841905.html PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227214253/https://www.pdfdrive.com/partition-the-story-of-indian-independence-and-the-creation-of-pakistan-in-1947-d189841905.html |date=2022-02-27 }}</ref>

Systematic violence against women started in [[1947 Rawalpindi massacres|March 1947 in Rawalpindi]] where Sikh women were targeted by Muslim mobs.<ref name=sikh>{{cite book|title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&pg=PA89|first=Giorgio|last=Shani|date= 2007 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134101894 }}</ref> Numerous Hindu and Sikh villages were wiped out. Huge numbers of Hindus and Sikhs were killed,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Partition Omnibus|first=David|last=Page|publisher=Oxford University|quote=Almost every village in the Rawalpindi District where non- Muslims lived was attacked and plundered in this manner and Hindus and Sikhs were murdered|year=2002}}</ref> [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]], often circumcised in public, children were kidnapped and women were abducted, paraded naked, raped publicly and 'roasted alive after their flesh had satisfied carnal lust'.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Muslim League's attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947 |year=1950 |page=156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|publisher=Routledge|author=Bina D'Costa|year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA57|page=57|isbn=9780415565660 }}</ref><ref name="verinder" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Prabodh |title=Rape of Rawalpindi |pages=43}}</ref> The official figure of death in Rawalpindi stood at 2,263.<ref name=verinder>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMOVzeWF4xQC&pg=PA11|title=Partition of India: Indo-Pak Wars and the Uno|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|year=1998|author=Verinder Grover, Ranjana Arora|page=11|isbn=9788176290579 }}</ref> Before further attacks many Sikh women committed suicide by jumping in [[water well]]s to save honour and avoid conversion.<ref>{{cite book|title=Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement|page=189|publisher=Pearson|author=Anjali Gera Roy, Nandi Bhatia|year=2008}}</ref>{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|page=59}}

Sikh political leaders had considered plans for the eventual expulsion of Muslims from East Punjab in case of a partition leading up to the event. [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]], a member of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and principle Sikh leader during the partition said “We took the decision to turn the Muslims out" years before the event. Intending to oust the Muslims in East Punjab to provide lands for the incoming Sikh population from West Punjab. Several districts in Punjab, including [[Patiala]], [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] and [[Nabha]] were governed by Sikh leaders and reported to have been arming and providing safe haven for Sikh marauding groups in anticipation of partition.<ref name=":0"/>

Violence was also perpetrated on an organized basis, with local men taking Hindu and Sikh women from refugee trains while one observer witnessed armed Sikhs periodically dragging Muslim women from their refugee column and killing any men who resisted, while the military [[sepoy]]s guarding the columns did nothing.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|page=60}}

Both Sikh and Muslim communities also cited revenge as a reason for their attacks. The scholar Andrew Major notes that the large-scale abduction and rape of girls seemed to have been a part of systematic '[[ethnic cleansing]]' in the [[Gurgaon]] region on the outskirts of [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|page=61}} There was a nude procession of Muslim women in [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ian Talbot|author2=Gurharpal Singh|title=The Partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|page=68}}</ref>

In retaliation, in the streets of [[Sialkot]], Sikh and Hindu women were paraded naked in public and mass raping took place the same as was in Amritsar. The same atrocities were repeated in [[Sheikhupura]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab 1947: Bloodied and Partitioned by Competing Nationalisms |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/punjab-1947-bloodied-and-partitioned-by-competing-nationalisms}}</ref> Children would be snatched from their parents, tossed on spears and swords, and sometimes thrown alive into the fire. Hindu and Sikh women's breasts, noses and arms would be lopped off. Sticks and pieces of iron would be thrust into their private parts. Bellies of pregnant women were ripped open and the unformed life in the womb thrown out.<ref name=":1" />

Although many influential men such as deputy commissioners and police officials tried to prevent abductions or rescue the victims, many other men abused their positions of authority, such as the Maharaja of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] who was holding a Muslim girl from a reputable family. Known perpetrators included police officials, landed magnates and Muslim League members as well as criminal elements. Armed Pathans in particular were considered the worst offenders, particularly in the Rawalpindi district. a large number of non-Muslim women from Kashmir were abducted and sold in West Punjab and these sold women often ended up as 'slave girls' in factories. By early 1948, Pathans started abducting even Muslim women of Punjabi and Kashmiri background.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|page=62}}

In East Punjab, local police and the Indian military frequently engaged in the abduction and distribution of Punjabi Muslim women besides the Sikh jathas and refugees from West Punjab. According to Anis Kidwai, the 'better stuff' would be distributed among the police and army while the remaining were distributed among the rest of the attackers.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|page=63}} In the villages around Delhi, police and army soldiers participated in the rape of Muslim women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600220300.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Do women have a country?|date=2004-06-06|access-date=2017-05-09}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Estimates of abductions ===
The exact figures of abducted women are unknown and estimates vary. Leonard Mosley wrote that in total 100,000 girls were abducted on all sides. The Indian government estimated that there were 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women in Pakistan and the Pakistani government estimated that there were 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|pages=68-69}} Andrew Major estimates that 40-45,000 women in total were abducted in Punjab during the Partition riots, with approximately twice as many Muslim women as Hindu and Sikh women having been abducted.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|page=69}} Masroor estimates that 60,000 Muslim women were abducted while Begum Tassaduq Hussain estimated that 90,000 Muslim women were abducted.{{sfn|Kiran, Violence against Muslim Women|2017|page=163}}

Others estimate that more Hindu and Sikh women were victims of violence as compared to Muslim women, for instance [[Urvashi Butalia]], who specializes in Partition violence against women, says that anywhere from 25,000 to 29,000 Hindu and Sikh women were concerned as compared to 12,000 to 15,000 Muslim women,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butalia |first=Urvashi |date=24 April 1993 |title=Community, State and Gender: On Women's Agency during Partition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399641 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=28 |issue=17 |page=WS14 |jstor=4399641 }}</ref> numbers which have been endorsed by Indian scholars Roshni Sharma and Priyanca Mathur Velath<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Roshni |last2=Mathur Velath |first2=Priyanca |title=Encountering 'Identity': Refugee Women and the Partition of the Subcontinent |url=https://migrationaffairs.com/encountering-identity-refugee-women-and-the-partition-of-the-subcontinent/ |website=Journal of Migration Affairs}}</ref> as well by historian Anwesha Sengupta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Anwesha |title=Looking Back at Partition and Women: A Factsheet |url=http://www.wiscomp.org/pubn/wiscomp-peace-prints/4-1/ANEWESHA.pdf |website=Peace Prints |access-date=2022-09-01 |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901051032/http://www.wiscomp.org/pubn/wiscomp-peace-prints/4-1/ANEWESHA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gurbachan Singh Talib estimates that 50,000 Hindu and Sikh women were abducted in West Pakistan<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh Talib |first=Gurbachan |title=Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab |year=1950 |pages=}}</ref> while M. A. Khan puts the figure at 100,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=M. A. |title=Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery |page=150}}</ref> [[Mridula Sarabhai]], who was engaged in recovering and rehabilitating women and championing their cause with both governments, estimated that some 125,000 Hindu and Sikh women had been kidnapped by Muslims in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon, Bhasin |first=Ritu, Kamla |title=Borders and Boundaries}}</ref>

== Recoveries ==

In September 1947 both the Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] and Pakistani Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] vowed not to recognize the forced marriages and both countries ratified this agreement in the Inter-Dominion Conference in December which established the recovery procedure.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|pages=64–65}}

The job of compiling claims for abducted women by their relatives fell on the Central Recovery Offices in both countries. The task of locating abducted women was given to local police who would be assisted with the guidance of the abducted women's relatives. Social workers and District Liaison Officers who were appointed by the Liaison Agency of the opposite Punjab government also provided much assistance. Non-Muslim women recovered from Pakistan were housed in District transit camps, the Central camp being in Lahore. A similar camp was established for Muslim women in Jalandhar. The Indian and Pakistani Military Evacuation Organization were established to guard and escort women to their respective countries.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|pages=64–65}}

Recoveries eventually slowed down with Nehru admitting in January 1948, "Neither side has really tried hard enough to recover them". Because Hindu and Sikh refugees in India mistakenly thought that the number of abducted non-Muslim women exceeded the number of abducted Muslim women they mounted a public campaign and demanded that Muslim women be held up from recoveries as hostages. Eventually the two countries agreed to not publicize the figures of women repatriated. India and Pakistan's rivalry also slowed the pace of recoveries.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|page=65}}

Pakistan claimed that the slow recoveries were because many Hindus and Sikhs refused to take back their women as they considered them 'defiled', an argument which Nehru accepted while accusing Pakistan of being uncooperative. Heavy rains and flooding also slowed the pace of recoveries in West Punjab and in January 1948 Pakistan prohibited Indian officials from entering those districts of Punjab which bordered Kashmir.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|page=66}}

Many women also refused to be recovered, fearing being shamed and rejected by their families and communities while some women had adjusted to their new 'families' and hence refused to return. By 1954 both governments agreed that women should not be forcibly repatriated.{{sfn|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995|pages=67–68}}

=== Number of recoveries ===
Between December 1947 and December 1949, 6000 women were recovered from Pakistan and 12,000 from India. Most recoveries were made, in order of succession, from East and West Punjab, Jammu, Kashmir and Patiala. Over the eight-year period 30,000 women had been repatriated by both governments. The number of Muslim women recovered was significantly higher; 20,728 against 9,032 non-Muslim women. Most recoveries were made in the period between 1947 and 1952. although some recoveries were made as late as 1956.<ref name="D'Costa2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TGmDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|title=Children and Violence: Politics of Conflict in South Asia|date= 2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-67399-7|pages=24–|author=Bina D'Costa}}</ref>

Between 6 December 1947 and 31 March 1952, the number of non-Muslim women recovered from Pakistan was 8,326. 5,616 of them were from Punjab, 459 from NWFP, 10 from Balochistan, 56 from Sind and 592 from Bahawalpur. After 21 January 1949, 1,593 non-Muslim women were recovered from Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Kamra20022">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Td6TRRMBFVUC&pg=PA316|title=Bearing Witness: Partition, Independence, End of the Raj|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-55238-041-3|pages=316–|author=Sukeshi Kamra}}</ref>

In the same time period the number of Muslim women recovered from India had been 16,545. Of them 11,129 were from Punjab, 4,934 from Patiala and East Punjab Union and after 21 January 1949 the number of Muslim women recovered from Jammu and Kashmir was 482.<ref name="Kamra20022"/> The number of Muslim women recovered from Delhi was 200.<ref name="Kidwai2011">{{cite book|author=Anis Kidwai|title=In Freedom's Shade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bsXQV-6FWQC&pg=PT183|date= 2011|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-152-9|pages=183–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1350965|title=How Sunil Dutt's uncle and Inzamam-ul-Haq's family were saved during Partition violence|last=Ashraf|first=Ajaz|date=2017-08-12|work=dawn.com |access-date=2017-10-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[The 1947 Partition Archive]]
* [[Opposition to the partition of India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation |last=Major |first=Andrew | date=1995 |title=Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=18 |issue=1|doi=10.1080/00856409508723244|ref={{sfnref|Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab|1995}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Kiran|first=Naumana| date=2017|title=Punjab Migration 1947: Violence against Muslim Women and the Settlement|journal=South Asian Studies|volume=32|issue=1|ref={{sfnref|Kiran, Violence against Muslim Women|2017}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/5044993|title=Bodies of Partition: Of Widows, Residue and Other Historical waste|publisher=Penn University Press|author=Ravinder Kaur|year=2014}}

;Books
* Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (24 September 2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 A Concise History of Modern India.] Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-139-53705-6}}.
* {{cite book|last=Daiya|first=Kavita|title=Violent belongings : partition, gender and postcolonial nationalism in India|date= 2011 |publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-1592137442}}
* {{cite book|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|title=The great Partition : the making of India and Pakistan|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0300143331}}
* {{cite book|last=Kakar|first=Sudhir|title=The colors of violence : cultural identities, religion, and conflict|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=0226422852|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/colorsofviolence00kaka}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Talib |first1=Gurbachan Singh |author-link=Gurbachan Singh Talib |last2=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |year=1950 |title=Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947 |location=Amritsar |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbankhak Committee}}

==External links==
* Whitehead, Andrew [http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19970801/21350223.html Women victims of partition – Brutalised and humiliated]

{{Rape in India}}

[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:Rape in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Pakistan]]

Mayakonda Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:45:31Z

Scopex: started initial article from scratch

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mayakonda
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 108
| map_image = 108-Mayakonda constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davangere]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1976
| electors = {{formatnum:191421}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = K. S. Basavanthappa
| party = [[Indian National Congress ]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = N. Liganna
}}

'''Mayakonda Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Davanagere district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Elections 2004 - Partywise Comparison for 42-Mayakonda Constituency of KARNATAKA|url=http://affidavitarchive.nic.in/Affidavit/archive/March2004/pollupd/ac/states/s10/Partycomp42.htm|access-date=2021-07-30|website=affidavitarchive.nic.in}}</ref>

[[K. S. Basavanthappa]] is the current MLA of Mayakonda Assembly constituency.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Nagamma. C. Keshavamurty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || K. G. Maheshwarappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Kannavara Mallappa]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Nagamma. C. Keshavamurty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="3" | [[S. A. Ravindranath]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || M. Basavaraja Naik
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[K. Shivamurthy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || N. Linganna || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[K. S. Basavanthappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref name="List of winners from Davanagere area constituencies. INC wins 6 seats, BJP gets only 1">{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |title=List of winners from Davanagere area constituencies. INC wins 6 seats, BJP gets only 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-election-2023-results-live-jagalur-harapanahalli-harihar-davanagere-mayakonda-channagiri-honnali-101683892532070.html |access-date=14 May 2023 |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514042639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-election-2023-results-live-jagalur-harapanahalli-harihar-davanagere-mayakonda-channagiri-honnali-101683892532070.html |archive-date=14 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. S. Basavanthappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,916 |percentage = 43.83% |change = {{increase}}15.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Pushpa Vageeshaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,614 |percentage = 23.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basavaraja Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,630 |percentage = 21.40% |change = {{decrease}}11.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandappa. H |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 12,915 |percentage = 7.98% |change = {{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chethan Kumar Naik. K |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 1,235 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 718 |percentage = 0.44% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,302 |percentage = 20.58% |change = {{increase}}16.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,493 |percentage = 84.89% |change = {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,790}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,421 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka election results 2018: Full list of constituency wise winners and losers from BJP, Congress, JD(S) in Karnataka assembly elections">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-2018-full-list-of-winners-losers-from-bjp-congress-jds/1167608/|title=Karnataka election results 2018: Full list of constituency wise winners and losers from BJP, Congress, JD(S) in Karnataka assembly elections|last1=Financialexpress|date=16 May 2018|accessdate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104174553/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-2018-full-list-of-winners-losers-from-bjp-congress-jds/1167608/|archivedate=4 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Linganna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,556 |percentage = 32.58% |change = {{increase}}20.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Basavaraj Basavanthappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,098 |percentage = 28.42% |change = {{increase}}5.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandappa. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,321 |percentage = 17.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basavaraja Naik |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 16,640 |percentage = 10.72% |change = {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheela Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,085 |percentage = 7.14% |change = {{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,258 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,458 |percentage = 4.16% |change = {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,210 |percentage = 81.46% |change = {{increase}}4.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,163}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,528 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Shivamurthy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,435 |percentage = 22.62% |change = {{decrease}}9.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Linganna |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 31,741 |percentage = 22.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandappa. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,355 |percentage = 12.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basavaraja Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,658 |percentage = 12.32% |change = {{decrease}}34.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. R. Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,596 |percentage = 8.09% |change = {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Y. Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,395 |percentage = 6.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Srinivasa Naik |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 3,333 |percentage = 2.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. B. Chandranaik |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,160 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kiran Kumar |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 0.71% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 694 |percentage = 0.48% |change = {{decrease}}14.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,144 |percentage = 77.26% |change = {{increase}}7.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,385}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,925 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}23.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basavaraja Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,128 |percentage = 46.50% |change = {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Y. Ramappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,471 |percentage = 31.64% |change = {{decrease}}9.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. H. Kotrappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 13,308 |percentage = 11.87% |change = {{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alur Ningaraj |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,004 |percentage = 2.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sreedhar. T |party = Swarna Yuga Party |votes = 2,257 |percentage = 2.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Malleshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,041 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Rajanaik |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,318 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,657 |percentage = 14.86% |change = {{increase}}7.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,208 |percentage = 70.09% |change = {{increase}}2.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,100}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,082 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}16.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. A. Ravindranath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,290 |percentage = 48.33% |change = {{increase}}6.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekharappa. R. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,193 |percentage = 41.27% |change = {{increase}}12.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shyagale G. Nagappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,906 |percentage = 6.13% |change = {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheela. J. N |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,667 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavarajappa. K. B |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,482 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eshwarappa. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,337 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,097 |percentage = 7.06% |change = {{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,983 |percentage = 67.16% |change = {{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,875}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,066 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. A. Ravindranath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,917 |percentage = 41.79% |change = {{decrease}}7.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Jayadevappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,720 |percentage = 29.14% |change = {{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. B. Huchangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,532 |percentage = 9.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. G. Puttuswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,900 |percentage = 7.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Basavaraj |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,446 |percentage = 3.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Nanjundappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,956 |percentage = 2.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kengo Hanumanthappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,674 |percentage = 2.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Ramachandrappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,503 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Nalandappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 908 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,197 |percentage = 12.64% |change = {{decrease}}13.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,870 |percentage = 70.44% |change = {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,275}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,403 |percentage = 6.18% |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,182 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. A. Ravindranath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,955 |percentage = 49.01% |change = {{increase}}43.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagamma. C. Keshavamurty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,799 |percentage = 22.83% |change = {{decrease}}13.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Chandrappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 16,985 |percentage = 17.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Susheelamma |party = Janata Dal |votes = 6,085 |percentage = 6.09% |change = {{decrease}}18.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Muniyappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 1,393 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,056 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. O. Raju |party = Janata Party |votes = 639 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nageswara Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 613 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,156 |percentage = 26.19% |change = {{increase}}13.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,740 |percentage = 66.37% |change = {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,884}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,856 |percentage = 2.78% |change = {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,810 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagamma. C. Keshavamurty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,869 |percentage = 36.72% |change = {{decrease}}8.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mallappa Bin Mallappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,141 |percentage = 24.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. G. Puttuswamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,763 |percentage = 19.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Ramachandrappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 10,366 |percentage = 11.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravindranatha |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,030 |percentage = 5.80% |change = {{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,728 |percentage = 12.36% |change = {{increase}}7.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,411 |percentage = 67.96% |change = {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,795}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,616 |percentage = 8.07% |change = {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,923 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}13.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kannavara Mallappa]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,137 |percentage = 49.90% |change = {{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Jayadevappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,319 |percentage = 44.77% |change = {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. A. Ravindranath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,094 |percentage = 4.16% |change = {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,818 |percentage = 5.13% |change = {{decrease}}6.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,687 |percentage = 68.94% |change = {{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,416}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,271 |percentage = 1.68% |change = {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,794 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Maheshwarappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,113 |percentage = 51.38% |change = {{increase}}13.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Maheshwarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,036 |percentage = 40.06% |change = {{increase}}25.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Hanumanthappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,887 |percentage = 4.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Revanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 624 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Siddaramappa |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 610 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Virupakshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 395 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,077 |percentage = 11.32% |change = {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,279 |percentage = 68.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,503}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,776 |percentage = 2.76% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,470 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mayakonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagamma. C. Keshavamurty |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,277 |percentage = 47.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Maheswarappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,556 |percentage = 37.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mudegowdappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,528 |percentage = 14.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Orkarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 514 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,721 |percentage = 9.52% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,182 |percentage = 72.55% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,113}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,069 |percentage = 3.33% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,707 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Davanagere district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|14.28|76.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Davanagere district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Karnataka]]

Chempaneer Poovu

2026-04-15T02:15:49Z

Scopex: adding a info

{{Short description|2024 Indian Malayalam TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chempaneer Poovu.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| writer = Guru Sampath Kumar
| screenplay = Rajani
| director = Manju Dharman (2024) Ruggu Ratheesh (2024-present)
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Arun Nair
* [[Rebecca Santhosh]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = Gopal Venkatesh
| composer = Rajeev Attunkal
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 720 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Ashly Dr Shaju Evana Shani
| producer = Dr. Shaju
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| cinematography = Binosh Thampi Arun
| editor = Ajithraj Arinalloor
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Evans Digi Media
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|01|29|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| open_theme =
| based_on = ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
}}

'''''Chempaneer Poovu ''''' ({{translation|''Red Rose''}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam|Malayalam language]] [[soap opera]] that premiered from 29 January 2024 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. It is an official remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television series ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''<ref name=".0">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-24 |title=Chempaneer Poovu: A tale of resilience, love, and aspirations set to captivate audiences |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-a-tale-of-resilience-love-and-aspirations-set-to-captivate-audiences/articleshow/107103953.cms |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='രേവതി'ക്ക് തുണയാവുമോ 'സച്ചി'? ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില്‍ പുതിയ പരമ്പര 'ചെമ്പനീര്‍ പൂവ്' |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/chembaneer-poovu-new-serial-on-asianet-nsn-s7phnr |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref> The series stars [[Gomathi Priya]] (later replaced by [[Rebecca Santhosh]]) and Arun Nair.

== Synopsis ==
The show centres on the unexpected marriage of Revathy, the eldest daughter of a lower-class family, and Sachi, an eccentric taxi driver struggling with alcoholism.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Arun Nair as Sachidanandan "Sachi": Raveendran and Chandramathi's son; Revathy's husband; an alcoholic and short tempered car driver due to his bitter past. (2024{{endash}}present)
* [[Gomathi Priya]] (episode 1 to 220) / [[Rebecca Santhosh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/fans-discussion-about-chempaneer-poovu-revathy-aka-gomathi-priya/articleshow/113954590.cms|title=രേവതിക്ക് ഇനി പുതിയ മുഖമോ? ഗോമതി പ്രിയ ചെമ്പനീര്‍ പൂവില്‍ നിന്നും മാറിയോ? ആശങ്കയോടെ ആരാധകര്‍|website=Samayam|language=ml|date=7 October 2024}}</ref> (episode 221 onwards) as Revathy: Sachi's wife; A kind, respectful and determined young woman from a poor family who does multiple odd jobs to support her family. She works at her parents' flower-stall near their local temple.

=== Recurring ===
*KPAC Saji as Raveendran Nair: Sudhi, Sachi and Sreekanth 's father; Chandramathi's husband; A retired [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] driver, he is the only one in Sachi's family that cares for him and is also a father figure to Revathy after her father's death. (2024{{endash}}present)
*Padma George (episode 1 to 627) / [[Reshmi Soman]] (episode 627 onwards) as Chandramathi "Chandra": Raveendran's wife; Sudhi, Sachi and Sreekanth's mother; She dislikes Sachi due to some past mishaps and hates Revathi for her low economic status; Only likes Sudhi & Sruthi.
*Anand Narayan as Sudhindran "Sudhi": Chandra's eldest son; Neelima's past love interest; Revathy's former fiancee; Sruthy's husband; A fraud.(2024{{endash}}present)
*Anjali Hari as Shruthi: Sudhi's wife; A lady from a poor family act as a daughter of Malaysian based millionaire; Vimala's Daughter: Aadhi's mother; Chandramathi's favourite daughter-in-law, Hates Sachi, Revathy and Sreekanth because of bad reasons. Her real name is Kalyani (2024–present)
*Munna as Sreekanth: Sachi's brother. (2024{{endash}}present)
*Sreekutty as Varsha Sreekanth: Sreekanth's wife. (2024{{endash}}present)
*Maya Rajan as Kalavathy, Raveendran's mother
*R.Pradeep as Krishnan: A flower seller; Revathy, Devika and Sharath's father. (2024)
*Darshana Unni as Lakshmi: Revathy, Devika and Sharath's mother. (2024{{endash}}present)
*Medha Pallavi as Devika: Revathy's sister. (2024{{endash}}present)
*Shaansai as Sharath: Revathy's brother. (2024{{endash}}present)
*[[Jeevan Gopal]] as Roshan: Varsha's Fiance
*Anu Joji as Bhama: Chandra's Friend
*Anu Paralekshmi as Eecha: Sachi's Friend
*Aneesh Kailas as Jishnu: Sachi's Friend
*Raheena Anas as Neelima: Sudhi's former love interest who cheats him out of the settlement money and escapes to Canada. (2024{{endash}}present)
*Tom Mattel as Gajanandan: A moneylender to whom Krishnan and his family owe money who lusts after Revathy and has vowed to take revenge on Sachi. (2024{{endash}}present)
*Vanchiyoor Praveen Kumar as Ashokan: Raveendran's close friend (2024{{endash}}present)
*Vishwam as Madhusoodanan Nair : Varsha's father;who hates Raveendran & Family.
*Unknown as Mahima Nair : Varsha's mother;Madhusoodanan's wife.
*Adhithi Panicker as Meera: Sruthi's friend who works in beauty parlor
*Padmakumar as CI Narayanan Kutty – Circle Inspector of Police
*Shibu Laban as Beeraan
*Abhishek Jayakrishnan Vaidyar as Groom

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Debutant Arun Nair was cast as Sachi and [[Gomathi Priya]] was cast as Revathy, reprising her role from the original series ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''.<ref name=".0"/> Later Gomathi Priya was replaced by [[Rebecca Santhosh]].<ref name=".1">{{Cite news |title=Chempaneer Poovu: Rebecca Santhosh replaces Gomathi Priya, set to play Revathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-rebecca-santhosh-replaces-gomathi-priya-set-to-play-revathi/articleshow/114011677.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Broadcast ===
A launching event of the show, along with another TV series ''[[Etho Janma Kalpanayil]]'' was held at [[Kozhikode]]. The event was broadcast on Asianet on 28 January 2024, a day before the show's premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |title='സാന്ത്വന'ത്തിന് പകരം ഒന്നല്ല, രണ്ട് പരമ്പരകള്‍; ലോഞ്ച് ഇവെന്‍റ് ഇന്ന് ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില്‍|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/etho-janma-kalpanayil-and-chempaneer-poovu-two-new-serials-on-asianet-after-the-completion-of-santhwanam-nsn-s7yf6s|access-date=2024-01-28 |work=[[Asianet News]]|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romantic-family show, 'Etho Janma Kalpanayil' set for premiere|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-the-premiere-of-etho-janma-kalpanayil-a-romantic-family-show/articleshow/107200193.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]'' சிறகடிக்க ஆசை
|23 January 2023
|[[Star Vijay]]
| rowspan="5" |Ongoing
|Original
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Gundeninda Gudigantalu]]'' గుండెనిండా గుడిగంటలు
|2 October 2023
|[[Star Maa]]
| rowspan="6" |Remake
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Aase'' ಆಸೆ<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiantvinfo.com/aase-serial-star-suvarna-cast/|title=Aase Serial Star Suvarna From 11 December, Star Cast Includes Ninaad Harithsa and Priyanka in Lead Roles|date=2023-12-03 |work=India TV Info}}</ref>
|11 December 2023
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Chempaneer Poovu'' ചെമ്പനീർ പൂവ്<ref name=remakes />
|29 January 2024
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]'' उडने की आशा<ref name=remakes>{{Cite web |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/tamil-serial-siragadikka-aasai-remake-in-telugu-malayalam-marathi-and-hindi-gan-scjdho|title=ஒரே நேரத்தில் 4 மொழிகளில் ரீமேக்.. பான் இந்தியா அளவில் மாஸ் காட்டும் சிறகடிக்க ஆசை சீரியல்|date=2024-04-26 |work=[[Asianet News]]|language=ta}}</ref>
|12 March 2024
|[[StarPlus]]
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Sadhi Manasa]]'' साधी माणसं<ref name=remakes />
|18 March 2024
|[[Star Pravah]]
|29 March 2026
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Uraan'' উড়ান<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pratik-sen-makes-a-comeback-on-tv-with-star-jalshas-uraan-with-debutant-ratnapriya-31713896887189.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423190923/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pratik-sen-makes-a-comeback-on-tv-with-star-jalshas-uraan-with-debutant-ratnapriya-31713896887189.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2024|title=মদের বোতল হাতে প্রতীক! মহারাজ-পূজারিণীর জীবনের 'উড়ান' এবার জলসায়, নায়িকাকে চেনেন? |date=24 Apr 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref>
|27 May 2024
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|15 March 2025
|}

== Awards ==
Chempaneer Poovu got Majority Awards from the Asianet Television awards 2024.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="16"|2024
| rowspan="13"|[[Asianet Television Awards]]
| Best Serial
| rowspan="2"|
| {{win}}
| rowspan="13"|
|-
| Most Popular Serial
| {{win}}
|-
| Best Actor
| rowspan="2"| Arun Nair
| {{win}}
|-
| Most Popular Actor
|{{win}}
|-
| Best New Face
| rowspan="3"|[[Gomathi Priya]]
| {{win}}
|-
| Most Popular Actress
| {{win}}
|-
| Best Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Editor
| Ajith Arinellore
| {{win}}
|-
| Best Dubbing Artist (Male)
| Sidharthan
| {{win}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor (Male)
| rowspan=2| K.P.A.C. Saji
| {{win}}
|-
| Popular Character Actor
| {{win}}
|-
| Most Popular Director
| Ruggu Ratheesh
| {{win}}
|-
| Best Actor in Negative Role (Male)
| Tom Mattel
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|2nd Kerala Vision Television Awards
| Most Popular Serial
| ''Chempaneer Poovu''
| {{win}}
| rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/keralavision-televistion-award-best-actor-prabhin-actress-aishwarya-ramsai/articleshow/112910093.cms|title=കേരളവിഷന്‍ ടെലിവിഷന്‍ അവാര്‍ഡ്: മികച്ച നടന്‍ പ്രഭിന്‍, നടി ഐശ്വര്യ രാംസായി, കുടുംബശ്രീ ശാരദ മികച്ച സീരിയല്‍!|website=Samayam|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| Manjudharman
| {{win}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| Riya George
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
| rowspan="2"|3rd Kerala Vision Television Awards
| Best Actor
| Arun Nair
| {{win}}
| rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralavisionnews.com/2025/12/12/keralavision-television-awards-2025-26018|title=മൂന്നാമത് കേരളവിഷൻ ടെലിവിഷൻ അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; കേരളവിഷൻ പബ്ലിക്കേഷൻസിന്റെ മൂന്ന് പുസ്തകങ്ങളുടെ കവർ പ്രകാശനവും നടന്നു|website=Kerala Vision News|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| K.P.A.C. Saji
| {{win}}
|-
| rowspan="10"|2026
| rowspan="10"|[[Asianet Television Awards]]
| Best Second Serial
|
| {{win}}
| rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2026/asianet-television-awards-2026-winners-list-who-won-best-actor-actress-serial-couple-award-at-at-506927.html|title=Asianet Television Awards 2026 Winners List: Who Won Best Actor, Actress, Serial, Couple Award At ATA 2026?|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Star Pair
|Arun Nair & [[Rebecca Santhosh]]
| {{win}}
|-
| Best Actress in Negative Role
| Anjali Hari
| {{win}}
|-
| Best Dubbing Artist (Male)
| Sidharthan
| {{win}}
|-
| Popular Character Actor
|Anand Menon
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-television-awards-2026-nominations-list/|title=Asianet Television Awards 2026 Categories and Nominations List – Online Voting Started Now|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Popular Character Actress
|[[Reshmi Soman]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Popular Director
|Unni Pooruruttathi
| {{nom}}
|-
| Popular Actor
|Arun Nair
| {{nom}}
|-
| Popular Actress
|[[Rebecca Santhosh]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Popular Serial
|
| {{nom}}
|}

==Reception==
According to the [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC)]] ratings,
the [[Target Rating Point|TRP]] performance of ''Chempaneer Poovu'' is as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Month / Period !! Rank !! Ref
|-
| January 2024 || 5 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Patharamattu tops the TRP charts, Chempaneerpoovu enters the top 5 spots|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/patharamattu-tops-the-trp-charts-chempaneerpoovu-enters-the-top-5-spots/photostory/107563815.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| February 2024 || 3 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/patharamattu-continues-to-be-the-most-watched-tv-serial-check-out-the-other-top-rated-shows-of-the-week/articleshow/111190193.cms|title=Patharamattu Continues To Be The Most-Watched TV Serial; Check Out The Other Top-Rated Shows Of The Week|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| June 2024 || 1 ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu Makes It To The Top 5 In The Premiere Week; Bigg Boss Malayalam 6 Grand Finale Grabs Record Rating|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu-makes-it-to-the-top-5-in-the-premiere-week-bigg-boss-malayalam-6-grand-finale-grabs-record-rating/articleshow/111361837.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| September 2024 || 1 ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chempaneerpoovu remains the most-watched show; Ishtam Mathram joins the top 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneerpoovu-remains-the-most-watched-show-ishtam-mathram-joins-the-top-5/articleshow/113093461.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| December 2024 || 1 ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chempaneerpoovu dominates 2024 ratings; Pavithram enters top 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneerpoovu-dominates-2024-ratings-pavithram-enters-top-5/articleshow/116711508.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| April 2025 || 2 ||<ref>{{cite web|title='Patharamattu' rules the rating charts; 'Teacheramma' enters top 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/patharamattu-rules-the-rating-charts-teacheramma-enters-top-5/articleshow/120590421.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 June 2025|date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| May 2025 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web|title='Chempaneer Poovu' tops Malayalam TV ratings; 'Teacheramma' climbs to third spot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-tops-malayalam-tv-ratings-teacheramma-climbs-to-third-spot/articleshow/121513482.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 June 2025|date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| July 2025 || 1|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/week-29-all-malayalam-tv-serials-rating/|title=Week 29, All Malayalam TV Serials and Shows Latest TRP Rating Report – Chempaneer Poovu, Patharamattu|date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| September 2025 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chempaneer Poovu continues to reign as the most-watched Malayalam TV show; 'Mazha Thorum Munpe' climbs to third spot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-continues-to-reign-as-the-most-watched-malayalam-tv-show-mazha-thorum-munpe-climbs-to-third-spot/articleshow/124125433.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| October 2025 || 1|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiantvinfo.com/all-malayalam-serials-latest-trp-week-41/|title=All Malayalam Serials Latest TRP reports, Find the Most Popular Television Shows – Week 41 Data|date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| November 2025 || 1|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/week-45-all-malayalam-television-serials-trp/|title=All Malayalam Television Serials Latest TRP reports, Barc Week 45 Data of Asianet, Zee Keralam|date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| January 2026 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chempaneerpoovu tops the rating charts, Kattathe Kilikkoodu in second place|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneerpoovu-tops-the-rating-charts-kattathe-kilikkoodu-in-second-place/articleshow/127799200.cms |website=The Times of India |date=30 January 2026 |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| February 2026 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chempaneer Poovu leads the rating charts; Patharamattu slips to fourth place.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-leads-the-rating-charts-patharamattu-slips-to-fourth-place-/articleshow/127927429.cms |website=The Times of India |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| March 2026 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chempaneer Poovu regains the number one spot, Kattathe Kilikoodu in second place|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-regains-the-number-one-spot-kattathe-kilikoodu-in-second-place/articleshow/129562226.cms |website=The Times of India |date=13 March 2026 |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| April 2026 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Chempaneer Poovu rules the rating charts; Mazha Thorum Munpe slips to the fifth spot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneer-poovu-rules-the-rating-charts-mazha-thorum-munpe-slips-to-the-fifth-spot/articleshow/130001294.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/chempaneer-poovu/1260168540 ''Chempaneer Poovu''] at [[JioHotstar]]

{{Asianet programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

Jalam Singh Rawlot

2026-04-10T00:44:11Z

Scopex: adding initial biography v1.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|{{orphan|date=January 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jalam Singh Rawlot
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Sato [[Jaisalmer, Rajasthan|Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| website =
}}

'''Jalam Singh Rawlot''' is an Indian politician who is a former MLA of [[Sheo (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)]]. He is a former district president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[Barmer district|Barmer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/rj2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=68|title=Jalam Singh Rawlot (Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP))|website=MyNeta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/raje-s-yatra-to-skip-sheo-raising-political-hackles/story-NFgThiL9wBdibGiTJEKWUO.html|title=Raje's yatra to skip Sheo, raising political hackles|date=2018-08-07|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/dalits-miffed-with-bjp-says-barmer-party-chief/story-NFhzyc4o4m2wvs0z6bJ7vI.html|title=Dalits miffed with BJP, says Barmer party chief|date=2018-06-29|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> He is a national level leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was born in Satto village of Jaisalmer district. He was the student union president of Jai Narayan vyas University, Jodhpur in 1989.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawlot, Jalam Singh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Manada Kadalu

2026-04-09T11:54:13Z

Scopex:

{{short description|Indian romantic film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manada Kadalu
| image = Manada Kadalu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| writer = Yogaraj Bhat Gadda Viji Amol Patil
| screenplay = Yogaraj Bhat Gadda Viji Amol Patil
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = E. Krishnappa
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Sumukha]]
*Rashika Shetty
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[H. G. Dattatreya|Dattanna]]
*Anjali Anish
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Santhosh Rai Pathaje
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| studio = E. K. Entertainers
| distributor = E. K. Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|28}}
| runtime = 154 mins
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Manada Kadalu''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Yogaraj Bhat]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Nov/30/dd%7D%7D-31 |title=Yogaraj Bhat's next titled Manada Kadalu |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 November 2024}}</ref> and produced by E. Krishnappa. The film marks the reunion of the director-producer duo after 18 years of their successful film, ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/18-years-after-mungaru-male-director-yogaraj-bhat-and-e-krishnappa-reunite-for-manada-kadalu-article-115769631 |title=18 Years After 'Mungaru Male', Director Yogaraj Bhat And E Krishnappa Reunite For 'Manada Kadalu' |website=TimesNowNews.com |date=28 November 2004}}</ref> The film stars [[Sumukha]], Rashika Shetty<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Mar/24/rashika-shetty-yogaraj-bhat-always-says-that-love-stories-can-never-fail |title=Rashika Shetty: Yogaraj Bhat always says that love stories can never fail |website=The New Indian Express |date=24 March 2025}}</ref> and Anjali Anish<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Mar/24/anjali-anish-with-manada-kadalu-we-are-set-to-create-our-legacy |title=Anjali Anish: With Manada Kadalu, we are set to create our legacy |website=The New Indian Express |date=24 March 2025}}</ref> in lead roles, along with [[Rangayana Raghu]] and [[H. G. Dattatreya|Dattanna]] in key supporting roles.

The film's [[principal photography]] began in 2024 in various parts of [[Karnataka]] such as [[Bengaluru]], [[Kodagu]] and [[Mangalore]] and few portions were shot in [[Maharashtra]]'s [[Murud-Janjira]] fort.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/manada-kadalu-review-yogaraj-bhats-romance-marks-a-slow-but-sure-return-to-form |title=Manada Kadalu review: Yogaraj Bhat's romance marks a slow but sure return to form |website=TheNewsMinute.com |date=29 March 2025}}</ref> The musical score and soundtrack for the film is composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] and the cinematography and editing were handled by Santhosh Rai Pathaje<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Mar/20/santhosh-rai-pathaje-manada-kadalu-is-a-visual-journey |title=Santhosh Rai Pathaje: Manada Kadalu is a visual journey |website=The New Indian Express |date=20 March 2025}}</ref> and K. M. Prakash respectively.

''Manada Kadalu'' was released on 28 March 2025 and received mixed reviews from critics and the audience.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Mar/29/manada-kadalu-movie-review-philosophically-deep-but-struggles-to-anchor-emotionally |title=Manada Kadalu Movie Review: Philosophically deep, but struggles to anchor emotionally |website=The New Indian Express |date=29 March 2025}}</ref>

== Premise==
The film follows [[Sumukha]], a fourth-year MBBS student who loses faith in medical science after witnessing a peon's death from heart attack at his college. He drops out and spends his days wandering the beaches of Karnataka, swimming, and watching sunsets. His life takes a turn when he meets and falls in love with Rashika, a cricketer. He follows her to Bengaluru, where she disappears after asking him to meet her in six months. He looks for her and finds her at an archaeological site with her friend Anjali, an archaeologist. There, he learns that Rashika is terminally ill. The film then follows [[Sumukha]]’s efforts to heal her.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/manada-kadalu-movie-review-a-love-story-trying-to-say-too-much-3468102 |title='Manada Kadalu' movie review: A love story trying to say too much |website=Deccan Herald |date=29 March 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sumukha]] as Sumukha
*Rashika Shetty as Rashika
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[H. G. Dattatreya|Dattanna]]
*Anjali Anish as Anju aka Anjali
*Shivadhwaj
*Nethra Jadhav
*Suraj
}}

== Music ==
The film's original soundtrack consists of four songs composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] to the lyrics by [[Yogaraj Bhat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Mar/13/manada-kadalu-will-be-a-musical-journey-that-speaks-to-the-soul |title=Manada Kadalu will be a musical journey that speaks to the soul |website=The New Indian Express |date=13 March 2025 |access-date=31 March 2025 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328111636/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Mar/13/manada-kadalu-will-be-a-musical-journey-that-speaks-to-the-soul |url-status=live}}</ref> The single "Horrible 24" was written by Bhat based on his inspiration towards an eccentric character from his childhood village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manada Kadalu's Horrible 24 is a quirky ode to a villager |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/11/manada-kadalus-horrible-24-is-a-quirky-ode-to-a-villager |website=The New Indian Express |date=11 January 2025}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by D-Beats.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hoo Dumbi
| length1 = 4:40
| lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| title2 = Horrible 24
| length2 = 4:17
| lyrics2 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra2 = [[V. Harikrishna]], [[Sanjith Hegde]], Prarthana M. A.
| title3 = Naguthalide Naayi Kode
| length3 = 3:41
| lyrics3 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Srilakshmi Belmannu
| title4 = Neeli Neeli Kadalu
| length4 = 3:57
| lyrics4 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| total_length = 17:33
}}

==Reception==
''Manada Kadalu'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with praise for its philosophical depth, Pranati A S from [[Deccan Herald]] noted that the film, while a love story, tries to convey too much, leading to a scattered narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pranati |first=A S |title=Manada Kadalu movie review: A love story trying to say too much |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/manada-kadalu-movie-review-a-love-story-trying-to-say-too-much-3468102 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from [[The New Indian Express]] appreciated its philosophical undertones but felt it struggled to emotionally connect with the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |title=Manada Kadalu movie review: Philosophically deep, but struggles to anchor emotionally |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Mar/29/manada-kadalu-movie-review-philosophically-deep-but-struggles-to-anchor-emotionally |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Vivek M V from [[The Hindu]] highlighted Yogaraj Bhat's collaboration with V. Harikrishna, marking it as a notable aspect of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivek |first=M V |title=Manada Kadalu movie review: Yogaraj Bhat, V Harikrishna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manada-kadalu-movie-review-yogaraj-bhat-v-harikrishna/article69385856.ece |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur from [[The News Minute]] described the film as a slow but sure return to form for Bhat, emphasizing its romantic elements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |title=Manada Kadalu review: Yogaraj Bhat's romance marks a slow but sure return to form |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/manada-kadalu-review-yogaraj-bhats-romance-marks-a-slow-but-sure-return-to-form |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
The [[The Times of India|Times of India]] review by TNN stated that Yogaraj Bhat recreated his signature magic, but only partially, citing inconsistencies in the storytelling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNN |title=Manada Kadalu Review: Yograj Bhat recreates magic, but only partially |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/manada-kadalu-review-yograj-bhat-recreates-magic-but-only-partially/movie-review/119694223.cms |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shashiprasad S M from [[Times Now]] compared it to Bhat's earlier work ''Mungaru Male'', noting that while not as impactful, it reached a philosophical depth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shashiprasad |first=S M |title=Manada Kadalu Movie Review: Not as Rainy as Mungaru Male, but Manada Kadalu Reaches Shore With Philosophical Depth |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/manada-kadalu-movie-review-not-as-rainy-as-mungaru-male-but-manada-kadalu-reaches-shore-with-philosophical-depth-review-119673062 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> Y Maheswara Reddy from [[Bangalore Mirror]] described the film as capturing the "tide and ebb of life," appreciating its thematic exploration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Y Maheswara |title=Kannada movie review: Manada Kadalu - Tide and ebb of life |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewmanada-kadalu-tide-and-ebb-of-life/articleshow/119816165.cms |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> Avinash G Ram from [[Vijaya Karnataka]] lauded the performances of Sumukha, Rashika and Anjali, crediting Bhat for introducing fresh talent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ram |first=Avinash G |title=Yogaraj Bhat, Sumukha, Rashika, Anjali starrer Manada Kadalu Movie Review Rating in Kannada |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/yogaraj-bhat-sumukha-anjali-anish-starrer-manada-kadalu-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/119650265.cms |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt34853311}}

{{Yogaraj Bhat}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yogaraj Bhat]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]

Indira Gandhi Engineering College, Sagar

2026-03-31T23:31:43Z

Scopex: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh#Education]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
{{R to section}}
}}

Speedunnodu

2026-03-22T11:06:46Z

Scopex: brief fix intro for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|2016 film by Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Speedunnodu
| image = Speedunnodu Telugu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao]]
| based_on = ''[[Sundarapandian]]''
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*Bheemaneni Suneetha
*Bheemaneni Roshitha Sai
}}
| story = [[S. R. Prabhakaran]]
| screenplay = Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]]
*[[Sonarika Bhadoria]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
}}
| music = Sri Vasanth
| cinematography = Vijay Ulaganath
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Good Will Cinema
| released = {{Film date|2016|02|05|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Speedunnodu''''' ({{Translation|The one with the speed}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[romantic comedy|romantic action comedy]] film directed by [[Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao]]. It is produced by Bheemineni Sunitha under her production company Good Will Cinema, ''Speedunnodu'' features [[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]], [[Sonarika Bhadoria]], and [[Prakash Raj]] in the lead roles while [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] plays the antagonist.[[Tamannaah]] performs an item song that received more marketing and exposure than the lead heroine role itself. Production commenced in April 2015, and the film's [[principal photography]] was completed by January 2016. The film released worldwide on 5 February 2016. This film is a remake of the 2012 Tamil film ''[[Sundarapandian]]''.

==Plot==
Sobhan is the son of the president of Rapthaadu, Veerabhadrappa, who leads a happy life and spends all his time with his friends. Sobhan ensures that he is always of some help to his friends. He goes to any extent to help his friends. He tries to help his friends woo Vasanthi, the daughter of Ramachandrappa, after she rejected his love proposal when she was in tenth. As it happens, she falls for Sobhan again by seeing his deeds to help his friend. He, too, reciprocates, but trouble comes as Vasanthi's father fixes her marriage with his relative Jagan. A murder happens, and the blame falls on Sobhan. Things get further complicated when Shobhan and Vasanthi's parents turning to be rivals.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]] as Sobhan
*[[Sonarika Bhadoria]] as Vasanti
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Veerabhadrappa (Sobhan's father)
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as Ramachandrappa (Vasanti's father)
*[[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Lakshmi
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Vasanti's mother
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Wifi Vaikuntam
*[[Kabir Duhan Singh]] as Jagan
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Krishnappa
*[[Balireddy Pruthviraj|Pruthviraj]] as Sobhan's brother-in-law
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Suri
*[[Madhunandan]] as Giri
*[[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Madhan
*[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Babu
*[[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Vasanti's aunt
*[[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Vasanti's friend
*[[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Qadir
*[[Raghu Karumanchi]]
*[[Fish Venkat]] as Ramachandrappa's Henchman
;Cameo appearance
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in the song "Bachelor Babu"}}

==Production==
The film was launched officially in April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bellamkonda-srinivasbheemineni-movie-launched-telugu-news-129271.html |title="Bellamkonda SrinivasBheemineni movie launched" |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014419/https://www.indiaglitz.com/bellamkonda-srinivasbheemineni-movie-launched-telugu-news-129271.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sonarika Bhadoria]] was signed in as a lead actress in May 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sonarika-in-bellamkonda-srinivas-film-telugu-news-131870.html |title="Sonarika in Bellamkonda Srinivas film" |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804045845/https://www.indiaglitz.com/sonarika-in-bellamkonda-srinivas-film-telugu-news-131870.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sonarika-on-a-roll/articleshow/48857475.cms |title="Sonarika on a roll" |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 January 2016 |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614123611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sonarika-on-a-roll/articleshow/48857475.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Quote box|width=40%|align=right|quote="The song is a very important factor in the film and I felt that it would be good move to have a star like [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]. The song comes when the hero and his friends are having a bachelor party right after his marriage is fixed. It would be weird if a guy dances with another girl, soon after his marriage is fixed. But here, she is telling him how he needs to be after marriage and so, we felt the concept is totally legit."|source= —Director [[Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao]] about the casting and theme of the special song "Bachelor Babu".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-bheemineni-srinivas-remakes-are-my-weakness.html|title=Interview : Bheemineni Srinivas|publisher=123telugu.com|date=4 February 2016|accessdate=4 February 2016|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203225127/http://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-bheemineni-srinivas-remakes-are-my-weakness.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tamannaah">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sreenivas-Tamannaah-song-cost-Rs-2-25-crore/articleshow/50850875.cms|title=Sreenivas-Tamannaah song cost Rs 2.25 crore|newspaper=[[The Times Of India]]|date=4 February 2016|accessdate=5 February 2016|archive-date=10 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210000812/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sreenivas-Tamannaah-song-cost-Rs-2-25-crore/articleshow/50850875.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
Later in last October 2015, actress [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] was signed in to make a performance in the [[item number|special song]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaahin-a-special-song-in-Bellamkondas-next/articleshow/49609021.cms|title=Tamannaah in a special song in Bellamkonda's next|publisher=TOI|date=31 October 2015|accessdate=3 January 2016|archive-date=4 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104105337/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaahin-a-special-song-in-Bellamkondas-next/articleshow/49609021.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming of this song was completed by mid November 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151110/entertainment-tollywood/article/tamannaah%E2%80%99s-special-song|title=Tamannaah's special song|publisher=DC|date=10 November 2015|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-date=13 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113115234/http://deccanchronicle.com/151110/entertainment-tollywood/article/tamannaah%E2%80%99s-special-song|url-status=live}}</ref> and it was reported that she charged half of her remuneration to appear in the movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannah-paid-a-bomb-for-an-item-song-news-telugu-pllkOQfbaacgh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112053405/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannah-paid-a-bomb-for-an-item-song-news-telugu-pllkOQfbaacgh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2015|title=Tamannah paid a bomb for an item song|website=[[Sify]]|date=11 November 2015|accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> That song, titled "Bachelor Babu" was made on a budget of {{INRConvert|2.25|c}}.<ref name="Tamannaah" /> The film's title was announced as ''Speedunnodu'' in December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bellamkonda-is-speedunnodu-telugu-news-148500.html |title="Bellamkonda is Speedunnodu" |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804045731/https://www.indiaglitz.com/bellamkonda-is-speedunnodu-telugu-news-148500.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==
The audio of the movie was released on 22 January 2016.
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aatakundhoy (Bachelor Babu)
| extra1 = [[L. V. Revanth]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| length1 = 04:38
| title2 = Ye Sunami Aina
| extra2 = L. V. Revanth
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Mani]]
| length2 = 03:52
| title3 = Gurrani Cheruvu Daaka
| extra3 = [[Anudeep Dev]], Damini
| lyrics3 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| length3 = 03:41
| title4 = Yellow Yellow Dirty Fellow
| extra4 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| length4 = 01:30
| title5 = Ammayini Abbayi Choodagane
| extra5 = L. V. Revanth
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| length5 = 02:31
| title6 = Hollywood Hero Lekka
| extra6 = Simha, [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| lyrics6 = Karunakar Adigarla
| length6 = 03:34
| title7 = Rekkalatho Chukkalakegira
| extra7 = L. V. Revanth, [[Ramya Behara]]
| lyrics7 = Sri Mani
| length7 = 04:12
| title8 = Kasai Katthi Padunu
| extra8 = L. V. Revanth
| lyrics8 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| length8 = 01:21
}}

==Release==
In January 2016, Sreenivas announced the film's release date as 5 February 2016 in a press meet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2016-01-02/My-next-will-be-helmed-by-Boyapati-Sreenivas-197442|title=My next will be helmed by Boyapati: Sreenivas|work=The Hans India|date=3 January 2016|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107015123/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2016-01-02/My-next-will-be-helmed-by-Boyapati-Sreenivas-197442|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed critical response<ref>https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/speedunnodu-review-too-many-speed-bumps-72486</ref><ref>https://www.indiaglitz.com/speedunnodu-review-telugu-movie-20434</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Speedunnodu Telugu Movie Review {{pipe}} Speedunnodu Movie Review {{pipe}} Bellamkonda Sreenivas Speedunnodu Movie Review {{pipe}} Speedunnodu Review and Rating {{pipe}} Speedunnodu Cinema {{pipe}} Speedunnodu Film Review {{pipe}} Speedunnodu Telugu Review {{pipe}} Speedunnodu Twitter Updates {{pipe}} Speedunnodu First Day Talk {{pipe}} Speedunnodu Review {{pipe}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{pipe}} Movie reviews {{pipe}} OTT Updates, OTT | date=6 February 2016 | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/speedunnodu-telugu-movie-review.html?amp=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Speedunnodu Review | date=5 February 2016 | url=https://www.cinejosh.com/review/speedunnodu-review/723 }}</ref><ref>https://www.mouthshut.com/telugu-movies/speedunnodu-reviews-925810791</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5438308}}

{{Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao}}

[[Category:2016 action films]]
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

2026-03-22T03:43:59Z

Scopex: expanded references further and updated info

{{Short description|Military campaign}}
{{About|the full-scale invasion in 2022|the war that began in 2014|Russo-Ukrainian war|the war since 2022|Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
<section begin=infobox />{{#invoke:Infobox military conflict|main
| conflict = 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
| partof = the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]] ([[Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian war|outline]])
| image = File:2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine Phase 1 animated.gif
| caption = Animated map of the Russian invasion from 24 February to 7 April 2022
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| date = 24 February – 8 April 2022 ({{age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=2|day1=24|year1=2022|month2=4|day2=8|year2=2022}})
| place = [[Ukraine]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| result = Russian strategic failure
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}
*{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}
*{{#invoke:flag||Belarus}}{{efn|In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion<ref name="CNN invasion routes">{{cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Kesa |first2=Julia |title=Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_82bf44af2f01ad57f81c0760c6cb697c |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=24 February 2022 |location=Kyiv |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224071121/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_82bf44af2f01ad57f81c0760c6cb697c |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Palu |title=Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22#h_d115a65e9b6348752422ad427fa83b95 |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223185404/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="o285">{{cite web | title=Why is Belarus admitting Wagner leader and backing Russia against Ukraine? | website=BBC | date=26 June 2023 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-65964623 | access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref> and to launch missiles into Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60542877?pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:4b1fae66-d68a-4ba0-9cb3-bf962c5a10d2 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302125730/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60542877?pinned_post_locator=urn%3Aasset%3A4b1fae66-d68a-4ba0-9cb3-bf962c5a10d2 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Crossreference|See: [[Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]}}}}
{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{#invoke:flag||Ukraine}}{{efn|See [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)#Support for Ukraine|§ Support for Ukraine]] for more details.}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist}}
*{{#invoke:flag|deco|Russia}} [[Vladimir Putin]]
*{{#invoke:flag|deco|Russia}} [[Aleksandr Dvornikov]]
*{{#invoke:flag|deco|Russia}} [[Aleksandr Lapin (general)|Aleksandr Lapin]]
*{{#invoke:flag|deco|Russia}} [[Aleksandr Chaiko]]
*{{#invoke:flag|deco|Russia}} [[Alexander Zhuravlyov]]
{{endplainlist}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist}}
*{{#invoke:flag|deco|Ukraine}} [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
*{{#invoke:flag|deco|Ukraine}} [[Valerii Zaluzhnyi]]
{{endplainlist}}
| units1 = [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) order of battle#Initial force groupings|Order of battle]]
| units2 = [[Russian invasion of Ukraine order of battle#Ukrainian forces|Order of battle]]
| strength1 = '''Pre-invasion at border''': 150,000–200,000<ref name="Dalsjö et al.">{{cite journal |last1=Dalsjö |first1=Robert |last2=Jonsson |first2=Michael |last3=Norberg |first3=Johan |title=A Brutal Examination: Russian Military Capability in Light of the Ukraine War |journal=Survival |date=30 May 2022 |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=7–28 |doi=10.1080/00396338.2022.2078044 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2022.2078044 |access-date=3 October 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> '''Pre-invasion total''': 900,000 military<ref name="The Military Balance2022_p901">{{cite book |title=The Military Balance 2022 |date=February 2022 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA901 |publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |isbn=978-1-00-062003-0 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> 554,000 paramilitary<ref name="The Military Balance2022_p901" />
| strength2 = '''Pre-invasion total''': 196,600 military<ref name="The Military Balance2022_p945">{{cite book |title=The Military Balance 2022 |date=February 2022 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOFeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA945 |publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |isbn=978-1-00-062003-0 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> 102,000 paramilitary<ref name="The Military Balance2022_p945" />
| strength3 =
| casualties3 = Reports vary widely; see [[Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war#Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)|§ Casualties]] for details.
| notes = <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">{{navbar|Russian invasion of Ukraine infobox}}</div>
| below =
}}
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{{Campaignbox Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{Campaignbox Russo-Ukrainian War}}
{{Campaignbox Post-Soviet conflicts}}
On 24 February 2022, during the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]], Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, starting the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|current phase of the war]], the largest conflict in Europe since World War II. By April 2022, the invasion's initial goal of a rapid Russian victory via [[Decapitation (military strategy)|decapitation]] had failed, with Ukraine pushing back the [[Northern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|northern arm of the invasion]] and preventing the capture of Kyiv. Following this, the war transitioned to more conventional fighting in the [[Southern Ukraine campaign|south]] and [[Eastern Ukraine offensive|east]] of Ukraine.<ref name="Kofman 101">{{cite book |last1=Kofman |first1=Michael |editor1-last=Brands |editor1-first=Hal |title=War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World |date=2024 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1-4214-4986-9 |page=101 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3881920 |access-date=25 September 2025 |chapter=Chapter Six The Russia-Ukraine War Military Operations and Battlefield Dynamics |quote=From this perspective, the Russia-Ukraine War consists of a "special military operation", in which Russian forces attempted to conduct a [[coup de main]] by decapitating Ukraine's leadership, isolating Ukrainian forces, and rapidly occupying the country. This operation can be periodized to February 24–March 25, 2022, by which point Russian forces are already withdrawing from Kyiv and beginning to redeploy for a more conventional campaign in Ukraine's eastern Donbas region.}}</ref>

In [[On conducting a special military operation|a televised address]], Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] announced the invasion, calling it a "[[special military operation]]". He said that its purpose was to support the Russian-backed breakaway [[Donetsk People's Republic|republics of Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]], whose [[Russian separatist forces in Ukraine|paramilitary forces]] had been fighting Ukraine in the [[war in Donbas]] since 2014. Putin espoused [[Russian irredentism|irredentist]] and [[Russian neo-imperialism|imperialist]] views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, [[Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine#Russian themes|baselessly claimed]] that the Ukrainian government were [[Far-right politics in Ukraine#Russian disinformation|neo-Nazis]] committing genocide against the [[Russians in Ukraine|Russian minority]] in the [[Donbas]], and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine.

In late 2021, Russia [[Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine|massed troops near Ukraine's borders]] and [[December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO|issued demands]] to the [[Western world|West]] including a ban on Ukraine ever joining the [[NATO]] military alliance.<ref name="v440">{{cite web |last=Roth |first=Andrew |title=Russia issues list of demands it says must be met to lower tensions in Europe |website=the Guardian |date=17 December 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/17/russia-issues-list-demands-tensions-europe-ukraine-nato |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref> After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a [[Northern Ukraine campaign|northern front]] from [[Belarus]] towards the capital [[Kyiv]], a [[Southern Ukraine campaign|southern front]] from [[Crimea]], and an [[Eastern Ukraine campaign|eastern front]] from the Donbas and towards [[Kharkiv]]. Ukraine enacted [[Martial law in Ukraine|martial law]], ordered [[Mobilization in Ukraine|a general mobilisation]], and severed diplomatic [[Russia–Ukraine relations|relations with Russia]].

Russia's invasion plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by [[Zachistka|"mopping up" operations]], establishing [[Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians|filtration camps for Ukrainians]], setting up occupation regimes, trying and executing people involved in the [[Revolution of Dignity]], and annexation. Whilst the invasion failed its main goal of a rapid victory, as Ukraine pushed back the northern arm of the invasion and prevented the capture of Kyiv, Russia maintained a military occupation of the southeast of Ukraine, and several months after the invasion, unilaterally declared the [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts]].

The invasion was met with widespread [[Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|international condemnation]]. The [[United Nations General Assembly]] passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|a resolution]] condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The [[International Court of Justice]] ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the [[Council of Europe]] expelled Russia. Many countries imposed [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions]] on Russia and its ally Belarus and provided [[List of humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|humanitarian]] and [[List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|military aid]] to Ukraine. The [[Baltic states]] and Poland declared Russia a terrorist state. [[Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine|Protests occurred]] around the world, with anti-war [[2022 anti-war protests in Russia|protesters in Russia]] being met by mass arrests and greater media [[Censorship in Russia|censorship]]. The [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) opened [[International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine|an investigation]] into [[crimes against humanity]], [[War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|war crimes]], [[Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|abduction of Ukrainian children]], and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants [[International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian leaders|for Putin and other Russian officials]].

{{TOC limit}}

== Background ==
{{further|Russo-Ukrainian War}}
[[File:Map of Ukraine with Cities.png|thumb|left|Ukraine, with the annexed [[Crimea]] in the south and two Russia-backed separatist republics in [[Donbas]] in the east up to the 2022 invasion]]
In 2013, [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukraine's parliament]] overwhelmingly approved finalising an [[European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement|association agreement]] with the [[European Union]] (EU),<ref>{{cite news |title=Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/parliament-passes-statement-on-ukraines-aspirations-for-european-integration-320792.html |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=22 February 2013}}</ref> which had been negotiated for several years. Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and [[Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods|imposed economic sanctions]] on the country.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Dinan |editor1-first=Desmond |editor2-last=Nugent |editor2-first=Neil |title=The European Union in Crisis |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=3, 274}}</ref> Kremlin adviser [[Sergei Glazyev]] warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=22 September 2013 |title=Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/22/ukraine-european-union-trade-russia |access-date=12 September 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}
* {{Cite book |title=The European Union in Crisis |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |editor1-last=Dinan |editor1-first=Desmond |pages=3, 274 |editor2-last=Nugent |editor2-first=Neil}}</ref>

In November, Ukrainian president [[Viktor Yanukovych]] suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/21/ukraine-suspends-preparations-eu-trade-pact |title=Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war: Ukraine was due to sign accord at summit next week but MPs reject key bills, especially on freeing Yulia Tymoshenko from jail |first1=Ian |last1=Traynor |first2=Oksana |last2=Grytsenko |date=21 November 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> choosing closer ties to the Russian-led [[Eurasian Economic Union]] instead. This coerced withdrawal triggered a wave of protests known as [[Euromaidan]], culminating in the [[Revolution of Dignity]] in February 2014. Almost [[Maidan casualties|100 protesters were killed]]. Despite signing an agreement, Yanukovych fled. Parliament [[Viktor Yanukovych#Removal from presidency|voted to remove him]] and he ended up in Russia.

[[Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)|Russian soldiers with no insignia]] occupied the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, and [[Capture of the Crimean Parliament|seized the Crimean Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/27/crimean-parliament-seized-by-unknown-pro-russian-gunmen |title=Crimean parliament seized by unknown pro-Russian gunmen: Gunmen storm Crimea's regional administrative complex in Simferopol and hoist Russian flag above parliament building |first1=Harriet |last1=Salem |first2=Shaun |last2=Walker |first3=Luke |last3=Harding |date=27 February 2014 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Russia [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed Crimea]] in March 2014, after a [[2014 Crimean status referendum|widely disputed referendum]] held under occupation. [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|Pro-Russian protests]] immediately followed in the Ukrainian cities of [[Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk]]. The [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]] began in April 2014 when [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas|armed Russian mercenaries]] led by [[Igor Girkin|Igor 'Strelkov' Girkin]] seized [[Sloviansk]] and nearby towns.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/11/21/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine-a41598 |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223204015/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/11/21/russias-igor-strelkov-i-am-responsible-for-war-in-eastern-ukraine-a41598 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Unnamed War Sloviansk">{{cite book |title=Ukraine's Unnamed War |date=2023 |pages=138–140 |editor-last=Arel |editor-first=Dominique |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor2-last=Driscoll |editor2-first=Jesse}}</ref><ref name=AJ>{{Cite news |last=Ragozin |first=Leonid |date=16 March 2019 |title=Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/16/annexation-of-crimea-a-masterclass-in-political-manipulation |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230534/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/16/annexation-of-crimea-a-masterclass-in-political-manipulation/ |archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref> Russian troops were covertly involved in the fighting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2014 |title=Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-tanks-exclusive-idUSKCN0IC1GE20141023 |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-tanks-exclusive-idUSKCN0IC1GE20141023 |archive-date=1 March 2022}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Shaun |last2=Grytsenko |first2=Oksana |last3=Ragozin |first3=Leonid |date=3 September 2014 |title=Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/03/ukraine-soldier-youre-better-clueless-because-truth-horrible-moscow-ilovaysk |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/03/ukraine-soldier-youre-better-clueless-because-truth-horrible-moscow-ilovaysk |archive-date=1 March 2022 |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878}}</ref> The [[Minsk agreements]], signed in September 2014 and February 2015, aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations repeatedly failed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2020 |title=Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/29/ukraine-ceasefire-violated-more-than-100-times-within-days-osce |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/29/ukraine-ceasefire-violated-more-than-100-times-within-days-osce |archive-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>

== Prelude ==
{{Main|Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine|Ukraine–NATO relations#Russian opposition to Ukrainian NATO membership}}

[[File:Russian forces near Ukraine, 2021-12-03 (crop).jpg|thumb|Russian military build-up around Ukraine as of 3 December 2021]]

=== Russian military buildup and demands ===
There was a large Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/russian-military-buildup-ukraines-border-expert-analysis |title=The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis |first1=Peter B. |last1=Zwack |first2=Victor |last2=Andrusiv |first3=Oksana |last3=Antonenko |date=15 April 2021 |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Wilson Center]]}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/22/europe/russia-military-ukraine-border-exercises-intl/index.html |title=Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border |first1=Zahra |last1=Ullah |first2=Anna |last2=Chernova |first3=Eliza |last3=Mackintosh |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=23 April 2021}}</ref> and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Shane |last2=Sonne |first2=Paul |date=3 December 2021 |title=Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russia-ukraine-invasion/2021/12/03/98a3760e-546b-11ec-8769-2f4ecdf7a2ad_story.html |access-date=23 February 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last=Schogol |first=Jeff |date=22 February 2022 |title=Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean |url=https://taskandpurpose.com/analysis/russian-military-equipment-white-markings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://taskandpurpose.com/analysis/russian-military-equipment-white-markings/ |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[Task & Purpose]] |publisher=North Equity |quote=[B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents.}}</ref> Members of the Russian government, including Putin, denied having plans to attack or invade Ukraine up until the day before the invasion.<ref name="denials">{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |others=Photograph by [[Evgeniy Maloletka]] ([[Associated Press]]) |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/ukraine-russia-denials/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220224205233/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/ukraine-russia-denials/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |quote=On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said.}}</ref><ref name="Deny">{{Cite news |last1=Farley |first1=Robert |last2=Kiely |first2=Eugene |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |publisher=[[Annenberg Public Policy Center]] |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2022/02/russian-rhetoric-ahead-of-attack-against-ukraine-deny-deflect-mislead/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.factcheck.org/2022/02/russian-rhetoric-ahead-of-attack-against-ukraine-deny-deflect-mislead/ |archive-date=27 February 2022 |quote=Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.'}}</ref><ref name="Czech">{{cite news |last=Fořtová |first=Klára |date=8 March 2022 |title=Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný' |language=cs |trans-title=Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible' |work=[[Mladá fronta DNES]] |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/jevhen-perebyjnis-alexandr-zmejevskij-velvyslanec-rusko-ukrajina.A220307_095550_domaci_klf |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308092951/https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/jevhen-perebyjnis-alexandr-zmejevskij-velvyslanec-rusko-ukrajina.A220307_095550_domaci_klf |archive-date=8 March 2022 |quote=Zmejevský{{nbsp}}... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. |trans-quote=Zmeevsky{{nbsp}}... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.}}</ref>

While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, Russia's proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian forces in the Donbas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ongoing Violations of International Law and Defiance of OSCE Principles and Commitments by the Russian Federation in Ukraine |url=https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/0/488998.pdf |publisher=United States Mission to the [[OSCE]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |date=20 May 2021}}</ref> [[OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine|Observers]] from the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE), which also includes Ukraine and Russia, reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021; the vast majority in Russian-controlled territory.<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 trends and observations |publisher=[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] |url=https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/a/511327.pdf |access-date=6 March 2025 |date=2022}}</ref>

In July 2021, Putin published an essay "[[On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians]]", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians".<ref name="Duben">{{cite journal |last1=Düben |first1=Björn Alexander |title=Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood |journal=LSE Public Policy Review |date=8 September 2023 |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=4 |doi=10.31389/lseppr.86 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Putin was accused of promoting [[Russian imperialism]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Snyder |first=Timothy D. |author-link=Timothy D. Snyder |date=18 January 2022 |title=How to think about war in Ukraine |url=https://snyder.substack.com/p/how-to-think-about-war-in-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119065436/https://snyder.substack.com/p/how-to-think-about-war-in-ukrfaine |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=Thinking about... (newsletter) |publisher=[[Substack]] |quote=Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism.}}</ref> historical revisionism and disinformation. Writing in 2024, [[Michael McFaul]] and [[Robert Person]] described this essay as representing not only "cynical propaganda" but also Putin's "deeply held and internalized beliefs".<ref name="McFaul & Person 46" />

[[File:Deputy Secretary Sherman Meets With the NATO-Russia Council (51815888987).jpg|thumb|Meeting of the [[NATO-Russia Council]] on 12 January 2022]]

In December 2021, Russia issued [[December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO|an ultimatum to the West]], which included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any other [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet state]] from ever joining the alliance.<ref name="v440" /><ref name="Reuters 17 Dec 21">{{Cite news |last1=Tétrault-Farber |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Balmforth |first2=Tom |date=17 December 2021 |title=Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222081106/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/ |archive-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line".<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacKinnon |first=Mark |date=21 December 2021 |title=Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line' |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-warns-of-unspecified-military-response-if-us-and-nato-continue/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115165246/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-warns-of-unspecified-military-response-if-us-and-nato-continue/ |archive-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] replied that "Russia has no veto" on whether Ukraine joins, and "has no right to establish a [[sphere of influence]] to try to control their neighbours".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2021 |title=NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |url=https://www.axios.com/nato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214172403/https://www.axios.com/nato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html |archive-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>

Several Western political analysts suggested Russia knew that its "unrealistic demands" would be rejected,<ref name="Reuters 17 Dec 21" /> which would give it a [[pretext]] to invade.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pifer |first1=Steven |title=Russia's draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/russias-draft-agreements-with-nato-and-the-united-states-intended-for-rejection/ |website=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=21 December 2021}}</ref> Political scientists [[Michael McFaul]] and Robert Person said Russia's occupation of Crimea and the Donbas since 2014 had already blocked Ukraine's NATO membership, suggesting that Putin's real aim was to subjugate Ukraine.<ref name="Person-McFaul1">{{cite journal |last1=Person |first1=Robert |last2=McFaul |first2=Michael |title=What Putin Fears Most |journal=Journal of Democracy |date=April 2022 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=18–27 |doi=10.1353/jod.2022.0015 |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/what-putin-fears-most/ |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406093802/https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/what-putin-fears-most/ |archive-date=6 April 2024 |url-status=live |issn=1045-5736|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

NATO offered to negotiate some of Russia's demands and to improve military [[Transparency (behavior)|transparency]], as long as Russia stopped its troop buildup.<ref>{{cite news |title=US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-united-states-moscow-72856781c3b92640d03c5e954488ba90 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=26 January 2022}}</ref> The alliance rejected Russia's demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO forever, pointing out that Russia had signed agreements affirming the right of Ukraine and other countries to join alliances.<ref name="ElPais">{{cite news |title=US offered disarmament measures to Russia in exchange for deescalation of military threat in Ukraine |url=https://english.elpais.com/usa/2022-02-02/us-offers-disarmament-measures-to-russia-in-exchange-for-a-deescalation-of-military-threat-in-ukraine.html |work=[[El País]] |date=2 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |last=Brumme |first=Christoph |date=2024-01-28 |title=Der dysfunktionale russische Staat ist nicht wettbewerbsfähig |url=https://www.nzz.ch/meinung/des-kremls-uebersehene-kriegsgruende-der-dysfunktionale-russische-staat-kann-im-friedlichen-wettbewerb-mit-anderen-laendern-schlicht-nicht-mithalten-ld.1775119 |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de-CH |issn=0376-6829}}</ref> The US proposed that itself and Russia sign an agreement not to station missiles or troops in Ukraine.<ref name="ElPais" /> Putin replied that Russia's demands had been "ignored", and the Russian troop buildup continued.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin: U.S. and NATO have "ignored" Russia's main security demands |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/02/01/putin-nato-demands-ukraine-orban |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=1 February 2022}}</ref>

Western leaders vowed that heavy sanctions would be imposed should Putin choose to invade rather than to negotiate.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. and NATO Respond to Putin's Demands as Ukraine Tensions Mount |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/26/us/politics/russia-demands-us-ukraine.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 January 2022}}</ref> French president [[Emmanuel Macron]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/kremlin-denies-putin-promised-not-hold-manoeuvres-near-ukraine-2022-02-08/ |title=France's Macron calls for calm to resolve Ukraine crisis |first1=Michael |last1=Rose |first2=Pavel |last2=Polityuk |date=8 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> and German Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from invading. According to Scholz, Putin told him that Ukraine should not be an independent state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scholz: Putin started war for 'completely absurd' reasons |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-scholz-says-putin-started-war-for-completely-absurd-reasons/a-62880926 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 August 2022}}</ref> Scholz told Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to declare Ukraine a [[neutral country]] and renounce its aspirations to join NATO. Zelenskyy said Putin had broken agreements and could not be trusted to respect Ukrainian neutrality.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Michael R. |last2=Pancevski |first2=Bojan |last3=Bisserbe |first3=Noemie |last4=Walker |first4=Marcus |date=1 April 2022 |title=Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/vladimir-putins-20-year-march-to-war-in-ukraineand-how-the-west-mishandled-it-11648826461 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and [[War in Donbas#August 2014 invasion by Russian forces|invaded the Donbas]].<ref name="Atlantic Council: Ukrainian neutrality">{{cite web |last1=Blank |first1=Stephen |title=Ukrainian neutrality would not appease Putin or prevent further Russian aggression |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/ukrainian-neutrality-would-not-appease-putin-or-prevent-further-russian-aggression/ |publisher=[[Atlantic Council]] |date=28 January 2022 |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308150443/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/ukrainian-neutrality-would-not-appease-putin-or-prevent-further-russian-aggression/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chatham House: How to end Russia's war on Ukraine">{{cite web |last1=Lutsevych |first1=Orysia |title=How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/06/how-end-russias-war-ukraine/fallacy-3-ukraine-should-adopt-neutrality |publisher=[[Chatham House]] |doi=10.55317/9781784135782 |date=27 June 2023}}</ref>

On 19 February, Zelenskyy made a speech at the [[Munich Security Conference]], calling for Western powers to end their "[[appeasement]]" of Putin and give a timeframe for when Ukraine could join NATO.<ref>{{cite news |title=West should stop 'appeasement' policy towards Russia, says Ukraine's Zelensky |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220219-harris-to-meet-zelensky-as-ukraine-crisis-overshadows-munich-security-conference |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=France 24 |date=19 February 2022}}</ref> Political analysts [[Taras Kuzio]] and [[Vladimir Socor]] agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership".<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Kuzio |first1=Taras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBtzwEACAAJ |title=Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians |last2=Jajecznyk-Kelman |first2=Stefan |date=2023 |publisher=COLUMBIA University Press |isbn=978-3-8382-1791-8 |pages=17, 57}}</ref>

=== Escalation (February 2022) ===
{{further|Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)}}

[[File:Luhansk thermal power plant after shelling, 2022-02-22 (01).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Luhansk power station]] after being shelled by Russian-backed forces in the Donbas, 22 February 2022]]

Fighting in Donbas escalated from 17 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MacKinnon |first1=Mark |last2=Morrow |first2=Adrian |title=Putin orders snap nuclear drill |page=A3 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |publisher=Phillip Crawley |issn=0319-0714}}</ref> The Ukrainians and the Russian separatists accused one another of firing into their respective territories.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=David |date=17 February 2022 |others=Photograph by the [[Russian Defence Ministry]]; Graphics by Sandra Rodriguez Chillida and Prina Shah. |title=Ukraine: How big is Russia's military build-up? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60158694 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223070711/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60158694 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Talmazan |first1=Yuliya |last2=Shabad |first2=Rebecca |last3=Williams |first3=Abigail |date=17 February 2022 |title=Ukraine, West accuse Russia of trying to create pretext for invasion after shelling in east |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/west-accuses-russia-of-trying-to-create-pretext-for-invasion-after-shelling-in-east-ukraine/ar-AATZcQu?ocid=uxbndlbing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222062307/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/west-accuses-russia-of-trying-to-create-pretext-for-invasion-after-shelling-in-east-ukraine/ar-AATZcQu?ocid=uxbndlbing |archive-date=22 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |publisher=[[NBC News]] }}</ref> On 18 February, the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics [[Emergency evacuation|ordered all civilians to leave]] their capitals,<ref>{{cite web |date=18 February 2022 |title=Russian-backed separatists announce civilian evacuation from eastern Ukraine as escalation stokes Russian invasion fears |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/east-ukraine-shelling-russian-invasion-fears-putin-pretext-rcna16773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223132456/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/east-ukraine-shelling-russian-invasion-fears-putin-pretext-rcna16773 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Alexander |date=18 February 2022 |title=Warning siren sounds in rebel-held capital in east Ukraine -Reuters witness |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/warning-siren-sounds-in-rebel-held-capital-in-east-ukraine-reuters-witness/ar-AAU29BV?ocid=entnewsntp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224032724/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/warning-siren-sounds-in-rebel-held-capital-in-east-ukraine-reuters-witness/ar-AAU29BV?ocid=entnewsntp |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=[[MSN News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 February 2022 |title=Ukraine conflict: Rebels declare general mobilisation as fighting grows |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60443504 |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219100114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60443504 |archive-date=19 February 2022}}</ref> although observers noted that full evacuations would take months.<ref>{{cite news |last=Light |first=Felix |date=20 February 2022 |title=In the Closest Russian City to Ukraine's Separatist Region, There Are Few Signs of Refugees |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/20/in-the-closest-russian-city-to-ukraines-separatist-region-there-are-few-signs-of-refugees-a76473 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220074941/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/20/in-the-closest-russian-city-to-ukraines-separatist-region-there-are-few-signs-of-refugees-a76473 |archive-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> Ukrainian media reported a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas as an attempt to provoke the Ukrainian army.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ponomarenko |first=Illia |date=18 February 2022 |title=47 shelling incidents leave 5 injured in Donbas |work=[[The Kyiv Independent]] |url=https://kyivindependent.com/national/over-40-shelling-incidents-leave-5-injured-in-donbas/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217205001/https://kyivindependent.com/national/over-40-shelling-incidents-leave-5-injured-in-donbas/ |archive-date=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Volvach |first=Yaroslava |date=18 February 2022 |title=How Russian proxy forces are attempting to provoke the Ukrainian army and are lying about a new Ukrainian offensive |url=https://english.nv.ua/nation/how-russian-proxies-are-attempting-to-provoke-the-ukrainian-army-lying-about-a-ukrainian-offensive-50218033.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218180147/https://english.nv.ua/nation/how-russian-proxies-are-attempting-to-provoke-the-ukrainian-army-lying-about-a-ukrainian-offensive-50218033.html |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |publisher=NV.UA}}</ref> Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders.<ref name="Guardian 18 Feb 2022">{{cite news |first1=Shaun |last1=Walker |first2=Andrew |last2=Roth |title=Pro-Russian separatists order mass evacuation of eastern Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/18/pro-russian-separatist-order-mass-evacuation-eastern-ukraine-fear-moscow-seeking-create-pretext-invasion |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414194104/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/18/pro-russian-separatist-order-mass-evacuation-eastern-ukraine-fear-moscow-seeking-create-pretext-invasion |archive-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations.<ref name="BBC 19 Feb 2022">{{cite news |title=Ukraine will not respond to provocations, Zelensky says |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60448638 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403230835/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60448638 |archive-date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

In the days leading up to the invasion, the Russian government intensified its [[Russian disinformation|disinformation campaign]]. Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging [[false flag]] attacks to give Russia a pretext for invading.<ref name="BBC 19 Feb 2022" /><ref name="Guardian 18 Feb 2022" /> Russian state media aired fabricated videos that purported to show Ukrainian forces attacking Russians in Donbas; evidence showed that the claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations were staged by Russia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gilbert |first=David |date=21 February 2022 |title=Russia's 'Idiotic' Disinformation Campaign Could Still Lead to War in Ukraine |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/88gdj3/russia-disinformation-campaign-bombing-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221194550/https://www.vice.com/en/article/88gdj3/russia-disinformation-campaign-bombing-ukraine |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=22 February 2022 }}</ref> On 17 February, Russian proxy forces [[Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing|shelled a kindergarten]] and blamed it on Ukraine, although the kindetgarten was in Ukrainian-held territory.<ref name="Guardian 18 Feb 2022" /> On 21 February, the head of the Russian [[Federal Security Service]] (FSB) said that Russian forces had killed five Ukrainian "saboteurs" that crossed into Russian territory, capturing one Ukrainian serviceman and destroying two armoured vehicles. The claim was denied by Ukraine and drew warnings that Russia was seeking further justification to start an invasion. ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' described it as "the first move in Putin's war plan."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ukraine-saboteurs-claim-shows-putins-war-plan-has-now-begun-9bsrvvhj3 |title=Russian claim of sabotage 'the first move in Putin's war plan' |first=Catherine |last=Philp |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] |publisher=[[News UK]] |date=22 February 2022 |access-date=20 March 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/russian-army-says-killed-5-saboteurs-from-ukraine-on-russian-territory-01645449007 |title=Russian Army Says Killed 5 'Saboteurs' From Ukraine On Russian Territory |work=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] |date=21 February 2022 |access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref>

[[File:War tanks of pro-Russian separatists on February 23, 2022 heading for the Donbass-Ukraine border.png|thumb|left|Tanks of Russian and Russian proxy forces in the Donbas, 23 February 2022]]
On 21 February,<ref>{{cite web |title=Address by the President of the Russian Federation |website=[[President of Russia]] |date=21 February 2022 |url=https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67828 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221215128/https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67828 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 }}</ref> Putin announced that the Russian government would [[Diplomatic recognition|recognise]] the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Extracts from Putin's speech on Ukraine |work=[[Reuters]] |date=21 February 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/extracts-putins-speech-ukraine-2022-02-21/ |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The same evening, Putin directed that Russian troops be deployed to the Donbas, in what he called a "[[peacekeeping]] mission".<ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2022 |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Qiblawi |first2=Tamara |last3=Regan |first3=Helen |title=Putin orders troops into separatist-held parts of Ukraine |publisher=CNN |url=https://cnn.com/2022/02/21/europe/russia-ukraine-tensions-monday-intl/index.html |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223102720/https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/21/europe/russia-ukraine-tensions-monday-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Philp |first1=Catherine |last2=Wright |first2=Oliver |last3=Brown |first3=Larissa |title=Putin sends Russian tanks into Ukraine |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/putin-sends-tanks-into-ukraine-75dj973v8 |work=[[The Times]] |date=22 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223032437/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/putin-sends-tanks-into-ukraine-75dj973v8 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the same speech, Putin questioned the validity of the Ukrainian nation, stating that "Modern Ukraine was entirely created by Russia", views which [[Michael McFaul]] and Robert Person, writing in 2024, described as "grotesque".<ref name="McFaul & Person 46">{{cite book |last1=McFaul |first1=Michael |last2=Person |first2=Robert |editor1-last=Brands |editor1-first=Hal |title=War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World |date=2024 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1-4214-4986-9 |pages=46 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3881915 |access-date=25 September 2025 |chapter=Chapter Two Why Putin Invaded Ukraine}}</ref> The 21 February intervention in Donbas was condemned by several members of the [[UN Security Council]]; none voiced support.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lederer |first=Edith |title=Putin gets no support from UN Security Council over Ukraine |date=22 February 2022 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/putin-support-security-council-ukraine-83037165 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223172555/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/putin-support-security-council-ukraine-83037165 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> On 22 February, video footage shot in the early morning showed Russian armed forces and tanks moving in the Donbas region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Videos appear to show Russian armed forces moving deep into separatist region of Ukraine |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/videos-russian-military-tanks-move-donbas-seen-donetsk-putin-invade-2022-2 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=22 February 2022}}</ref> The [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]] unanimously authorised the use of military force outside Russia.<ref name="Hodge 2022">{{cite web |last=Hodge |first=Nathan |date=26 February 2022 |title=Russia's Federation Council gives consent to Putin on use of armed forces abroad, Russian agencies report |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-22-22/h_59a413ce984eda5954ce5b9c4655bcc5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-22-22/h_59a413ce984eda5954ce5b9c4655bcc5 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |publisher=CNN |location=Moscow}}</ref>

In response, Zelenskyy ordered the conscription of army [[reservist]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zinets |first1=Natalia |last2=Williams |first2=Matthias |title=Ukrainian president drafts reservists but rules out general mobilisation for now |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian-president-calls-up-reservists-launches-programme-economic-patriotism-2022-02-22/ |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222235612/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian-president-calls-up-reservists-launches-programme-economic-patriotism-2022-02-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The following day, Ukraine's parliament proclaimed a 30-day nationwide [[state of emergency]] and ordered the mobilisation of all reservists.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ukraine to introduce a state of emergency and tells its citizens to leave Russia immediately |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-sanctions-ukraine-reservists-west-b2021165.html |date=23 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |first=Thomas |last=Kingsley |work=[[The Independent]] |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224032730/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-sanctions-ukraine-reservists-west-b2021165.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-parliament-approves-state-emergency-2022-02-23/ |title=Ukraine's Parliament approves state of emergency |author= |date=23 February 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223200424/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraines-parliament-approves-state-emergency-2022-02-23/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'agata |first1=Charlie |last2=Redman |first2=Justine |last3=Ott |first3=Haley |title=Ukraine calls up reservists, declares national emergency as U.S. and allies hit Russia with new sanctions |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-ukraine-news-miliatry-reservists-emergency-declaration/ |date=23 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224055846/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-ukraine-news-miliatry-reservists-emergency-declaration/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kyiv.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia evacuates embassy in Ukraine as crisis escalates |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-moscow-kyiv-626a8c5ec22217bacb24ece60fac4fe1 |date=23 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |first=Dasha |last=Litvinova |work=Associated Press |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223102040/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-moscow-kyiv-626a8c5ec22217bacb24ece60fac4fe1 |url-status=live}}</ref> The websites of the Ukrainian parliament and government, along with banking websites, were hit by [[DDoS]] attacks, widely attributed to Russian-backed hackers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-technology-business-europe-russia-9e9f9e9b52eaf53cf9d8ade0588b661b |title=Cyberattacks accompany Russian military assault on Ukraine |first=Frank |last=Bajak |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228150957/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-technology-business-europe-russia-9e9f9e9b52eaf53cf9d8ade0588b661b |archive-date=28 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/24/russia-unleashed-data-wiper-virus-on-ukraine-say-cyber-experts |title=Russia unleashed data-wiper malware on Ukraine, say cyber experts |first=Dan |last=Milmo |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228205650/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/24/russia-unleashed-data-wiper-virus-on-ukraine-say-cyber-experts |archive-date=28 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> On the night of 23 February,<ref>{{cite AV media |author-link=Volodymyr Zelenskyy |last=Zelenskyy |first=Volodymyr |url=https://t.me/V_Zelenskiy_official/724 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223000000/https://t.me/V_Zelenskiy_official/724 |date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |script-title=ru:Україна прагне миру! І робить для цього все! |trans-title=Ukraine seeks peace! And does everything for this! |language=ru |type=Video |location=Ukraine}} [https://archive.org/details/20220223-zvernennya-tg Alt URL]</ref> Zelenskyy gave [[s:Zelensky's emotional appeal to Russians|a speech]] in Russian in which he appealed to the citizens of Russia to prevent war.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sonne |first=Paul |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukraine's Zelensky to Russians: 'What are you fighting for and with whom?' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/02/23/ukraine-zelensky-russia-address/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224073748/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/02/23/ukraine-zelensky-russia-address/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/23/zelenskys-desperate-plea-for-peace/ |date=23 February 2022 |website=Foreign Policy |title=Zelensky's Last-Ditch Plea for Peace |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224140341/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/23/zelenskys-desperate-plea-for-peace/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He also refuted Russia's claims about the presence of neo-Nazis in the Ukrainian government and said that he had no intention of attacking the Donbas region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cruz Bustillos |first=Dominic |title=Full Translation: Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's Feb. 23 Speech |url=https://www.lawfareblog.com/full-translation-ukrainian-president-volodymyr-zelenskyys-feb-23-speech |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://www.lawfareblog.com/full-translation-ukrainian-president-volodymyr-zelenskyys-feb-23-speech |archive-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[Lawfare]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on 23 February that the separatist leaders in Donetsk and Luhansk had sent a letter to Putin stating that Ukrainian shelling had caused civilian deaths and appealing for Russian military support.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/23/kremlin-says-ukraine-rebels-have-asked-russia-for-help-against-kyiv-a76548 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/23/kremlin-says-ukraine-rebels-have-asked-russia-for-help-against-kyiv-a76548 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |title=Kremlin Says Ukraine Rebels Have Asked Russia for 'Help' Against Kyiv |website=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=23 February 2022}}</ref>

In response, Ukraine requested an urgent UN Security Council meeting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-says-donbas-separatists-ask-putin-for-military-support/a-60893224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.dw.com/en/russia-says-donbas-separatists-ask-putin-for-military-support/a-60893224 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |title=Russia says Donbas separatists ask Putin for military support |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=23 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[United Nations]] |title=Ukraine – Security Council, 8974th meeting |date=27 February 2022 |url=https://media.un.org/asset/k1j/k1j8unn1me |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226190918/https://media.un.org/asset/k1j/k1j8unn1me |url-status=dead }}</ref> Half an hour into the emergency meeting, Putin announced the start of military operations in Ukraine. [[Sergiy Kyslytsya]], the Ukrainian representative, subsequently called on the Russian representative, [[Vasily Nebenzya]], to "do everything possible to stop the war" or relinquish his position as [[president of the UN Security Council]]; Nebenzya refused.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mauldin |first=William |title=U.S. Says Russia Will Face U.N. Security Council Resolution |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news/card/pUrIX20rUPrwgE9WQPoX |date=23 February 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064610/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news/card/pUrIX20rUPrwgE9WQPoX |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Leff |first1=Alex |last2=Wood |first2=Patrick |date=24 February 2022 |title=Read the impassioned plea from Ukraine's U.N. ambassador to Russia to stop the war |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/24/1082806285/ukraine-ambassador-russia-security-council |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

=== Invasion plans ===
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Sergey Shoigu - Saint-Petersburg 2017-07-30 (1).jpg|thumb|Putin and his long-time confidant Defence Minister [[Sergei Shoigu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine conflict: Who's in Putin's inner circle and running the war? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60573261 |first=Paul |last=Kirby |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>]]
The [[Royal United Services Institute]] reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by [[Zachistka|"mopping up" operations]]; establishing [[Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians|filtration camps for Ukrainians]]; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and lastly annexation.<ref name="RUSI invasion plan">{{cite web |last1=Zabrodskyi |first1=Mykhaylo |last2=Watling |first2=Jack |last3=Danylyuk |first3=Oleksandr |last4=Reynolds |first4=Nick |title=Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022 |url=https://static.rusi.org/359-SR-Ukraine-Preliminary-Lessons-Feb-July-2022-web-final.pdf |date=30 November 2022 |publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]] |pages=1–12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617163952/https://static.rusi.org/359-SR-Ukraine-Preliminary-Lessons-Feb-July-2022-web-final.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="KyivPost invasion plan">{{cite news |date=2 December 2022 |title=Captured Documents Show Moscow Planned to Start War with "Massive Airstrike Campaign" |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/4768 |work=[[Kyiv Post]]}}</ref><ref name="SkyNews invasion plan">{{cite news |date=1 December 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Captured Russian documents reveal Moscow's 10-day plan to take over the country and kill its leaders |url=https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-captured-russian-documents-reveal-moscows-10-day-plan-to-take-over-the-country-and-kill-its-leaders-12759836 |work=[[Sky News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marples |first=David R. |date=2022-07-03 |title=Russia's war goals in Ukraine |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837 |journal=Revue Canadienne des Slavistes |volume=64 |issue=2–3 |pages=207–219 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837 |issn=0008-5006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/nationalist-and-imperial-thinking-define-putins-vision-russia |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=rusi.org}}</ref> The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of [[war hawk]]s or ''[[silovik]]i'' in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser [[Nikolai Patrushev]] and [[Minister of Defence (Russia)|defence minister]] [[Sergei Shoigu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2022 |title=Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-20/putin-s-war-in-ukraine-has-russian-elites-fearing-global-isolation }}</ref>

After the start of the invasion, Ukrainian and Western analysts assessed that Putin seemed to have believed that the Russian Armed Forces would be capable of seizing [[Kyiv]] within days. This assessment led to the conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original goal of the invasion.<ref name="Sheftalovich2">{{Cite web |last=Sheftalovich |first=Zoya |date=26 February 2022 |title=Putin's miscalculation |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-war-russia-vladimir-putin-miscalculation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310193923/https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-war-russia-vladimir-putin-miscalculation/ |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref name="France 24">{{Cite news |author=AFP |date=8 March 2022 |title=Five reasons why Ukraine has been able to stall Russian advance |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220308-five-reasons-why-ukraine-has-been-able-to-stall-russian-advance |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gabuev |first=Alexander |date=23 September 2022 |title=Putin has once again overplayed his hand in Ukraine |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6d1f5ad5-f867-4e65-9127-916a195e9780 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923210332/https://www.ft.com/content/6d1f5ad5-f867-4e65-9127-916a195e9780 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=[[Financial Times]] |quote=Putin's original plan — to take Kyiv in three days — was thwarted by the fierce resistance of the Ukrainians and by western support for Kyiv. Now we are seeing plan B, formed in response to developments on the ground.}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220923210332/https://www.ft.com/content/6d1f5ad5-f867-4e65-9127-916a195e9780 Alt URL]</ref> The narrative of the planned "three day" capture of Kyiv was reinforced by statements by [[Aleksandr Lukashenko]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2022 |title=Lukashenka spoke about the war with Ukraine: it would last "maximum 3–4 days" |url=https://ukrainetoday.org/lukashenka-spoke-about-the-war-with-ukraine-it-would-last-maximum-3-4-days/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=Ukraine Today .org |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/nexta_tv/status/1498185064617762816?lang=en |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240913142407/https://x.com/nexta_tv/status/1498185064617762816?lang=en |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> and [[Margarita Simonyan]], editor-in-chief of Russian state-controlled broadcaster [[RT (TV network)|RT]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Odesa |first1=Michael Wasiura in |last2=Ukraine |date=6 October 2023 |title=Even Russian propaganda was hesitant to claim Kyiv would fall in three days |url=https://www.newsweek.com/even-russian-propaganda-was-hesitant-claim-kyiv-would-fall-three-days-1832754 |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en }}</ref> On 2 March, the [[Security Service of Ukraine]] (SBU) repeated the claim following its release of a video showing a captured Russian soldier claiming that his unit was sent into Ukraine with food supplies for only three days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Copp |first=Tara |date=2 March 2022 |title='The Convoy Is Stalled': Logistics Failures Slow Russian Advance, Pentagon Says |url=https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/03/convoy-stalled-logistics-failures-slow-russian-advance-pentagon-says/362666/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302000000/http://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/03/convoy-stalled-logistics-failures-slow-russian-advance-pentagon-says/362666/ |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=[[Defense One]] |quote=On Wednesday, Ukraine's security service posted a video of a captured Russian soldier who says he and his unit were sent across the border with only three days' food. 'Putin expected to capture Ukraine in three days,' Ukraine's security service wrote above the video, which could not be independently verified. 'By the order of the top Russian leadership, the phones and documents were taken from the fire brigades, removed food and water for three days and sent to war with Ukraine,' the agency said, according to the English translation of the post.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian troops were given 3 days' worth of food before attack on Ukraine: SBU publishes video with captured soldier |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/03/2/7327483/ |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |language=en }}</ref> Documents found inside Russian tanks mention how the "[[special military operation]]" would conclude in ten days.<ref name="SkyNews invasion plan" /> Ukraine also captured "flagship" tanks – as used in parades – along with military parade uniforms, suggesting that Russia expected to stage a victory parade in Kyiv after a swift conquest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukrainian troops seize Russian flagship tank in Sumy |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/03/8/7329360/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=uk:ЗСУ: Росіяни взяли з собою в Україну парадну військову форму |title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/03/7/7329017/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=Українська правда |language=uk |script-quote=uk:Вони їхали до нас вбивати наших дітей, трощити наші домівки, щоб потім пройти урочистим парадом Хрещатиком. Навіть везли з собою парадну форму з начепленими медалями. }}</ref>

Putin himself asserted back in 2014 that Russian forces "could take Ukraine in two weeks".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Traynor |first=Ian |date=2014-09-02 |title=Putin claims Russian forces 'could conquer Ukraine capital in two weeks' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/02/putin-russian-forces-could-conquer-ukraine-capital-kiev-fortnight |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-02 |title=Putin Tells European Official That He Could 'Take Kiev in Two Weeks' (Published 2014) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/world/europe/ukraine-crisis.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |language=en}}</ref> Three days after the invasion began, [[RIA Novosti]], a Russian state news agency, mistakenly published an article called "Russia's Coming and the New World", which had been made in advance in anticipation of a Russian victory; it announced that "Ukraine had returned to Russia".<ref name="Coleman 2022">{{cite news |last1=Coleman |first1=Alistair |date=28 February 2022 |title=Ukraine crisis: Russian news agency deletes victory editorial |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60562240 |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref><ref name="Akopov Novosti 2022">{{cite web |last1=Akopov |first1=Petr |date=26 February 2022 |script-title=ru:Наступление России и нового мира |trans-title=The arrival/attack of Russia and the new world |url=https://ria.ru/20220226/rossiya-1775162336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226051154/https://ria.ru/20220226/rossiya-1775162336.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=RIA Novosti |language=ru}}</ref> Zelenskyy also said that Russia had sent him an ultimatum to step down and be replaced with [[Viktor Medvedchuk]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2025 |title=Russia issued ultimatum to Ukraine in 2022 to replace Zelensky with Medvedchuk, president says |url=https://kyivindependent.com/russia-issued-ultimatum-in-2022-to-force-out-zelensky-install-medvedchuk-president-says/ |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=[[The Kyiv Independent]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2022 |title=UK says Russia plotting to install pro-Moscow government in Ukraine |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/01/23/uk-claims-russia-seeking-to-replace-ukraine-government-with-pro-moscow-ally |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=[[Euronews]] |language=en }}</ref>

=== Putin's invasion announcement ===
{{Main|On conducting a special military operation}}

Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in [[On conducting a special military operation|another speech]], announced a "[[special military operation]]", which effectively declared war on Ukraine.<ref name="Meduza_Putin_announces_invasion">{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine |work=[[Meduza]] |url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/02/24/putin-announces-start-of-military-operation-in-eastern-ukraine |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224033732/https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/02/24/putin-announces-start-of-military-operation-in-eastern-ukraine |archive-date=24 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Putin declares war on Ukraine |url=https://kyivindependent.com/national/putin-declares-war-on-ukraine |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=[[The Kyiv Independent]]}}
* {{Cite web |last=Haltiwager |first=John |date=23 February 2022 |title=Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech |work=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-announces-military-assault-against-ukraine-in-surprise-speech-2022-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224031448/https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-announces-military-assault-against-ukraine-in-surprise-speech-2022-2 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He [[Allegations of genocide in Donbas|baselessly claimed]] that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime", that Ukrainian government officials [[Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine#Allegations of Nazism|were neo-Nazis]] under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and military infrastructure in Ukraine.<ref name="Putin declaration" /><ref name="bbc22422" /> He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state.<ref name="bbc22422">{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60503037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064553/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60503037 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Time22222">{{cite magazine |last=Perrigo |first=Billy |title=What Putin Gets Wrong About Ukraine's Statehood |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=22 February 2022 |url=https://time.com/6150046/ukraine-statehood-russia-history-putin/ |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222200708/https://time.com/6150046/ukraine-statehood-russia-history-putin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine.<ref name="Putin declaration">{{Cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine |work=[[The Spectator]] |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/full-text-putin-s-declaration-of-war-on-ukraine}}</ref> The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech.<ref name="Meduza_Putin_announces_invasion" />

In order to justify the invasion of Ukraine within the context of [[Liberal international order|international norms]], Putin cited the 1999 [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]] and 2003 [[US invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nossel |first=Suzanne |date=2026-03-09 |title=It’s Time to Retire the Pottery Barn Rule |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2026/03/03/iran-war-us-foreign-intervention-colin-powell-pottery-barn-rule/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Opposing forces==
===Russia===
[[File:Russian MT-LB in Ukraine marked "Z".jpg|thumb|A Russian MT-LB marked with the "Z" tactical symbol, captured by Ukrainian forces in Luhansk]]
Russian regular forces involved in the invasion comprised nearly 150,000 troops, organised in about 140 [[Battalion tactical group|Battalion Tactical Groups]].<ref name="Wiswesser 1208">{{cite journal |last1=Wiswesser |first1=Sean M. |title=Potemkin on the Dnieper: the Failure of Russian Airpower in the Ukraine war |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |date=24 February 2023 |volume=34 |issue=7 |page=1208 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2023.2187201 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2023.2187201#abstract |access-date=26 September 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The forces of the Russia-controlled LNR and DNR, and paramilitary forces engaged in the invasion, raised total Russian-controlled forces employed in the campaign to as many as 200,000.<ref name="Dalsjö et al." />

These forces were organised into groups having tactical signs to distinguish them, and were to advance into Ukraine along at least ten different axes of advance. Rather than having a unified command-structure, these groups were organised under different Russian military-district command-posts named after the region of Russia in which their respective military-district was located. Two groups commanded by the Eastern Military District under [[Aleksandr Chaiko]] were to advance on Kyiv, one group with the tactical sign "V" that was to advance on Kyiv from Belarus (i.e., from the west), and one with the tactical sign "O" (known as the Central Group of Forces, under [[Central Military District]] commander [[Aleksandr Lapin (general)|Aleksandr Lapin]]) to advance on Kyiv from the Bryansk region (i.e., from the east), with the goal of surrounding the capital between them. Three groups, all having the tactical sign "Z" and commanded by the Western Military District under [[Alexander Zhuravlyov]], were to advance into Ukraine respectively from Kursk, Belgorod and Voronezh. Groups under the Southern Military District under [[Aleksandr Dvornikov]] were identified with a "Z in a square" tactical symbol, and, advancing from occupied Crimea, were tasked with surrounding Mariupol, capturing Zaporizhia, seizing Kherson, and crossing the Dnieper river to take Voznesensk.<ref name="Zabrodskyi et al. 9">{{cite book |last1=Zabrodskyi |first1=Mykhaylo |last2=Watling |first2=Jack |last3=Danylyuk |first3=Oleksandr V. |last4=Reynolds |first4=Nick |title=Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022 |date=30 November 2022 |publisher=RUSI |page=9 |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/preliminary-lessons-conventional-warfighting-russias-invasion-ukraine-february-july-2022 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

Russian regular forces involved in the invasion were equipped with roughly 2,800 tanks ready for combat, with another 400 approximately in the hands of the Russian-controlled proxy forces of the LNR and DNR.<ref name="Zabrodskyi et al. 17">{{cite book |last1=Zabrodskyi |first1=Mykhaylo |last2=Watling |first2=Jack |last3=Danylyuk |first3=Oleksandr V. |last4=Reynolds |first4=Nick |title=Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022 |date=30 November 2022 |publisher=RUSI |page=17 |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/preliminary-lessons-conventional-warfighting-russias-invasion-ukraine-february-july-2022 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

===Ukraine===
Ukrainian forces at the outbreak of the war comprised roughly 20 combat-ready brigades, of which more than half were located in the east of the country, positioned along the line of contact in the [[Joint Forces Operation (Ukraine)|"Joint Forces Operation" zone in Donbas]]. An additional manoeuvre brigade and two brigades of artillery were located in the Kyiv region, with other forces also deployed in the area of Kharkiv, Dnipro, Sumy, and Odesa. No major combat units were located on the Gomel or Crimean axes.<ref name="Zabrodskyi et al. 23">{{cite book |last1=Zabrodskyi |first1=Mykhaylo |last2=Watling |first2=Jack |last3=Danylyuk |first3=Oleksandr V. |last4=Reynolds |first4=Nick |title=Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022 |date=30 November 2022 |publisher=RUSI |page=23 |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/preliminary-lessons-conventional-warfighting-russias-invasion-ukraine-february-july-2022 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

Ukrainian tank-forces had roughly 900 battle-ready tanks organised in some 30 battalions at the time of the invasion. Most of these tank battalions were formed in the period 2014–2018, when roughly 500 tanks were delivered to the Ukrainian armed forces, mostly reconditioned older tanks rather than new-built tanks, particularly T-64B and T-64-BM tanks. The tank battalions were spread between Ukraine's two regular and four reserve armoured brigades, as well as tank units attached to brigades of mechanised, mountain, airborne and marine infantry. In contrast to the direct-fire techniques practised in most armoured forces, Ukrainian forces had, based on their experience during the war in Donbas, developed a technique of using tanks in the indirect-fire role. This meant Ukrainian tank forces acting essentially as mobile artillery that did not require the kind of screening that traditional artillery units require.<ref name="Zabrodskyi et al. 17" />

== Events ==
{{for timeline|Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022)}}
{{main list|List of military engagements during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)
}}

The invasion began at dawn on 24 February.<ref name="Meduza_Putin_announces_invasion" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Missiles rain down around Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-orders-military-operations-ukraine-demands-kyiv-forces-surrender-2022-02-24/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=25 February 2022}}
* {{cite news |title=Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putin-orders-military-operations-in-eastern-ukraine-as-un-meets |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Fighting began in Luhansk Oblast at 3:40 a.m. Kyiv time near [[Milove]] on the border with Russia.<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web |script-title=uk:Олексій Данілов: Росія розпадеться ще при нашому житті |title=Oleksiy Danilov: Rosiya rozpadetʹsya shche pry nashomu zhytti |trans-title=Alexei Danilov: Russia will fall apart during our lifetime |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2022/04/22/7341267/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |language=uk}}</ref> The main infantry and tank attacks were launched in four spearheads, creating a northern front launched towards Kyiv from Belarus, a southern front from Crimea, a southeastern front from Russian-controlled Donbas, and an eastern front from Russia towards [[Kharkiv]] and [[Sumy]].<ref name="CBS-2022-03-20">{{Cite news |date=20 March 2022 |title=Ukraine rejects Russian demand to surrender port city of Mariupol in exchange for safe passage |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-mariupol-russia-surrender-reject/ |access-date=21 March 2022}}
*{{Cite news |date=21 March 2022 |title=Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ukraine-russia-war-march21-1.6391709 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Russian vehicles were subsequently marked with a white [[Z military symbol|''Z'' military symbol]] (a non-[[Cyrillic letter]]), believed to be a measure to prevent [[friendly fire]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dean |first=Jeff |date=9 March 2022 |title=The letter Z is becoming a symbol of Russia's war in Ukraine. But what does it mean? |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/09/1085471200/the-letter-z-russia-ukraine |website=NPR}}</ref>

Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared [[martial law in Ukraine]] in a first video speech.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lock |first=Samantha |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/feb/23/ukraine-russia-news-crisis-latest-live-updates-putin-biden-europe-sanctions-russian-invasion-border-troops |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224054309/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/feb/23/ukraine-russia-news-crisis-latest-live-updates-putin-biden-europe-sanctions-russian-invasion-border-troops |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}
* {{Cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-russia-martial-law-zelensky-b2022093.html |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> The same evening, he ordered a [[2022 Ukrainian mobilization|general mobilisation]] of all Ukrainian males between 18 and 60 years old,<ref name="Interfax 2022">{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801769.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225113724/https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801769.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]}}</ref> prohibiting them from leaving the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilbert |first=Asha C. |date=25 February 2022 |title=Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2022/02/25/russia-invasion-ukraine-bans-male-citizens-leaving/6936471001/ |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> [[Wagner Group]] mercenaries and [[Kadyrovites]] contracted by the Kremlin reportedly made [[Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy|several attempts to assassinate Zelenskyy]], including an operation involving several hundred mercenaries meant to infiltrate Kyiv with the aim of killing the Ukrainian president.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=7 August 2023 |title=Zelenskiy assassination plot foiled by security service, says Ukraine |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/07/volodymyr-zelenskiy-assassination-plot-foiled-by-security-service-says-ukraine |access-date=11 September 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |quote=More than 400 Russian mercenaries from the Wagner group were reported to have been in Kyiv in February 2022 with orders to kill Zelenskiy as part of a "decapitation strategy".}}
* {{Cite news |title=Ukraine: More Wagner Group mercenaries in country to attempt to assassinate Zelensky |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ukraine-more-wagner-group-mercenaries-in-country-to-attempt-to-assassinate-zelensky/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Bostock |first=Bill |title=The Kremlin ordered 400 Russian mercenaries in Kyiv to hunt and kill Ukraine's president, report says |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-orders-mercenaries-assassinate-ukraine-president-report-2022-2 |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> The Ukrainian government said anti-war officials within Russia's [[FSB Criminalistics Institute|FSB]] shared the plans with them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Manveen |date=3 March 2022 |title=Volodymyr Zelensky survives three assassination attempts in days |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/zelensky-survives-three-assassination-attempts-in-days-xnstdfdfc |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>
Zelenskyy appeared defiant in [[Speeches by Volodymyr Zelenskyy during the Russian invasion of Ukraine#Social media videos|video messages]] on 24 through 26 February, that he and his cabinet is still in Kyiv. On 26 February NATO met and its countries pledged military aid for Ukraine and on 27 February Germany called the invasion a historic watershed.<ref name="g587">{{cite web |title=NATO bolsters arms supply to Ukraine with anti-tank weapons |website=Al Jazeera |date=26 February 2022 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/26/germany-approves-delivery-of-rpgs-from-netherlands-to-ukraine |access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref> That day in the evening Putin put Russia's nuclear deterrence into alert.<ref name="o522">{{cite web |title=Chronik: 21. – 27. Februar 2022 |website=BPB |date=8 March 2022 |url=https://www.bpb.de/themen/europa/russland-analysen/nr-415/508979/chronik-21-27-februar-2022/ |language=de |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>

The Russian invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce Ukrainian resistance.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kube |first1=Courtney |last2=Siemaszko |first2=Corky |date=26 February 2022 |title=Russian offensive unexpectedly slowed by fierce Ukrainian resistance |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russian-offensive-unexpectedly-slowed-fierce-ukrainian-resistance-rcna17703 |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> In Kyiv, Russia failed to take the city and was repulsed in the battles of [[Battle of Irpin|Irpin]], [[Battle of Hostomel|Hostomel]], and [[Battle of Bucha|Bucha]]. The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but its defenders under [[Oleksandr Syrskyi]] held their ground, effectively using Western [[FGM-148 Javelin|Javelin anti-tank missiles]] and [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger anti-aircraft missiles]] to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2022 |title=Russia's failure to take down Kyiv was a defeat for the ages |work=[[Associated Press]] News |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-battle-for-kyiv-dc559574ce9f6683668fa221af2d5340 |access-date=16 September 2022}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Sonne |first1=Paul |last2=Khurshudyan |first2=Isabelle |date=24 August 2022 |title=Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/interactive/2022/kyiv-battle-ukraine-survival/ |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Встреча подразделений ВС РФ и ЛНР в Новоайдаре 008.png|thumb|Russian troops in [[Novoaidar]]. The settlement was captured on 3 March 2022.]]

On the southern front, Russian forces had captured the regional capital of [[Kherson]] by 2 March. A column of Russian tanks and armoured vehicles was [[Battle of Brovary|ambushed]] on 9 March outside of [[Brovary]] and sustained heavy losses that forced them to retreat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kramer |first=Andrew E. |date=15 March 2022 |title=How a Line of Russian Tanks Became an Inviting Target for Ukrainians |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/world/europe/ukraine-kyiv-russia-fighting.html |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> The Russian army adopted [[siege]] tactics on the western front around the key cities of Chernihiv, Sumy and Kharkiv, but failed to capture them due to stiff resistance and logistical setbacks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2022 |title=Russian advance slowed by Ukrainian resistance and logistical setbacks, U.S. defense official says |work=[[CBS]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-invasion-russia-resistance-slowed-advance |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> In [[Mykolaiv Oblast]], Russian forces advanced as far as [[Battle of Voznesensk|Voznesensk]], but were repelled and pushed back south of Mykolaiv. On 25 March, the [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russian Defence Ministry]] stated that the first stage of the "military operation" in Ukraine was "generally complete", that the Ukrainian military forces had suffered serious losses, and the Russian military would now concentrate on the "liberation of [[Donbas]]."<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2022 |title=Russian focus on 'liberating' Donbas hints at shift in strategy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/25/russian-army-says-will-focus-on-liberation-of-donbas-region |access-date=4 February 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}
^{{Cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=Russia targets east Ukraine, says first phase over |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60872358 |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref> The "first stage" of the invasion was conducted on four fronts, including one towards western [[Kyiv]] from Belarus by the Russian [[Eastern Military District]], comprising the [[29th Combined Arms Army|29th]], [[35th Combined Arms Army|35th]], and [[36th Combined Arms Army|36th Combined Arms Armies]]. A second axis, deployed towards eastern Kyiv from Russia by the [[Central Military District]] (northeastern front), comprised the [[41st Combined Arms Army]] and the [[2nd Guards Combined Arms Army]].<ref name="auto" />

A third axis was deployed towards Kharkiv by the [[Western Military District]] (eastern front), with the [[1st Guards Tank Army]] and [[20th Guards Combined Arms Army|20th Combined Arms Army]]. A fourth, southern front originating in occupied Crimea and Russia's [[Rostov Oblast|Rostov oblast]] with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward [[Mariupol]] was opened by the [[Southern Military District]], including the [[58th Combined Arms Army|58th]], [[49th Combined Arms Army|49th]], and [[8th Guards Combined Arms Army (Russia)|8th Combined Arms Army]], the latter also commanding the 1st and 2nd Army Corps of the [[Russian people's militias in Ukraine|Russian separatist forces in Donbas]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Bielieskov |first=Mykola |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/russian-and-ukrainian-spring-2021-war-scare |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[Center for Strategic & International Studies]]}}</ref> By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front by the Russian Eastern Military District pulled back from the Kyiv offensive, reportedly to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas region in an effort to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front, including the Central Military District, was similarly withdrawn for resupply and redeployment to southeastern Ukraine.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="yahoo_144125043" />

=== Kyiv and northern front ===
{{Further|Capture of Chernobyl|Battle of Kyiv (2022)|Bucha massacre}}
[[File:Battle of Kyiv (2022).svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Military control around Kyiv on 2 April 2022]]

Russian efforts to capture Kyiv included a probative spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the [[Dnipro River]]. The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack from Russia along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at [[Chernihiv]], and from the east at [[Sumy]]. These were likely intended to encircle Kyiv from the northeast and east.<ref name="ISW 4MAR">{{cite ISW|date=2022-03-04}}</ref>

Russia tried to seize Kyiv quickly, with [[Spetsnaz]] infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed.<ref name="wapo20220320">{{Cite news |last1=Sly |first1=Liz |last2=Lamothe |first2=Dan |date=20 March 2022 |title=Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/20/russia-ukraine-military-offensive/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320093229/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/20/russia-ukraine-military-offensive/ |archive-date=20 March 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358}}
* {{Cite web |last=Roblin |first=Sebastien |date=27 February 2022 |title=At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/02/at-vasylkiv-ukrainians-repel-russias-paratroopers-and-commandos-in-frantic-night-battle/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=19FortyFive}}
* {{Cite news |last=Boot |first=Max |date=21 March 2022 |title=Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/03/21/ukraine-is-winning-war-russia-offensive-putin/ |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="telegraph_20220322" /> The United States contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee the country, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him on seizing Kyiv; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-united-nations-kyiv-6ccba0905f1871992b93712d3585f548 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=[[AP News]]}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'', which described the quote as "one of the most-cited lines of the Russian invasion", was not entirely sure of the comment's accuracy. Reporter [[Glenn Kessler (journalist)|Glenn Kessler]] said it came from "a single source, but on the surface it appears to be a good one".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Analysis: Zelensky's famous quote of 'need ammo, not a ride' not easily confirmed |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/06/zelenskys-famous-quote-need-ammo-not-ride-not-easily-confirmed/ |access-date=28 February 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Russian forces advancing on Kyiv from Belarus [[Capture of Chernobyl|gained control]] of the ghost town of [[Chernobyl]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukraine loses control of Chernobyl nuclear site, amid battles in Kyiv outskirts |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ukraine-troops-battle-invading-russian-army-in-kyiv-outskirts/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225030412/https://www.timesofisrael.com/ukraine-troops-battle-invading-russian-army-in-kyiv-outskirts/ |archive-date=25 February 2022}}
* {{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Ukrayinsʹki viysʹkovi pid Kyyevom zupynyly kolonu rosiysʹkykh tankiv |script-title=uk:Українські військові під Києвом зупинили колону російських танків |trans-title=The Ukrainian military stopped a column of Russian tanks near Kyiv |url=https://gazeta.ua/articles/np/_ukrayinski-vijskovi-pid-kiyevom-zupinili-kolonu-rosijskih-tankiv/1072503 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225100628/https://gazeta.ua/articles/np/_ukrayinski-vijskovi-pid-kiyevom-zupinili-kolonu-rosijskih-tankiv/1072503 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Gazeta.ua|Gazeta]] |language=uk}}</ref> [[Russian Airborne Forces]] attempted to seize two key airfields near Kyiv, launching an [[Battle of Antonov Airport|airborne assault on Antonov Airport]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Battle Underway for Airbase on Kyiv Outskirts |work=[[Moscow Times]] |agency=[[AFP (news agency)|AFP]] |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/24/battle-underway-for-airbase-on-kyiv-outskirts-a76573 |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225043724/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/24/battle-underway-for-airbase-on-kyiv-outskirts-a76573 |archive-date=25 February 2022}}
* {{Cite news |title=Russia claims to take control of Hostomel airport just outside Kyiv |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/russia-claims-to-take-control-of-hostomel-airport-just-outside-kyiv/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225143618/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/russia-claims-to-take-control-of-hostomel-airport-just-outside-kyiv/ |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> and a similar [[Battle of Vasylkiv|landing at Vasylkiv]], near [[Vasylkiv Air Base]], on 26 February.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Okupanty namahayutʹsya vysadyty desant u Vasylʹkovi, ydutʹ boyi |script-title=uk:Окупанти намагаються висадити десант у Василькові, йдуть бої |language=uk |trans-title=The occupiers are trying to land in Vasylkiv, fighting is going on |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3413199-okupanti-namagautsa-visaditi-desant-u-vasilkovi-jdut-boi.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226004532/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3413199-okupanti-namagautsa-visaditi-desant-u-vasilkovi-jdut-boi.html |archive-date=26 February 2022}}
* {{Cite news |title=U Vasylʹkovi zbyly vynyshchuvach ta dva hvyntokryly okupantiv |script-title=uk:У Василькові збили винищувач та два гвинтокрили окупантів |language=uk |trans-title=A fighter and two helicopters of the occupiers were shot down in Vasylkiv |agency=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] |url=https://www.unian.ua/war/u-vasilkovi-zbili-vinishchuvach-ta-dva-gvintokrili-okupantiv-trivayut-vazhki-boji-novini-donbasu-11718652.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226003258/https://www.unian.ua/war/u-vasilkovi-zbili-vinishchuvach-ta-dva-gvintokrili-okupantiv-trivayut-vazhki-boji-novini-donbasu-11718652.html |archive-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>
[[File:50 днів активного спротиву окупанту 02.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Antonov An-225 Mriya]], the largest aircraft ever built, was destroyed during the [[Battle of Antonov Airport]].]]

By early March, further Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited, after suffering setbacks from Ukrainian defence.<ref name="ISW 4MAR" /> As of 5 March, [[Russian Kyiv Convoy|a large Russian convoy]], reportedly {{Convert|64|km|mi}} in length, had made little progress toward Kyiv.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stern |first=David L. |date=5 March 2022 |title=After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/05/ukraine-military-battlefield-kyiv-mariupol/ |access-date=6 March 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The London-based [[think tank]] [[Royal United Services Institute]] (RUSI) assessed the Russian performance from the north and east as "stalled".<ref>{{cite AV media |last=Arnold |first=Edward |others=Interviewed by [[Rebecca Ritters]] |date=6 March 2022 |at=3:26 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1po2OdNnIc |title=How is the war in Ukraine going for Russia? |work=[[DW News]] |via=YouTube |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314020335/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1po2OdNnIc |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Advances along the Chernihiv axis had largely halted as a [[siege of Chernihiv|siege of the city]] began. Russian forces also continued advancing from the northwest of Kyiv, capturing [[Bucha, Kyiv Oblast|Bucha]], [[Hostomel]], and [[Vorzel]] by 5 March,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/06/europe/ukraine-russia-invasion-sunday-intl-hnk/index.html |title='A family died... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb |first1=Tim |last1=Lister |first2=Josh |last2=Pennington |first3=Luke |last3=McGee |first4=Radina |last4=Gigova |publisher=CNN |date=7 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3422872-bucha-vorzel-hostomel-under-enemys-control-situation-remains-critical.html |title=Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |date=7 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> though [[Irpin]] remained [[Battle of Irpin|contested]] as of 9 March.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Voitovych |first2=Olga |title="Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-08-22/h_e09d49888fcb2a07b8f1a95d6f2b0faa |access-date=8 March 2022 |publisher=CNN |date=8 March 2022}}</ref> By 11 March, it was reported that the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed, taking up positions that offered tree cover. Rocket launchers were also identified.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Paul |title=Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-11-22/h_1b9599f9b4bf3b17110242404180ffec |access-date=11 March 2022 |publisher=CNN |date=11 March 2022}}</ref> On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive to repel Russian forces approaching Kyiv from several surrounding cities.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alan |last1=Cullison |first2=Isabel |last2=Coles |first3=Yaroslav |last3=Trofimov |date=16 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-mounts-counteroffensive-to-drive-russians-back-from-kyiv-key-cities-11647428858 |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316111106/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-mounts-counteroffensive-to-drive-russians-back-from-kyiv-key-cities-11647428858 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 20 March, the Russian military appeared to be waging a rapid invasion to achieve its apparent primary goal of the seizure of Kyiv, along with the occupation of Eastern Ukraine and the overthrow of the Ukrainian government. Russian forces quickly became stalled while approaching Kyiv due to several factors, including the disparity in morale and performance between Ukrainian and Russian forces, the Ukrainian use of sophisticated man-portable weapons provided by Western allies, poor Russian logistics and equipment performance, the failure of the Russian Air Force to achieve air superiority, and Russian military attrition during their siege of major cities.<ref name="wapo20220320" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/03/21/ukraine-is-winning-war-russia-offensive-putin/ |title=Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed. |first=Max |last=Boot |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=21 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="telegraph_20220322">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2022/03/22/russian-army-has-run-time/ |title=The Russian army has run out of time |first=Richard |last=Kemp |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched strategies and began using standoff weapons, indiscriminate bombing, and siege warfare.<ref name="wapo20220320" /><ref>{{cite news |first1=Michael R. |last1=Gordon |first2=Alex |last2=Leary |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-failing-to-achieve-early-victory-in-ukraine-is-seen-shifting-to-plan-b-11647824374 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=21 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putins-nuclear-move-could-make-situation-much-much-more-dangerous-us-official-2022-02-27/ |title=Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official |first1=Idrees |last1=Ali |first2=Phil |last2=Stewart |work=[[Reuters]] |date=27 February 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>

On 25 March, the Ukrainian counteroffensive in Kyiv resulted in several towns, including [[Makariv]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60847188 |title=Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> being retaken to the east and west of Kyiv.<ref name="Guardian220325">{{cite news |first1=Joanna |last1=Walters |first2=Jem |last2=Bartholomew |first3=Martin |last3=Belam |first4=Samantha |last4=Lock |date=25 March 2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/mar/25/ukraine-war-latest-news-sanctions-a-little-late-zelenskiy-tells-european-council-biden-to-visit-poland-live |access-date=25 March 2022 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> As part of a general retreat of Russian forces north of Kyiv, as well as attacks on Russian formations by the Ukrainian military, Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north by the end of March. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rudenko |first=Olga |date=2 April 2022 |title=Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (GRAPHIC IMAGES) |url=https://kyivindependent.com/national/hundreds-of-murdered-civilians-discovered-as-russians-withdraw-from-towns-near-kyiv-graphic-images/ |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=[[The Kyiv Independent]] |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403022637/https://kyivindependent.com/national/hundreds-of-murdered-civilians-discovered-as-russians-withdraw-from-towns-near-kyiv-graphic-images/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Ukraine claimed to recapture the entire region around Kyiv, including Irpin, Bucha, and Hostomel, by 2 April, with evidence of war crimes being uncovered in [[Bucha massacre|Bucha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60949706 |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> On 6 April, NATO secretary general [[Jens Stoltenberg]] said that the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of their troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for his military actions against Ukraine, by redeploying and concentrating his forces on Eastern Ukraine and Mariupol within the next two weeks, as a precursor to the further expansion of Putin's actions against the rest of Ukraine.<ref name="yahoo_144125043">{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/nato-chief-says-putin-still-144125043.html |title=NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region |first1=Jake |last1=Epstein |first2=John |last2=Haltiwanger |date=6 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Northeastern front ===
{{Further|Siege of Chernihiv|Battle of Sumy}}
{{See also|Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast}}
Russian forces advanced into [[Chernihiv Oblast]] on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within [[siege of Chernihiv|four days of fighting]]. On 25 February [[Battle of Konotop (2022)|Ukrainian forces lost control over Konotop]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ward |first=Alexander |date=25 February 2022 |title='Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://politi.co/3LWSyC5 |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226175146/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2022/02/25/almost-not-possible-for-ukraine-to-win-00011969 |archive-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/93554a7e-f974-49fc-85ba-c111d253b002 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226151541/https://www.ft.com/content/93554a7e-f974-49fc-85ba-c111d253b002 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |issn=0307-1766}}</ref> As [[Battle of Sumy|street fighting]] took place in the city of [[Sumy]], just {{convert|35|km|mi}} from the Russo-Ukrainian border, Ukrainian forces claimed that on 28 February that 100 Russian armoured vehicles had been destroyed and dozens of soldiers captured following a [[Bayraktar TB2]] drone and artillery attack on a large Russian [[column (military)|column]] near [[Lebedyn]] in [[Sumy Oblast]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Недилько |first=Владимир |date=28 February 2022 |title=Boi pod Sumami: artilleriya i "Bayraktary" unichtozhili 100 tankov i 20 "Gradov" okkupantov |script-title=uk:Бои под Сумами: артиллерия и "Байрактары" уничтожили 100 танков и 20 "Градов" оккупантов |language=uk |trans-title=Battles near Sumy: Artillery and Bayraktars destroyed 100 tanks and 20 "Grad" of invaders |work=Апостроф |url=https://apostrophe.ua/news/society/2022-02-28/boi-pod-sumami-artilleriya-i-bayraktaryi-unichtojili-100-tankov-i-20-gradov-okkupantov/260916 |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228222555/https://apostrophe.ua/news/society/2022-02-28/boi-pod-sumami-artilleriya-i-bayraktaryi-unichtojili-100-tankov-i-20-gradov-okkupantov/260916 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |trans-work=Apostrophe}}</ref> Russian forces [[Battle of Okhtyrka|also attacked Okhtyrka]], deploying [[thermobaric weapon]]s.<ref name="unianberdyansk">{{Cite news |last=Polyakovskaya |first=Tanya |date=26 February 2022 |title=Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet |script-title=ru:Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет |language=ru |trans-title=Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council |publisher=Berdyansk City Council |agency=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] |url=https://www.unian.net/war/rossiyskaya-voennaya-tehnika-zanyala-territoriyu-byvshego-aeroporta-berdyansk-gorsovet-novosti-donbassa-11719648.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226195413/https://www.unian.net/war/rossiyskaya-voennaya-tehnika-zanyala-territoriyu-byvshego-aeroporta-berdyansk-gorsovet-novosti-donbassa-11719648.html |archive-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>

On 4 March, [[Frederick Kagan]] wrote that the Sumy axis was then "the most successful and dangerous Russian avenue of advance on Kyiv", and commented that the geography favoured mechanised advances as the terrain "is flat and sparsely populated, offering few good defensive positions".<ref name="ISW 4MAR" /> Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached [[Brovary]], an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March.<ref name="ISW 4MAR" /> [[The Pentagon]] confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left [[Chernihiv Oblast]], but [[Sumy Oblast]] remained contested.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Demirjian |first1=Karoun |last2=Lamothe |first2=Dan |name-list-style=and |date=6 April 2022 |title=Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/04/06/pentagon-russia-withdraws-kyiv-chernihiv/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> On 7 April, the governor of Sumy Oblast said that Russian troops were gone, but had left behind rigged explosives and other hazards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalatur |first=Anastasiya |date=8 April 2022 |title=Sumy region liberated from Russian troops |work=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/04/8/7338013/ |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Southern front ===
{{Further|Siege of Mariupol|2022 bombing of Odesa|Battle of Kherson|Battle of Enerhodar}}
{{See also|Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast|Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast}}
[[File:Destruction of Russian tanks by Ukrainian troops in Mariupol (4).jpg|thumb|A destroyed Russian [[BMP-3]] near Mariupol, 7 March 2022]]
On 24 February, Russian forces took control of the [[North Crimean Canal]], allowing Crimea to obtain water from the [[Dnieper]], which had been cut off since 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Marrow |first1=Alexander |last2=Ostroukh |first2=Andrey |date=24 February 2022 |editor-last=Balmforth |editor-first=Tom |title=Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-forces-unblock-water-flow-canal-annexed-crimea-moscow-says-2022-02-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-forces-unblock-water-flow-canal-annexed-crimea-moscow-says-2022-02-24/ |archive-date=1 March 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 26 February, the [[siege of Mariupol]] began as the attack moved east linking to separatist-held Donbas.<ref name="unianberdyansk" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1497605510887100420 |user=nexta_tv |title=The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. https://t.co/jwsIoORzH0 |author=NEXTA |author-link=Nexta |date=26 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227062037/https://twitter.com/nexta_tv/status/1497605510887100420 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> En route, Russian forces entered [[Berdiansk]] and [[Battle of Berdiansk|captured it]].<ref name="CNN-Berdyansk">{{Cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Alkhaldi |first2=Celine |last3=Voitovych |first3=Olga |last4=Mezzofiore |first4=Gianluca |date=24 March 2022 |title=Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/24/europe/ukraine-russian-warship-berdyansk-intl/index.html |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> On 25 February, Russian units from the DPR were fighting near [[Pavlopil]] as they moved on Mariupol.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3412585-battle-ongoing-near-mariupol-mayor.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225110919/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3412585-battle-ongoing-near-mariupol-mayor.html |archive-date=25 February 2022}}
* {{Cite web |last=Richárd |first=Jabronka |date=25 February 2022 |title=Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret |trans-title=This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked |url=https://ellenszel.hu/2022/02/25/igy-all-most-a-haboru-ukrajnaban-tobb-nagyvarosban-harcok-dulnak-megtamadtak-egy-orosz-repuloteret/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226011052/https://ellenszel.hu/2022/02/25/igy-all-most-a-haboru-ukrajnaban-tobb-nagyvarosban-harcok-dulnak-megtamadtak-egy-orosz-repuloteret/ |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Ellenszél]] |language=hu}}</ref> By evening, the [[Russian Navy]] began an [[amphibious assault]] on the coast of the [[Sea of Azov]] {{convert|70|km|mi}} west of Mariupol. A US defence official said that Russian forces were deploying thousands of [[Russian Naval Infantry|marines]] from this [[beachhead]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title="Amphibious assault" underway west of Mariupol on the Sea of Azov, senior US defense official says |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-25-22/h_622a8b21dd1cf52845090a96c9c6513b |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225220827/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-25-22/h_622a8b21dd1cf52845090a96c9c6513b |archive-date=25 February 2022}}
* {{Cite web |title=Russian Navy Carries Out Amphibious Assault Near Mariupol |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/russian-navy-carries-out-amphibious-assault-near-mariupol |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225220846/https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russian-navy-carries-out-amphibious-assault-near-mariupol |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=The Maritime Executive}}</ref>

The [[22nd Army Corps (Russian Federation)|Russian 22nd Army Corps]] approached the [[Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant]] on 26 February<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant |work=[[National Post]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/ukraine-official-says-russian-troops-approaching-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> and [[Battle of Enerhodar|besieged Enerhodar]]. A fire began,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2022 |title=Russian forces attacking Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in Ukraine, per multiple reports |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-forces-attacking-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-ukraine-ap-2022-3 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=[[Business Insider]] Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |title=Ukraine nuclear plant on fire after Russia shelling |work=[[News.com.au]] |url=https://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/ukraine-pounded-and-exodus-mounts-as-russia-seizes-key-city/news-story/4c2bd269029008ba09ab2cab3a5a32b7 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> but the Ukrainian military said that essential equipment was undamaged.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2022 |title=Russian forces strike Ukraine from multiple fronts, including at power plant |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-04/latest-on-where-fighting-is-happening-in-ukraine/100881052 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> A third Russian attack group from Crimea moved northwest and captured the bridge over the Dnieper.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3412906-ukraine-loses-control-over-crossing-to-kherson.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225155031/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3412906-ukraine-loses-control-over-crossing-to-kherson.html |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> On 2 March, Russian troops took [[Battle of Kherson|Kherson]]; this was the first major city to fall to Russian forces.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schwirtz |first1=Michael |last2=Pérez-Peña |first2=Richard |name-list-style=and |date=2 March 2022 |title=First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/world/europe/kherson-ukraine-russia.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303000108/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/world/europe/kherson-ukraine-russia.html |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Russian troops moved on [[Mykolaiv]] and [[Battle of Mykolaiv|attacked it]] two days later. They were repelled by Ukrainian forces.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |title=Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3420336-ukrainian-defenders-repelled-attack-on-mykolaiv-city-fighting-continues-on-outskirts.html |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>

After renewed missile attacks on 14 March in Mariupol, the Ukrainian government said more than 2,500 had died.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Kesa |first2=Julia |name-list-style=and |date=14 March 2022 |title=Ukraine puts death toll in Mariupol bombardment at more than 2,500 |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-14-22/h_3db1542de366d188c4e7979e7b5ecc95 |access-date=14 March 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> By 18 March, Mariupol was completely encircled and fighting reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Boffey |first1=Daniel |last2=Tondo |first2=Lorenzo |name-list-style=and |date=18 March 2022 |title=Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/18/russia-missile-lviv-mariupol-ukraine-war |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> On 20 March, an art school sheltering around 400 people, was [[Mariupol art school bombing|destroyed by Russian bombs]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2022 |title=Russian forces bomb school sheltering 400 people in Mariupol, city council says |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-20-22/h_b1c1cd7201927da836d75f3e95f324f9 |access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref> The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused.<ref name="CBS-2022-03-20" /><ref name="CBC-2022-03-21">{{Cite news |date=21 March 2022 |title=Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ukraine-russia-war-march21-1.6391709 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister [[Olha Stefanishyna]] said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scully |first=Rachel |date=27 March 2022 |title=Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore' |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/sunday-talk-shows/599917-ukrainian-official-mariupol-simply-does-not-exist-anymore |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

Putin told Emmanuel Macron in a phone call on 29 March that the bombardment of Mariupol would only end when the Ukrainians surrendered.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2022 |title=Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60926470 |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> On 1 April, Russian troops refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the [[United Nations]] to evacuate civilians, as peace talks continued in Istanbul.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails |work=[[UN News]] |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1115282 |access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine further west, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2022 |title=Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[SPH Media Trust]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/missiles-hit-critical-infrastructure-at-ukrainian-port-of-odessa |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2022 |title=Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/11/1085427380/ukraine-nuclear-power-plant-zaporizhzhia |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Eastern front ===
{{Further|Battle of Kharkiv (2022)|Battle of Izium|Millerovo air base attack}}
{{See also|Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast}}
[[File:Russian bombardment on the outskirts of Kharkiv.jpg|thumb|Russian bombardment on the outskirts of Kharkiv, 1 March 2022]]
In the east, Russian troops [[Battle of Kharkiv (2022)|attempted to capture Kharkiv]], less than {{convert|35|km|mi}} from the Russian border,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Losh |first=Jack |date=25 February 2022 |title=Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/24/russia-ukraine-war-resistance-kharkiv/ |magazine=[[Foreign Policy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225044904/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/24/russia-ukraine-war-resistance-kharkiv/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022}}
* {{Cite web |title=Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi |script-title=uk:Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої |trans-title=Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place |url=https://24tv.ua/rosiya-atakuvala-ukrayinski-mista-de-vidbulisya-boyi_n1877474 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225025620/https://24tv.ua/rosiya-atakuvala-ukrayinski-mista-de-vidbulisya-boyi_n1877474 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[Channel 24 (Ukraine)|Channel 24]] |language=uk}}</ref> and met strong Ukrainian resistance. On 25 February, the [[Millerovo air base attack|Millerovo air base was attacked]] by Ukrainian military forces with [[OTR-21 Tochka]] missiles, which according to Ukrainian officials, destroyed several [[Russian Air Force]] planes and started a fire.<ref name="Rostov-Gazeta-2022-02-25">{{Cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U |url=https://rostovgazeta.ru/news/politics/25-02-2022/vooruzhennye-sily-ukrainy-atakovali-millerovo-tochkoy-u |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225073113/https://rostovgazeta.ru/news/politics/25-02-2022/vooruzhennye-sily-ukrainy-atakovali-millerovo-tochkoy-u |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[Rostov Gazeta]]}}</ref> On 1 March, [[Denis Pushilin]], head of the DPR, announced that DPR forces had almost completely surrounded the city of [[Volnovakha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Voitovych |first2=Olya |date=1 March 2022 |title=Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-01-22/h_0e3d20b474aa007bb1e4acc0d0fba984 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> On 2 March, Russian forces were repelled from [[Sievierodonetsk]] during [[Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)|an attack against the city]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Novyny Ukrayiny: Rosiysʹke vtorhnennya: potochna sytuatsiya na Luhanshchyni |script-title=uk:Новини України: Російське вторгнення: поточна ситуація на Луганщині |trans-title=News of Ukraine: Russian invasion: the current situation in Luhansk region |url=https://galinfo.com.ua/news/rosiyske_vtorgnennya_potochna_sytuatsiya_na_luganshchyni_381541.html |access-date=3 March 2022 |website={{Interlanguage link|galinfo.com.ua|uk|Гал-інфо}} |date=2 March 2022 |language=uk}}</ref> On the same day, Ukrainian forces initiated [[Horlivka offensive|a counter-offensive]] on [[Horlivka]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2022 |title=First in 7 days of war Ukrainian units go on offensive advancing to Horlivka – Arestovych |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/805456.html |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=[[Interfax Ukraine]]}}</ref> controlled by the DPR.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Huijboom |first=Stefan |date=22 June 2015 |title=Resident of Russian-held Horlivka: 'We have nothing' |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/resident-of-russian-held-horlivka-we-have-nothing-391727.html |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> [[Izium]] was captured by Russian forces on 1 April<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/07/izyum-eastern-ukraine-razing-towns/ |title=In eastern Ukraine, Russian military razing towns to take them over |first=Dalton |last=Bennett |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=7 April 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> after a monthlong battle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/18/russian-human-rights-abuses-took-place-in-izium-ukraine-investigation-finds |title=Militia units commanded by Russia named in Izium abuse investigation |first1=Nick |last1=Hopkins |first2=Jamie |last2=Wilson |first3=Luke |last3=Harding |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 July 2023 |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>

On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2022 |title=Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass |publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |location=London |editor-last=Trevelyan |editor-first=Mark |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/russia-says-first-phase-ukraine-134534902.html |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> On 31 March, ''[[PBS News]]'' reported renewed shelling and missile attacks in Kharkiv, as bad or worse than before, as peace talks with Russia were to resume in Istanbul.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hewson |first1=Jack |last2=Ram |first2=Ed |last3=Frantsev |first3=Dmitri |date=30 March 2022 |title=Civilians endure intense suffering as Russian shelling reduces Kharkiv to 'a smoking ruin' |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/civilians-endure-intense-suffering-as-russian-shelling-reduces-kharkiv-to-a-smoking-ruin |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

Amid the heightened Russian shelling of Kharkiv on 31 March, Russia reported a helicopter strike against an oil supply depot approximately {{convert|35|km|mi}} north of the border in [[Belgorod]], and accused Ukraine of the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=Russia alleges Ukrainian helicopters struck Belgorod fuel depot |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/1/russia-alleges-ukrainian-helicopters-struck-belgorod-fuel-depot |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> Ukraine denied responsibility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=War in Ukraine: Russia accuses Ukraine of attacking oil depot |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60952125 |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian invasion troops and tank divisions around the towns of Izium, [[Sloviansk]], and [[Kramatorsk]] prompted Ukrainian government officials to advise the remaining residents near the eastern border of Ukraine to evacuate to western Ukraine within 2–3 days, given the absence of arms and munitions previously promised to Ukraine by then.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Picheta |first=Rob |date=6 April 2022 |title=The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/06/europe/sloviansk-ukraine-russia-military-significance-intl/index.html |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Western Ukraine ===
On 14 March, Russian forces conducted multiple [[cruise missile]] attacks on a military training facility in [[Yavoriv]], [[Lviv Oblast]], close to the Polish border. Local governor [[Maksym Kozytskyy]] reported that at least 35 people had been killed in the attacks.<ref name="aljazeera_20220313">{{cite news|title=Russia strikes Ukraine army base near Poland as it widens attacks |date=14 March 2022 |access-date=19 March 2022 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/13/russia-air-strikes-hit-ukraine-military-base-near-poland}}</ref><ref name="cnn_20220313">{{cite news|title=Dozens killed as Russian forces strike targets in western Ukraine |first1=Tim |last1=Lister |first2=Mohammed |last2=Tawfeeq |first3=Olga |last3=Voitovych |first4=Simone |last4=McCarthy |first5=Tara |last5=John |publisher=CNN |date=13 March 2022 |access-date=19 March 2022 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/13/europe/russia-invasion-ukraine-03-13-intl-hnk/index.html}}</ref> On 18 March, Russia expanded the attack to Lviv, with Ukrainian military officials saying initial information suggested that the missiles which hit Lviv were likely air-launched cruise missiles originating from warplanes flying over the Black Sea.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/18/europe/lviv-ukraine-attack-russia-importance-intl/index.html |title=Russia has attacked Lviv. Here's why the western city is so important to Ukraine's defense |first1=Petro |last1=Zadorozhnyy |first2=Yulia |last2=Kesaieva |first3=Mohammed |last3=Tawfeeq |first4=Seán |last4=Federico-O'Murchú |first5=Adam |last5=Renton |first6=Tamara |last6=Qiblawi |publisher=CNN |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref>

=== Air conflict ===
On 24 February, Russian forces [[Chuhuiv air base attack|attacked the Chuhuiv air base]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine: Video appears to show aftermath of missile strike on air base in Chuhuiv |publisher=[[Sky News]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022 |url=https://news.sky.com/video/ukraine-video-appears-to-show-aftermath-of-missile-strike-on-air-base-in-chuhuiv-12550242}}</ref> which housed [[Baykar Bayraktar TB2|Bayraktar TB2]] drones. The attack caused damage to fuel storage areas and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/24/satellite-imagery-shows-russian-attack-on-ukraine-from-space.html |title=Satellite imagery shows Russian attack on Ukraine from space |publisher=[[CNBC]] |first=Michael |last=Sheetz |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> The next day, the [[Millerovo air base attack|Millerovo air base was attacked]] by Ukrainian military forces using [[OTR-21 Tochka]] missiles. According to Ukrainian officials, this destroyed several [[Russian Air Force]] planes and set the airbase on fire. In the [[Zhytomyr Airport attack]] on 27 February, it was reported that Russia used [[9K720 Iskander]] missile systems, located in Belarus, to attack the civilian [[Zhytomyr Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airport in central Ukraine reportedly targeted by missile fired from Belarus |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/airport-in-central-ukraine-reportedly-targeted-by-missile-fired-from-belarus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227183646/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/airport-in-central-ukraine-reportedly-targeted-by-missile-fired-from-belarus/ |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=27 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1498178611916034054 |user=KyivIndependent |title=Russia used Iskander missile systems to attack Zhytomyr Airport. The air strikes were conducted from Belarus, using Russian ballistic missile launchers. Earlier, Belarus said it wouldn't allow air strikes from its territory amid Ukraine's upcoming peace talks with Russia. |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305041549/https://twitter.com/KyivIndependent/status/1498178611916034054 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia lost at least ten aircraft on 5 March.<ref>{{cite news |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |title=The Russian Air Force Just Had A Terrible Day Over Ukraine |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44602/the-russian-air-force-just-had-a-terrible-day-over-ukraine |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=The Drive}}</ref> On 6 March, the [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine]] reported that 88 Russian aircraft had been destroyed since the war began.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enemy loses 88 aircraft, helicopters in Ukraine – General Staff |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/808029.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=[[Interfax-Ukraine]] |date=6 March 2022 }}</ref> However, an anonymous senior US defence official told Reuters on 7 March that Russia still had the "vast majority" of its fighter jets and helicopters that had been amassed near Ukraine available to fly.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-has-deployed-nearly-100-pct-pre-staged-forces-into-ukraine-us-official-2022-03-07/ |title=Putin has deployed nearly 100% of pre-staged forces into Ukraine- U.S. Official |first1=Idrees |last1=Ali |first2=Phil |last2=Stewart |work=[[Reuters]] |date=7 March 2022}}</ref> After the first month of the invasion, Justin Bronk, a British military observer, counted the Russian aircraft losses at 15 fixed-wing aircraft and 35 helicopters, but noted that the true total was certainly higher.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/24/analysis-russia-falls-back-on-urban-siege-warfare-in-ukraine |title=Analysis: Russia falls back on urban siege warfare in Ukraine |first=Justin |last=Bronk |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>

On 13 March, Russian forces conducted multiple [[cruise missile]] attacks on a [[Yavoriv military base#2022 Russian attack|military training facility]] in [[Yavoriv]], [[Lviv Oblast]], close to the Polish border. Local governor [[Maksym Kozytskyy]] reported that at least 35 people had been killed in the attacks.<ref name="aljazeera_20220313" /><ref name="cnn_20220313" /> The poor performance of the Russian Air Force has been attributed by ''[[The Economist]]'' to Russia's inability to suppress Ukraine's medium ranged surface-to-air missile (SAM) batteries, Russia's lack of precision-guided bombs, together with Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites that force planes to fly low, making them vulnerable to Stinger and other shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles, and lack of training and flight hours for Russian pilots rendering them inexperienced for the type of close ground support missions typical of modern air forces.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2022 |title=The curious case of Russia's missing air force |url=https://www.economist.com/interactive/2022/03/08/curious-case-russias-missing-air-force |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=9 March 2022 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Russian ship, go f yourself. Bright. 2.jpg|thumb|upright|"Russian warship go fuck yourself!", billboard in Russian language in [[Dnipro]], Ukraine]]

=== Naval conflict ===
Ukraine lies on the [[Black Sea]], which only has access through the Turkish-held [[Bosphorus]] and [[Dardanelles]] straits. On 28 February, Turkey invoked the 1936 [[Montreux Convention]] and sealed off the straits to Russian warships not registered as having Black Sea home bases and not returning to their ports of origin. This prevented the passage of four Russian naval vessels through the [[Turkish Straits]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-implement-international-pact-access-shipping-straits-due-ukraine-war-2022-02-27/ |title=Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea |work=[[Reuters]] |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tavsan |first=Sinan |date=2 March 2022 |title=Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus |newspaper=[[Nikkei Asia]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Ukraine-war/Turkey-rejects-Russia-s-request-for-navy-ships-to-pass-Bosporus |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/2/russia-cancelled-black-sea-passage-bid-warships-turkey |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

On 24 February, the [[State Border Guard Service of Ukraine]] announced that an [[attack on Snake Island]] by Russian Navy ships had begun.<ref>{{cite tweet|title=Ukrainian soldier deployed on Snake Island live streamed the moment a Russian warship opened fire on the Island. All 13 soldiers lost their lives. |url=https://twitter.com/PokiRae_/status/1497003710349824007?t=u6cn75KuUNW12U0KAtw4Rg&s=19 |number=1497003710349824007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225100712/https://twitter.com/PokiRae_/status/1497003710349824007?t=u6cn75KuUNW12U0KAtw4Rg&s=19 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |user=PokiRae_}}{{Primary source inline|date=March 2022}}</ref> The cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Moskva||2}} and patrol boat {{ship|Russian patrol boat|Vasily Bykov||2}} bombarded the island with their deck guns.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island |work=The Maritime Executive |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russian-navy-captures-ukraine-s-outpost-on-snake-island |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225100645/https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russian-navy-captures-ukraine-s-outpost-on-snake-island |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> When the Russian warship identified itself and instructed the Ukrainian soldiers stationed on the island to surrender, their response was "[[Russian warship, go fuck yourself!]]"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Pennington |first2=Josh |date=24 February 2022 |title=February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news |publisher=CNN |at=Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-24-22-intl/h_2e17e59214679efefede60d5fb481432 |access-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225020216/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-24-22-intl/h_2e17e59214679efefede60d5fb481432 |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=uk:"Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові |trans-title='Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/02/25/7325592/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225021042/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/02/25/7325592/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=uk}}</ref> After the bombardment, a detachment of Russian soldiers landed and took control of [[Snake Island (Black Sea)|Snake Island]].<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island |first=Elias |last=Visontay |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/25/ukraine-soldiers-told-russians-to-go-fuck-yourself-before-black-sea-island-death |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225102114/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/25/ukraine-soldiers-told-russians-to-go-fuck-yourself-before-black-sea-island-death |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Russia stated on 26 February that US drones were supplying intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help target Russian warships in the Black Sea, which the US denied.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Nathan |last1=Hodge |first2=Vasco |last2=Cotovio |first3=Oren |last3=Lieberman |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-26-22/h_b669a7b9f3668b9579d3cb72c52647ac |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-26-22/h_b669a7b9f3668b9579d3cb72c52647ac |archive-date=27 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022 |title=Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

By 3 March, the Ukrainian frigate {{ship|Ukrainian frigate|Hetman Sahaidachny||2}}, the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, was [[scuttled]] in Mykolaiv to prevent its capture by Russian forces.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=uk:Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу |language=uk |trans-title=The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order |url=https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/fregat-ukrayiny-getman-sagajdachnyj-vyvedenyj-z-ladu/ |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=[[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/806837.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |publisher=[[Interfax Ukraine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Michael |title=Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ukraine-scuttles-its-flagship-frigate-as-the-russians-close-in-wtd07bbqp |access-date=4 March 2022 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref> On 14 March, the Russian source RT reported that the Russian Armed Forces had captured about a dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdiansk, including the [[Polnocny-class landing ship|''Polnocny''-class landing ship]] [[Ukrainian ship Yuri Olefirenko|''Yuri Olefirenko'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/11502-analysis-russian-armed-forces-capture-dozen-ukrainian-ships-in-berdyansk.html |title=Analysis: Russian Armed Forces capture dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdyansk |date=14 March 2022 |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Navy Recognition |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315091937/https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/11502-analysis-russian-armed-forces-capture-dozen-ukrainian-ships-in-berdyansk.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian [[Alligator-class landing ship|landing ship]] docked in Berdiansk was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-it-has-destroyed-large-russian-landing-ship-2022-03-24/ |title=Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship |first1=Pavel |last1=Polityuk |first2=Timothy |last2=Heritage |editor-first=Andrew |editor-last=Heavens |work=[[Reuters]] |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Guardian220325" /><ref name="CNN-Berdyansk" />

== Aftermath ==

=== Analysis of the invasion ===
====Russian forces====
[[File:Bucha main street, 2022-04-06 (0804).jpg|thumb|Remnants of a [[Battle of Bucha|destroyed]] Russian column on 27 February in [[Bucha, Kyiv Oblast|Bucha]]]]
Military analysts have been highly critical of the Russian plan of invasion. Writing in 2024, [[Michael Kofman]] attributed the failure of the Russian invasion to "unworkable concept of operations, which did not anticipate or plan to engage an organised and sustained Ukrainian defence", and attacked the road-bound deployment of Russian forces during the invasion, as well as the excessive reliance of the invasion plan on subversion and special operations such as the airborne attack at Hostomel. Kofman also criticised the use of "thunder runs" similar to those used by US forces in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 Iraq war]], in an environment where resistance to such attempts to go around urban centres was likely to be far higher.<ref name="Kofman 105-106">{{cite book |last1=Kofman |first1=Michael |editor1-last=Brands |editor1-first=Hal |title=War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World |date=2024 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1-4214-4986-9 |pages=105–6 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3881920 |access-date=25 September 2025 |chapter=Chapter Six The Russia-Ukraine War Military Operations and Battlefield Dynamics}}</ref> The November 2022 [[Royal United Services Institute]] (RUSI) report on the invasion also criticised the invasion plan as being based on "false assumptions", and spreading Russian forces too thinly across too many objectives, with insufficient contingency-planning for what to do if things went wrong. Netherless, RUSI also stated that "If competently executed, these plans could have succeeded".<ref name="Zabrodskyi et. al. 12">{{cite book |last1=Zabrodskyi |first1=Mykhaylo |last2=Watling |first2=Jack |last3=Danylyuk |first3=Oleksandr V. |last4=Reynolds |first4=Nick |title=Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022 |date=30 November 2022 |publisher=RUSI |page=12 |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/preliminary-lessons-conventional-warfighting-russias-invasion-ukraine-february-july-2022 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

Writing in 2024 in the ''[[Journal of Strategic Studies]]'', analysts from the Swiss Military Academy at [[ETH Zurich]] characterised the invasion plan as being "predicated on a rapid, decisive overthrow of the government in Kyiv, presuming minimal resistance". They also criticised what they saw as the excessively rigid, Soviet-style command structure and operational planning of Russian forces during the invasion.<ref name="Knubel et al.">{{cite journal |last1=Knubel |first1=Roman |last2=Berni |first2=Marcel |last3=Nepomuk Kueng |first3=Moritz |title=From Chechnya to Ukraine: Russian military adaptation in a comparative perspective |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |date=21 July 2025 |pages=3, 10 }}</ref>

Russian air forces during the campaign were described by military analyst Sean M. Wiswesser, writing in 2023 in the ''Small Wars & Insurgencies'' journal, as having "bungled air operations from the outset of the war".<ref name="Wiswesser 1207">{{cite journal |last1=Wiswesser |first1=Sean M. |title=Potemkin on the Dnieper: the Failure of Russian Airpower in the Ukraine war |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |date=24 February 2023 |volume=34 |issue=7 |page=1207 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2023.2187201 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2023.2187201#abstract |access-date=26 September 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wiswesser described the Russian air forces as having "settled largely for a 'tie'" during the period of the invasion.<ref name="Wiswesser 1214">{{cite journal |last1=Wiswesser |first1=Sean M. |title=Potemkin on the Dnieper: the Failure of Russian Airpower in the Ukraine war |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |date=24 February 2023 |volume=34 |issue=7 |page=1214 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2023.2187201 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2023.2187201#abstract |access-date=26 September 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The force-structure of Russian forces during the invasion has also been criticised, particularly the use of [[battalion tactical group]]s (BTGs), which proved brittle once Ukrainian resistance was met. Writing in 2025, Alexander Hill, professor of military history at the [[University of Calgary]], described Russian BTGs as lacking "the requisite level of infantry (and indeed artillery) support for their armour that was being unimaginatively funnelled down relatively narrow axes of advance", and stated that Russian officers "struggled to command multiple BTGs to good effect".<ref name="Hill 475">{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Alexander |title=Routledge Handbook of Soviet and Russian Military Studies |date=2025 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-03-240763-0 |page=475 |url=https://www.academia.edu/128035364 |access-date=26 September 2025 |chapter=32 RUSSIA'S 'SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION' IN UKRAINE}}</ref>

====Ukrainian forces====
[[File:Reporter's Notebook - Thriving Kyiv Becomes Battle Zone, Almost Overnight 03.jpg|thumb|Civilians in Kyiv preparing [[Molotov cocktails]], 26 February]]
Whilst praising Ukraine's resistance to the invasion, analysts have also identified deficiencies in the deployment of Ukrainian forces before the invasion. According to Kofman, Ukrainian forces proved flexible in comparison to the rigid deployment of Russian forces, but Ukrainian forces were overly concentrated in the east, "leaving the capital almost completely undefended", meaning that only "[an] eleventh-hour sortie ... saved the armed forces from catastrophic losses".<ref name="Kofman 105-106" /> Similarly RUSI state that the "Russian deception plan was largely successful" in drawing Ukrainian forces towards Donbas, including a failure to deploy any major units to defend the approach from the Crimea, though RUSI also note that this came at the cost of Russian troops being insufficiently briefed before the invasion. At the tactical level, however, RUSI assessed Ukrainian forces as comprising "units which had been psychologically and practically preparing for this fight for eight years".<ref name="Zabrodskyi et. al. 22-23">{{cite book |last1=Zabrodskyi |first1=Mykhaylo |last2=Watling |first2=Jack |last3=Danylyuk |first3=Oleksandr V. |last4=Reynolds |first4=Nick |title=Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022 |date=30 November 2022 |publisher=RUSI |pages=22–23 |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/special-resources/preliminary-lessons-conventional-warfighting-russias-invasion-ukraine-february-july-2022 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> Alexander Hill described Ukrainian forces as having undergone a transformation since the fighting of 2014, and having become "a stubborn opponent that was typically difficult [for Russian troops] to dislodge".<ref name="Hill 473">{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Alexander |title=Routledge Handbook of Soviet and Russian Military Studies |date=2025 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-03-240763-0 |page=473 |url=https://www.academia.edu/128035364 |access-date=26 September 2025 |chapter=32 RUSSIA'S 'SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION' IN UKRAINE}}</ref>

===Changes in command-structure===
Russian forces did not deploy an overall commander for the invasion of Ukraine, with command divided between the military district commanders, each of whom was assigned to their own axis of attack. According to Mason Clark of the [[Institute for the Study of War]], this resulted in commanders competing for central resources and each effectively fighting their own war. Subsequent to the failure of this strategy, according to Clark, Putin appointed Aleksandr Dvornikov as an overall commander in Ukraine on 8 April 2022, however Dvornikov retained his post as commander of the Southern Military District. Disatisfied with Dvornikov's performance, according to Clark, Putin then dismissed Dvornikov as overall commander in June 2022 but allowed him to remain in overall command for several weeks, before Gennady Zhidko was reportedly appointed to that role. However, according to Clark, both Zhidko and Dvornikov were effectively "first among equals" among the Russian Military District Commanders rather than true theatre commanders, and it was not until October 2022 that a dedicated theatre commander - [[Sergey Surovikin]] - was appointed.<ref name="Clark 2025">{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Mason |title=THE RUSSIAN MILITARY: FORECASTING THE THREAT |journal=ISW |date=2025 |page=48 |url=https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/The-Russian-Military-Forecasting-the-Threat.pdf |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref>

===Subsequent military operations===

{{Main|Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)}}

{{Further|Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts}}
[[File:Map of Ukraine, including disputed regions.svg|thumb|Ukrainian regions annexed by Russia since 2014 ([[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]]) and 2022 (others). The 2022 annexation created a strategic land bridge between Crimea and Russia.]]
Russia abandoned the [[northern Ukraine campaign|attempt to take Kyiv]] in early April, but a lasting state of war between Russia and Ukraine remained, with Russia capturing [[Mariupol]] by 20 May 2022,<ref name="531Azovstal">{{Cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/russia-says-remaining-531-azovstal-192141701.html|title=Russia says remaining 531 Azovstal defenders surrender, steelworks siege over|date=20 May 2022}}</ref> and maintaining an occupation of large portions of four [[Ukrainian oblasts]]—[[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]], [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]], [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]], and [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]]. In August, Ukrainian forces began liberating territories in the [[2022 Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive|north-east]] and [[2022 Ukrainian southern counteroffensive|south]].

On 30 September 2022, [[Russia]] declared the [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexation]] of the four partially-occupied oblasts, which was [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4|internationally condemned]]. Most of Luhansk Oblast and part of Donetsk Oblast had been controlled by [[Russian separatist forces in Ukraine|pro-Russian separatists]] since 2014, while the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts were invaded by Russia in 2022. The boundaries of the areas to be annexed and their borders were not defined; Russian officials stated that they would be defined later. None of the oblasts were fully under Russian control at the time of the declaration, nor since. If limited to the areas then under Russian control (about 90,000 km2 or 15% of [[Ukraine]]'s territory, roughly the size of [[Portugal]]) the annexation would still be the largest in Europe since [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dickson |first=Janice |date=30 September 2022 |title=Putin signs documents to illegally annex four Ukrainian regions, in drastic escalation of Russia's war |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-signs-documents-to-unlawfully-claim-4-ukrainian-regions-in/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001031159/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-signs-documents-to-unlawfully-claim-4-ukrainian-regions-in/ |archive-date=1 October 2022|quote=Mr. Putin's claim to more than 15 per cent of Ukraine's territory is the largest annexation in Europe since the Second World War.}}</ref> In other respects as well—in terms of the scale and intensity of hostilities,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pettyjohn |first1=Stacie |title=Evolution Not Revolution: Drone Warfare in Russia's 2022 Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/evolution-not-revolution |publisher=[[Center for a New American Security]] |access-date=26 September 2025 |date=8 February 2024}}</ref> and the number of casualties<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harmash |first1=Olena |title=What Russia's invasion has cost Ukraine as war reaches 1,000th day |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/what-russias-invasion-has-cost-ukraine-war-reaches-1000th-day-2024-11-18/ |publisher=Reuters |access-date=26 September 2025 |date=November 18, 2024}}</ref>—after the invasion, the war became the biggest war in Europe since World War II.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McFaul |first1=Michael |last2=Person |first2=Robert |editor1-last=Brands |editor1-first=Hal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0n72EAAAQBAJ&dq=On+February+24,+2022,+Russian+president+Vladimir+Putin+launched+a+full-+scale+invasion+of+Ukraine,+expanding+dramatically+the+war+against+Ukraine+he+be+gan+in+2014+and+starting+the+largest+war+in+Europe+since+World+War+II.&pg=PA34 |title=War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World |date=2 April 2024 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4214-4985-2 |page=34 |language=en |quote=On February 24, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, expanding dramatically the war against Ukraine he began in 2014 and starting the largest war in Europe since World War II.}}</ref>

From then through 2023, Russian offensives and Ukrainian counteroffensives gained only small amounts of territory. The war has also led to [[Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|attacks in Russia]] by Ukrainian and Ukrainian-backed forces, among them a cross-border [[2024 Kursk offensive|offensive into Russia's Kursk region]] in August 2024. Russia has repeatedly carried out deliberate and indiscriminate [[Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|attacks on civilians]] far from the frontline.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2022 |title=Chernihiv: Are these Russia's weapons of war? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61036880 |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503080643/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61036880 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gall |first1=Carlotta |last2=Kramer |first2=Andrew E. |date=3 April 2022 |title=In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw'|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/03/world/europe/ukraine-russia-war-civilian-deaths.html |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412065516/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/03/world/europe/ukraine-russia-war-civilian-deaths.html |archive-date=12 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="HRMMU_Statement_March">{{Cite web |last=Bogner |first=Matilda |date=25 March 2022 |title=Situation in Ukraine. Statement delivered by the Head of Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine on the situation in Ukraine |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/03/situation-ukraine |publisher=[[Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref> The [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) opened [[International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine|an investigation]] into [[War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|war crimes]] and issued [[International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures|arrest warrants for Putin and several other Russian officials]].

== International reactions ==
{{Main|Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}

{{See also|Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-11 L.1 vote.svg|thumb|[[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|UN General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1]] vote on 2 March 2022 condemning the invasion of Ukraine and demanding a complete withdrawal of Russian troops {{legend|#74C365|In favour}}{{legend|#ab4e52|Against}}{{legend|#FADA5E|Abstained}}{{legend|#89CFF0|Absent}}{{legend|#C0C0C0|Non-member}}]]
The invasion received widespread international condemnation from [[Government and intergovernmental reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine|governments and intergovernmental organisations]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellinger |first=John B. III |date=28 February 2022 |title=How Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Violates International Law |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/how-russias-invasion-ukraine-violates-international-law |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> On 2 March 2022 and on 23 February 2023, 141 [[Member states of the United Nations|member states]] of the [[UN General Assembly]] voted for a resolution saying that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, voted against the measure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2023 |title=Ukraine war: UN condemns Russian invasion ahead of anniversary |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64748349 |access-date=24 February 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Political reactions to the invasion included [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|new sanctions imposed on Russia]], which triggered [[Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies]].<ref name="Sanctions slams Russian economy">{{Cite news |last1=Chernova |first1=Anna |last2=Cotovio |first2=Vasco |last3=Thompson |first3=Mark |date=28 February 2022 |title=Sanctions slams Russian economy |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/business/russia-ruble-banks-sanctions/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228085645/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/business/russia-ruble-banks-sanctions/index.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports to non-sanctioning countries such as India, rely more on [[Liquefied natural gas|LNG]] (which was not subject to European Union sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Loginova |first2=Julia |date=1 August 2023 |title=The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia? |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=102 |article-number=103150 |bibcode=2023ERSS..10203150O |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Szulecki |first1=Kacper |last2=Overland |first2=Indra |date=April 2023 |title=Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine |journal=Nature Energy |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=413–421 |bibcode=2023NatEn...8..413S |doi=10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=11250/3106595}}</ref>

Over seventy sovereign states and the European Union delivered [[List of humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|humanitarian aid]] to Ukraine, and nearly fifty countries plus the EU provided [[List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|military aid]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Ukraine war aid: Austin asks U.S. allies to 'dig deep' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/us-defence-boss-austin-urges-allies-dig-deep-with-arms-ukraine-2023-06-15/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> Economic sanctions included a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace,<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/28/eu-adopts-new-set-of-measures-to-respond-to-russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine/ |publisher=Europa (web portal)}}</ref> a [[SWIFT ban against Russian banks|ban of certain Russian banks from the SWIFT international payments system]], and a ban on certain Russian media outlets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/02/eu-imposes-sanctions-on-state-owned-outlets-rt-russia-today-and-sputnik-s-broadcasting-in-the-eu/ |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=7 March 2025 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322231146/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/02/eu-imposes-sanctions-on-state-owned-outlets-rt-russia-today-and-sputnik-s-broadcasting-in-the-eu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Reactions to the invasion have included public response, media responses, [[2022 Russia–Ukraine peace negotiations|peace efforts]], and the examination of the [[Legality of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|legal implications of the invasion]].

Some countries, particularly in the [[Global North and Global South|Global South]], saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of [[Foreign policy of the United States|US foreign policy]].<ref name="nyt-eligon">{{Cite news |last=Eligon |first=John |date=17 March 2022 |title=In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/17/world/war-russia-china-putin-support.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Holder |first1=Josh |last2=Leatherby |first2=Lauren |last3=Troianovski |first3=Anton |last4=Cai |first4=Weiyi |date=23 February 2023 |title=The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/02/23/world/russia-ukraine-geopolitics.html |access-date=30 July 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Protests and demonstrations were held worldwide, including some [[2022 anti-war protests in Russia|in Russia]] and [[2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine|parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tambur |first=Silver |date=26 February 2022 |title=Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine |url=https://estonianworld.com/pictures/pictures-30000-people-protest-in-tallinn-against-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine/ |publisher=Estonian world}}</ref> Calls for [[2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus|a boycott of Russian goods]] spread on social media platforms,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Hannah |date=2 May 2022 |title=Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/putin-ukraine-russia-war-russian-immigrants-paying-price-rcna26971 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Mehul |date=6 May 2022 |title=Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3391bf8c-e431-415c-b7c5-9eeee08b3374 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> [[Anti-Russian sentiment]] against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beardsworth |first=James |date=4 March 2022 |title=Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/russians-abroad-blamed-for-a-regime-they-sought-to-escape-a76762 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306231213/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/russians-abroad-blamed-for-a-regime-they-sought-to-escape-a76762 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |work=[[The Moscow Times]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Hannah |date=3 May 2022 |title=Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/putin-ukraine-russia-war-russian-immigrants-paying-price-rcna26971 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607005052/https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/putin-ukraine-russia-war-russian-immigrants-paying-price-rcna26971 |archive-date=7 June 2022 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> In March 2022, Russian's parliament introduced [[Russian 2022 war censorship laws|prison sentences of up to 15 years]] for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations,<ref>{{cite news |date=11 March 2022 |title=Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine |url=https://fortune.com/2022/03/11/russia-kremlin-backed-media-off-message-question-putin-war-ukraine-invasion/ |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref> intended to suppress any criticism related to the war.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weir |first1=Fred |date=5 December 2022 |title=In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/1205/In-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|2020s|Current events|Europe|Politics|Russia|Ukraine}}
* {{annotated link|2020s in military history}}
* [[List of invasions in the 21st century]]
* [[Russo-Georgian War]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{Russo-Ukrainian War}}
{{Russia–Ukraine relations}}
{{Vladimir Putin}}
{{Volodymyr Zelenskyy}}

[[Category:Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|*]]
[[Category:Russo-Ukrainian war]]
[[Category:2020s conflicts]]
[[Category:2020s controversies]]
[[Category:2020s in Europe]]
[[Category:2020s in international relations]]
[[Category:2020s in military history]]
[[Category:2020s in Russia]]
[[Category:2020s in Ukraine]]
[[Category:21st-century military history of Russia]]
[[Category:21st-century military history of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Belarus–NATO relations]]
[[Category:Belarus–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Belarus–Ukraine relations]]
[[Category:Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Invasions by Russia|Ukraine]]
[[Category:Invasions of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Russia–NATO relations]]
[[Category:Ukraine–NATO relations]]
[[Category:Vladimir Putin]]
[[Category:Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022]]

Tejaswini Niranjana

2026-03-17T15:29:00Z

Scopex: made initial pg first draft

{{Short description|Indian cultural theorist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Tejaswini Niranjana.jpg|thumb|Tejaswini Niranjana, speaking at a conference.]]
'''Tejaswini Niranjana''' (born 26 July 1958) is an Indian professor, cultural theorist, translator and author. She is best known for her contribution to the fields of [[Cultural studies|culture studies]], [[gender studies]], [[translation]], and [[ethnomusicology]] (particularly relating to different forms of Indian music). She is the daughter of Kannada playwright and novelist [[Niranjana (writer)|Niranjana]] and writer [[Anupama Niranjana]]. Her partner is Indian author and cultural theorist, [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In 2021, Tejaswini Niranjana was awarded the '''[[American Literary Translators Association|American Literary Translators Association Prize]]''' for Prose Fiction Translation for ''No Presents Please,'' a translation of author [[Jayanth Kaikini|Jayant Kaikini]]'s short stories centred around the city of Mumbai. In 2019, ''No Presents Please'' was awarded the '''[[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature|DSC Prize for South Asian Literature 2018]]''', which Niranjana shared jointly with Jayant Kaikini.

She is the recipient of the '''2018 Humanities and Social Sciences Prestigious Fellowship, Research Grants Council, Hong Kong.''' Niranjana was also awarded the '''[[Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award|Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award]]''' for Best Translation of 1994.

Niranjana is best known for her theory of ''the relationship between colonialism and translation,'' writings on feminism and the 'culture question' in India'','' and her practice-based research into music (specifically Caribbean music, Hindustani classical music, and India-China collaborations).

Niranjana has an M.A. in English and Aesthetics from the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]], an MPhil in Linguistics from the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Pune]], and a PhD from the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Niranjana was the co-founder and a senior fellow at the [http://cscs.res.in/ Centre for Study of Culture and Society], [[Bangalore]], where she was also Lead Researcher in the [http://heira.in/ HEIRA] Program.<ref name=":0" /> Currently, Niranjana serves as the director, '''Centre for Inter-Asian Research'''; and as Dean of Online Programmes, [[Ahmedabad University]].

==Life and work==
Born in [[Dharwad|Dharwad, India]] to the Kannada playwright and novelist [[Niranjana (writer)|Niranjana]] and writer [[Anupama Niranjana]], Niranjana moved to [[Bangalore]], India at the age of 2. She completed her schooling in Bangalore at The Home School (1962–1971); Mahila Seva Samaja (1971–1974), attended pre-University at the National College, Jayanagar (1974–76), and an undergraduate degree from the National College, Basavangudi, Bangalore (1976–79).

Later, she completed an M.A. in English and Aesthetics from the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]], an MPhil in Linguistics from the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Pune]], and a PhD from the [[University of California, Los Angeles]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Since 2021, Niranjana serves as the director, Centre for Inter-Asian Research; and as Dean of Online Programmes, Ahmedabad University.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Niranjana was the co-founder and a senior fellow at the [http://cscs.res.in/ Centre for Study of Culture and Society], [[Bangalore]], where she was also Lead Researcher in the [http://heira.in/ HEIRA] Program.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://cis-india.org/about/people/distinguished-fellows|title=Distinguished Fellows — The Centre for Internet and Society|website=cis-india.org|language=en|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> She was the chair at the Centre for Indian Languages in Higher Education at the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], [[Mumbai]]<ref name="Prof Tejaswini NIRANJANA - ARI">{{Cite web|url=https://ari.nus.edu.sg/Peoples/Detail/18e62327-4ea0-4fe3-af08-b32aa53e54e0|title=Prof Tejaswini NIRANJANA - ARI|website=ari.nus.edu.sg|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> from 2012 till 2016.

From 2016 to 2021, she was a professor and head of the Department of Cultural Studies, at [[Lingnan University (Hong Kong)|Lingnan University]], Hong Kong,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ln.edu.hk/cultural/staff/niranjana-tejaswini/|title=Lingnan University|last=author|website=www.ln.edu.hk|access-date=2017-06-09|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224173653/https://www.ln.edu.hk/cultural/staff/niranjana-tejaswini/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and visiting professor with the School of Arts and Science at [[Ahmedabad University]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/tejaswini-niranjana | title=Tejaswini Niranjana | Ahmedabad University | access-date=24 February 2018 | archive-date=28 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128011303/https://ahduni.edu.in/tejaswini-niranjana | url-status=dead }}</ref> She was the chair of the Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://culturalstudies.asia/about-us/|title=About Us|website=culturalstudies.asia|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-24}}</ref>

She is the conceptualiser<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/sailing-across-cultures/article8496980.ece | title=Sailing across cultures| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2016-04-19| last1=Basu| first1=Indira}}</ref> and co-producer of ''Jahaji Music'', a documentary, starring Indian-Portuguese musician [[Remo Fernandes]], that looks at musical forms in the Indian diaspora in the Caribbean.<ref name="Prof Tejaswini NIRANJANA - ARI"/> The film's title translates to "Ship's Music" which is a reference to the ships that carried indentured labour settlers from East India to French-Trinidad in the mid 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/review-saucy-wow-jahaji-music/ | title="Saucy Wow" in the film Jahaji Music: India in the Caribbean| date=2016-09-15}}</ref> The film, co-produced by filmmaker Surabhi Sharma, connected the worlds of gender, music and migration and was well received by the media.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/news-tags/jahaji-music-india-caribbean | title=DNA}}</ref><ref name="The connecting rhythm">{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/exploring-mumbais-musical-past/article20010694.ece | title=The connecting rhythm| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2017-11-09| last1=Swaminathan| first1=Chitra}}</ref>

She is also the author of [https://www.dukeupress.edu/musicophilia-in-mumbai ''Musicophilia in Mumbai''], which examines the cultural, political and geographical reasons why Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) became such a popular centre for Hindustani music. In a 2014 interview with Online Indian Women's magazine The Ladies Finger, she detailed her research process for this project, which she describes as part ethnographic, part archival work and several interviews.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://theladiesfinger.com/the-wild-varied-social-life-of-hindustani-classical-music-before-respectability-took-over/ | title=The Varied Social Life of Hindustani Classical Music Before Respectability Took over| date=2014-07-30}}</ref> As part of the same project, she once again collaborated with filmmaker Surabhi Sharma to produce the film ''Phir Se Sam Pe Aana'' (Returning to the first beat).<ref name="The connecting rhythm"/>

She was a distinguished fellow at the [[Centre for Internet and Society (India)|Centre for Internet and Society]], Bangalore from 2013 till 2016 . She is also the recipient of the Sephis Postdoctoral Fellowship (1997–1999), Sawyer Fellow at the [[University of Michigan]]; Rockefeller Fellow, [[University of Chicago]], and the Homi Bhabha National Fellowship. She was awarded the Central [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Best Translation Into English (1993), and the [[Karnataka]] State Sahitya Akademi Award for Best Translation (1994).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ncu.edu.tw/tcs/sp_teja.htm|title=文化研究教學研究營Teaching Cultural Studies Workshop 2006|website=english.ncu.edu.tw|access-date=2017-06-09|archive-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224173454/http://english.ncu.edu.tw/tcs/sp_teja.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She has lecturedin the West Indies, Brazil, South Africa, Japan, Taiwan, the U.S, and the U.K.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/03/06/stories/2005030600740500.htm|title=Magazine / People : Caribbean connect|last=thrki|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-03-06|access-date=2017-06-09}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She learned music for a decade from Mumbai-based [[Gwalior gharana]] singer Neela Bhagwat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/669446/the-little-known-story-of-how-mumbai-nurtured-hindustani-classical-music-and-helped-it-thrive|title=The little-known story of how Mumbai nurtured Hindustani classical music and helped it thrive|last=Ramanan|first=Sumana|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2017-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref>

Teju is also known in academic circles for her keen efforts in creating a bi-lingual pedagogy manual for classrooms in Indian Higher Education classrooms. Initial research toward this was carried out with fellow feminist scholar [[Sharmila Rege]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://theladiesfinger.com/sharmila-rege-the-feminist-as-translator/ | title=Sharmila Rege: The Feminist as Translator| date=2013-07-23}}</ref>

In 2009, she was part of a 180 strong list of Indian Academics who opposed [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]], on the grounds that it was anti-democratic.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://orinam.net/academics-support-delhi-high-court-decision-in-section-377-case/ | title=Academics Support Delhi High Court Decision in Section 377 Case| date=2011-02-08}}</ref>

== Publications ==
=== Books ===
*''Musicophilia in Mumbai: Performing Subjects and the Metropolitan Unconscious'' (Durham: [[Duke University Press]], 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/musicophilia-in-mumbai|title=SelectedWorks - Prof. NIRANJANA Tejaswini:Musicophilia in Mumbai|last=Press|first=Berkeley Electronic|website=works.bepress.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref>
* ''Mobilizing India: Women, Migration and Music between India and Trinidad'' (Durham: [[Duke University Press]], 2006)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://works.bepress.com/tniranjana/|title=SelectedWorks - Prof. NIRANJANA Tejaswini:Mobilizing India|last=Press|first=Berkeley Electronic|website=works.bepress.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref>
* ''Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism and the Colonial Context'' (Berkeley: [[University of California Press]], 1992)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://works.bepress.com/tniranjana/|title=SelectedWorks - Prof. NIRANJANA Tejaswini:Siting Translation|last=Press|first=Berkeley Electronic|website=works.bepress.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref>

=== Edited volumes ===
* ''Music, Modernity, and Publicness in India'' (Delhi: [[Oxford University Press]], 2020).
* ''Breaking the Silo: Integrating Science Education in India'' - With K.Sridhar and Anup Dhar, (Delhi: [[Orient Blackswan]], 2017).
* ''Genealogies of the Asian Present: Situating Inter-Asia Cultural Studies'' - With Wang Xiaoming (Delhi: [[Orient Blackswan]], 2015).
* ''Streevaadi Vimarshe'' - With Seemanthini Niranjana, in Kannada [Feminist Literary Criticism in India] (Bangalore: Kannada Sangha, Christ College, 1994).
* ''Interrogating Modernity: Culture and Colonialism in India'' - With P. Sudhir and Vivek Dhareshwar, (Calcutta: [[Seagull Books]], 1993).

=== Selected articles in books ===
* "Colonialism and the Politics of Translation", in ''An Other Tongue: Nation and Ethnicity in the Linguistic Borderlands'', ed. Alfred Arteaga (Durham: [[Duke University Press]], 1994).
* "Colonialism and the Aesthetics of Translation", in ''Interrogating Modernity: Culture and Colonialism in India'', (eds.) Tejaswini Niranjana, P. Sudhir and Vivek Dhareshwar (Calcutta: Seagull Books, 1993).
* "Translation, Colonialism, and the Rise of English", in ''Rethinking English: Essays in Literature, Language, History'', ed. Svati Joshi (Delhi: Trianka, 1992).
* "Indian nationalism and Female Sexuality: A Trinidadian Tale", in ''Sex and the citizen: interrogating the Caribbean,'' ed. Faith Smith(Charlottesville : [[University of Virginia Press]]'','' 2011).
* "Hindi Cinema and Popular Music in Trinidad", in ''Remembered Rhythms,'' (eds.) Shubha Chaudhuri and Anthony Seeger (Kolkata : [[Seagull Books]], 2010).
* "Gender and the Media: Problems for Cultural History", in ''Re-Figuring Culture: History, Theory and the Aesthetic in Contemporary India'' ed. Satish Poduval (Delhi : Sahitya Akademi, 2005).
* "Vigilantism and the Pleasures of Masquerade: The Female Spectators of Vijayasanthi Films", in ''City Flicks,'' ed. Preben Kaarsholm(Roskilde University: Occasional Paper Series, 2002).
* "Nationalism Refigured: Contemporary South Indian Cinema and the Subject of Feminism", in ''Community, Gender and Violence: Subaltern Studies XI,'' (eds.) Partha Chatterjee and Pradeep Jeganathan (Delhi: Permanent Black, 2000).
* (with Vivek Dhareshwar), "Kaadalan and the Politics of Resignification", in ''Making Meaning in Indian Cinema,'' ed. Ravi Vasudevan (Delhi: [[Oxford University Press]], 2000).

===Selected articles in journals===
* "English Education in the Multi-lingual Classroom", ''[http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/riac20 Inter-Asia Cultural Studies]'' 16:2 (2015)
* "Culture, Feminism, Globalization", Introduction to Special Issue-Women's Studies, [[Economic and Political Weekly]] 50:17 (2015), 25 April.
* "Music in the Balance: Language, Modernity and Hindustani Sangeet in Dharwad", [[Economic and Political Weekly]] XLVIII: 2, (12 January 2013), 41–48.
* "Why Culture Matters: Rethinking the Language of Feminist Politics", ''[http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/riac20 Inter-Asia Cultural Studies]'' 11:2 (2010), 229–235.
* "Transported by Song: Music and Cultural Labour in Dharwad", ''Sangeet Natak'' XLIII:2 (2009), 35–44.
* "Teaching Gender Studies as Cultural Studies", ''[http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/riac20 Inter-Asia Cultural Studies]'' 9:3 (January 2008), 469 – 477.
* "Feminism and Cultural Studies in Asia", ''[http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/riij20 Interventions]'' 9:2 (2007), 209–18.

=== Awards ===

*2021 American Literary Translators’ Association Prize for Prose Fiction Translation, for ''No Presents Please'' (Jayant Kaikini)
* 2019 DSC Prize for South Asian Literature 2018, jointly awarded with Jayant Kaikini, for ''No Presents Please''
* 1995 Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Best Translation of 1994
* 1993 Central Sahitya Akademi Award for Best Translation of the year

=== Fellowships ===
{| class="wikitable"
|2018
|Humanities and Social Sciences Prestigious Fellowship, Research Grants Council, Hong Kong
|-
|2016
|Senior Visiting Research Fellow, Asia Research Institute, NUS Singapore
|-
|2013
|Lichtstern Distinguished Visiting Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago
|-
|2013
|Distinguished Fellow at the Centre for Internet and Society; Advisor to the Access to Knowledge Team working on the Indian Wikipedia
|-
|2011
|Fellow, Institut d’etudes avancees [Institute of Advanced Studies/Research] de Nantes, France
|-
|2007
|Fellow, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin [Institute of Advanced Studies], Germany
|-
|2005
|Honorary Visiting Professor, Centre for Women’s Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University
|-
|1997-99
|Sephis (Netherlands) Postdoctoral Fellowship
|-
|1996
|Sawyer Fellow, International Institute, University of Michigan
|-
|1996
|Rockefeller Fellow, Program in Globalization and the Media, Chicago Humanities Institute, University of Chicago
|-
|1992-94
|Homi Bhabha National Fellowship
|}

== See also ==
* [[Susie Tharu]]
* [[Subaltern Studies]]
* [[Inter-Asia Cultural Studies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.ln.edu.hk/cultural/staff/niranjana-tejaswini/index.php Faculty profile, Department of Cultural Studies, Lingnan University Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926072825/http://www.ln.edu.hk/cultural/staff/niranjana-tejaswini/index.php |date=26 September 2018 }}
* [http://cscs.res.in/Members/people-cscs/faculty-cscs/tejaswini-niranjana Faculty profile, Centre for the Study of Culture and Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322123234/http://cscs.res.in/Members/people-cscs/faculty-cscs/tejaswini-niranjana |date=22 March 2018 }}
* [https://ahduni.edu.in/tejaswini-niranjana Faculty profile, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128011303/https://ahduni.edu.in/tejaswini-niranjana |date=28 November 2020 }}
* [https://www.ln.edu.hk/chronicle/46/interview-with-new-cultural-studies-department-head Interview with Tejaswini Niranjana, Lingnan Chronicle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225011611/https://www.ln.edu.hk/chronicle/46/interview-with-new-cultural-studies-department-head |date=25 February 2018 }}
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14649373.2012.690233?journalCode=riac20 Convictions and skepticisms of an Indian feminist scholar: an interview with Tejaswini Niranjana by Yifan Jiang, ''Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 2012'']
* [http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/03/06/stories/2005030600740500.htm Interview with Tejaswini Niranjana on her research in the Caribbean, The Hindu]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}
{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Niranjana, Tejaswini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Ahmedabad University]]
[[Category:Indian ethnomusicologists]]
[[Category:Women ethnomusicologists]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Lingnan University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha Fellows]]

Thilakan

2026-03-16T21:57:12Z

Scopex: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thilakan
| native_name = തിലകൻ
| image = THILAKAN-OIL PAINTING.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| birth_name = P. K. Surendranatha Thilakan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1935|07|15}}
| birth_place = [[Aranmula]],<ref name="manoramaonline.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120924071513/http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/Tribute-to-Thilakan/index.htm Movie | Thilakan – The Unique Style of Acting]. Manorama Online.</ref> [[Travancore|Travancore State]], [[British Raj]] (present day [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|09|24|1935|07|15}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| years_active = 1956–1978 (stage) 1972, 1979–2012 (film)
| domestic_partner = Shantha Sarojam
| children = 6 (incl. [[Shammi Thilakan|Shammi]] and [[Shobi Thilakan|Shobi]])
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Palapurath S. Keshavan|Devayani Amma}}
}}

'''Palappurathu Keshavan Surendranatha Thilakan''' (15 July 1935 – 24 September 2012), known mononymously as '''Thilakan''', was an Indian film and stage actor who appeared in over 200 [[Malayalam films]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/malayalam-actor-thilakan-dead/1007076/ | title = Malayalam actor Thilakan dead | work = The Indian Express | access-date = 1 June 2016 | archive-date = 15 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111045/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/malayalam-actor-thilakan-dead/1007076/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/in-theatres/News/artist/Thilakan-205 |title=Thilakan:Profile And Biography|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910053802/http://www.metromatinee.com/in-theatres/News/artist/Thilakan-205 |archive-date=10 September 2012|date=10 September 2012|work=Metromatinee.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/25thi.htm 'The Malayalam superstars are highly insecure'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128105610/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/25thi.htm |date=28 January 2008 }}. Rediff.com (31 December 2004).</ref> Spanning more than five decades, Thilakan’s acting career was marked by critical acclaim for his versatility and powerful screen presence. He won several major honours including the [[Padma Shri]] (2009) from the Government of India, multiple [[National Film Awards]] and numerous [[Kerala State Film Awards]],<ref>{{cite web |title=K. Surendranatha Thilakan - Bio |url=https://snckollam.ac.in/k-surendranatha-thilakan/ |website=SNC College, Kollam |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> becoming the most frequent winner of the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor]].

Thilakan was known for his elaborate method acting and realistic, spontaneous performances<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhadran: Today's films don't need a versatile actor like Thilakan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bhadran-todays-films-dont-need-a-versatile-actor-like-thilakan/articleshow/78298392.cms|access-date=2021-06-11|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=George |first1=Anjana }}</ref> and is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors in Indian cinema, whose style influenced generations of Malayalam actors and audience.

== Early life ==
Thilakan was the second of the six children of P. T. S. Keshavan of the Palappurathu house (1904–1972) and Devayani Amma (1912–2010). Thilakan was born in [[Ayroor]], in the present-day [[Pathanamthitta]] district of [[Kerala]]. He had his primary education from Asan Pallikoodam, [[Manikkal]] and St. Louis Catholic School, Nalamvayal, M. T. Seminary School Kottayam and Sree Narayana College, [[Kollam]].He served in military while Jawaharlal Nehru was the Prime minister before starting his acting career. Thilakan lived in Ayroor until he started acting in films for which he moved to [[Trivandrum]].

Thilakan started his full-time career in acting after leaving college in the year 1956. During this period he and several friends formed a drama troupe called the ''Mundakayam Nataka Samithy'' in [[Mundakayam]], where his father was working as an estate supervisor. He worked with the [[Kerala People's Arts Club]] till 1966, followed by stints in [[Kalidasa Kalakendram]], Changanacherry Geetha, and [[P. J. Antony]]'s troupe. He also performed in several radio plays presented by [[All India Radio]].

==Career==
Thilakan began his career in cinema with a role in the [[P. J. Antony]]-directed Malayalam movie ''[[Periyar (1973 film)|Periyar]]'' (1973). He then worked in ''Gandharvakshetram'' and ''[[Oolkatal|Ulkadal]]'' (1979). His first role as a lead character was as Kallu Varkey, a drunkard in ''[[Kolangal (1981 film)|Kolangal]]'' (1981). Thilakan was awarded his first [[Kerala State Film Awards]] in 1982 for his role in ''[[Yavanika]]''. He also won Kerala State Award for supporting actor in ''[[Yathra]]'' which also starred [[Mammootty]].

In 1988, he received the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his performance in ''[[Rithubhedam]],'' and again in 1994. In 1998, he won State awards for ''[[Santhanagopalam]]'' and ''[[Gamanam (1994 film)|Gamanam]]''. He was strongly favored<ref name=rediff1>{{cite web
| url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/25thi.htm
| title=Interview with Thilakan
| access-date=25 January 2008
| archive-date=28 January 2008
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128105610/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/25thi.htm
| url-status=live
}}</ref> to get another [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in the movie ''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]],'' but the award was given to [[Amitabh Bachchan]] over Thilakan amidst suspicions of strong lobbying, as Amitabh had announced his retirement earlier that year.<ref name=rediff1/> The film ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'' was a milestone in Thilakan's career; in this film, he portrayed a helpless policeman silently watching the fate of his son, played by [[Mohanlal]], who was corrupted by society's influences. In 1989 he performed in [[Mammootty]] starrer ''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugya]]'', in which his role of a Reverend Father Panangodan was well appreciated by critics and won him many accolades. In the 1990s Thilakan was part of many [[Mammootty]] and [[Mohanlal]] evergreen hit films. In 1987, he was appreciated for his role in ''[[Thaniyavarthanam]]'' where he portrayed a man who is the head of a family where his nephew played by Mammootty becomes lunatic due to superstition and lack of awareness of mental health. He was awarded the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] for ''[[Thaniyavarthanam]]''. In the same year, he also played the comic role of ''Ananthan Nambiar'' in the cult-classic comedy movie ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'', from which several of Thilakan's lines became very popular. He also starred in the National award winning movie ''[[Mathilukal]]'', which was directed by [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] in which he played the role of a warden of the jail who develops a rapport with the prisoner [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] (Mammootty). In 1993, he continued his role as the father of Sethu Madhavan (Mohanlal) in the movie ''[[Chenkol]]''. Like its prequel ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'', this movie also fared well both commercially and critically. His role as a retired mathematics teacher and headmaster C.P Chacko alias Kaduva Chacko, father of Thomas Chacko alias Aadu Thoma (Mohanlal), in the 1995 blockbuster movie ''[[Spadikam]]'' was well appreciated by critics and audiences alike. In 1998, he played the role of Dileep's father in the superhit ''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]'', and in his subsequent release he donned the role of a villain in the Kunchako Boban starrer ''[[Mayilpeelikkavu|Mayilpeelikavu]]''. In the same year, he was also seen in ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]''. Other notable films Thilakan has acted in include ''[[Yathra]]'', ''[[Mukthi]]'', ''[[Kauravar]]'', ''[[Moonnam Pakkam]]'', ''[[Kilukkam]]'', ''[[Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal]]'', ''[[Mookilla Rajyathu|Mookkilla Rajyathu]]'', ''[[Randam Bhavam]]'', ''[[Kattukuthira|Kaattu Kuthira]]'' and ''[[Yavanika]]''.

He has also acted in other South Indian languages, such as [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]].

Thilakan has portrayed a range of characters; however, his most well-known role is that of the father of [[Mohanlal]], portraying a father-son duo. Movies where he donned this role include ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]'', ''[[Sphadikam|Spadikam]]'', ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'', ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'', ''[[Pavithram (1994 film)|Pavithram]]'' and ''Chenkol''. He has also played father roles to other popular actors, including with [[Mammootty]] in ''[[Sangham (1988 film)|Sangham]]'', ''[[The Truth (1998 film)|The Truth]]'', ''[[Oliyampukal]]'', ''[[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]]'' and ''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]'', with [[Jayaram]] in ''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal|Veendum Chila Veettu Karyangal]]'' and ''[[Sandhesam|Sandesam]]'', with [[Kunchacko Boban]] in ''[[Aniyathi Pravu]]'', with [[Dileep]] in ''[[Punjabi House]]'' and ''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]'' and with [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] in ''[[Sathyam (2004 film)|Sathyam]]''. He has also played a number of antagonists, such as in ''[[Randam Bhavam]]'', ''Karma'' and ''[[Kaalal Pada]]''. He has played comical roles in films like ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' and ''[[Pattanapravesham]]'' (as a coward underworld don), ''[[Mookilla Rajyathu|Mookkilla Rajyathu]]'' (as a break-out from a mental hospital), ''[[Kuttettan]]'' (as a pimp) and ''[[Naduvazhikal|Naaduvazhikal]]'' (as a good-for-nothing, vain person). He is also remembered for the role of comic underworld don ''Damodarjj'' in [[Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam]]. Thilakan played lead roles in ''[[Eakantham|Ekantham]]'', ''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]'', ''[[Santhanagopalam]]'', ''[[Kattukuthira|Kaattukuthira]]'', ''[[My Dear Muthachan]]'', ''Mukhamudra'' (double role), etc.

In 2006, he was seen in the Suresh Gopi-Shaji Kailas blockbuster, [[Chinthamani Kolacase]], where he played the father of the title character Chinthamani enacted by [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]]. In 2007, he acted in ''[[Eakantham|Ekantham]]'', for which he received a special mention from the jury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/jun/54th_nfa.pdf|title=54th National Film awards|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), Govt of India|access-date=8 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417133353/http://www.pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2008/jun/54th_nfa.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2012}}</ref>
In 2009, he was also seen in [[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Pazhassi Raja]], and in the same year he played [[Mohanlal]]'s father one last time in the actor's 300th movie ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]''. In 2011, he played a significant role in the [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] blockbuster ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' directed by [[Renjith]]. In 2012, he played the role of Kareem Bhai in ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' and as the grandfather of Faizy, acted by [[Dulquer Salmaan]].

==Controversies==

=== National Film Award ===
Thilakan, in an interview, claimed that the then jury chairman Ashok Kumar was keen on giving him the [[39th National Film Awards|1991 National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for ''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]'' but that a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader wanted the award to be given to [[Amitabh Bachchan]] to woo him back to their party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/thilakan-interview-malayalam-superstars-are-insecure/20120925.htm|title=The Thilakan Interview: Malayalam superstars are insecure}}</ref>

=== FEFKA ===
In February 2010, it was reported that the producer of the movie ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' excluded Thilakan from the film at the request of the [[Film Employees Federation of Kerala]] (FEFKA), the predominant film technicians association. Thilakan had been earlier signed for a role in the film. The exclusion was reportedly due to Thilakan acting in a film by director [[Vinayan]], who till recently headed the rival association MACTA. On 3 February 2010, Thilakan publicly protested against the unofficial ban enforced on him by FEFKA and blamed FEFKA for engineering the ban. The [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA) issued a show cause notice to Thilakan for bringing the issue into the public domain. Thilakan accused AMMA, of which he too is a member.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=341253&version=1&template_id=40&parent_id=22 |title=Gulf Times – Qatar's top-selling English daily newspaper – India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314010728/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=341253&version=1&template_id=40&parent_id=22|work=Gulf Times |archive-date=14 March 2010 |date=14 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/news-gossip/regional-/malayalam/Thilakan-protests-Malayalam-film-body-demands-apology/articleshow/5554845.cms |title=Thilakan protests Malayalam film body demands apology | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221185028/http://movies.indiatimes.com/News-Gossip/Regional-/Malayalam/Thilakan-protests-Malayalam-film-body-demands-apology/articleshow/5554845.cms | url-status=dead | archive-date=2010-02-21 | work=The Times of India }}</ref> On 20 February 2010 the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]'s trade union wing, [[AITUC]], came out openly in support of Thilakan, while a senior party leader and [[Rajya Sabha]] member [[K. E. Ismail]] expressed reservations about political involvement in the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/527887_Thilakan-issue-spills-on-to-political-domain |title=Fullstory |access-date=25 June 2010 |archive-date=23 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223151310/http://www.ptinews.com/news/527887_Thilakan-issue-spills-on-to-political-domain |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thilakan was originally cast to play a role in a UAE-Indian co-production film ''[[Dam 999]]''.<ref>{{cite web| title = Thilakan to enter Hollywood| publisher = One India| date = 3 February 2009| url = http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2009/thilakan-dam-999-hollywood-film-030209.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120709033707/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2009/thilakan-dam-999-hollywood-film-030209.html| archive-date = 9 July 2012}}</ref> He was later replaced following a notice from FEFKA stating that the association would boycott the film if Thilakan were to act. Sohan, the director, was forced to seek a substitute for Thilakan when it "came to the point that shooting might be disrupted."<ref>{{cite web| title = It's official; Thilakan is out of Dam 999| publisher = Nowrunning| date = 1 March 2010| url = http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/its-official;-thilakan-is-out-of-dam-999/30204/story.htm| access-date = 11 November 2010| archive-date = 19 June 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100619113515/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/its-official;-thilakan-is-out-of-dam-999/30204/story.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> Eventually, [[Rajit Kapur]] was cast instead of Thilakan.<ref name="amma">{{cite web| title = Rajath Kapoor replaces Thilakan in Dam 999| publisher = One India| date = 11 March 2010| url = http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2010/rajath-replace-thilakan-080310.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130220222948/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2010/rajath-replace-thilakan-080310.html| archive-date = 20 February 2013}}</ref> Some reports contended that Association of Malayalam Movie Artists (AMMA) also had intervened in Thilakan's replacement.<ref name="amma"/> In response, Thilakan and his supporters orchestrated a march near the shooting location of the film in [[Alappuzha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/-Malayalam-film-body-gives-Thilakan-another-chance/articleshow/5659957.cms|title=Malayalam film body gives Thilakan another chance|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 March 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

==Personal life==

=== Relationships ===
Thilakan's first partner was actress Santha with whom he appeared in several productions. Thilakan and Santha have three sons, Shaji, Shammi & Shobhi. Later, he had a second partner, his co-artist Sarojam with whom he had a son, Shibu Thilakan, and two daughters Dr. Sonia Thilakan and Sophia Ajith.

His grandson Abhimanyu made his debut in ''Marco'' (2024) starring '' Unni Mukundan''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Legendary Malayalam Actor Thilakan's Grandson To debut |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/legendary-malayalam-actor-thilakans-grandson-to-debut-in-unni-mukundans-marco-article-110225466 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

=== Views ===
Thilakan was an [[atheist]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=God does not exist, says Thilakan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/mar/01/god-does-not-exist-says-thilakan-135474.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624224304/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/mar/01/god-does-not-exist-says-thilakan-135474.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2021|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> throughout his life, and was a supporter of [[Communist Party]]. He was a member of many drama troupes which actively promoted Communism in Kerala. When he died, his dead body was draped with [[Communist symbolism|Communist flag]].
[[File:Thilakan.JPG|thumb|Thilakan]]

==Death==
For a long time, Thilakan dealt with numerous health issues like [[diabetes]], [[hypertension]] and [[heart disease]]. He was hospitalized multiple times due to these problems. Finally, he was admitted to [[Jubilee Mission Hospital]] in [[Thrissur]] on 1 August 2012 after he collapsed during the shooting of the film ''[[Scene Onnu Nammude Veedu]]''. He was then shifted to KIMS Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram, and was in critical condition after suffering two heart attacks. Besides having cardiac problems, Thilakan was suffering from pneumonia. He was put on a ventilator and died on 24 September 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/malayalam-thespian-thilakan-dead/article3931223.ece |title=Malayalam thespian Thilakan dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019215057/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/malayalam-thespian-thilakan-dead/article3931223.ece |archive-date=19 October 2012|work=The Hindu|date=24 September 2012}}</ref> He was cremated with full state honours.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shaji-thilakan-son-veteran-malayalam-actor-thilakan-dies-thrissur-120034 |title=Shaji Thilakan, son of veteran Malayalam actor Thilakan, dies in Thrissur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727154013/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shaji-thilakan-son-veteran-malayalam-actor-thilakan-dies-thrissur-120034 |work=The New Minute |date=12 March 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==

'''Civilian honours'''
* 2009 – [[Padma Shri]]

'''[[National Film Awards]]:'''
* 1987 – [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Rithubhedam]]
* 1990 - Special Jury Mention - [[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]
* 2006 – Special Jury Mention – [[Eakantham]]
* 2012 – Special Jury Mention – [[Ustad Hotel]]

'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]:'''
* 1981 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] – [[Yavanika]]
* 1985 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] – [[Yathra]]
* 1986 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] – [[Panchagni]]
* 1987 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] – [[Thaniyavarthanam]]
* 1988 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] – [[Mukthi|Mukti]], [[Dhwani]]
* 1989 – [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] – Various films
* 1990 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Perunthachan]]
* 1994 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – ''[[Gamanam (1994 film)|Gamanam]]'', [[Santhanagopalam]]
* 1999 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] – Kattathoru Penpoovu

'''[[Filmfare Awards South]]'''
*2006- [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award - South]]
* 2011- Best Supporting Actor Male (''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'')<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms|title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South)|access-date=8 July 2012|date=8 July 2012|archive-date=4 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204180003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news-interviews/32588512_1_aadukalam-video-pranayam|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Other awards'''
* 2010 – [[Bharath Gopi]] Award<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/09/stories/2010060952300400.htm|title=Bharat Gopi Award for Thilakan|location=Chennai, India|date=9 June 2010|access-date=11 August 2011|archive-date=19 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819080718/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/09/stories/2010060952300400.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2007 – [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-ksna/457|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship: Drama|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
* 2001 – [[Asianet Film Award for Lifetime Achievement]]

==Filmography==

===Malayalam films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+1970s
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1972
|''Periyar''
|
|
|-
|''Gandharavakshetram''
|Guest at Satheeshan's house
|
|-
|1979
|[[Oolkatal|''Ulkadal'']]
|Rahulan's father
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+1980s
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1981
|[[Kolangal (1981 film)|''Kolangal'']]
|Varkey
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982
|''[[Yavanika]]''
|Vakkachan
|
|-
|[[Chiriyo Chiri|''Chiriyo chiri'']]
|Film Producer
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1983
|[[Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback|''Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flash Back'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Asthi]]''
|Factory Worker
|
|-
|''[[Prem Nazirine Kanmanilla]]''
|Home Minister
|
|-
|''Prasnam Gurutharam''
|Mohan's father
|
|-
|[[Ente Mamattukkuttiyammakku|''Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku'']]
|Fr. Joseph Sebastian
|
|-
|[[Adaminte Vaariyellu|''Adaminte Variyellu'']]
|Purushothaman Nair
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1984
|''[[Panchavadi Palam]]''
|Isahak Tharakan
|
|-
|''[[Oru Kochukatha Aarum Parayatha Katha]]''
|Mammukka
|
|-
|''[[Onnanu Nammal]]''
|Sethu's Father
|
|-
|''[[Koottinilamkili]]''
|Devasya
|
|-
|[[Enganeyundashaane|''Engane Undasane'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Arante Mulla Kochu Mulla]]''
|Bhargavan Pillai
|
|-
|''[[Aattuvanchi Ulanjappol]]''
|Karunakaran Nair
|
|-
|''[[Uyarangalil]]''
|Police C I
|
|-
| rowspan="18" |1985
|''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]''
|Unnithan
|
|-
|''Mukhyamanthri''
|
|
|-
|[[Akkacheyude Kunjuvava|''Akkachide Kunjuvava'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Oru Kudakeezhil|''Oru Kuda Keezhil'']]
|Kurup
|
|-
|''[[Katha Ithuvare]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Iniyum Kadha Thudarum|''Iniyum Katha Thudarum'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Akalathe Ambili]]''
|Kichettan
|
|-
|[[Upaharam (1985 film)|''Upaharam'']]
|Divakaran
|
|-
|[[Ambada Njaane!|''Ambada Njane'']]
|Padmanabhan
|
|-
|''[[Thammil Thammil]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu|''Noketha Doorathu kannum Nattu'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Koodum Thedi]]''
|Priest
|
|-
|''[[Aram + Aram = Kinnaram]]''
|M.N.Nambiar
|
|-
|[[Anubandham (1985 film)|''Anubandham'']]
|Menon
|
|-
|[[Ayanum|''Ayanam'']]
|Priest
|
|-
|[[Ente Kaanakkuyil|''Ente Kanakkuyil'']]
|Kuttan Nair
|
|-
|''[[Yathra]]''
|Jailor
|
|-
|[[Ee Lokam Evide Kure Manushyar|''Ee Lokam Ivide Kure Manushyar'']]
|Krishna Pillai
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |1986
|''[[Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam]]''
|Damodar Ji
|
|-
|''[[Pappan Priyappetta Pappan]]''
| Yamarajan
|
|-
|''[[Akalangalil]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Panchagni]]''
|Raman
|
|-
|''[[Oridathu]]''
|Raman
|
|-
|[[Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal|''Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal'']]
|Paul Pailokkaran, Sofia's stepfather
|
|-
|''[[Kunjattakilikal]]''
|Ayyappan Nair
|
|-
|''[[Irakal]]''
|Mathews / Mathukutty
|
|-
|''[[Oru Yugasandhya]]''
|Shanmugam
|
|-
|''[[Rareeram]]''
|Doctor Tharakan
|
|-
|''[[Chilambu]]''
|Appu Nair
|
|-
|''[[Ennennum Kannettante]]''
|Parameswara Kuruppu
|
|-
|''[[Ithile Iniyum Varu]]''
|Kaimal
|
|-
|''[[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]]''
|Maya's Father
|
|-
|''[[Ee Kaikalil]]''
|Ummachan
|
|-
|''[[Pranamam]]''
|Aparna's Father
|
|-
|''[[Ennu Nathante Nimmi]]''
|Police Inspector
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |1987
|[[Kaalam Maari Kadha Maari|''Kalam Mari Katha Mari'']]
|Hameed
|
|-
|''[[Vrutham]]''
|Chacko
|
|-
|[[Rithubhedam|''Rithubhetham'']]
|Achunni Nair
|
|-
|[[Kathakku Pinnil|''Kadhakku Pinnil'']]
|Kunjipalu
|
|-
|''[[Vilambaram (1987 film)|Vilambaram]]''
|James
|
|-
|[[Idanazhiyil Oru Kaalocha|''Idanaazhiyil Oru Kaalocha'']]
|Father Dennis
|
|-
|''[[Aalippazhangal]]''
|Padmanabhan Thampi
|
|-
|[[Sruthi (film)|''Sruthi'']]
|Aashaan
|
|-
|''[[Nadodikkattu]]''
|Ananthan Nambiar
|
|-
|''[[Manja Manthrangal]]''
|Mathew Paul
|
|-
|''[[Amrutham Gamaya]]''
|Kurup
|
|-
|''[[Achuvettante Veedu]]''
|Damodaran Nair
|
|-
|''[[Thaniyavarthanam]]''
|Balan's Uncle
|
|-
|[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam|''Unnikale Oru Katha Parayam'']]
|Priest
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1988
|''[[Onninu Purake Mattonnu]]''
|Velu
|
|-
|''[[Kanakambarangal]]''
|S.I Thomas George
|
|-
|''[[Mukthi]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Witness (1988 film)|''Witness'']]
|Vikraman Nair
|
|-
|[[Pattanapravesham|''Pattana Pravesham'']]
|Ananthan Nambiar
|
|-
|''[[Moonnam Pakkam]]''
|Thampi a.k.a. Muthachan
|
|-
|[[Kudumbapuranam|''Kudumba Puranam'']]
|Sankaran Nair
|
|-
|''[[Dhwani]]''
|Vettukuzhy
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |1989
|''[[Ammavanu Pattiya Amali]]''
|Menon
|
|-
|''[[Kandathum Kettathum]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Varnam (1989 film)|''Varnam'']]
|Major M. K. Nair
|
|-
|[[Varavelpu|''Varavelppu'']]
|Labour Officer Ramakrishnan
|
|-
|[[Naduvazhikal|''Naaduvazhikal'']]
|Shankaran
|
|-
|''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]''
|Achuthan Nair (Sethu's father)
|
|-
|''Varnatheru''
|Rohini's Father
|
|-
|''[[Kaalal Pada]]''
|Punnoose Punnakkadan / Punnoose Muthalali
|
|-
|[[Jaithra Yaathra|''Jaithra Yathra'']]
|Prof. Banerjee
|
|-
|[[Jaathakam|''Jathakam'']]
|Appukuttan Nair
|
|-
|''[[Chanakyan]]''
|Madhava Menon
|
|-
|''[[Chakkikotha Chankaran]]''
|Raghavan Thampi
|
|-
|''[[Adharvam]]''
|Mekkadan
|
|-
|''[[Vachanam]]''
|Police Officer
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+1990s
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="9" |1990
|''[[Sasneham]]''
|Retired Stationmaster
|
|-
|''[[Rajavazhcha]]''
|Madhava Panikkar
|
|-
|''[[Radha Madhavam]]''
|N. S. Anadapadmanabhan
|
|-
|''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]''
|Raman ([[Perumthachan]])
|
|-
|''[[Maalayogam]]''
|Varkey
|
|-
|''[[Kattukuthira]]''
|Kochuvava
|
|-
|[[Ee Kanni Koodi|''Ee Kannikoodi'']]
|Simon
|
|-
|[[Mathilukal (film)|''Mathilukal'']]
|Jail Warden
|
|-
|''[[Oliyampukal]]''
|John Mathew
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1991
|''[[Venal Kinavukal]]''
|Gopalakrishnan Nair
|
|-
|[[Sandhesam|''Sandesam'']]
|Raghavan Nair
|
|-
|''[[Mookilla Rajyathu]]''
|Keshavan / Keshu
|
|-
|''[[Kilukkam]]''
|Justice Pillai
|
|-
|''Kadavu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]''
|Balaraman (elder son of Anjooran)
|
|-
|[[Georgootty C/O Georgootty|''Georgekutty C/O Georgekutty'']]
|Ittichan
|
|-
|[[Dhanam (1991 film)|''Dhanam'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1992
|''[[Mukhamudra]]''
|Achuthan Pilla & Ananthan Pilla
|
|-
|''[[Mahanagaram]]''
|Kelu writer
|
|-
|''[[Swaroopam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sadayam]]''
|Dr. K. V. G. Nambiar
|
|-
|''[[My Dear Muthachan]]''
|Parameswaran / Major K. K. Menon
|
|-
|''[[Ezhara Ponnana]]''
|Madhava Menon
|
|-
|''[[Daivathinte Vikrithikal]]''
|Kumaran
|
|-
|''[[Kauravar]]''
|Aliyaar
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1993
|''[[Samagamam]]''
|Pallivathukkal Kariyachan
|
|-
|[[Bandhukkal Sathrukkal|''Bandhukkal Shathrukkal'']]
|Damodaran
|
|-
|''[[Kalippattam]]''
|K. MK. Menon
|
|-
|''[[Ghoshayaathra|Ghoshayathra]]''
|Moideen Haji
|
|-
|''[[Aacharyan]]''
|Krishna Menon IAS
|
|-
|[[Janam (1993 film)|''Janam'']]
|D.G.P Thomas Mathew
|
|-
|''[[Maya Mayooram]]''
|Thanoor Shankunni Menon
|
|-
|''[[Ente Sreekuttikku]]''
|Balakrishnan Nair
|
|-
|''[[Chenkol]]''
|Achuthan Nair (Sethu's father)
|
|-
|[[Ammayane Sathyam|''Ammayana Sathyam'']]
|R. Varghese Mathew
|
|-
|''[[Aagneyam]]''
|Velu Aashan
|
|-
|[[Manichitrathazhu|''Manichithrathazhu'']]
|Pullattuparam Brahmadathan Namboothiripad
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1994
|''[[Vendor Daniel State Licency]]''
|Vendor Daniel
|
|-
|''[[Agrajan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pavithram (1994 film)|Pavithram]]''
|Easwara Pillai
|
|-
|''[[Pakshe]]''
|Vikraman Contractor
|
|-
|''[[Pingami]]''
|Kumaran
|
|-
|''[[Minnaram]]''
|Retd. I. G. Matthews
|
|-
|[[Kudumba Vishesham|''Kudumba Visesham'']]
|Madhavan Nair
|
|-
|''[[Kinnaripuzhayoram]]''
|Thirusherry Madhavan Vaidyar
|
|-
|''[[Chukkan]]''
|Shankaran Nair
|
|-
|''[[Gamanam (1994 film)|Gamanam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Santhanagopalam]]''
|Krishna Kurup
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1995
|''[[Thacholi Varghese Chekavar]]''
|Avarachan
|
|-
|''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum]]''
|Achuthan Nair
|
|-
|''[[Spadikam]]''
|C. P. Chacko alias Kaduva Chacko
|
|-
|''Peter Scott''
|
|
|-
|[[Karma (1995 film)|''Karma'']]
|M. R. Sreedhara Menon
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1996
|''Naalamkettile Nalla Thampimar''
|I.G Rasheed Khan
|
|-
|''[[Yuvathurki]]''
|Justice T. N. Sharma
|
|-
|[[Kaathil Oru Kinnaram|''Kathil Oru Kinnaram'']]
|Unnithan
|
|-
|''[[Harbour (film)|Harbour]]''
|Pattalam Pappachan
|
|-
|''[[Rajaputhran]]''
|Balaraman
|
|-
|[[Kanchanam|''Kaanchanam'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="19" |1997
|''[[Itha Oru Snehagatha]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Kulam (film)|''Kulam'']]
|Kudaman Pillai
|
|-
|[[Ullasapoongattu|''Ullasappoonkattu'']]
|John Fernandez
|
|-
|''Athyunnathangalil Koodaaram Panithavar''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ishtadanam]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Aniyathipraavu|''Aniyathipravu'']]
|Raghupal, Sudhi's Father
|
|-
|''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]''
|Karuppan Mooppar
|
|-
|''[[Five Star Hospital]]''
|Carlos
|
|-
|''[[Oru Yathramozhi]]''
|Adhruman (Abdul Rahiman)
|
|-
|''[[Nee Varuvolam]]''
|Madhavan Nair
|
|-
|''[[Rishyasringan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vaachalam]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Gangothri (film)|''Gangothri'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Poonilamazha]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Oral Mathram]]''
|Shekhara Menon
|
|-
|[[Nagarapuraanam|''Nagarapuranam'']]
|Sathya Narayanan
|
|-
|''Manickakoodaram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhoopathi (1997 film)|Bhoopathi]]''
|Bawa/Chindan
|
|-
|''[[Kattathoru Penpoovu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1998
|''[[Sidhartha (1998 film)|Sidhartha]]''
|Raghavan
|
|-
|[[Nakshatratharattu|''Nakshathra Tharattu'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]''
|Govindan Nambeesan
|
|-
|[[The Truth (1998 film)|''The Truth'']]
|Sivapuram Patteri
|
|-
|''[[British Market]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Punjabi House]]''
|Kaimal Master
|
|-
|[[Ilamura Thamburan|''Ilamura Thampuran'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Kalapam]]''
|Valayar Madhavan
|
|-
|''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]''
|Valyathan
|
|-
|''[[Elavamkodu Desam]]''
|Mooss
|
|-
|''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]''
|Karunan Mash
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1999
|''[[Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu]]''
|Natesan Muthalali
|
|-
|''[[Saaphalyam|Saphalyam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sparsham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]]''
|Kochuthoma
|
|-
|''[[Thachiledathu Chundan]]''
|Vikraman Nair
|
|-
|''[[Prem Poojari]]''
|Music director
|
|-
|''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]''
|Pallavur Sreekanta Pothuval
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+2000s
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="5" |2000
|''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]''
|Justice Maranchery Karunakara Menon
|
|-
|''[[Ingane Oru Nilapakshi]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ee Mazha Thenmazha''
|Narendranath
|
|-
|''[[Priyam (2000 film)|Priyam]]''
|Priest
|
|-
|''[[Mazha]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Randam Bhavam]]''
|Govindji
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Valkannadi]]''
|Raghavan
|
|-
|''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]''
|Meppattu Thirumeni
|Guest Role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]
|Chekutty Muthalali
|
|-
|''Malsaram''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004
|''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]''
|Valliyankattu Thirumeni
|
|-
|[[Koottu (film)|''Koottu'']]
|Dr. Hariharan
|
|-
|''[[Sathyam (2004 film)|Sathyam]]''
|Ayyappan Nair
|
|-
|''Quotation''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2005
|''[[OK Chacko Cochin Mumbai]]''
|Chacko Bhai
|
|-
|''Isra''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nerariyan CBI]]''
|Kapra
|
|-
|''[[Mayookham]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2006
|''[[Raashtram]]''
|Sakhavu Gopalan
|
|-
|''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]''
|Veeramani Warrier
|
|-
|''[[Kisan (film)|Kisan]]''
|Muthassan
|
|-
|''[[Prajapathi]]''
|Vellodi
|
|-
|''Kalabham''
|
|
|-
|''[[Yes Your Honour]]''
|Judge Mukundan
|
|-
|''[[Pakal (film)|Pakal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2007
|''[[Nagaram (2008 film)|Nagaram]]''
|Judge
|
|-
|[[Athisayan|''Athishayan'']]
|Fr. Chanthakkadan
|
|-
|''[[Pranayakalam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Eakantham]]''
|Achutha Menon
|
|-
|[[Black Cat (2007 film)|''Black Cat'']]
|Moosath
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008
|''[[De Ingottu Nokkiye]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[One Way Ticket (2008 film)|One Way Ticket]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vilapangalkkappuram]]''
|Gopalan
|
|-
|''[[Aayudham (2008 film)|Aayudham]]''
|Madhavan
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2009
|[[Red Chillies (film)|''Red Chillies'']]
|Comrade Maani Varghese
|
|-
|''[[Makante Achan]]''
|K. C. Francis
|
|-
|''[[Orkkuka Vallappozhum]]''
|Sethumadhavan
|
|-
|[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)|''Aayirathil Oruvan'']]
|Krishnan
|
|-
|''Bharya Swantham Suhruthu''
|Joseph Madathiparambil
|
|-
|''[[Kadha, Samvidhanam Kunchakko]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]''
|
|Cameo role
|-
|[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|''Pazhassi Raja'']]
|Kurumbranaadu Raja Veeravarma
|
|-
|[[Vairam: Fight for Justice|''Vairam'']]
|Thalikkulam Avarachan
|
|-
|''[[Kerala Cafe]]''
|
|Segment – Mrityunjayam
|-
|''[[Kappal Muthalaali]]''
|Yamarajan
|
|-
|''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]''
|Jermias
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2010
|''Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe''
|
|
|-
|''[[Drona 2010]]''
|Maniyankottu Guptan Namboothiri
|
|-
|[[Nayakan (2010 film)|''Naayakan'']]
|Vincent Karanavar / Vincent Vadakkan
|
|-
|''[[Sadgamaya]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Yakshiyum Njanum]]''
|Narayanji
|
|-
|''[[Annarakkannanum Thannalayathu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2011
|''[[Achan (2011 film)|Achan]]''
|Major Madhava Menon
|
|-
|''[[Kalabha Mazha]]''
|Madhava Menon
|
|-
|''[[Chungakkarum Veshyakalum]]''
|Unniyachan
|
|-
|[[Raghuvinte Swantham Raziya|''Raghuvinte Swantham Rasiya'']]
|Kuttappan Bhagavathar
|
|-
|[[Arabi Ponnu|''Arabipponnu'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Indian Rupee (film)|''Indian Rupee'']]
|Achutha Menon
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2012
|''[[Manjadikuru]]''
|Appukuttan Nair
|
|-
|''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]''
|Mesthiri
|
|-
|''[[Koodaram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mullamottum Munthiricharum]]''
|Vazhakkula Achan
|
|-
|''[[No. 66 Madhura Bus]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ustad Hotel]]''
|Kareem Ikka / Uppuppa
|
|-
|''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]''
|Bishop
|
|-
|''[[Scene Onnu Nammude Veedu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ardhanaari]]''
|Nayak
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2013
|''[[Yathrakkoduvil]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
|''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]''
|Dr. Benjamin Bruno
|
|-
|''[[Breaking News Live]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dracula 2012]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[August Club]]''
|K.P.T. Menon
|
|-
|''[[God for Sale]]''
|Sakhavu Vareeth
|
|-
|''[[Bangles (film)|Bangles]]''
|Prof. Vincent Chenna Durai
|Final Film
|}

===Tamil films===
* ''[[Sathriyan]]'' (1990) as Arumai Nayagam
* ''[[Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum]]'' (1991) as Namboodiri
* ''[[Udan Pirappu]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Kilipetchu Ketkava]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Karuppu Vellai]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Ayudha Poojai]]'' (1995) as Samiyappan
* ''[[Mettukudi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Aravindhan]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Kallazhagar]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Bala (2002 film)|Bala]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]'' (2006) as Viswanathan
* ''[[Suyetchai MLA]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Alibhabha]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Uyirin Yedai 21 Ayiri]]'' (2011)

===Telugu films===
*''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'' (1999) as Balakrishna's father
*''[[Sri Mahalakshmi]]'' (2007) as Sri Mahalakshmi's father

===Kannada films===
* ''Mother India'' (1995)

===As a dubbing artist===
*1983 ''[[Asthi]]'' as the managing director portrayed onscreen by Vijayan Karote
*2003 ''[[Magic Magic 3D]]'' – Voice for [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]

==Television serials==

===TV shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|-
!Show (Title)
!Network
!Directed
|-
|''Anveshi''||[[DD National|DD]]||
|-
|''Mannu''
|[[Doordarshan|DD]]
|
|-
|Kadamathathu Kathanar
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|-
|Swami Ayyappan
|Asianet
|Suresh Unnithan
|-
|Orma
|Asianet
|K K Rajeev
|-
|Sree Ayyappanum Vavarum
|Surya TV
|
|-
|Madhavam
|Surya TV
|
|-
|Peythozhiyaathe
|[[Surya TV]]
|K.K Rajeev
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0858128|name=Thilakan}}
*[https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Thilakan Thilakan at MSI]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:People from Aranmula]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Parvathy (lyricist)

2026-03-15T09:35:34Z

Scopex: creating some page w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian lyricist working on Tamil language films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parvathy Meera
| image = 15mp Parvathy.jpg
| caption = Parvathy Meera
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Poet, lyricist
| yearsactive = 2014–present
}}

'''''Parvathy Meera''''' is an Indian lyricist working on [[Tamil cinema|Tamil language films]]. She donned various roles in the media before entering the film industry where she earned the tag 'multi-faceted'.

== Early life ==
Meera finished her higher secondary of schooling from Adarsh Vidyalaya, Chennai. Later she pursued B.A and M.A English Literature in Ethiraj College For Women. Due to her interest in the media, she did an MPhil in Mass Communication from Mother Teresa University.
==Career==

She worked as an avant garde theatre artiste working mainly with journalist-political commentator [[Gnani Sankaran|Gnani's]] theatre group Pareeksha. Her last performance as a theatre artiste was in SLATE's production ''Anniyan'', an adaptation of [[Albert Camus]]' immortal novel '[[The Stranger (Camus novel)|L'Étranger]].'

She then stopped doing theatre, but she worked on short films including one for TANSACS and a feature film for Dhan Foundation in which she shared screen space with Chinnapillai Ammal. She played the protagonist in all of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/35412/cinema/Kollywood/Lyricist-parvathi-developing.htm|title=வளர்ந்து வரும் பாடலாசிரியை பார்வதி - Lyricist parvathi developing|last=Dinamalar|date=30 July 2015|website=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805101924/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/35412/cinema/Kollywood/Lyricist-parvathi-developing.htm|archive-date=5 August 2015}}</ref>

Meera was an anchor for [[DD Podhigai|Podhigai TV]] for more than 5 years for the programmes ''Ennai Kavarndhavargal'' and ''Nam Virundhinar''. During this time, she interviewed personalities, including writer [[Ponneelan]], former Vice Chancellor of Madras University Shri. Thiruvasagam and the family members of [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], earning kudos for her interviewing skills, spontaneity, vocabulary and diction, particularly from her subjects. She is skilled at spoken and written English and Tamil which helped in advancing her interviewing skills. Meera's three songs led to a nomination for best upcoming lyricist at the 2014 [[Mirchi Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/nominations-tamil/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|accessdate=11 March 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311121806/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/nominations-tamil/|archivedate=11 March 2018}}</ref>

==Poetry==
She has released four anthologies of [[Tamil poetry]]: ''Ippadikku Naanum Natpum'', ''Idhu Vaeru Mazhai,'' ''Andha Moonru Naatkal'' and '' Ivan Iyarpeyar Isai Illai '' .<ref>{{Cite web |title=அந்த மூன்று நாட்கள் (தமிழ் அலை) |url=https://www.commonfolks.in/books/d/antha-moondru-naatkal-tamil-alai |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=CommonFolks}}</ref> After her second book of poetry, she returned to the film industry as a lyricist.

==Films==

Parvathy Meera made her debut in films with ''Jilla'' (2014). She signed to write for ''Vallinam''<ref>[https://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D/article9532039.ece tamil.thehindu.com]</ref> first, ''Jilla'' was her first release. She followed up the superhit song in Jilla with ''Thirumanam enum Nikkah'' and other films. After lyricist [[Thamarai]], she was the next female lyricist to have written for a top hero. This happened in her first film, rare in a male-dominated industry.

Her screen name was Parvathy in her earlier films, but in October 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Parvathy_Meera/status/1577511468677074944?t=-wwkM2JjE65E1dYWDMScfA&s=19 |title=Tamil Poet Parvathy Surname - Tamil Lyricist Parvathy Meera -Surname change|website=twitter.com|accessdate=22 October 2022}}</ref> she announced that she would henceforth be credited as Parvathy Meera. She also mentioned that she added her mother's name Meera as her surname in order to honour her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manam.online/Literature/2017-MAY-15/Kavidhaigal-Sollavaa-Poet-Parvathy%20Meera|title=Tamil Poet Parvathy Meera - Tamil Lyricist Parvathy Meera - Kavidhaigal Sollavaa|website=manam.online|accessdate=22 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710110010/http://manam.online/Literature/2017-MAY-15/Kavidhaigal-Sollavaa-Poet-Parvathy|archivedate=10 July 2017}}</ref>

===As a lyricist===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Songs !! Award
|-
| rowspan="4"|2014 || ''[[Jilla]]'' || Verasa Pogaiyilae || Nomination by Mirchi Award as Upcoming Lyricist
|-
| ''[[Vallinam]]'' || Nakula ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]'' || Kannukkul Pothivaippen, Yaaro Ival || Nomination by Mirchi Award as Upcoming Lyricist - Kannukkul Pothivaippaen song
|-
| ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'' || Edhedho Ennam Vandhu || Nomination by Mirchi Award as Upcoming Lyricist
|-
| rowspan="1"|2016 || ''[[Kalam]]'' || Puthu Puthu ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]'' || Ponapokkil ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2018 || ''Adangathey'' || Nilathil Nadakkum ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2019 || ''[[Paris Paris]]'' || Odhukka Nenacha,
Iduva En Bhoomi
|-

| rowspan="1"|2019 || ''[[Iyakkunar Sigaram]]'' || Short film ||
|

|-
| rowspan="1"|2020 || ''[[Seeru]]'' || Sevvanthiye, VaasanaPoochenda ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2020 || ''[[August 16 1947]]'' || Kandom Sodhanthiram ||
|-

| rowspan="1"|2022 || ''[[ Samarapoori]]'' || Maruthaani poo Meetturaale || Srilankan Telefilm || Shakthi TV ||
|-

| rowspan="2"|2024 ||rowspan="2" | ''[[Brother]]'' || Amudha Amudha ||
|-
|| Medhakuthu Kaalu Rendum ||
|-

| rowspan="1"|2024 ||''[[Petta Rap]]'' ||
Pogaathey
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-women-lyricists-tamil-cinema-have-shattered-male-gaze-film-music-160371
* https://twitter.com/Parvathy_Meera/status/1577511468677074944?t=-wwkM2JjE65E1dYWDMScfA&s=19

==External links==
*[https://twitter.com/theparvathy?lang=en Parvathy Meera on Twitter]
*[https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/130225-interview-with-lyricist-parvathy.html interview]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Tamil-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Tirupati revenue division

2026-03-14T16:18:15Z

Scopex:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Tirupati revenue division
| settlement_type = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]] in [[Tirupati district]]
| native_name = తిరుపతి ఆదాయ విభాగం
| image_map = Revenue divisions in Tirupati district.jpg
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| map_caption = Tirupati revenue division in Tirupati district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tirupati]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
}}

'''Tirupati revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Tirupati district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the 3 [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|revenue divisions]] in the district with 14 [[mandals]] under its administration. [[Tirupati]] serves as the headquarters of the division. The division has 1 [[municipalities]] and 1 [[municipal corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Chittoor |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2823_PART_B_DCHB_CHITTOOR.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=18 January 2015|pages=22–23}}</ref>

== History ==
The revenue division was originally a part of Chittoor district and was made part of the newly formed [[Tirupati district]] on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2022-01-26 |title=With creation of 13 new districts, AP now has 26 districts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>
On 31 Dec 2025 additionally there are four mandals added from [[Annamayya district]] to this revenue division .

== Administration ==
The details of the mandals and urban settlements in the division are:<ref name="dist">{{cite web|title=Tirupati Revenue Division|url=http://www.chittoorlive.in/tirupati-revenue-division/|publisher=Chittoor Live|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/About.html|website=C&DMA Web Site of Government of Andhra Pradesh|publisher=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|accessdate=5 November 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211193543/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/About.html|archivedate=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Reddy|first1=D. Uma Devi & P. Adinarayana|title=Environmental education for rural population|date=2007|publisher=Discovery Pub. House|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-81-8356-245-4|page=59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sS1cpwxK-7YC&q=TIRUPATI+REVENUE+DIVISION&pg=PA59|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|[[Mandals]]
|[[Chandragiri mandal|Chandragiri]], [[Chinnagottigallu mandal|Chinnagottigallu]], [[Chitvel mandal |Chitvel]], [[Koduru mandal,Tirupati district|Railway Koduru]], [[Obulavaripalle mandal,Tirupati district|Obulavaripalle]], [[Pakala mandal|Pakala]], [[Penagalur mandal|Penagalur]], [[Pullampeta mandal|Pullampeta]], [[Puttur mandal|Puttur]], [[Ramachandrapuram mandal, Tirupati district|Ramachandrapuram]], [[Tirupati Rural mandal|Tirupati Rural]], [[Tirupati Urban mandal|Tirupati Urban]], [[Vadamalapeta mandal|Vadamalapeta]], [[Yerravaripalem mandal|Yerravaripalem]].
|-
|[[Municipal corporation]]
|[[Tirupati]]
|-
|[[Municipality]]
| [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Tirupati district]]
*[[Sullurupeta revenue division]]
*[[Srikalahasti revenue division]]
*[[Tirupati]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Tirupati topics}}
{{Tirupati district}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Tirupati-geo-stub}}

Balasore district

2026-03-11T13:27:57Z

Scopex: added article for accuracy

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Balasore}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{original research|date=October 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Balasore district
| native_name =
| other_name = Baleswar district
| nickname = Granary of Odisha
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Sculptures at Emami Jagannath Temple, Balasore, Odisha 11.jpg
|photo1b = Nilagiri Palace, Balasore.jpg
|photo2a = Haji Nariruddin U.P (M.E.) and High School in Balasore, Odisha, India.jpg
|photo2b = Remuna Khirachora Gopinath Temple Outside View.jpg
|photo3a = Sun Rise at Chandipur Sea Beach.JPG
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Emami Jagannath Temple, Nilagiri Palace, [[Khirachora Gopinatha Temple]] in [[Remuna]], [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur Beach]]
| image_map =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Odisha
| coordinates = {{coord|21.5|N|86.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1828
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarter
| seat = [[Balasore]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Member of Parliament
| leader_name = [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title1 = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name1 = Satya Sarathi Panda<ref name="baleswar.nic.in">{{Cite web|title=Who's Who {{!}} Baleswar District Government of Odisha {{!}} India|url=https://baleswar.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/|access-date=2021-01-04|language=en-US}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = Sudhanshu Sekhar Mishra, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref name="baleswar.nic.in"/>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3634
| area_blank1_title = Forest
| area_blank1_km2 = 441.3
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 90.08
| total_type = Total
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 23,17,419
| population_rank = 4
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = {{number and percent|253293|2317419|2}}
| population_blank2_title = [[Scheduled Tribes]]
| population_blank2 = {{number and percent|275678|2317419|2}}
| population_blank1_title = [[Scheduled Castes]]
| population_blank1 = {{number and percent|478586|2317419|2}}
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 756 xxx
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06782
| registration_plate = OD-01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|137|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 957 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank4_info_sec1 = 80.66%
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1583|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|43.1|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|10.6|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|baleswar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Balasore district''', also known as '''Baleswar district''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Baleswar |url=http://baleswar.nic.in |website=Government of Odisha |access-date=18 June 2023 }}</ref> is an administrative district of [[Odisha]] state, in eastern [[India]]. Balasore is one of the coastal districts of Odisha and lies on the northernmost part of the state.

== Etymology ==
Baleswar is said to have got its name through the regional derivation of the word ''Baneswar'', from Hindu deity Baneshwar (Shiva), the presiding deity of the town. The Siva temple, [[Baneswara Temple, Balasore|Baneswara Temple]] is located in Puruna Baleswar ({{literally|Old Baleswar}}).<ref>{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS BALASORE |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/CHAPTER-1_2.pdf |page=1 |date=1991 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Baleswar District Government of Odisha {{!}} India|url=https://baleswar.nic.in/history/|access-date=2021-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Balasore#History|Battle of Tukaroi}}

== Geography ==
Balasore district is located in the northeast of the state of [[Odisha]] and lies between 21° 3' to 21° 59' north latitude and 86° 20' to 87° 29' east longitude. The average altitude of the district is 19.08-metre. The district has a total area of 3634 km2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Baleswar District {{!}} Baleswar District Government of Odisha {{!}} India|url=https://baleswar.nic.in/about-district/|access-date=2021-01-04|language=en-US}}</ref> It is bounded by [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] and [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]] districts of [[West Bengal]] in its north, the Bay of Bengal to its east, [[Bhadrak district]] to the south and [[Mayurbhanj]] and [[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]] districts to the west.

The district lies along the Odisha coastal plain. In the southwest there are some small hill ranges. The [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] is the main river, and it empties into the Bay of Bengal in the district.

== Transport ==
[[Balasore railway station]] falls en route on the [[Howrah–Chennai main line|main line connecting Chennai to Kolkata]]. [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] (erstwhile NH 5) runs through Balasore, and [[National Highway 60 (India, old numbering)|NH 60]], which connects Balasore to Kolkata, is a four lane express way.

The nearest airport from Balasore is [[Kolkata International Airport]] and [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]], [[Bhubaneswar]].

Balasore runs state Buses of ([[Odisha State Road Transport Corporation|OSRTC]]) which provide point to point service from Kolkata to Bhubaneswar (via Balasore).

== Demographics ==
===Population===
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,79,046|13=1911|14=6,69,624|15=1921|16=6,22,836|17=1931|18=6,30,857|19=1941|20=6,60,388|21=1951|22=6,58,742|23=1961|24=8,39,081|25=1971|26=10,91,230|27=1981|28=13,57,727|29=1991|30=16,96,583|31=2001|32=20,24,508|33=2011|34=23,20,529|source=Census of India<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center
}}

As per the 2011 Census, Balasore district has a population of 2,320,529,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Balasore |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/918/download/36540/DH_2011_2108_PART_A_DCHB_BALESHWAR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> which is comparable to the population of Latvia<ref name="cia">{{cite web |author=US Directorate of Intelligence |title=Country Comparison:Population |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226212024/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=1 October 2011 |quote=Latvia 2,204,708 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the U.S. state of New Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Resident Population Data |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2011 |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |quote=New Mexico – 2,059,179}}</ref> It ranks 195th out of 640 districts in India. The district has a population density of 609 people per square kilometer (1,580 per square mile). Over the decade from 2001 to 2011, Balasore's population grew by 14.47%. The district's sex ratio stands at 957 females for every 1,000 males. The overall literacy rate is 79.79%, with male literacy at 87% and female literacy at 72.28%. Urban areas have a literacy rate of 84.67%, while rural areas have a literacy rate of 79.18%. Urban areas account for 10.92% of the population. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 20.62% and 11.88% of the population, respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

===Religion===
Balasore district is predominantly Hindu, comprising about 94.7% of the population with 2,197,709 individuals. Muslims represent the second-largest religious group, making up around 4.1% with 94,254 adherents, while Christians account for a smaller 0.3%, totaling 6,434 residents. Other religious minorities include Sikhs (0.01%, 237 individuals), Jains (0.009%, 201 individuals), and Buddhists (0.005%, 111 individuals). Additionally, about 0.8% (18,345 individuals) belong to other faiths, and 0.1% (3,238 individuals) have not stated their religion.<ref name="census2011-religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520044022/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious Demographic in Balasore District (2011)<ref name="census2011-religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520044022/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 94.71
|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 4.06
|color2 = green
|label3 = [[Sarnaism]]
|value3 = 0.79
|color3 = maroon
|label4 = Other or not stated
|value4 = 0.44
|color4 = black
}}

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Languages of Baleswar district (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/>
| label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| value1 = 88.30
| color1 = blue
| label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
| value2 = 4.11
| color2 = red
| label3 = [[Urdu]]
| value3 = 3.39
| color3 = Green
| label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value4 = 1.30
| color4 = darkturquoise
| label5 = Others
| value5 = 2.90
| color5 = yellow
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 88.30% of the population in the district spoke [[Odia language|Odia]], 4.11% [[Santali language|Santali]], 3.39% [[Urdu]], 1.30% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 2.90% Others as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10217/download/13329/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX|website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The local dialect of the region is [[Baleswari Odia|Baleswari]], a dialect of Odia. Other languages include Bhunjia, spoken by approximately 7000 [[Bhunjia]] [[Adivasi]]s<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Bhunjia: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bhu | access-date = 30 September 2011 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref> and [[Santali language|Santali]].

==Education==
The district constitute primary university is [[F. M. University]]. There is government medical college in district known as [[Fakir Mohan Medical College and Hospital]].
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bagudi (also known as JNV Bagudi or JNV Balasore) is a public [[Boarding school|residential school]] in Bagudi village (near Mangalpur) of [[Soro, Balasore|Soro]] block in the Balasore district.<ref name="JNV Gov">{{cite web |title=About JNV |url=https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Balasore/en/about_us/About-JNV/ |website=navodaya.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> Government-run, it provides education to children predominantly from the rural areas and economically challenged families. It was established and is managed by Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (an autonomous organization of the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] and [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Secondary Education and Higher Education]]).In accordance with the [[National Policy on Education]] (1986) of the government of India, the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Bagudi in the Balasore district was established during March 1987.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://jnvbalasore.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 January 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121155719/http://jnvbalasore.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Politics==
The district has 1 Lok Sabha [[constituency]] ([[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]]) and 8 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies. The current MP from Balasore is [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

The following is the 8 [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan sabha]] constituencies of Balasore district and the elected members of that area:<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |title=List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly |work=ws.ori.nic.in |quote=MEMBER NAME |access-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502003512/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |archive-date=2 May 2007 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Reservation
!Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks)
!MLA
!Party
|-
!35
|[[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
|None
|Jaleswar (M), Jaleswar, Basta (part)
|Aswini Kumar Patra
| style="background:#004225;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!36
|[[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
|None
|Bhogarai
|Goutam Buddha Das
| style="background:#004225;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!37
|[[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
|None
|Baliapal, Basta (part)
|Subasini Jena
| style="background:#004225;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!38
|[[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
|None
|Balasore (M), Balasore (part)
| Manas Kumar Dutta
| style="background:#FF9933;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!39
|[[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna]]
|SC
|Remuna, Balasore (part)
|Gobinda Chandra Das
| style="background:#FF9933;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!40
|[[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
|None
| Nilagiri (NAC), Nilagiri, Oupada, Bahanaga (part)
|Santosh Khatua
| style="background:#FF9933;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!41
|[[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]
|SC
|Soro (M), Soro, Bahanaga (part)
| Madhab Dhada
| style="background:#004225;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!42
|[[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
|None
|Simulia, Khaira
|Padma Lochan Panda
| style="background:#FF9933;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}
{{Clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal||India}}
* [[Baba Bhusandeswar Temple]]
* [[Rocket launch site]]s
* [[Proof and Experimental Establishment|Proof and Experimental Establishment, Chandipur]]
* [[Abdul Kalam Island]]
*[[Bhadrak district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Gazetteers===
*{{Cite book |last=L.S.S. O’Malley |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.07379 |title=Bengal District Gazetteers: Balasore |date=1907 |publisher=Calcutta, Bengal Secretariat}}
*{{Cite book |first=Nrusinha Charan |last=Behuria |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Baleshwar |year=1994 |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/orissa-district-gazetteers-baleshwar |publisher=Gazetteers Unit, Department of Revenue, Government of Orissa |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823111441/https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/orissa-district-gazetteers-baleshwar |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 }}
*{{Cite book|last= Taradatt|first=Dr.| title= Odisha district gazzetters : Baleswar|url=https://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Baleshwar_Gazetteer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823110644/https://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Baleshwar_Gazetteer.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2023 |year=|publisher=Gopabandhu Academy of Administration, Gazetteers Unit, General Administration Department, Government of Odisha}}

== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Balasore}}
* [http://Baleswar.nic.in/ Official website of Balasore District]
{{Wikivoyage|Chandipur}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031031090909/http://astronautix.com/sites/balasore.htm Balasore] at [[Encyclopedia Astronautica]]
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Balasore district
|North = [[West Midnapore district]], West Bengal
|Northeast = [[East Midnapore district]], West Bengal
|East =
|Southeast = ''[[Bay of Bengal]]''
|South = [[Bhadrak district]]
|Southwest = [[Kendujhar district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Mayurbhanj district]]
}}
{{Balasore district}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Balasore district| ]]
[[Category:1828 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Districts of Odisha]]

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda

2026-03-04T23:54:01Z

Scopex: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Medical College and Hospital in Bathinda, Punjab}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bathinda
| native_name =
| image = All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| motto = {{lang|sa|Sharīramādyam khalu dharmasādhanam}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}
| mottoeng = "The body is indeed the primary instrument of ''[[dharma]]''."
| established = {{start date and age|2019}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| president = Dr. Neerja Bhatla
| director = Dr. Dinesh Kumar Singh
| students =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Bathinda]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|30|9|42.12|N|74|55|34.68|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] {{convert|177|acre|km2}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| website = {{URL|https://aiimsbathinda.edu.in/}}
| logo =
| staff =
| faculty =
| profess =
| affiliations =
}}

'''All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda''' ('''AIIMS Bathinda''') is a [[medical college]] and [[medical research]] [[public university]] based in [[Bathinda]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Bathinda AIIMS to offer 100 seats, classes from July | website=The Tribune | date=2019-03-18 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/bathinda-aiims-to-offer-100-seats-classes-from-july/744761.html | access-date=2019-08-17 | archive-date=17 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071609/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/bathinda-aiims-to-offer-100-seats-classes-from-july/744761.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> As one of the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]], it operates autonomously under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]. AIIMS Bathinda spreads over a large area of about 177 Acres and is surrounded by lush green parks. It became operational in 2019, one of the six AIIMS to do so in 2019.

==History==
Stone for AIIMS at Bathinda was laid in November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pm-lays-foundation-for-aiims-at-bathinda-aims-to-open-it-in-2020/story-mtm4cSEctot9c9g0rjOgEK.html|title=PM lays foundation for AIIMS at Bathinda, aims to open it in 2020|date=2016-11-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> AIIMS Bathinda was planned as a 750-bedded medical institute on 177 acre land having 10 speciality, 11 super speciality departments and 16 operation theatres. It is planned for 100 seats in medical college and 60 seats in nursing college.<ref>{{cite web | title=Delayed by 21 months, AIIMS at Bathinda now on track| website=The Times of India | date=2019-02-02 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/delayed-by-21-months-aiims-at-bathinda-now-on-track/articleshow/67800840.cms | access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> It became operational with the first batch of 50 [[MBBS]] students, which started in 2019 one of the six AIIMSs to become operational in 2019.<ref name=status>{{cite press release|title=Establishment and Upgradation of Hospitals under PMSSY |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195310 |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=pib.gov.in |date=3 December 2019|publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> The [[outpatient department]] (OPD) was inaugurated in December 2019, [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER) was assigned as its mentoring institution in August 2019<ref>{{cite web | title=AIIMS Bhatinda Recruitment: PGI Chandigarh releases 22 vacancies for Senior Resident, SR Demonstrators Posts | website=Medical Dialogues | date=2019-08-01 | url=https://medicaldialogues.in/aiims-bhatinda-recruitment-pgi-chandigarh-releases-22-vacancies-for-senior-resident-sr-demonstrators-posts/ | access-date=2019-08-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817074616/https://medicaldialogues.in/aiims-bhatinda-recruitment-pgi-chandigarh-releases-22-vacancies-for-senior-resident-sr-demonstrators-posts/ | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and Prof Dinesh Kumar Singh, Former Director of RIMS Ranchi was appointed director in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tandon|first=Aditi|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/govt-names-directors-for-6-aiims-50900|title=Govt names directors for 6 AIIMS|date=4 March 2020|work=[[The Tribune]]|access-date=5 March 2020|language=English}}</ref>

==Campuses==
The first batch of MBBS of AIIMS Bathinda started at [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]] (BFUHS), Faridkot campus on a temporary basis as AIIMS campus was under construction on the Bathinda-Dabwali road.<ref>{{cite web | title=AIIMS 1st batch of 50 from July | website=The Tribune | date=2019-03-29 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aiims-1st-batch-of-50-from-july/749776.html | access-date=2019-08-17 | archive-date=17 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071605/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aiims-1st-batch-of-50-from-july/749776.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Since October 2020 students have been shifted to the AIIMS Bathinda Campus. The Second Batch of 100 students started from December 2020 in the New Campus Itself.

==Academics==
AIIMS Bathinda was allotted 50 MBBS seats for the first session with 22 seats for general category students, 14 reserved for OBCs, 8 for SCs, 4 reserved for ST students and 2 seats reserved for persons with disabilities (PwD). The seat number has increased to 100 from batch 2020. The institute also offers 60 seats in B.Sc. Nursing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Online counselling for AIIMS-Bathinda admissions starts | website=The Times of India | date=2019-06-21 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/online-counselling-for-aiims-bathinda-admissions-starts/articleshow/69882336.cms | access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> From 2020 session seats are increased for undergraduate courses and now 100 seats are available.

==External links==
* {{official website|https://aiimsbathinda.edu.in/}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{All India Institutes of Medical Sciences}}
{{Universities and colleges in Punjab, India}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:All India Institute of Medical Sciences}}
[[Category:Hospitals in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Regional Cancer Centres in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|Bathinda]]

Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi

2026-03-04T07:30:14Z

Scopex: adding a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi
| image = Chamkaisi Chindi Udaisi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = A R Babu
| writer = Manju Mandavya (dialogue)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Anasuya Ramachandrappa Jeevan S
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
*[[Nidhi Subbaiah]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ashok Kashyap
| editing = K M Prakash
| music = P B Balaji
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|7|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada|Kannada-language]] comedy film directed by A. R. Babu and starring [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] and [[Nidhi Subbaiah]]. The film is an unofficial remake of the Hindi film ''[[Deewane Huye Paagal]]'' (2005),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2009/chamkaysi-chindi-udaysi-review-060709.html?story=3|title=Chamkaysi Chindi Udaysi - Review|work=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|last=Hooli|first=Sekhar H.|date=6 July 2009}}</ref> which itself is based on the English film ''[[There's Something About Mary]]'' (1998).<ref name="b"/>

The film was released on 3 July 2009 alongside ''[[Kabaddi (2009 film)|Kabaddi]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/11350/friday-release.html|title=Friday release|date=2 July 2009|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2009/jul/01slide-show-1-comedy-vs-kabaddi-this-week.htm|title=Comedy vs Kabaddi this week|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|date=1 July 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as ‘Bottu’ Seena
*[[Nidhi Subbaiah]] as Kamala
*Kiran as Ganesh
*[[Shobharaj]] as Don Janny
*Dharma as Pratap
*[[Rahul Salanke|Rahul]]
*Giri Dinesh
*[[Umashree]]
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
*[[R. N. Sudarshan]]
*[[Jaggesh]] (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially titled ''Operation Kamala'', but the title was rejected given that the phrase was a popular slogan of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Chamkaisi Chindi Udaisi (2009) |url= http://movies.buzzintown.com/chamkaisi-chindi-udaisi/segment--synopsis/id--116061.html |website= www.movies.buzzintown.com |access-date= 22 December 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141110190251/http://movies.buzzintown.com/chamkaisi-chindi-udaisi/segment--synopsis/id--116061.html |archive-date= 10 November 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The scenes involving Komal on a jet ski were shot in Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/komal-in-a-jet-ski-accident/articleshow/46254277.cms|title=Komal in a jet ski accident|date=16 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' wrote that "If comedy is what you are seeking, then this movie will {{sic|dissa|ppoint}} you".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/chamkaisi-chindi-udaysi--50365|title=Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi|last=Shettar|first=Manju|date=3 July 2009|work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' opined that "Chamkaisi Chindi Udyasi is a hotchpotch of various Hindi and English films garnished with stale jokes".<ref name="b">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/chamkaisi-chindi-udaysi-who-is-the-joke-on/articleshow/22105029.cms|title=Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi: Who is the joke on?|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=3 July 2009}}</ref> Film critic [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' stated that "'Chamakaayisi...' has many loopholes but it is worth a watch for the entertaining dialogues".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6774/kannada/chamkaysi-chindi-udaysi/2225/review.htm|title=Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|date=4 July 2009|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14188294}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Chanakya Sapatham

2026-03-03T19:05:09Z

Scopex: minor edit

{{short description|1986 Telugu film starring Chiranjeevi}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chanakya Shapatham.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao|K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = [[D. V. S. Raju]]
| writer =
| screenplay = K. Raghavendra Rao
| story = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Vijayashanti]] [[Rao Gopal Rao]]
| narrator =
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = K. S. Prakash
| editing = Kotagiri Venkateshwara Rao
| studio = D. V. S. Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1986|12|18}}
| runtime = 2 hours 28 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Chanakya Shapatham''''' ({{translation|''Chanakya's vow''}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[action film]] starring [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Rao Gopal Rao]] and [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]], produced by [[D. V. S. Raju]] and directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=C |first=Narayana Rao |date=2 January 1987 |title=మరో చిరంజీవి మార్కు చిత్రం - చాణక్య శపథం |trans-title=Film with Chiranjeevi's Mark: Chanakya Sapatham |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1987/Jan/2-jan-1987.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913111725/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1987/Jan/2-jan-1987.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=4 August 2020 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2021 |title=35 ఏళ్ళ ‘చాణక్య శపథం’ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/chanukya-shapatham-has-completed-35-years-105774.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108063815/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/chanukya-shapatham-has-completed-35-years-105774.html |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te}}</ref>

The film marked the third collaboration of Chiranjeevi with Raghavendra Rao after two highly successful films : ''[[Adavi Donga]]'' and ''[[Kondaveeti Raja]]''. However, unlike their previous ventures, ''Chanakya Shapatham'' was a critical and commercial failure. [[Paruchuri brothers]] had scripted all three films.

== Plot ==
Chanakya, a customs officer at an airport, is the son of a Military Major who is about to be awarded [[Padma Shri]] for his services. Chanakya catches the smuggling ring of Rana, and in retaliation they frame Chanakya's father for smuggling diamonds. Faced with humiliation, Chanakya challenges the villains of proving his father's innocence and bringing the culprits to justice. Shashirekha, an airhostess who works with Chanakya, who has problems with her sister's family, for her mother-in-law always threatens for more dowry. The rest of the story deals with how both of them fight for their causes in settling their professional and personal issues and come out successfully to be united in the marital knot forms the story.

==Cast==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Actor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chanakya Sapadam |url=https://indiancine.ma/AASV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250108052456/https://indiancine.ma/AASV/info |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
!Role
|-
| [[Chiranjeevi]]
| Chanakya
|-
| [[Vijayashanti]]
| Shashirekha "Shashi" (Voice Dubbed by Saritha)
|-
| [[Rao Gopal Rao]]
| Rana
|-
| [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
| Major Nagarjuna
|-
| [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]]
| Janaki, Chanakya's mother
|-
| [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
| Chakri, Rana's son
|-
| [[Suthi Velu]]
| Yugandhar
|-
|[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
|Chitti
|-
| [[Kantha Rao]]
|Shashi's father
|-
|[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
|Durgamma
|-
|[[Rajyalakshmi]]
|Savithri
|-
|[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]
|Dr. Arogyam
|-
| [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
|Ranga
|-
|Chidathala Apparao
|Jacky
|-
|[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
|Kaky
|-
| [[Chalapathi Rao]]
| Damodharam, Senior Customs Officer
|-
| Eswara Rao
|Shashi's brother
|-
|[[Y. Vijaya]]
|Shashi's sister-in-law
|-
| [[Bob Christo]]
|Nero, Diamonds Smuggler
|}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chanakya Sapadham (1986) |url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/chanakya-sapadham-songs-A0003843 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250108064048/https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/chanakya-sapadham-songs-A0003843 |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref>{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mellaga Alluko
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balu]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Vari Vari Varichelo
| extra2 = S. P. Balu, S. Janaki
| title3 = Soku Thotalo
| extra3 = S. P. Balu, S. Janaki
| title4 = Vedi Vedi Valupulu
| extra4 = S. P. Balu
| extra5 = S. P. Balu, [[P. Susheela]]
| title5 = Nee Banda Bada
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|chanakya_shapadham}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]

Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum

2026-02-28T03:55:41Z

Scopex: improved article further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Political Agent of the British Indian Empire}}
{{about|the educationist and politician of Pashtun origin|the politician of Kashmiri origin|Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
| image = Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1863|12|12}}
| birth_place = [[Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Topi]], [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier Provinces]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1937|12|04|1863|12|12}}
| death_place = [[Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Topi]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| order =
| office = [[List of chief ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province]]
| status = 
| term_start = 1 April 1937
| term_end = 7 September 1937
| monarch = [[George VI]]
| governor_general = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]]
| country = {{flag icon|British India}} British India
}}
[[Nawab]] [[Khan Bahadur]] [[Sahibzada]] '''Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan''' KCIE (12 December 1863 – 4 December 1937), hailing from [[Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Topi]], [[Swabi District]], [[British India]] (modern day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] [[Pakistan]]) was an educationist and politician.

Qayyum Khan helped [[Mortimer Durand]] during his negotiation of the [[Durand Line]] agreement with [[Afghanistan]] in 1893. Qayyum Khan became the first Chief Minister of the [[North-West Frontier Province]] on 1 April 1937.<ref name=RadioPakistan/> He is also known for establishing the [[Islamia College (Peshawar)|Islamia College]], [[Peshawar]] on the mould of [[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]]'s policy of educating Muslims.<ref name=RadioPakistan>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/newsdetail-33394|date=4 December 2012|archive-date=16 April 2013|website=Radio Pakistan website|url-status=dead|title=Death anniversary of Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan observed on December 4|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416073229/http://www.radio.gov.pk/newsdetail-33394|access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=Dawn/>

Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum started his career as a government servant but he eventually turned into an educationist and politician.<ref name=RadioPakistan/>

==Early life==
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum was born on 12 December 1863 into a well-known religious family of [[Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Topi]].<ref name=Dawn/> His paternal family traces its lineage back to the [[Lodi dynasty]].<ref>Legislative Assembly debates India 1928, Vol 1, p681</ref><ref>Nasr, Nasrullah Khan, Sir Shahibzada Abudl Qayyum Khan, Peshawar 1949, p28</ref><ref>Islamia College Library Record Tazkira Sahibzada Abdur Rauf Mussanafir Kitab</ref>
His maternal family traces their lineage back to [[Husain ibn Ali]].<ref>Kosar, Abdul Razik, Al Haj,'Dur-i-Israr'</ref>

His paternal grandfather was Sahibzada Qutb-e-Alam (born 1800/01). His father was Sahibzada Abdur Rauf (born 1837/38). Abdur Rauf married his maternal cousin Zainab, daughter of Syed Amir (Kotha Mulla). The couple had four children; three daughters and one son. Two of the daughters died in childhood, while Khair-un-Nisa (born 1860) and Abdul Qayyum survived.<ref>S.idrees 'Yadasht'</ref>
His mother died when he was 3 years old and his father was assassinated by rivals when he was 10 years old.<ref>(Hilali, Toryali p.29)</ref>
After the death of his father, he and his sister were brought to Kotha by their maternal uncle, Syed Ahmed Bacha.<ref>yadasht, nasr</ref>
He studied at the local madrassah where his uncle was a teacher. He was a bright student and caught the attention of a visiting Christian missionary Reverend Hughes. Rev. Hughes used to come to Kotha for religious discussion and propagation and had befriended Abdul Qayyums' uncles. Sensing that his nephew had more potential, Syed Ahmed Bacha was eventually convinced by Hughes to send him to Peshawar for modern education. Abdul Qayyum was admitted to the Municipal Board Middle School, Peshawar City from where he passed his Vernacular school exam in 1880.<ref>Archives 1887-1901, Cunningham, F.D.</ref><ref>Archives Comm. Rec.2256</ref>

He subsequently gained admission to Edwards Mission High School,<ref>S.IDREES YADASHT p.6</ref> where he passed his English middle school examination in 1883.<ref>Archives Comm. Rec.2256</ref> He took the examination for Naib-Tehsildar in September 1886 and passed on his first attempt.<ref>Archives Comm. Rec.2256</ref>

== Early career ==
Due to the non-availability of a Naib Tehsildar post, he applied for training in Settlement Work. He eventually joined the Commissioner's Office and was employed as a Translator and Reader.<ref>Archives, 1888, Qaiyum Sahibzada to Waterfield, W.G.Col.Com. Rec.2256</ref>

In 1887, Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum was appointed [[Naib]] [[Tehsildar]].<ref name=RadioPakistan/> During this time he was part of the Black Mountain expedition of 1888. This was a punitive expedition against certain Hazara clans for unsettled offences, including the murder of several British officers.<ref>Archives, 1888, Black Mountain Expedition, Com. Rec.S. No.531</ref> During the expedition, Abdul Qayyum had the task of sending daily reports to the various government agencies.<ref>Archives, Black Mountain Expedition, 'Diaries on Black Mountain Expedition, S. No. 530</ref> His work was highly commended and he was awarded a silver medal, 'Hazara 88'.<ref>Archives,'Medal for Black Mountain Expedition to Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum and Habib, S. No.1450</ref>

He was sent to [[Sialkot]] in 1890 for settlement training.<ref>Archives, 1890, Dunlopsmith, J.R.Captain, Com. Rec.2256</ref>

He subsequently held several administrative portfolios, i.e., [[Tehsildar]], Chief Political Agent of [[Hazara region|Hazara]], Revenue Assistant and Treasury Officer, Extra Assistant [[Commissioner]], Superintendent of the Commissioner's Vernacular Office, Assistant [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] Khyber, 'Assistant Political Agent' of [[Chitral]], and then of [[Khyber Agency]] and then promoted to Assistant Political Agent of Khyber, [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] (FATA), during the period 1891 to 1919.<ref name=RadioPakistan/>

In the year 1893, during the rule of [[Amir]] [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] of Afghanistan a Royal Commission for demarcating the Indo-Afghan Boundary, the [[Durand line]] between [[Afghanistan]] and the [[British Indian Empire]], was set up and the two parties camped at [[Parachinar]], now part of FATA Pakistan, which is near [[Khost]], Afghanistan.<ref name=RadioPakistan/>

From the British Indian side the camp was Attended by Sir Henry [[Mortimer Durand]] and Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum, then Assistant Political Agent Khyber. Afghanistan was represented by [[Sahibzada Abdul Latif]] and the Governor [[Sardar Shireendil Khan]] representing the King Amir Abdur Rahman Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aaiil.org/aaiil/ra/jalsa/2003/sahibzadaabdullatifshaheed100anniversary/08sahibzadazahoorahmad_sahibzadaabdullatifshaheed.mp3 |title=Sahibzada Abdullatif Shaheed Anniversary |access-date=2023-08-24|archive-date=2022-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105121047/https://www.aaiil.org/aaiil/ra/jalsa/2003/sahibzadaabdullatifshaheed100anniversary/08sahibzadazahoorahmad_sahibzadaabdullatifshaheed.mp3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 1921, he went to visit his old friend [[George Roos-Keppel]]<ref>P.C.L. 1920, A.P.Trevor p47</ref> who was severely ill at the time. He was shown a letter from the British government wanting to appoint Roos as Viceroy of India. Roos had replied that he would accept the position on the condition that Abdul Qayyum be made Chief Commissioner of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North West Frontier Province]] (NWFP).<ref>Ghafur, Arbab Abdul, Khalil, Mss. 'Tehkal'.</ref> However, Ross Keppel died shortly afterwards.

In 1924, he was nominated as a non-official member of the Indian Legislative Assembly<ref>Archives, 1924 'Gazette of India' (Jan to June), Part 1.</ref> and remained a member until 1932. In November 1928 he was appointed as a member of a committee to examine the educational conditions in NWFP, Delhi and Ajmer-Merwara. The committee submitted a report in 1930, with an in-depth analysis, general recommendations and specific stress on female education, sanitation and necessary changes in curricula.<ref>ICP 'Report of the Primary Education Committee'</ref>

He represented NWFP at the [[Round Table Conferences (India)]] during 1931-33 period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://storyofpakistan.com/round-table-conferences|title=Round Table Conferences |website=Story of Pakistan website|date=June 2003 |archive-date=19 July 2019|access-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719112747/https://storyofpakistan.com/round-table-conferences}}</ref>

The 1st NWFP Legislative Council was established in 1932 and Abdul Qayyum was appointed the first and sole Minister of Transferred Departments. As a consequence of the [[Government of India Act 1935]], the NWFP status was upgraded to a governors' province, hence requiring a separate Legislative Assembly. Following the first elections in NWFP in 1937, no single political party was able to gain a majority.<ref>Indian Annual Register 1937, Vol. I, 166.</ref> Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum became the first [[Chief Minister]] of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] on 1 April 1937. However, this government could not last more than 6 months. Owing to [[Indian National Congress]]'s opposition who considered him to be the 'spokesman of British imperialism', a vote of no-confidence was passed against him in September 1937.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Sayed Wiqar Ali |title=Ethnicity, Islam and Nationalism: Muslim Politics in the North-West Frontier Province 1937-47 |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press. |location=Oxford |pages=58 |isbn=9780195790504 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av5tAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> He was replaced by the Congress ministry headed by [[Dr Khan Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pscpesh.org/PDFs/PJ/Volume_50/13_Sir.pdf |title=PJ volume 50 |access-date=2016-10-01 |archive-date=2017-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326185328/http://www.pscpesh.org/PDFs/PJ/Volume_50/13_Sir.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A. Qayyum died 92 days after his ouster from the office on 4 December 1937.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Sayed Wiqar Ali Shah |title=Ethnicity, Islam and Nationalism: Muslim Politics in the North-West Frontier Province, 1937-1947 |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=61 |isbn=9780195790504 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av5tAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=13 May 2020}}</ref>

The achievements of his short-lived government included:<ref>Mir Abdul Samad Khan, Loai Pakhtoon: Sir Syed-i- Sarhad Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
Khan (Urdu), Peshawar: University Book Agency, 1982, 365.
</ref>

* Provision of 2.4 million rupees for the Malakand Thermal Power plant
* Establishment of a government training school in [[Peshawar]]
* Special measures were taken for the growth and expansion of educational facilities, especially [[Islamia College University|Islamia College]]
* Removal of ban on political activities in the province, and the cancellation of 1935 administrative circular that made Urdu or English as mandatory language for instruction in government-aided schools<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Sayed Wiqar Ali |title=Ethnicity, Islam and Nationalism: Muslim Politics in the North-West Frontier Province, 1937-1947 |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=59, 85 |isbn=9780195790504 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av5tAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
* There is also evidence and record of his frequent letter exchange with a man hailing from his hometown, [[Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Topi]], by the name of Masood Khan, discussing matters of significant importance to the state.

== Death ==
A delegation from [[Islamia College University|Islamia College]], headed by the then Principal [[R.L. Holdsworth]] came to visit Abdul Qayyum at his residence in [[Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Topi]] on 3 December 1937.<ref name=Dawn/> They were discussing the Silver Jubilee plans of the college, scheduled for the spring of 1938.<ref>I.C.P.'Khyber', Op.Cit. Holdsworth/</ref> After seeing his guests off, while walking back home he became dizzy, vomited and was about to fall down, but was supported by those around him.<ref>S.Idrees, 'Yadasht'</ref> He was sat down on a chair. He told his kinsmen that the life was ebbing out of his limbs on one side. He soon fell into a coma and died at around 1:30 AM the next morning. It was 3 December and also [[Eid prayers|Eid]].<ref>T.R.Cell, 'Appointment of Sir A.Q as Minister'</ref>
His funeral was held the same day at 4pm and was attended by the Governor of NWFP and many high-ranking officials.
The ''Eastern Times'' reported "... He was incomparably the greatest man that the Province had ever produced.".<ref>'The Eastern Times p.14'</ref>

After the death of Sir A. Qayyum, most of the members of his party (United Muslims Nationalist Party) joined the newly formed [[All-India Muslim League]], electing [[Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan]] as its party leader in the assembly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Sayed Wiqar Ali Shah |title=Ethnicity, Islam and Nationalism: Muslim Politics in the North-West Frontier Province, 1937-1947 |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=61 |isbn=9780195790504 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av5tAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=13 May 2020}}</ref>

== Monuments==
In dedication to his services, there are numerous monuments named after him,<ref name=Dawn>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1033883|title = Islamia College and Sir Syed of Sarhad|date = 4 August 2013 |author=Muqaddam Khan|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>

* Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Road in Sector I-8, [[Islamabad]] (from Khayaban-e-Johar Metro Station to I-8 Interchange on Islamabad Expressway)
* Qayyum Manzil at [[Islamia College University|Islamia College]]<ref name=Dawn/>
* Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan Road in University Town, [[Peshawar]]<ref name=Dawn/>
* Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan Archaeological Museum, [[Peshawar University]]
* Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan Road in [[GIKI]]<ref name=Dawn/>
Sir Sahibzada A.Qayyum House in The Fazlehaq College, Mardan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* "[https://archive.today/20130416073229/http://www.radio.gov.pk/newsdetail-33394 Death anniversary of Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan observed on December 4]", [[Radio Pakistan]], 4 December 2012

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]|years=1 April 1937 – 7 September 1937}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Dr. Khan Sahib]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Durand Line]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:People from Swabi District]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]

Sujeeth

2026-02-25T21:36:42Z

Scopex: quick improved formatting for accuracy and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian Film Director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sujeeth Reddy
| image =
| caption = Sujeeth in 2019
| birth_name = Sujeeth Reddy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|10|26}}
| spouse = Pravallika Reddy
| birth_place = [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Daburuvari Palli]], [[Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = L. V. Prasad Film and TV Academy
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2014–present
}}
'''Sujeeth Reddy''' (born 26 October 1990) is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Saaho' director Sujeeth Reddy gets engaged to Pravalika in Hyderabad|date=11 June 2020|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/saaho-director-sujeeth-reddy-gets-engaged-pravalika-hyderabad-126359}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Balachandran|first=Logesh|date=4 June 2020|title=Saaho director Sujeeth to get engaged during coronavirus lockdown|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/-saaho-director-sujeeth-to-get-engaged-during-coronavirus-lockdown-1685317-2020-06-04|access-date=2020-07-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He made his directorial debut in with the ''[[Run Raja Run]]'' (2014).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/age-was-never-a-concern-to-enter-filmdom-run-raja-run-director/|title=Age was never a concern to enter filmdom: 'Run Raja Run' director|date=2014-07-29|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2017-05-04|language=en-US}}</ref> He received [[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu]] for the film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Kumari |first=Barkha |date=2014-08-05 |title=At 24, Sujeeth has a hit |language=en |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140804/entertainment-tollywood/article/24-sujeeth-has-hit |url-status=live |access-date=2017-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412233101/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140804/entertainment-tollywood/article/24-sujeeth-has-hit |archive-date=12 April 2021}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sujeeth started creating short films at the age of 17 under the name Sujeeth Sign. He holds a film degree from the LV Prasad Film & TV Academy in [[Chennai]] and has created over 30 short films.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In an interview Sujeeth stated that "I actually came into the film industry to work as an assistant director under [[Puri Jagannadh]]. But after meeting him, he suggested that I can start making films myself".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cinetown.org/people/profile/sujeeth#:~:text=In%20an%20interview%2C%20Sujeeth%20stated,a%20solid%20story%20for%20Prabhas. | title=Sujeeth }}</ref>

He got an opportunity to debut under UV Creations, with ''[[Run Raja Run]]'' (2014). Starring [[Sharwanand]] and [[Seerat Kapoor]] in the lead roles, it went to become a [[sleeper hit]] at the box office. Following the instant success of his debut, he developed a story for [[Prabhas]]. He narrated it to Prabhas during the shooting of ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''. Titled ''[[Saaho]]'' (2019), it was shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]] and some scenes reshot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with an ensemble cast of actors from different industries. However, unlike his debut success, ''Saaho'' was made with a huge budget of {{INR}}350 crores, making it the second-costliest film in [[Telugu cinema]], at the time. It opened from mixed-to-negative reviews, but was an above average grosser at the box-office.

Sujeeth then collaborated with [[Pawan Kalyan]] in the film ''[[They Call Him OG]]''. The film was released in September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-22 |title=Producer DVV Danayya confirms OG special teaser to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/22/producer-dvv-danayya-confirms-og-special-teaser-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
* ''Note: All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 2014
|''[[Run Raja Run]]''
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Saaho]]''
| Simultaneously shot in [[Hindi]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saaho Director Sujeeth Gets Engaged To Pravallika|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/saaho-director-sujeeth-gets-engaged-to-pravallika-2245294|access-date=2020-07-14|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[They Call Him OG]]''
| Also lyricist for the song "Washi Yo Washi"
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/og-shoot-begins-in-mumbai-pawan-kalyan-set-to-join-the-cast-next-week/articleshow/99515777.cms?from=mdr|title='OG' shoot begins in Mumbai: Pawan Kalyan set to join the cast next week|newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2027
|{{Pending film|Bloody Romeo}}
|
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Run Raja Run]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015 Nominations |url=http://www.dailyindia.org/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-nominations-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626123232/http://www.dailyindia.org/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-nominations-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada/ |archive-date=26 June 2015 |work=Daily India |df=dmy}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu|Best Debut Director – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=6682160}}

{{Sujeeth}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Gaddar Telangana Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh]]

Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore

2026-02-23T19:27:13Z

Scopex: Creating A Page

{{Short description|Roman Catholic archdiocese in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Prose|date=August 2022}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Archdiocese
| name = Madras and Mylapore
| latin = Archidioecesis Madraspolitanus et Meliaporensis
| local = சென்னை-மயிலை உயர்மறைமாவட்டம்
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =

| country = [[India]]
| territory = Tamil Nadu
| province = Madras and Mylapore
| metropolitan = [[Chennai]]
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 3,160
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 9,760,300
| population_as_of = 2023
| catholics = 785,574
| catholics_percent = 7.3
| parishes = 128 Parishes, 350+ Sub Parishes
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 75 Middle School, 145 Higher Secondary School
| members = 

| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
| established = 9 January 1606, erection of the [[Diocese of São Tomé of Meliapore|diocese of Mylapore]] by pope [[Paul V]] Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore on 13 November 1952 (Papal Bull, ‘Ex Primaevae Ecclesiae’ by [[Pope Pius XII]])
| cathedral = [[San Thome Basilica|St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica]], [[Santhome]]
| cocathedral = St. Mary of the Angels Co-Cathedral, [[George Town, Chennai|Georgetown]]
| patron = 
| patron_title = 
| priests = 152

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop =
| bishop =
| bishop_title = Archbishop
| metro_archbishop = [[George Antonysamy]]
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops =
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general = Fr. Stanley Sebastian
| episcopal_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = [[Malayappan Chinnappa]] (2005-2012)

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore''' ({{langx|la|Madraspolitan(us) et Meliaporen(sis)}}) is an [[archdiocese]] based in the city of [[Madras]] (now ''Chennai''), in India. It merged with the ancient diocese of [[Mylapore]] which now a part of Chennai.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/30075.php | title=Rinuncia dell'arcivescovo di Madras and Mylapore (India) e nomina del successore | language=it | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128080332/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/30075.php | archivedate=28 November 2012 | publisher=The Vatican | accessdate=14 April 2018 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==History==
* 9 January 1606: erection of the [[Diocese of São Tomé of Meliapore|diocese of Mylapore]] by pope [[Paul V]] separated from the [[Diocese of Cochin]], by agreement with the king of [[Portugal]] who received power to appoint bishops and priests and, in a general way, to look after the evangelization of the area ([[Padroado]] system and jurisdiction)
* 1642: Madras Capuchin Mission founded by French Capuchin Missionary Fr. [[Ephrem de Nevers]] was Established as Prefecture Vicariate of [[Fort Saint George]] This was an independent jurisdiction of the Propaganda Fide from the Padroado [[Diocese of São Tomé of Meliapore]]
* 1832: Renamed as Apostolic Vicariate of Madras
* 1 September 1886: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Madras
* 10 October 1950: The Padroado system is cancelled. The Diocese of Mylapore comes under the jurisdiction of the 'Propaganda Fide'.
* 13 November 1952: Mylapore and Madras are merged into the renamed 'Metropolitan Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore' (Bull {{lang|la|Ex primaevae ecclesiae}} of [[Pius XII]]).

==Leadership==
[[File:Chennai Bishop.jpg|thumb|Archbishop [[George Antonysamy]]
the present Archbishop of Chennai and Mylapore]]
[[George Antonysamy]] is appointed as the Archbishop of Historical Metropolitan [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras]]–Mylapore on 21 November 2012. He was installed as the 6th Archbishop of Madras–Mylapore on 27 January 2013.

==Episcopal ordinaries==
===Archbishops of Madras and Mylapore ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])===
** Archbishop [[George Antonysamy]] (21 November 2012 – present); formerly, Apostolic Nuncio (Liberia, Gambia, & Sierra Leone)
** Archbishop [[Malayappan Chinnappa]], S.D.B. (1 April 2005 – 21 November 2012)
** Archbishop [[James Masilamony Arul Das]] (11 May 1994 – 30 August 2004)
** Archbishop [[Casimir Gnanadickam]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (26 January 1987 – 10 November 1993)
** Archbishop [[Anthony Rayappa Arulappa]] (1 February 1966 – 26 January 1987)
** Archbishop [[Louis Mathias]], S.D.B. (13 November 1952 – 2 August 1965)
===Metropolitan Archbishops of Madras (Latin Rite)===
** Archbishop Louis Mathias, S.D.B. (25 March 1935 – 13 November 1952)
** Archbishop [[Eugène Mederlet]], S.D.B. (3 July 1928 – 12 December 1934)
** Archbishop [[Giovanni Aelen]], [[M.H.M.]] (13 February 1911 – 1928)
** Archbishop [[Joseph Colgan]] (19 May 1882 – 13 February 1911)
===Vicars Apostolic of Madras===
** Bishop [[Stephen Fennelly]] (1868-1880)
** Bishop [[John Fennelly]] (1841-1868)
** Bishop [[Patrick Joseph Carew]] (1840-1841)
** Bishop [[Daniel O'Connor (bishop)|Daniel O'Connor]], O.S.A. (1834-1840)

==Seat of Power==
===Santhome Cathedral===

[[File:Santhome spire and church sideview.jpg|thumb|Santhome church]]
San Thome Church, officially known as St Thomas Cathedral Basilica and National Shrine of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]], is a [[minor basilica]] of the [[Catholic Church]] and the Seat of power of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore in India, at the [[Santhome]] neighbourhood of [[Chennai]], in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The present structure dates to 1523 AD, when it was rebuilt by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] over what was believed to be the tomb of [[Thomas the Apostle]]. In 1896, it was [[renovated]] in the Madras province according to [[neo-Gothic]] designs, as was favoured by British architects in the late 19th century.

===St.Mary's Co-Cathedral===
[[File:St. Mary's Co-cathedral Church, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in India.jpg|thumb| St. Mary's Co-cathedral Church, Armenian Street, [[Chennai]].]]

St. Mary's Co-Cathedral is a [[Catholic]] church in [[Armenian Street, Chennai|Armenian Street]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Constructed by [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]] in 1658, it is one of the oldest churches in the former [[British India]]. For a long time Cathedral of the diocese it received the title of [[co-cathedral]] when the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore was transferred to [[San Thome Basilica]].

===Archbishop House===
[[File:Santhome bishop house.jpg|thumb|Madras-Mylapore Archbishop House located in [[Santhome]], Chennai.]]

The Archbishop House is located in [[Santhome]], [[Mylapore]] in Chennai next to the [[San Thome Basilica]]. The Archbishop house is the residence of the head and Archbishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore.

==Ecclesiastical province==
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chingleput|Diocese of Chingleput]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Coimbatore|Diocese of Coimbatore]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ootacamund|Diocese of Ootacamund]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore|Diocese of Vellore]]

== Statistics ==
The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Chennai-Mylapore]] is one of the oldest and largest diocese in India. At present there are about 128 parishes and 350+ sub stations in the diocese to enhance the Catholic faith. There are 75 Middle schools, 145 Higher Secondary Schools and 7 colleges are in the jurisdiction of the diocese to impart education to the children. And there are 39 Major and Minor [[Seminary|seminaries]] in the diocese.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About – Arch Diocese of Madras Mylapore |url=https://archdioceseofmadrasmylapore.in/about/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Count of Religious men and women are

* Diocesan Priest 173

* Religious Priest 273
* Religious Brothers 182
* Religious sisters 1551

==Patron Saints==
===Saint Thomas the Apostle===
[[Saint Thomas the Apostle]], is the primary patron of this Archdiocese. According to tradition, Saint Thomas, one of the twelve [[Apostles]] of [[Jesus Christ]] walked on the sands of [[Mylapore]] and preached the [[Gospel]] to the people who embraced [[Christianity]]. This great Apostle was martyred on [[St.Thomas Mount]], near [[Mylapore]] in the year 72 AD and his mortal remains were buried in [[Santhome]] in the [[Church (building)|Church]] built by him.

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* The tomb of St. [[Thomas the Apostle]] is in Chennai.<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=17 Oct 2019}}</ref>
* Ven. [[António Barroso]], bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Thomas of Mylapore|diocese of Saint Thomas of Mylapore]]
* Servant of God, Mother Thatipatri Gnanamma<ref name="CCBI" />

== Religious congregations, societies and institutes ==
=== Religious institutes of men ===

* Oblates of Mary Immaculate
* Brothers of St.Patrick's
* Carmelites of Mary Immaculate
* Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament
* Congregation of the Missions
* Congregation of the Holy Redeemer
* Herald of Good News
* Holy Cross Brothers of Sacred Heart
* Hospitaller Brothers of St.John of God
*Missionaries of Mary Immaculate
*Missionaries of St.Francis De Sales
*Missionary Brothers of Charity
*Monfort Brothers of St.Gabriel
*Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans)
*Order of Friars Minor (Capuchins)
*Salesians of Don Bosco
*Servants of Charity
*Society of Jesus
*Society of St.Paul
*Sons of Immaculate Heart of Mary

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore}}
* [http://www.archdioceseofmadrasmylapore.in Archdioceseofmadreasmylapore.in]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/madr0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmamy.html Catholic Hierarchy]

{{coord|13.0337|N|80.2775|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madras And Mylapore}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1640s]]
[[Category:1642 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]

Sithalapathy Muktheeswarar Temple

2026-02-22T18:58:43Z

Scopex: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sithalapathy Muktheeswarar Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.94393|79.63574|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruvarur]]
| location = Sethalapathy in [[Tiruvarur district]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]]
| architecture =
}}
[[File:Thilagaipathi temple1.jpg|200x200px|right|The entrance of the temple|thumb]]
'''Sithalapathy Muktheeswarar Temple'''<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web
|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=538
|title= Sri Muktheeswarar temple
|work=Dinamalar temples
|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref>
(சிதலப்பதி முத்தீசுவரர் கோயில்])is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Sethalapathy in [[Tiruvarur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The presiding deity is [[Shiva]]. He is called as Muktheeswarar.<ref name="dm">[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=538 Sri Muktheeswarar temple]</ref> His consort is known as Porkodi Nayagi.<ref name="st">[http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc058.php Madhimuktheeswarar Temple, Tiruthiladaipathi]</ref>

== Significance ==
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Tirugnanasambandar]].<ref name="st"/>

== Literary Mention ==
[[File: Thilagaipathi temple2.jpg|left|100x150px|thumb|Vimana of the presiding deity]]
Tirugnanasambandar the feature of the deity as:<ref>Tirugnanasambandar Tevaram, II: 118:5</ref>
{{cquote|புரவியேழும் மணிபூண் டியங்குங்கொடித் தேரினான் 
பரவிநின்று வழிபாடு செய்யும்பர மேட்டியூர் 
விரவிஞாழல் விரிகோங்கு வேங்கைசுர புன்னைகள் 
மரவமவ்வல் மலருந் திலதைம் மதிமுத்தமே.}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title= Sri Muktheeswarar temple
|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=538 |publisher =[[Dinamalar]]}}
* {{cite web|title= Madhimuktheeswarar Temple, Tiruthiladaipathi
|url= http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc058.php |publisher=Shiva Temples of Tamilnadu, Paadal Petra Sivasthalangal}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Hindustan Zindabad

2026-02-13T22:19:21Z

Scopex: page fix

{{Short description|Indian patriotic slogan}}
'''Hindustan Zindabad''' ({{audio-nohelp|Hindustan Zindabad pronunciation.ogg|listen}}, {{langx|hi|हिन्दुस्तान ज़िन्दाबाद}}, {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|ہندوستان زِندہ باد}}}} literally ''Long live [[Hindustan]]'') is a originally [[Persian language|Persian]] phrase and [[battle cry]] most commonly used in the [[Republic of India]] in speeches and communications pertaining to or referring to patriotism towards India, and has been used since the [[British Raj]] in the [[colonial India]].<ref name="Sehgal2020">{{cite book |last1=Sehgal |first1=Raghbir |last2=Sehgal |first2=Kabir |title=Close the Loop |date=5 May 2020 |publisher=Hachette Originals |isbn=978-1-5387-3538-1 |language=en |quote="Hindustan Zindabad," which means "Long live India" in Hindustani, a language of North India}}</ref> It translates to "Long Live India".<ref>{{cite book|page=276|author=Sarina Singh|title=Lonely Planet India|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2009|edition=13, illustrated|isbn=9781741791518|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&q=hindustan+zindabad&pg=PA276}}</ref> It is a nationalistic slogan,<ref>{{cite book|page=82|author=Christine Everaer|title=Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories|publisher=BRILL|year=2010|edition=annotated|isbn=9789004177314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&q=hindustan+zindabad&pg=PA82}}</ref> and has been used in nationalist protests such as radical peasant movements in post-colonial India.<ref>{{cite book|page=61|author=Debal K. Singha Roy|title=Peasant Movements in Post-Colonial India: Dynamics of Mobilization and Identity|publisher=SAGE|year=2004|isbn=9780761998273|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAqxW-PFo_UC&q=hindustan+zindabad&pg=PA61}}</ref> Another variation of the slogan is [[Jai Hind]]. Such slogans are common while cheering the Indian team in cricket matches.<ref name="iz">{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/india-zindabad-rings-across-dubai-cricket-victory-20110403-060220-003.html|title=India Zindabad! rings across Dubai after cricket victory|author=Nikhita Sanotra|date=3 April 2011|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/world-cup-semifinal-mohali-citizens-throw-open-homes-to-pak-fans/768315|title=World Cup semifinal: Mohali citizens throw open homes to Pak fans|date=24 March 2011|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
In contemporary usage, the word ''[[Hindustan]]'' generally refers to the modern country of [[India]] since [[Partition of India|1947]]. It is conventionally believed to be derived from the [[Old Persian]] word ''Hindu'', which in turn is derived from ''Sindhu'', the [[Sanskrit]] name for the [[Indus River]].<ref>{{citation |last=Lipner |first=Julis |year=1998 |title=Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–8}}</ref> Old Persian refers to the people living beyond the Indus as ''Hinduš''. This combined with the [[Avestan]] suffix ''[[-stan|-stān]]'' (cognate to Sanskrit "sthān", both meaning "place")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-21211,00.html |title=Unlimited: What does -istan" mean as in Pakistan, Uzbekistan or Afghanistan? |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref> results in ''Hindustan'', as the land on the other side (from Persia) of the Indus.

''[[Zindabad (disambiguation)|Zindabad]]'' (may [idea, person, country] live forever) is a typical [[Urdu and Persian]] suffix that is placed after a person or a country name. It is used to express victory, patriotism or as a prayer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-14444-Pakistan-India-have-no-option-but-to-promote-peace-Shahbaz |title=Pakistan, India have no option but to promote peace: Shahbaz |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date= 2012-05-08|accessdate=2012-06-06}}</ref>

== Use in episodes of violence ==
The slogan ''Hindustan Zindabad'', and its counterpart, ''[[Pakistan Zindabad]]'', were used during [[partition of India|the partition of India]] in episodes of sexual violence against women: the slogans were often tattooed on the bodies of victims of collective rapes.<ref>{{cite book |page=43 |title=Borders & Boundaries: Women in India's Partition |author=Ritu Menon |author2=Kamla Bhasin |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780813525525 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNN4SE7cL60C&q=Hindustan+Zindabad&pg=PA43}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The slogan's popular usage in recent times is likely to be credited to the film ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]''. The film tells the story of a Sikh man named Tara Singh ([[Sunny Deol]]), who falls in love with a Muslim woman named Sakina Ali ([[Ameesha Patel]]) during partition of India. However, Sakina's father disapproved of the marriage, primarily due to religious and national differences, but allowed the marriage to continue under the condition that Singh converts to Islam and shouts‌ {{lang|hi|हिन्दुस्तान मुर्दाबाद}} ''Hindustan Murdabad'' (death to India) in full view of hundreds of witnesses in Pakistan; instead of following the latter, Singh defiantly proclaims ''Hindustan Zindabad'' and then uproots a hand pump and kills a few locals belonging to an attacking mob enraged from his remarks.<ref>{{cite AV media
| people = | date = 2001 | title = Gadar: Ek Prem Katha | trans-title = Revolt: A Love Story | medium = Motion Picture | language = hi | publisher = [[Zee Telefilms]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Bharat_Mata#Significance|Bharat Mata Ki Jai]]
*[[Jai Hind]]
*[[Indian Nationalism]]
*[[Inquilab Zindabad]]
*[[Vive, Viva]]
*[[Bangladesh Zindabad]]
*[[Pakistan Zindabad]]
*[[Joy Bangla (slogan)|Joy Bangla]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=33em}}

[[Category:Battle cries]]
[[Category:Nationalism in India]]
[[Category:Indian political slogans]]
[[Category:Urdu words and phrases]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]

Shyamanand Jalan

2026-02-12T02:43:56Z

Scopex: made the data w/ infobox...

{{short description|Indian thespian}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Shyamanand Jalan
| image =Shyamanand Jalan - Kolkata 2004-05-02 01412 Cropped.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|01|13}}
| birth_place =[[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|05|24|1934|01|13}}
| death_place =[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| known_for =Founder-director ''[[Padatik (Indian theatre group)|Padatik]]'' (1972) theatre group
| alma_mater =[[Scottish Church College, Calcutta]]
| occupation =theatre director, actor
| years_active =1949–2009
| notable_works =
| organization =Vice-Chairman [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] (1999–2004)
}}

'''Shyamanand Jalan''' (13 January 1934 – 24 May 2010) was a [[Kolkata]]-based [[India]]n theatre director, and actor.<ref>{{cite news |title=The wonder of words: A chat with theatre doyen Shyamanand Jalan|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/12/stories/2009011250290200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105070220/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/12/stories/2009011250290200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 January 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He is credited for the renaissance period of modern [[Indian theatre]] and especially the [[Hindi theatre]] in Kolkata from the 1960s to 1980s. He was the first to perform modernist [[Mohan Rakesh]], starting with ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (One Day in Ashad) in 1960<ref name=hincap/> and in the coming years bridged the gap between Hindi theatre and [[Bengali theatre]], by mounting Hindi productions of works by Bengali playwrights, like [[Badal Sircar]]'s ''Evam Indrajit'' (1968) and ''Pagla Ghora'' (1971), which in turn introduced Sircar to rest of the country.<ref name=kas/><ref name=hin/><ref name=hint/> His big screen venture ''[[Eashwar Mime Co.]]'' (2005) was an adaptation of [[Dibyendu Palit]]'s story, ''Mukhabhinoy'', by [[Vijay Tendulkar]].<ref name=hint>{{cite news |title=Not lost in translation: Bengal's Hindi thespian turns to cinema |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=151722 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 October 2005 }}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

As an actor in stage plays, he appeared as the don in [[Roland Joffe]]'s 1992 film ''[[City of Joy (1992 film)|City of Joy]]''. He also worked with [[parallel cinema]] directors. He acted in [[Mrinal Sen]]'s television series, ''Tasveer Apni Apni'', and later in ''[[Arohan (film)|Arohan]]'' by [[Shyam Benegal]], ''Kahan Kahan Se Guzar Gaya'' by [[MS Sathyu]], and ''[[Chokh]]'' (1982) by [[Utpalendu Chakrabarty]].

He co-founded theatre group ''Anamika'' in 1955, [[impresario]] organisation ''Anamika Kala Sangam'' in 1967, and later in 1972, he left Anamika to form his own ''[[Padatik (Indian theatre group)|Padatik]]'' theatre group, of which he remained director for the rest of his life; Padatik Dance Center was launched in 1989, a school for Classical and Contemporary Dance in Kolkata. He received the 1972 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Direction, awarded by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012 }}</ref> and later remained the vice-chairman of the Akademi (1999–2004).<ref name=sna>{{cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi: Condolence Resolution |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/obituary/condolence_shri_shyamanand_jalan.htm |year=2010 |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727234106/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/obituary/condolence_shri_shyamanand_jalan.htm |archive-date=27 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name=hi/>

==Early life and education==
Born in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, to a Kolkata-based [[Marwaris|Marwari]] family of Ishwari Prasad Jalan who was a solicitor by profession and later turned to politics,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Interview |journal=Mainstream|year=1995 |volume= 33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHThAAAAMAAJ&q=Jalan |issue= 28–52 |page=28|publisher=N. Chakravarty}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shyamanand Jalan: Eminenet theatre actor Shyamanand Jalan dead {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Eminenet-theatre-actor-Shyamanand-Jalan-dead/articleshow/5970813.cms |access-date=12 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2010 |language=en}}</ref> Jalan studied at the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta|Scottish Church College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]], and was a part of the [[Burrabazar]] Students' Congress.<ref name=sna/><ref name=hi>{{cite news |title=Shyamanand Jalan's death condoled |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/26/stories/2010052659530400.htm |date=26 May 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040741/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/26/stories/2010052659530400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref>

==Career==
===Early career and Anamika years===
Jalan started his career as a lawyer and subsequently headed a legal firm in Kolkata, and at the same time also worked both as a theatre actor and director.{{Citation needed|date= January 2022}}

He started his acting career with play ''Naya Samaj'' in 1949, followed by ''Samasya'' (1951) directed by Tarun Roy in 1951. He directed his play ''Ek Thi Rajkumari'' (1953), a children's play, written by Roy, in Hindi. This was followed by ''Konark'' (1954) by [[Jagdish Chandra Mathur]] and ''Chandragupta'' (1955) by Seth Govind Das. He continued to act in most of his plays, sometimes playing the lead and even into his later years.{{Citation needed|date= January 2022}}

He was the first theatre director to recognise the plays of [[Mohan Rakesh]], when he staged his ''Ashadh Ka Ek Din'' (One Day in Ashadh) in 1960,<ref name=hincap/><ref name=kas/> which had a competition organised by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 1959, and was soon established as the first modern Hindi play. This was also a breakthrough play for Jalan as well, as for the first time he was able to showcase an in-depth study of the complexity of human existence, to critical acclaim.<ref name=com>{{cite book |title=The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama, Volume 2 |author=Gabrielle H. Cody |author2=Evert Sprinchorn |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-14424-7 |page=1116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQqOKWmjdQUC&q=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA1117 }}</ref> He subsequently staged ''Lehron Ke Rajhans'' (Swans of the Waves) in 1966 and ''Adhe Adhure'' (Halfway House) (1970), where he and his wife Chetna played the leads. His Hindi productions captured the magical realism of Bengali playwright [[Badal Sircar]]'s ''Evam Indrajit'' (1968), ''Pagla Ghora'' (Mad Horse) in 1971 in brought Sircar to national limelight. He was equally adept in handling harsh realism of Marathi playwright [[Vijay Tendulkar]]'s ''[[Sakhārām Binder]]'' and ''Khamosh Adalat Jari Hai'' (Hindi version of [[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]]), ''Panchi Aise Aate Hain'' (Thus Arrive the Birds) from his ''Ashi Pakhare Yeti'' in Marathi in 1971, ''Gidhade'' (The Vultures) in 1973 and ''Kanyadan'' (1987).<ref name=hint/>

His other plays include ''Kauva Chala Hans ki Chal'', Gyandev Agnihotri's ''Shuturmurg'' (Ostrich) (1967) and a production of Romanian playwright [[Mihail Sebastian]]'s '' Breaking News'' as ''Chhapte chhapte'' (Going to Print) in 1963, in the arena format.

His production displayed his respect for the script as he didn't alter a word, and over the year he started a collaborative approach towards his productions with the playwright, a new trend in Indian theatre. He often invited playwrights to the rehearsals, Mohan Rakesh who had been sceptical to excessive directorial influence on the integrity of the drama-in-performance, spent three weeks with the group, in Kolkata ahead of the 1966 production of ''Lehron Ke Rajhans'', and even rewrote the third act several times, completed two days before the opening night of the production, and revised it yet again before its publication in late 1966,<ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 89]]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The modernity of Sanskrit |author=Simona Sawhney|publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8166-4996-9|page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1Bs-GD7yZIC&q=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA73 }}</ref> and in time it became one of the important productive playwright-director relationship in Indian theatre.<ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 62]]</ref> While working on ''Evam Indrajit'' he extensively collaborated with Sircar.<ref name=tt>{{cite news |title=Eminent theatre actor Shyamanand Jalan dead|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Eminenet-theatre-actor-Shyamanand-Jalan-dead/articleshow/5970813.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-25/kolkata/28283397_1_hindi-theatre-sambhu-mitra-productions |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 25 May 2010}}</ref>

He co-founded theatre group ''Anamika'' in 1955 with [[Pratibha Agrawal]], a Hindi writer and a great granddaughter of [[Bhartendu Harishchandra]], which played a pioneering role in the revival of Hindi theatre.<ref name=kas>{{cite book |title=Pop culture India!: media, arts, and lifestyle |author=Asha Kasbekar |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006|isbn=1-85109-636-1 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&q=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA73 }}</ref> and remained with it till 1972, and during this period it created a large audience for Hindi theatre in Bengali speaking Kolkata. At the time, [[Usha Ganguly]] of ''[[Rangakarmee]]''' was only other director, to be actively involved in Hindi theatre in the city, just as [[Satyadev Dubey]] was in Bombay.<ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 440]]</ref><ref name=cal/>

===Padatik===
He co-established the impresario institution ''Anamika Kala Sangam'' in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile |url=http://anamikakalasangam.com/profile.htm |publisher=Anamika Kala Sangam website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707135036/http://anamikakalasangam.com/profile.htm |archive-date=7 July 2011 }}</ref> Subsequently, along with his wife Chetana Jalan, the well-known Kathak dancer and stage actress, and actor [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], he left Anamika in 1971 and established ''Padatik'' (literally foot-soldier) theatre group in 1972, of which he was the founding director. This gave him a chance to venture into bolder themes, like those in Vijay Tendukar's plays like
''Gidhade'' (The Vultures) (1973) and ''Sakharam Binder'' (1979), and [[Mahashweta Devi]]'s ''Hazar Chaurasi Ki Ma'' (Mother of 1084) (1978), with his new venture he stepped beyond Indianism, modernism, or experimentalism. Padatik in the coming years, started inviting outside directors like, Ranjit Kapoor, Satyadev Dubey, Bennevitz, Rajinder Nath, and Rodney Marriot, and soon the group was performing three productions in a year.<ref name=hincap>{{cite news |title=Capturing Jalan's journey |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/01/28/stories/2011012850150300.htm |date=28 January 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040927/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/01/28/stories/2011012850150300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name=sna/><ref name=cal>{{cite news |title=Calcutta, home to Hindi Theatre |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/advertise.nsf/%28docid%29/70B426B140A9AA74652569420029534A |work=The Hindu |date=29 October 1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725211658/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/advertise.nsf/%28docid%29/70B426B140A9AA74652569420029534A |archive-date=25 July 2011 }}</ref> In time, dramatic speech and theatricality became the hallmark of Padatik plays and most notably Badal Sircar's ''Evam Indrajit'' (And Indrajit) remembered for its stylised movement and speech.<ref>{{cite book |title=McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of world drama: an international reference work, Volume 3|author=Stanley Hochman, McGraw-Hill, inc|publisher=VNR AG|year=1984|isbn=0-07-079169-4 |page=44 }}</ref>

Along with his wife he founded Padatik dance school in Kolkata, for classical as well as contemporary dance.<ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 397]]</ref> He also remained associated with ''Natya Shodh Sasthan'' Kolkata, an archive of Indian theatre for many years. Long before trend government funded festivals started, he organised the first performing arts festival, a "Chhau Festival" bringing together three forms of [[Chhau dance]], i.e. Seraikella, [[Mayurbhanj Chhau|Mayurbanj]], Purulia, together on one platform, in March 1977 in Kolkata. ''Padatik'' also organised workshops on dance, lec-dems of Gurus of Indian dance including Kelucharan Mohapatra, Vempati Chinna Satyam, Guru Bipin Singh, Birju Maharaj, apart from organising three major international theatre, dance, martial arts conferences in which theatre personalities like [[Peter Brook]], [[Eugenio Barba]], [[Tadashi Suzuki]], [[Richard Schechner]], [[Anna Halprin]] and leading theatre directors and actors from all over India, participated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tribute: Shyamanand Jalan |author=Sunil Kothari |author-link=Sunil Kothari |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl118.html |date=29 May 2010 |publisher=nartaki.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518062151/http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl118.html |archive-date=18 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Between theater & anthropology|author= Richard Schechner|author-link=Richard Schechner|year=1985 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-8122-1225-8 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2sHhxkq7bAC&q=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA73 }}</ref>

He also acted in Bengali productions, like ''Tughlaq'' (1972), a Bengali version of [[Girish Karnad]]'s play performed by Padatik under his own direction,<ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 245]]</ref> for Pashchimbanga Natya Unnayan Samity, which featured stage actors, like [[Sombhu Mitra]], Debabrata Dutta and [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]. He is credited for not only reviving Hindi theatre in Kolkata, but also by performing plays by Bengali playwrights like [[Badal Sircar]]'s ''Paagla Ghoda'' and ''Evam Indrajit'' in Hindi, bridging the gap between North Indian and Bengali theatre.<ref name=hin>{{cite news |title=Remembering Jalan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article446583.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 June 2010 |location=Chennai, India |first=Shailaja |last=Tripathi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132722/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article446583.ece |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref> He brought [[Kalidasa]]`s Sanskrit play ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' as ''Sakuntala'' to stage in 1980 with lyrical dance movements of [[Odissi]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Asian Theatre Program (University and College Theatre Association) |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |author2=Project Muse |year=1985 |volume= 2–3|page=217 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}</ref> and [[G. P. Deshpande]]`s politically charged Marathi-play ''Uddhwasta Dharmashala'' (A Man in Dark Times) in 1982.

He translated plays by [[Henrik Ibsen]] like ''Janta ka Shatru'' ([[An Enemy of the People]]) in 1959, [[Brecht]], ''Raja Lear'' from [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[King Lear]]'', and [[Moliere]]'s ''[[The Bourgeois Gentleman]]'' and ''[[The School for Wives]]''.<ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 447]]</ref> He adapted [[Rabindranath Tagore]], ''[[Ghare Baire]]'' (Home and Outside) in 1961, and dramatised [[Mahashweta Devi]]'s classic novel ''Hazar Churashir Ma'' (Mother of 1084) as ''Hazar Chaurasi Ki Ma'' in 1978. He later worked as the vice-chairman of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] from 1999 to 2004.,<ref name=hi/> and as the chairman of the [[Kathak Kendra]], New Delhi and [[Science City Kolkata|Science City]] and the [[Birla Industrial & Technological Museum]] (BITM), Kolkata. He had also been governing body member of the [[National Council of Science Museums]].<ref name=tt/> He also directed ''Ramkatha Ram-Kahani'' (1995), performed by dancers from Padatik Dance Centre, under Chetna Jalan.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's kathak dance, past present, future|author=Reginald Massey|year=1999 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-374-4|page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFXkPk3zMeYC&q=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=RA1-PA68 }}</ref>

In 2005, he directed first and only film ''Eashwar Mime Co.'', an adaptation of [[Dibyendu Palit]]'s story, ''Mukhabhinoy'', by Vijay Tendulkar. The film is story of a travelling mime company selling products and a writer's views upon its journey, it has two lead [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] playing the role mime company's owner while [[Pawan Malhotra]] did the role of the writer. Though it didn't get commercial released during his lifetime, it was screened at [[Durban International Film Festival]], the [[3 Continents Festival]] and the [[Kolkata Film Festival]].<ref name=hint/><ref name=topad>{{cite news |title=Special screening of Jalan's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-parties/regional/Special-screening-of-Jalans-film/articleshow/6613684.cms |date=24 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715215254/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-24/regional/28255782_1_special-screening-jalan-music |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 July 2012 }}</ref>

Nearly 42 years after he first presented Mohan Rakesh's ''Lehron Ke Rajhans'', he presented a new version, at the [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]] of the National School of Drama in 2009, to critical acclaim. The brochure of play reproduced two letters, one written by Jalan asking the playwright for clarifications and guidelines, and in the second the reply of Rakesh two months later, in fact after their discussions he rewrote third act.<ref name=tt/><ref>{{cite news|title=The wonder of words: A chat with theatre doyen Shyamanand Jalan|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/12/stories/2009011250290200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 January 2009|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105070220/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/12/stories/2009011250290200.htm|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref>

He died after a long illness at Kolkata on 24 May 2010, survived by his wife and six children.<ref name=tt/>

==Legacy==
His film ''[[Eashwar Mime Co.]]'' (2005), based on the art of [[mime]], was premiered at [[India Habitat Centre]], New Delhi on 2 August 2010,<ref>{{cite web |title=Padatik presents film premiere: Eashwar Mime Co. |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv10/prv408.html |date=25 July 2010 |publisher=narthaki.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311020634/http://narthaki.com/info/prv10/prv408.html |archive-date=11 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Talking silence|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/talking-silence/400998/|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=11 July 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708110841/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/talking-silence/400998/|archive-date=8 July 2011}}</ref> thereafter with a special screening on 11 September 2010 at [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]] theatre in Kolkata, the film was commercially released.<ref name=topad/><ref>{{cite news |title=Silent rage |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100919/jsp/calcutta/story_12951043.jsp |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |date=19 September 2010 |location=Calcutta, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125901/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100919/jsp/calcutta/story_12951043.jsp |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref> ''Padatik'' constituted the "Shyamanand Jalan National Youth Theatre Award" for original scripts from Indian playwrights aged between 18 and 25 years, in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayesha Nair to get Jalan theatre award |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/13/stories/2011011360820300.htm |date=13 January 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126082411/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/13/stories/2011011360820300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 January 2011 }}</ref>

On 4 December 2010, a book ''Shyamanand Jalan: A Pictorial Tribute'' by Madhuchhanda Chatterjee, was released at [[Rabindra Sadan]], Kolkata, followed by excerpts of some plays directed by him, enacted by actors he trained, or organised by Anamika Kala Sangam and Padatik. Also presented was ''Remembering Shyamanand '' by Rajinder Nath, Samik Bandyopadhyay, Pratibha Agrawal & others and a homage by Padatik, and 5th a Seminar titled, ''Kolkata Hindi Theatre and Shyamanand Jalan'' was held at the venue followed by a screening of excerpts from his works.<ref>{{cite news |title=IN MEMORIAM |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101204/jsp/calcutta/story_13257043.jsp |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |date=4 December 2010 |location=Calcutta, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629130057/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101204/jsp/calcutta/story_13257043.jsp |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref>

The 13th [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], the annual theatre festival of [[National School of Drama]] featured a special section on him. On 20 January 2011 at [[Kamani Auditorium]], Delhi, a retrospective-homage by Padatik, directed by Vinay Sharma, presented excerpts from five plays directed by Shyamanand Jalan, showcasing at least one representative work from each decade of the ''Padatik'' years, including ''Madhavi'' (2006), ''Ramkatha Ram-Kahani'' (1995), ''Adhey Adhurey'' (1983) and ''Sakharam Binder'' (1978).<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi gears up for mega winter theatre festival |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-gears-up-for-mega-winter-theatre-festival/139489-19.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=5 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302205618/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-gears-up-for-mega-winter-theatre-festival/139489-19.html |archive-date=2 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=High honour for Shyamanand Jalan |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/20/stories/2011012058670200.htm |date=20 January 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308163433/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/20/stories/2011012058670200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 March 2011 }}</ref>

==Productions==
* ''Ek Thi Rajkumari'' (1953)
* ''Konark'' (1954)
* ''Chandragupta'' (1955)
* ''Naye hath'' (New Hands) (1957)
* ''Janta ka Shatru'' ([[An Enemy of the People]]) (1959)
* ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (One Day in Ashad) (1960)<ref name=the>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 401]]</ref>
* ''[[Ghare Baire]]'' (Home and Outside) (1961)
* ''Chhapte chhapte'' (Going to Print) (1963)
* ''Lehron Ke Rajhans'' (Swans of the Waves) (1966)<ref name=the/>
* ''Shuturmurg'' (Ostrich) (1967)
* ''Evam Indrajit'' (One more Indrajit) (1968)
* ''Adhe Adhure'' (Halfway House) (1970)
* ''Pagla Ghora'' (Mad Horse) (1971)
* ''Tughlaq'' (1972)
* ''Gidhade'' (The Vultures) (1973)
* ''Hazar Chaurasi Ki Ma'' (Mother of 1084) (1978)
* ''Sakharam Binder'' (1979)
* ''Sakuntala'' (1980)
* ''Panchi Aise Aate Hain'' (Thus Arrive the Birds) (1981)
* ''Uddhwasta Dharmashala'' (A Man in Dark Times) (1982)
* ''Kanyadan'' (1987)
* ''Ramkatha Ram-Kahani'' (1995)
* ''Madhavi'' (2006)
* ''Lehron Ke Rajhans'' – New Version (2009)
* ''Ek Tha Jalan''- The Horse-od Version (2012)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book |title=Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and urban performance in India since 1947 |author=Aparna Bhargava Dharwadker|year=2005 |publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=0-87745-961-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&q=Shyamanand+Jalan&pg=PA401 |ref=Dh }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=The story of the Calcutta theatres, 1753–1980|author=Sushil Kumar Mukherjee |year=1982 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi }}
* {{cite book |title=Contemporary Indian theatre: interviews with playwrights and directors |author=Sangeet Natak Akademi|year=1989 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |page=74 }}
* ''Shyamanand Jalan: A Pictorial Tribute'' by Madhuchhanda Chatterjee. 2010.
* ''Remembering Shyamanand'' by Rajinder Nath, Samik Bandyopadhyay, Pratibha Agrawal & others.2010.

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0416082}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110227181703/http://www.padatik.org/index.html ''Padatik'', Official website]}}
*[http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=15764651 Shyamananda Jalan: Living through the theatre]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalan, Shyamanand}}
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Impresarios]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]

Jay Chhaniyara

2026-02-07T23:03:12Z

Scopex: adding initial article with sources

{{Short description|Indian stand-up comedian}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox comedian
|name=Jay Chhaniyara
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|10|22}}{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|birth_place=[[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|genre=stand-up comedy}}

'''Jay Chhaniyara''' (born 22 October 1993) is an Indian [[Stand-up comedy#India|stand-up comedian]]. A performer since the age of six, he came to public attention following appearances on Star One's [[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]. He has also performed on Zee TV in Aashayein, and on SAB TV longest show [[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]] in 2011 during Gokuldham Khel Mahotsav. Chhaniyara was diagnosed with [[cerebral palsy]] at an early age.

== Early life ==
Jay Chhaniyara was born in Rajkot, Gujarat. His father is a retired government servant in water supply board, His mother is a housewife. He has an elder brother named Ravi.

== Career ==

Chhaniyara started to perform to his family as a child to deal with the pain of operations.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} His parents arranged for him to perform publicly during the Gujarati festival of [[Navratra]]. The audiences were enthralled and there was a standing ovation for him.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.laughwithjay.com/news/india-today-king-of-comedy-112.jpg Winner of Marshalls Comedy Award]
*[http://www.laughwithjay.com/news1.html Laughing is Jay's way to Fame]
*[http://www.laughwithjay.com/divya-bhaskar.html Divya Bhaskar, Gujarat]
*[http://www.laughwithjay.com/news25.html Jay Chhaniyara can walk now]
*[http://www.laughwithjay.com/city-bhaskar-hyadrabad.html City Bhaskar, Hydarabad]
*[http://miraclesworldrecords.tumblr.com/post/95352585753/mr-jay-d-chhaniyara-born-on-october-22nd-1993 Miracle World Records]
*[http://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/child-artist/jay-chhaniyara]
*[https://www.instagram.com/jay.comedian/ Profile]

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhaniyara, Jay, comedianjay}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian people with disabilities]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot]]
[[Category:People with cerebral palsy]]

Lalit Kolhe

2026-02-02T12:25:09Z

Scopex: refine intro for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lalit Kolhe
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1975|01|22}}<ref name=jcmc>{{cite web |title=Mayors's Desk |url=http://www.jcmc.gov.in/english/mayor.html |publisher=jcmc.gov.in |date=29 August 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| residence =
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| style =
| home_town =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| height = 
| weight = 
| title = [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation|Former Mayor of Jalgaon]]
| term = September 2017<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shoumojit |title=MNS's Kolhe is Jalgaon mayor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mnss-kolhe-is-jalgaon-mayor/article19638607.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 September 2017}}</ref>
| predecessor = Nitin Ladda
| successor = Incumbent
| title1 = [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation|Deputy Mayor of Jalgaon]]
| term1 = 2016–2017
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Corporator]], [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation]]
| constituency2 = [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start2 = 1996
| term_end2 = 2016
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since July 2018) [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] Khandesh Vikas Aghadi
| spouse = 
}}
'''Lalit Vijay Kolhe''' is an Indian politician. He is affiliated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] since July 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=महापौर कोल्हे भाजपवासी |url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/jalgaon-news/jalgaon-mayor-lalit-kolhe-entry-in-bjp-with-five-corporators-in-jalgaon-municipal-corporation/articleshow/64910566.cms |newspaper=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=9 July 2018 |language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=मनसेचे गटनेते ललित कोल्हे महापौर |url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/jalgaon-news/mns-lalit-kolhe-elected-mayor-of-jalgaon-municipal-corporation/articleshow/60414315.cms |newspaper=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=8 September 2017 |language=Marathi}}</ref> He was formerly associated with [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Shrinivas |title=BJP scores spectacular victory over Cong-NCP in Sangli and Jalgaon despite Maratha stir civic polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/bjp-scores-spectacular-victory-over-cong-ncp-in-sangli-and-jalgaon-despite-maratha-stir-civic-polls/story-63Q2nZnptZ3H7nYXzfCfYL.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=जळगावचे महापौर ललित कोल्हे यांच्यासह सहा नगरसेवक भाजपत |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-NMAH-JAL-LCL-six-municipal-corporators-with-mayor-kolhe-enter-in-bjp-5912421-NOR.html |publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |date=9 July 2018 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

He was elected as the [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation|Mayor of Jalgaon]] in September 2017, succeeded by Nitin Ladda.<ref name=Hindu/> Before his appointment to Mayor of [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation]], he was serving as the [[Jalgaon]]'s [[deputy mayor]], with support of [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]] and Khandesh Vikas Aghadi, a party led by former Maharashtra Minister [[Suresh Jain]].<ref name=indianexpress>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Zeeshan |title=MNS corporator set to become Jalgaon mayor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mns-corporator-set-to-become-jalgaon-mayor-4815464/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 August 2017}}</ref>

He unsuccessfully contested the [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] and [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] legislative assembly election from [[Jalgaon (Assembly constituency)]] on the ticket of [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jalgaon Election Results |url=http://www.elections.in/results/jalgaon-mh.html |publisher=Elections.in |date=29 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General elections to State legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |website=Maharashtra.gov.in |date=29 August 2019}}</ref>

Kolhe served as a corporator to the [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation]] for Ward No.17-B from 1996 to 2016.<ref name=ejalgaon>{{cite web |title=Election Results Archive – Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation Third Term Election |url=http://www.ejalgaon.com/Elections/JCMC2013/ |publisher=Ejalgaon.com |date=29 August 2019}}</ref>

He also served as the [[Nagpur district]] president of [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]<ref name=jcmc/> and he resigned from his post in November 2014.<ref name=webindia>{{cite news |title=MNS leader Lalit Kolhe resigns from his post |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20141105/2489423.html |publisher=Webindia123 |date=5 November 2014}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Refs.
|-
| 01 || 2017 || Incumbent || [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation|Mayor of Jalgaon]] ||<ref name=Hindu/>
|-
| 02 || 2016 || 2017|| [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation|Deputy Mayor of Jalgaon]]||<ref name=indianexpress/>
|-
| 03 || 1996|| 2016|| [[Corporator]], [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation]]||<ref name=ejalgaon/>
|-
| 04 || -|| 2014 || Chief, [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]], [[Jalgaon district]] ||<ref name=webindia/>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolhe, Lalit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Navnirman Sena politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Tiger 3 (soundtrack)

2026-01-24T04:46:48Z

Scopex: made a pg first draft

{{Unreliable sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Tiger 3
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| cover = Tiger 3 album cover.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 20 November 2023
| recorded = 2021–2023
| venue =
| studio = YRF Studios, Mumbai
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:09
| language = Hindi
| label = [[YRF Music]]
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| prev_title = [[The Great Indian Family]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Dunki (soundtrack)|Dunki]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|N6dHGCKB8To|Tiger 3 Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Tiger 3
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Leke Prabhu Ka Naam
| single1date = 19 October 2023
| single2 = Ruaan
| single2date = 25 October 2023
}}
}}

'''''Tiger 3''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2023 film [[Tiger 3|of the same name]] directed by [[Maneesh Sharma]] and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under [[Yash Raj Films]]. The fifth instalment in the [[YRF Spy Universe]] and a circumquel to ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012) and ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' (2017), the film stars [[Salman Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]], reprising their roles from the predecessors and [[Emraan Hashmi]] as the antagonist. [[Pritam]] composed two songs for the film, which were written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] and [[Irshad Kamil]]. Tanuj Tiku composed the [[film score]].

The soundtrack accompanies the two tracks composed by Pritam, and six themes produced and curated by Tiku. Pritam's compositions were released separately as [[Single (music)|singles]], and the album was released by [[YRF Music]] on 20 November 2023.

== Development ==
In March 2021, it was announced that Pritam would compose the soundtrack for ''Tiger 3''. He would be the third composer in the spy universe, following [[Sohail Sen]] and [[Sajid–Wajid]] for ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012; for which he was initially under consideration but had to opt out owing to commitment conflicts with ''[[Dhoom 3]]'') and [[Vishal–Shekhar]] for ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' (2017), ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' (2019) and ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' (2023).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=2021-03-22 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Pritam comes on board Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif's Tiger 3; Shoot going on in full swing |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-pritam-comes-board-salman-khan-and-katrina-kaif-s-tiger-3-shoot-going-full-swing-657928 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324205411/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-pritam-comes-board-salman-khan-and-katrina-kaif-s-tiger-3-shoot-going-full-swing-657928 |archive-date=2021-03-24 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=Pritam comes on board as the music composer for Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif's Tiger 3 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pritam-comes-board-music-composer-salman-khan-katrina-kaifs-tiger-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622053405/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pritam-comes-board-music-composer-salman-khan-katrina-kaifs-tiger-3/ |archive-date=2021-06-22 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> The film also marked Pritam's fourth collaboration with Khan after ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' and ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' (both 2011), ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015) and ''[[Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)|Tubelight]]'' (2017) and first with Sharma. Tanuj Tiku composed the [[film score]], replacing Julius Packiam who scored the predecessors.

Pritam started working on the film's songs by March 2021 where most of the tracks are in the urban space and produced two tracks during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=2024-01-05 |title=Music director Pritam {{!}} The hit machine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20240115-music-director-pritam-the-hit-machine-2484611-2024-01-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110105735/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20240115-music-director-pritam-the-hit-machine-2484611-2024-01-05 |archive-date=2024-01-10 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Initially, Vishal–Shekhar were originally considered to score ''Tiger 3'' after they did the same for ''Tiger Zinda Hai''.<ref name=":0" /> But as the duo already had signed for ''Pathaan'', Chopra decided to rope Pritam so that it would provide a distinct touch for the spy universe films. Chopra further invested a considerable amount of budget to shoot the songs in grand scale with Khan and Kaif.<ref name=":0" />

On 19 October 2023, singer [[Arijit Singh]] announced that he would record his first song for Khan after his dispute with the actor at an award show in 2014, which led to him being barred from performing vocals for Khan's films.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-10-19 |title=Salman Khan, Arijit Singh collaborate for 'Tiger 3' songs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/salman-khan-arijit-singh-collaborate-for-tiger-3-songs/article67437708.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815225743/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/salman-khan-arijit-singh-collaborate-for-tiger-3-songs/article67437708.ece |archive-date=2024-08-15 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-19 |title=Salman Khan-Arijit Singh finally coming together for Tiger 3; 'It was a collaboration waiting to happen,' says Pritam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salman-khan-arijit-singh-finally-coming-together-for-tiger-3-it-was-a-collaboration-waiting-to-happen-says-pritam/articleshow/104549347.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024232829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salman-khan-arijit-singh-finally-coming-together-for-tiger-3-it-was-a-collaboration-waiting-to-happen-says-pritam/articleshow/104549347.cms |archive-date=2023-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Singh further recorded two of the tracks from the album: "Leke Prabhu Ka Naam" and "Ruaan".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=2023-10-19 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Arijit Singh to be the voice of Salman Khan for the first time in YRF's Tiger 3 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-arijit-singh-to-be-the-voice-of-salman-khan-for-the-first-time-in-yrfs-tiger-3-1252236 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026221700/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-arijit-singh-to-be-the-voice-of-salman-khan-for-the-first-time-in-yrfs-tiger-3-1252236 |archive-date=2023-10-26 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> Pritam advocated to Sharma on composing a romantic number for Hashmi's character, despite being the film's antagonist, as he shared a successful track record with the actor on his compositions, which were romantic melodies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Tiger 3 actor Emraan Hashmi reveals Pritam urged makers to give romantic song to his character |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-tiger-3-actor-emraan-hashmi-reveals-pritam-urged-makers-to-give-romantic-song-to-his-character-1259518 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127215159/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-tiger-3-actor-emraan-hashmi-reveals-pritam-urged-makers-to-give-romantic-song-to-his-character-1259518 |archive-date=2023-11-27 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> However, the track did not materialize.

== Release ==
The ''Tiger 3'' soundtrack was preceded by three singles: The song "Leke Prabhu Ka Naam" was released as [[Single (music)|single]], on the same day, as Singh's announcement on 19 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Tiger 3 song Leke Prabhu Ka Naam: Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif sizzle it up as Arijit Singh sings for Bhai. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-3-song-leke-prabhu-ka-naam-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-sizzle-it-up-arijit-singh-first-collaboration-after-fallout-watch-8995682/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023132922/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-3-song-leke-prabhu-ka-naam-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-sizzle-it-up-arijit-singh-first-collaboration-after-fallout-watch-8995682/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> It was performed by Singh and Nikhita Gandhi with lyrics written by Bhattacharya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2023-10-20 |title=Leke Prabhu Ka Naam song: Salman Khan and Katrina are back in Swag |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/leke-prabhu-ka-naam-song-salman-khan-and-katrina-are-back-in-swag |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028154339/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/leke-prabhu-ka-naam-song-salman-khan-and-katrina-are-back-in-swag |archive-date=2023-10-28 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Tiger 3's first song 'Leke Prabhu Ka Naam' shows Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif's chemistry like never before |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tiger-3-song-leke-prabhu-ka-naam-salman-khan-and-arijit-singhs-first-collaboration-is-magical-katrina-kaifs-dance-moves-steal-the-show-13285162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025192744/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tiger-3-song-leke-prabhu-ka-naam-salman-khan-and-arijit-singhs-first-collaboration-is-magical-katrina-kaifs-dance-moves-steal-the-show-13285162.html |archive-date=2023-10-25 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The second single "Ruaan", a romantic number sung by Singh and written by Kamil, was released on 25 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title='Tiger 3' song 'Ruaan' featuring Salman and Katrina out but here's the catch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tiger-3-ruaan-lyrical-song-out-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-arijit-singh-2458953-2023-11-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109065128/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tiger-3-ruaan-lyrical-song-out-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-arijit-singh-2458953-2023-11-06 |archive-date=2023-11-09 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2023 |title='Tiger 3' song 'Ruaan': Salman Khan shows of his sizzling chemistry with Katrina Kaif in new love ballad sung by Arijit Singh - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tiger-3-song-ruaan-salman-khan-shows-of-his-sizzling-chemistry-with-katrina-kaif-in-new-love-ballad-sung-by-arijit-singh-watch/articleshow/105016599.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112134013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tiger-3-song-ruaan-salman-khan-shows-of-his-sizzling-chemistry-with-katrina-kaif-in-new-love-ballad-sung-by-arijit-singh-watch/articleshow/105016599.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The soundtrack was released through YRF Music on 28 October, that included the earlier released singles.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2023 |title=Tiger 3 – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6AgKY9DZqh6C2lkMyCC8pn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122192809/https://open.spotify.com/album/6AgKY9DZqh6C2lkMyCC8pn |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=28 November 2023 |publisher=Spotify}}</ref> On 18 November, four tracks were included to the album, which were the compositions from the background score by Tanuj Tiku.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=Tiger 3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Pritam and Tanuj Tiku |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/tiger-3-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1717370095 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002150329/https://music.apple.com/in/album/tiger-3-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1717370095 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> This includes the main theme, "Tiger x Zoya Theme", "Aatish's Theme" and "Tiger x Pathaan Theme".<ref name=":2" /> The main theme featured [[Julius Packiam]]'s theme from the first film being incorporated as well as in "Tiger x Pathaan Theme" that also had [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara|Sanchit and Ankit Balhara]]'s theme from ''Pathaan''.<ref name=":2" /> Also released as a part of an extended soundtrack is the "Tiger 3 x War 2 Theme" that was composed for the upcoming film ''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]'' (2025) by Sanchit and Ankit Balhara.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=24 November 2023 |title=Tiger 3 x War 2 Theme |url=https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDGA2F5QqUc&si=YLLWzNNaa_a8I21A |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203060208/https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDGA2F5QqUc&si=YLLWzNNaa_a8I21A |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=YouTube Music}}</ref> It was separately released as a single on 24 November 2023.<ref name=":3" />

== Track listing ==

=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| total_length = 21:12
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Leke Prabhu Ka Naam
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| lyrics1 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| music1 = [[Pritam]]
| length1 = 3:35
| title2 = Ruaan
| extra2 = Arijit Singh
| lyrics2 = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| music2 = Pritam
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Tiger 3 Theme
| extra3 = [[Instrumental]]
| lyrics3 = —
| music3 = Tanuj Tiku, [[Julius Packiam]]
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Tiger x Zoya Theme
| extra4 = Abhishek Nailwal
| lyrics4 = —
| music4 = Tanuj Tiku
| length4 = 2:52
| title5 = Aatish’s Theme
| extra5 = Instrumental
| lyrics5 = —
| music5 = Tanuj Tiku
| length5 = 2:27
| title6 = Tiger x Pathaan Theme
| extra6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 = —
| music6 = Tanuj Tiku, Julius Packiam, [[Sanchit Balhara]], [[Ankit Balhara]]
| length6 = 4:16
}}
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Extended soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title7 = Tiger 3 x War 2 Theme
| length7 = 2:23
| lyrics7 = —
| music7 = Tanuj Tiku, Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| extra7 = Instrumental
| total_length = 23:35
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Non-album Singles
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 4:34
| title1 = Tiger Ka Message
| length1 = 1:43
| lyrics1 = —
| music1 = Tanuj Tiku, Anckur Chaudhry
| extra1 = [[Salman Khan]]
| title2 = Tiger 3
| note2 = Official Trailer
| length2 = 2:51
| lyrics2 = —
| music2 = Tanuj Tiku, Anckur Chaudhry
| extra2 = Instrumental
}}

=== Tamil ===
{{Track listing
| total_length = 21:09
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tiger Partyla Naam
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Anusha Mani]]
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| music1 = Pritam
| length1 = 3:35
| title2 = Uyirula Ula
| extra2 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| lyrics2 = Madhan Karky
| music2 = Pritam
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Tiger 3 Theme
| extra3 = Instrumental
| lyrics3 = —
| music3 = Tanuj Tiku, Julius Packiam
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Tiger x Zoya Theme
| extra4 = Abhishek Nailwal
| lyrics4 = —
| music4 = Tanuj Tiku
| length4 = 2:52
| title5 = Aatish’s Theme
| extra5 = Instrumental
| lyrics5 = —
| music5 = Tanuj Tiku
| length5 = 2:27
| title6 = Tiger x Pathaan Theme
| extra6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 = —
| music6 = Tanuj Tiku, Julius Packiam, Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| length6 = 4:16
}}

=== Telugu ===
{{Track listing
| total_length = 21:09
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yegire Manasey
| extra1 = Benny Dayal, Anusha Mani
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| music1 = Pritam
| length1 = 3:35
| title2 = Prathi Kanam Kanam
| extra2 = Abhay Jodhpurkar
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose
| music2 = Pritam
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Tiger 3 Theme
| extra3 = Instrumental
| lyrics3 = —
| music3 = Tanuj Tiku, Julius Packiam
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Tiger x Zoya Theme
| extra4 = Abhishek Nailwal
| lyrics4 = —
| music4 = Tanuj Tiku
| length4 = 2:52
| title5 = Aatish’s Theme
| extra5 = Instrumental
| lyrics5 = —
| music5 = Tanuj Tiku
| length5 = 2:27
| title6 = Tiger x Pathaan Theme
| extra6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 = —
| music6 = Tanuj Tiku, Julius Packiam, Sanchit Balhara, Ankit Balhara
| length6 = 4:16
}}

== Reception ==
Shomini Sen of [[WION|''Wion'']] wrote "The music by Pritam is extremely average even though it has Arijit Singh doing playback for Salman Khan for the first time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Shomini |date=2023-11-12 |title=Tiger 3 review: Salman Khan's latest is not as sharp as its prequels |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-tiger-3-review-salman-khans-latest-is-not-as-sharp-as-its-prequels-657767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116122958/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-tiger-3-review-salman-khans-latest-is-not-as-sharp-as-its-prequels-657767 |archive-date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Wion |language=en-us}}</ref> According to Himesh Mankad of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'', "Both ''Ek Tha Tiger'' and ''Tiger Zinda Hai'' had chartbuster music score, and Pritam is not able to match the legacy of earlier two films."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=2023-11-12 |title=Tiger 3 Movie Review: It's a Salman Khan, & Katrina Kaif show in this action thriller driven by story |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/tiger-3-movie-review-its-a-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-show-in-this-action-thriller-driven-by-story-1258068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218011701/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/tiger-3-movie-review-its-a-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-show-in-this-action-thriller-driven-by-story-1258068 |archive-date=2023-12-18 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> Taran Adarsh of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' stated "Pritam's music isn't impressive".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=2023-11-12 |title=Tiger 3 Movie Review: TIGER 3 has SALMANIA written all over it with lots of seeti-maar moments |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tiger-3/critic-review/tiger-3-movie-review/tiger-3-has-salmania-written-all-over-it-with-lots-of-seeti-maar-moments/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117230932/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tiger-3/critic-review/tiger-3-movie-review/tiger-3-has-salmania-written-all-over-it-with-lots-of-seeti-maar-moments/ |archive-date=2024-01-17 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Pritam’s music falls short of leaving a lasting impact".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |date=2023-11-12 |title=Tiger 3 Movie Review: Salman and Katrina's powerful punches save this formulaic spy thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tiger-3/movie-review/105162273.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606130143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tiger-3/movie-review/105162273.cms |archive-date=2024-06-06 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YRF Music]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6dHGCKB8To |title=Tiger 3 Audio Jukebox {{!}} Pritam {{!}} Tanuj Tiku {{!}} Arijit Singh, Nikhita Gandhi {{!}} Amitabh B, Irshad K |date=2023-11-18 |last= |type=Jukebox |language=Hindi |publisher=YRF |access-date=2024-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523082342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6dHGCKB8To |archive-date=2024-05-23 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[Pritam]] – composer (tracks: 1, 2)
* Tanuj Tiku – composer (tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), producer (tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), mixing (tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), mastering (tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
* [[Julius Packiam]] – original composition (''Tiger'' theme) [tracks: 3, 6]
* [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara|Sanchit Balhara]] – original compositions (''Pathaan'' theme and ''War 2'' theme) [tracks: 6, 7]
* [[Ankit Balhara]] – original compositions (''Pathaan'' theme and ''War 2'' theme) [tracks: 6, 7]
* Joel Crasto – additional music (tracks: 3, 6, 7)
* Mayur Hegde – additional music (tracks: 3, 4, 6, 7)
* AM.AN – musical arrangements (track: 1), programming (track: 1)
* Karan Kanchan – programming (track: 1)
* [[Sunny M.R.|Sunny M. R.]] – sound design (tracks: 1, 2), musical arrangements (track: 2), programming (track: 2), vocal design (track: 1)
* Prasad S. – musical arrangements (track: 2), programming (track: 2)
* [[Meghdeep Bose]] – musical arrangements (track: 2), programming (track: 2)
* [[Tushar Joshi]] – musical arrangements (track: 2), programming (track: 2), vocal design (track: 2)
* [[Dhrubajyoti Phukan|D. J. Phukan]] – sound design (track: 1), vocal design (track: 1)
* Ashwin Kulkarni – sound design (track: 1), chief sound engineer (tracks: 1, 2), shootmix (tracks: 1, 2), chorus (track: 1)
* Pranav Gupta – sound engineer (tracks: 1, 2)
* Aniruddh Anantha – sound engineer (tracks: 1, 2), vocal conductor (tracks: 1, 2), chorus (track: 1), vocal design (track: 2)
* Dev Arijit – vocal conductor (tracks: 1, 2), vocal design (track: 2)
* [[Antara Mitra]] – vocal conductor (track: 1)
* Yonnie Dror – mijwiz (track: 1)
* Hasan Minawi – mijwiz (track: 1)
* Ara Dinkjian – oud (track: 1)
* Tamer Pinarbasi – kanun (track: 1)
* Mehmet Akatay – percussion (track: 1)
* [[Naveen Kumar (musician)|Naveen Kumar]] – flute (track: 2)
* Suresh Lalwani – violin (track: 2)
* Roland Fernandes – electric guitar (tracks: 2, 3, 5, 6, 7), acoustic guitar (tracks: 2, 3, 5)
* Ishteyak Khan – tabla (track: 2), dholak (track: 2)
* Mustak Khan – tabla (track: 2), dholak (track: 2)
* Prasad Padhye – tabla (track: 2), dholak (track: 2)
* Sandro Friedrich – zurma (track: 5)
* Budapest Film Orchestra – (tracks: 6, 7)
* James Yan – lead orchestrator (tracks: 6, 7)
* Daryl Griffith – orchestrator (tracks: 6, 7)
* Dora Kmezić – orchestrator (tracks: 6, 7)
* Seb Skelly – orchestrator (tracks: 6, 7)
* Thomas Curran – orchestrator (tracks: 6, 7)
* Krisztián Balassa – session conductor (tracks: 6, 7), session producer (tracks: 6, 7)
* CLMusic – contractor (tracks: 6, 7)
* Vijay Dayal – recording engineer (YRF Studios, Mumbai) [tracks: 1, 2], mixing engineer (tracks: 1, 2)
* Chinmay Mestry – recording engineer (YRF Studios, Mumbai) [tracks: 1, 2], mixing engineer (tracks: 1, 2)
* Abhishek Khandelwal – recording engineer (YRF Studios, Mumbai) [tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
* Dileep Nair – recording engineer (YRF Studios, Mumbai) [tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
* Péter Barabás – recording engineer (Tom Tom Láng, Budapest) [tracks: 6, 7]
* Gergő Láposi – recording engineer (Tom Tom Láng, Budapest) [tracks: 6, 7]
* Donal Whelan – mastering engineer (Haford Mastering, Wales, United Kingdom) [tracks: 1, 2]
* Wes Hicks – mastering engineer (Haford Mastering, Wales, United Kingdom) [tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], score editor (tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
* Ben Griffin – score editor (tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
* James Yan – score editor (tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
* Seth Taylor – score editor (tracks: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
* Anurag Sharma – music production manager
* Jaibir Singh – studio assistance
* Het Sanghvi – studio assistance
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{YRF Spy Universe}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]

Velleeswarar Temple

2026-01-22T17:52:26Z

Scopex: made new place w/ infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Velleeswarar Temple
| image = Mylaporevelleesvarartemple.jpg|
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai]]
| location = [[Mylapore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]] (Velleeswarar)
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Velleeswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil nadu]], [[India]]. The presiding deity is [[Shiva]] as Velleeswarar. This mid-sized temple, spread over 2 acres is one amongst the Seven Shiva Temples of Mylapore. It is situated at South Mada Street, closer to Kapaleeswarar Temple.

==Sapta Sthana Shiva temples==
This temple is one of the Sapta Sthana Shiva temples in the Mylapore area. (one of the seven sacred Shiva temples in Mylapore).<ref name="vikatakavi">[https://vikatakavi.in/magazines/156/5242/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.php ஆரூர்.சுந்தரசேகர், பெருமைமிக்க மயிலாப்பூரில் சப்த சிவஸ்தலங்கள்!! விகடகவி, 16 மே 2020]</ref> They are:

# [[Karaneeswarar Temple, Mylapore|Karaneeswarar Temple]]
# [[Tirttapaleeswarar Temple, Triplicane|Tirttapaleeswarar Temple]]
# Velleeswarar Temple
# [[Virupakshiswarar Temple, Mylapore|Virupakshiswarar Temple]]
# [[Valeeswarar Temple, Mylapore|Valeeswarar Temple]]
# [[Malleeswarar Temple, Mylapore|Malleeswarar Temple]]
# [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]]

In addition to these "Sapta Sthana Shiva sthalas", the [[Ekambareshwarar–Valluvar temple]] in the neighbourhood is traditionally considered the indispensable eighth.<ref name="Vikatan2019">{{cite web
| url = https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/temples/mylapore-thiruvalluvar-temple-spot-visit
| title = மயிலாப்பூர் திருவள்ளுவர் கோயிலில் என்ன நடக்கிறது? - ஸ்பாட் விசிட் #Video
| last = Muthukumaran
| first = M.
| date = 6 November 2019
| website = Vikatan.com
| publisher = Vikatan
| access-date = 10 January 2023
| quote = }}</ref>

== Legend and Religious Significance ==

Velleeswarar is the epithet of Shiva, as "Lord of Vellee"; Vellee being the god [[Shukra]] - the guru of the [[Asura|asuras]] (demons).

According to legend, when the asura king [[Mahabali]] was about to grant [[Vamana]]—an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]—land as part of his sacrifice, Shukra tried to stop him, suspecting foul play. When Mahabali ignored his guru's request, Shukra went into the nozzle of Mahabali's ''[[kamandalu]]'', blocking the water flow and thus Mahabali could not ritually grant Vamana the land by letting the water from the ''kamandalu'' on Vamana's hand. Vamana pricked the nozzle with a blade of ''darbha'' grass, which blinded Shukra.

Shukra meditated upon Shiva at this place in Mylapore and got his eyesight back.

It is said that one's eyes will be empowered with that spiritual vision that can perceive God, by worshipping at this temple. Velleeswarar is said to protect his devotees from falling prey to the desires inflamed by our eyes. Eye specialist doctors and patients of eye-related ailments are prescribed to worship Velleeswarar.

== Architecture and Deities ==

The temple is a mid-sized Temple with a five-tier ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]]'' facing south. On entering the temple, there is a shrine of the god [[Ganesha]] in standing posture with his consorts [[Consorts of Ganesha|Siddhi and Buddhi]]. This posture of Ganesha is said to be rare. The sanctum of Velleeswara (Shiva) has the ''[[lingam]]'', the symbol of Shiva as the central icon facing East. Nearby is the shrine of Shiva's consort [[Kamakshi]], a form of [[Parvati]], who faces south. The idols of the [[Matrikas|Sapta-matrikas]] (seven mother goddesses) are installed around the circumbulation path of the Shiva shrine. One of the matrikas, [[Varahi]] is much venerated here.

There is an idol of Trivikrama (Vamana) behind Shiva's shrine. Also, the goddess [[Durga]], who faces North, is worshipped. Furthermore, there is a shrine of Muthukumaraswamy ([[Kartikeya]]) along with his consorts [[Valli]] and [[Devasena]] in standing posture.

In the outer courtyard, the god [[Bhairava]] (a form of Shiva) is installed. On the left, there are shrines for [[Sharabha|Sarabeshwara]] (a form of Shiva), the goddess [[Pratyangira]] and Shukra praying to Shiva. In the outer courtyard, there are shrines of [[Shani]] and the [[Navagraha]]s along with the temple flagstaff.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
* [[Religion in Chennai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book|title=Temples of South India|author=Ambujam Anantharaman|publisher=East West books|year=2006|ISBN=9788188661428|page=113}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Chennai district]]

Amauna, Rohtas

2026-01-21T12:19:19Z

Scopex: Creating Info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amauna
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Bikramganj block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Amauna (#165) in Bikramganj block
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 270
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/251165-amauna-bihar.html|title=Census 2011, Amauna village Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Amauna''' is a village located in the [[Bikramganj]] Block of [[Rohtas district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}
{{Rohtas district}}

[[Category:Villages in Rohtas district]]

{{Rohtas-geo-stub}}

Revenue Village

2026-01-19T06:01:27Z

Scopex: brief refine content as per guidelines also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Small administrative region in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
A '''Revenue Village''' is a small administrative region in [[India]], a [[village]] with defined borders. One revenue village may contain many [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Indian_perceptive_link/Census_Terms_link/censusterms.html|title=Census of India - Census Terms|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://7thsurvey.ncert.nic.in/glossary.htm|title=Concepts and Definitions|date=2002-09-30|publisher=Seventh All India Educational Survey|accessdate=2008-08-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217151410/http://www.7thsurvey.ncert.nic.in/glossary.htm|archivedate=2005-12-17}}</ref> Each revenue village is headed by a ''Village Administrative Officer'' ''(VAO)'' or ''[[Village accountant|Village Accountant]],'' or ''Village Officer''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/revenue_7_0.pdf|title=Revenue Department, Policy Note 2003-2004|website=cms.tn.gov.in|page=9}}</ref>
==History==
The advent of the concept revenue village dates back to the system of land reform introduced by Raja [[Todar Mal]], minister of revenue in the court of Emperor [[Akbar]]. The essence of the reform was the assessment of the land revenue according to the extent of cultivation, the nature of the soil and the quality of the crops. In the 18th century, the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] were to excel in the preparation of area maps of revenue villages for the aid of native rulers. Though at times the system broke down and was deployed unevenly within the [[Mughal Empire]], it was the underlying basis of the later day revenue system introduced in [[British India]]n administration.<ref> B. Arunachalam, [https://mycoordinates.org/indian-prelude-to-british-cadastral-and-revenue-maps/ Indian prelude to British cadastral and revenue maps], Coordinates, March 2006.</ref>

The revenue village was and is still designed as the lowest administrative unit in the settlement hierarchy. It was designed to improve revenue collection mechanism and regulate the process and not for village planning and development.<ref name="Revenue village vs Real village">{{cite journal |last1=Ramachandraiah |first1=C. |title=Revenue Village vs Real Village: Under-Enumeration and Non-Enumeration under Srisailam Project |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1995 |volume=30 |issue=37 |pages=2301–2302 |jstor=4403211 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government finances in India]]
[[Category:Local government in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Uma Chowdhry

2026-01-01T15:20:25Z

Scopex: adjusted section also and improved wording

{{short description|American chemist|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Uma Chowdhry
| image = Uma Chowdhry JPS 2007 10 10 podium.JPG
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1947}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| death_date = January 7, 2024
| death_place =
| nationality =
| field = Materials science
| work_institutions = [[Ford Motor Company]], [[DuPont]]
| alma_mater = [[Mumbai University]], [[Caltech]], [[MIT]]
| awards = [[IRI Medal]] {{small|(2011)}}
}}

{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage = [[File:Uma Chowdhry 2008.JPG|210px]] Uma Chowdhry in 2008 |video1 = [https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/uma-chowdhry "I had the courage to dream the impossible"], Uma Chowdhry, [[Science History Institute]] (14:21)}}

'''Uma Chowdhry''' (1947 – January 7, 2024) was an American [[chemist]] whose career was spent in research and management positions with [[DuPont|E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company]].<ref name="OH"/><ref name="transcript"/> She specialized in the science of [[ceramic materials]], including [[catalysts]],<ref>Machiels, C. J.; Chowdhry, U.; Staley, R. H.; Ohuchi, F.; Sleight, A. W. Formaldehyde from methanol. Catal. Convers. Synth. Gas Alcohols Chem., [Proc. Symp.] (1984), 413-18.</ref><ref>Contractor, R. M.; Bergna, H. E.; Horowitz, H. S.; Blackstone, C. M.; Malone, B.; Torardi, C. C.; Griffiths, B.; Chowdhry, U.; Sleight, A. W. Butane oxidation to maleic anhydride over vanadium phosphate catalysts. Catalysis Today (1987), 1(1-2), 49-58.</ref> [[proton conductor]]s,<ref>Chowdhry, U.; Barkley, J. R.; English, A. D.; Sleight, A. W. New inorganic proton conductors. Materials Research Bulletin (1982), 17(7), 917-33.</ref> [[superconductors]]<ref>Sleight, Arthur W.; Chowdhry, Uma. Superconductivity and the metal-semiconductor transition. Advanced Ceramic Materials (1987), 2(3B), 713-18.</ref><ref>Subramanian, M. A.; Torardi, C. C.; Calabrese, J. C.; Gopalakrishnan, J.; Morrissey, K. J.; Askew, T. R.; Flippen, R. B.; Chowdhry, U.; Sleight, A. W. A new high-temperature superconductor: Bi2Sr3−xCaxCu2O8+y. Science (Washington, DC, United States) (1988), 239(4843), 1015-17.</ref><ref>Torardi, C. C.; Subramanian, M. A.; Calabrese, J. C.; Gopalakrishnan, J.; Morrissey, K. J.; Askew, T. R.; Flippen, R. B.; Chowdhry, U.; Sleight, A. W. Crystal structure of Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10, a 125 K superconductor. Science (Washington, DC, United States) (1988), 240(4852), 631-4.</ref> and ceramic packaging for [[microelectronics]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.ms.17.080187.001543|title=Ceramic Substrates for Microelectronic Packaging|year=1987|last1=Chowdhry|first1=U.|last2=Sleight|first2=A. W.|journal=[[Annual Review of Materials Science]]|volume=17|pages=323–340|bibcode=1987AnRMS..17..323C}}</ref><ref>Subramanian, M. A.; Corbin, D. R.; Chowdhry, U.. Zeolites as precursors to aluminosilicate-based ceramics for microelectronic packaging. Advances in Ceramics (1989), 26(Ceram. Substrates Packages Electron. Appl.), 239-47.</ref>

==Early life and education==
Chowdhry was born in [[Mumbai]], [[India]], in 1947. She received a [[bachelor's degree]] in physics from the University of Bombay (now [[Mumbai University]]) in 1968 before coming to the United States. She received a [[Master of Science|Master of Science degree]] from the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech) in engineering science in 1970. After two years with [[Ford Motor Company]], she entered the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) where she earned a [[Ph.D.]] in materials science in 1976.<ref name="Profile">{{cite web|title=Uma Chowdhry|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/uma-chowdhry|website=Science History Institute |date=29 June 2016|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="OH">{{cite web |author=Center for Oral History |title=Uma Chowdhry |url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/nt2ydj8 |website=[[Science History Institute]]}}</ref><ref name="transcript">{{cite book |last=Domush |first=Hilary |url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/nt2ydj8 |title=Uma Chowdhry, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Hilary Domush at Experimental Station Wilmington, Delaware on 24 and 25 August 2011 |date=25 August 2011 |publisher=[[Science History Institute|Chemical Heritage Foundation]] |place=Philadelphia, PA}}</ref>

==Career==
===DuPont===
She joined DuPont in 1977 as a research scientist<ref name="IRI">{{cite news|title=DuPont's Uma Chowdhry honored with Industrial Research Institute's 2011 Medal|url=http://www.iriweb.org/articles/dupont%E2%80%99s-uma-chowdhry-honored-industrial-research-institute%E2%80%99s-2011-medal|access-date=21 March 2018|work=Innovation Research Interchange|date=26 May 2011|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322081539/http://www.iriweb.org/articles/dupont%E2%80%99s-uma-chowdhry-honored-industrial-research-institute%E2%80%99s-2011-medal|url-status=dead}}</ref>
in [[Central Research]] & Development Department of [[DuPont|E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company]] at the [[DuPont Experimental Station]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]]. By 1985 she had been promoted to research manager of Central Research. In 1987 she led DuPont's research effort in ceramic superconducting materials and developed a program that generated over 20 patents and 50 publications.<ref>{{cite web|title=2006 Uma Chowdhry|url=http://www2.dupont.com/Phoenix_Heritage/en_US/2006_detail.html|website=DuPont|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215073649/http://www2.dupont.com/Phoenix_Heritage/en_US/2006_detail.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1988 she became laboratory director of the Electronics group,<ref name="OH"/><ref name="transcript"/> and by 1991 was promoted to be its director.<ref name="Hawkins"/>

The following year she was appointed laboratory director of the Jackson Laboratory for the Specialty Chemicals group.<ref name="Hawkins"/> In 1993 she became R&D director, Specialty Chemicals.<ref name="oh"/><ref name="transcript"/> in 1995 she became business director for [[terathane]] products, and two years later was promoted to Business Planning and Technology Director for Chemicals.<ref name="Hawkins"/> In 1999 she was promoted to director of DuPont Engineering Technology.<ref name="OH"/><ref name="transcript"/>

In 2006 she became senior vice president and global chief science and technology officer of DuPont,<ref name="OH"/><ref name="transcript"/><ref name="Hawkins"/> responsible for the company's core research programs and the DuPont "APEX" portfolio of research programs, including basic chemistry, materials science and biotechnology.<ref name="Hawkins">{{cite book|last1=Hawkins|first1=Carol Hooks|title=American women leaders: 1,560 current biographies|date=2009|publisher=McFarland & Co.|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-3847-1|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpYZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73}}</ref> She retired in September 2010, becoming chief science and technology officer emeritus.<ref name="NIST">{{cite journal|title=DuPont Scientist Joins NIST Advisory Group|url=https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2010/09/dupont-scientist-joins-nist-advisory-group|journal=NIST|date=28 September 2010}}</ref>

In response to contamination of Ohio river caused by [[perfluorooctanoic acid]] (PFOA, also known as C8), the key ingredient in Teflon, and subsequent cases of cancer and other medical issues, when asked if this C8 chemical could be responsible for babies born with deformities in 2 out of 8 former DuPont women employees, Ms. Uma responded "In the realm of scientific facts, this is not considered a statistically significant sample."<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220413150749/https://thedevilweknow.com/ Article title]}} {{nonspecific|date=June 2022}}</ref>

===Other contributions===
Chowdhry served on study groups for the [[National Research Council (United States)|National Research Council]] to assess various technology topics of national interest, and was a member of National Research Council's Committee on Globalization (2004). Chowdhry was a member of the National Committee on Women in Science and Engineering sponsored by both the [[National Academy of Sciences]] and the [[National Academy of Engineering]] since 1999.<ref name="Facilitating">{{cite book |title=Facilitating interdisciplinary research|date=2005|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington|isbn=978-0-309-09435-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObxTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXcellence">{{cite book|author=National Research Council|title=Achieving XXcellence in Science: Role of Professional Societies in Advancing Women in Science: Proceedings of a Workshop|chapter=Committee on Women in Science and Engineering, Policy and Global Affairs Division, National Research Council |date=2004|publisher=The National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25364/}}</ref><ref name="Beyond">{{cite book |title=Beyond bias and barriers: fulfilling the potential of women in academic science and engineering|date=2007|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-309-10042-7|edition=[Online-Ausg.]|doi=10.17226/11741 |pmid=20669424 |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11741/chapter/1}}</ref><ref name="Rising">{{cite book |doi=10.17226/11463 |doi-access=free |page=vi |title=Rising Above the Gathering Storm |year=2007 |publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-309-18758-9 }}</ref>

She served on the board of directors for the [[Industrial Research Institute]] (2002-2005),<ref name="IRI"/> Baxter International Inc. (2012-),<ref name="Baxter">{{cite news|title=Baxter Appoints Two New Directors to Its Board|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120927006447/en|work=BusinessWire|date=27 September 2012}}</ref>
LORD Corporation (2010-),<ref name="LORD">{{cite news|title=LORD Corporation Names Chowdhry to Board of Directors|url=https://www.coatingsworld.com/issues/2010-09/view_people-in-the-news/lord-corporation-names-chowdhry-to-board-of-direct|access-date=21 March 2018|work=Coatings World|date=15 September 2010|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020307/https://www.coatingsworld.com/issues/2010-09/view_people-in-the-news/lord-corporation-names-chowdhry-to-board-of-direct|url-status=dead}}</ref>
the Advisory Board for Advanced Technology at the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|National Institute of Standards]] (NIST, 2010),<ref name="NIST"/><ref name="IRI"/>
the [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]]<ref name="Facilitating"/> and the Laboratory Operations Board for the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] for the US Government.<ref name="Facilitating"/> She was appointed to the Laboratory Operations Board for the U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., in 2002.

Chowdhry served on advisory boards of engineering schools at MIT, [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[Princeton University]] and the [[University of Delaware]].<ref name="Facilitating"/>

Uma Chowdhry and her husband, Vinay Chowdhry, lived in Wilmington, Delaware.<ref name="Profile"/> She was elected to the board of trustees for [[Christiana Care Health System|Christiana Care Health Services]] in Delaware in 2003.

Chowdhry died on January 7, 2024, after a long illness preceded by a stroke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Uma Chowdhry - Obituaries in Wilmington, DE {{!}} The News Journal |url=https://delawareonline.com/obituaries/pdov0694088 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=delawareonline.com |date=19 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
For her contributions to the science of ceramics, Chowdhry was elected Fellow of the [[American Ceramic Society]] in 1989,<ref>{{cite web|title=Fellows of the American Ceramic Society|url=http://ceramics.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/fellows_recipients_20141.pdf|website=Ceramics.org|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ceramic">{{cite book|last1=The American Ceramic Society|title=Successful women in ceramics and glass science and engineering|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley|location=[S.l.]|isbn=978-1-118-73360-8|pages=85–88|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPSlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|chapter=Profile 15: Uma Chowdhry}}</ref> where she chaired the academy's emerging technologies committee, 2002–2004.

She was elected a member to the National Academy of Engineering in 1996 for the application of advanced ceramic technologies to novel catalyst structures, large-scale chemical synthesis, and multilayer electronic circuit manufacture.<ref>{{cite web|title=NAE Members|url=https://www.nae.edu/30065.aspx|website=National Academy of Engineering|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> Besides her membership, she served on the program advisory board and election subcommittees. She was also elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Dr. Uma Chowdhry|url=https://www.nist.gov/office-director/biography-dr-uma-chowdhry|website=NIST|access-date=20 November 2016|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120151014/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/biography-dr-uma-chowdhry|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Chowdhry received the 2011 [[IRI Medal]] for her leadership contributions at DuPont.<ref name="IRI"/><ref>[http://www.rdmag.com/News/2011/05/General-Science-DuPont-sweeps-IRIs-2011-Industry-Awards/ "DuPont Sweeps IRI's 2011 Industry Awards"], ''R&D Magazine'', 27 May 2011, accessed 8 February 2012.</ref> Chowdhry received the 2011 Earle B. Barnes Award for Leadership in Chemical Research Management from the [[American Chemical Society]].<ref>Chemical & Engineering News, 30 August 2010, page 32.</ref>

== References ==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|lcheading= Chowdhry, Uma}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Uma Chowdhry}}

{{DuPont}}
{{Hall of Fame of Delaware Women}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhry, Uma}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:American women chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century American chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:DuPont people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Women chief technology officers]]
[[Category:American chief technology officers]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century American chemists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:MIT School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delaware]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Ceramic Society]]

Thirumuruganatheeswar Temple

2025-12-18T19:22:54Z

Scopex: made basic place w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Thirumuruganatheeswarar Temple
| image = Thirumuruganpoondi6.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|09|54|N|77|18|41|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| location = [[Thirumuruganpoondi]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Thirumuruganatheeswarar([[Shiva]])
Avudainayagi([[Parvathi]])

| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = {{url|thirumuruganpoonditemple.tnhrce.in/}}
}}

'''Thirumuruganatheeswarar Temple''' (also called '''Thirumuruganpoondi temple''') in [[Thirumuruganpoondi]], a panchayat town in [[Tiruppur district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the present structure of the temple is believed to have been built during the Kongu Cholas period in the 10th century. Shiva is worshipped as Thirumuruganatheeswarar and his consort [[Parvathi]] as Avudainayagi.

The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple does not have a raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower, a common feature in South Indian temples.

Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Brahmotsavam celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Maasi'' (February - March) for [[Sundarar]] and [[Mahashivaratri]] festival being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
The name of the village is derived from the lord Murugan who himself is supposed to have installed and worshipped lord Shiva in the temple at this place. [[Murugan]] killed the demon king Surapadma at the behest of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]. He incurred Brahmahatti Dosha for slaying the demon into two pieces. Muruga is believed to have dug a spring with his [[Vel]], the spear and worshipped Shiva at this place. Since Muruga worshipped his father Shiva, the presiding deity came to be known as Muruganathaswamy.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

[[File:Thirumuruganpoondi5.JPG|Image of Shiva in the form of a hunter and Sundarar|200px|left|thumb]]
[[Sundarar]] is a famous Saivite saint and [[Nayanmar]] belonging to the 8th century. He has revered many Shiva temples in South India in his verses compiled as the Seventh ''[[Thirumurai]]''. As per Hindu legend, while arriving at this place, he took rest in a Vinayaka temple. He presumably forgot to get thoughts about Shiva and to test his devotion, Shiva sent his [[Bhutagana]]s to steal all his possessions. Sundarar prayed to Vinayaka in the temple who showed him to proceed towards the East. Sundarar, in his anger, sang about Shiva blaming him of not protecting his possessions. Shiva graced him with his presence at this place and restored all his possessions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Srimad Periya-puraanam|last= Swaminathan|first=Subrahmanya|year=1992|publisher=S. Swaminathan}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Thirumuruganpoondi3.JPG|200px|left|thumb|Shrines of Shiva and Parvathi inside the temple]]
The temple is believed to have been built by the Kongu Cholars, with 68 recorded inscriptions from the king Vikrama Chola I seen on the walls of the sanctum and around the precinct. Thirumuruganatheeswarar temple is located in [[Thirumuruganpoondi]], a village located {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Tiruppur]] on the [[Tiruppur]]- [[Avinasi]] road.<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961: Madras Volume 9, Issue 1 of Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General|last=India. Office of the Registrar General|publisher=Manager of Publications|year=1965|page=357}}</ref> The temple is constructed in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]]. It is classified as Kokkudi Koil, a temple built in a place surrounding flower garden. As per the inscriptions, the temple was surrounded by Kokkudi, a type of flower plant.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|page=31|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|year=2010|isbn=978-81-7823-542-4}}</ref>

The temple does not have ''raja[[gopuram]]'' as in other South Indian temples. All the shrines are housed in a rectangular enclosure measuring {{convert|1|acre|sqm|abbr=on}}. The sanctum houses the image of Thirumuruganatheeswarar in the form of [[Lingam]], an iconic form of Shiva facing West. There is an Ardha [[Mandapam|Mandap]] and a Mukha mandap, pillared halls leading to the sanctum. There is a shrine of Muruga facing South, towards the Shiva shrine. Since Muruga is believed to have used his weapon, the Vel, to dig the spring, he is seen without his weapon in the shrine, nor his vehicle peacock. The first precinct has the images of [[Vinayakar]], [[Durga]], [[Dakshinamurthy]] and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswara]]. The shrine of Avudainayagi is seen in the first precinct facing west. There are sculptural depictions of Sundarar on the walls showing him in three different emotions of anger, humiliation and happiness. There is a hall of [[Nataraja]] called Adavallan Sabha. There are three temple tanks associated with the temple - Shanmugha Theertham, Gnana Theertham and Brahmatheertham.<ref name="dinamalar"/> There are images of Kalabhairavar and Lingothbhavar, which are considered architectural specimens of the Kongu Cholars.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Muruga worshipped Siva here|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/muruga-worshipped-siva-here/article4294634.ece|work=The Hindu|date=10 January 2013|access-date=30 November 2015|last=R.|first=Krishnamurthy}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Thirumuruganathar.jpg|200x200px|thumb|Image of six faced Muruganathswamy]]
The temple follows Saivite tradition. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushakalam'' at 6:00 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., and ''Sayaratchai'' at 5:00 p.m.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pooja details|url=http://www.thirumuruganpoonditemple.tnhrce.in/poojatime.html|publisher=Arulmigu Thirumuruganatha Swamy Temple administration|year=2014|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Thirumuruganatheeswarar and Avudainayagi. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

Brahmotsavam celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Maasi'' (February - March) for [[Sundarar]] and [[Mahashivaratri]] festival being the most prominent. There are other common festivals like Thaipoosam, Annabhishekam, Kanthasashti and Karthigai Deepam celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Thirumuruganatheeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=830|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Festival details|url=http://www.thirumuruganpoonditemple.tnhrce.in/festi.html|publisher=Arulmigu Thirumuruganatha Swamy Temple administration|year=2014|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref>

[[Sundarar]], an 8th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Thirumuruganatheeswarar in ten verses in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|Seventh Tirumurai]]''. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seventh Thirumurai|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/songview.php?thiru=7&Song_idField=7049&padhi=100+&button=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95|publisher=Thevaram.org|last=Sundarar|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> Out of the 275 temples that are revered by the three saints, Sundarar has exclusively visited 25 temples with this temple counting as one of them. Of the five thandavams performed by Shiva in different places, this place is counted as the one where he performed the Brahma Thandavam<ref name=hindu/> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].{{fact|date=August 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}

==Photogallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Thirumuruganpoondi muruganatha swamytemple1.jpg|Full view of the temple
File:Thirumuruganpoondi muruganatha swamytemple2.jpg|Entrance
File:Thirumuruganpoondi muruganatha swamytemple3.jpg|Facade
File:Thirumuruganpoondi muruganatha swamytemple4.jpg|Front mandapa
File:Thirumuruganpoondi muruganatha swamytemple5.jpg|Flagpost
File:Thirumuruganpoondi muruganatha swamytemple6.jpg|Vimana of the presiding deity
File:Thirumuruganpoondi muruganatha swamytemple7.jpg|Vimana of the Goddess
</gallery>
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruppur district]]

Kartiki Gonsalves

2025-12-04T07:35:53Z

Scopex: adding the data added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (born 1986)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kartiki Gonsalves
| image = Kartiki Gonsalves Portrait.jpg
| caption = Gonsalves in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|11|2}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[Dr G R Damodaran College of Science]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|producer|photographer}}
| organization = International League of Conservation Photographers (Associate Fellow)
| notable_works = ''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]'' (2022, director)
| parents = {{ubl|[[Timothy A. Gonsalves]]|Priscilla Tapley Gonsalves}}
| website = {{url|kartikigonsalves.com}}
}}
'''Kartiki Gonsalves''' (born 2 November 1986) is an Indian director and producer. In 2023, she won the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film|Best Documentary Short Subject]] at the [[95th Academy Awards]] for ''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]''. She is also one of the first women chosen as a Sony Alpha Artisan of Imagery in India and also associated with brands like [[Peak Design]], Swarovski Optik Nature Explorer 2021.

== Early life and education ==
Kartiki is the younger daughter of [[Timothy A. Gonsalves]] and Priscilla Tapley Gonsalves, who is from [[Binghamton, New York]]. She has one older sister, Danica Gonsalves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priscilla and Timothy Gonsalves |url=http://www.ptag.in/ |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>
She grew up in [[Ooty]], within the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|Nilgiri Biosphere reserve]] in the [[Nilgiris district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">Kamala Thiagarajan (5 March 2023) [https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/03/05/1160659634/the-elephant-whisperers-an-oscar-nominated-love-story-about-people-and-pachyderm '''The Elephant Whisperers' — An Oscar-nominated love story about people and pachyderms,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310041649/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/03/05/1160659634/the-elephant-whisperers-an-oscar-nominated-love-story-about-people-and-pachyderm |date=2023-03-10 }} [[NPR]]</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=23 February 2023 |title=How Kartiki Gonsalves Made Oscar-Nominated Documentary The Elephant Whisperers: "Fell In Love With Raghu" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/how-kartiki-gonsalves-made-oscar-nominated-documentary-the-elephant-whisperers-fell-in-love-with-raju-3806518 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302054411/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/how-kartiki-gonsalves-made-oscar-nominated-documentary-the-elephant-whisperers-fell-in-love-with-raju-3806518 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

She studied at the [[Dr G R Damodaran College of Science]] in [[Coimbatore]] and graduated in 2007, before continuing her studies, focusing on photography<ref name=":0" /> at Light & Life Academy, Ooty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kartiki Gonsalves|url=https://indiachristians.in/kartiki-gonsalves |access-date=2025-08-13}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Raghu_Juvenile_Camp_Elephant_Bathing_Theppakadu_Mudumalai_Mar21_A7C_00611.jpg|thumb|Raghu at [[Theppakadu#Elephant Camp|Theppakadu Elephant Camp]]]]
Gonsalves is a documentary filmmaker and photographer<ref name=":2" /> and has worked as a camera operator for [[Animal Planet]] and the [[Discovery Channel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=Divya |date=2023-03-02 |title=Most of my life has been spent in Ooty and jungles: Kartiki Gonsalves if it took 15 to 20 years to make The Elephant Whispers |url=https://divya-bharat.com/most-of-my-life-has-been-spent-in-ooty-and-jungles-kartiki-gonsalves-if-it-took-15-to-20-years-to-make-the-elephant-whispers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310043137/https://divya-bharat.com/most-of-my-life-has-been-spent-in-ooty-and-jungles-kartiki-gonsalves-if-it-took-15-to-20-years-to-make-the-elephant-whispers/ |archive-date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Divya Bharat |language=en-US}}</ref> She is the director, co-executive producer and cinematographer of the documentary film ''The Elephant Whisperers''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Libby |date=2023-02-27 |title=Oscar-Nominated Doc Shorts Directors Tell Big Stories (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/oscar-nominated-directors-documentary-shorts-interview/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=[[The Wrap]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301120434/https://www.thewrap.com/oscar-nominated-directors-documentary-shorts-interview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> produced by Sikhya Entertainment and acquired and distributed by [[Netflix]].<ref>Katie Reul, ''Documenting Change''. [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]], ''[s. l.]'', v. 359, n. 5, p. 23, 2023. Disponível em: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=161981277&site=eds-live&scope=site . Acesso em: 10 Mar. 2023.</ref> The 39.5-minute<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-03-08 |title=Watch {{!}} Director Kartiki Gonsalves on the making of Oscar-nominated 'The Elephant Whisperers' |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/videos/watch-oscars-2023-director-kartiki-gonsalves-on-the-making-of-the-elephant-whisperers/article66595141.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309112526/https://www.thehindu.com/videos/watch-oscars-2023-director-kartiki-gonsalves-on-the-making-of-the-elephant-whisperers/article66595141.ece |archive-date=2023-03-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> documentary was produced at the Mudumalai tiger reserve which is part of the Nilgiri biosphere reserve in Tamil Nadu, 30-minutes from where Gonsalves grew up.<ref name=":1" />

On 13 March 2023, the film won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film at the 95th Academy Awards.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title=India wins its first Oscar of 2023 as Kartiki Gonsalves and Guneet Monga's 'The Elephant Whisperer' bags an award for Best Documentary Short Film at the 95th Academy Awards |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/india-wins-its-first-oscar-of-2023-as-kartiki-gonsalves-and-guneet-mongas-the-elephant-whisperer-bags-an-award-for-best-documentary-short-film-at-the-95th-academy-awards/articleshow/98592620.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313043805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/india-wins-its-first-oscar-of-2023-as-kartiki-gonsalves-and-guneet-mongas-the-elephant-whisperer-bags-an-award-for-best-documentary-short-film-at-the-95th-academy-awards/articleshow/98592620.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first Indian film to win the award.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=The Elephant Whisperers scripts history with 1st Oscar for an Indian production, Guneet Monga says 'two women did it' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-elephant-whisperers-wins-first-ever-oscar-for-an-indian-production-guneet-monga-says-two-women-did-it-101678675029437.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Kartiki Priscilla Gonsalves Oscar Dolby LA Mar23 IMG 8335.jpg|thumb|Kartiki and Priscilla Gonsalves at the 95th Academy Awards]]

Kartiki Gonsalves is a [[Sony]] Artisan of Imagery India since 2020, specialising in nature and social documentaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Kartiki Gonsalves |url=https://alphacommunity.in/member/alpha-27776/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=Sony Alpha Community}}</ref> She gives workshops on nature and wildlife photography<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Gayatri |last2=Gonsalves |first2=Kartiki |date=9 April 2022 |title=Up Your Photography Game with iPhone 13 |url=https://www.aptronixindia.com/events/event/workshop-up-your-photography-game-with-iphone-13/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=Aptronix}}</ref> and has conducted tours of [[Bangalore]] and [[Mysore]] cities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balram |first=Smita |date=11 April 2018 |title=Meet the wildlife photographer from Bengaluru who doubles as city tour guide |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-the-wildlife-photographer-from-bengaluru-who-doubles-as-city-tour-guide/articleshow/63708227.cms |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>

Gonsalves is an International League of Conservation Photographers Associate Fellow.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Meet the new Associate Fellows of iLCP |url=http://conservationphotographers.org/u/ilcp/post/ilcp-june-28 |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=International League of Conservation Photographers |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310041424/http://conservationphotographers.org/u/ilcp/post/ilcp-june-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Nominated work
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" |{{Refh}}

|-
! scope="row" |[[DOC NYC]]
| 2022
|''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]''
|Shorts: Change Makers
| Shortlisted
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shortlist Shorts: Change Makers |url=https://www.docnyc.net/film/shortlist-shorts-change-makers/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=[[Doc NYC]] |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118171846/https://www.docnyc.net/film/shortlist-shorts-change-makers/ }}</ref>

|-
! scope="row" |[[95th Academy Awards]]
| 2023
|''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]''
|[[Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film|Best Documentary Short Subject]]
| style="text-align:center;" {{won}}
|<ref name=":3" />

|-
! scope="row" |[[Grierson Awards]]
| 2023
|''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]''
|Best Natural History or Environmental Documentary
| Shortlisted
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Awards: The 2023 Grierson Awards Shortlist is revealed |url=https://griersontrust.org/grierson-awards/past-awards/2023#shortlist |access-date=21 July 2023 }}</ref>

|}
On 28 June 2023 [[Charles III|King Charles III]] and [[Queen Camilla]] presented Kartiki with the [[Elephant Family]] award called the Tara Award, to recognise her contributions to protecting Asian wildlife.<ref name=“NDTV2023”>{{cite web |title=Elephant Whisperers’ Director Kartiki Gonsalves Gets Prestigious Tara Award |publisher=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/elephant-whisperers-director-kartiki-gonsalves-gets-prestigious-tara-award-from-king-charles-and-queen-camilla-4168826 |access-date=2025-08-13 |date=2023-07-01 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Conservation in India]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/kartikigonsalves/?hl=en Kartiki Gonsalves] - [[Instagram]]
* [https://sonyalphaphotographers.libsyn.com/natural-history-and-social-documentary-photographer-and-filmmaker-and-sony-artisan-kartiki-gonsalves-sony-alpha-photographers-podcast Sony Alpha Photographers Interview], 28 July 2022.
* [https://www.linkedin.com/in/kartiki-selena-gonsalves-789b4232/ Kartiki Gonsalves - LinkedIn]
* [https://www.facebook.com/kartiki.gonsalves.5 Kartiki Gonsalves: Facebook]
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Environment|Film}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gonsalves, Kartiki}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Directors of Best Documentary Short Subject Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Nilgiris district]]
[[Category:Indian Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian Wikimedians]]

Tulsi Lake

2025-12-04T06:37:31Z

Scopex:

{{Short description|Lake in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
|name = Tulsi Lake
|image =Tulsi Lake.jpg
|alt = View of Tulsi lake
|image_bathymetry =
|caption_bathymetry =
|location = [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]]
|coords = {{coord|19.1901|N|72.9179|E|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| lake_type =
|inflow =
|pushpin_map=Mumbai
|pushpin_map_alt=Location of Tulsi lake within Mumbai
|outflow =
|catchment = {{convert|6.76|km2|abbr=on}}
|basin_countries = [[India]]
|length =
|width =
|area = {{convert|1.35|km2|abbr=on}}
|depth = {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} (average)
|max-depth =
|volume = {{convert|2294|e6impgal|m3|abbr=on}}
|shore =
|elevation = {{convert|139.17|m|abbr=on}}
|islands = [[Salsette]]
|cities = [[Mumbai]]
}}

'''Tulsi Lake''' is a [[fresh water]] lake in northern [[Mumbai]]. It is stated to be the second largest lake in Mumbai and supplies part of the city's [[potable water]].<ref name="Tulsi">{{cite web |url=http://mumbai.clickindia.com/travel/tulsilake.html |title=Tulsi Lake in Mumbai (Bombay) - Tulsi Lake - Mumbai Tulsi Lake - Mumbai |website=mumbai.clickindia.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405053516/http://mumbai.clickindia.com/travel/tulsilake.html |archive-date=5 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tulsi is one of the three lakes in [[Salsette Island]]; the other two being [[Powai Lake]] and [[Vihar Lake]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.powerset.com/explore/go/Tulsi-Lake |title=Tulsi Lake - Powerset |website=www.powerset.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207044916/http://www.powerset.com/explore/go/Tulsi-Lake |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Both Tulsi and Vihar lakes are located within the densely forested [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], also known as the Borivali National Park.
[[File:River-Geography-Mumbai.png|thumb|left|200px|The three contiguous lakes - [[Vihar Lake]], Tulsi Lake and [[Powai Lake]] of [[Mumbai]]]]

==Hydrology==
[[File:River Mithi 3.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Flood flow from the three lakes outfall into Mithi River]]
Tulsi Lake was built by damming the [[River Tasso]], and redirecting the flow to the nearby [[Vihar Lake]]. Rain water from the catchment area of 676 hectares of the [[Powai]]-[[Kanheri]] hill ranges drains into the lake. During the rainy season the flood flows out into the Powai Lake and further down into the [[Mithi River]]. The maximum height of the hill in the catchment is about 400 m. The southwest monsoon sets in by mid June, and lasts till September. The maximum rainfall is normally recorded in the months of July and August. The mean annual rainfall is reported to be 3000 mm. Rainfall has reportedly crossed 4000 mm several times. The Highest ever recorded rainfall to the figure of 5316 mm have been recorded in the year 2019 (1 June - 30 September).<ref name="Tulsi"/>

The plan to create the lake was conceived in 1872 and construction completed 1897. It was designed as a backup for the Vihar Lake to supply portable drinking water to the city of Bombay (now Mumbai). The lake has surface area of 1.35 km2 (135 hectares). The average water depth is reported to be 12 m with a gross storage at Full Supply Level (FSL) of {{convert|2294|e6impgal|m3}}, out of which {{convert|4|e6impgal|m3}} per day are supplied to [[Greater Mumbai]].<ref name="echo">{{cite web |url=http://grassrootsresearch.org/papersandarticles/sweden%20paper.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216191628/http://grassrootsresearch.org/papersandarticles/sweden%20paper.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-16 }} A design for echo sustainability: lessons from a stressed environment in Mumbai</ref>

The highest overflow level, recorded at the dam is 139.17 m (456.6 ft).This fresh water lake primarily fulfills the water requirement of the southern part of Mumbai.<ref name="Tulsi"/><ref>[http://www.mumbai.org.uk/lakes/tulsi-lake.htmlMumbai]{{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=no}}</ref>

==Access==
The lake is located 32 km to the north of Mumbai by road.<ref name="Mum">{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbai.org.uk/lakes/tulsi-lake.html|title=Tulsi Lake Mumbai|website=Mumbai.org.uk|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> The nearest suburban electric train station is Borivli East on the Western Railways and is close to western express highway, with a further travel of 6 km from the station by road to the lake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emumbaitourism.com/mumbai-excursion-tours/tulsi-lake-mumbai-travel-tours.html |title=Tulsi Lake in Mumbai, Mumbai Lakes, Bombay Tulsi Lake, Mumbai Travel Packages, Bombay Tour Packages, Mumbai Travel Guide, Bombay Tour Guide, Mumbai Tourist Guide, Mumbai Travel Information, Mumbai Tourism Guide |website=www.emumbaitourism.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020722184106/http://www.emumbaitourism.com/mumbai-excursion-tours/tulsi-lake-mumbai-travel-tours.html |archive-date=22 July 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The nearest [[Sahar International Airport]] is at a distance of about 20 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Tulsi-Lake-38218.htm|title=Tulsi Lake in India|website=India9.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref>
As the lake is located inside the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, entry permits are to be obtained from the park authorities for visit to the lake.

==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Persiancrocodile.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mugger or Marsh Crocodile]]
The vegetation on the hill slopes draining into the lake is thick and lush, undisturbed and of mixed moist deciduous type. The lake and its catchment are protected by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation and Sanjay Gandhi National Park Authority.<ref name="echo"/>
As the lake is situated inside the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, the flora and fauna reported for the park would be relevant to the lake. However, fresh water crocodiles Mugger or [[Marsh crocodiles]] (''[[Crocodilus palustris]]'') are known to inhabit the lake in sustainable numbers. As it is difficult to sight them in the lake, the park has set up a Crocodile Park’ to view the reptiles of different sizes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.tripod.com/KSHROFF/index.htm|title=LUNGS OF MUMBAI|website=Members.tripod.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mumbai's water sources]]
*[[Vihar Lake]]
*[[Powai Lake]]
*[[Salsette]]
*[[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

[[Category:Lakes of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Borivali]]

G. A. Kulkarni

2025-10-10T00:07:08Z

Scopex: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian writer (1923–1987)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = G. A. Kulkarni
| image = G A Kulkarni-2.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = G A Kulkarni
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|07|10}}
| birth_place = Examba, Karnataka (aka Ek Samba / Ek Sambe)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1987|12|11|1923|07|10}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Author and professor
| language = Marathi
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre = Short stories, translations
| subject =
| movement = Nav-katha in Marathi Literature
| notableworks = KaajalMaya, RamalKhuna SanjShakun, PingalaVel
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1973)
| signature_alt =
}}

'''G. A. Kulkarni''' (Gurunath Abaji Kulkarni), or known simply as "GA" (10 July 1923 – 11 December 1987), was an Indian [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#MARATHI|title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::..|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2017-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#MARATHI|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Marathi language|Marathi]] writer of short stories.

GA grew up in [[Belgaum]]. After earning his master's degree, he taught English at JSS College in [[Dharwad]] for about 30 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dharwad.com/nimmaputa/ga.html |title=Do you know GA? |publisher=Dharwad.com |accessdate=3 October 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205104420/http://www.dharwad.com/nimmaputa/ga.html |archivedate=5 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He had very strong liking for [[Dharwad]] and [[Belgaum]]. For medical treatment of his eyes, he reluctantly moved to [[Pune]] in 1985. A major road<ref>{{cite web|author=GA Kulkarni Path, Kothrud |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/GA+Kulkarni+Path,+Kothrud |title=G.A. Kulkarni Road on Google Maps |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> in the [[Kothrud]] area of [[Pune]], where GA lived for couple of years before his death, has been named after him.

GA, who bought new strength and vitality to the Marathi short story, is admittedly the most distinguished exponent of that genre. A contemporary of [[Gangadhar Gadgil]], [[Arvind Gokhale]] and [[Vyankatesh Digambar Madgulkar|Vyankatesh Madgulkar]], he did not subscribe to the cause of modernism in literature. He charted his own separate course and cultivated new acuity and taste for a class of faithful readers.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA229 |title=Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India |isbn=9780313287787 |accessdate=16 August 2012|last1=Natarajan |first1=Nalini |last2=Nelson |first2=Emmanuel Sampath |year=1996 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>

GA created a world of his own in his short stories where his characters are in pursuit of the unknowable destiny. A dark mode reflects the inscrutable ways in which destiny shadows his characters. His use of symbolism, allegory and irony provides his stories a unique texture and ethos. His world encompasses a wide diversity of locales, situations, characters and experiences; yet, in his earlier stories, it is demarcated by the region bordering [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. The mythic, allegorical experiences make it difficult to sort out the realities from the dreams, themes, and meditations. Yet, it is possible for the reader to identify with his characters, places, and experiences because of his keen observation of human, animal, and social worlds in their beauty and deformity.

Critics observe that characters in GA's world are multifaceted, but they are not independent. They lead their lives as if they are puppets guided by an unseen hand and are unable to change the direction. Why they follow that path to their demise or why they cannot change it by their volition is not known. In that sense, his work is a reversal of direction fostered by the modernist short story in Marathi.<ref name="google1"/> GA's earlier short stories depicted the tragic and cruel aspects of the human situation. His later works were almost [[Kafkaesque]], without [[Kafka]]-like black humour. Some of his later works were allegorical and reminiscent of [[Borges]].

Some of GA's short stories have been translated into English, [[Hindi]], and [[Kannada]]. He was honoured in 1973 with a [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his collection of short stories ''Kajalmaya''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/showSearchAwardsResult.jsp?year=1973&author=&awards=AA&language=MARATHI | title=GA's Kajalmaya wins 1973 Sahitya Akademy Award |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in |date= |accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> Critically acclaimed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/kairee.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509125138/http://www.upperstall.com/kairee.html |archivedate=9 May 2008 |title=Review of Kairee (A movie based on GA's story with same name) |publisher=Upperstall.com |date=9 May 2008 |accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> Marathi movie ''Kairee'',<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0293304/ Kairee on IMDB]</ref> which was directed by [[Amol Palekar]], was based on one of his short stories. Based on GA's short story, Director [[Kranti Kanade]] made short film [[Chaitra]] that went on to win five National Film Awards in 2002.

GA was a prolific correspondent. Though he had an obsession to keep his life private, he also longed to reach out through letters to his friends who shared his tastes. Four volumes of his letters were published after his death. He had written many of those letters to "Shri Pu" Bhagwat, Sunita Deshpande, Madhav Achawal,<ref>{{cite web|author=Deepak Dandekar |url=http://www.gakulkarni.info/letters/madhav.html |title=Latters to Madhav Achawal |publisher=Gakulkarni.info |date= |accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> Jaywant Dalvi, Anantrao Kulkarni, and "Ma Da" Hatkanangalekar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gakulkarni.info/letters/hatkangalekar.html |title=Letters to Ma. Da. Hatkanangalekar |publisher=Gakulkarni.info |date= |accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref>

GA translated five novels by [[Conrad Richter]] into Marathi in the 1960s for a project which [[United States Information Service|USIS]] in India had initiated for getting some prominent American writings translated into Indian languages. He also wrote the book ''Manase Arbhat Ani Chillar'', which contains seemingly autobiographical musings.

He translated Nobel laureate William Golding’s work “Lord of the Flies” to Marathi. William Golding had personally come for the ceremony of publication of GA’s Marathi translation.

== Works ==

* ''Nilasavala'' (निळासावळा) (1959)
* ''Hirave Rave'' (हिरवे रावे) (1960)
* ''Parava'' (पारवा) (1960)
* ''RaktaChandan'' (रक्तचंदन) (1966)
* ''Kajalmaya'' (काजळमाया) (1972)
* ''Pingalavel'' (पिंगळावेळ)
* ''Sanjshakun'' (सांजशकुन ) (1975)
* ''Ramalkhuna'' (रमलखुणा) (1975)
* ''Ek Arabi Kahani'' (एक अरबी कहाणी) (1983) (Translated)
* ''Onjaldhara'' (ओंजळधारा) (1984) (Translated)
* ''Bakhar Bimmachi'' (बखर बिम्मची) (1986) (for children)
* ''Mugdhachi Rangit Goshta'' (मुग्धाची रंगीत गोष्ट) (1986) (for children)
* ''Pailpakhare'' (पैलपाखरे ) (1986) (Translated)
* ''Akashphule'' (आकाशफुले) (Translated)
* ''Manase Arbhat Ani Chillar'' (माणसे -अरभाट आणि चिल्लर) (1988)
* ''Kusumgunja'' (कुसुमगुंजा) (1989; posthumous)
* ''Sonpawale'' (सोनपावले) (1991; posthumous)
* ''Dohakalima'' (डोहकाळिमा) (1987) (Collection of stories from GA's first four books)
* ''Niyatidaan'' (नियतिदान ) (1992; posthumous) (Collection of [[Hindi]] translation of GA's selected short stories)
* ''Raan'' (रान) (1967) (Translated; Original – The Trees by [[Conrad Richter]])
* ''Gaav'' (गाव) (1967) (Translated; Original – The Town by [[Conrad Richter]])
* ''Swatantrya Ale Ghara'' (स्वातंत्र्य आले घरा) (1968) (Translated; Original – The Free Man by [[Conrad Richter]]))
* ''Ranatil Prakash'' (रानातील प्रकाश) (1968) (Translated; Original – The Light in the Forest by [[Conrad Richter]])
* ''Shiwaar'' (शिवार) (1968) (Translated; Original – The Fields by [[Conrad Richter]])
* ''Sonyache Madake'' (सोन्याचे मडके) (1991; posthumous) (Translated, Original – [[The Crock of Gold (novel)|Crock of Gold]] by [[James Stephens (author)|James Stephens]])
* ''Lord of the Flies'' (लॉर्ड ऑफ दी फ्लाईज) (1987) (Translated, Original – [[Lord of the Flies (novel)|Lord of the Flies]], By [[William Golding]])
* ''Vairyachi Ek Ratra'' (वैऱ्याची एक रात्र) (1982) (Translated, Original – I Survived Hitler's Ovens by Olga Lengyel)
* ''Amrutphale'' (अमृतफळे) (1983) (Translated, Original – Apples of immortality by Leon Surmelian)
* ''G.A. -nchi Nivadak Patre – Khand I, II, III, IV'' (जी.एं. ची निवडक पत्रे; खंड १,२.३.४) (1995,1998, 2006; posthumous)
* ''G.A. -nchi PatraVela'' (जी.एं.ची पत्रवेळा; Letters to Kavi Grace and his daughter Mithila) (2010; posthumous)
* ''Diwas Tudawat Andharakade'' (दिवस तुडवत अंधाराकडे ) (2015; posthumous) (Translated:1953, Original – [[Long Day's Journey into Night]] by [[Eugene O'Neill]])
* ''A Journey Forever: Iskilaar and Other Stories'' (2015; posthumous) (Collection of English translation of GA's selected short stories like Iskilaar. Translator:Vilas Salunke)
* ''Shadows in the Desert: Vidooshak and Other Stories'' (2015; posthumous) (Collection of English translation of GA's selected short stories like Vidooshak. Translator:Vilas Salunke)

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.gakulkarni.com/ G.A. Kulkarni info site #1]
* [http://www.gakulkarni.info/ G.A. Kulkarni info site #2]
* A few excerpts from GA's stories – [http://www.gakulkarni.info/stories/orphius/orphius.html Orpheus], [http://www.gakulkarni.info/stories/bhet/bhet.html Bhet], [http://www.gakulkarni.info/stories/vidushak/vidushak.html Vidushak], [http://www.gakulkarni.info/stories/swami/swami.html Swami]
* [http://www.rasik.com/cgi_bin/display_author.cgi?authorId=a51351&lang=marathi GA's Books Buying GA's Books]
* [http://gakulkarni.info/pages/writeup.htm Prof. Ma Da Hatkangalekar on G.A. Kulkarni]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]
[[Category:People from Dharwad]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Samala Sadasiva

2025-10-09T16:56:51Z

Scopex: expanded citations additionally

{{Short description|Telugu poet and writer}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2025}}
[[File:File.samalasadasiva.jpg|thumb|File.samalasadasiva]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
'''Samala Sadasiva''' (11 May 1928 – 7 August 2012) was a [[Telugu language]] poet and writer. He won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2894486.ece |title=Today's Paper / NATIONAL : He thinks in Urdu, writes in Telugu |work=The Hindu |date=15 February 2012 |accessdate=22 August 2012}}</ref>

==Born==
He was born in Tenugupalle village in [[Dahegaon, Komaram Bheem|Dahegaon]] mandal in [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram Bheem]] and worked as a Telugu teacher.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sahitya-Akademi-awardee-passes-away/articleshow/15396488.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104203931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-08/hyderabad/33099335_1_sahitya-akademi-telugus-persian |url-status=live |archive-date=4 January 2014 |title=Sahitya Akademi awardee passes away |date= 8 August 2012|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref>

==Life==
Sadasiva wrote over 425 books in various languages and translated books into Telugu from [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Persian language|Persian]], English and others. He was instrumental in including a lesson on Girijan leader [[Komaram Bheem]] in the school syllabus in Andhra Pradesh. Some of his works include Urdu Sahithya charitra, Amzad Rubayilu, Malayalamarathalu, Yaadhi, Sangeetha sikaraalu, etc.

He earned a doctorate from [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]] in 1998 and [[Kakatiya University]] conferred him with a doctorate in 2002. In 2006, he got Rajiv Prathibha Puraskaram. A native of Cherupalli village of Dayagam mandal, He lived in Vidhyanagar in Adilabad town.

He won kendra sahithya academy award for his book on [[Hindustani music]] written in Telugu called ''Swara Layalu''.He has got best translation award in 1964 for translation "Amzad Rubabulu" .

==Death==
He died due to cardiac arrest at his home in Adilabad. He had died on 7 August 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3741165.ece |title=Cities / Hyderabad : Tributes paid to Sadasiva |work=The Hindu |date=8 August 2012 |accessdate=22 August 2012}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Swaralayaalu
* Yadi
* Malayamarutalu
* Sangitashikharalu
* Mirza Ghalib
* Amjad Rubabulu
samala
#Urdu sahitya charitra

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadasiva, Samala}}
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:People from Adilabad]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Diocese of Chingleput

2025-08-24T22:00:15Z

Scopex: adding new post

{{Short description|Latin Catholic diocese in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|image = St.Joseph's Cathedral, Chingelpet.jpg
|caption =
|name = Chingleput
|latin = Dioecesis Chingleputensis
|local = செங்கல்பட்டு மறைமாவட்ட
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan =
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Madras and Mylapore]]
|denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
|rite = [[Roman Rite]]
|cathedral = Saint Joseph's Cathedral
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 1,711
|population = 2,875,000
|population_as_of = 2006
|catholics = 126,951
|catholics_percent= 4.4
|parishes = 110
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Anthonisamy Neethinathan]]
|metro_archbishop = [[George Antonysamy]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://www.chengaidiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
}}

The '''Diocese of Chingleput''' ({{langx|la| Chingleputen(sis)}}) is a [[Latin Church]] ecclesiastical jurisdiction or [[diocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in [[India]]. Its [[episcopal see]] is [[Chingleput]]. The Diocese of Chingleput is a [[suffragan]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of the [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore]].

==History==
The diocese Diocese of Chingleput was established on July 19, 2002, from territory taken from the Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore.

==Leadership==
[[File:Bishop Anthonysamy Neethinathan.jpg|thumb|Bishop Anthonisamy Neethinathan]]
[[Bishop]] Anthonisamy Neethinathan is the first the current bishop of Chingleput in charge from July 19, 2002. [[Saint Joseph]]'s [[Cathedral]] is the seat of power located in Chingleput. The bishop house is located in Thimmavaram Chingleput.
===Bishop===
* [[Bishop]]s of Chingleput
** Anthonisamy Neethinathan (July 19, 2002 – present)

==Shrines==
{{Expand list|date=March 2016}}
[[File:St_Thomas_Mount3.JPG|thumb|right|St.Thomas Mount Shrine]]

* [[St. Thomas National Shrine]].
* Divine Mercy Hill Shrine – [[Chingleput]].
* Mazhai Malai Madha Shrine – [[Acharapakkam]].
* St. Antony’s Shrine – [[Palavakkam]]
* Our Lady of Fatima’s Shrine – [[Tambaram]].
* Our Lady of Mount Carmel Shrine – Covelong ([[Kovalam]]).
* St. Jude’s Shrine – [[Vanuvampet]]

==Vicariates==
There are 11 vicariates in the Chingleput diocese.

* [[Chingleput]]
* [[Cheyyur]]
* Covelong
* [[Kancheepuram]]
* [[Madurantagam]]
* [[Palavakkam]]
* [[Pallavaram]]
* [[Palliagaram]]
* [[St. Thomas Mount]]
* [[Tambaram]]
* [[Guduvancherry]]

==See also==
*[[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/chin1.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dchnp.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{Coord|12.6979|79.9757|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chingleput}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2002]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Thanjavur Bangaru Kamatchiamman Temple

2025-07-13T13:31:33Z

Scopex: made some place w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Thanjavur City, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2017}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

[[File: Thanjavur bangaru kamatchiamman temple.jpg|200x200px|right|Rajagopura|thumb]]

'''Sri Bangaru Kamakshi Amman Temple''' is a [[Hindu Temple]] in [[Thanjavur|Thanjavur City]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="hrce">அருள்மிகு பங்காரு காமாட்சியம்மன் கோயில், திருக்கோயில்கள் வழிகாட்டி, தமிழ்நாடு அரசு இந்து சமய அறநிலையத்துறை, 2014 (Bangaru Kamatchiamman Temple, Guide to Temples, Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Endowment Department, 2014 in Tamil)</ref> It is located at the West Main Street, Thanjavur.

==Structure==
The temple has rajagopura, front mandapa, sanctum sanctorum and vimana.

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity is known as Bangaru Kamakshi Amman. On either side of the sanctum, sanctorum gatekeepers are found. At the left side of the sanctum sanctorum, the shrine of Kamakodi Amman is found.

At the entrance of the temple, there is a big [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]] called as 'Varada Maha Ganapati'.

== History ==

The temple was built around 1760s during the period of Maratha ruler [[Pratap Singh of Thanjavur|Pratap Singh Bhonsle of Thanjavur]].<ref name="hrce"/>

== Shyama Sastri ==

[[Shyama Sastri]], one of [[Trinity of Carnatic music]], was born in the family which served as the temple priests in Bangaru [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]].

== Kumbhabhishekham ( Consecration Ceremony ) ==

Past Consecration Ceremonies were conducted in the below mentioned dates.

18 March 1992, 3 March 2004, 23 March 2017.<ref>[http://tamil.thehindu.com/tamilnadu/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81/article9599066.ece பங்காரு காமாட்சி அம்மன் கோயில் கும்பாபிஷேகம்: ஜெயேந்திரர், விஜயேந்திரர் பங்கேற்பு, தி இந்து, 24 மார்ச் 2017]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kungumam.co.in/APArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=857&id1=50&id2=17&issue=20110601 மங்காத வாழ்வளிப்பாள் பங்காரு காமாட்சி, ஆன்மிகம்]

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

The Leader (Allahabad newspaper)

2025-05-05T04:18:16Z

Scopex: slightly adjust article for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|English-language newspaper in India}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
'''''The Leader''''' (24 October 1909 – 6 September 1967) <ref name=as/><ref name=du>{{cite web|url=http://library.duke.edu/research/subject/guides/south_asian_studies/newspapers.html|title=Newspapers and Periodicals: N4787 The Leader|publisher=Duke University Library System}}</ref> was one of the most influential English-language newspapers in [[India]] during [[British Raj]]. Founded by [[Madan Mohan Malviya]], the paper was published in [[Allahabad]].<ref name=ch>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000507/spectrum/main2.htm#3|title=C. Y. Chintamani (April 10, 1880 — July 1, 1941)|date=7 May 2000|work=The Tribune}}</ref> Under [[C. Y. Chintamani]], a dynamic editor from 1909 to 1934, it acquired a large readership in [[North India]]. His clash with Motilal Nehru over issue of his freedom as editor, meant that Motilal left within a year, thereafter between 1927 and 1936, Chintamani was not only the Chief Editor of the newspaper, but also the leader of the opposition in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|U. P. Legislative Council]].<ref name=ch/> [[Indian National Congress]] leader, [[Moti Lal Nehru]] was the first Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Leader,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congress.org.in/role-of-press.php |title=Role of Press in India's Struggle for Freedom |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723140639/http://www.congress.org.in/role-of-press.php |archivedate=23 July 2010 }}</ref> and the paper remained politically charged through its existence, many of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s writings were also published in it, and it is repository of important writing of that generation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/encyclopedia/sources.htm |title=The Encyclopedia of Gandhian Thoughts: SOURCES |publisher=mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904084427/http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/encyclopedia/sources.htm |archivedate= 4 September 2010 }} </ref>

== Archives ==

The [[Duke University Library System]] has newspaper copies from 1963 to 6 September 1967 on [[microfilm]],<ref name=du/> apart from [[British Library]], Asia, Pacific and African Collections and [[University of Cambridge]], South Asian Studies Centre.<ref name=as>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=48&Order=0&Query=indian&View=0&pp=15&RecView=1|quote= Vol. 1, no. 1. (Oct. 24, 1909)-v. 230, no. 20762 (Sept. 6, 1967)|title=The Leader (Allahabad, India)}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=48&Order=0&Query=indian&View=0&pp=15&RecView=1&HoldingsID=169 ''The Leader''] at [[British Library]]

{{Allahabad division topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leader}}

[[Category:1909 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1909]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:Mass media in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Madan Mohan Malaviya]]

Phungcham

2025-04-30T17:07:00Z

Scopex: small improved section as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phungcham
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Phungchem
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|13|32|N|94|23|33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ukhrul district|Ukhrul]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4296
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tangkhul Naga language|Tangkhul]] (Phungchemtui)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795142
| registration_plate = MN
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ukhrul
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 76.94%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Outer Manipur
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Chingai
| website = {{URL|manipur.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Phungcham''' is a village located north of [[Ukhrul]] in [[Ukhrul district]], [[Manipur]] state, India. The village is approximately 28 kilometers from Ukhrul and is connected by inter village road constructed under [[PMGSY]].<ref>{{cite web|title=PMGSY road to Phungcham|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..051215.dec15|accessdate=31 December 2015| work=E-Pao}}</ref> Phungcham is flanked by [[Longpi]] and [[Lunghar]] in the east, [[Peh]] in the north, Ukhrul and [[Halang, Ukhrul|Halang]] in the south and Talui in the west.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allindiafacts.com/places/manipur/ukhrul/ukhrul-north/phungcham.html |title=All about Phungcham |publisher=All India Facts |accessdate=2015-08-26 }}</ref>[[File:Phungcham.jpg|thumb|View of Phungcham from Longathan Hill]]

==Population==
As per 2011 census,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/270374-phungcham-manipur.html|title=District census report |publisher=Census India |accessdate=2015-08-26 }}</ref> the village has a total of 762 houses with 4041 persons of which 2022 are male while 2019 are female. Of the total population, 753 are in the age group of 0–6 years. The average sex ratio of the village is 814 female per 1000 male which is lower than the state's average of 930. The literacy rate of the village is 85.81%. Male literacy rate stands at 85.81% and female literacy rate was 75.01%.

==Origin==
The term ''Phungcham'' means old settlement in [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul dialect]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cohsem.nic.in/docs/subjects/11%20Tangkhul%20%28MIL%29.pdf|title=On Phungcham |publisher=E-Pao |accessdate=2015-08-26 }}</ref> It is evident in the name of the village (Phungcham, meaning old settlement) itself and various historical places like 'Long-Ngathan' and 'Long-Ngasam' that the Tangkhul people dispersed from this village to their present settlements. It is considered{{by whom|date=November 2021}} one of the oldest villages in [[Ukhrul district]]. The village has places called ''Longathan'' (group dispersement spot), ''Longngasam'' (group resting spot), etc., to substantiate this claim. The people of Phungcham speaks local dialect called 'Phungchamtui' which many believed is the origin of many of the commonly spoken language among the Tangkhuls called 'Tangkhultui'.

Shimreishang and Maitonphi,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Shumang_Lila.Grooming_Young_Tribal_Artists_with_a_Passion_Part_2|title=On Shimreishang and Maitonphi |publisher=E-Pao |accessdate=2015-08-26 }}</ref> the protagonists in the famous Tangkhul romantic folk tale were from this village. The epic love story of Shimreishang and Maitonphi has a typical tragic ending with Maitonphi being married off to Pansa (Falingwo) Vasah, Faling village chief in secret. Shimreishang was grief-stricken and died after getting the chance to bid goodbye to Maitonphi. Maitonphi also died shortly after. However, substantiating the Tangkhuls belief of life after death; the two lovers are believed to be re-united in the after life called as ''Kazeiram'' in Tangkhul dialect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Synopsis of Maitonphi and Shimreishang|url=https://www.nasadiya.com/nsdbrm12/ashang.html|accessdate=31 December 2015| work=nasadiya}}</ref>
Lengthui, a legendary prankster whose adventures exist as folk tales among the Tangkhuls also hails from Phungcham.

==People==
The village is home to people of Tangkhul Naga tribe. The inhabitants are 100% Christians. Agriculture is the primary occupation of the inhabitants. The village is known its contributions to the history and [[folk culture]] of the Tangkhuls.{{fact|date=March 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ukhrul district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ukhrul district]]

Bilaspur district

2025-03-17T12:57:04Z

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'''Bilaspur district''' may refer to either of these districts of India:

* [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]

== See also ==
* [[Bilaspur (disambiguation)]]



{{geodis}}
[[Category:District name disambiguation pages]]

Taekwondo at the 2016 South Asian Games

2025-01-09T13:37:27Z

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{{short description|Taekwondo competition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox sports competition event
| event = Taekwondo
| games = 2016 South Asian Games
| image = Taekwondo pictogram.svg
| imagesize = 100
| venue =
| dates =
| competitors =
| nations =
| prev = [[Taekwondo at the 2010 South Asian Games|2010]]
| next = [[Taekwondo at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
}}

'''[[Taekwondo]]''' at the '''[[2016 South Asian Games]]''' were held in [[Guwahati]], [[India]] from 10 to 15 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Competition Schedule - 12th South Asian Games, Guwahati & Shillong|url = http://www.southasiangames2016.com/CompetitionSchedule.aspx|website = www.southasiangames2016.com|access-date = 2016-01-17|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125171008/http://www.southasiangames2016.com/CompetitionSchedule.aspx|archivedate = 25 January 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Medalists==
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}
|-
|Men
|
|
|
|-
|Women
|
|
|
|}

==Medal table==
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| flag_template = flagIOC2team
| event = 2016 South Asian Games
| team =
| gold_AFG = 6 | silver_AFG = 1 | bronze_AFG = 1
| gold_IND = 5 | silver_IND = 3 | bronze_IND = 2
| gold_PAK = 2 | silver_PAK = 1 | bronze_PAK = 4
| gold_NEP = 0 | silver_NEP = 7 | bronze_NEP = 3
| gold_SRI = 0 | silver_SRI = 1 | bronze_SRI = 4
| gold_BHU = 0 | silver_BHU = 0 | bronze_BHU = 9
| gold_BAN = 0 | silver_BAN = 0 | bronze_BAN = 3
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.southasiangames2016.com/ Official website]

{{Events at the 2016 South Asian Games}}
{{Taekwondo at the South Asian Games}}

[[Category:Events at the 2016 South Asian Games]]
[[Category:Taekwondo at the South Asian Games]]

{{taekwondo-stub}}

Heikru Hidongba

2024-10-03T10:19:09Z

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{{Short description|Manipuri boat racing festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name =Heikru Hidongba
|image =ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ ꯇꯥꯟꯅꯕ꯲.jpg
|caption=Ladies participating in Heikru Hidongba
|observedby=[[Meitei people]]
|date=as per [[Meitei calendar]]
|frequency =Annual
|type =[[Meitei people|Meitei]]
|celebrations=Boat racing
}}
'''"Heikru Hidongba"''' (Manipuri boat racing festival) is a socio-religious ceremony performed every year at the moat of the Sagolband Bijoy Govinda Leikai, [[Imphal]] on the 11th day of the [[Meitei calendar]] month Langban (coinciding with September) with elements of religious, custom and other traditional belief of creation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india-tours.com/fairs-and-festivals/heikru-hidongba.html|title = Heikru-Hidongba Festival of Manipur, Heikru Hidongba Boat Festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/2231|title='Heikru-Hidongba symbolises revival of age-old tradition'}}{{Dead link|date=April 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Manipur}}
[[File:ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ ꯇꯥꯟꯅꯕ꯶.jpg|thumb|A scene of Heikru Hidongba being performed.|260x260px]]
"Heikru Hidongba" is one of the several socio-religious ceremony performed to bring peace and prosperity to the community which was started during the reign of Maharaja Irengba in 984 A.D. With the passage of time and through the reign of several kings, many changes took places in the religious life of the [[Meiteis]]. The culmination was attained during the time of Maharaja Bhagychandra. During this time Meidingu Nongpok Leirikhomba (Anantashai) uncle to the King Bhagychandra tried hard to preserve the tradition and to effect an adjustment between the old and the new.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Heikru_Hidongba_Cultural_History_of_Manipur_By_Ch_Jamini|title = Heikru Hidongba Cultural History of Manipur by Ch Jamini}}</ref>

In 1779, Heikru Hidongba was performed at the [[moat]] of Bijoy Govinda with the Shri Shri Bijoy Govindaji from the royal palace coming with customary rites and rituals after the completion of which it was installed in the new temple dedicated by Nongpok Leirikhomba at Sagolband Bijoy Govinda Leikai. In the next year it was decided subsequently to have the Heikru Hidongba festival every year on the 11th day of the month of Langban in Manipuri Calendar.

There is a historical background to the moat. It was once known as "Tubi Irel". Once Meidingu Nongpok Leirikhomba was in the jail of the King of Moirang, in fetters from where he was freed by the plans of the daughter of Khelei Nungnang Telheiba. Too happy at that, the moat was named Moirang Leima Thangapat, the moat of the Moirang Leima by which name it was also known.

==Proceedings of the Heikru Hidongba==
[[File:ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ ꯇꯥꯟꯅꯕ꯳.jpg|thumb|Tribal ladies participating in the festival|260x260px]]
In a twin boat sanctified by the presence of the deity amidst chanting of [[Sankirtana]] and music, Arti is offered. Tengmaileppa (who takes care of the boat), Hinao Shaba (who steers the boat), Chang Shaba (who look after the Tengmaileppa), Nourungba (who takes care of leakage of water inside the boat, etc.) and Naomang Shaba (who helps the one who steers the boat) are the main participants of the race who will put on Ningkham and Shamjim, traditional components of the formal dress of such festivities. Some more ornament are also there. Along with this the King will be present along with the Vishnu. If the King could not be present, in that case [[Vishnu]] will occupy the seat where the traditional royal seat is laid out. In keeping with customary traditional, one day before the festival of Heikru Hidongba the Kingand the Vishnu are offered ritual invitation. In the evening boat race practise is done. The leaders of the race boat (Tengmaileppa), in the early morning of the Heikru Hidongba festival (early morning between 10th and 11th of Langban Month in Manipuri Calendar) flakes of silver and gold put in anganthak tengnou shaba (well shaped earthen receptacle to put traditional smoke flakes) will be offered to Bijoy Govinda. A garland of 108 heikru (Amla) interspersed with the stem of Hup (a wild grass) and another garland of 108 rice which the peeling is done by hand will be first offered to Bijoy Govinda and afterwards placed at the hull of the boat. Before the boat race starts Bijoy Govinda will have a pleasure of the panoramic scene. The two leaders of the boat (Tengmaileppa) after due offerings to God will start the race.

==Heikru Hidongba and Hiyang Tannaba==
[[File:ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡ ꯇꯥꯟꯅꯕ꯴.jpg|thumb|Ladies participating in the festival|363x363px]]
Even though the two appear to be festivity of similar nature, there are many differences between the two. As Heikru Hidongba is performed with necessary rituals on the appointed day enjoined by the religious and customary sanctions it necessarily point to the difference between the two. Heikru Hidongba is combination of the three words, namely Heirku+ Hi+Tongba to complete the word Heikru Hidongba. And it is not performed at any other place than at the moat of Bijoy Govinda.

{{Clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Fairs and Festivals in Manipur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Source==
* Heikru Hidongba published by Bijoy Govinda Sevayet Committee, Imphal

[[Category:Ceremonies in India]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:September observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]

Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah

2024-09-21T16:13:30Z

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#REDIRECT [[Masud Shah]]

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Perumatty Gram Panchayat

2024-05-24T05:28:08Z

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{{Other uses|Perumatty (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Perumatty''' is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Perumatty is the first Gramapanchayat in Kerala to run entirely on solar energy. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of [[Perumatty]], [[Moolathara]] and [[Vandithavalam]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224692&rlbtype=V |accessdate=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193504/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224692&rlbtype=V |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Unique Identification Authority of India

2024-04-24T01:02:41Z

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