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Sangetsar Tso

2026-05-08T12:59:43Z

ScarlettNicholso: stub...

{{Short description|Lake in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox body of water
| name = Sangetsar Tso Shonga-tser Lake
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Madhuri Lake
| image = Sangestar Tso Lake.jpg
| alt = Sangetsar Tso
| caption = Sangetsar Tso
| image_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry = 
| location = [[Tawang district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India
| group =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.72|91.82|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| part_of =
| inflow =
| rivers =
| outflow =
| oceans =
| catchment = 
| basin_countries = IN
| agency =
| length = 
| width = 
| area = 
| depth = 
| max-depth = 
| volume = 
| residence_time =
| salinity = none
| shore = 
| elevation = {{convert|3708|m}}
| temperature_high = 
| temperature_low = 
| frozen = 
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Sangetsar Tso in India.
| pushpin_relief = 0
| website =
| reference =
}}

The '''Sangetsar Tso'''<ref>
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/sangetsar-lake-a-beautiful-paradise-near-tawang-named-after-madhuri-dixit/articleshow/67740679.cms Sangetsar Lake, a beautiful paradise near Tawang, named after Madhuri Dixit], Times Travel, The Times of India, 29 January 2019.
</ref>{{efn|Alternative spelling: Sangetser Tso, sometimes misspelled as "Sangestar Tso".<ref name="Tawang tourist">[https://tawang.nic.in/tourism/tourist-places/ Tourist Places], Tawang District administration, retrieved 20 October 2025.</ref> The Tawang district administration also mentions an alternative name: "Pankang Teng Tso".<ref name="Tawang tourist"/>}} ({{bo|t=སངས་རྒྱས་མཚོ།}})
formerly called '''Shonga-tser Lake''' and popularly known as the '''Madhuri Lake''', is located on the way from [[Tawang]] to [[Bum La Pass]] in [[Tawang district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], near Indo-China border above {{convert|3708|m}} above sea level.<ref name=TOI>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/sangetsar-lake-a-beautiful-paradise-near-tawang-named-after-madhuri-dixit/as67740679.cms Sangetsar Lake, a beautiful paradise near Tawang, named after Madhuri Dixit], The Times of India, 29 January 2019.</ref><ref name="tawang.nic.in">[https://tawang.nic.in/tourist-place/sangestar-tso-madhuri-lake/ Sangestar Tso], Government of Arunachal Pradesh, retrieved 10 July 2020.</ref><ref name="mustseeindia.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/Tawang-Bumla-Pass/attraction/21829 | title=Bumla Pass, Tawang | publisher=Roam Space Travel Solutions Pvt Ltd. | work=mustseeindia.com | accessdate=2013-04-19 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704220456/http://www.mustseeindia.com/Tawang-Bumla-Pass/attraction/21829 | archivedate=4 July 2012 }}</ref><ref> [https://thelandofwanderlust.com/lake-created-earthquake-sangestar-tso-tawang/ Lake created by an earthquake: Sangestar Tso, Tawang], thelandofwanderlustcom, retrieved 14 November 2021.</ref>

==Geography==
Sangetsar Tso is located about {{convert|22|mi|km}} north of [[Tawang]] and {{convert|4|mi|km}} west of [[Bum La Pass]].

Sangetsar Tso is within the basin of the '''Taktsang Chu''' river, which flows through this region. It originates below the Takpo Shiri glacier to the north, and flows west and then southwest to join the [[Nyamjang Chu]] river {{convert|8|mi|km}} downstream. The Sangetsar Tso was created along its course by falling rocks, boulders and trees in an earthquake.

The '''Taktsang Gompa''' is also within the area, {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} to the west of the lake.

==Tourism==
[[File:Sungester lake, Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh.jpeg|thumb|Sangetsar lake in winter]]Visit by civilian tourist of India is permissible with permission from the [[Indian Army]]. The track is very treacherous, only [[Sports utility vehicle|SUV]]s advisable, and that too only on clear weather day with no snowfall or rainfall.

===Permit===
A special permit is required to visit the [[Bum La Pass]].<ref name="mustseeindia.com" /> Permits are requested at the Office of the Deputy Commissioner in [[Tawang District]], and they are in the Indian army cantonment at the [[Tawang]] town. Without the army stamp, visitors are not allowed through the numerous check posts along the way.<ref name="sevendiary.com">{{cite web | url=http://sevendiary.com/bumla-pass/ | title=BUMLA PASS | publisher=sevendiary.com | work=sevendiary.com | date=8 November 2012 | accessdate=2013-04-19 | archive-date=25 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025031314/https://www.sevendiary.com/bumla-pass/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
The lake was featured in a [[Madhuri Dixit]] ([[Bollywood]] actress) dance sequence in the movie [[Koyla]], as a result of which it has come to be called the ''Madhuri lake''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Sangetsar Lake.jpg
File:Madhuri lake.jpg
File:Lake Shungtser at Tawang-3.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Tawang Town]]
* [[Tawang Monastery]]
* [[Tawang district]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mountain passes of India}}

[[Category:Lakes of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tawang district]]

Palasbari Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T02:48:42Z

ScarlettNicholso: put up new page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palasbari
| constituency_no = 29
| type = SLA
| map_image = Palasbari Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| district = [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Himangshu Shekhar Baishya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Palasbari Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Palasbari forms part of the [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
* 1951: [[Emonsing M Sangma]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 1957: Radhika Ram Das, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1962: Radhika Ram Das, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1967: A. K. Goswami, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1972: Harendra Nath Talukdar, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1978: Harendra Goswami, [[Janata Party]]
* 1983: Mohan Basumatari, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1985: Jatin Mali, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 1991: Jatin Mali, [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
* 1996: Jatin Mali, [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
* 2001: [[Pranab Kalita]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 2006: Pranab Kalita, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 2011: Jatin Mali, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 2016: Pranab Kalita, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* 2021: [[Hemanga Thakuria]],<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Palasbari}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Himangshu Shekhar Baishya|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=109301 |percentage=58.58 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Assam Jatiya Parishad |candidate=Pankaj Lochan Goswami|votes=65348 |percentage=35.02 |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Jayanta Mahanta |party=Independent |votes=3111 |percentage=1.67 |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link|party= Aam Admi Party|candidate= Elvin Baruah |votes=2317 |percentage=1.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Palasbari<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pranab Kalita
|votes = 75,210
|percentage = 61.93
|change = +60.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nabajyoti Talukdar
|votes = 26,468
|percentage = 21.79
|change = +2.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jatin Mali
|votes = 15,755
|percentage = 12.97
|change = -21.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kushal Chandra Sarma
|votes = 991
|percentage = 0.81
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = LDP
|candidate = Juri Mali
|votes = 980
|percentage = 0.80
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = RJP
|candidate = Palash Jyoti Das
|votes = 467
|percentage = 0.38
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,564
|percentage = 1.28
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48,742
|percentage = 40.14
|change = +39.54
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,21,435
|percentage = 87.99
|change = +6.07
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,38,002
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Palasbari}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jatin Mali
|votes = 36,718
|percentage = 34.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pranab Kalita
|votes = 36,038
|percentage = 34.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Niva Sharma Thakuria
|votes = 19,993
|percentage = 18.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Anup Medhi
|votes = 10,577
|percentage = 9.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hemanga Thakuria
|votes = 1,953
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Lalita Baishya
|votes = 593
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 680
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,05,872
|percentage = 81.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,29,231
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Kamrup district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961

2026-05-06T15:35:04Z

ScarlettNicholso: done...

{{Short description|Act in West Bengal}}

The '''West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961''' was an act of the legislature of the State of [[West Bengal]], [[Republic of India]], which accorded official status to the [[Bengali language]] for all state business, including legislation, except in the three hill subdivisions of [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision|Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong subdivision|Kalimpong]], and [[Kurseong subdivision|Kurseong]] of the existing Darjeeling district in which the [[Nepali language]] was also recognised.{{sfn|Dasgupta|pp=61–62|1999}} It was passed during the chief ministership of [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|B. C. Roy]].{{efn|"The West Bengal government headed by B. C. Roy made Nepali as the second language in the state as per the West Bengal Official Language Act in the wake of the AIGL movement in 1961."{{sfn|Bagchi|2012}}}} The demands for Nepali had mainly come from the Nepali-speaking [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] majority communities of the Himalayan subdivisions of [[Darjeeling subdivision|Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong subdivision|Kalimpong]] and [[Kurseong subdivision|Kurseong]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|2020|p=70}} In 1992, Nepali was recognised as one of [[languages with official status in India]] by being included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].{{efn|"Finally the Nepali language was included in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution in 1992 thanks to the agitation by another Nepalese Indian leader and former Sikkim chief minister, Nar Bahadur Bhandari."{{sfn|Bagchi|2012}}}}

== Statement of the Act ==
West Bengal Act XXIV of 1961

THE WEST BENGAL OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ACT, 1961.{{sfn|Sen|1989|pp=107–108}}

[11 November 1961]

An Act to provide for the adoption of the Bengali language as the language to be used for the official purposes of the State of West Bengal including purposes of legislation.

It is hereby enacted in the Twelfth Year of the Republic of India, by the Legislature of West Bengal, as follows: —

1. (1) This Act may be called the West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961.

:(2) It extends to the whole of West Bengal.

2. With effect from such date, not later than four years from the date of commencement of this Act, as the State Government may, by notification in the ''Official Gazette'', appoint in this behalf—

(a) in the three hill subdivisions of the district of Darjeeling, namely, Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong, the [[Bengali language]] and the [[Nepali language]], and

(b) elsewhere, the Bengali language,

shall be the language or languages to be used for the official purposes of the State of West Bengal referred to in article 345 of the [[Constitution of India]].{{sfn|Sen|1989|pp=107–108}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{citation|title=Gorkhaland: Crisis of Statehood|last=Bagchi|first=Romit|year=2012|chapter=Evolution of Political Views, Footnote 24|location=Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi|publisher=SAGE publications|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbGICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112|isbn=978-81-321-0726-2}}
*{{citation|last=Chatterjee|first=Shibashis|chapter=The Left Front and the Politics of Regionalism in West Bengal|title=West Bengal Under the Left 1977–2011|pages=66–90|year=2020|isbn=978-0-367-34850-2|editor1-last=Chatterji|editor1-first=Rakhahari|editor2-last=Basu|editor2-first=Partha Pratim|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Atis |year=1999 |title=Ethnic Problems and Movements for Autonomy in Darjeeling |periodical=Social Scientist |volume=27 |issue=11–12 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.2307/3518047 |jstor=3518047 |publisher=Social Scientist}}
*{{citation|last=Sen|first=Jahar|chapter=Appendix 5: The West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961|page=107–108|title=Darjeeling: A Favoured Retreat|year=1989|isbn=81-85182-15-9|location=New Delhi|publisher=Indus Publishing Company}}

[[Category:Language legislation]]
[[Category:History of the Bengali language]]
[[Category:1961 in Indian law]]
[[Category:West Bengal state legislation]]
[[Category:Bengali language in India]]
[[Category:Indian language legislation]]

India at the Big Four beauty pageants

2026-05-05T11:10:29Z

ScarlettNicholso:

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Short description|none}}
The following is a list of '''[[India]]''''s official representatives and their placements at the [[Big Four beauty pageants|'''Big Four''' beauty pageants]], considered the most important in the world. The country has won a total of '''ten victories''' with '''eighty-three placements''' in all four pageants:
* '''Three''' – [[Miss Universe]] crowns ([[Miss Universe 1994|1994]] • [[Miss Universe 2000|2000]] • [[Miss Universe 2021|2021]])
* '''Six''' – [[Miss World]] crowns ([[Miss World 1966|1966]] • [[Miss World 1994|1994]] • [[Miss World 1997|1997]] • [[Miss World 1999|1999]] • [[Miss World 2000|2000]] • [[Miss World 2017|2017]])
* '''One''' – [[Miss Earth]] crown ([[Miss Earth 2010|2010]])

== National franchises and organisations ==
The [[India]]n franchise holders of the four [[Big Four international beauty pageants|major beauty pageants]] are the following:
* [[Femina Miss India]] by the [[Times Group]] for [[Miss World]]
* [[Miss Divine Beauty]] by Deepak Agarwal for [[Miss Earth]]
* [[Miss Universe India]] by the [[Glamanand Group]] for [[Miss Universe]] and [[Miss International]]

==India's Big Four titleholders==
India won its first [[Big Four international beauty pageants|Big Four]] title when [[Reita Faria]] from India bagged the [[Miss World 1966]] title, becoming the first Asian to win Miss World.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/hKSUgtsk4dfMsPSTxjm04H/Manushi-Chhillars-Miss-World-win-draws-India-level-with-Ven.html|title=Manushi Chhillar's Miss World win draws India level with Venezuela with 6 titles|last=AFP|date=2017-11-19|work=Livemint|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref> In 1994, [[Sushmita Sen]] won [[Miss Universe 1994]], becoming the country's first ever Miss Universe titleholder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/251338-video-of-manushi-chillars-meeting-sushmita-sen-goes-viral|title=Video of Manushi Chillar's meeting Sushmita Sen goes viral|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref> Later that year, [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] added to the winning streak, picking up the [[Miss World 1994]] title.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/article/this-answer-got-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-the-miss-world-crown%C2%A0/127832|title=This answer got Aishwarya Rai Bachchan the Miss World crown|last=News|first=Times Now|date=17 November 2017|work=[[Times Now]]|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref>

[[Diana Hayden]] then won the [[Miss World 1997]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/this-touching-answer-manushi-chhillar-ensured-that-miss-world-2017-crown-was-hers-2585846.html|title=This touching answer by Manushi Chhillar ensured that Miss World 2017 crown was hers|work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en}}</ref> Actor and model [[Yukta Mookhey]] was later crowned [[Miss World 1999]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/abcs-nightline-mistakes-priyanka-chopra-with-yukta-mookhey-furnishes-apology-on-twitter/|title=ABC's 'Nightline' mistakes Priyanka Chopra with Yukta Mookhey, furnishes apology on Twitter|date=2015-09-30|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Six years after [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]]'s double wins, [[Lara Dutta]] for [[Miss Universe 2000]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] for [[Miss World 2000]] replicated the feat in 2000, marking the most recent time (as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}) that any country has won back-to-back at Miss World and, making India the last country to ever win at both [[Miss Universe]] and Miss World in the same year in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/beauty-queens-then-and-now-how-different-aishwarya-sushmita-priyanka-look-661903|title=Beauty Queens, Then and Now: How Different Aishwarya, Sushmita, Priyanka Look|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/lara-dutta-after-priyanka-chopra-dia-mirza-and-me-there-have-been-no-international-pageant-winners/|title=Lara Dutta: after Priyanka Chopra, Dia Mirza and me there have been no international pageant winners|last=DNA|first=Chaya Unnikrishnan|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref> India's appearances at the Miss Universe semifinals from [[Miss Universe 1992|1992]] to [[Miss Universe 2002|2002]] made it the first country in the [[Eastern Hemisphere]] to place annually at the pageant for at least 10 consecutive years.

In 2010, [[Nicole Faria]] from Bengaluru became the first Indian woman to win the [[Miss Earth 2010]] pageant. [[Manushi Chhillar]] won the [[Miss World 2017]] title and became the sixth Indian woman to be crowned Miss World. [[Harnaaz Sandhu]] won the [[Miss Universe 2021]] title, becoming the third Indian woman to be crowned Miss Universe and the most recent Big Four pageant titleholder from India as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sushmita-sen-bumped-into-manushi-chhillar-on-a-flight-here-s-how-the-beauty-queens-bonded-see-video/story-FmED4BQp6eerkixS1ls1aL.html|title=Sushmita Sen bumped into Manushi Chhillar on a flight. Here's how the beauty queens bonded.|last=Hindustan Times|first=Correspondent|date=1 December 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/shows/Miss-India-Nicole-Faria-is-the-new-Miss-Earth/articleshow/7046087.cms|title=Miss India Nicole Faria is the new Miss Earth - Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>

== Summary ==
;Colour Key
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} Winner
* {{Color box|#FFFF66|border=darkgray}} Ended as Runner-up
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=darkgray}} Ended as one of the Finalists, Semi-finalists or Quarter-finalists
}}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+
|-
! width=5%| Year
! width=15%| [[Miss Universe]]
! width=15%| [[Miss World]]
! width=15%| [[Miss International]]
! width=15%| [[Miss Earth]]
|-
| align="center" |2027
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |[[Sadhvi Sail]] TBA
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |TBA
|-
| align="center" |2026
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |[[Nikita Porwal]] TBA
| align="center" |TBA
| align="center" |TBA
|-
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"|'''[[Manika Vishwakarma]] Top 30'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"|'''[[Nandini Gupta]] Top 20'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"|'''[[Roosh Sindhu]] Top 20'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"|'''Komal Choudhary Top 25'''
|-
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"|'''[[Rhea Singha]] Top 30'''
| align="center" {{n/a|''No Pageant Held''}}
| align="center" |Rashmi Shinde
| align="center" |Gauri Gothankar
|-
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"|'''[[Shweta Sharda]] Top 20'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"|'''[[Sini Shetty]] Top 8'''
| align="center" |Praveena Aanjna
|align="center" bgcolor="#FFFACD"|'''[[Priyan Sain]] Top 20'''
|-
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" bgcolor="#FFFACD" |'''[[Divita Rai]] Top 16'''
| align="center" {{n/a|''No Pageant Held''}}
| align="center" |[[Zoya Afroz]]
| align="center" |Vanshika Parmar
|-
| align="center" |2021
| bgcolor="gold" align="center" |''' [[Harnaaz Sandhu]] Miss Universe'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Manasa Varanasi]] Top 13'''
| align="center" {{n/a|''No pageant held due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]''}}
| align="center" |Rashmi Madhuri
|-
| align="center" |2020
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Adline Castelino]] 3rd Runner-Up'''
| colspan= "2"{{n/a|''No pageant held due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]]''}}
| align="center" |Tanvi Kharote
|-
| align="center" |2019
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Vartika Singh]] Top 20'''
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Suman Rao]] 2nd Runner-Up'''
| align="center" |[[Simrithi Bathija]]
| align="center" |[[Tejaswini Manogna]]
|-
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |[[Nehal Chudasama]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Anukreethy Vas]] Top 30'''
| align="center" |[[Tanishqa Bhosale]]
| align="center" |Nishi Bhardwaj
|-
| align="center" |2017
| align="center" |[[Shraddha Shashidhar]]
| bgcolor="gold" align="center" |'''[[Manushi Chhillar]] Miss World'''
| align="center" |Ankita Kumari
| align="center" |Shaan Sumas Kumar
|-
| align="center" |2016
| align="center" |[[Roshmitha Harimurthy]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Priyadarshini Chatterjee]] Top 20'''
| align="center" |[[Rewati Chetri]]
| align="center" |[[Rashi Rao|Rashi Yadav]]
|-
| align="center" | 2015
| align="center" |[[Urvashi Rautela]]
| align="center" |[[Aditi Arya]]
| align="center" |[[Ayeesha Aiman]]
| align="center" |[[Aaital Khosla]]
|-
| align="center" |2014
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Noyonita Lodh]] Top 15'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Koyal Rana]] Top 10'''
| align="center" |[[Jhataleka Malhotra]]
| align="center" |[[Alankrita Sahai]]
|-
| align="center" |2013
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Manasi Moghe]] Top 10'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Navneet Kaur Dhillon|Navneet Dhillon]] Top 20'''
| align="center" |[[Gurleen Grewal]]
| align="center" |[[Sobhita Dhulipala]]
|-
| align="center" |2012
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Shilpa Singh]] Top 16'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Vanya Mishra]] Top 7'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Rochelle Maria Rao|Rochelle Rao]] Top 15'''
| align="center" |[[Prachi Mishra]]
|-
| align="center" |2011
| align="center" |[[Vasuki Sunkavalli]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Kanishtha Dhankhar]] Top 31'''
| align="center" |[[Ankita Shorey]]
| align="center" |[[Hasleen Kaur]]
|-
| align="center" |2010
| align="center" |[[Ushoshi Sengupta]]
| align="center" |[[Manasvi Mamgai]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Neha Hinge]] Top 15'''
| bgcolor="gold" align="center" |'''[[Nicole Faria]] Miss Earth'''
|-
| align="center" |2009
| align="center" |[[Ekta Chowdhary]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Pooja Chopra]] Top 16'''
| align="center" |[[Harshita Saxena]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Shriya Kishore]] Top 16'''
|-
| align="center" |2008
| align="center" |[[Simran Kaur Mundi]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Parvathy Omanakuttan]] 1st Runner-Up'''
| align="center" |[[Radha Brahmbhatt]]
| align="center" |[[Tanvi Vyas]]
|-
| align="center" |2007
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Puja Gupta]] Top 10'''
| align="center" |[[Sarah-Jane Dias]]
| align="center" |[[Esha Gupta]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Pooja Chitgopekar]] Miss Earth – Air'''
|-
| align="center" |2006
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Neha Kapur]] Top 20'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Natasha Suri]] Top 17'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Sonnalli Seygall]] Top 12'''
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Amruta Patki]] Miss Earth – Air'''
|-
| align="center" |2005
| align="center" |[[Amrita Thapar]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Sindhura Gadde]] Top 15'''
| align="center" |[[Vaishali Desai]]
| align="center" |[[Niharika Singh]]
|-
| align="center" |2004
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Tanushree Dutta]] Top 10'''
| align="center" |[[Sayali Bhagat]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Mihika Verma]] Top 15'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Jyoti Brahmin Top 16'''
|-
| align="center" |2003
| align="center" |[[Nikita Anand]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Ami Vashi]] Top 5'''
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Shonali Nagrani]] 1st Runner-Up'''
| align="center" |Shweta Vijay
|-
| align="center" |2002
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Neha Dhupia]] Top 10'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Shruti Sharma]] Top 20'''
| align="center" |[[Gauahar Khan]]
| align="center" |[[Reshmi Ghosh]]
|-
| align="center" |2001
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Celina Jaitley]] 4th Runner-Up'''
| align="center" |[[Sara Corner]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Kanwal Toor Top 15'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Shamita Singha]] Top 10'''
|-
| align="center" |2000
| bgcolor="gold" align="center" |'''[[Lara Dutta]] Miss Universe'''
| bgcolor="gold" align="center" |'''[[Priyanka Chopra]] Miss World'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Gayatri Joshi]] Top 15'''
! bgcolor="gold" rowspan="51" align="center" | ↑ No Pageant Held (established in 2001 in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]])
|-
| align="center" |1999
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Gul Panag]] Top 10'''
| bgcolor="gold" align="center" |'''[[Yukta Mookhey]] Miss World'''
| align="center" |Srikrupa Murali
|-
| align="center" |1998
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Lymaraina D'Souza]] Top 10'''
| align="center" |Annie Thomas
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Shvetha Jaishankar|Shwetha Jaishanker]] 2nd Runner-Up'''
|-
| align="center" |1997
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Nafisa Joseph]] Top 10'''
| bgcolor="gold" align="center" |'''[[Diana Hayden]] Miss World'''
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''Diya Abraham 1st Runner-Up'''
|-
| align="center" |1996
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Sandhya Chib Top 10'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Rani Jeyraj]] Top 5'''
| align="center" |Fleur Xavier
|-
| align="center" |1995
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Manpreet Brar]] 1st Runner-Up'''
| align="center" |Preeti Mankotia
| align="center" |[[Priya Gill]]
|-
| align="center" |1994
| bgcolor="gold" align="center" |'''[[Sushmita Sen]] Miss Universe'''
| bgcolor="gold" align="center" |'''[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] Miss World'''
| align="center" |Fransesca Hart
|-
| align="center" |1993
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Namrata Shirodkar]] Top 6'''
| align="center" |Karminder Kaur-Virk
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Pooja Batra]] Top 15'''
|-
| align="center" |1992
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Madhu Sapre]] 2nd Runner-Up'''
| align="center" |[[Shyla Lopez]]
| align="center" |Kamal Sandhu
|-
| align="center" |1991
| align="center" |[[Christabelle Howie]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Ritu Singh Top 10'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Preeti Mankotia Top 15'''
|-
| align="center" |1990
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Suzanne Sablok]] Top 10'''
| align="center" |Naveeda Mehdi
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1989
| align="center" |[[Dolly Minhas]]
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1988
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |Anuradha Kottur
| align="center" |[[Shikha Swaroop]]
|-
| align="center" |1987
| align="center" |Priyadarshini Pradhan
| align="center" |Manisha Kohli
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Erika Maria de Souza Top 15'''
|-
| align="center" |1986
| align="center" |[[Mehr Jessia]]
| align="center" |Maureen Lestourgeon
| align="center" |Poonam Gidwant
|-
| align="center" |1985
| align="center" |[[Sonu Walia]]
| align="center" |Sharon Clarke
| align="center" |Vinita Vasan
|-
| align="center" |1984
| align="center" |[[Juhi Chawla]]
| align="center" |Suchita Kumar
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Nalanda Bhandar Top 15'''
|-
| align="center" |1983
| align="center" |[[Rekha Hande]]
| align="center" |Sweety Grewal
| align="center" |[[Sahila Chadha]]
|-
| align="center" |1982
| align="center" |[[Pamella Bordes|Pamela Singh]]
| align="center" |Uttara Mhatre Kher
| align="center" |Betty O'Connor
|-
| align="center" |1981
| align="center" |[[Rachita Kumar]]
| align="center" |[[Deepti Divakar]]
| align="center" |[[Meenakshi Seshadri]]
|-
| align="center" |1980
| align="center" |[[Sangeeta Bijlani]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Elizabeth Anita Reddi]] Top 15'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Ulrike Bredemeyer Top 15'''
|-
| align="center" |1979
| align="center" |[[Swaroop Sampat]]
| align="center" |Raina Mendonica
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Neeta Painter Top 15'''
|-
| align="center" |1978
| align="center" |[[Alamjeet Kaur Chauhan]]
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''[[Kalpana Iyer]] Top 15'''
| align="center" |Sabita Dhanrajgir
|-
| align="center" |1977
| align="center" |Bineeta Bose
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |Joan Stephens
|-
| align="center" |1976
| align="center" |[[Naina Balsavar]]
| align="center" |×
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Nafisa Ali]] 2nd Runner-Up'''
|-
| align="center" |1975
| align="center" |Meenakshi Kurpad
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Anjana Sood Top 15'''
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''Indira Bredemeyer 2nd Runner-Up'''
|-
| align="center" |1974
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Shailini Dholakia Top 12'''
| align="center" |Kiran Dholakia
| align="center" |Leslie Hartnett
|-
| align="center" |1973
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Farzana Habib Top 12'''
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |Lynette Williams
|-
| align="center" |1972
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Roopa Satyan Top 12'''
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''Malathi Basappa 4th Runner-Up'''
| align="center" |Indira Muthanna
|-
| align="center" |1971
| align="center" |Raj Gill
| align="center" |[[Prema Narayan]]
| align="center" |Samita Mukherjee
|-
| align="center" |1970
| align="center" |Veena Sajnani
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Heather Faville Top 15'''
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Patricia D'Souza Top 15'''
|-
| align="center" |1969
| align="center" |Kavita Bhambhani
| align="center" |Adina Shellim
| align="center" |Wendy Vaz
|-
| align="center" |1968
| align="center" |[[Anjum Mumtaz Barg]]
| align="center" |Jane Coelho
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Sumita Sen Top 15'''
|-
| align="center" |1967
| align="center" |Nayyara Mirza
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1966
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''[[Yasmin Daji]] 3rd Runner-Up'''
| bgcolor="gold" align="center" |'''[[Reita Faria]] Miss World'''
| align="center" |'''↑ No Pageant Held'''
|-
| align="center" |1965
| align="center" |[[Persis Khambatta]]
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1964
| align="center" |Meher Castelino Mistri
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1963
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1962
| align="center" |×
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" align="center" |'''Ferial Karim Top 15'''
| align="center" |Sheila Chonkar
|-
| align="center" |1961
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |Veronica Torcato
| align="center" |Diana Valentine
|-
| align="center" |1960
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |Iona Pinto
| bgcolor="#FFFF66" align="center" |'''Iona Pinto 1st Runner-Up'''
|-
| align="center" |1959
| align="center" |×
| align="center" |[[Fleur Ezekiel]]
! bgcolor="gold" rowspan="10" align="center" | ↑ No Pageant Held (established in 1960 in [[California]], United States and then it was transferred in 1968 in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]])
|-
| align="center" |1958
| align="center" |×
! rowspan="9" bgcolor="gold" align="center" | ↑ No Pageant Held (established in 1951 in [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]. India sent their first delegate in 1959.)
|-
| align="center" |1957
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1956
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1955
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1954
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1953
| align="center" |×
|-
| align="center" |1952
| align="center" |[[Indrani Rehman]]
|-
| align="center" |1951
! bgcolor="gold" rowspan="2" align="center" | ↑ No Pageant Held (established in 1952 in [[California]], [[United States]] and then it was transferred in 1960 in [[Florida]], United States)
|}
 
× Did not compete 
↑ No pageant held
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Pageant
! Placements
! Best result
|-
| '''[[Miss Universe]]'''
| 29
| '''Winner''' [[File:Star*.svg|12px]] ([[Miss Universe 1994|1994]] • [[Miss Universe 2000|2000]] • [[Miss Universe 2021|2021]])
|-
| '''[[Miss World]]'''
| 30
| '''Winner''' [[File:Star*.svg|12px]] ([[Miss World 1966|1966]] • [[Miss World 1994|1994]] • [[Miss World 1997|1997]] • [[Miss World 1999|1999]] • [[Miss World 2000|2000]] • [[Miss World 2017|2017]])
|-
| '''[[Miss International]]'''
| 21
| '''1st Runner-Up''' ([[Miss International 1960|1960]] • [[Miss International 1997|1997]] • [[Miss International 2003|2003]])
|-
| '''[[Miss Earth]]'''
| 8
| '''Winner''' [[File:Star*.svg|12px]] ([[Miss Earth 2010|2010]])
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''86'''
| '''10 Titles'''
|}

==Hostings==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! pageant
! Location
! Venue
! Date
! Contestants
|-
| [[Miss World 1996|1996]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Miss World]]
| [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]
| November 23, 1996
| 88
|-
| [[Miss World 2023|2023]]
| [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Bandra Kurla Complex|Jio World Convention Center]]
| March 9, 2024
| 112
|-
| [[Miss World 2025|2025]]
| [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| [[HITEC City#Hyderabad International Convention Centre|HITEX Exhibition Centre]]
| May 31, 2025
| 108
|}

==List of crossovers==
Crossover winners of a national pageant wins in another major national pageant and then participate in the line of international beauty pageants.
* Iona Pinto – Delegate of India by winning Miss India in 1960. She then participated in [[Miss International 1960]], where she was the first-runner up. Her country sent her again for [[Miss World 1960]] where she was one of the eighteen semifinalists.
* Preeti Mankotia – Delegate of India by winning Miss India in 1991. She then participated in [[Miss International 1991]], where she was one of the fifteen finalists. She again participated in Femina Miss India 1995 where she was crowned as Miss India World and participated in [[Miss World 1995]] where she was unable to place.

==See also==
* [[I Am She–Miss Universe India]], a former beauty pageant in India that sent its winner to Miss Universe from 2010 and 2012
* [[Miss Diva]], a beauty pageant in India that sent its winner to Miss Universe from 2013 to 2023

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/ Femina Miss India official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515052736/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/photoshow/18497435.cms?curpg=11 |date=2013-05-15 }}

{{Miss India winners in the Grand Slam pageants}}

[[Category:Beauty pageants in India|*]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners|*]]
[[Category:Countries at beauty pageants]]

Pedda Koneti Nayak

2026-05-03T19:42:35Z

ScarlettNicholso: put up new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
'''Pedda Koneti Nayak''' was a governor of [[Penukonda]] under the [[Vijayanagar Empire]] who later proclaimed his independence and founded the [[Penukonda]] Nayak kingdom. He reigned from 1635 to 1652.He ruled [[Penukonda]], [[Rayadurgam]] and [[Kundurpi]] Forts.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Rangachar Vasantha |author2= |title=Penugonda Fort: A Defence Capital of the Vijayanagara Empire
|volume= 1|publisher=Sharada Publishing House |year=2000|page=74 |isbn= 9788185616681| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VNuAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

== Ancestry and personal life==
He was the son of Kasturi Nayaka and his grand father Akkapa Nayak had enjoyed high favour with the fallen kings of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] who were ruling at [[Chandragiri]]. He hailed from the Vasarasi family of [[Balija]] caste.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author2= |title=Further Sources of Vijayanagara History
|volume= |publisher=University of Madras |year=1946|page=302|quote=A description of the way in which Venkatapatiraya of Raya-Veluru granted the government of Penugonda to the Raya-dalavayi Pedakoneti Nayadu. On Sravana ba. 10 of Yuva of 146 years ago corresponding to S. S. 1558, (the Raya) granted the government of Penugonda to Koneti Nayadu, the son. of Kastuiri Nayadu, the son of Akkapa Nayadu, who was the son of Canca(ma) Nayadu of Candragiri, a member of the Vasarasi family of the Balija caste. The ayakat of the territories of Rajaraja Sri Raya-dalavayi who ruled the forts of Penugonda, Kundurpi, Rayadurgam..... great prosperity. | url=https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory }}</ref> He married uddlamba, the daughter of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] king [[Peda Venkata Raya]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=V.R. Acarya |author2=|title= Sri Prasanna Venkatesvara Vilasamu
|volume= |publisher=Bulletin of the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras |year=1954|page=49|quote=The above said Peda Kōnēti Nṛpati (Nayak) First, king of Penukonda. (1635 A.D.) then of Kundurti (1652 A.D.) and of Rayadurga (1661 A.D.) was a Balija by caste, having the surname Vānarāsi. His father Kastūri Nāyak and grand father bencama Nayak had enjoyed high favour with the fallen kings of Vijayanagar who were ruling at Chandragiri. Kōnēti Nayak himself had married the daughter of (apparently the fruit of left handed marriage) Āraviti Vīra Venkatapati Rāyalu of Vijayanagar family. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPQeAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

== Reign ==
Koneti Nayaka impressed [[Venkata III]] with his valour and obtained [[Penugonda]] as a Chief.<ref>
{{cite book|editor1-last= M. H. Rāma Sharma |author2= |title=The History of the Vijayanagar Empire: Decline and disappearance, 1569-1679
|volume= 1|publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1978|page=287 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5DAAAAYAAJ }}</ref> Some years afterwards the [[Bijapur]] king took [[Penukonda]], but left Pedda Koneti Nayak in possession of [[Kundurpi]] Drug on condition that he paid tribute and rendered military service. Koneti Nayak, then, turned out Bommalla, its tyrannical ruler and established his supremacy over it and reigned at [[Rayadurgam]] in his stead.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]

Sudhanshu Shekhar Parida

2026-04-29T20:30:29Z

ScarlettNicholso: post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sudhanshu Shekhar Parida
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption = Sudhanshu Shekhar Parida
| constituency_AM = [[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna]]
| assembly = Odisha Legislative
| term_start = 29 April 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Gobinda Chandra Das [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| successor =
| majority = 4,118 ([[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]])
| birth_name = Sudhanshu Shekhar Parida
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|3|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents =
| relatives =
| spouse =
| children =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession =
}}

'''Sudhanshu Shekhar Parida''' (born 1975) is an Indian politician. He has been a member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] for [[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna]] from 2019 to 2024.<ref name=:"2">{{Cite web |title= Odisha Election Results|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/results |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=:"2232">{{Cite web |title= Remuna, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/remuna-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548418-2024-06-04 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Expulsion from the Biju Janata Dal party==
On 21 September 2023, he was expelled from the [[Biju Janata Dal|party]] after following allegations that he siphoned off Rs.3 crore government subsidy amount meant for farmers during purchase of paddy harvester during 2017–18 and 2019–20.<ref name=:"1">{{Cite web |title= Odisha: BJD's Soumya Patnaik, another MLA expelled over 'anti-people activities'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/odisha-bjd-s-soumya-patnaik-another-mla-expelled-over-anti-people-activities-101695290193924.html |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>
In 2025, BJD Supremo removes Expulsion order https://twitter.com/bjd_odisha/status/1880987364778192920
https://twitter.com/bjd_odisha/status/1880987364778192920

==Personal life==
On 14 July 2020, he tested positive for [[COVID-19]]. Parida was under home quarantine after coming in contact with [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]] MLA Sukanta Kumar Nayak, who had earlier tested positive for the virus.<ref name=:"232">{{Cite web |title= Another Odisha MLA tests positive for COVID-19|url=https://thesamikhsya.com/breaking-news/another-odisha-mla-tests-positive-for-covid-19 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=The Samikhsya|date=14 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+'''[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]'''
!|Year
!|Constituency
! colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
! colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
| rowspan=3|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan=3|'''No.39 [[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna]]'''
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Green}} |
| rowspan=3|'''Sudhanshu Shekhar Parida''' ([[Biju Janata Dal|'''BJD''']])
| rowspan=3 align=right|'''79,097'''
| rowspan=3|'''47.50%'''
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|Gobinda Chandra Das ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| align=right|74,979
|45.02%
| rowspan=3|166,536
| rowspan=3|4,118
| rowspan=3|74.35%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|Pratap Kumar Sethi ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| align=right|9,454
| align=right|5.68%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|White}} |
|None of the above
| align=right|1,043
| align=right|0.63%
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parida, Sudhanshu Shekhar}}
[[Category:Politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2024}}

Subbanna Ayyappan

2026-04-28T21:17:50Z

ScarlettNicholso: stub

{{Short description|Indian aquaculture scientist (1955–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_suffix = [[Padma Shri]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Subbanna Ayyappan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1955|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2025|05|10|1955|12|10}}
| death_place =
| children = 2
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list| (M. F. Sc.) [[College of Fisheries]], [[Mangalore]]|(PhD) [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]]}}
| doctoral_advisor =
| known_for = [[Blue Revolution]] in India
| footnotes =
| field = [[Aquaculture]]
| work_institution = {{Unbulleted_list|Director-General of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)|Secretary to Government, Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE)|Director, CIFA, Bhubaneswar|Director, CIFA, Bhubaneswar| Director, CIFE, Mumbai Chief Executive of the National Fisheries Development Board, DAHD&I, Hyderabad|Chairman of National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL)}}
| awards = {{Unbulleted_list
|1996 [[Padma Shri]]|1997-Zahoor Qasim Gold Medal |Special ICAR Award-1997|Dr. V.G. Jhingran Gold medal-2002|Prof. H.P.C. Shetty Award for Excellence in Fisheries Research and Development-2002}}
}}

'''Subbanna Ayyappan''' (10 December 1955 – 10 May 2025) was an Indian [[aquaculture]] scientist hailing from the [[Karnataka]] State who held several key positions in various government organisations related to [[agricultural science]]. He was the Director-General of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) and Secretary to Government, Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) from January 2010 to February 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ubkv.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/1st-to-6th-Convocation.pdf |title=Details of first six Convocations| publisher=Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya |access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref> He was also the Chancellor of [[Central Agricultural University]], [[Manipur]]. He was instrumental in bringing about the [[Blue Revolution]] in India. He was the first non-crop scientist to head the ICAR.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dealing with crop stresses and scandals |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/dealing-with-crop-stresses-and-scandals--42504 |website=Down to Earth |date=17 October 2013 |publisher=Centre for Science & Environment |access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref>

Ayyappan held a Ph.D. degree and a master's degree in Fish Production and Management from the [[College of Fisheries]] in [[Mangalore]] which was then a part of the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru|University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore]]. He published several research papers in areas of fisheries, limnology, and aquatic microbiology.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ajith Athrady |title=Five from Karnataka honoured with Padma Shri awards |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/five-from-karnataka-honoured-with-padma-shri-awards-1074599.html |access-date=12 February 2022 |agency=DHNS |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=25 January 2022}}</ref>

Ayyappan began his career in ICAR as a scientist at Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore in 1978. In 1996 he was appointed the Director, CIFA, Bhubaneswar, where he served for almost five years prior to holding the office of the Director, CIFE, Mumbai (Deemed University). He came to the ICAR headquarters in 2002 as the Deputy Director General (Fisheries) and served for almost eight years in that capacity before taking up the important post of the Secretary, DARE and Director General, ICAR on 1 January 2010. He was the founder Chief Executive of the National Fisheries Development Board, DAHD&I, Hyderabad (2006–2008).<ref name="R1">{{cite journal |title=Dr. S. Ayyappan takes over as Secretary, DARE & Director General, ICAR |journal=Sarson News |volume=14 |issue=1 |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/dr-mangala-rai-dr-s-ayyappan-takes-over-as-secretary-as-convener-and-dr.html?page=1 |access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref> Ayyappan was also Chairman of [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories]] (NABL).

==Death==
Ayyappan was reported missing on 7 May 2025. On 10 May, his body was found in the River Cauvery near Sai Ashram at [[Srirangapatna]], [[Karnataka]], a favourite place of his for [[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]. He was 69.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/padma-shri-awardee-subbanna-ayyappan-dies-under-mysterious-circumstances-3534955 Padma Shri awardee Subbanna Ayyappan dies under mysterious circumstances]</ref> Investigations indicated that he died by suicide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Shri awardee, noted agriculture scientist Subbanna Ayyappan found dead in Cauvery river |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/padma-shri-awardee-noted-agriculture-scientist-subbanna-ayyappan-found-dead-in-cauvery-river/ar-AA1ExS25?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531&cvid=932cb68e49cb49bfb7a63331358823a8&ei=22 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016082700/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/padma-shri-awardee-noted-agriculture-scientist-subbanna-ayyappan-found-dead-in-cauvery-river/ar-AA1ExS25?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531&cvid=932cb68e49cb49bfb7a63331358823a8&ei=22 |archive-date=16 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Savio |title=Death in the Cauvery: Dr Ayyappan and the chilling pattern of India’s vanishing scientists |url=https://latest.sundayguardianlive.com/top-five/death-in-the-cauvery-dr-ayyappan-and-the-chilling-pattern-of-indias-vanishing-scientists |website=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |access-date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717102621/https://latest.sundayguardianlive.com/top-five/death-in-the-cauvery-dr-ayyappan-and-the-chilling-pattern-of-indias-vanishing-scientists |archive-date=17 July 2025 |date=18 May 2025}}</ref>

==Recognition==
{{Prose|section|date=May 2025}}
===Padma Shri===
In 2022, the Government of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Subbanna Ayyappan for his distinguished service in the field of science and engineering.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as a "Respected Aquaculture Scientist, playing a key role in powering India's Blue Revolution".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

===Other recognitions and awards===
Subbanna Ayyappan received several recognitions and awards for his work related to aquaculture and related areas. These include:<ref name="R1"/>

*Zahoor Qasim Gold Medal awarded by the Society of Biosciences in India (1996–1997)
*Special ICAR Award (1997)
*ICAR Award for Team Research as the Team leader for significant contributions in fisheries (1997–1998)
*Dr. V.G. Jhingran Gold medal (2002)
*Prof. H.P.C. Shetty Award for Excellence in Fisheries Research and Development, Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch (2002)
*[[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyappan, Subbanna}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:2025 suicides]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Aquaculturists]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Suicides by drowning]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]

Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-27T17:04:14Z

ScarlettNicholso: made initial post more to come.

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Hindupuram
| constituency_no =
| map_image = LokSabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (Hindupur highlighted).png
| map_caption = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Hindupur.map}}
Interactive Map Outlining Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1957
| assembly_cons = [[Raptadu Assembly constituency|Raptadu]] [[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira]] [[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]] [[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]] [[Puttaparthi Assembly constituency|Puttaparthi]] [[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]] [[Kadiri Assembly constituency|Kadiri]]
| electors = 14,46,496
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[B. K. Parthasarathi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Kuruva Gorantla Madhav]]
}}

'''Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] and [[Anantapur district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Hindupur constituency presently comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|155
|[[Raptadu Assembly constituency|Raptadu]]
|[[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
|[[Paritala Sunitha]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|rowspan="5"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|156
|[[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira]] (SC)
| rowspan="6" |[[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
|[[M. S. Raju (politician)|M. S. Raju]]
|-
|157
|[[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupuram]]
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|-
|158
|[[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]
|[[S. Savitha]]
|-
|159
|[[Puttaparthi Assembly constituency|Puttaparthi]]
|[[Palle Sindhura Reddy]]
|-
|160
|[[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]]
|[[Satya Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|161
|[[Kadiri Assembly constituency|Kadiri]]
|[[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K. V. Ramakrishna Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="3" |[[P. Bayapa Reddy]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|K. Ramachandra Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[S. Gangadhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[S. Ramachandra Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[S. Gangadhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[B. K. Parthasarathi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[G. Nizamuddin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kristappa Nimmala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Kuruva Gorantla Madhav]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[B. K. Parthasarathi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Hindupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = S. Gangadhara
| votes = 327,512
| percentage = 50.17
| change = +15.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = G. Ramanna Chowdary
| votes = 325,344
| percentage = 49.83
| change = -13.31
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,168
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 652,856
| percentage = 66.28
| change = -3.70
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Hindupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=S. Gangadhara|votes=317,078|percentage=53.14|change=+2.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[S. Ramachandra Reddy]]|votes=217,965|percentage=36.53|change=-13.30}}
{{Election box majority|votes=99,113|percentage=16.61|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=596,710|percentage=60.53|change=-5.75}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Hindupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[S. Ramachandra Reddy]]|votes=353,880|percentage=51.10|change=+14.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=S. Gangadhar|votes=181,458|percentage=26.20|change=-26.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)|candidate=G. Nagireddy|votes=112,316|percentage=16.22|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=172,422|percentage=24.90|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=692,591|percentage=59.11|change=-1.42}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Hindupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=S. Gangadhara|votes=284,096|percentage=43.16|change=+16.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[S. Ramachandra Reddy]]|votes=257,958|percentage=39.19|change=-11.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Seelam Krishna Reddy|votes=108,394|percentage=16.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=26,138|percentage=3.97|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=658,243|percentage=57.09|change=+2.02}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Hindupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[B. K. Parthasarathi]]
| votes = 432,575
| percentage = 56.25
| change = +17.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = S. Gangadhara
| votes = 297,939
| percentage = 38.74
| change = -4.42
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 134,636
| percentage = 17.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 769,054
| percentage = 66.78
| change = +9.69
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Hindupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[G. Nizamuddin]]
| votes = 419,744
| percentage = 48.35
| change = +9.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[B. K. Parthasarathi]]
| votes = 417,904
| percentage = 48.14
| change = -8.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prabhavathi Reddy
| votes = 13,508
| percentage = 1.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,840
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 868,063
| percentage = 73.61
| change = +6.83
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Hindupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Kristappa Nimmala]]
| votes = 435,753
| percentage = 42.45
| change = -5.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = P. Khasim Khan
| votes = 412,918
| percentage = 40.23
| change = -8.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Kadapala Sreekanta Reddy
| votes = 110,698
| percentage = 10.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
| votes = 22,399
| percentage = 2.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 22,835
| percentage = 2.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,026,389
| percentage = 74.51
| change = +0.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Hindupur<ref>[http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/hindupur.html HINDUPUR LOK SABHA (GENERAL) ELECTIONS RESULT]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kristappa Nimmala]]
|votes = 604,291
|percentage = 51.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Duddukunta Sreedhar Reddy]]
|votes = 506,966
|percentage = 43.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = G. C. Venkataramudu
|votes = 36,452
|percentage = 3.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 8,189
| percentage = 0.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 97,325
| percentage = 8.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,177,257
| percentage = 81.39
| change = +6.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing = +6.05
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Hindupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kuruva Gorantla Madhav]]|votes=706,602|percentage=52.73|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kristappa Nimmala]]|votes=565,854|percentage=42.23|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=140,748|percentage=10.50|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,40,027|percentage=84.91|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing = +18.80
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Hindupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[B. K. Parthasarathi]]|votes=725,534 |percentage=51.23 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[J. Shantha]]|votes=5,93,107|percentage=41.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=B. A. Samad Shaheen|votes=55,059|percentage=3.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=17,971|percentage=1.27|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,32,427|percentage=9.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=14,24,863|percentage=85.91|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/hindupur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Hindupur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Sri Sathya Sai district}}
{{coords|13.83|77.49|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]

Mitra Institution (Main)

2026-04-25T12:29:09Z

ScarlettNicholso: New a article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Mitra Institution (Main)
| image = Mitra Institution Main - 60B Surya Sen Street - Kolkata 2014-01-01 1786.JPG
| image_size =
| address = 60-B Surya Sen Street
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 700 009
| country = [[India]]
| type = [[Government]]
| religious_affiliation = Secular
| established = {{start date and age|5 January 1898}}
| founder = Bisweswar Mitra
| locale =
| school_board = [[WBBSE]] & [[WBCHSE]]
| authority = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| category = Higher Secondary
| chairman = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| principal = Sayantan Das ''(Head Master)''
| years = 120
| gender = only boys upto X and HS section CO-ED
| affiliations = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]]
| campus = Urban
}}

'''Mitra Institution (Main)''' is a heritage educational institution of [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], teaching grades one to twelve under the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]]. The school premises are situated at 60-B Surya Sen Street, near Sealdah. There is a different co-educational primary and a girls school section up to class X.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/mitra-institution-main/19170104028|title=Mitra Institution (Main) School|website=icbse.com|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref>

==History==
The school was established by ''Babu'' Bisweswar Mitra on 5 January 1898. Initially it started with only five students. In 1901, Raja Peary Mohan Mukherjee became the first President of the school. After the recognition of [[University of Calcutta]] in 1904, the school became famous. Sir [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]] and Sir Alexander Pedlar, the then Vice Chancellor, helped the institution to grant affiliation of the university. [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], Sir [[Bhupendra Nath Bose]], Amritlal Bose visited Mitra Institution (Main) and became involved with its affairs.
Renowned revolutionary teacher from Sutia, late Barun Biswas served here.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=MITRA INSTITUTION |url=https://www.mitrainstitutionmain.com/about.php |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.mitrainstitutionmain.com}}</ref>

== Alumni ==
=== Others ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Year
!Degree
!class="unsortable"|Notability
!class="unsortable"|References
|-
|[[Saumyendranath Tagore]]
|1917
|[[Matriculation examination|Matriculation]]
|Political ideologue, essayist
|<ref name="Saumyendranath Tagore">{{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/tagore/index.htm|title=Saumyendranath Tagore|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bishnu Dey]]
|
|
|Poet, essayist
|<ref name="Bishnu Dey, ‘rebel’ poet and harbinger of modernism in Bengali verse">{{cite web|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/bishnu-dey-rebel-poet-and-harbinger-of-modernism-in-bengali-verse|title=Bishnu Dey, 'rebel' poet and harbinger of modernism in Bengali verse|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nirendranath Chakravarty]]
|
|[[Matriculation examination|Matriculation]]
|Poet, translator, novelist
|<ref name="The guardian of Bengali literature Nirendranath Chakraborty passes away">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/the-guardian-of-bengali-literature-passes-away/articleshow/67250530.cms|title=The guardian of Bengali literature Nirendranath Chakraborty passes away|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Debi Prasad Pal]]
|
|[[Matriculation examination|Matriculation]]
|Advocate, Legislator, former Union Minister of State for Finance
|<ref name="Mitra Institution (Main) Alumni">{{cite web|url=https://www.mitraalumni.in/|title=Mitra Institution (Main) Alumni|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Kolkata]]
* [[List of schools in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Mitra Institution (Main)}}
* {{Official website|http://www.mitramain.com/}}

[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1898]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in India]]

Ministry of Marketing (Maharashtra)

2026-04-25T09:12:29Z

ScarlettNicholso: New new info.

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Marketing}}
{{One source|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय पणन विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Marketing [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]

| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Marketing is a Ministry''' of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=APMC traders threaten to go on hunger strike |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/apmc-traders-threaten-to-go-on-hunger-strike/articleshow/16148109.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title=महाराष्ट्र राज्य वखार महामंडळात होणार ३०२ पदांची भरती |url=https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2023/8/9/Minister-Abdul-Sattar-Warehosing-Corporation-Recruitment.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.mahamtb.com |language=mr}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]''' is Current Minister of Marketing [[Government of Maharashtra]].

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Marketing (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Marketing}} '''मंत्री विपणन विभाग'''
|image=The Tourism Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Jaykumar Rawal calling on the Minister of State for Tourism (IC), Shri Alphons Kannanthanam, in New Delhi on May 31, 2018 (cropped).JPG
| incumbent = [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural =
*'''M. G. Maney'''
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}
(2024- 2024)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Marketing
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shantilal Shah]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. G. Mane''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 02 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Rafique Zakaria]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Dr Ratnappa kumbhar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Ratnappa Kumbhar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol Constituency No. 280]]- [[Kolhapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Baliram Waman Hiray''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Dabhadi Constituency No. 74]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Hashu Advani]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur Constituency No. 173]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:B J Khatal-Patil, Mar 2008.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[B. J. Khatal-Patil|Bhikajirao Jijaba Khatal-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|80px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|11 October}} 1982
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1982|10|11}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 October}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|10|11|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[V. Subramanian]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|South Mumbai Constituency No. 121]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 08 - [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon Constituency No. 219]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Nitin J Gadkari.JPG|75px]]
|'''[[Nitin Gadkari]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Nagpur Graduates Constituency No. 03 - [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Mahadeorao Sukaji Shivankar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon Constituency No. 66]]- [[Gondia district]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Anna Dange]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|
|
| '''[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola Constituency No. 235]]- [[Solapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ranjeet Deshmukh.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent}}"|
|
| '''[[Harshvardhan Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] Supported Party .([[Indian National Congress]])
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent}}"|
|
| '''[[Madan Patil|Madan Vishwanath Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] Supported Party .([[Indian National Congress]])
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Harshvardhan Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Naseem Khan (politician)|Mohammed Arif Naseem Khan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla Constituency No. 174]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Guardian Minister, Maharashtra, Shri Chandrakantdada Patil addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra on November 06, 2015.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Chandrakant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Pune Graduates Constituency No. 05 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|07|08}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:subhash-deshmukh2.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Subhash Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|07|08|2019|06|16}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Ram Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed Constituency No. 127]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Jayant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur Constituency No. 283]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Shamrao Pandurang Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod Constituency No. 104]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:The Tourism Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Jaykumar Rawal calling on the Minister of State for Tourism (IC), Shri Alphons Kannanthanam, in New Delhi on May 31, 2018 (cropped).JPG|75px]]
|'''[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda Constituency No. 06]]- [[Dhule District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Marketing
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Shambhuraj Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Shamrao Pandurang Patil]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:240916-vishwajeet-kadam.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]] (2023 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"|[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:45:51Z

ScarlettNicholso: put up a article

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajsamand
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Rajsamand.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rajsamand Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Mahima Kumari Mewar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian General Election |2024]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| assembly_cons = [[Beawar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Beawar]] [[Merta (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Merta]] [[Degana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Degana]] [[Jaitaran (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaitaran]] [[Bhim (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhim]] [[Kumbhalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kumbhalgarh]] [[Rajsamand (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajsamand]] [[Nathdwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nathdwara]]
}}
'''Rajsamand''' ({{IPA|hi|ɾaːd͡ʒ.səmən̪d̪}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies, based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|103
|[[Beawar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Beawar]]
|[[Beawar district|Beawar]]
|[[Shankar Singh Rawat]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 111
|[[Merta (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Merta]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
|[[Laxmanram Meghwal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|112
|[[Degana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Degana]]
|[[Ajay Singh Kilak]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|116
|[[Jaitaran (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaitaran]]
|[[Pali district|Pali]]
|[[Avinash Gehlot]]
|-
|173
|[[Bhim (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhim]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]
|[[Harisingh Rawat]]
|-
|174
|[[Kumbhalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kumbhalgarh]]
|[[Surendra Singh Rathore]]
|-
|175
|[[Rajsamand (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajsamand]]
|[[Deepti Kiran Maheshwari|Deepti Maheshwari]]
|-
|176
|[[Nathdwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nathdwara]]
|[[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]]
|-
|}
Four assembly segments - Bhim, Kumbhalgarh, Rajsamand and Nathdwara were earlier in erstwhile [[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]] constituency. Two assembly segments - Merta and Degana were earlier in erstwhile [[Nagaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaur]] constituency. Beawar and Jaitaran assembly segments were earlier in erstwhile [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]] and [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pali]] constituencies respectively.

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Gopal Singh Shekhawat]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Hariom Singh Rathore]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Diya Kumari]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Mahima Kumari Mewar]]
|}

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp73.htm |title=73 - Hinjili Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|64.40}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|69.61}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|65.65}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.77}}
}}

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Rajsamand]]<ref>[https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2022.htm Election commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mahima Kumari Mewar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,81,203|percentage=64.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Damodar Gurjar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,88,980|percentage=32.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,2411|percentage=1.02|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,92,223|percentage=32.33|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,13,130|percentage=58.39|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajsamand]]<ref name="Lok Sabha elections results 2019: Here is the full list of winners constituency-wise">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=22 May 2019 |title=Lok Sabha elections results 2019: Here is the full list of winners constituency-wise |language=en |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-5741562/ |accessdate=18 September 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918103330/https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-5741562/ |archivedate=18 September 2022}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Diya Kumari]]
|votes = 8,63,039
|percentage =69.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Devkinandan (Kaka)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =3,11,123
|percentage = 25.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chenaram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 15,955
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Tanwar
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|votes = 12,887
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 12,671
|percentage =1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =5,51,916
|percentage =44.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =12,40,848
|percentage = 64.87
|change = +7.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 Lok Sabha Election===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajsamand]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hari Om Singh Rathore]]
|votes = 6,44,794
|percentage =65.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gopal Singh Shekhawat
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =2,49,089
|percentage = 25.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 17,182
|percentage =1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Neeru Ram Jat
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 14,579
|percentage =1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =3,95,705
|percentage =40.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =9,83,032
|percentage = 57.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 Lok Sabha Election===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajsamand]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gopal Singh Shekhawat
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =2,94,451
|percentage = 49.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rasa Singh Rawat
|votes = 2,48,561
|percentage =42.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Surya Bhavani Singh Chawra
|party =[[Independent politician|IND.]]
|votes = 13,746
|percentage =2.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Neeru Ram Jat
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 12,441
|percentage =2.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =45,890
|percentage =7.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =5,90,981
|percentage = 39.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rajsamand district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|25.1|73.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajsamand (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajsamand district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 2008]]

INHS Asvini

2026-04-22T08:09:24Z

ScarlettNicholso: made the entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian naval hospital}}
{{Infobox Military Unit
| unit_name = Indian Naval Hospital Ship Asvini
| image = File:INHS_Asvini.png
| caption = Aerial view of INHS Asvini
| start_date = 18 September 1951
| country = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| type = [[Hospital]]
| role = Medical, combat support
| command_structure = [[Western Naval Command]] [[Armed Forces Medical Services]]
| size =
| current_commander = [[Rear admiral (India)|Surgeon Rear Admiral]] Manish Honwad
| garrison =
| nickname = INHS Asvini
| patron =
| motto = ''Caring and Curing''
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
}}
The '''INHS Asvini''' is a hospital of the [[Indian Navy]] in [[Mumbai]]. With 825 beds, the [[tertiary care]] institution is the oldest and largest hospital of the Indian Navy. Established as the King's Seamen Hospital in 1756, it was christened INHS Asvini in 1951 and accorded the status of a [[Command Hospital]] in 1977.

==History==
In 1756, the King’s Seamen Hospital started functioning in the naval barracks for in-patients in [[Colaba]]. The hospital was converted into a [[convalescent home]] in 1766. In 1860, the Hawa Mahal was built as the main ward of the hospital. It was transferred to the Indian Army when Her Majesty's Indian Navy was transitioned into the Bombay Marine. Under the Army, the ''Military Hospital, Colaba'' was expanded over the next century, including the addition of a family hospital in 1929.<ref name="MHS article">{{cite web |title=INHS Asvini: The Cutting Edge of Medical Sciences {{!}} Maritime History Society (MHS India) |url=https://mhsindia.org/all/inhs-asvini-the-cutting-edge-of-medical-sciences/210130/ |website=mhsindia.org |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

On 18 September 1951, the [[Indian Army]] handed the hospital over to the [[Indian Navy]] and the establishment was commissioned as INHS Asvini. In July 1954, the sick berth school was established, followed by the Naval Dental Centre in 1961. The School of Nursing was set up in 1963. The sick berth school was renamed School of Medical Assistants (SOMA) in 1967. {{sfn|Singh|2018}} By 1966, Asvini was a 600-bedded hospital and further expanded to become an 825-bedded hospital in January 1977 when it was classified as a [[Command Hospital]].<ref name="IN website">{{cite web |title=INHS Asvini {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/inhs-asvini |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405191412/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/inhs-asvini |access-date=8 September 2025 |archive-date=5 April 2023 }}</ref>

The Institute of Naval Medicine (INM) was established in 1964 as the Naval Medical Research and Training Centre (NMRTC) and renamed INM in 1974. It is the nodal agency to coordinate all the research projects of the Navy in the Armed Forces Medical Research Committee (AFMRC) and the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). INM was placed under Asvini in 2004.{{sfn|Singh|2018}}

==Crest==
The hospital has been named after the mythological twin brothers, the [[Ashvini Kumara]]s, Celestial Physicians of the gods. The crest of INHS Asvini has the two Asvini brothers riding in their traditional horse cart holding medicine pots in their hands.{{sfn|Doraibabu|Godbole|2023}}<ref>{{cite web |title=INHS Asvini |url=https://nhims.bisag-n.gov.in/getHospitalDetails?hospitalId=22 |website=nhims.bisag-n.gov.in |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

==Today==
Today, ''Asvini'' is equipped with latest state-of-the-art medical facilities to provide holistic and comprehensive secondary and tertiary care to serving personnel, veterans and their families. It also acts as a referral centre to peripheral hospitals located in Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat area. As a major military hospital, it renders the facilities of a super-speciality hospital with care-units in diverse fields of need.<ref>{{cite web |title=INHS Asvini: The Cutting Edge of Medical Sciences {{!}} Maritime History Society (MHS India) |url=https://mhsindia.org/all/inhs-asvini-the-cutting-edge-of-medical-sciences/210130/ |website=mhsindia.org |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> ''Asvini'' has been awarded the Defence Minister’s trophy for the Best Command Hospital in 2005, 2010, 2012, 2016 and 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=INHS ASVINI Mumbai adjudged best AFMS Hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/centre/inhs-asvini-mumbai-adjudged-best-afms-hospital/articleshow/57430343.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=10 September 2025 |date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=INHS Asvini among top defence hospitals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/news/inhs-asvini-among-top-defence-hospitals/article8260256.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 September 2025 |language=en-IN |date=19 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai's INHS Asvini is Best Command Hospital of armed forces |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mumbai-s-inhs-asvini-is-best-command-hospital-of-armed-forces-117030201136_1.html |website=business-standard.com |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Statesman News |title=INHS Asvini, Command Hospital Chandimandir bag trophy for best hospital in AFMS 2024 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/inhs-asvini-command-hospital-chandimandir-bag-trophy-for-best-hospital-in-afms-2024-1503415745.html |website=The Statesman |access-date=10 September 2025 |language=en |date=3 April 2025}}</ref>

==Organisation==
The hospital is headed by the Commanding Officer, a [[two-star rank|two-star]] officer of the rank of [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]. On 31 January 2021, in a rare event of a change of command between two women flag officers, she took over from Surgeon Rear Admiral [[Sheila S. Mathai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Surgeon Rear Admiral Arti Sarin takes over command Of INHS Asvini |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1693806 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Armed Forces Hospitals In India]]
* [[Armed Forces Medical Services]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first1=M|last1=Doraibabu|first2 = Amrut Dilip| last2 = Godbole|title=A Decade of Transformation: The Indian Navy 2011-2021 |year=2023|isbn=978-9394407909|publisher= HarperCollins Publishers India}}
*{{citation|first1=Anup|last1=Singh|title=Blue Waters Ahoy!: The Indian Navy 2001-2010 |year=2018|isbn=978-9353025526|publisher= HarperCollins Publishers India}}

{{Indian Navy}}

{{coord|18.9007|72.8160|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inhs Asvini}}
[[Category:Indian organisations established in 1951]]
[[Category:Indian Navy bases|Asvini]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1951]]
[[Category:Military hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Military medical installations]]

Astra (2012 film)

2026-04-20T12:08:18Z

ScarlettNicholso:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Astra
| image =
| caption =
| producer = Amit Agarwal
| director = Tathagata Bhattacherjee
| writer = Tathagata Bhattacherjee
| starring = [[Joy (actor)|Joy]] [[Samapika Debnath]] [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] [[Deepankar De]] [[Shankar Chakraborty]] Masood Akhtar [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
| music = Debjit Bera
| cinematography = Rana Dasgupta
| editing = Amit Agarwal
| distributor = [[Adarsh Telemedia]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|10|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 min.
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Astra''''' is a 2012 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film produced by [[Amit Agarwal (film producer)|Amit Agarwal]] and directed by Tathagata Bhattacherjee.<ref name="'Reely' special Durga Puja gift">{{cite news|title='Reely' special Durga Puja gift|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120904/jsp/jharkhand/story_15931718.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203122452/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120904/jsp/jharkhand/story_15931718.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=24 October 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref><ref name="Music launch of Bengali movie 'Astro'">{{cite web|title=Music launch of Bengali movie 'Astro'|url=http://www.gomolo.com/621065/photos-music-launch-of-bengali-movie-astro|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> This is an action film which revolves around the love story of a gangster. In this film, [[DaVinci Resolve]] – the latest colour grading software was used for the first time in an eastern India film.<ref name="Astra introduces DaVinci Resolve">{{cite news|title=Astra introduces DaVinci Resolve|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-07/news-interviews/33081851_1_astra-action-film-joy-mukherjee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201141637/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-07/news-interviews/33081851_1_astra-action-film-joy-mukherjee|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014|accessdate=24 October 2012|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Joy (actor)|Joy]] as Baban
* [[Samapika Debnath]] as Koena Chatterjee
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Masoor Chacha
* [[Deepankar De]] as Biplab Dasgupta
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Sambhu Da
* [[Biplab Chatterjee]] as Faiz Bhai
* Masood Akhtar as Mukhtar Bhai
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Inspector Sanyal
* [[Ashoke Viswanathan]] as Police Commissioner

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13124698}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2012 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 action films]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Gulbarga Uttar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:00Z

ScarlettNicholso: creating a info

{{Short description|Constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gulbarga Uttar
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 45
| map_image = 44-Gulbarga Uttar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Kaneez Fathima]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Qamar ul Islam|Qamarul Islam]]
| district = [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]]
| established = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:307091}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Gulbarga Uttar Assembly constituency''' is one of 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] in India. It is part of [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017 }}</ref> The major communities residing in this constituency are Muslims, [[Lingayatism|Lingayats]] and Dalits, with Muslims in 52% majority. The constituency is known for its historical and cultural significance, with several ancient temples and monuments located in the area.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[Qamar ul Islam]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Kaneez Fathima]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulbarga Uttar <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gulbarga Uttar">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gulbarga Uttar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1045.htm?ac=45 |accessdate=22 February 2025 |work= |date=13 May 2023 |ref=Election Commission of India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222114042/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1045.htm?ac=45 |archivedate=22 February 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kaneez Fathima]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 80,973 |percentage = 45.28% |change = {{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant B. Patil (Chandu Patil) |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,261 |percentage = 43.76% |change = {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nasir Hussain Ustad |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 17,114 |percentage = 9.57% |change = {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 934 |percentage = 0.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,712 |percentage = 1.52% |change = {{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,503 |percentage = 58.45% |change = {{increase}}4.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 178,845}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 307,091 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulbarga Uttar <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kaneez Fathima]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,311 |percentage = 43.29% |change = {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant B. Patil (Chandu Patil) |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,371 |percentage = 39.29% |change = {{increase}}25.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nasir Hussain Ustad |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,422 |percentage = 9.71% |change = {{increase}}8.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wahaj Baba |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,166 |percentage = 4.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,116 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,940 |percentage = 4.00% |change = {{decrease}}11.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,851 |percentage = 54.27% |change = {{increase}}4.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,552}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,281 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulbarga Uttar <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Qamar ul Islam]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,498 |percentage = 38.14% |change = {{decrease}}16.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nasir Hussain Ustad |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 30,377 |percentage = 22.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajgopal Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,642 |percentage = 14.08% |change = {{decrease}}25.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Zafar Hussain |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,189 |percentage = 0.90% |change = {{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,121 |percentage = 15.20% |change = {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,843 |percentage = 50.23% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,385}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,722 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gulbarga Uttar <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Qamar ul Islam]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,123 |percentage = 54.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,168 |percentage = 39.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shoukat Ali |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,683 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Mahagaonkar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,661 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hameed Pasha Sarmast |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,591 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,955 |percentage = 14.99% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,799 |percentage = 50.70% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,752}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,837 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Gulbarga Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|17.37|76.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Vijayawada East Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:13Z

ScarlettNicholso: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vijayawada East
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (81- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Vijayawada East Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Gadde Rama Mohan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Gadde Rama Mohan.jpg
| electors = 2,70,311
| established = 1967
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 81
}}

'''Vijayawada East Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[NTR district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|value1 = 53.84
|value2 = 30.76
|value3 = 7.7
|value4 = 7.7
|label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (7 terms)]]
|label2 = [[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP''' (4 terms)]]
|label3 = [[Praja Rajyam Party|'''PRP''' (1 term)]]
|label4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''' (1 term)]]
|color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|color2 = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|color3 = {{party color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|color4 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|caption = Most successful political parties}}

[[Gadde Rama Mohan]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 2,70,311 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1967, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1967)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf|title=The Gazette of India Extraordinary (Delimitation Orders, 1967)|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

== Mandals ==

The mandal and wards that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Vijayawada Urban mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation]] (Ward No. 32, 36 to 41, 45 to 48 and 50 to 74).
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
|[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|V. S. C. R. Tenneti
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Dammaalapaati Rama Rao
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[N. Bhaskara Rao]]
|-
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Adusumilli JaiPrakasha Rao || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Vangaveeti Mohana Ranga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=2 |Vangaveeti Ratna Kumari
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Vangaveeti Radha Krishna
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Yalamanchili Ravi
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=3 |[[Gadde Rama Mohan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada East<ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2009|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=299&cid=200|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212162839/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=299&cid=200|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 February 2015|publisher=Empowering India|access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Ravi Yelamanchili
|votes = 53,319
|percentage = 30.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Devineni Rajasekhar
|votes = 53,129
|percentage = 30.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gadde Rama Mohan]]
|votes = 52,274
|percentage = 30.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 190
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 172,187
|percentage = 68.65
|change = +22.29
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Praja Rajyam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada East<ref name="eci_2014">{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette, Part-V Extraordinary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2014/(GE,%202014)%20-%20DUE%20Constitution%20(APLA_ELECTED%20List).pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 June 2019 |location=Hyderabad |page=14 |date=20 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gadde Rama Mohan]]
|votes = 88,784
|percentage = 47.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Vangaveeti Radhakrishna
|votes = 73,281
|percentage = 39.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,503
|percentage = 8.375
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 185,159
|percentage = 65.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Praja Rajyam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gadde Rama Mohan]]|votes=82,990|percentage=44.4|change=}} {{citation needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Boppana Bhava Kumar|votes=67,826|percentage=36.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Battina Ramu|votes=30,137|percentage=16.12|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,164|percentage={{increase}} 8.11|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,86,923|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada East}} {{citation needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gadde Rama Mohan]]
|votes = 1,18,841
|percentage = 60.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Devineni Avinash]]
|votes = 69,201
|percentage = 35.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party=AIJP
|candidate=Dasharath Kunapareddy
|votes= 2,765
|percentage=1.41
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=NOTA
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes=1,049
|percentage=0.54
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 49,640
|percentage=25.34
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 1,95,906
|percentage=
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vijayawada West Assembly constituency]]
* [[Vijayawada Central Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.539|80.664|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:NTR district]]
[[Category:Politics of Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Nandan Kanan Express

2026-04-15T13:42:22Z

ScarlettNicholso:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Nandan Kanan Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Puri}} (PURI)
| stops = 29
| end = {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} (ANVT)
| distance = {{convert|1803|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 30 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = 4 days a week
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Rake Sharing with 12875/12876 [[Neelachal Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12815 / 12816
| speed = {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12815 / 12816 '''Nandan Kanan Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Puri }} and {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} in India.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/fatehpur-16118526.html?src=HP-UP-ART#], ''jagran.com'', 31 May 2017</ref>

It operates as train number 12815 from Puri to Anand Vihar Terminal and as train number 12816 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Delhi]]. It is the '''Prince of East Coast Railway Zone'''

==Background==
This train is named after the [[Nandankanan Zoological Park]], a {{Convert|400|ha|adj=on}} [[zoo]] and [[botanical garden]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India. Established in 1960, it was opened to the public in 1979 and became the first zoo in India to join [[World Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] (WAZA) in 2009. It also contains a botanical garden and part of it has been declared a sanctuary. Nandankanan, literally meaning ''The Garden of Heaven'', is located near the capital city, [[Bhubaneswar]], in the environs of the [[Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary|Chandaka forest]], and includes the {{Convert|134|acre|adj=on}} [[Kanjia lake]].

==Coaches==
The 12815 / 12816 Nandan Kanan Express has 1 AC First Class, 2 AC 2 Tier, 6 AC 3-tier, 7 sleeper class, 2 General unreserved, 1 Divyangjan Coach and 1 EOG (Generator cum brake van). It carries a [[pantry car]].<ref>[http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh/7-and-9-october-will-change-the-route-of-some-trains], ''amarujala.com'', 25 September 2016</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 12815 Puri–Anand Vihar Terminal Nandan Kanan Express covers the distance of {{convert|1797|km|0|abbr=on}} in 30 hours 10 mins (60 km/h) and in 29 hours 40 mins as the 12816 Anand Vihar Terminal–Puri Nandan Kanan Express (61 km/h).<ref>[http://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/passengers-please-note-these-train-station-have-turned-changed-hindi-news], ''amarujala.com'', 7 August 2015</ref>

As the average speed of the train is slightly above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

This Train runs from New Delhi till May 2018 but changed to Anand Vihar Terminal instead of New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-22|title=Change In Terminal Station For Neelachal & Nandankanan Express|url=https://www.odishabytes.com/change-terminal-station-neelachal-nandankanan-express/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Odisha Bytes|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Routing==
The 12815 / 16 Nandan Kanan Express runs from Puri via {{stnlnk|Khurda Road}}, {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}, {{stnlnk|Cuttack}}, {{stnlnk|Hijli}}, {{stnlnk|Bankura Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Adra Junction}}, Bhaga, [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|Gomoh Junction]], {{stnlnk|Koderma Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Allahabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}, to Anand Vihar Terminal.

==Traction==
As the route is fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive powers the train from Puri to Anand Vihar Terminal.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/nandan-kanan-express-12815/1191/217/664 12815 Nandankanan Express] at India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/nandan-kanan-express-12816/1289/664/217 12816 Nandankanan Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Bihar Sharif

2026-03-26T18:40:44Z

ScarlettNicholso: cleanup

{{Short description|Sub-metropolitan city in Bihar, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bihar Sharif
| official_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| nickname =
| image_skyline = Bihar Sharif City Montage Picture.jpg
| caption = Top to bottom: The City Skyline, Tomb of Ibrahim Baya, Mora Talab Temple, View of ''Peer Pahadi'' from NH 20, An institutional block at K. K. University
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.197|N|85.518|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Patna
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Bihar Sharif Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = District Magistrate
| leader_name1 = Kundan Kumar,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://nalanda.nic.in/en/about-district/whos-who/ | title=Nalanda District Officials Details | website=nalanda.nic.in | access-date=10 April 2021 | archive-date=17 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417235342/https://nalanda.nic.in/en/about-district/whos-who/ | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|leader_title = Member of Parliament
|leader_name = [[Kaushalendra Kumar]]
| leader_title2 = Superintendent of Police, Nalanda
| leader_name2 = Bharat Soni,<ref name="auto"/> [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| leader_title3 = Municipal Commissioner
| leader_name3 = Deepak Kumar Mishra,<ref name="auto"/> [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title4 = Mayor
| leader_name4 = Aneeta Devi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/biharsharif/CitizenHome.html |title=E-Municipality Bihar |website=nagarseva.bihar.gov.in |access-date=10 April 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 152.94
| area_urban_km2 = 23.5
| area_blank2_title = [[Regional planning]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadim |first1=Farrukh |title=37 villages to be part of Biharsharif Smart City project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/37-villages-to-be-part-of-biharsharif-smart-city-project/articleshow/66799264.cms |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421114254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/37-villages-to-be-part-of-biharsharif-smart-city-project/articleshow/66799264.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_blank2_km2 = 78.53
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 55
| population_total = 297268
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011citycen"/>
| population_density_km2 = 15743
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Local
| demographics1_info3 = [[Magahi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 803101 803118 803216 803111 803113
| area_code = +916112
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| registration_plate = BR-21
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Loksabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda (29)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Biharsharif (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bihar Sharif (172)]]
| website = {{URL|nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/biharsharif/CitizenHome.html|nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/biharsharif}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bihar Sharif''' is the headquarters of [[Nalanda district]] and the fifth-largest sub-metropolitan area in the eastern [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. Its name is a combination of two words: ''Bihar'', derived from ''[[vihara]]'' (meaning monastery), also the name of the state; and ''[[Sharif]]'' (meaning ''noble'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of 'sherif' |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sherif |website=Collin's dictionary |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428054652/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sherif |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is a hub of education and trade in southern Bihar, and the economy centers around agriculture supplemented by tourism, the education sector and household manufacturing. The ruins of the ancient [[Nalanda]] Mahavihara, a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], are located near the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1502/|access-date=2 August 2021|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119210034/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1502/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the [[Pala Empire]], [[Odantapuri]], a major Buddhist monastic university was built at the site of Bihar Sharif. In the early 14th century, the city was captured by the Delhi Sultanate. Bihar Sharif was later ruled by other Muslim dynasties and then by the British until Indian independence in 1947. The city has important Buddhist, Hindu and Muslim heritage sites and landmarks.

Bihar Sharif is one of the one hundred Indian cities selected to gain funds under Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s flagship [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/buoyed-by-smart-city-mission-tag-patna-muzaffarpur-gear-up-for-makeover/story-o0pI2BxYUXIGKNBd6lMToO.html|title=Buoyed by smart city mission tag, Patna, Muzaffarpur gear up for makeover|date=26 June 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=30 June 2017|language=en|archive-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629152644/http://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/buoyed-by-smart-city-mission-tag-patna-muzaffarpur-gear-up-for-makeover/story-o0pI2BxYUXIGKNBd6lMToO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=March 2018}} Bihar Sharif was selected in the preliminary list of 100 cities in July 2015 that were to compete for the Smart Cities project.

According to Ease of Living Index 2020, Bihar Sharif has been ranked as the most livable among cities in Bihar which have population under 1 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Piyush |title=Ease of living index 2020: Boost for Patna as it bags 33rd rank |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ease-of-living-index-2020-boost-for-patna-as-it-bags-33rd-rank/articleshow/81335892.cms |access-date=5 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=4 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304175604/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ease-of-living-index-2020-boost-for-patna-as-it-bags-33rd-rank/articleshow/81335892.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was ranked 1st in Bihar and 28th among cities with a population under 1 million in India with an overall ranking of 63rd among 111 Indian cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=No city from Bihar in top 10 of Ease of Living Index, Patna climbs a notch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/no-city-from-bihar-in-top-10-of-ease-of-living-index-patna-climbs-a-notch-101614877228999.html |first=Vijay |last=Swaroop |access-date=5 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304172947/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/no-city-from-bihar-in-top-10-of-ease-of-living-index-patna-climbs-a-notch-101614877228999.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The city's name is a combination of two words: ''Bihar'', derived from [[vihara]] (meaning monastery), also the name of the state; and ''Sharif'' (meaning noble), referring to the resting place of the Sufi Saint Sheikh [[Makhdoom Sharfuddin Ahmed Yahya Maneri]].

==History==
===Classical and medieval period===
[[File:Inscriptions on the Bihar Pillar.jpg|left|thumb|283x283px|Inscriptions on the Bihar Sharif pillar]]
A pillar dating to the 5th century from the time of the [[Gupta Empire]] was found near the fort of Bihar Sharif. It is 14 ft tall and has two inscriptions inscribed upon it by two Gupta rulers, first of [[Kumaragupta]] (413–455 CE) and second of [[Skandagupta]] (456–480 CE).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sahai |first=Bhagwant |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532816 |title=Inscriptions Of Bihar |date=1983}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Nisar |title=The Bihar Stone Inscription of the Guptas : Some Observations |date=1991 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44142744 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52 |pages=1022–1025 |jstor=44142744 }}</ref>

The name Bihar is derived from ''vihar'' or ''[[vihara]]'', meaning [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery, a reference to the ancient [[Odantapuri|Odantapuri University]] established near the city in the 7th century CE by [[Pala Empire|Pala]] king [[Gopala I]].<ref name="Brtnca">{{cite web|title=Bihar Sharif|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Bihar-Sharif|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="brit-odanta">{{cite web|title=Odantapuri|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Odantapuri|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302085334/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Odantapuri|url-status=live}}</ref> The settlement does, however, predate the [[Buddha]]. It became the capital of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] kingdom in the [[Pala Empire]].

[[File:Old ruined gate of the fort, Bihar.jpg|left|thumb|180x180px|Photograph of the old ruined gate of the fort at Bihar Sharif from 1870s. The fort is believed to have been part of Odantapuri.]]Odantapuri is considered to have been the second-oldest of India's [[Mahavihara]]s, and it is believed to have been located on or at the foot of Bari Pahari ({{langx|en|Big Hill}}), or in the present-day ''Gadh Par'' locality of Bihar Sharif.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Anupam |first1=Hitendra |year=2001 |title=Significance of Tibetan Sources in the Study of Odantapuri and Vikaramsila Mahavihars |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148119 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=424–428 |jstor=44148119 |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216165059/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148119 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Tibet]]an records it housed about 12,000 students and was an important centre of Buddhist learning. [[Acharya]] Sri Ganga of [[Vikramashila]] was a student there.

The Big Hill or Badi Pahadi was known as Pashravati at the time.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Odantapuri was part of a network of five [[Mahavihara]]s in eastern India. The others were [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramashila]], [[Somapura Mahavihara|Somapura]], and [[Jagaddala Mahavihara|Jagaddala]]. During the Pala period, the state funding to Vikramshila and Odantapuri far exceeded what was granted to Nalanda. As a result, while Nalanda was struggling for survival around 11th century CE, Odantapuri had a rival institution thriving under the royal patronage of Palas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patil |first=D. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532467/ |title=The Antiquarian Remains in Bihar |year=1963 |page=326}}</ref>

===Conquests and dynastic transitions===
In 1193, during the time of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji|Ikhtiyar ad-Din Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji]]'s conquest of Bihar, he came to conquer eastern parts of India and destroyed [[Nalanda]] University. En route to Nalanda, he allegedly damaged the Buddhist monasteries of a place now called [[Bakhtiyarpur]]. He then came to Vihar, where he completely destroyed [[Odantapuri]] University, and the Buddhist viharas before leaving for Nalanda. In Koshak, Nalanda, he appointed [[House of Hasib|Qazi Syed Ibrahim Danishmand]] as the Qazi-ul-Quzat of Bihar making him incharge of enforcing [[Sharia]] law in the region. A few years after Khilji's departure, local [[Bundela]] [[Rajput]] regained control of the city from its [[Islam|Muslim]] rulers. Bundela Rajputs then ruled the area until the reign of Raja Biththal.
[[File:The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg|left|thumb|The image, in the chapter on India in ''Hutchison's Story of the Nations'' edited by [[James Meston, 1st Baron Meston|James Meston]], depicts the Muslim Turkic general [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]]'s massacre of Buddhist monks in [[Bihar, India]]. Khaliji destroyed the [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramashila]], and Odantapuri universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many [[Buddhist]] and [[Brahmin]] scholars.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu-O9eNmQXMC&pg=PT130|title=Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography|date= 2012|publisher=Penguin Books Ltd.|isbn=978-81-8475-671-5|pages=130–131}}</ref>|262x262px]]

The district of Nalanda formed a part of the territory under Muslim rulers of Bengal till 1320 AD when [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]] separated Bihar from Bengal.

[[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]] [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] ({{abbr|r.|ruled}}1324–1351 CE) then sent [[Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya|Syed Ibrahim Mallick]] with an army to conquer the Magadha region. After a fierce battle, the outnumbered Raja army was defeated and Raja Biththal was killed. The conquest of Bihar was a major achievement for Delhi, and on this occasion the Sultan conferred upon Syed Ibrahim Mallick the title of "Madarul Mulk", after which he was called "Mallick Baya". He was then appointed governor of Bihar by the Sultan, and he ruled over the region until his assassination in 1353 CE.

Its control passed into the hands of the Sherqui Dynasty of [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] from 1394 to 1486 CE. After that it was amalgamated with the Muslim kingdom of [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]].

=== Later history ===
After the Delhi Sultanate, the first [[Sur Empire|Sur]] emperor, [[Sher Shah Suri]] (r. 1540–1545 CE), moved the regional capital to [[Patliputra]] (modern-day [[Patna]]), and the whole Magadha region came to be called Bihar. Before that the residence of the Muslim governors of Bihar remained at Bihar Sharif until 1541 CE. [[Patna]] became a central place and Bihar Sharif lost its importance.

After that the [[British Empire|British]] took control of the entire city and it came under British colonial rule during the 18th and 19th centuries. The British period brought about changes in administration, infrastructure, and governance in Bihar Sharif and the surrounding region. In 1867, the city was officially declared a municipality.<ref name="Brtnca" />

===Modern period===
In the post-independence era, Bihar Sharif has continued to be an important center of culture, education, and commerce in Bihar. The city has witnessed urbanization and development, while still retaining its historical and cultural significance.

==Geography==
[[File:Panchane river near Bihar Sharif.jpg|thumb|Panchane river entering Bihar Sharif]]
[[File:Badi Pahadi Hill Bihar Sharif.jpg|thumb|Backside view of Badi Pahadi Hill]]
Bihar Sharif is located {{convert|74|km|abbr=on}} from [[Patna]], the capital of Bihar state (via {{abbr|NH|national highway}}30 and 20). It is situated at the foot of Bari Pahari ({{a.k.a.}} Peer Pahari(Monday Mountain )and on the bank of the Panchanan (Panchane) River. The land around Bihar Sharif is very fertile, with [[alluvium|alluvial soil]] deposited by several rivers. These local rivers include the Mahane, the Panchane – which divides west of Pawapuri into the Goithwa, Soyaba and smaller rivers – the Zerain, and others.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} To the west is the Paimar River, a tributary of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]].<ref name="Brtnca" />

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011}} India [[census]], Bihar Sharif had a population of 297,268,<ref name="2011citycen">{{cite web|title=Biharsharif City Census 2011 data|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/173-biharsharif.html|website=2011 Indian Census|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref> up from 231,972 in 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> and around 130,000 in 1981.<ref name="eapw" /> The sex ratio was 916 females per 1000 males, with a slightly higher ratio of 927 females per 1,000 males among children.<ref name="2011citycen" /> The overall literacy rate was 75.30%, with male literacy at 80.80% and female literacy at 69.28%.<ref name="2011citycen" />

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bihar Sharif<ref>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 Bihar Sharif|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/173-biharsharif.html|website=Census 2011|access-date=8 July 2017|archive-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610232906/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/173-biharsharif.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|65.86}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|33.59}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.54}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.01%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (0.01%).
}}

According to the 2011 census, 65.86% of the city's population identifies as [[Hinduism|Hindu]], 33.59% identifies as [[Islam|Muslim]], 0.34% did not answer the census question, 0.17% identifies as [[Christianity|Christian]], and fewer than fifty identified with each of the other religious groups on the survey.<ref name="2011citycen" /> A 1981 report lists a 48% proportion of Muslims and notes this as unusual for the area.<ref name="eapw" />

In 2012, plans were announced for the construction of a local [[Bahá'í House of Worship]] in Bihar Sharif.<ref name="Baha'i-houses">{{cite news|title=Plans to build new Houses of Worship announced|url=http://news.bahai.org/story/906|access-date=25 March 2016|publisher=Baha'i World News Service|date=22 April 2012|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609040920/http://news.bahai.org/story/906/|url-status=live}}</ref> This would be only the second House of Worship for India's nearly two million Bahá'ís<ref name="arda">{{cite web|title=Most Baha'i Nations (2005)|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|publisher=The Association for Religion Data Archives|access-date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021730/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|archive-date=14 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> (the first being the well-known [[Lotus Temple]] in [[Delhi]]),<ref name="Lotus-cmpgn">{{cite news|title=Iconic 'Lotus Temple' focus of worldwide campaign|url=http://news.bahai.org/story/856|access-date=25 March 2016|publisher=Bahá'í World News Service|date=6 October 2011|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317184846/http://news.bahai.org/story/856|url-status=live}}</ref> and one of the first two local Bahá'í Houses of Worship in Asia (the other being in [[Battambang]], [[Cambodia]]).<ref name="Baha'i-houses" /> The final model of the house of worship was unveiled in April 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Local Temple design unveiled in India {{!}} BWNS |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/1421/ |access-date=23 February 2021 |work=Bahá’í World News Service |date=29 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and its foundation has been laid on 21 February 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Ground broken for first local Bahá'í temple in India |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/1491/ |access-date=23 February 2021 |work=Bahá’í World News Service (BWNS) |date=21 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506072254/https://news.bahai.org/story/1491/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is expected to get completed by 2023.

==Administration==
*The Town Police Station (Bihar Thana) is the first child-friendly police station in the state of Bihar.

==Economy==
Agricultural trade and Education are the two main economic activities of Bihar Sharif, with crops including cauliflower, potato, mustard seed and other vegetables, which are exported to neighbouring states. The region is well known for extensive production of vegetables.

[[File: Scenic view of fields Biharsharif.jpg|alt=|thumb|Agricultural fields near the city]]
Tourism to nearby sites like [[Nalanda]], [[Rajgir]] and [[Pawapuri]] also boosts the city's economy, as do footwear and garments manufactured by household industries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Government bid to revive footwear industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/govt-bid-to-revive-footwear-industry/articleshow/56262330.cms |access-date=23 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=31 December 2016 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318162620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/govt-bid-to-revive-footwear-industry/articleshow/56262330.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The locality of Sohsarai in the city hosts an extensive textile market, which is known as "Mini Surat".<ref>{{cite news |title=कोरोना इफेक्ट: बिहारशरीफ का मिनी सूरत लॉकडाउन में लॉक, उधारी में फंस गए व्यापारियों के पैसे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/bihar-sharif/news/biharsharifs-mini-surat-locked-in-lockdown-traders-money-stuck-in-lending-127298269.html |access-date=23 February 2021 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=14 May 2020 |language=hi |archive-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525013343/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/bihar-sharif/news/biharsharifs-mini-surat-locked-in-lockdown-traders-money-stuck-in-lending-127298269.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|1981|post=,}} the city had a major [[beedi]] cigarette industry which employed 15,000 people, mainly Muslims and some lower-caste Hindus.<ref name="eapw">{{cite journal|last1=Engineer|first1=Ashgar Ali|title=Biharsharif Carnage: A Field Report|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=16 May 1981|volume=16|issue=20|pages=887–889|jstor=4369828}}</ref>

In recent years the city has changed from a trade-based economy to an education hub.

Bihar Sharif is one of four cities selected in Bihar state among the 100 Indian cities to developed as [[Smart City|smart cities]] under [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]'s flagship [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref name="100smart">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-releases-list-of-98-cities-for-smart-city-project/article7586751.ece|title=Centre unveils list of 98 smart cities; UP, TN strike it rich|date=28 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|last1=Jeelani|first1=Mehboob|access-date=16 March 2016|archive-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126124324/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-releases-list-of-98-cities-for-smart-city-project/article7586751.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It figured in amongst the ambitious 100 smart cities list to receive funding in the fifth round of the smart cities project in January 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Smart Cities Mission: Shillong Finally Selected As 100th Smart City |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/100-smart-cities-mission-shillong-finally-selected-as-100th-smart-city-2612651.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=Moneycontrol |date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624143440/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/100-smart-cities-mission-shillong-finally-selected-as-100th-smart-city-2612651.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture and cityscape==
===Heritage and important sites===
The city of Bihar Sharif also has the designation of the location of the first museum in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brandingbihar.com/article2.html|title=Branding Bihar | Museums in Bihar and the Cultural Identity|website=www.brandingbihar.com|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710110444/http://brandingbihar.com/article2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The first Bihar Museum, established here in the late 19th century by [[Alexander Meyrick Broadley]] was not just the oldest museum in Bihar but also one of the oldest in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/history/curation-at-the-cost-of-history-a-tale-of-two-bihar-museums|title=Curation at the Cost of History: A Tale of Two Bihar Museums|website=The Wire}}</ref> Broadley was the district magistrate of Bihar Sharif in 1860s and one of the earliest surveyors and explorers of Bihar. During the course of his amateur excavations, he collected many sculptures and architectural fragments, with which he established a museum at the Collector's Bungalow at Bihar Sharif in 1871–1872. The collection recorded at least 686 artefacts. In 1891, the governor of Bengal of decided to transfer the contents of the Bihar Museum to [[Indian Museum]] in Calcutta. After the foundation of [[Patna Museum]], a significant part of the collection was transferred there, listed in the catalogue as from Broadley Collection.

The Bihar Sharif Pillar Inscriptions from the Gupta Empire were found in front of the northern gate of the fort of Bihar (Bihar Sharif). The pillar was removed and set up on a brick pedestal opposite the Bihar Court House, and then later transferred to the [[Patna Museum]].<ref name=":0" />

The city has many artefacts and relics of Buddhist and Jain heritage. [[Mahavira]], often regarded as the founder of [[Jainism]], is said to have attained [[Moksha (Jainism)|Nirvana]] at the nearby town of [[Pawapuri]], where the famous [[Jal Mandir]] is situated. Broken idols of Buddha and Mahavira can be found in the Nalanda Museum and in many temples. [[Nalanda College, Biharsharif|Nalanda College]] in Bihar Sharif and the locality of Garhpar are situated on the remains of Odantapuri. The ruins at [[Nalanda]] are {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}} from Bihar Sharif.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nalanda {{!}} History & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nalanda |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=23 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017031351/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nalanda |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''Badi Dargah'''
[[File:Badi Dargah I.jpg|thumb|Badi Dargah]]
The [[Dargah|shrine]] of the [[Sufism|Sufi]] Saint Sheikh [[Makhdoom Sharfuddin Ahmed Yahya Maneri]], is located near the ruins of [[Odantapuri]]. He is credited with converting many [[Hinduism|Hindus]] in the districts of Patna, Bihar Sharif, Gaya, Jehanabad, Arwal, Nawada, Jamui and Sheikhpura, and many Muslims celebrate [[Urs]] at the shrine each year in the month of Shawwal on the Hijri calendar. The inscription over its entrance mentions that the tomb was completed in 1569.
*'''Baba Maniram Akhara'''
Another notable site in the city is the Langot Fair at Baba Maniram [[Akhara]]; the Akhara of Sant Maniram was founded by Raja Biththal to train youth in fighting.
*'''Mausoleum of Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya'''
[[File:Malik Ibrahim Bayu Ka Makbara.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya]]The mausoleum of [[Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya]] is presently located on the top of the hill known as Hiranya Parvata.<ref name="Brtnca" /> It was built in 14th century CE.
*'''Badi Pahari'''
[[File: Temple, Hiranya Parvat.jpg|thumb|Temple on Badi Pahari Bihar Sharif]]
Badi Pahadi, also known as Hiranya Parvat, has a large park, a temple and the mausoleum of [[Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya]] located on it. Most tourists visiting Biharsharif are domestic - from other places in Bihar and adjoining states.
*'''Bihar Sharif Museum'''
Housed in the building known as "Virasat Bihar", this museum opened in 1979. It houses relics and sculptures unearthed from the city and nearby areas as the area is very rich in archaeological remains. The stone sculptures housed here mostly belong to the [[Pala Empire]] period. There are medieval period sculptures, ancient pillars, Islamic inscriptions and Mughal coins.

*''' Mora Talab '''
A large tank said to be constructed by Queen Moora Devi, mother of the [[Mauryan]] Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. A Sun Temple is located here. This place is located by the NH 20 on the northern side of the city.

*'''Nagar Nigam Park'''
Nagar Nigam Park is a park developed by the Municipal Corporation of Bihar Sharif on Badi Pahadi. The park features several fountains and cascades along with a children's park.

===Events===
*Urs or Annual "Chiraga" Fair
*Annual Langot Fair held at Manibaba Akhara

==Transport==
===Roadways===
The city is connected by road to major cities like [[Patna]], [[Rajgir]], [[Nalanda]], [[Nawada]], [[Mehsi, Bihar|Mehsi]], [[Harnaut]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Ranchi]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Koderma]], [[Kolkata]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Hazaribag]], [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]], [[Jehanabad]], [[Bakhtiyarpur]], [[Barh]], [[Mokama]], [[Munger]], [[Purnea]] and [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]. Being the district headquarters, it is a major transport hub and has regular bus service to all other major destinations in the region.

[[National Highway 33 (India)|NH 33]] and [[National Highway 20 (India)|NH 20]], a part of [[Asian Highway Network]] and [[AH42]] passes through the city. NH 33 and NH 20 intersects each other in the city. NH 20 connects to [[Patna]] via Bakhtiyarpur and to Nawada, [[Barhi (community development block)|Barhi]], [[Koderma]], [[Hazaribagh]] and [[Ranchi]]. NH 33 connects the city to [[Mokama]], Barbigha, Asthawan, [[Jehanabad|Jahanabad]] and [[Arwal]].

[[National Highway 120 (India)|NH 120]] starts here and runs to [[Dumraon]] via [[Nalanda]], [[Rajgir]] and [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].

SH 78 connects it with Chandi, Daniyawan and Hilsa.

===Public transport===
Bihar Sharif is a part of the Intercity bus service of [[Bihar State Road Transport Corporation]] and Patna City bus service. So, state-owned Intercity bus services to the State capital [[Patna]] is available at very short intervals. BSRTC also provides City Bus services from Bihar Sharif to [[Rajgir]], [[Nawada]], [[Barh]] and [[Jamui]].

Bihar Sharif also comes under the first Intercity Electric bus service in Bihar as a part of Patna–Rajgir route started in March 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rumi |first1=Faryal |title=Bihar CM to flag off eight electric buses today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-to-flag-off-eight-electric-buses-today/articleshow/81279229.cms |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=2 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302232517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-to-flag-off-eight-electric-buses-today/articleshow/81279229.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Railways===
[[File:Bihar Sharif Junction platform.jpg|thumb|[[Bihar Sharif Junction railway station|Bihar Sharif Junction]]]]
[[Bihar Sharif Junction railway station|Bihar Sharif Junction]] is on the [[Bakhtiyarpur-Tilaiya line]], part of the national [[broad gauge]] network. The city is served by the [[Shramjeevi Express]], a direct daily train to [[New Delhi]]. There are also numerous passenger and express connections to the state capital, [[Patna]], and to the hub at [[Rajgir]] which connects to many destinations in the country. Recently, the Fatuha–Islampur branch line has been connected to this route by linking Daniyawan to Bihar Sharif. The extension of passenger services to link Bihar Sharif with [[Hilsa, Bihar|Hilsa]], [[Sheikhpura]] and [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] began in 2013.

===Airways===
* The nearest airport is [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport|Patna Airport]], about 86 km away, with carriers operating flights to major Indian cities.
* [[Gaya International Airport]] is about 95 km away.

==Education==


A number of colleges, schools and educational institutions are located in the city. Notable institutions include:

===Universities===


*[[K. K. University]]

===Colleges===


*[[Nalanda College, Biharsharif|Nalanda College]], second oldest college of Bihar.
*[[Sardar Patel Memorial College]]
*[[Nalanda Mahila College]]
*[[Kisan College, Nalanda]]

==Media and entertainment==
Hindi dailies such as ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]'', ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'', ''[[Prabhat Khabar]]'', ''[[Aj (newspaper)|Aj]]'' and other local dailies are available as well as English-language newspapers including ''[[Times of India]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'' along with various types of magazines.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Keshav Ram Bhatta, a Maharashtrian Brahman that settled in Bihar Sharif published ''Bihar Bandhu'', the first Hindi newspaper from Bihar in 1872.<ref>[[Qeyamuddin Ahmad|Ahmad Qeyamuddin]], ''Patna Through the ages: Glimpses of History, Society and Economy'', Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi, 1988</ref>

==In popular culture==
Director [[Prakash Jha]]'s National Award-winning documentary film ''Faces after Storms'' (1981) was based on the incident of communal riots that took place in Bihar Sharif in May 1981.<ref>{{cite news |title=Of Sabbaticals and comebacks… – Prakash Jha: A look at his journey to becoming a filmmaker! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/prakash-jha-a-look-at-his-journey-to-becoming-a-filmmaker/of-sabbaticals-and-comebacks/photostory/51157970.cms |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805134731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/prakash-jha-a-look-at-his-journey-to-becoming-a-filmmaker/of-sabbaticals-and-comebacks/photostory/51157970.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Faces After The Storm |url=https://indiancine.ma/BLNC/info |website=indiancine.ma |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

==Notable people==


* [[Shah Amanat]], prominent Sufi figure
* [[Aasim Bihari]], social activist
* [[Zafar Iqbal (field hockey)|Zafar Iqbal]], former Indian field hockey player and captain
* [[Saba Karim]], former Indian cricketer
* [[Vikas Kumar]], actor<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Madhuri |title=Bihar youth coaches Bollywood actors in diction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-youth-coaches-Bollywood-actors-in-diction/articleshow/29919910.cms |access-date=8 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=6 February 2014 |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001135644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-youth-coaches-Bollywood-actors-in-diction/articleshow/29919910.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri]], a Sufi mystic
* [[L. S. N. Prasad]], Indian paediatrician and Padma Shri recipient<ref name="Lala Suraj Nandan Prasad Memorial Clinic">{{cite web | url=https://www.here.com/india/patna/hospital-health-care-facility/dr-lala-suraj-nandan-prasad-memorial-clinic--356jx7ps-2009e0b94817011eaa1097855f52a880?x=ep&map=25.6118,85.15252,16,normal | title=Lala Suraj Nandan Prasad Memorial Clinic | publisher=Here | date=2015 | access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Vijay Kumar Yadav (Communist Party politician)|Vijay Kumar Yadav]], former Member of Parliament from Nalanda

==See also==
{{Commons category|Bihar Sharif}}
*[[Nalanda]]
*[[List of cities in Bihar]]
*[[Bihar Aur Sufivad]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nalanda district}}
{{Patna Division|collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Bihar]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Nalanda district]]

Simdega

2026-03-22T19:05:20Z

ScarlettNicholso: article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simdega
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Simdeg Collage.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise - Kelaghagh Dam, Hilly Terrain, District Administration Office
| nickname = Nursery of Sports<ref name="simdega.profile">{{cite web |title=District profile |url=http://simdega.nic.in/profile.html |access-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721182041/http://simdega.nic.in/profile.html |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |language=en |url-status=unfit}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.62|N|84.52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Simdega district|Simdega]]
| established_date = 15 September 1915
| founder = Birugarh Kingdom
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Simdega Nagar Parishad
| leader_title = Mayor
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 418
| population_total = 42,944
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 22
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835223
| area_code = +91-6525
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = JH-20
| website = {{URL|http://simdega.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| native_name_Lang =
| image_size = 200px
| demographics1_info1 =
}}

'''Simdega''' is a city in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. Simdega is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and [[South Chotanagpur division|Subdivision]]. The city stands at an elevation of approximately 418 metres (1371 feet) above sea level and covers an area of {{cvt|3,750|sqkm}}. Bounded in the north by [[Gumla district|Gumla]], on the east by [[Ranchi]] and [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]], on the west by [[Jashpur Nagar]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and on the south by [[Rourkela]], [[Odisha]].<ref name="simdega.profile" /> The distance between [[Rourkela]] and Simdega is 83 km. It is accessible by road through National Highways ([[National Highway 143 (India)|National Highway 143]]) from [[Rourkela]] and [[Ranchi]]. The nearest railway station is [[Bano railway station]].

Historically, the area was ruled by the Gajapati Kings of [[Gajapati Kingdom]] of [[Odisha|Kalinga]] for centuries. The region is culturally an amalgamation of indigenous and Odia culture. The influence of Odia culture is significant in the area and the populace. The region also had historical relationship with Emperor [[Ashoka]] and Buddhism as evident from archaeological finds in the region.

==History==
Simdega erstwhile the ''Kingdom of Kaisalpur-Birugarh Parganas''<ref name="simdega.profile" /> which was ruled by the King Ganga Vamsi of the Gajapati Royal family of the [[Gajapati Kingdom]] for centuries even during the British Colonial era. Kesalpur was granted to Raja Hari Deo as a jagir by king [[Khukhragarh]] in 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.125201/2015.125201.The-Mundas-And-Their-Country_djvu.txt|title=Munda and their country|publisher=archive.org|author=Sarat Chandra Roy|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> The Gajapati Royal Family still resides at Biru or Birugarh, situated at a distance of about 11 km from Simdega city on NH-23. This region of plateau is inhabited by the tribal and Odia Communities. The region has always been popular to missionaries, who established schools, convents, hospitals and parishes on the lands donated by the erstwhile Gajapati Kings and its subordinates. Christian Missionaries, especially [[Society of Jesus]], helped in spreading the education by establishing several Christian schools in the region.

As located in South Jharkhand. Odia culture has highly influenced this region. The Odia Kings ruled this area for centuries even during the period of [[British Raj]]. The Gajapati Kings of Kaisalpur-Birugarh invited Odia-Brahmin scholars from Odisha to this region and gradually these Odia Brahmins settled in every corner of the Kaisalpur-Birugarh Kingdom, even today in the remotest villages of this region one can trace these Odia Brahmins families. The Gajapati Kings had donated acres of land and even villages and Zamindaris to them. The schools of this area has produced some eminent hockey players from this area who have represented India in Olympics and other National and International arena. It is known as cradle of Hockey in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141202/jsp/frontpage/story_19131384.jsp#.VdRlAvmqqko|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141202005614/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141202/jsp/frontpage/story_19131384.jsp#.VdRlAvmqqko|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2 December 2014|title = Simdega lives to play hockey|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

Development of Simdega is crucial to the development of south Jharkhand. Being in the proximity to [[Rourkela]], Industrial Capital of [[Odisha]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.orissa-tourism.com/portal/destinations/rourkela.aspx|title = Rourkela Industrial Capital of Odisha|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> the region is bound to develop and cater to population in southern [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map

| width=400| height=300| zoom=9

| coord={{coord|22|32|0|N|84|31|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Simdega district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|39|10|N|84|55|18|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Bano | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bano, Simdega]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|26|3|N|84|43|24|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Bansjore| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Bansjore]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|25|52|N|84|20|41|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bolba| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bolba]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|34|36|N|84|48|42|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Jaldega| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Jaldega]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|42|45|N|84|25|56|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Pakartanr| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Pakartanr]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|31|32|N|84|13|53|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kersai| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Kersai]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|42|15|N|84|41|34|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kolebira| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kolebira]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|33|31|N|84|7|10|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Kurdeg| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Kurdeg]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|15|N|84|30|46|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Thethaitangar| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Thethaitangar]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|12|N|84|29|48|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10=Simdega| numbered10=M| mark-title10= Simdega (M) |shape-color10=black| label-size10=13|label-color10=black 
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|44|40|N|84|35|10|E}} | label-pos11= top|label11=Palkot |labela11= Wildlife|labelb11= Sanctuary | numbered11=T| mark-title11= [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color11= #74C365
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|35|40|N|84|21|0|E}} |label12= Sankh River |label-color12 = #77A1CB| label-angle12= -25| label-pos12=top| label-size12=10| mark-size12=0| mark-title12 =none
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|46|0|N|84|52|0|E}} |label13= South Koel |labela13= River |label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13= 20| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13 =none
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|30|0|N|84|58|0|E}} |label14= Deo |labela14=River|label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14= 80| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14 =none
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|26|0|N|84|29|0|E}} |label15= Chhinda |labela15=River|label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15= 90| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|35|0|N|84|1|0|E}}|arc-textA= CHHATTISGARH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-70| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.5
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|18|0|N|84|27|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= -25| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.5}}

===Location===
Simdega is located at {{coord|22.62|N|84.52|E|display=inline}}.

Simdega has an area of 36.20 km2.<ref name="auto">{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2022_PART_B_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 801798, pages 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 6 November 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
In the area presented in the map alongside, “the landscape is formed of hills and undulating plateau” in the south-western part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. About 32% of the district is covered with forests (mark the shaded portions in the map.) It is an overwhelmingly rural area with 92.83% of the population living in the rural areas. A major portion of the rural population depends on rain-fed agriculture (average annual rainfall: 1,100-1,200 mm) for a living.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 8: Physical aspects, page 9: Forest, Agriculture, page 33: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 5 November 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=6th Jharkhand Assembly}}
{{#section:6th Jharkhand Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:6th Jharkhand Assembly|Simdega district}}
{{end}}

==Civic administration==
Simdega, Muffasil, SC/ST and Mahila police stations are located in Simdega town.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jhpolice.gov.in/simdega |title=District Police Profile - Simdega |publisher=Jharkhand Police |access-date= 3 January 2022}}</ref>

The headquarters of [[Simdega block|Simdega]] CD block are located at Simdega town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_Simdega.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Simdega district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 January 2022}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:School of Nursing, Shanti Bhawan Medical Centre, Biru, Simdega.jpg|thumb|School of Nursing, SMC, Simdega]]
College level education is not adequate for the area as there are only two colleges of Ranchi University, namely [[Simdega College]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.simdegacollege.nic.in/|title = Simdega College|date = |accessdate = 19 August 2015|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> which being the constituent college of [[Ranchi University]] and other affiliated college is S.K. Bage College, Kolebira. St. Xavier's College, Simdega is another [[Jesuit]] institution of higher education in the city.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-RAN-HMU-MAT-latest-ranchi-news-033502-679762-NOR.html | title=संत जेवियर्स कॉलेज सिमडेगा में पढ़ाई शुरू| date=August 2016}}</ref> There has been constant demand for improving the higher education in the city.

==Health==

Health services are improving over a period of time. Apart from the community health centers ('CHC') at various Blocks of the district, there are two government hospital at Simdega namely;<ref name="simdega.profile" />

# District Hospital
# Referral Hospital

St. Anne Dispensary and Nursing Home run by the "Daughter of St. Anne" at Church Road, Simdega. [[Shanti Bhavan Medical Centre]] a super- specialty Hospital at Biru, Simdega modelled on [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]] has been established by Calvary Gospel Ministry, USA.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140209/jsp/jharkhand/story_17915715.jsp#.VciwpPmqqko | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408173705/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140209/jsp/jharkhand/story_17915715.jsp#.VciwpPmqqko | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 April 2014 | title=Heal hub in Simdega}}</ref> providing the best of medical facilities in collaboration with [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]], Vellore, Tamil Nadu.The Hospital have medical experts from India and abroad.A new medical college and nursing school is also proposed to be opened in the hospital.
[[File:Shanti Bhavan Medical Centre.jpg|thumb|Shanti Bhavan Medical Centre]]

== Demographics ==
[[File:St Anne Cathedral Simdega.jpg|thumb|St. Anne's Cathedral, Simdega]]
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Simdega had a total population of 42,944 of which 21,884 (51%) were males and 21,060 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 5,421. The total number of literate persons in Simdega was 32,067 (85.46% of the population over 6 years.<ref name="auto"/>

(*For language details see [[Simdega block#Language and religion]])

According to the 2001 census, Simdega had a population of 33,962. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Simdega has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 63%. In Simdega, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date= 6 November 2021|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:Hockey Stadium Simdega.jpg|thumb|Simdega Hockey Stadium]]
Simdega is also known as 'Cradle of Hockey' in the state. It have given top notch sportsman at Olympics representing the county. Sylvanus Dung Dung is former olympian who won Gold at 1980 Moscow Olympics in Hockey. Michael Kindo is another olympian winning Bronze at 1972 summer olympics. Asunta Lakra captain of India's women Hockey Team hails from Simdega.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Asunta-Lakra-a-symbol-for-tribal-hope/articleshow/11772062.cms|title = Asunta Lakra, a symbol of tribal hope|date = |accessdate = |website = [[The Times of India]]|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

Recently, the city has got an '<nowiki/>'''Astroturf Hockey Stadium'''' for budding Hockey players for the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150410/jsp/jharkhand/story_13659.jsp#.VdWTAvmqqko|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150711154846/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150410/jsp/jharkhand/story_13659.jsp#.VdWTAvmqqko|url-status = dead|archive-date = 11 July 2015|title = Chak de on Astroturf - Simdega's present to future Asuntas & Dungdungs|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> It has an outdoor stadium named '''Albert Ekka Stadium''' for other sports.

== Geography and climate ==
Simdega is located at {{Coord|22.62|N|84.52|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Simdega.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Simdega, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 418 metres (1371 feet).
Simdega has warm and temperate climate. The rain in Simdega falls mostly in the winter, with relatively little rain in the summer. This climate is considered to be Csa according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The average annual temperature in Simdega is 25.1 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 1450 mm.The driest month is December, with 3 mm of rainfall. In August, the precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 410 mm.The warmest month of the year is May, with an average temperature of 33.0 °C. At 17.9 °C on average, December is the coldest month of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/173869/|title = CLIMATE-DATA.ORG|date = 2016-02-02|access-date = 2016-02-02|website = Climate:Simdega|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

== Economy ==
Major part of the economy of Simdega is primarily based on Agriculture and Agriculture allied activities like [[Shellac]] production and animal husbandry and [[Aquaculture]]. The area has Animal husbandry farms for poultry, Emu, Ducks and pigs. The main crops of Simdega are paddy, corn, and groundnut. The region has fertile soil for cultivation of various fruits and vegetables which are consumed locally through local farmers market, giving emphasis to locally grown and sourced produce.

ATMA (Agriculture Technology Management Agency)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.atmasimdega.org|title = Agriculture Technology Management Agency Simdega|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> is located in Simdega which gives education and training to local entrepreneurs about latest and scientific agricultural techniques including Animal Husbandry, Lac Production and Honey production.

Simdega's proximity to highly industrialized areas of Odisha provides the area with benefits of being closer to major industrial hubs of Odisha as its economy is dependent upon these industrial hubs in Odisha.

Recently, initiatives have been taken to increase tourism in the area mainly cultural tourism and eco-tourism.

=== Mineral, Diamond exploration and Power Projects ===
[[File:Circuit House, Simdega.jpg|alt=Circuit House, Simdega|thumb|Circuit House, Simdega]]
* .Geological Survey of India (GSI) has undertaken exploration of Diamonds in Sankh River bed in Simdega. GSI has identified Simdega to have huge and promising Diamond Deposits.[[De Beers]] and [[Jindal Group]] have identified Simdega for Diamond exploration and mining in Jharkhand and [[Jindal Steel and Power]] has obtained a reconnaissance permit to undertake preliminary exploration of precious metals like gold, including stones such as diamonds in Simdega.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051020/asp/jharkhand/story_5373993.asp |title=Centre grants 'precious metal permit' - Naveen Jindal's group gets three-year clearance for exploration, zeroes in on Gumla and Simdega |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314170539/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051020/asp/jharkhand/story_5373993.asp |archive-date=14 March 2016 |date=19 October 2005 |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040313/asp/jamshedpur/story_2999171.asp|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041113204518/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040313/asp/jamshedpur/story_2999171.asp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 13 November 2004|title = De Beers unveils mining blueprint|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://nitishpriyadarshi.blogspot.in/2007/08/history-of-diamond-mining-in-jharkhand.html|title = History of Diamond mining in Jharkhand and Chattisgarh|date = 2007-08-29|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060501/asp/jharkhand/story_6149529.asp|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132317/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060501/asp/jharkhand/story_6149529.asp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 24 September 2015|title = GSI spots diamond reserve|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Jharkhand may reap diamond harvest - Deccan Herald - Internet Edition|url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may162006/national23902006515.asp|website = archive.deccanherald.com|accessdate = 2015-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mines.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/lu212.pdf|title=GOI- Ministry of Mines- Details of Programmes taken up during current field season 2015-16.- Search for Kimberlite/Lamproite in parts of Simdega District, Jharkhand|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may162006/national23902006515.asp|title=Jharkhand may reap diamond harvest - Deccan Herald - Internet Edition|website=archive.deccanherald.com|access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref>
* [[Jindal Power]], a subsidiary of JSPL has planned to come up with 2,640 MW power plant in Simdega.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://smartinvestor.business-standard.com/market/Features-89545-Featuresdet-JSPL_to_invest_Rs_1_lakh_cr_in_Jharkhand.htm#.VuZgXPl97IU|title=JSPL to invest Rs 1 lakh cr in Jharkhand|last=|first=|date=28 September 2011|website=|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=28 September 2011}}</ref>
* GSI has also found rich sources of uranium deposits in some areas of Simdega district

===Small Hydel Power Projects===
Jharkhand Renewal Energy Development Agency (JREDA) has commissioned and erected four Small Hydel Power Projects at Bano, Tethaitangar, Kurdeg and Kolebeira in Simdega to facilitate power generation up to 25MW.

=== Shellac ===
[[File:Haydn shellac.jpg|alt=A decorative medal made in France in early 20th century moulded from shellac compound, the same used for phonograph records of the period.|thumb|A decorative medal made in France in early 20th century moulded from shellac compound, the same used for [[phonograph record]]s of the period.]]
Simdega is a leading producer of shellac in [[India]] which is a highly demanded product in Defence Ammunition and Aviation industry and dyes and paint industry. Majority of the produce is sold to neighbouring states which produce, market and sell the finished product. In spite of being a market leader in shellac, there is no shellac-based industry in Simdega.

== Transport ==
{{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|zoom=SWITCH:4,6,10|switch=zoomed out, zoomed mid, zoomed in}}
Simdega is located at the intersection of Jharkhand-Odisha-Chhattisgarh borders.

The city has a bus terminal where major routes buses ply from the city to cities in neighbouring states. Ranchi and Simdega are well connected by regular and deluxe air-Conditioned buses.

;By road
Passenger buses and non-Stop buses run regularly from Ranchi, Gumla, Lohardaga, Sasaram Sambhalpur and Rourkela (Odisha).
# Simdega to [[Ranchi]] - 155 km
# Simdega to [[Gumla]] - 77 km.
# Simdega to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] ([[Bihar]])- 320 km
# Simdega to [[Sambalpur]] ( [[Odisha]])- 158 km
# Simdega to [[Rourkela]]( [[Odisha]]) - 70 km

;By air

[[Rourkela Airport]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/aai-clears-air-on-flight-services-from-rourkela-236595/|title=AAI clears air on flight services from Rourkela {{!}} Odisha Television Limited|date=2017-09-04|work=Odisha Television Limited|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US}}</ref> is the nearest airport. Nearby airports include [[Ranchi Airport]] and [[Jharsuguda Airport]].

;By Train

[[Rourkela railway station]] is the nearest railway station. A new proposed railway route from [[Ranchi]] to Simdega via [[Lohardaga]] and [[Gumla]] will pass through the city.

== Tourist places ==
Simdega has potential for development of tourism,{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} and can attract both domestic as well as foreign tourists.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

*[[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]]: A wildlife sanctuary known for wild animals including leopard, sloth bear.[http://www.jharwildlife.in/2014-10-09-13-56-25/2014-10-10-15-05-38/palkot.html]
[[File:Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg|alt=Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary|thumb|Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]]

*Kelaghagh dam: A dam on Chhinda river in Simdega. There facility of boating through motor-boats and para-sailing. Kelaghagh dam also has a guest house for tourist accommodation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/simdega/story-tourist-influx-at-kelaghagh-dam-concerns-over-cleanliness-201735057981695.html|title=केलाघाघ डैम परिसर को है सफाई का इंतेजार|publisher=Live Hindustan|date=24 December 2024|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Kelaghagh_Dam.jpg|thumb|Kelaghagh Dam, Simdega]]

*Ram Rekha Dham: Ramrekha Dham is the most important situated on top of a hill and every year there is a fair during [[Kartik Purnima]]. It is said, that Lord [[Rama]] along with [[Sita]] and brother Laxman has visited this place and has left his mark (Foot prints) there. Some archaeological structures like agni kund, charan paduka, sita chulha, gupt ganga etc. shows that during Banwas period they followed this path.The Kaisalpur-Birugarh Royal family discovered and developed this place.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/simdega/ramrekha-dham-of-simdega-is-rammay-as-devotees-gathered-on-magh-purnima-mtj|title=राममय हुआ सिमडेगा का रामरेखा धाम, माघ पूर्णिमा पर उमड़ी श्रद्धालुओं की भीड़|publisher=Prabhat Khabar|date=5 February 2023|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> [[File:Ramrekhadham.jpg|thumb|Ramrekha Dham in Simdega]]

== Notable individuals ==
# [[Sylvanus Dung Dung]], Former Hockey player and Olympic gold medallist, 1980 Moscow Olympics.
# [[Michael Kindo]], Former Hockey player and Olympic bronze medallist.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Simdega district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Jharkhand]]

Runni Saidpur

2026-03-18T16:47:22Z

ScarlettNicholso: enhanced details also and improved wording

{{refimprove|date=February 2022}}

{{Short description|Town in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Runni Saidpur
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town/ CD Block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.383|N|85.4833|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 47
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 843328
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06226
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR.E2.80.94Bihar|BR]]-30
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Runnisaidpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Runnisaidpur]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Runni Saidpur''' is a [[town]] and a [[Community Development Block in India|block]] located in [[Sitamarhi district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is situated on the southern bank of the [[Lakhandei River]]. [[National Highway 77 (India)|National Highway 77]] passes through Runni Saidpur.

==Geography==
The village is situated between [[Lakhandei]] river in the north and the [[Bagmati]] river to the south. This area has been hit by flood many times, though the land is very fertile. It is mostly gangetic plain with alluvial soil. The whole area lies to the south of the Someswar mountain range of the southern [[Himalayas]] in the north and the holy [[Ganges]] in the south. Summer is moderate and the winter is chilling cold. Runni Saidpur is located at {{Coord|26.383|N|85.4833|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Runi_Saiyadpur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Runi Saiyadpur]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|47|m|ft}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=98664
*http://jaibihar.com/sitamarhi-child-scientists-get-dubai-invite/2033/
*http://wikimapia.org/4092088/Runi-Saidpur-District-Sitamarhi-Bihar-PIN-843328
*http://sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/

{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sitamarhi district]]

Malcha Mahal

2026-03-15T12:50:44Z

ScarlettNicholso: New entry.

{{Short description|Hunting lodge in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
'''Malcha Mahal''', also known as '''Wilayat Mahal''', is a [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq era]] hunting lodge in the [[Chanakyapuri]] area of [[New Delhi]], [[India]] next to the Delhi Earth Station of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/the-prince-takes-his-bicycle-to-buy-meat-for-his-dogs|title=The prince takes his bicycle to buy meat for his dogs|website=www.sunday-guardian.com|access-date=2016-11-15|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111182221/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/the-prince-takes-his-bicycle-to-buy-meat-for-his-dogs|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Malcha History|title=Malcha Mahal|date=2014-10-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WuyRpWET44|access-date=2016-11-15}}</ref> It was built by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], who reigned over the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate of Delhi]], in 1325.<ref name=":1" /> It came to be known as ''Wilayat Mahal'' after the self-proclaimed "Begum Wilayat Mahal" of [[Awadh]], who claimed to be a member of the [[Nawab of Awadh|Royal family of Oudh]] and was reportedly given the place by the [[Government of India]] in May 1985.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-30-mn-68-story.html|title=India's Depot Princess Finally Gets Her Palace|last=MILES|first=JAMES|date=1985-06-30|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|access-date=2016-11-15}}</ref> On 10 September 1993, Wilayat died by suicide at the age of 62.<ref name="nyt" /> The Royal House of Awadh (descendants of Wazid Ali Shah in Lucknow) claims that the family engaged in fraudulent activities,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/descendant-of-wajid-ali-shah-challenges-lineage-claim/articleshow/61632380.cms | title=Descendant of Wajid Ali Shah challenges lineage claim | newspaper=The Times of India | date=13 November 2017}}</ref> having been cited by an investigative journalist for the [[New York Times]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web| title = The Jungle Prince of Delhi|newspaper=The New York Times| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/22/world/asia/the-jungle-prince-of-delhi.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage |author=Ellen Barry|date=22 November 2019| access-date = 2019-11-22}}</ref>
[[File:Malcha Mahal.jpg|thumb|Malcha Mahal]]

The building is now mostly in ruins. After Wilayat's death, it continued to be inhabited by the Begum's daughter Sakina Mahal, and son Prince Ali Raza (aka Cyrus). Cyrus died in late 2017; his sister died some years before him, though the exact date is unknown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-41861843|title=The lonely death of Delhi's jungle prince|last=Rowlatt|first=Justin|date=2017-11-05|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-11-05|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/descendent-of-awadh-nawab-dies-a-pauper-in-abandoned-14-century-delhi-lodge/story-mkLR1etCcyuaqP55K7obTN.html|title=Reclusive Awadh prince dies a pauper in decrepit 14-century Delhi lodge|date=2017-11-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/prince-ali-raza-royal-family-oudh-malcha-mahal-chanakyapuri-death-begum-wilayat-1081153-2017-11-07|title=Prince Ali Raza, last descendent of Oudh's royal family, dies a lonely death|date=7 November 2017|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web | title = Heritage: In isolation at Malcha Mahal| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/20/stories/2005062000740200.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050628074740/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/20/stories/2005062000740200.htm| archive-date = 28 June 2005|date=20 June 2005 | work = [[The Hindu]]|access-date = 2014-03-12 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news | title = This Royal Family's Palace Is No Taj Mahal: Lizards and Bats Overrun Decrepit 600-Year-Old Monument in New Delhi | url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-12-12-vw-2459-story.html |date=12 December 1986|author=Elizabeth Bumiller (The Washington Post)| access-date = 2014-03-12 | newspaper = Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite web |title=New Delhi Journal; Bats in a Dreary Lodge Where Life Imitates Poe|author=Barry Bearak|work=The New York Times|date=20 November 1998 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/20/world/new-delhi-journal-bats-in-a-dreary-lodge-where-life-imitates-poe.html |access-date=2014-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Royal siblings reflect struggle of India's modern aristocrats | agency=Associated Press | url = http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-06-05-royal-ruination_x.htm|date=5 June 2004| newspaper=USA Today | access-date = 8 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/403039/cut-off-forlorn-malcha-mahal.html|title=Cut off and forlorn in Malcha Mahal|website=Deccan Herald|date=29 April 2014 |access-date=2016-11-15}}</ref>

==History==
''Malcha Mahal'' is located in Malcha, one of the historical villages around [[Raisina Hill]]. Malcha, along with Raisina, Todapur, Aliganj, Pillanji, Jaisinghpura, and Kushak villages were moved by the [[British Raj|British]] during the construction of capital [[New Delhi]] in the 1920s, especially the Viceroy's House, which is now known as the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite web| title = From rocks & ridge rose a New Delhi|newspaper=Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/from-rocks-amp-ridge-rose-a-new-delhi/article1-646426.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140314133344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/from-rocks-amp-ridge-rose-a-new-delhi/article1-646426.aspx | archive-date = 14 March 2014 |author=Avishek G Dastidar |author2=Nivedita Khandekar |date=5 January 2011| access-date = 2014-03-12}}</ref>

==Inhabitation by Wilayat Mahal==
{{Main|Mahal family}}
[[File:Malcha mahal gate 2014-03-09 11-28.jpeg|thumb|The gate of Malcha Mahal in 2014]]
Begum Wilayat Mahal, self-proclaimed great-granddaughter of the last [[Nawab of Awadh]], [[Wajid Ali Shah]], was reportedly allotted the Mahal in May 1985, following the intervention of the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1984. Begum Wilayat Mahal had been protesting for nine years by living in a waiting room at the [[New Delhi railway station]], demanding compensation for the loss of her ancestral property in [[Awadh]] which was seized when Wajid Ali Shah's kingdom was annexed by the [[British Raj|British]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Begum Wilayat Mahal died by suicide in October 1993 and was survived by her two children.

On 22 November 2019, the New England Bureau Chief of ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Ellen Barry (journalist)|Ellen Barry]], published a lengthy piece of investigative journalism in which she said she had discovered that Wilayat, in fact, had no connection to the Royal House of Awadh. Rather, she was the widow of the former Registrar of Lucknow University, Inayatullah Butt. Barry found her oldest son, Shahid Butt, living in the UK and he had told her the true story.<ref name=":4" />

==Possibility of restoration==
In late October 2019, it was reported that [[INTACH]] has proposed to undertake restoration of Malcha Mahal.<ref>{{cite web| title = Delhi's mysterious Malcha Mahal ruin to be restored|newspaper=Financial Express| url = https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/delhis-mysterious-malcha-mahal-ruin-to-be-restored/1725693/|date=3 October 2019| access-date = 2019-11-22}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Teen Murti Bhavan|Kushak Mahal]], another hunting lodge of Feroz Shah Tughlaq in Delhi
* [[Hastsal]], the hunting lodge of Shahjahan in Delhi

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author=Abha Rani.|title=Tughluq Architecture of Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K9NAAAAYAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Bharati Prakashan}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-12-12-vw-2459-story.html 1986 Los Angeles Times Report after Begum moved in Malcha Mahal]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/20/world/new-delhi-journal-bats-in-a-dreary-lodge-where-life-imitates-poe.html 1998 NYT report after Begum died]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-41861843 BBC 2017 story on the residents of Malcha mahal]
* [https://www.indiatimes.com/news/the-jats-who-owned-lutyens-delhi-and-a-104-year-old-wait-for-compensation-274993.html The story of other disadvantaged and displaced Malcha residents: Jats of Malcha after 104 years still await compensation for their Rashtrapati Bhawan land]
*[https://pandareviewz.com/malcha-mahal-delhi/ The Story of Malcha Mahal]
* {{Cite web|last2=Andre|first2=Aletta|first1=Abhimanyu|last1=Kumar|date=2020-01-07|title=The Many Lives of Delhi's Jungle Palace|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/malcha-mahal|access-date=2020-07-18|website=Atlas Obscura}}

{{Coord|28.609595|N|77.181104|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Delhi]]
[[Category:Oudh State]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty]]

Sarojini Nagar

2026-03-15T02:11:54Z

ScarlettNicholso: new

{{about|the neighbourhood of Delhi|the block in Lucknow district|Sarojaninagar}}
{{how-to|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarojini Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Delhi
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5795|N|77.1971|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi]]
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| unit_pref = Metric
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| population_density_km2 = auto
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110023
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 =

| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[New Delhi Municipal Council|NDMC]]
}}

'''Sarojini Nagar''' is a neighbourhood and a large market in [[South West Delhi]] district of [[Delhi]], India.

==Overview==
The land was previously part of the Pillanji/Pilanji village of the Gurjar community,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jeelani |first=Gulam |title=How Delhi’s urban villages turned into ‘no-plan land’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/calm-and-chaos-coexist-in-sarojini-nagar-lanes/story-VXXMgSN4jVKfyqfyjNITuL.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=16 February 2018 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref> along with it also being developed on the acquired Jat-dominated village of Mohammadpur.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vibha |title=Mohammadpur village in Delhi debates its name and past |website=Hindustan Times |date=2021-10-21 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/mohammadpur-village-in-delhi-debates-its-name-and-past-101633281239438.html |access-date=2025-11-09}}</ref>
Sarojini Nagar was earlier known as Vinay Nagar. In the 1970s, the government changed the name of the locality to Sarojini Nagar, after the name of the famous female freedom fighter, [[Sarojini Naidu]]. It was opined that the term Vinay Nagar creates a class divide<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbas |first1=Ajmal |title=Delhi's Sarojini Nagar was once a working class colony with a different name...|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhis-sarojini-nagar-was-once-a-working-class-residential-colony-with-a-different-name-article-97941830 |website=www.timesnownews.com/ |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman and Company Limited |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> This colony is encircled by [[Safdarjung]] Enclave, [[South Extension]], Laxmibai Nagar, Nauroji Nagar, Chanakyapuri and [[Netaji Nagar, Delhi|Netaji Nagar]]. It is in the vicinity of [[Chanakyapuri]] which is home to various [[embassies]] and [[consulates]], including those of the [[United States]] and [[Russia]].

==Sarojini Nagar Market==
[[File:Sarojini Nagar Market.jpg|thumb|Sarojini Nagar Market]]
Sarojini Nagar Market is considered to be Asia's largest and most popular market. Known for very affordable products, the market primarily caters to women needs. The following are the popular items available in the market:

* Trendy Clothing: You'll find fashionable tops, dresses, jeans, and skirts at bargain prices. Seasonal wear like ummer dresses, winter jackets, and woolens are available in various styles.
* Footwear: From sneakers and sandals to boots and flats.
* Bags and Backpacks: handbags, clutches, totes, and quirky backpacks. There are various designs and branded replicas.
* Jewelry and Accessories: earrings, necklaces, bracelets, rings, scarves, belts, and air accessories in various designs and colors.
* Home Decor: rugs, cushion covers, curtains, wall hangings, and quirky showpieces.
* Sunglasses and Watches: sunglasses and watch replicas.
* Makeup and Skincare: Some shops offer makeup and skincare items. Branded beauty products are available at discounted rates.
* Street Food: local snacks such as momos, chaat, seasonal juices and shakes and golgappas.

The market, surrounded by government housing, has the following sections, as locals call them. 90% of the shops in Sarojini Nagar Market are family-owned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarojini Nagar, New Delhi {{!}} Sarojini Nagar Map, Pros & Cons, Photos, Reviews and Property Insights |url=https://housing.com/sarojini-nagar-new-delhi-overview-P5w7el691xhgfhbiq |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Housing |language=en}}</ref>

Babu Market is located at the north-west corner of Sarojini Nagar Market. It has four rows of enclosed shops facing each other. Most of the shops are garment and clothes shops. The first shop on the corner of Sarojini Nagar Market which faces the north-east of Babu Market is Mahindra Sweets. This shop is outside the enclosed area of Babu Market. More famously known as Mucchal Halwayi ki Dukaan. A name was given to this shop because its owner had big moustaches. After his demise, his children have taken over the business. On rainy days or during evenings crowds line up in front of this shop to buy hot [[Samosa]]s and [[Jalebi]]. This shop is followed by steel utensil shops which draw large crowds during [[Dhanteras]].

On the north-west corner of the market, the first shop is a shoe shop. This used to be a bakery and general store till the early 1990s. Most of the shops that are enclosed in rows facing each other are garment shops. Shopping here becomes a challenge during the summers when temperatures get to 45 to 48 °C (116 °F). G, H, and I are the nearest Residential block to Babu Market. During evenings, the section of the market that faces the central market lights up with hundreds of street vendors, popcorn vendors, and other small street sellers who usually carry a small kerosene gas lamp on their carts. There is also a CGHS dispensary just opposite to Babpu Market where government employees can get a free checkup from a 24-hour available doctor. Like any other section of the market, parking is a big problem in Babu Market, especially during the evenings.

The far south end of the Sarojini Nagar market is Subzi Market. Subzi is the common Hindi word for vegetables in North India. This Subzi market is known for its fresh vegetables in South West Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-04 |title=Sarojini Nagar Market: Cheap & Best Shopping Destination in Delhi |url=https://www.kahajaun.com/sarojini-nagar-market-cheap-and-best-shopping-destination-in-delhi/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Kahajaun |language=en}}</ref> The vegetable vendors shout at the top of their voice to attract customers to their stalls. Some of these vendors get creative with the calls and rhyme them in a comic way.

Subzi market also sells fresh fruits. There is a parking lot behind the market facing the Government Girls Senior Secondary School No. 1.

Facing Subzi market is a section of Central Market. Until the early 1990s the corner-most shop of the western end of this market was a Sweets Shop. After the father's demise, the younger generation converted this into a garment shop. Right outside this shop, however, a traditional Tikki and Kulfi vendor continues to sell Tikki and Kulfi.

The large central market is shaped like a horizontally extended "I" or "][". The layout of the market is unique wherein visitors move around in a circle without realizing it.{{original research inline|date=August 2020}} Shops are lined up in rows and there is a newly constructed open-air path-way in front of the shops for customers to move through the crowds to get into each shop. These pathways are also largely occupied by illegal street vendors. Shops have a front opening and a back opening. The back-streets (galiyan) of Sarojini Nagar market are just as crowded and busy as the path-ways in front of the shops. On one side of the central market, there are bakery shops.

The export lane consists of a bags store that sells various of leather and non-leather bags.

The North side of the central Sarojini Nagar market mostly has footwear shops. There are also a few leather belt vendors who occupy the space near the large arches.

A park named Fountain Garden was constructed next to the market, featuring water fountains and lights that attracted local visitors and children in the evenings. It was renovated and landscaped around 2007.

==Market timings and days==
The Sarojini Nagar Market is open seven days a week. It opens at around 10 A.M. and shuts down around 9 P.M.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kahajaun.com/delhi/shopping-fashion/144/sarojini-nagar-market-cheap-and-best-shopping-destination-in-delhi/|title = Sarojini Nagar Market :Cheap & Best Shopping Destination in Delhi|date = 4 October 2018}}</ref> The market is busier on weekends as compared to weekdays.

==Connectivity==
Sarojini Nagar Market is well connected by road, rail, air and [[Rapid Transit|Mass Rapid Transit]]. New Delhi's [[Safdarjung Airport]] and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] are located approximately 3 km and 9 km respectively. The nearest railway station, [[New Delhi Railway Station]] is about 9 km from the market.

For intercity travel, [[Rapid transit]] is the most popular option. The Sarojini Nagar market is serviced by the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of Delhi Metro, with the [[Sarojini Nagar metro station]] conveniently located underground. [[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] buses also provide accessible public transport between Sarojini Nagar Market and other areas across Delhi NCR.

In addition, [[Ridesharing companies]] offer taxis, auto rickshaws, motorcycles, and scooters for easy access to and from the market. There are also private taxis and auto rickshaws.

==2005 Diwali terrorist attack==
{{Main|2005 Delhi bombings}}

Two days before Diwali, on 29 October 2005, a bomb was planted inside a hidden bag in the Sarojini Nagar Market. It went off at 5:56 PM, killing 37 people when the market was full of shoppers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Yasir |title=2005 Delhi serial blasts: What happened that day |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/2005-delhi-serial-blasts-what-happened-that-day/story-SJsFozjWHKz8jHBQGILJvN.html |website=hindustantimes.com |access-date=11 November 2024 |date=17 Feb 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]

Zou people

2026-03-11T14:55:58Z

ScarlettNicholso: refined formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Ethnic group living in Myanmar and Northeast India}}
{{For|the larger group of Mizo-Kuki-Chin people|Zo people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{cleanup rewrite|it has readability issues|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Zou people
| native_name = Zou people (Zo te)
| population =
| image = [[File:Zou girl.JPG|200px]]
| image_caption = A Zou girl in traditional costume
| region1 = [[Chin Hills]] (Burma)
| pop1 = {{circa}} 111,000 estimated
| ref1 =
| region2 = [[Manipur]] (India)
| pop2 = 27,000 ([[2011 census of India|2011 census]])
| ref2 =
| languages = [[Zou language]] / Zoham / Zoupao
| religions = [[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Kuki people|Kuki]], [[Tedim people|Tedim]], [[Paite people|Paite]], [[Ranglong]], [[Thadou people|Thadou]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Zou people''' (also spelled '''Yo''' or '''Zo''' or '''Jo''' or '''Jou''') are an ethnic group, that is an [[indigenous community]] living along the frontier of [[India]] and [[Burma]], they are a sub-group of the [[Kuki-Zo people]]. In India, they live with and are similar in language and habits to the [[Thadou people]] and [[Paite people|Paite]]<ref name="bareh">{{cite book|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipu|year=2001|publisher=Mittal|isbn=978-81-7099-790-0|pages=260ff|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&pg=PA260|access-date=22 November 2010|chapter=Zou}}</ref> and the [[Simte people|Simte]] peoples. In Burma, the Zou are counted among the [[Chin people]]. They are a [[Hill tribes of Northeast India|hill people]], "Zou" may plainly means "Hills" denoting the Zous are "people of the hills" or "of the hills", and "Zou" has also a different meaning in Zou language that is "complete" or another word for it is "finish". But, the Zou people believed that they incepted the name 'Zou' from their forefather 'Zou' or 'Zo', believed to be the progenitor of the broad Chin-Kuki-Mizo people.<ref>Chinlunthang & Peter L (2017): Zou/Zo: A Preserver of Pu Zo Identity, in David V. Zou & S.T. Zou (eds),''A History of the Zou People'', UZO-India publication, pp.118-137</ref>

In India, the Zou are officially recognized as one of the thirty-three [[Adivasi|indigenous peoples]] within the state of [[Manipur]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Manipur List of Scheduled Tribes|url=http://www.tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201305070539207823885Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203194912/http://www.tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201305070539207823885Manipur.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and are one of the [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled tribes]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of India's Scheduled Tribes|url=http://www.tribal.nic.in/alphabetical_list.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210171227/http://tribal.nic.in/alphabetical_list.html|archive-date=10 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[Demographics of India|2001 Census]], the Zou/Zo population in Manipur is around 20,000, less than 3% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manipur. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_manipur.pdf|publisher=Census of India 2001|access-date=21 November 2010}}</ref> The community is concentrated in [[Churachandpur]] and [[Chandel district|Chandel]] districts of Manipur in [[North-East India]].<ref name="sen">{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Sipra|title=Tribes and castes of Manipur: description and select bibliography|year=1992|publisher=Mittal|isbn=978-81-7099-310-0|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&pg=PA64}}</ref>

==Historical background==
[[File:Zou troupe.JPG|thumb|right|Zou cultural troupe in full traditional attire]]

The early history of the Zou people is lost in myths and legends; they claim an origin somewhere in the north,<ref name="bareh" /> and some claim that they are originally the same as the [[Paite people|Paite]] and were only separated at the end of the [[British Raj]].<ref name="bareh" /> Linguistic and racial evidence suggest the Indo-Chinese origin of the people.{{Citation needed|reason=ethnic statement|date=February 2014}} Linguists classified the Zou language as [[Tibeto-Burman]], with only small differences between Zote and Paite.<ref name="bareh" />

The American Baptist missionary, [[J.H. Cope]], made an attempt to trace the pre-colonial history of the [[Chin Hills]] in a church journal, ''Tedim Thu Kizakna Lai.''<ref>Tedim Thu Kizakna Lai (Tedim Journal), July 1937, p.4.</ref> The journal (edited by Cope) provides a glimpse of the Zomis in Chin Hills before the arrival of British imperialism. Under the Manlun chiefs,<ref>Fowler, E.O. (1924) Letter to Howchinkhup, General Department, No. 3432/7M-11, office of the Commissioner, North West Border Division, 25 March 1924, in Acts and Achievements of Hau Chin Khup, KMS, Chief of the Kamhau clan, Chin Hills, Tiddim (Ratnadipan Pitika Press, Mandalay, 1927) p. 17.</ref>

== Zou language ==
{{main|Zou language}}
Zou/Jou is similar to Paite.<ref name="bareh"/> It is classified as a northern Tibeto-Burman tribe. According to [[Ethnologue]], there are 20,600 speakers in India (based on the 2001 Indian census) and around 31,000 speakers in Burma (no source given).<ref>{{cite web|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=Paul |title=Zo|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zom|publisher=[[Ethnologue]]|access-date=22 November 2010}}</ref> The [[Zou language|Zou/Zo language]] is one of the prescribed major Indian languages in the high schools.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cicmanipur.nic.in/html/c_syll_bsem.asp | title=Official List of First Languages | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011082509/http://cicmanipur.nic.in/html/c_syll_bsem.asp | publisher=Manipur Board of Secondary Education | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Zous in Manipur==

===Crisis of pagan ''Sakhua'' religion===
The Zou people resisted the [[British Raj]] and its colonial culture, including [[Christianity|Christian]] conversion. The [[Maharajah]] of Manipur too did not permit Christian missionaries to work in the Imphal valley. However, a missionary called [[Watkin Roberts]] arrived at Senvawn village in the southern hills of Manipur in 1910. The Zou community did not come directly in contact with any Western [[missionary]]. While their neighbouring communities converted to Christianity, the Zous clung on to their [[traditional religion]] called ''Sakhua''. (In the Chin hills of Burma, the ''Sakhua'' was also called ''Lawki'' religion). This [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] form of worship is broadly and not so accurately labelled as "[[animism]]" in the [[ethnographic]] literature. The old ''Sakhua'' used to provide a satisfying explanation of the pre-colonial world; but the Zou colonial encounter exposed cracks in the old system. The experience of many young Zomis as a labour corps in World War I made them more open to Western education. The NEIG [[Mission Compound (Old Churachandpur)|Mission Compound at Old Churachand]] became the centre of literate culture in southern Manipur since 1930. By the time of India's independence, many neo-literates among the Zous were convinced about the power of [[western education]] and medicine, perceiving these things as synonymous with Christianity itself.

===Local church movement under the Jou Christian Association (JCA)===
[[File:JCA stone.JPG|thumb|left|JCA jubilee monument at [[Daizang]] village]]

====20th-century developments====
The pagan ''Sakhua'' religion was under direct assault in Southern Manipur with the establishment of NEIG Mission at Old Churachand (Mission Compound) in 1930. The [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]], [[Hmar people|Hmar]], Paite and [[Thadou people|Thadou]] tribes were among the earliest advocates of Christian conversion. Along with the Simte, the Zou tribe was slow in responding to new ideas ushered in by the Christian mission. Perhaps due to their [[anti-colonial]] legacy, the Zous became the last bastion of pagan "Sakhua" in the area. Though cultural rootedness has its own merits, it was a setback for [[modernization]]. By the 1950s, there were a handful of Christian converts among the Zous too. But the Zou converts were disorganised and scattered. The new Zou Christian converts joined different [[dialectal]] groups, especially the Paite and Thado Christian groups. Among the intelligent sections of the Zou, there was a strong desire to stem the tide of this social crisis. Their solution was to embrace the local Church Movement by preserving the unity of the Zou community ironically through mass conversion.

===Social impact of Christian conversion===
Zous today preserve the best part of their traditional culture through their indigenous local church. Their customary laws related to marriage practices have been institutionalized by the church. Their tribal musical instrument (''khuang'' made of wood and animal skin) is an integral part of [[church music]]. The Bible translations and hymnals preserved the best part of their traditional vocabulary harnessed to a different purpose. According to K. S. Singh, "The introduction of a new religion [Christianity] has not made any impact on their folk songs, the institution of indongta, and customs related to marriage, bride price and the dissolution of marriage. However, ancestor worship is being abandoned."<ref>Singh, K.S. Singh (1994) People of India, National Series Volume III, The Scheduled Tribes, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 1204 - 1207</ref>

Recent scholarship, however, pointed out that Bible translations among the tribes of [[North-East India]] have become a victim of dialectal [[chauvinism]].<ref>Go, Khup Za (1996) ''A Critical Historical Study of Bible Translations among the Zou people in Northeast India'', Churachandpur: Chin Baptist Literature Board</ref> Multiplying Bible translations in closely related but slightly different dialects have canonized and hardened ethnic divisions within the tribal groups of Manipur. For instance, the Zou language itself constitutes dialectal variants like Haidawi, Khuangnung, Thangkhal, Khodai and Tungkua.<ref>Zou, David Vumlallian (2009) "The Pasts of a fringe Community: Ethno-history and fluid identity of the Zou in Manipur" ''Indian Historical Review'', 36 (2) 209 - 235 http://ihr.sagepub.com/content/36/2/209.abstract</ref> All these dialects contribute to Zou language in a process of give and take. Nevertheless, Haidawi is usually promoted as the standard literary language in the vernacular Bible and hymnals.<ref name="autogenerated223">Zou, David Vumlallian (2009) "The Pasts of a fringe Community" ibid., p. 223</ref> Meanwhile, Khuangnung is popular among urban Zou speakers and Thangkhal heavily influences traditional Zou folk songs. Tungkua and Khodai still remain confined to remote villages. The inclusion of Zou as a Major Indian Language (till Standard XII) by the government of Manipur also contributed to the evolution of Zou as a standard literary language.<ref name="autogenerated223"/>

The Zous in Burma constitute a distinct Zou dialect influenced primarily by [[Tedim language|Tedim Chin]]. Though the Zous in India and Burma had been using a common Bible for decades, the Zous in Burma recently came up with their own [[Bible translation]]. At present, it is difficult to assess the social impact of such translation projects.

===Patriarchy and tribal Christianity===
In early 1920, Pi Lam Za Vung of Phaitu Village, [[Tonzang Township]], [[Chin State]], [[Burma]] (Myanmar) was converted to [[Christianity]] by [[Evangelism|Evangelist]] Hat Go, and became the first [[Christian convert]] among Zo people. Access to modern education since the 1950s and 60s empowered some Zou women in the "secular" sphere and the job market. But ironically women are still discriminated in the "sacred" sphere of the church on gender basis. The Zou society, despite Christian conversion, still staunchly maintains its old patriarchal structure. The first generation of educated Zomi women, like Khan Niang and Geneve Vung Za Mawi, championed the cause of female education as late as the 1970s.<ref>Lalnunmawi, E (1996) ''Impact of Christianity on the Zou women'' (Unpublised Dissertation) Banglalore: South Asia Institute of Advanced Christian Studies (SAIACS)</ref> A handful of Zou women (such as Dim Kho Chin, Ning Hoih Kim, and Ngai Vung) graduated in [[theology]] in the 1980s. There is limited space for women theologians within the formal church structure which is jealously guarded as a privileged male enclave. The church hierarchy still excludes women from any position of authority and "ordained" offices like that of [[minister (Christianity)|minister]] or [[elder (Christianity)|elder]]. Despite the advances made by women in the secular world, a recent study suggests that the status of women has been degraded (not upgraded) within the patriarchal world of the tribal church (cf. Downs 1996: 80–81).<ref>Downs, Frederick S. (1996) ''The Christian Impact on the Status of Women in North East India'', Shillong: NEHU Publications</ref>

However, women are encouraged in [[fundraising]] projects where they have made excellent contributions through strategies like ''antang pham'' (handful of rice collection), ''thabituh'' (annual labour targets), and ''veipung'' (profitable micro-investment). ''Antang pham'' remains the main source of fund raising by ladies. The idea was originally imported from [[Mizoram]] where women like Chhingtei of Durtlang and Siniboni (a Khasi lady) were instrumental in introducing the practice, sometime in 1913.<ref>Ralte, Lalrinawmi (2004) ''Bible Women-te Nghilhlohnan'' (In Memory of Bible Women), Bangalore: Shalom Publications</ref> The money collected by ladies is seldom invested in projects that benefit women as a specific group. Given the inequality of opportunities for men and women, this way of resource allocation is questionable. Recent statistics by the census of India (2001) show a significant [[gender differences|gender gap]] between male and female literacy with 53.0% for female Zou and 70.2% for male Zou. Likewise, the sex ratio of the Zous in Manipur at 944 is lower than the state average of 978 (according to 2001 census). This compares poorly, for instance, with the [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] for [[Simte people|Simte]] at 1030 and for [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]] at 1001 during the same period.

==Political consciousness==
Pu T. Gougin was the best known political leader who hailed form the Zou community. But this political entrepreneur soon transcended the narrow interests of his own 'tribe' to launch a pan-Zo or pan-Zomi solidarity movement to mobilise his co-ethnic members in [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Myanmar]].<ref>Zou, David Vumlallian (2010) 'A Historical Study of the Zo Struggle' ''Economic and Political Weekly'' (EPW), Vol. 45, No. 14, 3–9 April 2010, pp. 56- 63</ref>

==See also==
*[[Zou Presbyterian Church Synod]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Ethnic groups in Burma}}

==External links==
* [http://melcindia.org MELC INDIA - Manipur Evangelical Lutheran Church, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310141128/http://melcindia.org/ |date=10 March 2019 }} (formerly known as Zomi Christian Church)
* [http://www.zoinn.in ZOiNN.in - The Relic Center: To protect, promote and preserve the rich cultural heritage of the Zo/Zou] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310101704/http://www.zoinn.in/ |date=10 March 2023 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zou People (India)}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Headhunting]]
[[Category:Kuki tribes]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Hill tribes of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Tribes of India]]

Revolutionary movement for Indian independence

2026-03-06T13:12:25Z

ScarlettNicholso: General improvements to article content

{{short description|Violent factions of the Indian independence movement}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2020}}
}}
{{Revolution sidebar}}
The '''Revolutionary movement for Indian Independence''' was part of the [[Indian independence movement]] comprising the actions of violent underground revolutionary factions. Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category, as opposed to the generally peaceful [[civil disobedience]] movement spearheaded by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

The revolutionary groups were mainly concentrated in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], [[Bihar Province|Bihar]], the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]. More groups were scattered across [[British Raj|India]].

==Beginnings==
Apart from a few stray incidents, the armed rebellion against the British rulers was not organized before the beginning of the 20th century. The revolutionary philosophies and movement made their presence felt during the 1905 [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]]. Arguably, the initial steps to organise the revolutionaries were taken by [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh|Barin Ghosh]], [[Bhupendranath Datta]], [[Lal Bal Pal]] and [[Subodh Chandra Mullick]], when they formed the [[Jugantar]] party in April 1906.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shah|first1=Mohammad|title=Jugantar Party|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jugantar_Party|website=Banglapedia|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> [[Jugantar]] was created as an inner circle of the [[Anushilan Samiti]], which was already present in [[Bengal]], mainly as a fitness club. The notion of self-improvement of the public along lines of physical, intellectual and spiritual development followed from ideas propagated by thinkers such as [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Swami Vivekananda]] and Sri Aurobindo who were rooted in Shakta Hinduism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Amit Kumar|title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897-1938|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3517678|journal=Social Scientist|date=9 February 1997 |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.2307/3517678 |jstor=3517678 |access-date=9 Feb 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" mode="nolines">
File:Lal Bal Pal.jpg|[[Lala Lajpat Rai]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] of [[Bombay Province|Bombay]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], the triumvirate popularly known as [[Lal Bal Pal]], changed the political discourse of the Indian independence movement.
File:Sri aurobindo.jpg|[[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo Ghosh]] was one of the founding members of [[Jugantar]], as well as being involved with [[Indian National Congress|nationalist politics in the Indian National Congress]] and the [[Anushilan Samiti|nascent revolutionary movement in Bengal with the Anushilan Samiti]].
File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] was one of the founding members of Jugantar and the younger brother of [[Sri Aurobindo]].
File:Bhupendranath Datta (brother of Swami Vivekananda).png|[[Bhupendranath Datta]] was an Indian revolutionary who was privy to the [[Indo-German Conspiracy]].
</gallery>

==Andaman Island==
===Communist Consolidation===
{{Communism in India}}
{{Communism sidebar}}
{{Marxism sidebar}}
{{main|Communist Consolidation}}
Communist Consolidation was an organization formed in [[Cellular Jail]] and was founded by [[Hare Krishna Konar]] along with 39 other inmates. This organization was formed after the freedom fighters started studying [[Communism]], [[Socialism]] and [[Marxism]]. In 1937 the political prisoners and the members of the [[Communist Consolidation]] of Cellular Jail started feeling that [[World War II]] was imminent and thought that before the war started they should get back to the mainland country to be with their people and take an active part in the upheaval that was coming, so the prisoners started a hunger strike against the British government. This hunger strike was led by the founder of Communist Consolidation Hare Krishna Konar, some notable strikers were [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] (associated with [[Bhagat Singh]]), [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] (founder of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]), [[Ganesh Ghosh]] (member of [[Chittagong armoury raid]]) and many others.
{{Gallery|align=center
|width=180
|File:Harekrishna Konar.jpg|[[Hare Krishna Konar]] was the member of [[Jugantar]] party and the founder of [[Communist Consolidation]] in [[Cellular Jail]], later founding member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].
|File:Batukeshwar dutt.jpg|[[Batukeshwar Dutt]] was a member of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] and member of Communist Consolidation.
|File:Comrade Shiv Verma.jpg|[[Shiv Verma]] was associated with [[Bhagat Singh]] and member of Communist Consolidation in Cellular Jail.
}}

== Andhra Pradesh ==
[[Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy]] (died 22 February 1847) was the son of a former Indian [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[polygar]] who was at the heart of a rebellion in 1846, when 5000 peasants rose up against the British [[East India Company]] (EIC) in [[Kurnool]] district, [[Rayalaseema]] Region of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They were protesting changes to the traditional [[agrarian system]] the British introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century. Those changes, which included the introduction of the ''[[ryotwari]]'' system and other attempts to maximize revenue, impacted lower-status cultivators by depleting their crops and leaving them impoverished.

[[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] (4 July 1897 or 1898 – 7 May 1924) was an Indian revolutionary who waged an armed rebellion against the British colonial rule in India. Born in present-day Andhra Pradesh, he was involved in opposing the British in response to the 1882 Madras Forest Act that effectively restricted the free movement of adivasis in their forest habitats and prevented them from practicing their traditional form of agriculture called 'podu', which threatened their very way of life.

==Bengal==
===Anushilan Samiti===
{{Main|Anushilan Samiti}}

The Greatest Influential [[India|Indian]] '''Freedom Fighters''' from [[Bengal]] during [[Indian Independence Movement]] (1758–1947)

* [[Dhaka]] district (now in [[Bangladesh]])
**''Shaheed (Age: 22) [[Benoy Basu]] ([[Benoy Basu|Benoy]] of [[B. B. D. Bagh|Benoy-Badal-Dinesh Trio]])''
**''Shaheed (Age: 18) [[Badal Gupta]] ([[Badal Gupta|Badal]] of [[B. B. D. Bagh|Benoy-Badal-Dinesh Trio]])''
**''Shaheed (Age: 19) [[Dinesh Gupta]] ([[Dinesh Gupta|Dinesh]] of [[B. B. D. Bagh|Benoy-Badal-Dinesh Trio]])''

* [[Midnapore]] district (now in [[West Bengal]])
**''Shaheed (Age: 18) [[Khudiram Bose]] ([[Khudiram Bose|Khudiram]] of [[Muzaffarpur|Khudiram-Prafulla Duo]])''
**[[Hemchandra Kanungo]] (one of the founding fathers of [[Anushilan Samiti]] in [[Midnapore]])
**''Shaheed (Age: 21) [[Anath Bondhu Panja]] (Member of [[Bengal Volunteers]])''
**''Shaheed (Age: 17) [[Mrigendra Dutta]] (Member of [[Bengal Volunteers]])''
**''Shaheed (Age: 19) [[Pradyot Kumar Bhattacharya]] (Member of [[Bengal Volunteers]])''

* [[Chittagong]] district (now in [[Bangladesh]])
**''Shaheed Masterda [[Surya Sen]]''
**''Shaheed (Age: 21) [[Pritilata Waddedar]]''

* [[24 Parganas]] district (now in [[West Bengal]])
**''Shaheed (Age: 24) [[Jatin Das]]''
**Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] ([[Netaji Jayanti|Parakram Diwas]] or [[Netaji Jayanti|Day of Valour]] is observed every year on January 23 to commemorate his birth anniversary)

* [[Burdwan]] district (now in [[West Bengal]])
**[[Rashbehari Bose]]
**[[Batukeshwar Dutt|Batukeshwar Dutta]]
**[[Hare Krishna Konar]]

* [[Bogra]] district (now in [[Bangladesh]])
**''Shaheed (Age: 19) [[Prafulla Chaki]] ([[Prafulla Chaki|Prafulla]] of [[Muzaffarpur|Khudiram-Prafulla Duo]])''

* [[Nadia]] district (now in [[Kushtia]] district of [[Bangladesh]])
**''Shaheed [[Jatindranath Mukherjee|Baghajatin Mukherjee]]''

* [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] district (now in [[West Bengal]])
**Rishi [[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobinda Ghosh]]

* [[Sylhet]] district (now in [[Bangladesh]])
**[[Bipin Chandra Pal]] ([[Bipin Chandra Pal|Pal]] of [[Lal Bal Pal|Lal-Bal-Pal Trio]], Father of Revolutionary Thoughts in [[India]])

* [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] district (now in [[Bangladesh]])
**Rashtraguru [[Surendranath Banerjee]]

Established by [[Pramathanath Mitra]], it became one of the most organized revolutionary associations, especially in eastern [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], where the [[Dhaka]] Anushilan Samiti had several branches and carried out major activities.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Misra|first1=Chitta Ranjan|last2=Shah|first2=Mohammad|title=Anushilan Samiti|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Anushilan_Samiti|website=Banglapedia|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> Jugantar was initially formed by an inner circle of the Kolkata [[Anushilan Samiti]]. In the 1920s, the Kolkata faction supported [[Gandhi]] in the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] and many of the leaders held high posts in [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. The Anushilan Samati had over five hundred branches. Indians living in America and Canada had established the [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadar Party]].

===Jugantar===
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Khudiram Bose 1905 cropped.jpg|[[Khudiram Bose]] was one of the youngest Indian revolutionaries tried and executed by the British.
Prafulla Chaki.jpg|[[Prafulla Chaki]], was associated with the [[Jugantar]]. He carried out assassinations against [[British Raj|British colonial]] officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.
BaghaJatin14.jpg|[[Jatindranath Mukherjee]] (Bagha Jatin) in 1910; was the principal leader of the [[Jugantar Party]], which was the central association of revolutionary Indian freedom fighters in Bengal.
</gallery>
[[Barindra Ghosh|Barin Ghosh]] was the main leader. Along with 21 revolutionaries including [[Bagha Jatin]], he started to collect arms and explosives and manufactured bombs. The headquarters of Jugantar was located at 93/a [[Bowbazar]] Street, [[Kolkata]].

Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of them, [[Hemchandra Kanungo]], obtained his training in Paris. After returning to Kolkata he set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in the [[Maniktala]] suburb of [[Calcutta]]. However, the attempted murder of district Judge Kingsford of [[Muzaffarpur]] by [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] on 30 April 1908 initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries.

{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| image1 = Benoy Krishna Basu.jpg
| image2 = Badal gupta.jpg
| image3 = Dinesh Gupta 1.jpg
| footer = <div style="text-align: centre;">[[Benoy Basu]], [[Badal Gupta]], and [[Dinesh Gupta]] were noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the [[Writers' Building]] in the [[B. B. D. Bagh|Dalhousie Square]] in [[Kolkata]].</div>
}}
[[Bagha Jatin]] was one of the top leaders in Jugantar. He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in connection with the [[Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case]]. They were tried for treason, the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler.<ref>The major charge... during the trial (1910–1911) was "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor" and "tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers" (mainly with the [[10th Jats]] Regiment) (cf: ''Sedition Committee Report'', 1918)</ref>

Jugantar, along with other revolutionary groups, aided by Indians abroad, planned an armed revolt against the British rulers during the First World War. This plan largely depended on the clandestine landing of German arms and ammunitions on the Indian coast.<ref>[[Rowlatt Committee|''Rowlatt Report'' (§109–110)]]</ref><ref>''First Spark of Revolution'' by A.C. Guha, pp. 424–434.</ref> This plan came to be known as the ''Indo-German Plot.'' However, the planned revolt did not materialise.

After the First World War, Jugantar supported Gandhi in the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] and many of their leaders were in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Still, the group continued its revolutionary activities, a notable event being the [[Chittagong armoury raid]].

[[Benoy Basu]], [[Badal Gupta]] and [[Dinesh Gupta]], who are noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the [[Writers' Building]] in the [[B. B. D. Bagh|Dalhousie Square]] in [[Kolkata]], were Jugantar members.

==Uttar Pradesh==

===Hindustan Socialist Republican Association===
{{main|Hindustan Socialist Republican Association}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1/1
| total_width = 200
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Bhagat Singh Sukh Dev Raj Guru.jpg
| caption1 = [[Bhagat Singh]] (left), [[Sukhdev Thapar|Sukhdev]] (center), and [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]] (right) are considered among the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement.
| image2 = Bhagat Singh's execution Lahore Tribune Front page.jpg
| caption2 = Front page of the ''Tribune'' (25 March 1931), reporting the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev by the British
}}

The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was established in October 1924 in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] by revolutionaries like [[Ramprasad Bismil]], [[Jogesh Chatterjee]], [[Chandrashekhar Azad]], [[Yogendra Shukla]] and [[Sachindranath Sanyal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/british_history4.htm |title=Gateway of India article |access-date=31 October 2006 |archive-date=29 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629130159/http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/british_history4.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The aim of the party was to organise armed revolution to end the colonial rule and establish a ''Federal Republic of the United States of India''. The [[Kakori train robbery]] was a notable act of this group. The [[Kakori]] case led to the hanging of [[Ashfaqullah Khan]], [[Ramprasad Bismil]], [[Roshan Singh]], [[Rajendra Lahiri]]. The Kakori case was a major setback for the group. However, the group was soon reorganised under the leadership of [[Chandrashekhar Azad]] and with members like [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Bhagwati Charan Vohra]] and [[Sukhdev]] on 8 and 9 September 1928– and the group was now christened Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

In [[Lahore]] on 17 December 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad and [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]] assassinated Saunders, a police official involved in deadly lathi-charge on Lala Lajpat Rai. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb inside the [[Central Legislative Assembly]]. The Assembly Bomb Case trial followed. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru were hanged on 23 March 1931.

{{Gallery|align=center
|width=180|File:Bhagwati Charan Vohra.jpg|[[Bhagwati Charan Vohra]] died in [[Lahore]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The People Speak: Democracy is not a Spectator Sport|first1=Colin|last1=Firth|first2=Anthony|last2=Arnove|publisher=Canongate Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP2eljLVM7cC&q=Bhagwati+Charan+Vohra&pg=PT145|isbn=9780857864475|date=2012-09-13}}</ref> on 28 May 1930 while testing a bomb on the banks of the [[River Ravi]].
|File:Rajendranath Lahiri.jpg|[[Rajendra Lahiri]] was the mastermind behind [[Kakori conspiracy]] and Dakshineshwar bombing.
|File:Roshan Singh.jpg|[[Roshan Singh]] was [[death sentence|sentenced to death]], along with [[Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Ashfaqulla Khan]] and [[Rajendra Lahiri]].
|File:Bismil Park2811.JPEG|Ram Prasad Bismil Udyan ([[Park]]) in [[Greater Noida]] was dedicated to [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], who participated in [[Mainpuri|Manipuri]] conspiracy of 1918, and the [[Kakori conspiracy]] of 1925, and struggled against British colonial rule.
|File:Chandrashekar azad.jpg|[[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association under its new name of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|Hindustan Socialist Republican Army]] (HSRA) after the death of its founder, [[Ram Prasad Bismil]].
}}

==Maharashtra==

=== Abhinav Bharat Secret Society ===
The [[Abhinav Bharat Society]] (Young India Society) was a [[secret society]] founded by [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] and his brother [[Ganesh Damodar Savarkar]]
in 1904.<ref>{{harvnb|Jayapalan|2001|p=21}}; {{harvnb|Bapu|2013|p=96}}</ref> Initially founded at [[Nasik]] as "Mitra Mela" when Vinayak Savarkar was still a student of [[Fergusson College]] at [[Pune]], the society grew to include several hundred revolutionaries and political activists with branches in various parts of India, extending to London after Savarkar went to study law. It carried out a few assassinations of British officials, after which the Savarkar brothers were convicted and imprisoned. The society was formally disbanded in 1952.<ref name=Jaffrelot26>{{Harvnb|Jaffrelot|1996|p=26}}</ref><ref name=Teltumbde212>{{Harvnb|Teltumbde|2005|p=212}}</ref>

Savarkar's revolutionary propaganda led to the assassination of Lt. Col. [[William Curzon-Wyllie]], the political aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India, by Madanlal Dhingra on the evening of 1 July 1909, at a meeting of Indian students in the Imperial Institute in London. Dhingra was arrested and later tried and executed. [[A. M. T. Jackson]], the district magistrate of Nasik, was assassinated in India by Anant Laxman Kanhare in 1909 in the historic "Nasik Conspiracy Case".{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=96}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/historicalcases/cases/Nasik_Conspiracy_Case_-1910.html |title=Nasik Conspiracy Case – 1910 |publisher=Bombay High Court |access-date=2015-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409230639/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/historicalcases/cases/Nasik_Conspiracy_Case_-1910.html |archive-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The investigation into the Jackson assassination revealed the existence of the Abhinav Bharat Society and the role of the Savarkar brothers in leading it. Vinayak Savarkar was found to have dispatched twenty [[John Browning|Browning]] pistols to India, one of which was used in the Jackson assassination. He was charged in the Jackson murder and sentenced to "transportation" for life. Savarkar was imprisoned in the [[Cellular Jail]] in the [[Andaman Islands]] in 1910.{{sfn|Bapu|2013|p=96}}

===Kotwal Dasta===
[[Veer Bhai Kotwal]] alias Veer Bhai Kotwal during [[Quit India Movement]] formed group of underground mercenaries called "Kotwal Dasta", a parallel government in the Karjat taluka of Thane district. They were about 50 in numbers including farmers and voluntary school teachers. They decided to cut down the electric pylons supplying electricity to Mumbai city. From September 1942 through November 1942 they felled 11 pylons, paralyzing the industries and railways.

==South India==

The uprising against the British was evidenced at Halagali (Mudhol taluk of Bagalkot district). The prince of Mudhol, Ghorpade, had accepted British overlordship. But the Bedas (hunters), a martial community, were seething with dissatisfaction under the new dispensation. The British proclaimed the Disarming Act of 1857 whereby men possessing firearms had to register them and secure a license before 10 November 1857. Babaji Nimbalkar, a soldier thrown out of job from Satara Court, had advised these people not to lose their hereditary right to own arms.

One of the leaders of the Bedas, Jadgia, was invited by the administrator at Mudhol and was persuaded to secure a license on 11 November, though Jadgia had not asked for it. The administrator's expectation that others would follow Jadgia was belied. So he sent his agents to Halagali on 15 and 20 November and again on 21. But the entreaties of the agents did not succeed, and the agents sent on 21 November were attacked by Jadgia and Baalya, another leader, and they were forced to return. Another agent sent on 25 November was not allowed to enter the village.

Meanwhile, the Bedas and other armed men from the neighbouring villages of Mantur, Boodni, and Alagundi assembled at Halagali. The administrator reported the matter to Major Malcolm, the Commander at the nearby army headquarters, who sent Col. Seton Karr to Halagali on 29 November.

The insurgents, numbering 500, did not allow the British to enter Halagali. There was a fight during the night. On 30 November, Major Malcolm came with 29th Regiment from Bagalkot. They set fire to the village and many insurgents died, including Babaji Nimbalkar. The British, who had a bigger army and better arms, arrested 290 insurgents; and of those 29 were tried and 11 were hanged at Mudhol on 11 December, and six others, including Jadagia and Baalya, were hanged at Halagali on 14 December 1857. No prince or ''[[jagir]]dar'' was involved in this uprising, but it was the common soldiers.

Violent revolutionary activities never took firm root in South India. The only violent act attributed to the revolutionaries was the assassination of the Collector of Tirunelveli (Tinnevelly). On 17 June 1911, the Collector of Tirunelveli, Robert Ashe, was killed by [[Vanchinathan]], who subsequently committed suicide, which was the only instance of political assassination by a revolutionary in South India.
{{Quote frame| I dedicate my life as a small contribution to my motherland. I am alone responsible for this. 
The [[Mleccha|mlechas]] of England having captured our country, tread over the [[Sanatana Dharma]] of the Hindus and destroy them. Every Indian is trying to drive out the English and get ''swarajyam'' and restore Sanatana Dharma. Our Raman, Sivaji, Krishnan, Guru Govindan, Arjuna ruled our land protecting all dharmas, but in this land, they are making arrangements to crown George V, a [[Mleccha|mlecha]], and one who eats the flesh of cows. 
Three thousand ''Madrasees'' have taken a vow to kill George V as soon as he lands in our country. In order to make others know our intention, I who am the least in the company, have done this deed this day. This is what everyone in Hindustan should consider it as his duty. 
I will kill Ashe, whose arrival here is to celebrate the crowning of cow-eater King George V in this glorious land which was once ruled by great [[Emperor|Samrat]]s. This I do to make them understand the fate of those who cherish the thought of enslaving this sacred land.
I, as the least of them, wish to warn George by killing Ashe. 
[[Vande Mataram]]. Vande Mataram. Vande Mataram 
: -[[Vanchinathan]]}}

==Outside India==

===India House===
{{Main|India House}}
{{Gallery|align=center
|width=180|File:Shyamji krishna varma.jpg|[[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], who founded the [[Indian Home Rule Society]], [[India House]] and ''[[The Indian Sociologist]]'' in [[London]]
|File:Dhingra.jpg|[[Madan Lal Dhingra]], while studying in England, [[assassinated]] [[William Hutt Curzon Wyllie]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |author2=Nand Lal Gupta|title=Jawaharlal Nehru on Communalism|publisher=Hope India Publications|page=161|year=2006|isbn=978-81-7871-117-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sI_I-jk8YWsC&pg=PT161}}</ref> a British official who was "old unrepentant foes of India who have fattened on the misery of the Indian peasant every (sic) since they began their career".<ref name="Popplewell1995">{{cite book|author=Richard James Popplewell|title=Intelligence and imperial defence: British intelligence and the defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H44J2uDSE2cC&pg=PA144|access-date=25 March 2012|year=1995|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=978-0-7146-4580-3|pages=143}}</ref>
|File:Vvsaiyar.jpg|[[V. V. S. Aiyar]] subscribed to militant resistance against the British.
|File:Statue of Senapati Bapat - panoramio (cropped).jpg|[[Pandurang Mahadev Bapat]] acquired the title of ''[[Senapati]]'', meaning ''commander'', as a consequence of his leadership during the Mulshi Satyagraha.<ref name="Cashman190">{{cite book |title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra |first=Richard I. |last=Cashman |publisher=University of California |year=1975 |isbn=9780520024076 |url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/190 190]}}</ref>
|File:VD Savarkar.jpg|[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], during the Indian independence movement, who formulated the [[Hindutva]] philosophy and prominent member of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]]}}

The India House was an informal [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] organization that existed in London between 1905 and 1910. Initially begun by [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] as a residence in Highgate, [[North London]], for Indian students to promote nationalist views and work, the house became a centre for intellectual political activities, and rapidly developed into a meeting ground for radical nationalists among Indian students in Britain at the time, and of the most prominent centers for revolutionary Indian nationalism outside India. ''[[The Indian Sociologist]]'', published by the house, was a noted platform for anti-colonial work and was banned in India as "seditious literature".

The [[India House]] was the beginning of a number of noted Indian revolutionaries and nationalists, most famously [[V. D. Savarkar]], as well as others of the like of [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya|V.N. Chatterjee]], [[Lala Har Dayal]], [[V. V. S. Iyer]], The house came to the attention of [[Scotland Yard]]'s work against Indian seditionists, as well as the focus of work for the nascent [[Indian Political Intelligence Office]]. India House ceased to be a potent organisation after its liquidation in the wake of the assassination of [[William Hutt Curzon Wyllie]] by an India House member named [[Madan Lal Dhingra]]. This event marked the beginnings of the London Police's crackdown on the activities of the house and a number of its activists and patrons, including [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] and [[Bhikaiji Cama]] moved to Europe to carry on works in support of Indian nationalism. Some Indian students, including [[Har Dayal]], moved to the United States. The network that the House founded was key in the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy|nationalist revolutionary conspiracy]] in India during World War I.

=== Gadar Party ===
{{main|Gadar Party}}
Gadar party was a predominantly [[Sikh]] organization that started operating abroad in 1913 "with the view to do-away with the British rule in India".<ref>''Study of Sikhism and Punjabi migration'' by Bruce La Brack, University of bcbPacifica, Stockton, California</ref> The party collaborated with revolutionaries inside India and helped them get arms and ammunition. [[Lala Hardayal]] was a prominent leader of the party and promoter of the Gadar newspaper. The [[Komagata Maru incident|''Komagata Maru'' incident]] in 1914 inspired several thousand Indians residing in the USA to sell their businesses and rush home to participate in the anti-[[British Empire|British]] activities in India. The party had active members in India, Mexico, Japan, China, Singapore, [[Thailand]], [[Philippines]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Indo-China]] and Eastern and Southern Africa. During World War I, it was among the chief participants of the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]].

=== Berlin Committee ===
The "[[Berlin Committee|Berlin committee]] for Indian independence" was established in 1915 by Virendra Nath Chattopadhya, including Bhupendra Nath Dutt & Lala Hardayal under "Zimmerman plan" with the full backing of German foreign office.

Their goal was mainly to achieve the following four objectives:

#Mobilize Indian revolutionaries abroad.
#Incite rebellion among Indian troops stationed. abroad.
#Send volunteers and arms to India.
#Even to Organized an armed invasion of British India to gain India's independence.

== Chronology ==

=== Pre World War I ===

====Alipore bomb conspiracy case and Action and Arms finding====
{{Main|Alipore bomb case}}
Several leaders of the [[Jugantar]] party including [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] were arrested in connection with bomb-making activities in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=Heehs2008p133>{{harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=133}}</ref> Several of the activists were deported to the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] [[Cellular Jail]].
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Alipore Bomb Case 1908-09 Trial Room - Alipore Sessions Court - Calcutta 1997 1.jpg|The trial room, Alipore Sessions Court, Calcutta, depiction from 1997
File:Muraripukur garden house.png|Muraripukur garden house, in the Manicktolla suburbs of Calcutta. This served as the headquarters of [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] and his associates.
File:Cellular Jail 2.JPG|A wing of the [[Cellular Jail]], [[Port Blair]], showing the central tower where many revolutionaries for Indian independence were held imprisoned
</gallery>

====Howrah gang case====
Most of the eminent [[Jugantar]] leaders including [[Bagha Jatin]] alias [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] who were not arrested earlier, were arrested in 1910, in connection with the murder of Shamsul Alam. Thanks to Bagha Jatin's new policy of a decentralised federated action, most of the accused were released in 1911.

====Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case====
{{Main|Delhi conspiracy case}}
The Delhi Conspiracy case, also known as the Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy, hatched in 1912, planned to assassinate the then [[Viceroy of India]], [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], on the occasion of transferring the capital of [[British India]] from [[Calcutta]] to New Delhi. Involving revolutionary underground in [[Bengal]] and headed by [[Rash Behari Bose]] along with [[Sachin Sanyal]], the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912 when a home-made bomb was thrown into the Viceroys's [[Howdah]] when the ceremonial procession moved through the [[Chandni Chowk]] suburb of [[Delhi]]. The Viceroy escaped with his injuries, along with Lady Hardinge, although the [[Mahout]] was killed.

In the aftermath of the event, efforts were made to destroy the Bengali and Punjabi revolutionary underground, which came under intense pressure for sometime. Rash Behari successfully evaded capture for nearly three years, becoming actively involved in the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy#February 1915|Ghadar conspiracy]] before it was uncovered, and fleeing to [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] in 1916.

The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the [[Delhi Conspiracy Trial]]. Although [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]] was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed, along with [[Amir Chand]] and [[Avadh Behari]] for their roles in the conspiracy, the true identity of the person who threw the bomb is not known to this day.
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Rash Behari Bose 02.jpg|[[Rash Behari Bose]] was one of the key organisers of the [[Ghadar Mutiny]] and later the [[Indian National Army]].
File:Basanta biswas.JPG|[[Basanta Kumar Biswas]] is believed to have bombed the [[Viceroy]]'s Parade in what came to be known as the [[Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy]].
File:AMARENDRA CHATTERJEE.JPG|[[Amarendranath Chatterjee]] was in charge of raising funds for the [[Jugantar]] movement, his activities largely covered revolutionary centres in [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]].
File:Photo of Deepak Zeme.png|Deepak Zeme invested 1,000,000 rupees in the [[Delhi conspiracy case|Delhi-Lahore]] case.
</gallery>

===World War I===

====Indo-German Joint Movement====
[[File:1915 Singapore Mutiny.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The public executions of convicted sepoy mutineers of the [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]] at [[Outram Road]], Singapore]]
The Indo-German movement, also referred to as the Hindu–German Conspiracy or the Ghadar movement (or Ghadr conspiracy), was formulated during World War I between [[Indian independence movement|Indian Nationalists]] in India, the United States and Germany, the [[Irish republicanism|Irish Republicans]], and the German Foreign office to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against [[The Raj]] with German support between 1914 and 1917, during World War I.<ref name=Plowman84>{{Harvnb|Plowman|2003|p=84}}</ref><ref name=Hoover252>{{Harvnb|Hoover|1985|p=252}}</ref><ref name=GBrown300>{{Harvnb|Brown|1948|p=300}}</ref> The most famous amongst a number of plots planned to foment unrest and trigger a [[Hindu–German Conspiracy#February 1915|Pan-Indian mutiny in]] February 1915, in the [[British Indian Army]] from [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] to Singapore, to overthrow [[The Raj]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. This conspiracy was ultimately thwarted at the last moment as British intelligence successfully infiltrated the Ghadarite movement and arrested key figures. The failed [[1915 Singapore Mutiny|Singapore mutiny]] remains a famous part of this plot while mutinies in other smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

World War I began with an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards the United Kingdom from within the mainstream political leadership, contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt. India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However, [[Bengal]] and Punjab remained hotbeds of anti-colonial activities. Terrorism in Bengal, increasingly closely linked with the unrest in Punjab, was significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration. With outlines of German links with the Indian revolutionary movement already in place as early as 1912, the main conspiracy was formulated between the [[Ghadar Party]] in the United States, the [[Berlin Committee]] in Germany, [[Indian revolutionary underground]] in [[British India|India]], [[Sinn Féin]] and the [[Auswärtiges Amt|German Foreign Office]] through the consulate in San Francisco at the beginning of World War I. A number of failed attempts were made at mutiny, among them the [[Ghadar Conspiracy#February 1915|February mutiny plan]] and the [[1915 Singapore Mutiny|Singapore Mutiny]]. This movement was suppressed by means of a massive international counter-intelligence operation and draconian political acts (including the [[Defence of India Act 1915]]) that lasted nearly ten years. Other notable events that formed a part of the conspiracy include the [[Annie Larsen affair|Annie Larsen arms plot]], the [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition|Mission to Kabul]] that also attempted to rally Afghanistan against British India. The Mutiny of the [[Connaught Rangers]] in India, as well as by some accounts, the [[Black Tom explosion]] in 1916 are also considered minor events linked to the conspiracy.

The Indo-Irish-German alliance and the conspiracy were the target of a worldwide intelligence effort by the British intelligence agencies which was ultimately successful in preventing further attempts and plans, and in the aftermath of the [[Annie Larsen affair]], successfully directed the American intelligence agencies to arrest key figures at the time she entered [[World War I]] in 1917. The conspiracy led to the [[Bhagat Singh#Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case|Lahore conspiracy case]] in India and the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial]] in the US, of which the latter at the time was one of the longest and most expensive trials in that country.<ref name=Plowman84/>
Largely subdued and suppressed by the end of the war, the movement posed a significant threat to British India during World War I and its aftermath, and was a major factor guiding [[The Raj]]'s India policy.

===Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal===
{{Main|Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal}}
During the war, the Pan-Islamist movement also attempted to overthrow the Raj, and came to form a close liaison with the Indo-German Conspiracy. Out of the [[Deobandi]] movement arose the Tehrek-e-Reshmi Rumal. The [[Deoband]]i leaders attempted to begin a pan-Islamic insurrection in [[British India]] during World War I by seeking support from [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkey]], [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]], Afghanistan. The plot was uncovered by [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] [[Criminal Investigation Department|CID]] with the capture of letters from [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], one of the Deobandi leaders then in [[Afghanistan]], to [[Mahmud al Hasan]] another leader then in Persia. The letters were written in Silk cloth, hence the name of the [[Silk Letter Conspiracy]].<ref name=Qureshi>''Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924''. (Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia). M. Naeem Qureshi. pp. 79, 80, 81, 82.</ref><ref>''Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843–1947''. Sarah F. D. Ansari, p. 82</ref>

===Between the wars===

====Chittagong armoury raid====
{{Main|Chittagong armoury raid}}
[[File:Surya Sen real collected by Rahat.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Surya Sen]], best known for leading the 1930 [[Chittagong armoury raid]]]]
[[Surya Sen]] led Indian revolutionaries to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces and to cut all communication lines in [[Chittagong]] on 18 April 1930. After successfully completing the raid, revolutionaries establish Provincial National Government of India, after this in deadly clash with Government troops in Jalalabad Hill, revolutionaries scattered themselves in small groups. and Some revolutionaries were soon killed or arrested in a gun-fight with the police. Scores of Government officials, policeman were also killed. [[Pritilata Waddedar]] led the attack on European club in Chittagong in 1932. [[Surya Sen]] was arrested in 1933 and was hanged on 12 January 1934.

====Central Assembly Bomb Case (1929)====
[[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] threw a bomb in the assembly house along with leaflets stating their revolutionary philosophy – 'to make the deaf hear'. [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]] were hanged and several others faced the verdict of imprisonment. Batukeshwar Dutt outlived all his comrades and died in July 1965 in Delhi. All of them cremated in Ferozpur (Punjab, India).

[[Baikuntha Shukla]], the great nationalist was hanged for murdering [[Phanindrananth Ghosh]] who had become a government approver which led to the hanging of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]]. He was a nephew of [[Yogendra Shukla]]. Baikunth Shukla was also initiated into the independence struggle at a young age taking an active part in the 'Salt Satyagraha' of 1930. He was associated with revolutionary organisations like the [[Hindustan Seva Dal]] and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. The execution of the great Indian revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev in 1931 as a result of their trial in the 'Lahore conspiracy case' was an event that shook the entire country. [[Phanindra Nath Ghosh]], hitherto a key member of the Revolutionary Party had treacherously betrayed the cause by turning an approver, giving evidence, which led to the execution. Baikunth was commissioned to plan the execution of Ghosh as an act of ideological vendetta which he carried out successfully on 9 November 1932. He was arrested and tried for the killing. Baikunth was convicted and hanged in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] Central Jail on 14 May 1934. He was 28 years old.

On 27 February 1931, Chandrasekar Azad died in a shootout when cornered by the police.

It is unclear of the eventual fate of the Association, but the common understanding is that it disbanded with the death of Chandrashekar Azad and the hanging of its popular activists: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.

==== Dalhousie Square Bomb Case ====
A bomb was thrown on the Calcutta Police Commissioner, [[Charles Tegart]] on 25 August 1930.

====Kakori train robbery====
{{main|Kakori train robbery}}
[[Chandrasekhar Azad]], [[Ramprasad Bismil]], [[Jogesh Chatterjee]], [[Ashfaqullah Khan]], Banwari Lal and their accomplices participated in the robbery of treasury money that was being transported by train. The looting took place between Kakori station and Alamnagar, within {{convert|10|mi|km}} of [[Lucknow]] on 9 August 1925. Police started an intense man-hunt and arrested a large number of revolutionaries and tried them in the Kakori case. [[Ashfaqullah Khan]], [[Ramprasad Bismil]], [[Roshan Singh]], [[Rajendra Lahiri]] were hanged, four others were sent to the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] for life and seventeen others were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment.

===World War II and aftermath===
{{Gallery|align=center
|width=180|File:Fujiwara Kikan.jpg|Major [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]] greets [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]], leader of the [[First Indian National Army]]. ''Circa'' April 1942.
|File:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.jpg|[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] founded the [[Indian Legion]] and revamped the [[Indian National Army]].
|File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-263-1580-05, Atlantikwall, Soldaten der Legion "Freies Indien".jpg|Sikh soldiers of the [[Indian Legion]] guarding the [[Atlantic Wall]] in France in March 1944|File:Lakshmi Sahgal.jpg|[[Lakshmi Sahgal]] was given the mandate to set up a women's regiment, to be called the [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]]. Jhansi regiment became the [[History of women in the military|Women's Regiment]] of the [[Indian National Army]].
}}

The scenario changed with the years. The British were thinking to quit India and religious politics came into play. The basic political background of revolutionary ideas seemed to evolve in a new direction. The organised revolutionary movements can be said to have nearly ceased by 1936, apart from some stray sparks, like the killing of Sir [[Michael O'Dwyer]], generally held responsible for the [[Amritsar Massacre]], on 13 March 1940, by [[Udham Singh]] in London.

During the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942, several other activities took place in different parts of India. However, those were discrete occurrences and hardly any large scale planned terrorism took place that could shake the British administration. Meanwhile, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] was heading the [[Indian National Army]] outside India and was working with the Japanese Empire to move the army towards India. In 1945, Bose died in a plane crash; the INA surrendered soon after.

India gained independence on 15 August 1947.

Many revolutionaries participated in mainstream politics and joined political parties like the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and, especially, the communist parties and took part in the parliamentary democracy that came into being. On the other hand, many ex-revolutionaries, having been released from captivity, led the lives of common men.

==Notable revolutionaries==
{| class="wikitable sortable
! Name !! Birth !! Death !! Activity
|-
|[[Yogendra Shukla]]||
|-
| [[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]] || 4 November 1845|| 17 February 1883 || Deccan Rebellion
|-
| [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] || 12 June 1871 || 8 April 1951 || [[Alipore bomb case]]
|-
| [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] || 10 March 1872 || 21 August 1944 || [[Silk Letter Conspiracy]]
|-
| [[Sri Aurobindo|Sri Aurobindo Ghosh]] || 15 August 1872 || 5 December 1950 || [[Alipore bomb case|Alipore Bomb Case]]
|-

| [[Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath]] || 21 November 1872|| 14 August 1941||
Kota Murder Case. Founder of Revolutionary organizations in [[Rajputana]] ('Veer Bharat Sabha', 'Rajasthan Seva Sangh' and 'Rajputana-Madhya Bharat Sabha')
|-
| [[Bagha Jatin]] || 7 December 1879 || 10 September 1915 || The Howrah-Sibpur conspiracy case, Hindu–German Conspiracy
|-
| [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] || 5 January 1880 || 18 April 1959 || [[Alipore bomb case]]
|-
| [[Bhavabhushan Mitra]] || 1881 || 27 January 1970 || [[Ghadar Mutiny]]
|-
| [[Satyendranath Bosu]] || 30 July 1882 || 21 November 1908 || Assassination of British approver
|-
| [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] || 28 May 1883 || 26 February 1966 || [[Abhinav Bharat]]
|-
| [[Madan Lal Dhingra]] || 18 February 1883 || 17 August 1909 || Curzon Wyllie's assassination
|-
|[[Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath]]
|12 September 1883
|17 October 1939
|assassination attempt on the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]] in 1912 ([[Delhi conspiracy case|Delhi Conspiracy Case]]), Arrah Conspiracy Case
|-
| [[Ullaskar Dutta]] || 16 April 1885 || 17 May 1965 || [[Alipore bomb case]]
|-
| [[Vanchinathan]] || 1886 || 17 June 1911 || Shot dead [[Robert Ashe (administrator)|Robert Ashe]], the Tax Collector of Thirunelveli
|-
| [[Rash Behari Bose]] || 25 May 1886 || 21 January 1945 || [[Rash Behari Bose#Indian National Army|Indian National Army]]
|-
| [[Krishnaji Gopal Karve]] || 1887 || 19 April 1910 || Shooting of British Officer Jackson
|-
| [[Prafulla Chaki]] || 10 December 1888 || 2 May 1908 || The Muzaffarpur killing
|-
| [[Kanailal Dutta]] || 31 August 1888 || 10 November 1908 || Assassination of British approver
|-[[Bhagat Singh]] || 27/28 September 1807 || 23 March 1931|| Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929
| [[Khudiram Bose]] || 3 December 1889 || 11 August 1908 || The Muzaffarpur killing
|-
| [[Anant Laxman Kanhere]] || 7 January 1892 || 19 April 1910 || Shooting of British Officer Jackson
|-
| [[Roshan Singh]] || 22 January 1892 || 19 December 1927 || [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori Conspiracy]], Bamrauli Action
|-
| [[Ambika Chakrabarty]] || January 1892 || 6 March 1962 || [[Chittagong armoury raid]]
|-
|[[Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath]]
|25 May 1893
|7 May 1918
|assisted [[Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath|Zorawar Singh]] in [[Delhi conspiracy case|Delhi Conspiracy]] to assassinate [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], Benaras Conspiracy (part of the larger [[Ghadar Movement]])
|-
| [[Surya Sen|Surya Sen (Masterda)]] || 22 March 1894 || 12 January 1934 || [[Surya Sen#Chittagong armoury raid|Chittagong Armoury Raid]]
|- Sachindra Nath Sanyal
| [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]] || 1895 || 2 April 1960 || [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori Conspiracy]]
|-
| [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] || 11 June 1897 || 19 December 1927 || [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori Conspiracy]]
|-
| [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] || 1897 || 7 May 1924 ||[[Rampa Rebellion of 1922]]
|-
| [[Udham Singh]] || 26 December 1899 || 31 July 1940 || Shooting in Caxton Hall
|-
| [[Ashfaqulla Khan]] || 22 October 1900 || 19 December 1927 ||[[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori Conspiracy]]
|-
| [[Rajendra Lahiri]] || 29 June 1901 || 17 December 1927 || [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori Conspiracy]]
|-
| [[Bhagwati Charan Vohra]] || 15 November 1903 || 28 May 1930 || Philosophy of Bomb
|-
| [[Ananta Singh]] || 1 December 1903 || 25 January 1979 || [[Chittagong armoury raid]]
|-
| [[Jatindra Nath Das]] || 27 October 1904 || 13 September 1929 || Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case
|-
| [[Sachindra Bakshi]] || 25 December 1904 || 23 November 1984 || [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori Conspiracy]]
|-
| [[Kushal Konwar]] || 21 March 1905 || 15 June 1943 || Train sabotage Sarupathar
|-
| [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] || 23 July 1906 || 27 February 1931 || [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori Conspiracy]]
|-
| [[Sukhdev Thapar]] || 15 May 1907 || 23 March 1931 || [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence#Central Assembly Bomb Case .281929.29|Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929]]
|-
| [[Bhagat Singh]] || 28 September 1907 || 23 March 1931 || [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence#Central Assembly Bomb Case .281929.29|Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929, Murder of British police officer, J.P. Saunders]]
|-
| [[Durgawati Devi|Durgawati Devi (Durga Bhabi)]]|| 7 October 1907 || 15 October 1999 || Running the bomb factory 'Himalayan Toilets'
|-
| [[Baikuntha Shukla]] || 1907 || 14 May 1934 || Assassination of Phanindra Nath Ghosh, a government Approver
|-
| [[Manmath Nath Gupta]] || 7 February 1908 || 26 October 2000 || [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori Conspiracy]]
|-
| [[Shivaram Rajguru|Shivaram Hari Rajguru]] || 24 August 1908 || 23 March 1931 || Murder of a British police officer, J. P. Saunders
|-
| [[Benoy Basu]] || 11 September 1908 || 13 December 1930 || [[Badal Gupta#The battle at Writers.27 Building|Attack at Writers Building]]
|-
| [[Basawon Singh (Sinha)]]|| 23 March 1909 || 7 April 1989 || Lahore conspiracy case
|-
| [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] || 18 November 1910 || 20 July 1965 || [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence#Central Assembly Bomb Case .281929.29|Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929]]
|-
| [[Pritilata Waddedar]] || 5 May 1911 || 24 September 1932 || Pahartali European Club attack
|-
| [[Bina Das]] || 24 August 1911 || 26 December 1986 || Attempted to Assassinate the Bengal Governor Stanley Jackson
|-
| [[Dinesh Gupta]] || 6 December 1911 || 7 July 1931 || [[Badal Gupta#The battle at Writers.27 Building|Attack at Writers Building]]
|-
| [[Badal Gupta]] || 1912 || 8 December 1930 || [[Badal Gupta#The battle at Writers.27 Building|Attack at Writers Building]]
|-
| [[Dinesh Chandra Majumdar]] || 1907 || 9 June 1934 ||Attempted to Assassinate British Police Commissioner of Calcutta [[Charles Tegart]]
|-
| [[Veer Bhai Kotwal]] || 1 December 1912 || 2 January 1943 || [[Veer Bhai Kotwal#Kotwal Dasta|Kotwal Dasta, Quit India Movement]]
|-
|[[Hare Krishna Konar]]
|5
August 1915
|23
July 1974
|Founder of [[Communist Consolidation]] in [[Cellular Jail]] in 1935
|-
| [[Hemu Kalani]] || 23 March 1923 || 21 January 1943 || Sabotage of Railway Track
|-
| [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]] || 19 November 1828 ||18 June 1858||For her Kingdom Jhansi Killing and insulting British official
|}

== See also ==
* [[Provisional Government of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last=Bapu |first=Prabhu |title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-67165-1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Giles |date=August 1948 |title=The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914–1917 |journal=The Pacific Historical Review |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=299–310 |doi=10.2307/3634258 |jstor=3634258}}
* {{cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |year=2008 |title=The Lives of Sri Aurobindo |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14098-0}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hoover |first=Karl |date=May 1985 |title=The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913–1918 |journal=German Studies Review |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.2307/1428642 |jstor=1428642}}
*{{Citation
| last = Jayapalan
| first = N
| title = History of India (from National Movement To Present Day)
| publisher = Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
| volume = IV
| year = 2001
| location = New Delhi, India
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z8OzIyGt0MC&q=%22ganesh+damodar+savarkar%22&pg=PA21
| isbn = 81-7156-928-5
}}
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Jaffrelot
| given1 = Christofer
| year = 1996
| title = The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics
| publisher = C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
| isbn= 1-85065-301-1
}}
* {{cite journal |last=Plowman |first=Matthew |date=Autumn 2003 |title=Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I |journal=New Hibernia Review |volume=7 |number=3 |pages=81–105 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2003.0069|s2cid=144632198 }}
* {{citation |last=Teltumbde |first=Anand |chapter=Hindutva Agenda and Dalits |editor=Ram Puniyani |editor-link=Ram Puniyani |title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=0761933387 |pages=208–224}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Amstutz |first1=Andrew |title=Review essay: Alternative histories of revolutionaries in modern South Asia: context, chronology, and archives |journal=India Review |date=27 May 2019 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=324–342 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2019.1616262|s2cid=199354334 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chaudhuri|first=Nirad|title=Subhas Chandra Bose-His Legacy and Legend |jstor=2752872 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=26 |number=4 |year=1953 |pages=349–57 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Durba |title=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919-1947 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Maclean |first=Kama |title=A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence, Image, Voice and Text |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |ref=none}}

== External links ==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20010922030449/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/Revolutionaries.htm Revolutionaries in Cellular Jail, Andaman]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100906201654/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/ListOfRevolutionaries.htm List of Revolutionaries in Cellular Jail, Andaman]}}

{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence| ]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:History of social movements]]
[[Category:Decolonization]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:Political movements in India]]
[[Category:Organisations of Indian independence movement]]

Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-05T03:19:27Z

ScarlettNicholso: started new post.

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Assam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Lakhimpur {{Small|AS-12}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Assam/Lakhimpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Assam]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Pradan Baruah]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
}}

'''Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in north-eastern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate=2008-10-06
|work=Assam
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate=2006-05-04
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=MEMBERS OF 14th ASSAM LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-2016.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 July 2019|website=}}</ref>
===Current assembly segments===
{|class="wikitable" width="500px"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!width="150px"|Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
!width="150px"|Party
!width="150px"|MLA
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|74
|[[Rongonadi Assembly constituency|Rongonadi]]
|None
|Rowspan=4|[[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
|
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|75
|[[Naoboicha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nawboicha]]
|SC
|
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|76
|[[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|None
|
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|77
|[[Dhakuakhana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhakuakhana]]
|ST
|
|
|-
|78
|[[Dhemaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhemaji]]
|ST
|Rowspan=3|[[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
|
|
|-
|79
|[[Sissiborgaon Assembly constituency|Sissiborgaon]]
|None
|
|
|-
|80
|[[Jonai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jonai]]
|ST
|
|
|-
|81
|[[Sadiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sadiya]]
|None
|Rowspan=2|[[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
|
|
|-
|82
|[[Doom Dooma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Doom Dooma]]
|None
|
|
|}

===Previous assembly segments===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!District
!colspan=2| Party
!MLA
|-
|99
|[[Majuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majuli]]
|ST
|[[Majuli district|Majuli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bhuban Gam]]
|-
|110
|[[Naoboicha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naoboicha]]
|None
|rowspan="3"|[[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bharat Narah]]
|-
|111
|[[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|None
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|[[Manab Deka]]
|-
|112
|[[Dhakuakhana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhakuakhana]]
|ST
|[[Naba Kumar Doley]]
|-
|113
|[[Dhemaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhemaji]]
|ST
|rowspan="2"|[[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
|[[Ranoj Pegu]]
|-
|114
|[[Jonai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jonai]]
|ST
|[[Bhubon Pegu]]
|-
|121
|[[Chabua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chabua]]
|None
|[[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
|{{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|[[Ponakan Baruah]]
|-
|125
|[[Doom Dooma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Doom Dooma]]
|None
|rowspan="2"|[[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|[[Rupesh Gowala]]
|-
|126
|[[Sadiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sadiya]]
|None
|[[Bolin Chetia]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Biswanarayan Shastri]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Lalit Kumar Doley]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1985]]
|[[Gakul Saikia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Balin Kuli]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Arun Kumar Sarmah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranee Narah]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Arun Kumar Sarmah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Ranee Narah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2016^
| rowspan="3" |[[Pradan Baruah]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Pradan Baruah]]
|votes=6,63,122
|percentage=54.75
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Indian National Congress
|candidate= [[Uday Shankar Hazarika]]
|votes= 4,61,865
|percentage= 38.13
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Communist Party of India
|candidate= Dhiren Kachari
|votes= 19,631
|percentage= 1.62
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate= Ghana Kanta Chutia
|votes= 14,197
|percentage= 1.17
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Independent politician
|candidate= Bikram Ramchiary
|votes= 10,293
|percentage= 0.8
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Independent politician
|candidate= Gobin Biswakarma
|votes= 7,526
|percentage= 0.6
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Independent politician
|candidate= Deba Nath Pait
|votes= 6,163
|percentage= 0.5
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= SUCI(C)
|candidate= Pallab Pegu
|votes= 6,137
|percentage= 0.5
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party= Voters Party International
|candidate= Biren Bailung
|votes= 5,359
|percentage= 0.5
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=None of the above
|votes=16,921
|percentage=1.4
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=2,01,257
|percentage=16.62
|change=-10.69
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,11,214
|percentage = 76.8
|change = +1.49
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 15,77,234
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = INC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradan Baruah]]
|votes = 7,76,406
|percentage = 60.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anil Borgohain
|votes = 4,25,855
|percentage = 33.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Arup Kalita
|votes = 13,378
|percentage = 1.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Amiya Kumar Handique
|votes = 12,809
|percentage = 1.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Jana Morcha
|candidate = Ubaidur Rahman
|votes = 8,738
|percentage = 0.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Voters Party International
|candidate = Bhupen Narah
|votes = 5,581
|percentage = 0.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Probhu Lal Vaisnava
|votes = 4,866
|percentage = 0.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Anup Pratim Borbaruah
|votes = 4,527
|percentage = 0.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Hem Kanta Miri
|votes = 4,034
|percentage = 0.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ambaz Uddin
|votes = 3,890
|percentage = 0.3
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 15,220
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,50,551
|percentage = 27.31
|change = +8.39
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,83,589
|percentage = 75.31
|change = +8.91
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 16,21,466
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 by-election===
A by-election was necessitated following the election of [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] as [[Chief Minister of Assam]].
{{Election box begin|
title=Bye-election, 2016: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradan Baruah]]
|votes = 5,51,663
|percentage = 54.87
|change = -0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hema Hari Prasanna Pegu
|votes = 3,61,444
|percentage = 35.95
|change = +7.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Dilip Moran]]
|votes = 42,667
|percentage = 4.24
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Amiya Kumar Handique
|votes = 20,613
|percentage = 2.05
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Hem Kanta Miri
|votes = 12,402
|percentage = 1.23
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 16,438
|percentage = 1.63
|change = +0.62
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,90,219
|percentage = 18.92
|change = -7.33
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,05,227
|percentage = 66.44
|change = -11.26
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 15,12,950
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Lakhimpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
|votes = 6,12,543
|percentage = 55.05
|change = +55.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ranee Narah]]
|votes = 3,20,405
|percentage = 28.80
|change = -9.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Hari Prasad Dihingia
|votes = 81,753
|percentage = 7.35
|change = -26.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mamun Imdadul Haque Chawdhury
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|votes = 37,343
|percentage = 3.36
|change = +3.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dhebor Gohain Boruah
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 9,095
|percentage = 0.82
|change = +0.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Hem Kanta Miri
|votes = 6,896
|percentage = 0.62
|change = +0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ranjit Singh Gorh
|votes = 6,335
|percentage = 0.57
|change = +0.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Hrishikesh Baruah
|votes = 6,013
|percentage = 0.54
|change = +0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = David Horo
|votes = 5,903
|percentage = 0.53
|change = +0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Tanish Orang
|votes = 4,721
|percentage = 0.42
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Khairul Islam
|votes = 4,119
|percentage = 0.37
|change = +0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. Hiramoni Deka Sonowal
|votes = 2,893
|percentage = 0.26
|change = +0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Keshab Gogoi
|votes = 2,752
|percentage = 0.25
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 11,204
|percentage = 1.01
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,92,138
|percentage = 26.25
|change = +21.35
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,12,670
|percentage = 77.75
|change = +9.49
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 14,30,994
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ranee Narah]]
|votes = 3,52,330
|percentage = 38.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Arun Kumar Sarmah]]
|votes = 3,07,758
|percentage = 33.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Ranoj Pegu]]
|votes = 1,47,586
|percentage = 16.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bhogeswar Dutta
|votes = 26,086
|percentage = 2.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rabin Deka
|votes = 19,050
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Asap Sundiguria
|votes = 12,067
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhumidhar Hazarika
|votes = 7,367
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Gangadhar Dutta
|votes = 7,228
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Debnath Majhi
|votes = 6,432
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Dehat Morcha Party
|candidate = Lalit Mili
|votes = 4,508
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Prashanta Gogoi
|votes = 4,263
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Ratneswar Gogoi
|votes = 4,048
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|candidate = Sonamoni Das
|votes = 4,047
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtrawadi Sena
|candidate = Pran Jyoti Borpatra Gohain
|votes = 3,479
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Minu Buragohain
|votes = 3,372
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 44,572
|percentage = 4.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,10,710
|percentage = 68.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 13,32,518
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Arun Kumar Sarmah]]
|votes = 3,00,865
|percentage = 37.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ranee Narah]]
|votes = 2,72,717
|percentage = 34.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Uday Shankar Hazarika]]
|votes = 1,69,123
|percentage = 21.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hekjel Wood
|votes = 19,710
|percentage = 2.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party
|candidate = Puspa Gogoi
|votes = 11,757
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samata Party
|candidate = Padmeshwar Phukan
|votes = 7,888
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rabin Deka
|votes = 4,905
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Biju Narah
|votes = 4,456
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|candidate = Sunmoni Das
|votes = 2,948
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ghanashyam Bhattarai
|votes = 2,886
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Isak Korkoria
|votes = 2,765
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,148
|percentage = 3.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,00,101
|percentage = 71
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 11,26,632
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ranee Narah]]
|votes = 2,55,925
|percentage = 34.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
|votes = 2,01,402
|percentage = 27.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Uday Shankar Hazarika]]
|votes = 1,84,533
|percentage = 24.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Ranoj Pegu]]
|votes = 89,963
|percentage = 12.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Balin Kuli]]
|votes = 5,527
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Isak Karkoria
|votes = 2,030
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Rafiqul Latif Baruah
|votes = 1,287
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Minu Buragohain
|votes = 1,233
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Ajeya Bharat Party
|candidate = Chinu Saikia
|votes = 1,222
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sidananda Kaman
|votes = 701
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 54,523
|percentage = 7.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,67,004
|percentage = 72.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 10,60,744
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ranee Narah]]
|votes = 2,68,794
|percentage = 40.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Arun Kumar Sarmah]]
|votes = 1,48,012
|percentage = 22.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Uday Shankar Hazarika]]
|votes = 1,30,298
|percentage = 19.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Ranoj Pegu]]
|votes = 1,02,046
|percentage = 15.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tarun Moran
|votes = 12,492
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilip Hazarika
|votes = 4,842
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Premadhar Bora
|votes = 3,870
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lakhi Nath Panging
|votes = 855
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,20,782
|percentage = 18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,05,158
|percentage = 66.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 10,57,801
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Arun Kumar Sarmah]]
|votes = 2,21,183
|percentage = 33.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Balin Kuli]]
|votes = 2,17,743
|percentage = 32.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Ranoj Pegu]]
|votes = 93,117
|percentage = 13.92
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chuchen Konwar
|votes = 56,898
|percentage = 8.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Narendra Nath Gohain
|votes = 25,246
|percentage = 3.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Md. Ambazuddin
|votes = 17,180
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Chandra Kishore Tiwari
|votes = 14,537
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Goluk Kakati
|votes = 13,038
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sacchidananda Medhi
|votes = 2,921
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jogamoni Chutia
|votes = 2,876
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Padmeswar Phukan
|votes = 2,733
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hiranya Kr. Pegu
|votes = 1,648
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,440
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,07,589
|percentage = 76.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 9,21,444
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Balin Kuli]]
|votes = 1,87,610
|percentage = 29.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Iswar Prasanna Hazarika]]
|votes = 1,26,250
|percentage = 19.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Ranoj Pegu]]
|votes = 89,524
|percentage = 13.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Dulal Baruah]]
|votes = 66,983
|percentage = 10.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Saifuddin Ali Hazarika
|votes = 32,296
|percentage = 5.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Neelotpal Rajkonwar
|votes = 21,550
|percentage = 3.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Plain Tribals Council of Assam
|candidate = Birochon Doley
|votes = 16,360
|percentage = 2.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Norendra Nath Gohain
|votes = 12,719
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Natun Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Girish Chandra Patra
|votes = 11,245
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rita Debi (W)
|votes = 10,399
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Party
|candidate = Padameswar Phukan
|votes = 6,211
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hiranya Pegu
|votes = 5,486
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Uma Kanta Rajkhowa
|votes = 4,371
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Premadhar Borah
|votes = 4,070
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Radakishan Baheti
|votes = 3,144
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 61,360
|percentage = 9.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,42,536
|percentage = 72.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 8,87,318
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1985===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election|1985 Indian general election]]: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Gakul Saikia]]
|votes = 2,51,730
|percentage = 47.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Nameswar Pegu
|votes = 81,796
|percentage = 15.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tosodurga Husain
|votes = 50,109
|percentage = 9.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Malaya Kumar Pegu
|votes = 42,142
|percentage = 7.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Mukta Bharali
|votes = 20,513
|percentage = 3.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Pradip Chutia
|votes = 17,339
|percentage = 3.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kumar Chandra Patirigam
|votes = 14,125
|percentage = 2.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Baswanarayan Shastri
|votes = 10,261
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shankar Sharma
|votes = 9,299
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajani Kumar Datta
|votes = 3,932
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,69,934
|percentage = 31.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,31,880
|percentage = 73.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 7,27,183
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election|1977 Indian general election]]: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Lalit Kumar Doley]]
|votes = 162,750
|percentage = 56.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|candidate = Mohananda Bora
|votes = 97,518
|percentage = 33.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abhiram Sanga
|votes = 12,627
|percentage = 4.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lucy Gogoi
|votes = 2,680
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 65,232
|percentage = 22.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,87,875
|percentage = 51.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 5,55,812
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election|1971 Indian general election]]: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Biswanarayan Shastri]]
|votes = 89,070
|percentage = 40.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khagendra Nath Saikia
|votes = 45,358
|percentage = 20.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Birason Doley
|votes = 28,023
|percentage = 12.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bhogeswar Dutta
|votes = 24,611
|percentage = 11.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = P. M. Sarwan
|votes = 14,458
|percentage = 6.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = Padma Bikash Borgohain
|votes = 7,033
|percentage = 3.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,712
|percentage = 19.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,20,051
|percentage = 49.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 4,44,779
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election|1967 Indian general election]]: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Biswanarayan Shastri]]
|votes = 102,739
|percentage = 48.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = S. Goswami
|votes = 49,053
|percentage = 23.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = P. B. Bargohain
|votes = 28,711
|percentage = 13.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. N. Borpatra
|votes = 21,519
|percentage = 10.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 53,686
|percentage = 25.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,13,392
|percentage = 53.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 3,97,099
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Lakhimpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/assam/lakhimpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Lakhimpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]
*[https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/search?name=Lakhimpur Lok Sabha Winner summary over elections for Lakhimpur]
*[https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ Election Results - Full Statistical Reports]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.5|91.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam]]
[[Category:Lakhimpur district]]
[[Category:Dhemaji district]]

Ammu (1965 film)

2026-03-04T09:23:29Z

ScarlettNicholso: put up a details w/ infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ammu
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[N. N. Pisharady]]
| producer = M. Kesavan
| writer = P. A. Warrior
| screenplay = P. A. Warrior
| starring = [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Sukumari]] [[Adoor Bhasi]]
| music = [[M. S. Baburaj]]
| cinematography = Kutty Pollekkad
| editing =
| studio = Vasanthichithra
| released = {{Film date|1965|05|07|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Ammu''''' is a 1965 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[N. N. Pisharady]] and produced by M. Kesavan. The film stars Ambika in the eponymous role along with [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sukumari]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]] in pivotal roles. It marked actress [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha Menon]]’s debut film as an actress in the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=2 June 2013 |title=AMMU 1965 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ammu-1965/article4772285.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830060208/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ammu-1965/article4772285.ece |archive-date=30 August 2022 |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] as Shekharan
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Bhasi
*[[Sukumari]] as Saro
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Achummaavan
*[[Omanakuttan]]
*P. K. Saraswathi as Kalyaniyamma
*[[Prem Nawas]] as Appu
*[[Ambika Sukumaran|Ambika]] as Ammu
*Baby Saru as Thankam
*Indira Thampi as Ammini
*[[Kaduvakulam Antony]] as Anthonimaappila
*[[Kedamangalam Ali]]
*Master Ajit Kumar
*[[Premji]] as Shankunni Nair
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Sharadha
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Baburaj]] and the lyrics were written by [[Yusufali Kechery]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=അമ്മു (1965) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?580 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925033946/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?580 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Aattinakkare Aalinkombile" || Thankam Thampi
|-
| "Ambili Mama Vaa Vaa" || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| "Konchikkonchi" || [[S. Janaki]], [[K. P. Udayabhanu]]
|-
| "Kunjippenninu" || S. Janaki, [[L. R. Eeswari]], [[M. S. Baburaj]], Machad Vasanthi, Chandrasekharan Thambi
|-
| "Maayakkaara Manivarnna" || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| "Pulliyuduppittu Konchikkuzhayunna" || Thankam Thampi
|-
| "Thedunnathaare" || S. Janaki
|-
| "Thudikottippaadaam" || K. P. Udayabhanu, Thankam Thampi
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0254084}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]

Sessa Orchid Sanctuary

2026-03-02T05:44:09Z

ScarlettNicholso:

{{short description|Protected area in West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sessa Orchid Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| image = Coelogyne nitida.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ''[[Coelogyne nitida]]''
| map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2|N|92.5|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[West Kameng]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| established = 1989
| area_km2 = 100
| website =
}}
'''Sessa Orchid Sanctuary''' is a 100-km² [[Protected areas of India|protected area of India]] in the [[Himalaya#Midlands|Himalayan foothills]] in [[Bhalukpong]] Forest Division of [[West Kameng District]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It conjoins [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary]] to the southwest. It is a part of the Kameng Protected Area Complex (KPAC), which is an [[Project Elephant|elephant reserve]]. The [[Environment and Forests Department (Arunachal Pradesh)|Environment & Forests Department]] has developed trekking routes for visitors to enjoy the natural habitats of [[orchids]]. There are deep gorges and valleys, high peaks and rugged terrain that are rewarding for nature lovers and adventure tourists. A nursery includes representative specimens of various orchid species of the sanctuary and a demonstration farm of [[Cymbidium]] hybrids for cut-flower production. Most of Sessa has traditionally been claimed by the [[Bugun]] tribe as part of their territory.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Geography and climate==
Sessa and Eaglenest together occupy a rough east–west rectangle with Sessa occupying the north-east quadrant. The [[Bhalukpong]]-[[Bomdila]] highway (and Pakke immediately beyond) are its eastern boundary. It is bounded to the north by the [[Tenga River]] valley.<ref>Athreya Ramana M, Kartikeyan S., The Wildlife Sanctuaries in the Dafla Hills of Arunachal Pradesh [http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/~sbhatnag/Nature/warunachal/Docs/kameng94_rep.pdf Sessa Orchid Sanctuary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516233457/http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/~sbhatnag/Nature/warunachal/Docs/kameng94_rep.pdf |date=16 May 2011 }}</ref> Altitude is {{convert|900|m|ft|0}} to {{convert|3250|m|ft|0}}.

Sessa and Eaglenest ridges rise to {{convert|3250|m|ft|0}} and {{convert|2700|m|ft|0}} respectively and are the first major barriers to the [[monsoon]] as it moves north from the plains of Assam. These ridges get over {{convert|3000|mm|in}} of rain on the southern slopes and about {{convert|1500|mm|in}} on the northern slopes.<ref>Choudhury A. 2003: Birds of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary and Sessa Orchid Sanctuary,
Arunachal Pradesh, India. Forktail 19:1</ref>

Sessa sanctuary is drained by the Tippi Naala (Tippi river), which joins the Kameng river at Tippi village on the Bhalukpong-Bomdila highway.<ref>Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers (1955) Series U502, Sheet NG-46-2, Towang, India; Bhutan; China, topographic map 1:250,000, retrieved 10/2/2007 [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ng-46-02.jpg Topographic map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010124107/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/ng-46-02.jpg |date=10 October 2007 }}</ref>

Sessa is part of the Kameng protected area complex (KPAC), the largest contiguous closed-canopy forest tract of Arunachal Pradesh, which includes Sessa, Eaglenest, Pakke, Nameri, and Sonai Rupai sanctuaries and associated reserved forest blocks. The Complex covers 3500 km2 in area and ranges from {{convert|100|m|ft|0}} to {{convert|3300|m|ft|0}}3300m in altitude.<ref>Official website of West Kameng District (6/21/2007) [http://westkameng.nic.in/geography.htm Geography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102052829/http://westkameng.nic.in/geography.htm |date=2007-11-02 }}</ref>

==Orchids==
Sessa is noted for the occurrence of more than 200 [[orchid]] species with 5 new and [[Endemism|endemic]] species.<ref>Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh, National Informatics Centre, Arunachal Pradesh State Unit, Orchid Tourism [http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/tourism-orchid.htm Orchid Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810202912/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/tourism-orchid.htm |date=10 August 2007 }}</ref> Sub-tropical types include the genera ''[[Dendrobium]]'', ''[[Bulbophyllum]]'', ''[[Coelogyne]]'', ''[[Eria]]'', ''[[Phaius]]'' and ''[[Liparis (plant)|Liparis]]''. The sanctuary is unique in having 7 [[Endemism|endemic]] species of [[saprotrophic]] orchids.<ref>State Forest Research Institute,
Department of Environment & Forests, Government of Arunachal Pradesh, retrieved 10/3/2007 [http://sfri.nic.in/sessa.htm SESSA ORCHID SANCTUARY & NURSERY, SESSA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410011542/http://sfri.nic.in/sessa.htm |date=10 April 2009 }}</ref> 12 rare species of different families were found in one study of the area.<ref>Padmawathe, R (2006) Edge related changes in species composition in vascular epiphyte in forests of Sessa Orchid Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, retrieved 10/3/2007 [http://www.wii.gov.in/publications/msc_dess/2001/padmawathe_content_summary.pdf species composition]</ref>

==Orchid Research and Development Centre==
The Government of Arunachal Pradesh in the late 1970s created a post of orchidologist in the Forest Department and in 1989 established the Orchid Research and Development Centre (ORDC) at Tipi, and the Sessa Orchid Sanctuary 20 km way. The ORDC is actively engaged in exploration and collection of orchid species, cultivation in orchidaria and gardens for their taxonomic study, conservation of rare and endangered species, creation of germplasm collections and multiplication of rare species through tissue culture techniques. The ORDC discovered the following species: ''[[Biermannia jainiana]]'', ''[[Cleistoma tricallosum]]'', ''[[Dendrobium kentrophyllum]]'', ''[[Epipogium sessanum]]'', ''[[Eria jengingensis]]'', ''[[Eria lohitensis]]'', ''[[Gastrodia arunachalenisis]]'' and ''[[Herminium longilonbatum]]''.<ref>ENVIS Centre Sikkim on Tourism, Physical Setting, retrieved 10/2/2007 [http://www.scstsenvis.nic.in/manipur2.html ORCHIDS-The Jewel of Arunachal Pradesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410080308/http://scstsenvis.nic.in/manipur2.html |date=10 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>State Forest Research Institute, Department of Environment & Forests, Government of Arunachal Pradesh,[http://sfri.nic.in/p_orchidology.htm ORCHIDOLOGY-RESEARCH PAPERS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620011718/http://sfri.nic.in/p_orchidology.htm |date=20 June 2008 }}</ref>

==Conservation==
The [[Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund]] (CEPF), a consortium of major international and
regional organizations, has identified the Eastern Himalayan region around [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ([[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and all of [[Northeast India|North-East India]]) as a critical global biodiversity rich area deserving of conservation focus. They identified the North-Bank Landscape (i.e. north bank of [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], extending up the Eaglenest and Sessa slopes) and the [[Tawang]] region as worthy of particular focus.<ref>Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Project database [http://www.cepf.net/xp/cepf/project_database/eastern_himalayas.xml Eastern Himalayas Region Strategic Directions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108132103/http://www.cepf.net/xp/cepf/project_database/eastern_himalayas.xml |date=2007-11-08 }}</ref>

Sessa is within the [[Conservation International]] [[Himalaya]] [[Biodiversity Hotspot]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity Hotspots |url=https://www.conservation.org/priorities/biodiversity-hotspots |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.conservation.org}}</ref>

[[BirdLife International]] has designated Sessa and Eaglenest Sanctuaries as an Important Bird Area (IBA IN344), with [[Blyth's tragopan]] identified as a [[vulnerable species]] of the area.<ref>BirdLife International (2006) BirdLife IBA Factsheet, retrieved 10/1/2007 [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=18041&m=0 IN344 Eaglenest and Sessa Sanctuaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122092352/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=18041&m=0 |date=22 November 2008 }}</ref>

==Visitor information==
Visitors may contact the [[Indian_Forest_Service|DFO]] Pakke WLS Division, Seijosa, East Kameng District or The Range Officer (WL), Sessa Orchid Sanctuary, Sessa, West Kameng District or the Asst. Orchidologist, Tipi Orchid Center, Tipi, West Kameng District.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-25 |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Chennai / Travel : Sessa Orchid Sanctuary |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/03/stories/2005090301990300.htm |access-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625050442/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/03/stories/2005090301990300.htm |archive-date=25 June 2006 }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Orchid organizations]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:West Kameng district]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1989]]

Kodumudi Magudeswarar Temple

2026-02-24T16:19:32Z

ScarlettNicholso: made the location with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Magudeswarar Temple
| image = Kodumudi (11).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Magudeswarar Temple, [[Kodumudi]], [[Erode district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.0762|N|77.8889|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kodumudi_Magudeswarar_Temple&params=11.0762_N_77.8889_E_type:landmark_region:IN]
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Erode district|Erode]]
| locale = [[Kodumudi]]
| elevation_m = 183
| deity = ([[Shiva]])
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| website = 
| creator =
}}

The '''Magudeswarar Temple''' in [[Kodumudi]] is a large [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] in [[Erode district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.
This is the sixth temple in [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]], the region praised in the [[Thevaram]] hymns.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=64 |title=Sri Magudeswarar temple - Dinamalar Temples |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151901/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=64 |url-status=dead }}</ref> it is situated on the banks of the river [[Kaveri]]. The sage [[Agastya]] is associated with this temple.

==Location==
The temple is about 40 km from [[Erode]] and about 25 km from Karur in [[Erode district]]. It is best served from [[Erode Central Bus Terminus]] and [[Erode Junction railway station]]. Also, [[Kodumudi railway station]] located on the [[Erode–Tiruchirappalli line]] serves the pilgrims. The temple is located close to the railway station. The nearest airports are at Coimbatore and Trichy, both at a distance of about 110 km.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sri Magudeswarar Temple at Kodumudi|url=https://www.dharisanam.com/temples/sri-magudeswarar-temple-at-thiruppandi-kodumudi-kodumudi|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Dharisanam|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711065918/https://www.dharisanam.com/temples/sri-magudeswarar-temple-at-thiruppandi-kodumudi-kodumudi|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple is located on the banks of the river Kaveri. The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]]. The rock in the middle of the river opposite to the temple is believed to be the place where a crow titled the cup of sage [[Agastya]].<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=28|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Kodumudi (7).jpg|250px|thumb|Legend of temple]]
The east facing temple is 640 feet in length and 484 feet in breadth. The temple houses the shrines for Lord Shiva, Lord [[Vishnu]] and Lord [[Brahma]], hence the name Trimurthy Kovil. This vast temple has 3 entrances on the east side. To the north of the central gate lies the entrance for the shrine of the presiding deity Lord Shiva known as Kodumudi Nathar and Makuteswarar. To the south of the central gate lies the entrance for the shrine of female deity his consort mother Parvathy known as Panmozhi Nayaki and Soundarambika. Lord Vishnu is called as Veeranarayana Perumal . Kunchitapaada Natarajar has both his feet on the ground, in contrast to the raised left foot. The Stala Vriksham is Vanni tree and the Theertham is river Kaveri.

This is a large temple complex containing seven main shrines.
*Magudeshwar
*Sundaranayaki (amman kovil)
*Veeranarayana perumal
*Thirumangai Nachiyar Thayar
*Vanni tree
*Anjaneya swami
*Shaneeswar
*Sooryan & Chandran
These are separate shrines made of stone.

==Legend==
[[File:Kodumudi SivanKovil.JPG|thumb|[[Gopuram]] of temple]]
The legend of this temple is connected to the sage [[Agastya]]. Once the sage noticed that the idol was disappearing. He caught the idol in his hand and his finger prints can be seen on the deity.

[[Pandiya]] kings have patronised the temple regularly and because of the connection of Pandiya kings, this shivasthalam is called as '''Tiruppandikodumudi'''. The temple has epigraphs from the rule of King Sundarapandiyan Kesari.<ref name=":0" /> This Shiva temple is on the west bank of [[Kaveri river]].

==Mythology==
[[File:Kodumudi (12).jpg|250px|left|thumb|Legend of temple]]
Legend has it that in a test of strength between [[Adiseshan]] and [[Vayu]], 5 gems are said to have gotten scattered from the head of Adisesha. A ruby stone landed at [[Tiruvannamalai]], an emerald at [[Eengoimalai]], a Blue sapphire at [[Potikai]], a manikkam at [[Vaatpoki]] and a diamond rested here in this temple.

The legend of [[Agasthyar]] travelling to the South to tilt the balance of the earth is associated with Paandikkodumudi. It is believed that the waters of his kamandalam flowed from here as the Kaveri river to alleviate the misery of the farmers downstream. The Vinayakar here is referred to as Kaviri Kanda [[Vinayakar]].

Endowments from the Pandyan rulers such as Malayathuvuja Pandian, Maravarman Sundarapandian and Pandiya Kesarivarman are some of the kings who have donated land, jewellery etc. to this temple.

==Poems on this temple==
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]]. [[Sambandar]], [[Appar]], Sundarar have composed the Pathigams. Sundarar composed his Namachivaayappatikam here Several literary works praise the glory of this temple.

==Festivals==
Bhrammotsavam is celebrated in the [[tamil month]] Chittirai, in addition to Aadipperukku where lighted lamps are set afloat in the river. The sun's rays illuminate the sanctum of Shiva and Ambal for a period of 4 days in the [[tamil months]] of Panguni and Aavani. The other festivals are Aippasi Pournami, Thaippoosam & Arudra Darisanam .

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kodumudi magudeswarar temple1.jpg|Magudeswarar Rajagopura
File:Kodumudi magudeswarar temple2.jpg|Veeranarayanaperumal Rajagopura
File:Kodumudi magudeswarar temple3.jpg|Vavivudainayagi Rajagopura
File:Kodumudi magudeswarar temple4.jpg|Magudeswarar shrine front mandapa
File:Kodumudi magudeswarar temple5.jpg|Brahma shrine
File:Kodumudi magudeswarar temple6.jpg|Veeranarayanaperumal front mandapa
File:Kodumudi magudeswarar temple7.jpg|Mahalakshmi shrine
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Kodumudi Magudeswarar temple}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions around Erode]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Erode district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Erode district]]

Shubhi Gupta

2026-02-12T15:59:30Z

ScarlettNicholso: done

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox chess biography
|name=Shubhi Gupta
|image=
|caption=
|country=[[India]]
|birth_date={{birth date and age|2010|01|01|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|title=[[Woman FIDE Master]] (2023)
|FideID=25195425<ref>https://ratings.fide.com/profile/25195425</ref>
|peakrating=2285 (November 2025)
}}

'''Shubhi Gupta''' (born 2010) is an Indian woman chess player who holds the [[FIDE title]] of [[Woman FIDE Master]] (WFM). She is a two time [[National Junior Girls Chess Championship (India)]] winner.

==Career==
* Gold Medal at the [[National Junior Girls Chess Championship (India)]] twice in 2023<ref>https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/shubhi-gupta-wins-u-19-girls-national-chess-championship/1796796/</ref> and 2025
* Gold Medal in Under-12 category at the World Cadet Chess Championship at Batumi, Georgia <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chess, the only pastime for Shubhi and her family|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/chess-the-only-pastime-for-shubhi-and-her-family-101669318977780.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2022-11-25|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en}}</ref>
* She clinched the girls U-16 gold and girls U-20 bronze medals in the just-concluded Commonwealth Chess Championships in Kalutara, Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commonwealth Chess Championships: Shubhi Gupta wins U-16 gold and U-19 bronze|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/shubhi-gupta-wins-gold-bronze-commonwealth-chess-championships-reigning-u19-national-champion/article68625485.ece|website=Sportstar|date=2024-09-10|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en|last=PTI}}</ref>
* Fourth place finish at the 51st National Women's Chess Championship 2025 held at [[Durgapur]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandhidhaa clinches Indian Oil 51st National Women 2025, wins the event for the second year in-a-row - ChessBase India|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Indian-Oil-51st-National-Women-Chess-Championship-2025-Round-11-report|website=www.chessbase.in|date=2025-12-18|access-date=2026-02-02}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[National Junior Girls Chess Championship (India)|National Junior Girls Chess Champion]]
| years = 2023
| before = [[Rakshitta Ravi]]
| after = [[Mrittika Mallick]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[National Junior Girls Chess Championship (India)|National Junior Girls Chess Champion]]
| years = 2025
| before = [[Mrittika Mallick]]
| after = Incumbent
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shubhi Gupta}}
[[Category:2010 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female chess players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Pandurang Bhangui

2026-02-09T07:11:04Z

ScarlettNicholso: put up a entry

{{Short description|Indian poet and translator (1923–2008)}}
{{One source|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Pandurang Bhangui
| image = Pandurang Bhangui.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|8|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kundaim, [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|11|13|1923|8|13|df=y}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet, translator
| notableworks = ''Champhel'li Sanj''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2000)
}}

'''Pandurang Rajaram Sinai Bhangui''' (13 August 1923 – 7 November 2008) was a Konkani poet, translator, and folklorist from [[Goa]]. He is known for his contributions to [[Konkani literature]], particularly through his poetry collections and translations of world literature. Following a career in the Department of Customs and Excise, Bhangi dedicated his later years to compiling a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] dictionary.

== Early life ==
Bhangi was born on 13 August 1923 in Kundai, Goa. He completed his primary education in the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] medium.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |last1=Veluskar |first1=Ramesh |author-link1=Ramesh Veluskar |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol3.pdf/357 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=357 |volume=3 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

His transition into Konkani literature began during a picnic at [[Kirloskarwadi]]. During the event, S. V. Kirloskar remarked to the group that their [[Marathi language|Marathi]] would improve at Kirloskarwadi. This comment led Bhangi to the realization that his true language was Konkani, not Marathi, and he subsequently decided to dedicate his work to the Konkani language.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Career ==
Bhangi was employed by the Department of Customs and Excise. His work required him to live in various locations outside of Goa, including [[Daman and Diu]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Literary work ==
Bhangi began writing in early 1945, though he took a brief hiatus shortly after starting. He also studied folklore and published various folk tales and poems throughout his career.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

=== Poetry ===
Bhangi is regarded as a prominent poet in the Konkani language. His poetry is noted for its introverted nature ("introversion is the mainstay of his poetry") and the utilization of ancient vocabulary. His literary influences included [[Manuel Bandeira]], [[Cecília Meireles]], [[Almeida Garrett]], [[Fernando Pessoa]], [[Stefan Zweig]], [[Romain Rolland]], and [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

His notable collections of poetry include ''Dishtavo'', ''Adrishtache Kale'' and ''Champhel'li Sanj''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> The latter won him the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2000.<ref name="SAA">{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Translations ===
Bhangi worked to translate prominent world literature into Konkani. His translated works include:<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

* ''Yedip Raja'' (a translation of [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Oedipus Rex|King Oedipus]]'')
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s play ''[[Chitra (play)|Chitra]]''
* [[Oscar Wilde]]'s play ''[[Salome (play)|Salome]]''
* [[Mohan Rakesh]]'s Hindi play ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]''

=== Lexicography ===
Following his retirement from government service, Bhangi focused on lexicography. He published the first volume of a Konkani dictionary, which provided a thorough study of the contexts and etymology behind the words. He continued work on subsequent volumes after the publication of the first.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Philately ==
Bhangi was an avid [[Philately|philatelist]] with a specific interest in collecting stamps from [[Switzerland]] ("Swiss steppes") and other rare stamps. In 1986, he was awarded a gold medal by Goa Pex for his collection.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Awards ==
Bhangi has received various awards for his literary contributions, including honours from:<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

* [[Kala Academy]]
* [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]]
* The Kudchade Konkani Arts and Literature Center
* The Jesuit Anton Pereira Memorial [[Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr]] Award
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2000)<ref name="SAA" />

==Death==
Bhangui died on 7 November 2008 after a brief illness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandurang Rajaram Sinai Bhangui|url=http://www.navhindtimes.com/story.php?story=2008110859 |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=Navhind Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhangui, Pandurang}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:Poets from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Konkani-language poets]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]

2026 Mumbai Open – Singles

2026-02-08T15:00:46Z

ScarlettNicholso: put up first pg initial version...

{{Tennis events|2026|Mumbai Open|
| champ = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]
| runner = {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]]
| score = 6–4, 6–3
| type = singles doubles
| before_year=2025
}}

{{main article|2026 Mumbai Open}}

[[Jil Teichmann]] was the defending champion,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4213670/teichmann-triumphs-in-mumbai-for-second-wta-125-title-in-five-months|title=Teichmann triumphs in Mumbai, claims second WTA 125 title in five months|publisher=wtatennis.com|accessdate=10 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/mumbai-open-2025-tennis-wta-winners-list|title=Mumbai Open 2025 tennis: Jil Teichmann bags singles title; Pridankina-Anshba new doubles champions|publisher=olympics.com|accessdate=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/jil-teichmann-takes-the-spoils-in-mumbai/articleshow/118104219.cms|title=Jil Teichmann takes the spoils in Mumbai|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=10 February 2025}}</ref> but did not participate this year.

[[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]] won the title, defeating [[Lilli Tagger]] in the final, 6–4, 6–3.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tennismajors.com/wta-tour-news/sawangkaew-ends-runner-up-curse-to-claim-mumbai-open-c-crown-843684.html|title=Sawangkaew claims Mumbai Open Crown|publisher=Tennis Majors|accessdate=8 February 2026}}</ref>

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Lulu Sun]] ''(withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Hanne Vandewinkel]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Polina Kudermetova]] ''(withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|}} [[Polina Iatcenko]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|}} [[Tatiana Prozorova]] ''(quarterfinals)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}
===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final
|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2=3
| RD1-score1-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed2=5
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee]]
| RD1-score2-1=2
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3=1

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tian Fangran]]
| RD1-score3-1=2
| RD1-score3-2=63
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''77'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger]]
| RD2-score2-1=4
| RD2-score2-2=3
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=LL
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina|A Raina]]
| RD1-score01-1=4
| RD1-score01-2=0
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=Q
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsuda|M Matsuda]]'''
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2='''6'''
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew|M Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04= 
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|SVK}} [[Viktória Morvayová|V Morvayová]]
| RD1-score04-1=2
| RD1-score04-2=1
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=WC
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty|S Bhamidipaty]]
| RD1-score05-1=1
| RD1-score05-2=3
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=Q
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|}} [[Kristiana Sidorova|K Sidorova]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07= 
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Nugroho|P Nugroho]]
| RD1-score07-1=2
| RD1-score07-2=1
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=9
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|}} [[Tatiana Prozorova|T Prozorova]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''
| RD1-score08-2='''6'''
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=3
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean|L Jeanjean]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=WC
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaidehi Chaudhari|V Chaudhari]]
| RD1-score10-1=2
| RD1-score10-2=0
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=LL
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nicole Fossa Huergo|N Fossa Huergo]]
| RD1-score11-1=4
| RD1-score11-2=3
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12= 
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Miho Kuramochi|M Kuramochi]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13= 
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Mingge Xu|M Xu]]
| RD1-score13-1=1
| RD1-score13-2=0r
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14= 
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|S-h Park]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2=0
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=WC
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran|M Rajeshwaran]]
| RD1-score15-1=3
| RD1-score15-2=2
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=5
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=Q
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsuda|M Matsuda]]
| RD2-score01-1=4
| RD2-score01-2=1
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02= 
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew|M Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=Q
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|}} [[Kristiana Sidorova|K Sidorova]]
| RD2-score03-1=4
| RD2-score03-2=1
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=9
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|}} [[Tatiana Prozorova|T Prozorova]]'''
| RD2-score04-1='''6'''
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=3
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean|L Jeanjean]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06= 
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Miho Kuramochi|M Kuramochi]]
| RD2-score06-1=3
| RD2-score06-2=3
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07= 
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|S-h Park]]
| RD2-score07-1='''6'''
| RD2-score07-2=3
| RD2-score07-3=0
| RD2-seed08=5
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]'''
| RD2-score08-1=3
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3='''6'''

| RD3-seed01= 
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew|M Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=9
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|}} [[Tatiana Prozorova|T Prozorova]]
| RD3-score02-1=1
| RD3-score02-2=4
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=3
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean|L Jeanjean]]
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2=3
| RD3-score03-3=2
| RD3-seed04=5
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]'''
| RD3-score04-1=4
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3='''6'''

| RD4-seed01= 
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Mananchaya Sawangkaew|M Sawangkaew]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2=3
| RD4-score01-3='''6'''
| RD4-seed02=5
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]
| RD4-score02-1=2
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''
| RD4-score02-3=1
}}

===Bottom half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=8
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|}} [[Polina Iatcenko|P Iatcenko]]
| RD1-score01-1='''7'''
| RD1-score01-2=3
| RD1-score01-3=3
| RD1-seed02= 
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|M Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD1-score02-1=5
| RD1-score02-2='''6'''
| RD1-score02-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed03=LL
| RD1-team03='''{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Yasmine Kabbaj|Y Kabbaj]]'''
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=Q
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech|P Plipuech]]
| RD1-score04-1=3
| RD1-score04-2=3
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05= 
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tian Fangran|F Tian]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06= 
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rina Saigo|R Saigo]]
| RD1-score06-1=0
| RD1-score06-2=3
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=Q
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|POL}} [[Zuzanna Pawlikowska|Z Pawlikowska]]
| RD1-score07-1=3
| RD1-score07-2=3
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=4
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Hanne Vandewinkel|H Vandewinkel]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''
| RD1-score08-2='''6'''
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=7
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger|L Tagger]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''7'''
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=WC
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar|V Adkar]]
| RD1-score10-1=5
| RD1-score10-2=4
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11= 
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli|S Yamalapalli]]
| RD1-score11-1=5
| RD1-score11-2=2
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12= 
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Eri Shimizu|E Shimizu]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''7'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13= 
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama|M Hontama]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14= 
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|}} [[Alevtina Ibragimova|A Ibragimova]]
| RD1-score14-1=1
| RD1-score14-2=4
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15= 
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Diletta Cherubini|D Cherubini]]
| RD1-score15-1=3
| RD1-score15-2=1
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja|D Semeņistaja]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|M Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD2-score01-1=4
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3='''77'''
| RD2-seed02=LL
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|MAR}} [[Yasmine Kabbaj|Y Kabbaj]]
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2=4
| RD2-score02-3=65

| RD2-seed03= 
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tian Fangran|F Tian]]'''
| RD2-score03-1=2
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed04=4
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|BEL}} [[Hanne Vandewinkel|H Vandewinkel]]
| RD2-score04-1='''6'''
| RD2-score04-2=4
| RD2-score04-3=4

| RD2-seed05=7
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger|L Tagger]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06= 
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Eri Shimizu|E Shimizu]]
| RD2-score06-1=2
| RD2-score06-2=2
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07= 
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama|M Hontama]]
| RD2-score07-1=4
| RD2-score07-2=63
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja|D Semeņistaja]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2='''77'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01= 
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|M Yamaguchi]]
| RD3-score01-1=2
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=2
| RD3-seed02= 
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tian Fangran|F Tian]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2=2
| RD3-score02-3='''6'''

| RD3-seed03=7
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger|L Tagger]]'''
| RD3-score03-1=4
| RD3-score03-2='''6'''
| RD3-score03-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja|D Semeņistaja]]
| RD3-score04-1='''6'''
| RD3-score04-2=4
| RD3-score04-3=2

| RD4-seed01= 
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tian Fangran|F Tian]]
| RD4-score01-1=2
| RD4-score01-2=63
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=7
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lilli Tagger|L Tagger]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''6'''
| RD4-score02-2='''77'''
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

==Qualifying==
===Seeds===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nicole Fossa Huergo]] ''(qualifying competition, '''''lucky loser''''')''
# {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Yasmine Kabbaj]] ''(qualifying competition, '''''lucky loser''''')''
# '''{{flagicon|POL}} Zuzanna Pawlikowska (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} Yara Bartashevich ''(first round)''
# '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsuda]] (qualified)'''
# '''{{flagicon|}} Kristiana Sidorova (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Anastasia Kulikova]] ''(qualifying competition)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]] ''(qualifying competition, '''''lucky loser''''')''
}}

===Qualifiers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# '''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsuda]]'''
# '''{{flagicon|}} Kristiana Sidorova'''
# '''{{flagicon|POL}} Zuzanna Pawlikowska'''
# '''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech]]'''
}}

===Lucky losers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# '''{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nicole Fossa Huergo]]'''
# '''{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Yasmine Kabbaj]]'''
# '''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]]'''
}}

===Qualifying draw===

====First qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nicole Fossa Huergo]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroko Kuwata]]
| RD1-score2-1=2
| RD1-score2-2=1
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} Saumya Vig
| RD1-score3-1=0
| RD1-score3-2=1
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=5
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsuda]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nicole Fossa Huergo]]
| RD2-score1-1=5
| RD2-score1-2=4
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Misaki Matsuda]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''7'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Second qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=2
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Yasmine Kabbaj]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} Sonal Patil
| RD1-score2-1=0
| RD1-score2-2=2
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Zeel Desai]]
| RD1-score3-1=2
| RD1-score3-2=0
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|}} '''Kristiana Sidorova'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=2
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|MAR}} [[Yasmine Kabbaj]]
| RD2-score1-1=4
| RD2-score1-2=2
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|}} Kristiana Sidorova'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Third qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|POL}} Zuzanna Pawlikowska'''
| RD1-score1-1=61
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed2=WC
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} Parthsarthi Arun Mundhe
| RD1-score2-1='''77'''
| RD1-score2-2=2
| RD1-score2-3=3

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|JPN}} Naoko Eto
| RD1-score3-1=0
| RD1-score3-2=0
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Anastasia Kulikova]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|POL}} Zuzanna Pawlikowska'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2=4
| RD2-score1-3='''77'''
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|FIN}} [[Anastasia Kulikova]]
| RD2-score2-1=3
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=64
}}

====Fourth qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|FRA}} Yara Bartashevich
| RD1-score1-1=2
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=2
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2=3
| RD1-score2-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed3=WC
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} Akanksha Nitture
| RD1-score3-1=2
| RD1-score3-2=1
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2=1
| RD2-score1-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]]
| RD2-score2-1=2
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=4
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/draws/2026/1100/MDS.pdf Main draw]
* [https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/draws/2026/1100/QS.pdf Qualifying draw]

{{2026 WTA 125 tournaments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2026 Mumbai Open - Singles}}

[[Category:2026 WTA 125 tournaments|Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:2020s in Mumbai]]

Manisha Bhanwala

2026-02-08T09:52:31Z

ScarlettNicholso: New page.

{{Short description|Indian freestyle wrestler (born 1997)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Manisha Bhanwala
| image = File:ManishaBhanwala.jpg
| caption = Bhanwala at the [[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships|2025 Asian Championships]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|2|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Haryana]], India
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]
| club = [[Inspire Institute of Sport]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[freestyle wrestling]]}} [[File:Wrestling pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships|2025 Amman]]|[[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results#62 kg|62kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Wrestling Championships|2022 Mongolia]]|[[2022 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results#65 kg|65kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Asian Wrestling Championships|2023 Astana]]|[[2023 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results#65 kg|65kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Asian Wrestling Championships|2024 Bishkek]]|[[2024 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results#62 kg|62kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Wrestling at the 2016 South Asian Games#Women's freestyle|60kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[United World Wrestling|Grand Prix]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Yaşar Doğu Tournament|2025 Kocaeli]]|[[2025 Yaşar Doğu Tournament#Women's freestyle 62 kg|62kg]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Grand Prix Zagreb Open|2026 Zagreb]]|[[2026 Grand Prix Zagreb Open – Women's freestyle#Women's freestyle 57 kg|57kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 Polyák Imre & Varga János Memorial Tournament|2025 Budapest]]|[[2025 Polyák Imre & Varga János Memorial Tournament – Women's freestyle#Women's freestyle 62 kg|62kg]]}}
}}
'''Manisha Bhanwala''' (born 10 February 1997) is an Indian [[Freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]]. She won gold in the 62 kg category at the [[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results|2025 Asian Championships]] and in the 60 kg category at the [[2016 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Asian Championships 2025 wrestling results |url=https://uww.org/event/senior-asian-championships/results |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=uww.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=Asian Wrestling Championships: Anshu Malik, Radhika settle for silver; Manisha claims bronze |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/asian-wrestling-championships-anshu-malik-radhika-settle-for-silver-manisha-claims-bronze-article-91022944 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416080106/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/asian-wrestling-championships-anshu-malik-radhika-settle-for-silver-manisha-claims-bronze-article-91022944 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Wrestling Championships: Antim Panghal Claims Silver, Four Other Indians Bag Bronze |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/asian-wrestling-championships-antim-panghal-claims-silver-four-other-indians-bag-bronze-7532779.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415062213/https://www.news18.com/sports/asian-wrestling-championships-antim-panghal-claims-silver-four-other-indians-bag-bronze-7532779.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-04-17 |title=India secures nine medals in Asian Wrestling Championships 2024 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/india-secures-nine-medals-in-asian-wrestling-championships-2024 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Manisha was born in the [[Rohtak]] district of [[Haryana]]. She started wrestling to lose weight at the behest of her father.<ref>{{Cite news |title=रोहतक की बेटियों ने अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर बनाई पहचान: रितिका और मनीषा ने सीनियर एशियन कुश्ती चैंपियनशिप में जीते ब्राॅन्ज मेडल |trans-title=Girls of Rohtak make their mark on an international level: Ritika and Manisha win bronze at the Senior Asian Wrestling Championships |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rohtak/news/ritika-and-manisha-won-bronze-medal-in-senior-asian-wrestling-championship-131166357.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Senior career results ==
{| class="wikitable"
! width="30" |Res.
! width="30" |Record
! width="220" |Opponent
! width="60" |Score
! width="100" |Date
! width="180" |Event
! width="120" |Location
|-
! colspan="7" |24th at [[2023 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 62 kg|62 kg]]
|-
|Loss
|14-6
|{{flagathlete|Sara Lindborg|SWE}}
|2-9
|19 September 2023
|[[2023 World Wrestling Championships]]
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Belgrade]]
|-
! colspan="7" |{{gold1}} Gold Medall at [[2023 Kaba Uulu Kozhomkul & Raatbek Sanatbaev Tournament#Women's freestyle 65 kg|65 kg]]
|-
|Win
|14-5
|{{flagathlete|Yulia Leskovets|UKR}}
|9-3
| rowspan="4" |3 June 2023
| rowspan="4" |[[2023 Kaba Uulu Kozhomkul & Raatbek Sanatbaev Tournament]]
| rowspan="4" |{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Bishkek]]
|-
|Win
|13-5
|{{flagathlete|Ölziisaikhany Pürevsüren|MGL}}
|14-0
|-
|Win
|12-5
|{{flagathlete|Gaukhar Mukhatay|KAZ}}
|15-0
|-
|Win
|11-5
|{{flagathlete|Irina Kazyulina|KAZ}}
|19-5
|-
! colspan="7" |{{Bronze3}} Bronze Medal at [[2023 Asian Wrestling Championships – Results#65 kg 2|65 kg]]
|-
|Win
|10-5
|{{flagathlete|Albina Kairgeldinova|KAZ}}
|13-0, Fall
| rowspan="5" |12 April 2023
| rowspan="5" |[[2023 Asian Wrestling Championships]]
| rowspan="5" |{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]
|-
|Loss
|9-5
|{{flagathlete|Mahiro Yoshitake|JPN}}
|7-1, Fall
|-
|Loss
|9-4
|{{flagathlete|[[Long Jia]]|CHN}}
|0-15
|-
|Win
|9-3
|{{flagathlete|Ariukhan Jumabaeva|UZB}}
|11-0, Fall
|-
|Win
|8-3
|{{flagathlete|[[Baatarjavyn Shoovdor]]|MGL}}
|5-2
|-
! colspan="7" |{{Bronze3}} Bronze Medal at [[2022 Tunis Ranking Series#Women's freestyle 62 kg|62 kg]]
|-
|Loss
|7-3
|{{flagathlete|[[Khadija Jlassi]]|TUN}}
|7-11
| rowspan="2" |16 July 2022
| rowspan="2" |[[2022 Tunis Ranking Series|2022 Zouhaier Sghaier Ranking Series]]
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Tunis]]
|-
|Win
|7-2
|{{flagathlete|Emma Bruntil|USA}}
|5-2
|-
! colspan="7" |{{gold1}} Gold Medal at [[2022 Bolat Turlykhanov Cup#Women's freestyle 65 kg|65 kg]]
|-
|Win
|6-2
|{{flagathlete|[[Elis Manolova]]|AZE}}
|11-0
| rowspan="5" |3 June 2022
| rowspan="5" |[[2022 Bolat Turlykhanov Cup]]
| rowspan="5" |{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]]
|-
|Win
|5-2
|{{flagathlete|Ariukhan Jumabaeva|UZB}}
|14-0
|-
|Win
|4-2
|{{flagathlete|Dinora Rustamova|UZB}}
|16-0, Fall
|-
|Win
|3-2
|{{flagathlete|[[Yelena Shalygina]]|KAZ}}
|11-5
|-
|Loss
|2-2
|{{flagathlete|[[Elis Manolova]]|AZE}}
|0-15
|-
! colspan="7" |{{Bronze3}} Bronze Medal at [[2022 Asian Wrestling Championships - Results#62 kg|62 kg]]
|-
|Win
|2-1
|{{flagathlete|Lee Han-bit|KOR}}
|9-2, Fall
| rowspan="3" |22 April 2022
| rowspan="3" |[[2022 Asian Wrestling Championships]]
| rowspan="3" |{{flagicon|MGL}} [[Ulaanbaatar]]
|-
|Loss
|1-1
|{{flagathlete|[[Nonoka Ozaki]]|JPN}}
|0-14
|-
|Win
|1-0
|{{flagathlete|[[Ayaulym Kassymova]]|KAZ}}
|12-0
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{UWW|id=manisha-manisha}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhanwala, Manisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian female sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Asian Wrestling Championships medalists]]

Matsena, India

2026-02-07T23:13:12Z

ScarlettNicholso: New new entry

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Matsena
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Matsena.png
| map_caption = Map showing Matsena in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.07418|N|78.4741|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.010
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2533
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Matsena''' ({{IAST|Maṭsenā}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located to the southeast of Firozabad, near the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 2,533, in 401 households.

== Geography ==
Matsena is located southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. There is a large [[irrigation tank|tank]] on the east side of the village, and next to it is a police station. A rural district road comes down to Matsena from Firozabad to the northwest by way of [[Jamalpur, Firozabad|Jamalpur]], [[Balchandpur]], [[Ladupur Chakarpur]], and [[Matamai]]; from Matsena, it continues on to the southeast toward [[Jendamai]]. Other nearby villages include [[Itora]] to the south, [[Wazirpur Anandipur]], [[Satkai]], and [[Kindarpur]] to the southwest, [[Phulaichi]] to the west, [[Nagria]] and [[Hamirpur, Firozabad|Hamirpur]] to the north, and [[Undani]] to the northeast. The surrounding area is basically all level farmland.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Matsena had a population of 2,533, in 401 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 55.1% male (1,396) and 44.9% female (1,137). The 0–6 age group numbered 443 (258 male and 185 female), making up 17.5% of the total population. 512 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 20.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Matsena as having a population of 1,406 people (760 male and 646 female), in 241 households and 234 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|196-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Matsena (as "Mathsena") as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 969 people (525 male and 444 female), in 166 households and 120 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 724 acres and it had a medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Matsena had 1 primary school and 1 primary health centre. Drinking water was provided by tap, well, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Ramanujan College

2026-01-24T20:28:58Z

ScarlettNicholso: put up new details

{{Short description|College in Kalkaji, South Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Ramanujan College
| logo =
| image = Ramanujan college.jpg
| caption = Building of Ramanujan College, University of Delhi
| established = 2010
| city = New Delhi
| country = India
| type = Public
| principal = Prof. Rasal Singh
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| affiliation = [[University of Delhi]]
| president = Priyanshu Chaudhary
| website = {{url|https://ramanujancollege.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Ramanujan College''' is a constituent college of [[University of Delhi]]'s. It is named after the Indian mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]. It is located in Kalkaji, near Nehru Place in [[South Delhi]]. The college runs fifteen courses in the disciplines of [[Humanities]], [[Commerce]], [[Management]], [[Mathematical Sciences]], [[Computer Science]] and [[Vocational Education|Vocational Studies]]. It is also the study center for the students of the Non- Collegiate Women's Education Board, University of Delhi and the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]. Ramanujan College has been accredited grade "A++" by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC). Ramanujan College has also been selected by the MHRD as a Teaching Learning Center and National Resource Center.

== History ==
The Ramanujan College, formerly known as Deshbandhu College (Evening) was established in 1958 by the Ministry of Rehabilitation, in the memory of Late [[Deshbandhu Gupta]], a patriot who had dedicated his life to the national freedom struggle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramanujan College, Delhi: Courses, Fees, Placements, Ranking, Admission 2021|url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/ramanujan-college-kalkaji-delhi-49135|access-date=2020-12-22|website=www.shiksha.com}}</ref> The Deshbandhu College (Evening) operated from the premises of the Deshbandhu College that functioned in the morning hours. Originally run by the Ministry of Rehabilitation and Education as a men's College, Deshbandhu College (Evening) became a co-educational institution in 1994. This college, which is 100% funded by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] has been maintained by the University of Delhi since 1972.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=History of Ramanujan College – Ramanujancollege|url=https://ramanujancollege.ac.in/about-us/history/|access-date=2020-12-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

Until the early 90's the College catered to a large number of students who were gainfully employed in the daytime and pursued their studies in the convenience provided by an evening College. During its initial years the College used to function in the late evening hours and developed as a reputed College especially in the field of Commerce studies. Other than B. Com (Honours) and B.Com., the College offered B.A. Programme and Honours courses in English, Hindi and Political Science to its students. The college was also unique because it offered the study of regional languages: [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. Late Sindhi scholar Dr. M. L. Jotwani, a member of the college teaching faculty, received the [[Padma Shri]] award from the government of India in 2003.<ref name=":0" />

In the year 2010, Deshbandhu College (Evening) was renamed as Ramanujan College, and allocated separate space of seven acres of land within the existing College campus in Kalkaji, New Delhi. From an evening College it became a full-fledged morning college in 2012.

== Academics ==

=== Undergraduate Courses ===

# B.Com. (H)
# B.Com.
# Bachelor of [[Management Studies]] (B.M.S.)
# B. A. (H) [[Economics]]
# B. A. (H) [[English language | English]]
# B.A. (H) [[Hindi]]
# B. A. (H) [[Philosophy]]
# B. A. (H) [[Political Science]]
# B. A. (H) [[Applied Psychology]]
# B. A. Program
# B. Sc. (H) [[Computer Science]]
# B. Sc. (H) [[Mathematics]]
# B.Sc. (H) [[Environmental Science]]
# B. Sc. (H) [[Statistics]]
# B. Voc. [[Bank | Banking Operations]]
# B.Voc. [[Software Development]]

=== Certificate and Diploma Courses ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Short-term Certificate/ Diploma Courses – Ramanujancollege|url=https://ramanujancollege.ac.in/annual-day-2019/|access-date=2020-12-22|language=en-US}}</ref>
# International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
# Tally
# Human Rights
# Mass Media
# Radio Jockey and Broadcasting
# Business Analytics
# Research and Data Analysis
# Happiness by The School of Happiness

=== Publications ===
Ramanujan College publishes two journals annually:

# Ramanujan International Journal of Business and Research<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramanujan International Journal of Business and Research (RIJBR) – Ramanujancollege|url=https://ramanujancollege.ac.in/ramanujan-international-journal-of-business-and-research-rijbr/|access-date=2020-12-22|language=en-US}}</ref> (ISSN: 2455-5959) (UGC Listed)
# International Journal of Applied Ethics<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Journal of Applied Ethics (IJAE) – Ramanujancollege|url=https://ramanujancollege.ac.in/ijae/|access-date=2020-12-22|language=en-US}}</ref> (ISSN: 2321-2497).

== College Campus ==
In 2017, a new independent environment-friendly building of the college has been constructed with state of art class-rooms, laboratories, staff rooms and an auditorium. The new building is supported by a gigantic service centre with provision of a sewage treatment plant, solar panels, water harvesting plant, electric sub-station and power generators. Some key features of the college campus are:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infrastructure and Facilities – Ramanujancollege|url=https://ramanujancollege.ac.in/infrastructure-and-facilities/|access-date=2020-12-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

* Clean & Green Campus with uninterrupted Electricity & Water Supply
* ICT enabled Smart Classrooms with Projectors
* Multiple Computer Labs with latest Hardware & Software with 1500 Desktops and Laptops
* Language & Media Lab with latest Audio - Visual Equipment
* Psychology and Accounting & Finance Lab
* Wi-Fi Connectivity
* Indoor and Outdoor Gymnasium
* Fully Equipped Medical Room

=== Library ===
The college has a fully computerized library, which works on Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) system that helps to locate all the reading material available on the computer. The library has been divided into various sections— reference, textbook and newspapers & magazines. The library is stocked with more than 45,000 books and subscribes to various e-journals. It also provides access to in-house/remote access to e-publications and other subscribed resources of the University of Delhi.

== Academic Catalysts: Centers & Cells ==

=== Antha Prerna Cell ===
The Antha Prerna Cell inaugurated on 18 January 2019, under the aegis of the Department of Computer Science, Ramanujan College, provides a platform for the students to give life to their innovative ideas by implementing them on industrial projects and nurture them as future corporate professionals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=CENTER & CELLS – Ramanujancollege|url=https://ramanujancollege.ac.in/center-cells/|access-date=2020-12-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=SOCIETIES – Ramanujancollege|url=https://ramanujancollege.ac.in/societies/|access-date=2020-12-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Centre for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence ===
The Centre for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence was established in November 2013. Centre for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence is working on emerging areas in the field of robotics, embedded systems and machine intelligence. The students under the centre are currently working on the star innovation project “Robotics in healthcare” in which they are trying to reduce the costs of existing machines and increasing their efficiency.<ref name=":2" />

=== Centre for Ethics and Values ===
Centre for Ethics and Values (CEV) at Ramanujan College was established in 2010. CEV was created with an objective of functioning as a Resource Centre for imparting values-based education to students and professionals. The role of CEV was envisaged as creation of awareness in the learners’ community that skills and ethical values are essentially complementary. CEV is engaged with rigorous investigation of ethical issues, enlightened dialogue and the dissemination of knowledge that will lead to informed moral choice.<ref name=":2" />

=== Centre for Human Rights Studies ===
The Centre for Human Rights Studies was established in February 2015, under of aegis of the Department of Political Science. The Centre coordinates a three-month UGC-Sponsored Certificate Course on Human Rights. Eminent resource persons are invited to deliver lectures on the prescribed syllabus. Students are required to submit a project report along with a Power-Point presentation at the end of the course.<ref name=":2" />

=== Centre for Social Innovation ===
The Centre for Social Innovation was established in January 2016 with a vision to enact greater social links and creating new societal development and further to seek inspiration from the ventures so that others can take a step forward. The centre was set up as part of the star innovation project entitled “Sociovation,” sanctioned by University of Delhi, aimed to create a common platform to provide unison of all socio-innovators, students and the needy to be able to make a huge difference in bringing a radical change in the society. It has identified the four core issues as its thrust areas: Women Empowerment, Water Conservation, Illiteracy, Cleanliness and Sanitation.<ref name=":2" />

=== Research Development and Services Cell ===
The Cell was formed in 2017 to promote research and development activities in the college. The cell successfully completed several academic and consultancy projects. To promote research amongst students, cell also provides incentives to them.<ref name=":2" />

=== Thrust: Entrepreneurship Cell ===
It was formed in October 2015.<ref name=":3" />

=== Media Cell ===
It was formed in July 2023 under the Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) under the guidance of then Principal Prof. (Dr.) S. P. Aggarwal, Chairman Shri Jigar Inamdar and then director of IQAC Prof. (Dr.) K. Latha.

== College Societies ==
Ramanujan College also has 20 students societies engaged in dancing, music, social entrepreneurship, commerce, fashion, foreign education and more namely:<ref name=":3" />

1. Ramanujan Consulting Club 
2. Bhangra Regiment 
3. Brushstrokes – The Art 
4. Dance Neuclic Acid (DNA) 
5. Enactus 
6. Firstcut – The Filmmaking Society 
7. Girl Up Ramanujan 
8. Jazba Theatre Group 
9. National Cadet Corps (NCC) 
10. National Service Scheme (NSS) 
11. Outreach Program Society 
12. Panache – The Fashion Society 
13. Pramana – The Quiz Society 
14. Shivranjini – The Music Society 
15. Student Welfare Committee 
16. Tark – The Debating Society 
17. Tatva – The Eco Club 
18. Sanidhya – The Animal Welfare Society 
19. Global Scholars' Society (GSS) – The Study Abroad Society 

== Appreciable Highlights ==

=== DDU Kaushal Kendra ===
Ramanujan College has been sanctioned Deen Dayal Upadhyay Centre for Knowledge Acquisition and Up-gradation of Skilled Human Abilities and Livelihood (KAUSHAL) by University Grants Commission in 2016. Ramanujan College is the only institution in the University of Delhi which has been sanctioned this scheme under which the college is offering B. Vocational Courses in Banking Operations and Software Development;

=== Teaching Learning Centre ===
Ramanujan College was awarded Teaching Learning Centre (TLC) under the Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching (PMMMNMTT), sponsored by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in 2017. The Centre runs along the mission, objectives and the guidelines set up by the MHRD and has at its core the idea of facilitating teaching leaning process to the teachers across the country, especially those located in the remote areas of the country. Ramanujan College is the second college of the University of Delhi to be awarded the Teaching Learning Centre (TLC), the most sought-after scheme of the MHRD. Under this scheme, the centre has successfully trained more than 3500 teachers till March 2020. To continue the teaching-learning process in COVID-19 pandemic with the same pace, the centre has organized FDP/FIP/Workshop online having virtual engagement with all participants/learners. This initiative of the centre has received an overwhelming response from all over the country and more than 22000 teachers have been trained since April 2020 and several programmes are still ongoing.

=== National Resource Centre ===
The Ministry of HRD notified Ramanujan College as the National Resource Centre (NRC) in 2019 for three extremely pertinent and interrelated disciplines, namely, Human Rights, Environment and Ethics. The NRC's role is to conceptualise, create and disseminate contemporary knowledge in the field of study. This initiative is undertaken by the MHRD under the ambit of the Annual Refresher Programme in Teaching (ARPIT).

=== International Collaborations ===
The Ramanujan College has signed an Agreement of Academic Cooperation with MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Austria for a period of five years recognizing the benefits to be gained by both institutions through a cooperation in teaching, academic research and operations, promote exchange of students, staff and knowledge within the interests and abilities of each institution. Exchange of students and academic staff along with joint development and organization of academic programs, courses or seminars and research will be the focus of this collaborative effort.

== Rankings ==
The college is ranked 37th among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_C_2024=56|type=University}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ramanujancollege.ac.in/ Official website of Ramanujan College]
*[http://du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=ramanujan-college Delhi University website profile of Ramanujan College]
*https://ramanujancollege.ac.in/students/office-bearers-for-the-college-students-union-2024-25/

{{University of Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanujan College}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]

2021 Rohini Court shooting

2026-01-21T03:29:05Z

ScarlettNicholso: put up first post basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

{{Short description|Assassination in India}}
On 24 September 2021, the Indian gangster [[Jitender Mann Gogi]] was reportedly shot dead by two men inside courtroom 207 of the [[Rohini Court Complex]] situated in the [[North West Delhi district|North-West Delhi]] district of [[Delhi]], the capital city of [[India]].<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news|last=Manral|first=Mahender Singh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/2-dead-in-shootout-at-rohini-court-gangster-gogi-was-target-7531473/|title=Gangster Gogi, 2 from rival gang shot dead in Rohini court; assailants posed as lawyers|newspaper=Indian Express|date=24 September 2021|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>

The shooting, which resulted in the death of Gogi, and the two assailants, who were shot dead by the police, drew significant criticism on the security at the court.<ref name="Economic times">{{cite news|last=Rautray|first=Samanwaya|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/gangster-shot-dead-in-rohini-court-security-steps-to-be-reviewed/articleshow/86501003.cms|title=Gangster shot dead in Rohini court; security steps to be reviewed|work=The Economic Times|date=25 September 2021}}</ref> The Rohini Court Complex houses the subordinate court establishments of two districts, North-West Delhi and North Delhi, and on the day of the shooting, sixty eight courts were functioning from the complex.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/north-west-delhi/judges-list | title=Judge's List/District Court in India | Official Website of District Court of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/north-delhi/list-judges|title=List of Judges /District Court in India | Official Website of District Court of India|website=districts.ecourts.gov.in}}</ref>

Within minutes of the shooting, video footages depicting a chaotic atmosphere just outside courtroom 207, with gunshots being heard in the background, went viral on social media platforms.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|last=Gunasekar|first=Arvind|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-rohini-court-shootout-on-camera-dramatic-delhi-court-shootout-that-left-3-dead-2552178|title=On Camera, Dramatic Delhi Court Shootout That Left 3 Dead|date=24 September 2021|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref> Immediately after the incident, there was considerable uproar and outrage at the manner in which the incident unfolded, as Gogi was reportedly being produced by the police at the court, and the two assailants, who shot him during the functioning of the court, had entered the courtroom in lawyers' attire, having carried the weapons with them inside court complex without any checking or frisking. The incident drew public attention on the general security arrangement at the different court complexes in Delhi, and at Rohini Court Complex specifically.<ref name="Indian Express"/><ref name="Economic times" />

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohini Court Shooting, 2021}}
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:September 2021 in India]]
[[Category:September 2021 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:North West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Murder in Delhi]]
[[Category:Assassinations in India]]
[[Category:Organized crime events in Asia]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2021 murders in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on government buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2021]]
[[Category:Attacks on courthouses]]

Dwarka Sector 14 metro station

2026-01-18T22:11:01Z

ScarlettNicholso: quick improved lead for accuracy and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Dwarka Sector 14 द्वारका सेक्टर 14
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Dwarka Sector 14 Metro Station 02.jpg
| address = Sector 14 Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2006|4|1|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 5,871/day 182,010/ Month average
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Blue|left=Dwarka Sector 13|right=Dwarka}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Dwarka Sector 14''' metro station is located on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=2010-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy}}</ref> It is the nearest metro station to [[National Law University, Delhi]] one of the national law schools in India and [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]], NAAC 'A' accredited university established by Government of NCT of Delhi.

Nearest metro station to Kakrola village as well.

==The station==
===Station layout===
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Grey|croute}}''
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 13}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

===Facilities===
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Dwarka Sector 14 metro station: Canara Bank, Punjab National Bank.
<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx| title=ATM Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="60%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Blue}};"| Dwarka Sector 14 metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:30%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:30%;"|Gate No-2
|-
| Eros Metro Mall|| Vegas Mall
|-
| ||
|}

==Connections==
===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number OLA120, RL-75 serves the station from outside metro station stop.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home| title=Department of Delhi Transport Corporation| website=Govt.of NCT of Delhi| access-date=18 February 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025080536/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dtc/DTC/Home/| archive-date=25 October 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Dwarka Sector 14 Metro Station.jpg
File:Dwarka sect-14 metro station's platform.jpg
File:Inside the premises of Dwarka Sec14 metro station.png|Inside premises
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[West Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[Dwarka, Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Dwarka+Sector+14/@28.6023385,77.0232275,685m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x390d1ab7d354c4d9:0xfd17bcc20ab43fae!2sDwarka+Sector+13!8m2!3d28.5971388!4d77.0334628!3m4!1s0x390d1ab30a39d613:0x3e3ab4b876a81b9!8m2!3d28.6022378!4d77.0259954|title= Dwarka Sector 14 metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2006]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Samaya Hathare Dori

2025-12-29T04:14:49Z

ScarlettNicholso: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Samaya Hathare Dori
| image =
| caption =
| starring = [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] [[Anu Chowdhury]] [[Mihir Das]] [[Meghna Mishra]] [[Debu Bose]]
| director = [[Amulya Das]]
| producer = [[Smt. Tilotoma Das]] [[Choudhary Pinky Das]]
| writer = [[Amulya Das]]
| music = [[Rati-Alok]]
| cinematography = [[Ganeswara Mohapatra]]
| editing =
| distributor = [[Dreamland Cine Crafts]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Odia
}}
'''''Samaya Hathare Dori''''' is a 2007 Indian Oriya film directed by [[Amulya Das]].
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissacinema.com/blog/category/news/page/2/ |title=Orissa Cinema | News |accessdate=2009-02-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201223002/http://orissacinema.com/blog/category/news/page/2/ |archivedate=1 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]
*[[Anu Chowdhury]]
*[[Mihir Das]]
*Aparajita Mohanty
*[[Meghna Mishra]]
*[[Debajani]]
*[[Debu Bose]]
*[[Dorian Cenaj]]
<ref>http://orissacinema.com/blog/category/news/page/2/Published{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 17 July 2007</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1440282|Samaya Hathare Dori}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2000s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]

{{Odia-film-stub}}

Chief Justice of India shoe-throwing incident

2025-12-27T14:39:59Z

ScarlettNicholso: started new entry.

{{Short description|2025 incident in the Supreme Court of India}}
[[File:B R Gavai.jpg|thumb|188x188px|[[Chief Justice of India]] [[B. R. Gavai]]]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
The attempted shoe-hurling at then Chief Justice B. R. Gavai was an incident that occurred on 6 October 2025, in the [[Supreme Court of India]] when a lawyer, Rakesh Kishore, attempted to throw a shoe at the incumbent [[Chief Justice of India]] (CJI), [[B. R. Gavai|Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai]], during an open court proceeding. The incident, which was quickly contained by security personnel, was a rare and unprecedented breach of security and decorum in the highest judicial court of the country.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=Shoe thrown at India's top judge in religious row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c80g4d5epm8o |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/no-remorse-lawyer-unapologetic-after-trying-to-throw-shoe-at-cji-gavai/ar-AA1NZPur |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

==Background==
Rakesh Kishore, a 71-year-old advocate, was reportedly motivated by his disapproval of remarks made by CJI Gavai in a previous hearing concerning a religious matter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CJI Shoe Incident: Chaos in Supreme Court Over Sanatan |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bid-to-throw-shoes-at-chief-justice-b-r-gavai-inside-supreme-court-lawyer-shouts-cant-tolerate-any-insult-to-sanatan-3754052 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Kishore, was unhappy with these remarks, which he perceived as an "''insult to Sanatan Dharma''." As he was being restrained by security personnel, he was heard shouting the slogan, “Sanatan ka apmaan nahi sahenge” (We will not tolerate any insult to Sanatan).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=Citing ‘sanatan dharma’, lawyer hurls shoe at CJI Gavai; angered every Indian: PM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/advocate-throws-shoe-chief-justice-india-b-r-gavai-court-proceedings-10290523/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=29 October 2025 |title=Criminal Contempt - SCBA v. Rakesh Kishore (Shoe Hurling) |url=https://onelawstreet.com/criminal-contempt-scba-v-rakesh-kishore/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=One Law Street |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== The incident ==
On the morning of 6 October 2025, during court proceedings before the Chief Justice Court, Kishore suddenly approached the dais and attempted to remove and hurl a shoe towards Justice Gavai. Security personnel immediately intervened and overpowered the advocate before the shoe could reach the bench.<ref name=":1" />

==Aftermath and reactions==
===Contempt proceedings===
The [[Supreme Court Bar Association (India)|Supreme Court Bar Association]] (SCBA) sought to initiate [[Contempt of court in India|criminal contempt proceedings]] against Rakesh Kishore, calling the act a grave affront to the dignity of the institution. However, Justice Gavai refused any action and said that “he would rather let the incident die a natural death than fuel further social media debates.”<ref name=":0" /> SCBA obtained permission from the [[Attorney General of India]] [[R. Venkataramani]] initiate criminal contempt proceedings against Kishore under articles 129 and 142 of the [[Constitution of India]]. After obtaining Venkatramani's approval, SCBA filed a case with the Supreme Court.<ref name=":0" /> Court, however, refrained from issuing noticing in the matter and was not inclined to initiate contempt action. The court instead focused on asking the Attorney General and bar bodies to provide suggestions to formulate pan-India guidelines to prevent such occurrences in court premises.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Debby |date=12 November 2025 |title='Give Suggestions To Prevent Such Incidents': Supreme Court Adjourns SCBA's Contempt Plea Over Shoe-Hurling Bid At CJI |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-advocate-rakesh-kishore-shoe-attack-on-cji-gavai-scba-plea-for-contempt-action-309668 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Bar Council===
[[Bar Council of India]] suspended Kishore from practice, and Supreme Court Bar Association (SCBA) terminated his temporary membership.<ref name=":0" />

===Political and social reaction===
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] condemned the act, calling the act "utterly condemnable" and adding that it "angered every Indian." Modi, through a post on X (formerly Twitter), also mentioned that he had spoken to the CJI and appreciated "the calm" displayed by him during the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=PM Modi says shoe attack on CJI Gavai ‘has angered every Indian’; leaders, parties condemn act |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-says-shoe-attack-on-cji-gavai-has-angered-every-indian-leaders-parties-condemn-act-10291494/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of shoe-throwing incidents]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2025]]
[[Category:2025 in India]]
[[Category:Shoe-throwing incidents]]

Chiithuni

2025-12-21T23:14:43Z

ScarlettNicholso: creating new post.

{{Short description|Festival celebrated by the Mao Naga tribe}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2020}}
'''Chiithuni Festival''' is a major festival celebrated by the [[Mao]] [[Naga people|Naga]] tribe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Culture & Heritage |url=https://senapati.nic.in/culture-heritage/ |website=senapati.nic.in |accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref> The festival is usually held for 6 days from the 25th day of ''Chuthunikhro'' (January).<ref>{{cite web |title=Chithunih heralds New Year for Mao Nagas |url=https://morungexpress.com/chithunih-heralds-new-year-mao-nagas |website=/morungexpress.com |accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref> The festival is held to mark the end of the harvest period and the beginning of a new period.

==Rituals==
Chiithuni Festival marks the end of a year and the beginning of a new year. The festival is held over a period of 6 days with each day holding an important function. It is believed that the rituals practised during the festival are a means for the villagers to request the gods and their ancestors to guide them throughout the year.

The first day of the festival is the preparatory day known as ''Nisha''. The villagers must prepare themselves with a clean heart. They also keep themselves extremely clean by taking regular baths and cleaning all their belongings. Rice beer is prepared beforehand on the 18th day of Chuthunikhro and neighbours sit around to taste it.

The second day is known as ''Niji''. It is on this day that the main feast takes place. Meat is cooked and distributed. The patriarch of the family then proceeds to offer some of the cooked meat to the gods. In the evening, a huge bonfire is created and the villagers' feast, sing, and dance.

The third day, called ''Oshu Kope'', is an important day in terms of the various ceremonies conducted. All the villagers gather in the morning and then go to the jungle to chase and hunt birds with their bare hands. The person who catches the first bird is considered the luckiest person of the year. The third day of the festival is also considered auspicious for women who are married. They are invited to their ancestral home and returned to their husband's home with a strip of meat and rice beer as a gift that signifies the eternal family bond.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathew |first1=Monica |title=Socio economic setup of the naga people in Manipur with special reference to the Mao naga tribe |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/252132 |website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref>

On the fourth, fifth, and sixth day of Chiithuni, festivities are held throughout the day. People feast, drink local-made [[rice beer]] and celebrate with songs, dance, and traditional games.

On the first day of the following month, ''Chisiilopra'' (February), all the men and women of the village don their traditional attires with their weapons (for the men) and baskets (for the women). Then they go on a procession to a designated spot on a hill to mark the end of the festival. After reaching the spot, the young men play traditional games to show off their prowess and abilities. On this day it is believed that everyone must come home before the sun sets or there will be severe consequences that would lead to death in the village.

With the acceptance of [[Christianity]], the festival has taken a more toned-down level. The blessing of the gods and forefathers have been replaced with praying for blessings from [[God]] and many traditional games have been replaced by modern games

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagaland}}

[[Category:Festivals in India]]

Indian Economic and Social History Review

2025-11-14T02:13:58Z

ScarlettNicholso: Improved wording and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{inline|date=February 2011}}{{onesource|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox journal
| title = Indian Economic and Social History Review
| image = 
| caption =
| former_name = 
| abbreviation = Indian Econ. Soc. Hist. Rev.
| discipline = [[Asian history]], [[Economic history]]
| language = English
| editor = 
| publisher = [[SAGE Publishing]]
| country =
| history = 1964–present
| frequency = Quarterly
| openaccess =
| license =
| impact =
| impact-year =
| ISSN = 0019-4646
| eISSN =
| CODEN =
| JSTOR =
| LCCN =
| OCLC = 01752856
| website = http://www.sagepub.com/journals/Journal201284
| link1 =
| link1-name =
| link2 = 
| link2-name = 
}}
The '''''Indian Economic and Social History Review''''' is an [[academic journal]] of Indian [[social and economic history]]. It is one of the leading journals of South Asian history, if not the best. It is owned by Indian Economic and Social History Association, a registered society of Delhi. The journal is run by a two-tiered structure of an editorial board that is led by one or more Managing Editors. It is published by [[SAGE Publications]]. The founding [[editor-in-chief]] was [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]], who was succeeded by [[Dharma Kumar]]. After Dharma Kumar relinquished its editorship on account of illness in early 1990s, Sanjay Subrahmanyam took over and was soon followed by Sunil Kumar who became a Managing Editor alongwith G. Balachandran. Sunil Kumar was the person behind the journal until he died suddenly in January 2021 when he was replaced by Pankaj Jha. Currently it has seven editors including Sanjay Subrahmanyam and Whitney Cox. Pankaj Jha (LSR College, DU) Tirthankar Roy (London School of Economics), and Jyoti Balachandran (Pennsylvania State University) are its current Managing Editors. {https://journals.sagepub.com/editorial-board/IER}. The journal is a member of the [[Committee on Publication Ethics]] (COPE).

== Abstracting and indexing ==
''Indian Economic and Social History Review'' is abstracted and indexed in:
* [[EBSCO Information Services|EBSCO]]: [[EconLit]]
* [[ProQuest]]: [[International Bibliography of the Social Sciences]] (IBSS)
* [[Social Sciences Citation Index]] ([[Web of Science]])
* [[SCOPUS]]
* [[Research Papers in Economics]] (RePEc)
* [[DeepDyve]]
* [[Portico]]
* [[Dutch-KB]]
* [[Pro-Quest]]-RSP
* [[EBSCO Information Services|EBSCO]]
* [[Ohio]]
* Sociological Abstracts - ProQuest
* Social Services Abstracts - ProQuest
* Worldwide Political Science Abstracts - ProQuest
* [[Bibliography of Asian Studies]] (BAS)
* [[J-Gate]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
* [http://publicationethics.org/members/indian-economic-and-social-history-review= COPE]

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.sagepub.com/journals/Journal201284}}
* [http://www.sagepub.in/journals/Journal201284?siteId=sage-india&prodTypes=any&q=ier&pageTitle=productsSearch#tabview=title= Homepage]

[[Category:Asian history journals]]
[[Category:Economic history journals]]
[[Category:SAGE Publishing academic journals]]
[[Category:Academic journals established in 1964]]
[[Category:Quarterly journals]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]

{{Econ-hist-stub}}
{{sociology-stub}}
{{india-hist-stub}}
{{history-journal-stub}}

Wendell Rodricks

2025-10-24T22:43:25Z

ScarlettNicholso: creating

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer and author (1960–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox fashion designer
| name = Wendell Rodricks
| image = Wendell Rodricks.jpg
| caption = Rodricks in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1960|5|28}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|2|12|1960|5|28}}
| death_place = [[Colvale]], [[Goa]], India
| partner = Jerome Marrel ([[Civil solidarity pact|PACS]] in 2002)
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]](2014)
* [[Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres]] (2015)
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Fashion designer|author
}}
| website = {{URL|wendellrodricks.com}}
}}

'''Wendell Rodricks''' (28 May 1960 – 12 February 2020) was an Indian [[fashion designer]] and author based in [[Colvale]], Goa.<ref name="IEDeath">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/goa/wendell-rodricks-passes-away-at-goa-home-6264892/|title=Fashion designer, activist Wendell Rodricks passes away at Goa home|date=12 February 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-15|title=Wendell Rodricks was an icon of Indian's LGBTQ rights movement — a pioneer who ventured where few had dared to|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/wendell-rodricks-was-an-icon-of-indians-lgbtq-rights-movement-a-pioneer-who-ventured-where-few-had-dared-to-8041731.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Firstpost}}</ref> He was also an activist for social causes, environment and [[gay rights]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/hes-quite-an-activist-jerome-marrel-on-his-husband-wendell-rodricks-521417.html|title=He's quite an activist: Jerome Marrel on his partner, Wendell Rodricks|last=Saran|first=Sathya|date=15 November 2012|website=Firstpost|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Government of India]] awarded him its fourth-highest civilian award, the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name=padmashri />

==Early life==
Wendell Rodricks was born on 28 May 1960<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/wendell-rodricks-to-interact-with-students/article7840330.ece|title=Wendell Rodricks to interact with students|date=4 November 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 May 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fashionfresta.com/the-top-fashion-designers-in-india/|title=The top fashion designers in India|date=12 October 2014|website=FashionFresta.com|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> to [[Goan Catholics|Goan Catholic]] parents, Greta and Felix in [[Parel]], [[Bombay]].<ref name="IELadiesTailor20">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/a-glimpse-into-wendells-goa-6277251/|title=Wendell's Goa: How a sleepy village fell in love with a gay 'ladies tailor'|first=Smita|last=Nair|date=24 February 2020|website=The Indian Express|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> He was the eldest brother to Robin, Chester and Joel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Shri Wendell Rodricks laid to rest in Colvale|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/padma-shri-wendell-rodricks-laid-to-rest-in-colvale/|date=13 February 2020|website=The Navhind Times|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> The original surname of the family was "Rodrigues", but changed to "Rodricks" after a misspelling during his grandfather's time. He grew up in [[Mahim]]<ref name="IELadiesTailor20" /> and attended St. Michael's High School in Mahim. After completing his school education, he completed a graduate diploma in catering.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fashion is not important: Wendell Rodricks |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/18wendell.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=18 July 2003 |access-date=13 December 2008 |author=Sita Menon }}</ref> He then joined as an assistant director of the Royal Oman Police (ROP) Officers Club in [[Muscat]] in 1982.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/motoring/top-indian-designer-wendell-rodricks-remembers-the-many-cars-he-has-had-the-luxury-to-drive/article26718112.ece|title=I had to learn driving twice|last=Basu|first=Soma|date=3 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 May 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, he did not pursue these professions but moved to fashion designing. He began by using his savings to study fashion in [[Los Angeles]] and [[Paris]].<ref name="NYTBikini">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/30/fashion/museum-costume-goa-india.html|title=Isn't Goa Style a Bikini? Not According to a New Museum|last=Khan|first=Sarah A.|date=30 March 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=18 May 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Career==
===Fashion===
Rodricks began his career in fashion by designing for Garden Vareli, [[Lakmé Cosmetics]] and [[DeBeers]].<ref name="BSPadmaShri" /> When in Paris, with his first portfolio in hand, he was advised to put "your country in your clothes".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/i-have-broken-many-rules-wendell-rodricks/article8414471.ece|title='I have broken many rules': Wendell Rodricks|last=Mittal|first=Vidhi|date=30 March 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 May 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He launched his own label in 1989, with his first show held at the Regal Room of the [[Oberoi Hotel]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=Fashion's vision|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/wendell-rodricks-fashion-vision-6266938/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> His first collection consisted of twelve ensembles, with model [[Mehr Jesia]]. Out of these, only six were complete outfits. He did not have enough funds for supplying all models with shoes or bottoms for their [[organza]] tunics.<ref name="WeekSojourn2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2018/03/31/designer-wendell-rodricks-and-his-museum-for-goan-costumes.html|title=A sartorial sojourn|website=The Week|last=Mathai|first=Anjuly|date=8 Apr 2018|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> Following this, Rodricks' work involved a wide range of fashion, from lecturing on world costume history (at [[SNDT Women's University]]) to fashion journalism and styling for international advertising campaigns.<ref name="NYTBikini" /> He was the first Indian designer to be invited to IGEDO, the world's largest garment fair, in 1995; the first Indian designer to open the [[Dubai Fashion Week]] in 2001; and was invited to present at the [[Paris Fashion Week]] [[Pret a Porter]] salon in 2007.<ref name="ToIEndEra2016" /> He was a fellow design member of the [[Fashion Design Council of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-i-broke-down-and-cried-wendell-rodricks-1958045|title=I broke down and cried!: Wendell Rodricks|date=29 January 2014|first=Zahra|last=Khan|website=DNA India|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=2120588265|title=Fashion Design Council of India (FDCI)|website=fdci.org|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101209/http://www.fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=2120588265|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rodricks was known for pioneering the idea of resort wear and for advocating [[eco-friendly]] fashion. In 2010, he revived the traditional Goan attire of the ''[[Gauda and Kunbi|kunbi]] [[sari]]''. He convinced [[Pratibha Patil]], [[Priyanka Gandhi]] and [[Sonia Gandhi]] to be its patrons, thus increasing the cost from a meagre {{INRConvert|700|year=2017}} to more than {{INRConvert|7000|year=2017}}, for the benefit of the weavers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/reviving-the-kunbi/article17441541.ece|title=Reviving the Kunbi|last=Zachariah|first=Preeti|date=10 March 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 May 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was also a part of the ''[[khadi]]'' movement, and even promoted it at the world's largest organic fair, [[BioFach]], at [[Nuremberg]], Germany, in 2011 when he was invited there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat-life/from-huts-to-high-streets-khadi-comes-of-age-571810|title=From huts to high streets: Khadi comes of age|publisher=NDTV|date=30 Sep 2011|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> In 2017, he presented a collection for [[Plus-size clothing|plus-size]] women at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/wendell-rodricks-presents-plussize-collection-at-lfw-1503237614434|title=Wendell Rodricks presents plus-size collection at LFW|website=Inshorts - Stay Informed|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/wendell-rodricks-lakme-fashion-week-winterfestive-2017/|title=Wendell Rodricks at Lakmé Fashion Week winter/festive 2017|date=20 August 2017|website=VOGUE India|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

Rodricks dressed many over the decades. When his close friend [[Lisa Ray]] decided to get married in 2012, she chose a gown designed by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/lisa-wendell-gown-satya-paul-sari-wedding-118918-2012-10-17|title=Lisa chooses Wendell's gown, Satya Paul sari for wedding|date=17 Oct 2012|website=India Today|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> In 2014, he paid tribute to actress [[Rekha]] at the Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week (WIFW), on the occasion of her 60th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/wendell-rodricks-tribute-for-evergreen-rekha-on-60th-birthday-678273|title=Wendell Rodricks' Tribute for Evergreen Rekha on 60th Birthday|website=NDTVMovies.com|date=12 October 2014 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> Rodricks helped [[Deepika Padukone]], who had been modelling with him for roughly two years then, get her debut role in ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'', by recommending her to [[Malaika Arora]], who in turn recommended her to [[Farah Khan]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/malaika-arora-deepika-padukone-om-shanti-om-wendell-rodricks-1039745-2017-09-07|title=Throwback Thursday: Did you know Malaika Arora helped Deepika Padukone bag her first film Om Shanti Om?|date=7 Sep 2017|website=India Today|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> He also helped [[Anushka Sharma]], launching her as a model in his 2007 Les Vamps Show at the Lakme Fashion Week and encouraged her to move to Mumbai when she was just 18 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/wendell-rodricks-was-why-i-moved-to-mumbai-at-18-anushka-sharma-pays-tribute-to-designer-2179388|title=Wendell Rodricks Was Why I Moved To Mumbai at 18: Anushka Sharma Pays Tribute To Designer|date=13 February 2020|first= Aakanksha|last=Raghuvanshi|website=NDTV.com|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>

In 2016, he announced his retirement from his label, to concentrate on his museum. He handed over creative control to his student, Schulen Fernandes, who first worked with him in 1999.<ref name="ToIEndEra2016">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/End-of-an-era-in-fashion-as-Wendell-Rodricks-retires-from-his-own-label/articleshow/53850524.cms|title=Wendell Rodricks: End of an era in fashion as Wendell Rodricks retires from his own label|date=25 Aug 2016|first1=Lisa |last1=Monteiro |website=The Times of India|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>

===Acting===
Rodricks made cameo appearances in the 2003 film ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]'' and in the television play ''[[True West (play)|True West]]'' in 2002. He also played himself in the 2008 film ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''.<ref name="BSPadmaShri">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/wendell-rodricks-gets-standing-ovation-at-lfw-for-padma-shri-114031500020_1.html|title=Wendell Rodricks gets standing ovation at LFW for Padma Shri|date=15 March 2014|work=Business Standard India|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/i-cannot-sit-on-a-film-set-endlessly-wendell-rodricks/15519172|title=I cannot sit on a film set endlessly: Wendell Rodricks|date=10 August 2014|website=Mid-Day|last=Garg|first=Nikshubha|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>

===Writing===
Rodricks contributed to journals of travel and art, and wrote about food, especially [[Goan cuisine]].<ref name="NIEPoskem">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/books/2017/nov/06/poskem-wendell-rodricks-draws-attention-to-grim-goan-tradition-4526.html|title=Poskem: Wendell Rodricks draws attention to grim Goan tradition|first=Jaideep|last=Sen|date=6 November 2017|website=The New Indian Express Indulge|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref>

In 2012, Rodricks released his autobiography, titled ''The Green Room''. The books was the result of a writing challenge by Goan author, [[Venita Coelho]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/designers/The-Green-Room-was-born-out-of-a-challenge-Wendell-Rodricks/articleshow/17400685.cms|title='The Green Room' was born out of a challenge: Wendell Rodricks|first=Ipshita|last=Mitra|date=6 Feb 2013|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Excerpts-from-Wendell-Rodricks-The-Green-Room/articleshow/15746446.cms|title=Excerpts from Wendell Rodricks' The Green Room|date=12 Oct 2002|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref>

In 2017, he released ''Poskem: Goans in the Shadows''. It is a work of fiction about ''poskem'', orphans taken in by well-off Goan families, who were employed as servants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-slavery-book/fashion-designer-exposes-domestic-servitude-in-indias-sunshine-state-idUSL3N1NJ27I/|title=Fashion designer Wendell Rodricks exposes domestic servitude in India's 'sunshine state' Goa|date=13 November 2017|first=Anuradha|last=Nagaraj|work=Reuters|access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/101117/poskem-an-unheard-saga.html|title=Poskem: An unheard saga|last=James|first=Merin|date=10 November 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref> The book features illustrations by [[Mario Miranda]].<ref name="NIEPoskem" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Books
!Year of Publication !! Name !! Notes !!Reference
|-
|2012 ||''Moda Goa: History and Style'' ||Goan Fashion ||<ref name="HuffPostMuseum2016" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Moda Goa-History And Style|last=Rodricks|first=Wendell|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|year=2012|isbn=9789350292112|location=India}}</ref>
|-
|2012 ||''The Green Room ''||Autobiography ||<ref name="FirstpostJerome2014" />
|-
|2017 ||''Poskem: Goans in the Shadows'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/848475/wendell-rodrickss-book-on-a-dark-secret-of-goa-stops-short-of-telling-the-entire-truth|title=Wendell Rodricks's book on a dark secret of Goa stops short of telling the entire truth|last=Sudarshan|first=Aditya|website=Scroll.in|date=28 August 2017 |access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5oyDwAAQBAJ|title=Poskem: Goans in the Shadows|last=Rodricks|first=Wendell|date=30 June 2017|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=9789352761234|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Other pursuits===
From 1993 onwards, Rodricks resided in a 450-year-old house in [[Colvale]], named Casa Dona Maria. In 2016, he and his partner moved to a smaller house nearby to convert the larger one into a museum of Goan fashion,<ref name="HuffPostMuseum2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/06/01/wendell-rodricks-goan-fas_n_10232914.html|title=Designer Wendell Rodricks Converts 450-Year-Old Home into Museum For Goan Fashion|last=Nayar|first=Aashmita|date=1 June 2016|website=HuffPost India|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> named the Moda Goa Museum and Research Centre. The museum was initially set to open to the public in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/indian-fashion-world-loses-pioneering-multifaceted-designer/article30805024.ece | title=Indian fashion world loses pioneering, multifaceted designer Wendell Rodricks| newspaper=The Hindu| date=13 February 2020| last1=Vij| first1=Gauri}}</ref> Rodricks worked on collecting exhibits for it since 1998, when he began his research into Goa's costumes and clothing. He had since collected 800 exhibits, ranging from an original ''pano bhaju'', to [[Reita Faria]]'s bathing suit (which won her the title of [[Miss World]] in 1966), to an ''[[apsara]]'' found in a nearby field dating to a [[Buddhist]] monastery from the 7th century.<ref name="NYTBikini" /><ref name="NIEKeeperCulture">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/cover/2019/mar/17/the-keeper-of-culture-wendell-rodricks-on-the-moda-foa-museum-of-costumes-and-other-projects-13443.html|title=The keeper of culture: Wendell Rodricks on the Moda Goa museum of costumes, and other projects|first=Jaideep|last=Sen|date=17 March 2019|website=The New Indian Express Indulge|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref> {{As of|2024|May}}, the museum was not opened publicly. After Rodricks' death, his partner, Marell, has been working to complete the museum for its opening.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=Leaving a living legacy for Goans |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Leaving-a-living-legacy-for-Goans/221884 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

Rodricks was also one of the speakers at [[TEDx]]Panaji 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=50850|title=Innovating hacks for a better future|first=Jay|last=Joshi|date=18 Apr 2019|website=The Goan|access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref>

==Activism==
Rodricks wrote a column in the Goa-based monthly ''[[Goa Today]]'', where he often raised issues of social concerns and the environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/wendell-rodricks-turns-into-environmental-activist/776987|title=Wendell Rodricks Turns into Environmental Activist|work=Outlook India |first=Nikhil |last=Agarwal |date=2 October 2012}}</ref> In the mid-2000s, he began a mailing list with [[Margaret Mascarenhas]], urging citizens to report cases of lack of waste management.<ref name="FirstpostMultitudes20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/wendell-rodricks-passes-away-fashion-designer-is-too-small-a-term-to-encompass-the-multitudes-that-was-padma-shri-awardee-8036741.html|title=Wendell Rodricks passes away: Fashion designer is too small a term to encompass the multitudes that was Padma Shri awardee|website=Firstpost|first=Manjima|last=Bhattacharjya|date=15 Feb 2020|access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref> He spoke out against the IRFW (India Resort Fashion Week) in 2012 stating that it "damages the environment".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/e-fashion/2012/oct/08/im-against-irfw-it-damages-environment-wendell-rodricks-413205.html|title=I'm against IRFW, it damages environment: Wendell Rodricks|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 October 2012 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> In 2018, he started a helpline for the [[LGBTQ community]] with the help of Ruby Almeida, the co-chair of Global Network of Rainbow Catholics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/wendell-rodricks-lgbtq-helpline-has-churchs-blessing/19942198|title=Wendell Rodricks LGBTQ helpline has Church s blessing|date=2 November 2018|website=Mid-Day|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> In 2019, he petitioned against the demolition of a 100-year-old church in Colvale, Goa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/goa-news/over-100-year-old-st-anthonys-chapel-in-goa-faces-demolition-pm-modi-urged-to-save-2006708|title=Designer Wendell Rodricks Urges PM Modi To Save 100-Year-Old Goan Chapel|website=NDTV.com|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> He had previously closed one of his boutiques in a resort owned by a mine owner, in protest of the illegal mining in Goa. He also unsuccessfully campaigned against the cutting down of six mango trees to make a highway in Colvale, citing that they were more than 200 years old.<ref name="FirstpostMultitudes20" />

Wendell Rodricks was a patron of the [[KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival]], the annual LGBTQ film festival in Mumbai, and instituted an award for Best Poster Design in 2012 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/wendell-rodricks-announces-winner-of-kashish-2012-poster-contest.html|title=Wendell Rodricks announces winner of KASHISH 2012 poster contest |website=yahoo.com/|date=22 May 2012 |access-date=22 May 2012}}</ref> and continued to support the award every year. He also picked the winning entry every year as the Honorary Judge, with his keen aesthetic eye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://youthincmag.com/wendell-rodricks-picks-kashish-2020-poster-contest-winner|title=Wendell Rodricks picks KASHISH 2020 Poster Contest Winner |website=youthincmag.com/|date=10 February 2020 |access-date=10 Feb 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rodricks was actively homosexual since he was 19 years old, and formalized his relationship with a wealthy French businessman named Jerome Marrel in a [[Civil solidarity pact]] in Paris in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/they-expected-me-to-be-this-terrible-monster-who-d-try-to-grab-them/cid/1534837|date=14 Oct 2007|title='They expected me to be this terrible monster...who'd try to grab them'|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> He had met Marrel in [[Oman]] through a friend who set them up while Rodricks was working there for the [[Royal Oman Police]] (ROP) Officers Club in 1983. Rodricks credited Marrel for his success as a fashion designer, in his autobiography, ''The Green Room.''<ref name="FirstpostJerome2014">{{cite news|last1=Sathya|first1=Saran|title=He's quite an activist: Jerome Marrel on his partner, Wendell Rodricks|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/hes-quite-an-activist-jerome-marrel-on-his-husband-wendell-rodricks-521417.html|access-date=19 July 2014|publisher=Firstpost|date=13 November 2012}}</ref> They both loved travelling and had visited over 150 countries together.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travelandleisureindia.in/wendell-rodricks-jerome-marrel/|title=Wendell Rodricks & Jerome Marrel Talk To Us About 25 Years Of Travelling Together|last=Pushpan|first=Shikha|date=11 February 2019|website=Travel + Leisure India|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517144619/https://travelandleisureindia.in/wendell-rodricks-jerome-marrel/|archive-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>

Rodricks lived and worked in Bombay (Mumbai) until the [[1993 Bombay bombings]], following which he moved with his partner Marrell and their pet dogs to his ancestral village of [[Colvale]] in [[Goa]]. He donated towards the improvement of the village and started a scholarship for the toppers of the schools of the village, in memory of his parents.<ref name="IELadiesTailor20" />

Rodricks was [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], and a founding member and prominent activist of the LGBT Catholic advocacy group Rainbow Catholics India.<ref>
{{cite web
|url= https://questlgbti.uk/rainbow-catholics-india-death-of-wendell-rodricks/
|title=Rainbow Catholics India: Death of Wendell Rodricks
|work=Quest UK
|date=12 February 2020
}}</ref>
He was the godfather of Arhaan Khan, the son of the film-maker [[Arbaaz Khan]] and his ex-wife [[Malaika Arora]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Bandra-church-stymies-Salmans-godfather-ambition/articleshow/31011319.cms|title=Bandra church stymies Salman's godfather ambition |first=Roshni|last=Olivera |date=12 December 2002 |website=The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> Rodricks played a large role in forming the career of Arora and remained close to her and her family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/6nhhJv15PwMuPXk0xRL0kN/End-of-the-muse.html|title=End of the muse|last=Vasudev|first=Shefalee|date=11 March 2016|website=LiveMint|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>

==Death==
Rodricks died on 12 February 2020 at his residence in [[Colvale]], Goa, at the age of 59.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/fashion/indian-fashion-designer-wendell-rodricks-dies-in-goa-45331|title=Popular Fashion Designer Wendell Rodricks Passes Away|date=12 February 2020|work=Mumbai Live|access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref> On 13 February, the [[Goa Police]] announced that they were still investigating the cause of his death, although it was allegedly reported that he had been suffering from a prolonged illness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/goa-police-on-wendell-rodricks-cause-of-death-being-ascertained-1645944-2020-02-13|title=Goa police on Wendell Rodricks: Cause of death being ascertained|date=13 February 2020|website=India Today|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> A close friend of his reported that he had died due to heart failure during an afternoon nap. His funeral was held on 13 February at the St Francis of Assisi Church, Colvale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/close-friend-of-wendell-rodricks-says-ace-designer-died-in-his-sleep20200213233536/|title=Close friend of Wendell Rodricks says ace designer died in his sleep|date=13 Feb 2020|website=ANI|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Padma Shri]] in 2014<ref name="padmashri">{{cite web|title=Padma Shri to Wendell Rodricks would help LGBT Community in India|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/padma-shri-to-wendell-rodricks-would-help-lgbt-community-in-india/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=27 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs| url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=69364 |date=25 January 2014|access-date = 26 January 2014}}</ref>
* [[Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres]] ({{translation|Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters}}) in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/french-award-for-wendell-rodricks-know-everything-about-the-award-250759-2015-04-29|title=Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters award for Wendell Rodricks : Know everything about the award|date=30 April 2015|website=India Today|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>
* Rainbow Warrior Award in 2014 by [[KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival]]<ref name="IEDeath"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-diary-page-wednesday-whispers/15333197|title=Warriors in a noble cause|date=28 May 2014|website=Mid-Day|access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|www.wendellrodricks.com}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{YouTube|N7jjTxt1-3E|Presentation: Goan Pano Bhaju by Wendell Rodricks (GALF 2017)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodricks, Wendell}}

[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian gay artists]]
[[Category:Indian gay writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]

Nikhil Kanetkar

2025-09-23T08:26:27Z

ScarlettNicholso: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Nikhil Kanetkar
| image = Nikhil Kanetkar - Bronze Mens Singles 35+ BWF World Senior Championship 2017 Kochi-Kerala.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption = Nikhil Kanetkar at [[2017 BWF World Senior Championships]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|05|13}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| height = {{convert|1.73|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight =
| event = Men's singles
| highest_ranking = 33
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking =
| date_of_current_ranking =
| country = {{IND}}
| mixed_doubles_partner =
| coach =
| handedness = Left
| bwfbadminton_id = 12054
| bwf_id = 4EBA614D-A525-497E-B49C-2EBDD2FE4893
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[BWF World Senior Championships|World Senior Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2017 BWF World Senior Championships|2017 Kochi]] | [[2017 BWF World Senior Championships – 35+|Men's singles +35]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 1998 Commonwealth Games|1998 Kuala Lumpur]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]] | Men's singles }}
}}

'''Nikhil Kanetkar''' (born 13 May 1979) is an Indian former badminton player from [[Pune]].<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/nikhil-kanetkar-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418094912/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/nikhil-kanetkar-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Nikhil Kanetkar |accessdate=6 February 2010}}</ref>

Born in a [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] family, Kanetkar played [[badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] in men's singles, defeating [[Sergio Llopis]] of [[Spain]] in the first round. In the round of 16, Kanetkar was defeated by [[Peter Gade]] of [[Denmark]].<ref name="sports-reference" /> In addition to Olympics, Kanetkar has represented India in the [[Thomas Cup]], [[All England Open Badminton Championships|All England Open]], [[Asian Games]], World Championships, [[Commonwealth Games]], [[South Asian Games|SAF Games]], [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]], [[French Open (badminton)|French Open]], Toulouse Open and numerous other championships.

In 2011, he retired from competitive sports and set up Nikhil Kanetkar Badminton Academy (NKBA, www.nkba.in) in Pune, India. The academy is based at [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], Mahalunge-Balewadi, Pune, India. NKBA was established with a vision of "Grooming Talent to Make Champions". Nikhil Kanetkar is currently the Director and Head Coach of NKBA.

Kanetkar is also a columnist and commentator. He wrote for the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] newspaper [[Sakal]] from [[Athens]] during the Olympics and subsequently was invited by [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|StarSports]] for covering the Badminton events of the 2016 Rio Olympics.

Kanetkar played after 7 years post retirement and won the Men's Singles Title in the 35+ age category in the 41st Indian Masters (Veterans) National Badminton Championships 2016–17 organised by Kerala Badminton Association at Regional Sports Centre, Kadavanthra, Kochi, Kerala. In September 2017, he won the bronze medal in the same age group at the BWF World Senior Badminton Championship held in [[Kochi]], India.

== Achievements ==

=== BWF World Senior Championships ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Event
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2017 BWF World Senior Championships|2017]]
| align="left" | [[Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium]], [[Kochi]], India
| align="left" | [[2017 BWF World Senior Championships – 35+|Men's singles +35]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Naruenart Chuaymak]]
| align="left" | 3–8 Retired
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

=== South Asian Games ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFAAAA"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2006 South Asian Games|2006]]
| align="left" | Sugathadasa Indoor Stadium, [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chetan Anand (badminton)|Chetan Anand]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|}

=== IBF World Grand Prix ===
The World Badminton Grand Prix was sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006.

''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D4F1C5"
| align="center" | 1999
| align="left" | [[U.S. Open Badminton Championships|U.S. Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Colin Haughton]]
| align="left" | 6–15, 0–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

=== IBF International ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2006
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India Satellite]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Cheol-ho]]
| align="left" | 11–21, 11–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2006
| align="left" | [[Victorian International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Richard Vaughan (badminton)|Richard Vaughan]]
| align="left" | 20–22, 13–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2005
| align="left" | [[South Africa International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IRI}} [[Kaveh Mehrabi]]
| align="left" | 15–8, 15–7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2004
| align="left" | [[Mauritius International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhinn Shyam Gupta]]
| align="left" | 16–17, 8–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2003
| align="left" | [[Le Volant d'Or de Toulouse]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andreas Wölk]]
| align="left" | 15–9, 15–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2002
| align="left" | [[Welsh International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Irwansyah (badminton)|Irwansyah]]
| align="left" | 6–15, 11–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2001
| align="left" | [[Scottish Open (badminton)|Scottish International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Irwansyah (badminton)|Irwansyah]]
| align="left" | 5–7, 6–8, 2–7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 1998
| align="left" | [[Sri Lanka International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ting Chih-chen]]
| align="left" | 15–13, 15–6
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

==Sources==
*[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kanetkar-saina-lead-dday-challenge/16785/ Kanetkar, Saina lead D-day challenge]
*[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-choose-not-to-be-frustrated-kanetkar/423866/0 I choose not to be frustrated: Kanetkar]
*[http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/mar/18bad.htm Nikhil Kanetkar loses in semis]
*[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040806/asp/sports/story_3590142.aspTough task for shuttlers – Aparna Popat, Abhinn Shyam Gupta and Nikhil Kanetkar carry Indian hopes]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20030117052145/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/12/03/stories/2002120301172100.htm Nikhil Kanetkar is runner-up]}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{BWFB|12054}}
* {{BWFT|4EBA614D-A525-497E-B49C-2EBDD2FE4893|member_id=12054}}
* {{Olympics.com}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{CGF profile}}
* [https://www.nkba.in/ Nikhil Kanetkar Badminton Academy]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanetkar, Nikhil}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:Olympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 South Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi sportspeople]]

{{India-badminton-bio-stub}}

Thirumalayampalayam

2025-08-19T22:29:26Z

ScarlettNicholso: small fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thirumalayampalayam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Panchayat town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|51|35|N|76|53|58|E|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 30.65
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12164
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thirumalayampalayam''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Madukkarai taluk]] of [[Coimbatore district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Located in the western part of the state close to the border with [[Kerala]], it is one of the 33 panchayat towns in the district. Spread across an area of {{cvt|30.65|km2}}, it had a population of 12,164 individuals as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].

== Geography and administration ==
Thirumalayampalayam is located in [[Madukkarai taluk]] of [[Coimbatore district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="TP">{{cite web|url=https://www.townpanchayat.in/thirumalayampalayam|title=Thirumalayampalayam|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cra.tn.gov.in/tn_gvillages.pdf|title=Villages of Tamil Nadu|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It is one of the 33 [[panchayat town]]s in the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/townpanchayats.pdf|title=Town panchayats in Tamil Nadu|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/tamilnadu/coimbatore/3341257000__thirumalayampalayam/|title=Thirumalayampalayam|work=Citypopulation.de|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Spread across an area of {{cvt|30.65|km2}}, it is located on the road connecting [[Coimbatore]] with [[Palakkad]] in the [[Kongu Nadu|western part]] of the state close to the border with [[Kerala]].<ref name="TP"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dmfcoimbatore.in/geographical-setup|title=Coimbatore geographical setup|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

The town panchayat is headed by a chairperson, who is elected by the members representing each of the 15 wards. The members are elected through direct elections.<ref name="TP"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|title=Local Government|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004071216/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The town forms part of the [[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] and the [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/web/pslist/english/Coimbatore_eng.pdf|title=Polling stations in Coimbatore district|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Thirumalayampalayam had a population of 12,164 individuals across 3,375 households.<ref name="Census">{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=33&district=632&subdistrict=5898&town_village=803999&geo_level=4&format=csv|title=Geo level data: Census of India 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref> The population saw a marginal increase compared to the previous census in [[2001 Census of India|2001]] when 11,136 inhabitants were registered. The population consisted of 6,034 males and 6,130 females.<ref name="Pop"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 June 2008|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref> About 1,024 individuals were below the age of six years.<ref name="Census"/> About 23.9% of the population belonged to [[scheduled castes]] and 1.3% belonged to [[scheduled tribes]]. The entire population is classified as urban. The town has an average literacy rate of 71.9%.<ref name="Pop"/><ref name="Census"/>

About 52.8% of the eligible population were employed, of which majority were involved in [[agriculture]] and allied activities.<ref name="Pop"/><ref name="Census"/> [[Hinduism]] was the majority religion which was followed by 97.2% of the population, with [[Christianity]] (1.7%) and [[Islam]] (0.7%) being minor religions.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS|title=Religion: Census of India 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Coimbatore district]]

2004 Chennai Open

2025-06-24T05:15:22Z

ScarlettNicholso: cleanup page per sources and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{TennisEventInfo|2004|Chennai Open|
| date=5–11 January
| edition=9th
| category=[[ATP International Series|International Series]]
| draw=32S / 16D
| prize_money=[[USD|$]]355,000
| surface=Hard / outdoors
| location=[[Chennai]], India
| venue=[[SDAT Tennis Stadium]]
| champs={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Moyá]]<ref name="ms">{{cite web |title=2004 Chennai – Singles draw |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/chennai/891/2004/draws?matchtype=singles |publisher=Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)}}</ref>
| champd={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rafael Nadal]] / {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tommy Robredo]]<ref name="md">{{cite web |title=2004 Chennai – Doubles draw |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/chennai/891/2004/draws?matchtype=doubles|publisher=Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)}}</ref>
}}

The '''2004 Chennai Open''' was a men's [[tennis]] tournament played on [[Hardcourt|outdoor hard courts]] at the [[SDAT Tennis Stadium]] in [[Chennai]] in India, part of the [[ATP International Series|International Series]] of the [[2004 ATP Tour]]. It ran from 5 January through 11 January 2004. First-seeded [[Carlos Moyá]] won the singles title while [[Rafael Nadal]] and [[Tommy Robredo]] took the doubles.

==Finals==
===Singles===
{{main|2004 Chennai Open – Singles}}
{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Moyá]] defeated {{flagicon|THA}} [[Paradorn Srichaphan]] 6–4, 3–6, 7–6(7–5)
* It was Moyá's 1st title of the year and the 14th of his career.

===Doubles===
{{main|2004 Chennai Open – Doubles}}
{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rafael Nadal]] / {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tommy Robredo]] defeated {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Jonathan Erlich]] / {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Andy Ram]] 7–6(7–3), 4–6, 6–3
* It was Nadal's 1st title of the year and the 2nd of his career. It was Robredo's 1st title of the year and the 2nd of his career.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130203202444/http://www.aircelchennaiopen.org/2013/ Official website]
* [http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Tournaments/Chennai.aspx ATP tournament profile]

{{Chennai Open tournaments}}
{{2004 ATP Tour}}

[[Category:2004 Chennai Open| ]]
[[Category:2004 ATP Tour|Chennai Open]]
[[Category:2004 in Indian tennis|Chennai Open]]
[[Category:Chennai Open]]
[[Category:January 2004 sports events in India]]

New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2003–04

2025-05-30T03:57:42Z

ScarlettNicholso: put up details

{{short description|none}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2003–04
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of New Zealand.svg
| team2_name = New Zealand
| from_date = 23 November
| to_date = 16 December 2003
| team1_captain = [[Mamatha Maben]]
| team2_captain = [[Maia Lewis]]
| no_of_tests = 1
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Hemlata Kala]] (110)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Haidee Tiffen]] (84)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Neetu David]] (6)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Rebecca Steele (cricketer)|Rebecca Steele]] (5)
| player_of_test_series =
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 4
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Jaya Sharma]] (309)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Maria Fahey]] (209)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Deepa Marathe]] (8)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Aimee Watkins]] (5)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Jaya Sharma]] (Ind)
}}

The [[New Zealand women's national cricket team]] toured [[India]] in November and December 2003. They played [[India women's national cricket team|India]] in one [[Women's Test cricket|Test match]] and five [[Women's One Day International|One Day Internationals]], drawing the Test and losing the ODI series 4–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-2003-04-62257 |title=New Zealand Women tour of India 2003/04 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/3/New_Zealand_Women_in_India_2003-04.html |title=New Zealand Women in India 2003/04 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! {{crw|IND}}<ref name="IND-squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=1000;team=1863;type=series |title=Records / New Zealand Women in India Women's ODI Series, 2003/04 - India Women / Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=15 July 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! {{crw|NZ}}<ref name="NZ-squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=1000;team=2614;type=series |title=Records / New Zealand Women in India Women's ODI Series, 2003/04 - New Zealand Women / Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=15 July 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Mamatha Maben]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]]
* [[Anjum Chopra]]
* [[Neetu David]]
* [[Jhulan Goswami]]
* [[Anju Jain]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Hemlata Kala]]
* [[Mamatha Kanojia]]
* [[Arundhati Kirkire]]
* [[Deepa Marathe]]
* [[Sunetra Paranjpe]]
* [[Mithali Raj]]
* [[Beas Sarkar]]
* [[Amita Sharma]]
* [[Jaya Sharma]]
|
* [[Maia Lewis]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nicola Browne]]
* [[Anna Dodd]]
* [[Maria Fahey]]
* [[Amanda Green (cricketer)|Amanda Green]]
* [[Michelle Lynch]]
* [[Katey Martin]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sara McGlashan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Louise Milliken]]
* [[Kate Pulford]]
* [[Natalee Scripps]]
* [[Rebecca Steele (cricketer)|Rebecca Steele]]
* [[Haidee Tiffen]]
* [[Aimee Watkins]]
|}

==Tour Matches==
===2-day match: Women's Cricket Association of India v New Zealand===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23 – 24 November 2003
| team1 = Women's Cricket Association of India {{flagicon|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 108 (72.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mamatha Maben]] 38 (144)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Natalee Scripps]] 3/8 (6 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 322/8 (95 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Maia Lewis]] 129 (173)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Babusha Singh 3/39 (13.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-2003-04-62257/women-s-cricket-association-of-india-xi-vs-new-zealand-women-tour-match-132069/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Middle Income Group Club Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===50-over match: Women's Cricket Association of India President's XI v New Zealand===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 December 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Women's Cricket Association of India President's XI
| score1 = 217/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sara McGlashan]] 80 (120)
| wickets1 = Chandarani Kamble 2/25 (7 overs)
| score2 = 79 (29.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Arundhati Kirkire]] 27 (54)
| wickets2 = [[Aimee Watkins]] 4/16 (9 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 138 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-2003-04-62257/women-s-cricket-association-of-india-president-s-xi-vs-new-zealand-women-tour-match-589980/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = ES Robbin (Ind) and JC Umrigar (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Women's Cricket Association of India President's XI won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Only WTest==
{{Test match
|date = 27 – 30 November 2003
|team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
|team2 = {{crw|IND}}

|score-team1-inns1 = 201/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (109.5 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Haidee Tiffen]] 66[[not out|*]] (252)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Neetu David]] 3/43 (31.5 overs)

|score-team2-inns1 = 277 (144.3 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hemlata Kala]] 110 (280)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rebecca Steele (cricketer)|Rebecca Steele]] 5/79 (42 overs)

|score-team1-inns2 = 102/4 (99 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Maria Fahey]] 60[[not out|*]] (303)
|wickets-team1-inns2 =

|score-team2-inns2 =
|runs-team2-inns2 =
|wickets-team2-inns2 =

|result = Match drawn
|venue = [[Bilakhiya Stadium]], [[Vapi]]
|umpires = Adil Palia (Ind) and Darabshah Doodhwala (Ind)
|motm = [[Hemlata Kala]] (Ind)
|report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-2003-04-62257/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-only-test-67520/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
|rain =
|notes = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]], [[Amita Sharma]] (Ind), [[Nicola Browne]], [[Maria Fahey]], [[Katey Martin]], [[Sara McGlashan]], [[Louise Milliken]], [[Kate Pulford]], [[Natalee Scripps]], [[Rebecca Steele (cricketer)|Rebecca Steele]], [[Haidee Tiffen]] and [[Aimee Watkins]] (NZ) all made their WTest debuts.
}}

==WODI Series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 December 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 191/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Haidee Tiffen]] 57 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Mamatha Maben]] 2/38 (10 overs)
| score2 = 192/5 (48.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jaya Sharma]] 60 (89)
| wickets2 = [[Aimee Watkins]] 2/30 (10 overs)
| result = India Women won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-2003-04-62257/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-1st-odi-67351/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Borni Jamula]] (Ind) and [[Suresh Shastri]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jaya Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Maria Fahey]], [[Katey Martin]] and [[Natalee Scripps]] (NZ) all made their WODI debuts.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 December 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 207/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Maia Lewis]] 47 (77)
| wickets1 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 2/30 (10 overs)
| score2 = 211/1 (47.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jaya Sharma]] 96[[not out|*]] (152)
| wickets2 = [[Rebecca Steele (cricketer)|Rebecca Steele]] 1/27 (10 overs)
| result = India Women won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-2003-04-62257/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-2nd-odi-67352/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Aurangabad District Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Aurangabad]]
| umpires = [[M. R. Singh]] (Ind) and [[Suresh Shastri]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jaya Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 December 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}
| score1 = 211/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mithali Raj]] 59 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Louise Milliken]] 1/42 (10 overs)
| score2 = 206/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Haidee Tiffen]] 56 (77)
| wickets2 = [[Deepa Marathe]] 3/37 (10 overs)
| result = India Women won by 5 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-2003-04-62257/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-3rd-odi-67188/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[C. K. Nandan]] (Ind) and [[Shavir Tarapore]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mithali Raj]] (Ind)
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 December 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 213/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Maria Fahey]] 91 (134)
| wickets1 = [[Mamatha Kanojia]] 3/48 (10 overs)
| score2 = 216/6 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anjum Chopra]] 59 (100)
| wickets2 = [[Aimee Watkins]] 2/40 (9 overs)
| result = India Women won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-2003-04-62257/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-4th-odi-67183/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Chandra Kumar (Ind) and [[O. Krishna]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mithali Raj]] (Ind)
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 December 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}
| score1 = 186/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jaya Sharma]] 59 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Anna Dodd]] 3/39 (10 overs)
| score2 = 187/8 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Maria Fahey]] 66 (113)
| wickets2 = [[Deepa Marathe]] 4/34 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-2003-04-62257/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-5th-odi-67353/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Chemplast Cricket Ground]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[G. A. Pratapkumar]] (Ind) and S. Balachandran (Ind)
| motm = [[Maria Fahey]] (NZ)
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Beas Sarkar]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-tour-of-india-2003-04-62257 New Zealand Women tour of India 2003/04] from ESPNcricinfo

{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{New Zealand women's national cricket team}}
{{International cricket in 2003–04}}
{{International women's cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2003-04}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:New Zealand women's national cricket team tours]]

Bhupinder Singh (Indian cricketer)

2025-04-04T01:24:19Z

ScarlettNicholso: general added references based on references further for clarity

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1965)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala]] or [[Bhupinder Singh (cricketer, born 1970)]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Bhupinder Singh (Sr.)
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|1 April 1965}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India]]
| country = India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm fast-medium
| date = 6 March
| year = 2006
| source = http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26942.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Bhupinder Singh'''<ref>{{Cite web | access-date = 2007-03-16| work =ESPNcricinfo | title=ESPNcricinfo player page | url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/26942.html | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070129081301/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/26942.html | archivedate= 29 January 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> {{audio|Bhupinder_Singh_Sr..ogg|pronunciation}} (born 1 April 1965) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er. He played domestic cricket for [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] and played two [[One Day International]]s for [[Indian cricket team|India]] in 1994.

Bhupinder Singh was a member of [[Indian national cricket selectors|selection committee]], a post to which he was nominated in 2005,<ref>{{Cite web| access-date = 2007-03-14| work =ESPNcricinfo| title=2005/06 Selection Committee Announcement| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/227685.html}}</ref> and which he retained in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web| access-date = 2007-03-14| work =ESPNcricinfo| title=2006/08 Selection Committee Announcement| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/260675.html}}</ref>

Bhupinder Singh is also an administrator in the [[Punjab Cricket Association]].

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhupinder}}
[[Category:Punjab, India cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India national cricket team selectors]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Guru Gobind Singh Sports College, Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hoshiarpur]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1960s-stub}}

Doimukh–Sagalee Assembly constituency

2025-02-23T12:14:41Z

ScarlettNicholso: creating data.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Doimukh–Sagalee
| type= SLA
| state = Arunachal Pradesh
| established = 1978
| abolished = 1989<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 19,525 (1984)
| constituency_no = 9
| latest_election_year = [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Doimukh–Sagalee''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/1976-dpaco/mode/2up |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Tara Sinda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2 | Techi Takar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Doimukh–Sagalee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Techi Takar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,203 |percentage=39.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nabam Atum |party=Independent politician |votes=3,075 |percentage=23.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Techi Toka |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,843 |percentage=21.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarin Mallo |party=Independent politician |votes=848 |percentage=6.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hage Bida |party=Janata Party |votes=380 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. R. Dodum |party=Independent politician |votes=378 |percentage=2.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Dai |party=Independent politician |votes=289 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,128 |percentage=16.35% |change= {{increase}}12.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,016 |percentage=70.93% |change= {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,525 |ref = |change= {{increase}}62.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}12.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Doimukh–Sagalee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Techi Takar |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=4,225 |percentage=51.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khoda Tana |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,904 |percentage=48.03% |change={{increase}}29.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=321 |percentage=3.95% |change= {{decrease}}5.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,129 |percentage=71.59% |change= {{decrease}}11.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,991 |ref = |change= {{increase}}43.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}19.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Doimukh–Sagalee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Sinda |party=Janata Party |votes=2,149 |percentage=32.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khoda Tana |party=Independent politician |votes=1,520 |percentage=23.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarin Mallo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,243 |percentage=18.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Buda Tana |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,219 |percentage=18.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tem Tai |party=Independent politician |votes=458 |percentage=6.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=629 |percentage=9.55% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,589 |percentage=80.72% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,352 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Vasu Trivedi

2024-12-23T02:04:29Z

ScarlettNicholso: minor reworked page per standard format and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vasuben Trivedi
| image = Vasuben Trivedi by Rangilo.JPG
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jamnagar Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar Dakshin]]
| term_start = 2002
| term_end = 2017
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| office1 = Minister of State Education, Women and Child Welfare (Independent Charge)
}}
'''Vasuben Trivedi''' is a [[Member of Legislative assembly]] from [[Jamnagar Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar constituency]] in [[Gujarat]] for its [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|12th legislative assembly]]. She was Minister of State Education, Women and Child Welfare (Independent Charge) in [[Anandiben Patel ministry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TWELFTH GUJARAT LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY|url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm|publisher=Gujarat assembly|accessdate=19 May 2012|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226045131/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Vasu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jamnagar]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Phobaeticus annamallayanus

2024-12-18T22:36:01Z

ScarlettNicholso: put up entry

{{Short description|Species of insect}}

{{Speciesbox

|taxon=Phobaeticus annamallayanus

|authority=(Wood-Mason, 1877)

|synonyms=

*''Phibalosoma annamallayanum'' Wood-Mason, 1877

*''Pharnacia annamallayana'' (Wood-Mason, 1877)

}}
'''''Phobaeticus annamallayanus''''' is a species of [[stick insect]] found in forests in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Swapan Kumar |url=https://zsi.gov.in/uploads/documents/importantLinks/english/23.pdf |title=Checklist of Phasmida of India |last2=Mandal |first2=Kurapada |publisher=Zoological Survey of India}}</ref> Its [[Type (biology)#type locality|type location]] is in the forests of the Annamallay hills.

== Taxonomy ==

''Phobaeticus annamallayanus'' is one of the 24 species of [[Phasmatodea|phasmid]]s described by [[James Wood-Mason]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Bragg |first=P. E. |title=Biographies of Phasmatologists – 7. James Wood-Mason |date=2008 |journal=Phasmid Studies |volume=17 |issue=1 & 2 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/207205 |publisher=Phasmid Study Group}}</ref> He described the species from one preserved specimen given to him by a Colonel and a "much mutilated" dried specimen.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |page=161 |last=Wood-Mason|first=James |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111663#page/175/mode/1up |journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|title=New Insects from Tenasserim |date=1877 |location=Calcutta}}</ref> Both specimens were female.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Frank H. |first=Hennemann |last2=Conle |first2=Oskar V. |date=15 Oct 2008 |title=Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |isbn=978-1-86977-271-0 |eissn=1175-5334}}</ref> Wood-Mason originally described the species as ''Phibalosoma annamallayanum'',<ref name=":0" /> but the species was reclassified into the genus ''[[Pharnacia]]'' in 1904 with [[William Forsell Kirby]]'s ''A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirby |first=W. F. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/134559#page/373/mode/1up |title=A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=1904 |location=London}}</ref> It was subsequently renamed in 2008 as ''Phobaeticus annamallayanus'' based on the structure of its praeopercular organ, a structure only present in females and used during copulation''.<ref name=":1" />''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary - Phasmid Study Group |url=http://www.phasmidstudygroup.org/index.php/phasmids/knowledge-base/glossary |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.phasmidstudygroup.org}}</ref> The [[species epithet]] derives from the Annamallay Hills where they are found.<ref name=":1" />

The paper that recombined ''Pharnacia Annamallayanum''{{Sic}}{{Efn|Kirby listed the species epithet starting with a capital letter.}} as ''Phobaeticus annamallayanus'' noted that another species, ''[[Phobaeticus sinetyi]]'', bears many similarities to ''Ph.'' ''annamallayanus''; however, the authors concluded more material was necessary to decide whether ''Ph. sinetyi'' should be considered a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''Ph.'' ''annamallayanus''.<ref name=":1" />

== Description ==
Wood-Mason's original description was very brief.<ref name=":1" /> He noted that ''Ph. annamallayanus'' was similar to ''[[Phobaeticus serratipes|Ph. acanthopus]],'' but in general more compact and sturdy, with a "stout" body and "shorter and thicker" legs. In total, Wood-Mason's preserved specimen was {{Convert|22.2|cm|in}} long – the head was just {{Convert|1.48|cm|in}} in length but with {{Convert|5.1|cm|in|adj=on}} antennae; the [[mesothorax]], [[metathorax]] and [[Abdomen#Other animals|abdomen]] combined measured {{Convert|19.53|cm|in}}.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10627952}}{{Phasmatodea-stub}}

[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Phasmatidae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by James Wood-Mason]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1877]]

Goa Science Centre

2024-09-21T16:02:31Z

ScarlettNicholso: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Museum
|name = Goa Science Centre
|image = Entrance to Goa Science Center.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Entrance to Goa Science Center
|map_type =
|map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|15.477427|73.809075|display=inline}}
|established = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|12|19}}
|dissolved =
|location = [[Miramar, Panaji|Miramar]], [[Panjim]], [[Goa]]
|type = [[Science museum]]
|visitors = {{formatnum:1250000}} (2016)
|curator =
|publictransit =
|website = {{URL|gscgoa.org}}
|logo=|former_name=}}

The '''Goa Science Centre''' is a [[science museum]], located on New Marine Highway, [[Miramar, Panaji|Miramar]], [[Panjim]]. It is a joint project of a division of India's [[National Council of Science Museums]] (NCSM) and Goa's Department of Science Technology & Environment.

==Objective==

The centre aims to "...inculcate a scientific temper particularly among the young generation and to popularize science by bringing the excitement of Science & Technology for the common people."

==Science Centre==
The Science Centre covers {{convert|5|acre|ha}} of land, provided by the Government of Goa. It includes a park with exotic flowers, where visitors can learn and interact with large exhibits of principles of physics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goasciencecentre.in/science_park.php|title=Science Park :: Goa Science Centre & Planetarium|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-date=19 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519163804/http://www.goasciencecentre.in/science_park.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most exhibits give visitors the opportunity to participate actively, e.g. requiring people to lift themselves using pulleys and ropes. Activities are tailored to children, so they enjoy exploring, experiencing and learning about science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goa-tourism.com/GTDC-holidays/see-exploring-science-goa-science-centre.htm|title=Goa Tourism – Exploring Science – Goa Science Centre|last=quentin|website=goa-tourism.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref>

The centre also houses interactive exhibits inside the building and presents ''Science Shows'' for young children daily. The ''Digital Planetarium,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goasciencecentre.in/planetorium.php|title=Planetorium :: Goa Science Centre & Planetarium|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-date=2 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202012944/http://goasciencecentre.in/planetorium.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> 3-D Film Shows,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goasciencecentre.in/science_shows.php|title=Science shows :: Goa Science Centre & Planetarium|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-date=19 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519162555/http://www.goasciencecentre.in/science_shows.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Science Demonstration Lectures, Science Film Shows, Taramandal Shows and the Cyberlab Shows'' are suitable for all ages.

The Science Centre has an air-conditioned auditorium seating 140, where the Science Film Shows and other multimedia presentations are shown. The Cyberlab is a Multimedia Computer Lab designed to demonstrate and spread IT awareness to the public. There are two thematic galleries: Fun Science and Science of Oceans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goaprism.com/goa-science-centre/|title=Goa Science Centre|date=2014-07-07|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Swami Vivekananda Planetarium|Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, Mangalore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Museums in Goa]]
[[Category:Science museums in India]]
[[Category:Planetaria in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Panaji]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Goa]]
[[Category:Education in Panaji]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panaji]]

Shree Siddhi Vinayak Ganesh Temple, Nagda

2024-04-27T15:50:45Z

ScarlettNicholso: new

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to Ganesha in Nagda, Dewas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Nagda Ganesh Mandir
| image = File:Ganesh Mandir Nagda.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Nagda Ganesh Mandir
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|22|54|25.2|N|76|3|4.3|E|type:landmark_region:IN-MP|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Dewas]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Ganesha]]
| festivals = [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Shree Siddhi Vinayak Ganesh Mandir''' (also known as '''Nagda Ganesh Mandir''') is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Ganesha]]. It is located in Nagda, [[Dewas]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is situated at the end of Nagda village, about 7 km from the city.

The temple complex has a small mandap with the shrine of Siddhi Vinayak. Also, there is an ancient pond, and an ancient banyan tree in the lower part of which the figure of Lord Ganesha is embossed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=देवास के नागदा में प्राचीन गणेश मंदिर: राजा जन्मेजय ने करवाई थी स्थापना, वटवृक्ष पर भी उभरी है आकृति |url=https://www.patrika.com/dewas-news/dewas-news-7743316 |website=Patrika}}</ref>

==History==
It is believed that the temple dates back to the era of [[Pandava|Pandavas]] and was built by king [[Janamejaya]], son of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] king [[Parikshit]]. According to historians, the statue present in the temple is about 1100 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=MP : सिद्धि विनायक करते हैं मनोकामना पूरी, महाभारत काल से जुड़ा है मंदिर का इतिहास |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/indore/siddhvinayak-ganesh-temple-in-dewas-madhya-pradesh-ganesh-utsav-2022/articlecontent-pf487173-708029.html |website=OneIndia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=नागदा में 1100 साल पुरानी गणेश प्रतिमा:नीलकंठेश्वर महादेव के पास मौजूद है सिद्धिविनायक मंदिर, कुंड में नहाने से कुष्ठ और सफेद दाग ठीक होते हैं |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/dewas/news/siddhivinayak-ganesh-temple-in-nagda-1100-years-old-statue-belief-bathing-in-the-pool-cures-leprosy-and-white-spots-128912717.html |website=Bhaskar}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Dewas Tekri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dewas]]