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Shanvi Srivastava

2026-05-07T17:08:53Z

Sbahin: created initial stub nd citations

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanvi Srivastava
| image = Shanvi Srivastava.png
| caption = Srivastava in 2019
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|12|8}}
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actress
* model
}}
| relatives = [[Vidisha Srivastava]] (sister)
| website =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2012–present
}}

'''Shanvi Srivastava''' (born 8 December 1993) is an Indian actress and model who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-03-10 |title=Shanvi: RGV told me not to smile in Rowdy - Rediff.com Movies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-shanvi-rgv-told-me-not-to-smile-in-rowdy-south/20140310.htm |access-date=2014-04-04 |publisher=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite web |author=Ians - Chennai |date=2013-08-14 |title=Shanvi beats long working hours with yoga |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Shanvi-beats-long-working-hours-with-yoga/2013/08/14/article1734235.ece#.Uz6I2Pl_v_E |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822125652/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Shanvi-beats-long-working-hours-with-yoga/2013/08/14/article1734235.ece#.Uz6I2Pl_v_E |archive-date=22 August 2013 |access-date=2014-04-04 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Srivastava is the only Kannada actress to have won both the [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] for ''[[Masterpiece (2015 film)|Masterpiece]]'' and the [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] for ''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]''. She has appeared in successful films such as ''Masterpiece'' (2015), ''[[Sundaranga Jaana]]'' (2016), ''Tarak'' (2017), ''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]'' (2017), and ''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]'' (2019).<ref name="yahoo1">{{cite web |date=2014-01-07 |title=Aadi and I have matured as actors since 'Lovely': Shanvi - Yahoo Movies India |url=https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/aadi-matured-actors-since-39-lovely-39-shanvi-145403297.html |access-date=2014-04-04 |publisher=Yahoo! |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407105311/https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/aadi-matured-actors-since-39-lovely-39-shanvi-145403297.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Srivastava was born on 8 December 1993, in [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Shanvi Srivastava Birthday Special: Five photos that highlight all her different shades |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shanvi-srivastava-birthday-special-five-photos-that-highlight-all-her-different-shades/photostory/79625569.cms |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Of stars, scents and fashion sense |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/jan/18/of-stars-scents-and-fashion-sense-2090947.html |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=HBD Shanvi Srivastava: ಶಾನ್ವಿ ಶ್ರೀವಾಸ್ತವ ಹುಟ್ಟುಹಬ್ಬಕ್ಕೆ ವಿಶ್ ಮಾಡಿದ ರಕ್ಷಿತ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ: ಮುದ್ದಾಗಿದೆ ಜೋಡಿ ಎಂದ ನೆಟ್ಟಿಗರು..!– News18 Kannada |url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/happy-birthday-shanvi-srivastava-rakshit-shetty-wished-on-her-birthday-ae-499851.html |access-date=2021-02-16 |website=News18 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref> She completed her schooling at Children College Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh and graduation at the Thakur College of Science and Commerce in [[Mumbai]] and completed her [[B.Com]] degree in 2016.<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite web |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131016/entertainment-sandalwood/article/small-town-gal-big-dreams |title=Small town gal with big dreams |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2013-10-16 |access-date=2014-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221064138/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131016/entertainment-sandalwood/article/small-town-gal-big-dreams |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Srivastava has one elder brother and one elder sister, actress [[Vidisha Srivastava]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shanvi-keen-to-play-rural-characters-with-image-news-national-nelmuhhgjai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422174857/http://www.sify.com/movies/shanvi-keen-to-play-rural-characters-with-image-news-national-nelmuhhgjai.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-04-22 |title=Shanvi keen to play rural characters (With Image) |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-04-11 |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shanvi-Srivastav-is-juggling-studies-and-films/articleshow/47242925.cms |title=Shanvi Srivastav is juggling studies, films |website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Desai |first1=Dhwani}}</ref>

==Career==
Srivastava made her acting debut in 2012 in [[B. Jaya (director)|B. Jaya]]'s ''[[Lovely (2012 film)|Lovely]]'' while she was still studying.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raagalahari.com/stars/interviews/1098/shanvis-interview-about-her-debut-film-lovely.aspx |title=Lovely heroine Shanvi about her debut film Lovely >> Tollywood Star Interviews |publisher=Raagalahari.com |date=2012-04-02 |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref> In her second Telugu film ''[[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]]'', she played a fashion designing student. Sushil Rao of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "In the lengthy role that she has, Shanvi gets all her expressions right".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Adda/movie-review/21860770.cms |title=Adda movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |language=de |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref> Shanvi was then signed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] to play a brief role as [[Vishnu Manchu]]'s romantic interest in his Telugu political drama ''[[Rowdy (2014 film)|Rowdy]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/working-with-ram-gopal-varma-a-dream-come-true-for-shanvi/452220-71.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407113125/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/working-with-ram-gopal-varma-a-dream-come-true-for-shanvi/452220-71.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-04-07 |title=Working with Ram Gopal Varma a dream come true for Shanvi |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2014-02-15 |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140224/entertainment-tollywood/article/learning-best |title=Learning from the best |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2014-02-25 |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref>

In 2014, Srivastava made her Kannada debut with the horror comedy film ''[[Chandralekha (2014 film)|Chandralekha]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Playing-ghost-spooked-Shanvi/articleshow/31339287.cms |title=Playing ghost spooked Shanvi |work=The Times of India |date=2014-03-04 |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref> and received positive reviews for her performance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Chandralekha/movie-review/31684650.cms |title=Chandalekha movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chandralekha-review-kannada-15050758.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308163817/http://www.sify.com/movies/chandralekha-review-kannada-15050758.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-03-08 |title=Movie Review : Chandralekha |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2014-04-04}}</ref> In 2015, Shanvi played a carefree girl in ''[[Masterpiece (2015 film)|Masterpiece]]'' opposite [[Yash (actor)|Yash]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/060716/such-a-lovely-masterpiece-shanvi-srivastava.html |title=Masterpiece made Shanvi more lovlier |accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Shanvi Shrivastava opposite Yash in 'Masterpiece' |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/shanvi-shrivastava-opposite-yash-in-masterpiece-114123100281_1.html |newspaper= Business Standard |date= 31 December 2014 |accessdate= 11 January 2015}}</ref> The film was a box office success and A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' praised her "glam factor" in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/dec/26/masterpiece-validates-for-a-commercial-potboiler-860671.html|title=Masterpiece Validates for a Commercial Potboiler|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TNM |date=2015-06-30 |title=Southern cinema in 2015: Content ruled over star power in first half |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/southern-cinema-2015-content-ruled-over-star-power-first-half-32702 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Srivastava played a cancer patient in ''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]'' opposite [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/190918/a-spectacular-performance.html |title=Shanvi's spectacular performance in Tarak |date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/mar/27/shanvi-srivastava-for-tarak-1586585.html |title=Shanvi Srivastava for Tarak |work=The New Indian Express |accessdate=28 March 2017}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh noted that Shanvi leaves a "fine impression".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/tarak/movie-review/60881541.cms |title=Tarak Movie Review |work=The Times of India |accessdate=24 June 2018}}</ref> In the same year, she also played the lead alongside [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Sriimurali]] in ''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]'', which was a major commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/mufti-opens-to-a-great-response|title='Mufti' opens to a great response|work=News Karnataka|date=2 December 2017|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042612/https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/mufti-opens-to-a-great-response|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shiva-rajkumar-s-mufti-smash-hit-collects-rs-15-crore-five-days-73111|title=Shiva Rajkumar's 'Mufti' a smash hit, collects Rs.45 Crore in ten days |work=The News Minute|date=13 December 2017}}</ref>

Srivastava made her international debut in the Chinese drama series [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt9478508/ 夜天子] (''Ye Tian Zi'', The Dark Lord) in 2018, making the selection over the initial choice of [[Sunny Leone]]. She learnt Mandarin for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanvi Srivastava beats sunny leone to be Indian princess - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/Oct/04/shanvi-srivastava-beats-sunny-leone-to-be-indian-princess-1666323.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2019, Srivastava had two releases, ''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]'' and ''[[Geetha (2019 film)|Geetha]]'', which became the first Kannada film where she dubbed for herself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/avane-srimannarayana-movie-review-rakshith-shetty-steals-the-show-2437607.html|title=Avane Srimannarayana Movie Review: Rakshith Shetty Steals the Show|website=News18|date=2019-12-27|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Geetha Movie Review: A perfect amalgam of two beautiful love stories |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/sep/27/geetha-movie-review-a-perfect-amalgamation-of-two-beautiful-love-stories-14578.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405030258/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/sep/27/geetha-movie-review-a-perfect-amalgamation-of-two-beautiful-love-stories-14578.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Avane Srimannarayana'', she appeared as a reporter opposite [[Rakshit Shetty]]. It became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest grossing Kannada film of all time]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/k-g-f-chapter-1-to-avane-srinamnarayana-top-5-highest-grossing-films-in-the-history-sandalwood/photostory/77084520.cms | title='K.G.F.: Chapter 1' to 'Avane Srinamnarayana': Top 5 highest-grossing films in the history Sandalwood | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 July 2020 }}</ref> Aravind Shwetha of ''[[The News Minute]]'' noted, "Shanvi as a journalist gets to play a de-glam role and adds different shades to ASN. We get to a see different version of the actor in her and she plays to her advantage."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/avane-srimannarayana-review-rakshit-shetty-s-fantasy-thriller-visual-treat-114866|title='Avane Srimannarayana' review|website=The News Minute|date=2019-12-27|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref>

In 2022, Srivastava made her Malayalam film debut with ''[[Mahaveeryar]]'' alongside [[Nivin Pauly]] and [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-teaser-nivin-pauly-s-period-drama-mahaveeryar-out-162565 |title=Watch: Teaser of Nivin Pauly's period drama Mahaveeryar out|date=4 April 2022|access-date=24 May 2022 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> In 2023, she played a gangster in ''[[Baang (film)|Baang]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/baang/movie-review/102802413.cms|title=Baang Movie Review: Of guns and innocence, Baang is a thorough entertainer|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Y Maheswara Reddy stated, "Shanvi stands out for her portrayal in the action scenes and delivers a strong performance."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/bang-movie-review-from-chaos-to-control/articleshow/102812744.cms|title=Bang movie review: From Chaos to Control|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> In 2024, Srivastava made her Marathi film debut, with ''Raanti'' opposite [[Sharad Kelkar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/feature/marathi-cinema-angry-young-man-raanti-isnt-boy-next-door/2375077/|title=Marathi cinema finally gets its angry young man. ‘Raanti’ isn’t the usual boy next door|website=The Print|accessdate=29 November 2024}}</ref>

== Media image ==
Srivastava was named the [[Times of India|''Bangalore Times'' Most Desirable Women]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bangalore-times-top-30-most-desirable-women-of-2019/articleshow/74224298.cms |title=Bangalore Times' 30 Most Desirable Women of 2019 |work=Times of India |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> In the same list, she was placed 7th in 2017,<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Queens of Desire: Here are the top 30 winners of the Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Times of India |date=3 March 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire-here-are-the-top-30-winners-of-the-bangalore-times-most-desirable-women/articleshow/63129625.cms}}</ref> 6th in 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire/articleshow/68012314.cms |title=Bangalore Times' Most Desirable Women of 2018: The queens of desire |work=Times of India |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref> and 3rd in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/meet-the-beautiful-ladies-who-make-up-bangalore-times-30-most-desirable-women-of-2020/articleshow/83095404.cms |title=Meet the beautiful ladies who make up Bangalore Times' 30 Most Desirable Women of 2020 |work=Times of India |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref> She is also one of the most followed Kannada actress on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rashmika-mandanna-to-ramya-check-the-most-followed-kannada-actresses-on-instagram-8268835.html |title=Radhika Pandit to Milana Nagaraj: The most followed Kannada actresses on Instagram |work=News18 India |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2012
|''[[Lovely (2012 film)|Lovely]]''
| Lavanya "Lovely"
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| 2013
|''[[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]]''
| Priya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
| ''[[Chandralekha (2014 film)|Chandralekha]]''
| Aishwarya "Aishu"
| [[Kannada]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rowdy (2014 film)|Rowdy]]''
| Sirisha
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyar Mein Padipoyane]]''
| Yukta
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Masterpiece (2015 film)|Masterpiece]]''
| Nisha
| rowspan="10" | Kannada
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Bhale Jodi (2016 film)|Bhale Jodi]]''
| Nithya
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sundaranga Jaana]]''
| Nandana "Nandu" Rao
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''[[Saheba (film)|Saheba]]''
| Nandini
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]''
| Meera
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]''
| Raksha
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[The Villain (2018 film)|The Villain]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Bolo Bolo Ramappa"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| [[Geetha (2019 film)|''Geetha'']]
| Priya / Young Aarthi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avane Srimnannarayana reigning over box office with houseful boards|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/dec/30/avane-srimnannarayana-reigning-over-box-office-with-houseful-boards-2082588.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''Kasthuri Mahal''
| Kasthuri
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ರಚಿತಾ ರಾಮ್ ಔಟ್, 'ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ಮಹಲ್'ಗೆ ಶಾನ್ವಿ ಶ್ರೀವಾಸ್ತವ್ ಪ್ರವೇಶ! {{!}} Kannadaprabha |url=https://m.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2020/sep/25/actress-shanvi-srivastava-replaces-rachita-ram-for-kasthuri-mahal-428944.amp |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=m.kannadaprabha.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mahaveeryar]]''
| Devayani
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abrid Shine's Mahaveeryar, with Nivin Pauly and Asif Ali, gets first look poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/feb/11/abrid-shines-mahaveeryar-with-nivin-pauly-and-asif-ali-gets-first-look-poster-29691.html |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Baang (film)|Baang]]''
| Leona
| Kannada
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Shanvi Srivastava gets ready to pack a punch for her upcoming film Bang |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actress-shanvi-srivastava-gets-ready-to-pack-a-punch-for-her-upcoming-film-bang/articleshow/84374582.cms |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''Raanti''
|
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanvi Srivastava's Marathi debut film 'Raanti' teaser out, film to release on November 22 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/shanvi-srivastava-s-marathi-debut-film-raanti-teaser-out-film-to-release-on-november-22-article-114632430/amp |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''Thrishulam'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Kannada
| Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upendra: ರವಿಚಂದ್ರನ್-ಉಪೇಂದ್ರ ಕಾಂಬಿನೇಷನ್‌ನ ಸಿನಿಮಾಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತೊಮ್ಮೆ ಶೀರ್ಷಿಕೆ ಚೇಂಜ್! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/upendra-ravichandran-starrer-new-movie-title-changed-to-trishulam/articleshow/78165362.cms |access-date=2020-09-18 |website=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress Critics – Kannada]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Masterpiece (2015 film)|Masterpiece]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |title=5th SIIMA WINNERS LIST |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Winners of 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards South 2016 (Telugu)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Winners-of-63rd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016-Telugu/articleshow/52814271.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 January 2017|access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |date=16 June 2018 |work=Filmfare |access-date=9 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235835/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2017 |title=SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]]
| ''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2019 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223640/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| [[Kannada cinema#Chittara Star Awards|Chittara Star Awards]]
| Star Icon – Female
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.chittaranews.com/2024-3/|title=Chittara Star Awards 2024 Winners |website=Chittara Star Awards|access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|4980806|name=Shanvi Srivastava}}
*{{Instagram |shanvisri}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivastava, Shanvi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Derveshpur

2026-05-04T18:43:04Z

Sbahin: starting basic entry added tags - done

{{Orphan|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

[[File:Banyan Tree vat.jpg|alt=Vat Vriksha|thumb|Derveshpur vat vriksha]]
'''Derveshpur''' is a village located in [[Shikarpur, Bulandshahr|Shikarpur]] Tehsil of [[Bulandshahr]] district in the Indian state [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[India|Its postal PIN code is]] 203395<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: BOHICH, BULANDSHAHR, UTTAR PRADESH, India |url=https://pincode.net.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/BULANDSHAHR/B/BOHICH |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=pincode.net.in|date=2024-01-01}}</ref>.The village name is commonly written in Hindi as “दरवेशपुर”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official: Derveshpur Gram Panchayat |url=https://derveshpur.weebly.com/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Derveshpur Gram Panchayat |language=hi}}</ref>

'''History:'''

'''Derveshpur''' was founded by a person known by the title [[Begging|"Dervesh]]" of title.dervesh English meaning Fakir, (फकीर). Thereafter,the Nauhwar dynasty laid the foundation of Derveshpur<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Nauhwar |url=https://www.jatland.com/home/Nauhwar |website=Nauhwar}}</ref>.

'''Demographics:'''

The village is inhabited by various communities,including [[Brahmin]], [[Jat Regiment|Jat]], Dagar, Nauhwar, Roria, Lochav (Panwar), Dhimar (Kashyap),Khatik, Jatav, Balmiki and Muslim communities<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Census of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/|website=Census of India}}</ref>.

'''Religious Places:'''
* '''Shiv Mandir :Jat Chowk Near''' Chaupal, was a place where Jat Community members would sit together, share thoughts, and strengthen bonds
* Maa Durga Mandir
* Chamad Mata Than and Pathwari Mata Than
* '''Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Goshala''': established in 2018, is devoted to the protection and care of cows.
* '''Sri Radhe Krishn Mandir'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Radhe Krishn Mandir, Derveshpur |url=https://www.sriradhekrishnmandir.info/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Sri Radhe Krishn Mandir |language=en-US}}</ref>''',''' A temple dedicated to Sri Radhe and Lord Sri Krishna. Its new construction began on 30 April 2025 to improve infrastructure while maintaining its spiritual significance.

'''Education:'''

* Bhudevi Aadrash Janta Inter Collage<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhudevi Aadarsh Janta Inter College, Derveshpur · |url=https://ajicd.weebly.com/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Bhudevi Aadarsh Janta Inter College |language=en}}</ref>
* Bhudevi Shishu Mandir.
* Primary Pathshala.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Bulandshahr district]]

Hindustani vocabulary

2026-04-29T13:07:51Z

Sbahin: adding new page...

{{Short description|Vocabulary of the Hindustani language}}
{{Hindustani_language}}

'''Hindustani''', also known as '''Hindi-Urdu''', like all [[Indo-Aryan languages]], has a core base of [[Sanskrit]]-derived vocabulary, which it gained through [[Prakrit]].<ref name="Sebeok1971">{{cite book|last=Sebeok|first=Thomas Albert|title=Current Trends in Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYMTdBws40C&pg=PA688|accessdate=21 November 2014|year=1971|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=688|quote=This Proto-Prakrit differs from Sanskrit partly in the phonology and the vocabulary which are common to all modern Indo-Aryan vernaculars.}}</ref> As such the [[Standard register (linguistics)|standardized register]]s of the [[Hindustani language]] (Hindi-Urdu) share a common vocabulary, especially on the colloquial level.<ref name="BhatiaKoul2000a">{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Koul|first2=Ashok|title=Colloquial Urdu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkPwaXWipVcC&dq=%22The+languages+share+a+virtually+identical+grammar+and+also+possess+a+very+large+body+of+common+vocabulary+which%22&pg=PP11|accessdate=21 November 2014|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415135405|page=11|quote=The languages share a virtually identical grammar and also possess a very large body of common vocabulary which consists mainly of words used in everyday, normal conversation. }}</ref> However, in formal contexts, [[Modern Standard Hindi]] tends to draw on Sanskrit, while [[Standard Urdu]] turns to [[Persian language|Persian]] and sometimes [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="BhatiaKoul2000b">{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Koul|first2=Ashok|title=Colloquial Urdu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkPwaXWipVcC&dq=%22The+languages+share+a+virtually+identical+grammar+and+also+possess+a+very+large+body+of+common+vocabulary+which%22&pg=PP11|accessdate=21 November 2014|year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415135405|page=12|quote=In additional, although Urdu and Hindi share a large number of colloquial words, ''formal'' and ''literary'' Hindi and Urdu can differ markedly in terms of vocabulary. For higher registers, Urdu still continues to draw on Perso-Arabic resources, but Hindi turns to Sanskrit.}}</ref> This difference lies in the [[history of Hindustani]], in which the ''[[lingua franca]]'' started to gain more Persian words in urban areas (such as [[Delhi]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Hyderabad]]), under the [[Delhi Sultanate]]; this dialect came to be termed Urdu.<ref name="Simpson2007a">{{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Andrew|title=Language and National Identity in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC&pg=PA62|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=30 August 2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780191533082|pages=62–63|quote=Considered from a historical point of view, the Hindustani-Hindi-Urdu complex developed out of a common broadly-spoken lingua franca that came to be used through much of north and central India from the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries during the dynasties of Muslim rulers that pre-dated the Mughal rule. During this time, Persian was in force as the official language of administration and writing but was supplemented by a mixture of the speech of the Delhi area ('Khari Boli', which had Sanskrit as its ultimate ancestor) together with many Persian loanwords as very general means of oral communication among different parts of the Muslim-controlled territories. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this form of speech was patronized by the rulers of various southern kingdoms and resulted in the growth of an early literature in a language known as Dakhini or southern Hindi-Urdu.}}</ref><ref name=Taj>{{cite web|url=http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm|title=About Hindi-Urdu|last=Taj|first=Afroz|year=1997|publisher=[[The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]|accessdate=21 November 2014|quote=Then, about seven centuries ago, the dialects of Hindi spoken in the region of Delhi began to undergo a linguistic change. In the villages, these dialects continued to be spoken much as they had been for centuries. But around Delhi and other urban areas, under the influence of the Persian-speaking Sultans and their military administration, a new dialect began to emerge which would be called Urdu. While Urdu retained the fundamental grammar and basic vocabulary of its Hindi parent dialects, it adopted the Persian writing system, "Nastaliq" and many additional Persian vocabulary words. Indeed, the great poet Amir Khusro (1253-1325) contributed to the early development of Urdu by writing poems with alternating lines of Persian and Hindi dialect written in Persian script. What began humbly as a hodge-podge language spoken by the Indian recruits in the camps of the Sultan's army, by the Eighteenth Century had developed into a sophisticated, poetic language. It is important to note that over the centuries, Urdu continued to develop side by side with the original Hindi dialects, and many poets have written comfortably in both. Thus the distinction between Hindi and Urdu was chiefly a question of style. A poet could draw upon Urdu's lexical richness to create an aura of elegant sophistication, or could use the simple rustic vocabulary of dialect Hindi to evoke the folk life of the village. Somewhere in the middle lay the day to day language spoken by the great majority of people. This day to day language was often referred to by the all-encompassing term "Hindustani."}}</ref>

The original Hindi dialects continued to develop alongside Urdu and according to Professor Afroz Taj, "the distinction between Hindi and Urdu was chiefly a question of style. A poet could draw upon Urdu's lexical richness to create an aura of elegant sophistication, or could use the simple rustic vocabulary of dialect Hindi to evoke the folk life of the village. Somewhere in the middle lay the day to day language spoken by the great majority of people. This day to day language was often referred to by the all-encompassing term ''Hindustani''."<ref name=Taj/> In [[Colonial India]], Hindi-Urdu acquired vocabulary introduced by [[Mission (Christianity)|Christian missionaries]] from the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Romanic languages]], e.g. ''pādrī'' (Devanagari: पादरी, Nastaleeq: پادری) from ''[[wikt:padre|padre]]'', meaning [[pastor]].<ref name="Shackle1990">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=C.|title=Hindi and Urdu Since 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X1jAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Heritage Publishers|isbn=9788170261629|page=6}}</ref>

When describing the state of Hindi-Urdu under the [[British Raj]], Professor Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa stated that "Truly speaking, Hindi and Urdu, spoken by a great majority of people in north India, were the same language written in two scripts; Hindi was written in Devanagari script and therefore had a greater sprinkling of Sanskrit words, while Urdu was written in Persian script and thus had more Persian and Arabic words in it. At the more colloquial level, however, the two languages were mutually intelligible."<ref name="Bandyopādhyāẏa2004">{{cite book|last=Bandyopādhyāẏa|first=Śekhara|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA243|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125025962|page=243}}</ref> After the [[partition of India]], political forces within [[India]] tried to further [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritize]] Hindi,<ref name="George2013">{{cite book|last=George|first=Rosemary Marangoly|title=Indian English and the Fiction of National Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtdGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=21 November 2013|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781107729551|page=213|quote==Elsewhere Gandhi advocated for both Hindi and Hindustani (an amalgam of Hindi and Persianized Urdu that was in use in the north and could be written in either Nagri or Urdu/Persian script). In 1945, Gandhi resigned from the Hindi Sahitya when it advocated that Hindi was to be written exclusively in the Devanagri script. Over time, as both Hindi and Urdu became increasingly linked with Hindu and Muslim identity respectively, Hindustani had few advocates in India with voices powerful enough to drown out the opposition to it, especially after the trauma of partition. Hindi was deliberately Sanskritized to underline its Hindu roots and to create a purer etymology for the language.}}</ref> while political forces in [[Pakistan]] campaigned to remove Prakit/Sanskrit derived words from Urdu and [[Persianization|supplant them]] with Persian and Arabic words.<ref name="Everaert2010">{{cite book|last=Everaert|first=Christine|title=Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&pg=PA268|accessdate=21 November 2014|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004177314|page=268|quote=According to some, Pakistani Urdu has been following the path of religious fanatics in the last twenty-five to thirty years, removing Hindi words from Urdu and replacing them by Persian and Arabic words. The [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]], where Pakistanis go in huge numbers to work during several years of their lives and who sponsor the conservative ''madaris'', are taking the blame for this evolution. The foreign labourers returning to Pakistan after several years in Saudi Arabic and neighbouring countries are said to have been indoctrinated by their Arab hosts.}}</ref> Despite these government efforts, the film industry, [[Bollywood]] continues to release its films in the original Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) language, easily understood and enjoyed by speakers of both registers;<ref name="Simpson2007b">{{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Andrew|title=Language and National Identity in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC&pg=PA62|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=30 August 2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780191533082|page=62|quote=In their formal spoken and written forms, Hindi and Urdu share a common grammar and much basic vocabulary. When Hindi and Urdu are spoken ''informally'' by most of the population, the differences present and clearly discernible in formal language tend to disappear to a very significant extent, and the two varieties become both mutually intelligible and often difficult to tell apart. This frequently used, colloquial form of Hindi and Urdu used in everyday conversation by the majority of speakers has in the past regularly been referred to with the term 'Hindustani'. It is also the form of language standardly used in Bollywood films, which are widely enjoyed by speakers of both Hindi and Urdu.}}</ref> in addition, many of the same television channels are viewed across the border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kids-have-it-right-boundaries-of-urdu-and-hindi-are-blurred-579088.html|title=Kids have it right: boundaries of Urdu and Hindi are blurred|last=Patel|first=Aakar|work=[[Firstpost]]|publisher=[[Network 18]]|accessdate=21 November 2014|quote=Cartoon Network, Pogo and the rest were available in English also, of course. However, according to a cable operator from Allama Iqbal Town also quoted in the story, Pakistani children preferred their cartoons in Hindi. This is true of India also, where children including those studying in English schools, watch their cartoons only in Hindi.}}</ref> In modern times, a third variety of Hindustani with significant English influences has also appeared, which is sometimes called [[Hinglish]] or [[Urdish]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kothari |first1=Rita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4tmwFFhoAEC&pg=PA37 |title=Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish |last2=Snell |first2=Rupert |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341639-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/world-policy-journal/article-abstract/29/2/97/78965/Hindi-Hinglish-Head-to-Head |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=read.dukeupress.edu}}</ref><ref name=":3">Salwathura, A. N. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anusha-Salwathura/publication/346595689_EVOLUTIONARY_DEVELOPMENT_OF_'HINGLISH'_LANGUAGE_WITHIN_THE_INDIAN_SUB-CONTINENT/links/5fc8df9aa6fdcc697bd861a3/EVOLUTIONARY-DEVELOPMENT-OF-HINGLISH-LANGUAGE-WITHIN-THE-INDIAN-SUB-CONTINENT.pdf Evolutionary development of ‘hinglish’language within the indian sub-continent.]" ''International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH''. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Vanita |first=Ruth |date=2009-04-01 |title=Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti |url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/libstudies_pubs/2 |journal=International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter |issue=50 |pages=16–17}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Rajendra |date=1985-01-01 |title=Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact |url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/itl.70.02sin |journal=ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics |language=en |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=33–60 |doi=10.1075/itl.70.02sin |issn=0019-0829|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Linguistic classification==
[[Hindi language|Hindi]] (हिन्दी ''Hindi'') is one of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of the [[Indo-European language family]]. The core of Hindi vocabulary is thus [[etymology|etymologically]] Indo-European. However, centuries of [[loanword|borrowing]] has led to the adoption of a wide range of words with foreign origins.

==Examples of borrowed words==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
Due to centuries of contact with [[European ethnic groups|European]]s, [[Turkic peoples]], [[Arabs]], [[Persia]]ns, and [[East Asians]], Hindi-Urdu has absorbed countless words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these [[Loanword|borrowings]] into the core vocabulary. The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact. Close contact with neighboring peoples facilitated the borrowing of words from [[Languages of India|other Indian languages]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], and several indigenous [[Austroasiatic languages]] of North India. After centuries of invasions from [[Persia]] and the [[Middle East]], particularly under the [[Mughal Empire]], numerous [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[Persian language|Persian]] words were absorbed and fully integrated into the lexicon. Later, [[Europe]]an [[colonialism]] brought words from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[French language|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and most significantly [[English language|English]]. Some very common borrowings are shown below.

===Borrowings from neighboring languages===

====Other Indo-Aryan languages====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Origin
|-
|style="width:08em"|चड्डी چڈی ''caḍḍī''||underwear||[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ਚੱਡੀ ''caḍḍī''
|-
|खट्टा کھٹا ''khaṭṭā''||sour||Punjabi ਖੱਟਾ ''khaṭṭā''
|-
|कुंजी کنجی ''kuñjī''||key||Punjabi ਕੁੰਜੀ ''kuñjī''
|-
|लफड़ा لفڑا ''laphṛā''||fight, love affair (originally [[Bombay Hindi]])||[[Marathi language|Marathi]] लफडे ''laphḍe'' or [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] લફડો ''laphḍo''
|-
|}

====Dravidian languages (द्राविड़ी دراوڑی ''Drāviṛī'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Origin
|-
|style="width:08em"|कबड्डी کبڈی ''kabaḍḍī''||[[kabaddi]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] கை பிடி ''kai piṭi'' ("to hold hands")
|-
|वड़ा وڑا ''vaṛā''||[[Vada (food)|vada]]||Tamil வடை ''vaṭai''
|-
|अगर اگر ''agar''||[[agarwood]]||Tamil அகில் ''akil''
|-
|चप्पल چپل ''cappal''||sandals||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] చెప్పులు ''ceppulu'' ("shoes, footwear")
|}

====Austroasiatic languages====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning
|-
|style="width:08em"|आलू آلو ''ālū''||potato
|-
|खोज کھوج ''khoj''||discovery
|-
|चावल چاول ''cāwal'' ||rice grains
|-
|चूल्हा چولہا ''cūlhā''||oven, stove
|-
|झोल جھول ''jhol''||gravy
|-
|टांग ٹانگ ''ṭaṅg''||leg
|-
|ढोल ڈھول ''ḍhol''||[[dhol]], drum
|-
|पेट پیٹ ''peṭ''||belly
|-
|}

====Chinese (चीनी چینی ''Cīnī'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|चाय چائے ''cāy''||tea||茶 ''chá''
|-
|चीनी چینی ''cīnī''||sugar/Chinese||秦 ''qín''
|-
|लीची لیچی ''līcī''||lychee||茘枝 ''lìzhī''
|-
|}

===Borrowings from the Persianate era===

====Arabic (अरबी عربی ''Arbī'')====
All Arabic loanwords in Hindi-Urdu are through Classical Persian.
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|अक़्ल عقل ''aql''||wisdom|| عقل ''‘aql''
|-
|इलाक़ा علاقہ ''ilāqā''||area|| علاقة ''‘alāqa'' "relationship, connection"
|-
|वज़न وزن ''vazan''||weight||وزن ''wazn'' "scale"
|-
|क़बर قبر ''qabr''||grave||قبر ''qubr''
|-
|ख़बर خبر ''k͟habar''||news||خبر ''ḫabar''
|-
|ख़ाली خالی ''k͟hālī''||empty||خالي ''ḫāliyy''
|-
|ख़्याल خیال ''k͟hayāl''||consideration||خيال ''ḫayāl'' " imagination"
|-
|ग़रीब غریب ''ġarīb''||poor||غريب ''ġarīb'' "strange"
|-
|जवाब جواب ''javāb'' ||answer||جواب ''jawāb''
|-
|सवाल سوال ''savāl'' ||question||سؤال ''su‘āl''
|-
|जमा جمع ''jamā''||collect||جمع ''jam‘''
|-
|तारीख़ تاریخ ''tārīk͟h''||date||تاريخ ''tārīḫ'' "history, date"
|-
|दुनिया دنیا ''duniyā''||world||دنيا ''dunyā''
|-
|नक़ल نقل ''naqal''||fake||نقل ''naql''
|-
|फ़क़ीर فقیر ''faqīr''||poor person||فقير ''faqīr''
|-
|बदल بدل ''badal''||exchange||بدل ''badl''
|-
|बाक़ी باقی ''bāqī''||remaining||بقي ''baqīy''
|-
|साहब صاحب ''sāhab''||sir||صاحب ''ṣāḥib'' "friend"
|-
|हिसाब حساب ''hisāb'' ||calculation||حساب ''ḥisāb''
|-
|मालिक مالک ''mālik'' ||owner||مالك ''mālik'' "owner, proprietor, holder"
|-
|लज़ीज़ لذیذ ''lazīz'' ||delicious||لذيذ ''laḏīḏ'' "tasty"
|-
|किताब کتاب ''kitāb''||book||كتاب
''kitāb'' "book"
|-
|एहतियात احتیاط ''ehtiyāt''||precaution||احتياط
''iḥtiyyāt'' "precaution, reserve"
|-
|शख़्स شخص ''śak͟hs''||person||شخص ''šaḫs'' "person"
|-
|शहीद شہید ''śahīd''||martyr||شهيد ''šahīd'' "martyr"
|-
|हद حد ''had''||limit||حد ''ḥadd'' "limit"
|-
|सेहत صحت ''sehat''||health|| صحة ''ṣiḥa'' "health"
|-
|}

====Persian (फ़ारसी فارسی)====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Word !! Meaning !! Original Form
|-
| ख़ुश خوش ''k͟huś'' || happy || خوش ''xwaš''
|-
| दर्द درد ''dard'' || pain || درد ''dard''
|-
| बदन بدن ''badan'' || body || بدن ''badan''
|-
| शायद شاید ''śāyad'' || maybe || شاید ''šāyad''
|-
| हमेशा ہمیشہ ''hameśā'' || always || همیشه ''hamēša''
|-
| साल سال ''sāl'' || year || سال ''sāl''
|-
| गर्म گرم ''garm'' || warm || گرم ''garm''
|-
| आसमान آسمان ''āsmān'' || sky || آسمان ''āsmān''
|-
| ज़मीन زمین ''zamīn'' || land || زمین ''zamīn'', "the earth"
|-
| रोज़ा روزہ ''rozā'' || fasting || روزه ''rōza'', "a fast"
|}

====Turkic languages (तुर्की ترکی ''Turkī'')====
Almost all [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] loans in Hindi-Urdu have been borrowed via Classical Persian.
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|उर्दू اردو ''Urdū''||Urdu||Ultimately from [[Proto-Turkic]] *''ordu'' ("army") (via Persian اردو ''urdū''; language sense is shortened from Persian زبان اردوی معلی ''zubān-i urdū-yi mu‘allā'', "language of the exalted camp"; see more at [[Urdu#Etymology|Urdu § Etymology]])
|-
|क़ैंची قینچی ''qaiñcī''||scissors|| ''kaïcï'' in [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]/[[Proto-Mongolic]] (via Persian قینچی ''qaynčī'')
|-
|क़ोरमा قورمہ ''qormā''||[[korma]]||[[Ottoman Turkish]] قاورمه ''kaverma'' ("roasted meat") (via Persian قورمه ''qōrma'')
|-
|बावरची باورچی ''bāvarcī''||cook, chef||Ottoman Turkish via Persian باورچی ''bāwarčī''
|-
|बेगम بیگم ''begam''||lady||Chagatai بیگم ''begim'' (via Persian بیگم ''bēgum'')
|-
|क़ुली قلی ''qulī''||laborer, porter||Chagatai قلی ''quli'' ("slave of")
|-
|यूरिश یورش ''yūriś''||assault||Chagatai یورش ''yöriş'' (via Persian یورش ''yūriš'')
|-
|}

===Borrowings from the Colonial Era===

====Portuguese (पुर्तुगाली پرتگالی ''Purtugālī'')====
Portuguese borrowings mostly describe household items, fruits, and religious concepts dealing with [[Catholicism]]:

'''''Household'''''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|अलमारी الماری ''almāri''||closet, cupboard||armário
|-
|आलपीन آلپین ''ālpīn''||safety pin||alfinete
|-
|इस्त्री استری ''istrī''||to iron||estirar (means to lengthen a cable)
|-
|इस्पात ایسپات ''ispāt''||steel||espada "sword"
|-
|गमला گملا ''gamlā''||basket||gamela "wooden trough"
|-
|चाबी چابی ''cābī''||key||chave
|-
|जंगला جنگلا ''jaṅglā''||window-railing||janela
|-
|तम्बाकू تمباکو ''tambākū''||tobacco||tabaco
|-
|तौलिया تولیہ ''tauliyā''||towel||toalha
|-
|फ़ीता فیتا ''fītā''||lace, ribbon||fita
|-
|बराम्दा برامدہ ''baramdā''||verandah||varanda
|-
|बाल्टी بالٹی ''bālṭī''||pail||balde
|-
|}

'''''Food'''''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|अनानास انناس ''anānās''||pineapple||ananás
|-
|काजू کاجو ''kāju''||cashew||caju
|-
|गोभी گوبھی ''gobhī''||cabbage, cauliflower||couve
|-
|पाउ रोटी پاؤ روٹی ''pāu roṭī''||sliced bread||pão "bread" (generic name for bread)
|-
|पपीता پپیتا ''papītā''||papaya||papaia
|-
|साबूदाना سابودانا ''sābūdānā''||sago||sagu
|-
|सलाद سلاد ''salād''||salad||salada
|-
|}

'''''Religion'''''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|क्रूस کروس ''krūs''||cross||cruz
|-
|गिरजा گرجا ''girjā''||church||igreja
|-
|पादरी پادری ''padrī''||Christian priest/minister ||padre
|-
|}

'''''Other'''''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|अंग्रेज़ انگریز ''aṅgrez''||English||inglês
|-
|ओलंदेज़ اولبدیز ''olandez''||Dutch||holandês ("Hollander")
|-
|अस्पताल اسپتال ''aspatāl''||hospital||espital
|-
|पिस्तौल پستول ''pistaul''||pistol||pistola
|-
|फ़ालतू فالتو ''fāltū''||useless||falto
|-
|}

====French (फ़रासीसी فراسیسی ''Farāsīsī'')====
Only a handful of French borrowings are still used in Hindi-Urdu today.

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|कारतूस کارتوس ''kārtūs''||cartridge||cartouche
|-
|अटैची اٹیچی ''aṭaicī''||suitcase||attaché
|-
|रेस्तराँ ریستوراں ''restarā̃''||restaurant||restaurant
|}

====English (अंग्रेज़ी انگریزی ''Aṅgrezī'')====
{{See also|Englishisation#South Asia}}
Most borrowed words of European origin in Hindi-Urdu were imported through English and involve civic and household concepts:

''Civic life''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|अफ़सर افسر ''afsar''||officer
|-
|जेल جیل ''jel''||jail
|-
|डॉक्टर ڈاکٹر ''ḍôktar''||doctor
|-
|पुलिस پولیس ''pulis''||police
|-
|बैंक بینک ''baiṅk''||bank
|-
|वोट ووٹ ''voṭ''||vote
|-
|स्कूल اسکول ''skūl''/''iskūl''||school
|-
|}

''Household''

{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|कप کپ ''kap''||cup
|-
|गिलास گلاس ''gilās''||glass
|-
|टेबल ٹیبل ''ṭebal''||table
|-
|बॉक्स باکس ''bôks''||box
|-
|लालटेन لالٹین ''lālṭen''||lantern
|-
|कनस्तर کنستر ''kanastar''||canister
|}

== Days of the week ==

Colloquial Hindustani uses [[Tadbhava|tadbhav]] words, (more precisely, ardh-tatsam terms), with slight variations across Delhi's [[Khari Boli]] and other regional [[Hindi languages]]. In present day, [[Modern Standard Hindi]], which is preferred by followers of [[Dharmic religions]], uses pure [[Tatsama|tatsam]] forms (direct Sanskrit loanwords). And [[Standard Urdu]], which is preferred by the followers of [[Islam]], uses 2 loanwords from [[Arabic]] (for Thursday and Friday), 2 loanwords from [[Classical Persian|Persian]] (for Monday and Saturday), and remaining words used from colloquial Hindustani as it is. [[Deccani language|Dakhini]] distinctively uses a different Persian loanword for Wednesday (''chār-śambah''), from [[Rekhta]], the older register of Standard Urdu, and still used today by Muslims for religious days like [[Akhiri Chahar Shambah]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparison of daynames across different registers
|-
! Hinglish
! Colloquial Hindustani
! Formal Hindi
! Formal Urdu
! Rekhta
|-
| Sunday
| itvār / ādi
| ravivār
| itwār
| ēk-śambah
|-
| Monday
| sōm
| sōmvār
| pīr
| dō-śambah
|-
| Tuesday
| mangal / mangar
| mangalvār
| mangal
| tī/sī-śambah
|-
| Wednesday
| budh
| budhvār
| budh
| chār-śambah
|-
| Thursday
| biphe / biphai
| guruvār
| jumerāt
| panj-śambah
|-
| Friday
| sukkar / sūk
| śukravār
| jum'ā
| jum'ā
|-
| Saturday
| sanīchar / thābar
| śanivār
| haftah
| śambah
|}

== Numbers ==

=== Zero ===

In Hindustani, the word ''sunnā'' is used for zero, and in Urdu, the Arabic word ''sifar'' is used. Today in Formal Hindi, the Sanskrit word ''śūnya'' is used, and in [[Hinglish]], it is ''jīrō'' (direct loanword from English).

=== Thousand ===

In [[Khariboli]] (Old Hindi), the word ''sahas'' was used to denote ''thousand'', which was the shortened [[tadbhava]] form of the Sanskrit word ''[[sahasra]]''. Since the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the Persian loanword ''hazār'' became commonly used in Hindustani for denoting ''thousand'', colloquially pronounced as ''hajār'' in Hindi.

=== Ordinals ===

For ordinal numbers, Hindustani uses [[tadbhava]] words (native vocabulary), Formal Hindi prefers [[tatsama]] (Sanskrit loanwords), and Formal Urdu prefers Perso-Arabic loanwords.

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Hindustani !! Modern Standard Hindi !! Standard Urdu
|-
| First || Pahlā || Pratham || Avval
|-
| Second || Dūsrā || Dvitīya || Dom / Doyam
|-
| Third || Tīsrā || Tr̥tīya || Som / Soyam
|-
| Fourth || Cauthā || Caturtha || Cahārum
|-
| Fifth || Pāñcvāṅ || Pañcam || Panjum
|-
| Sixth || Chaṭhā || Ṣaṣṭha || Šašum
|-
| Seventh || Sātvāṅ || Saptam || Haftum
|-
| Eighth || Āṭhvāṅ || Aṣṭam || Haštum
|-
| Ninth || Nauvāṅ || Navam || Nuhum
|-
| Tenth || Dasvāṅ || Daśam || Dahum
|}

== See also ==
*[[Hindustani etymology]]
*[[Hindustani grammar]]
*[[Hindustani orthography]]
*[[Hindustani phonology]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi Vocabulary}}
[[Category:Hindustani language|Vocabulary]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Urdu]]
[[Category:Lexis (linguistics)]]

List of awards and honours received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

2026-04-24T11:14:43Z

Sbahin:

{{Short description|11th President of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{A. P. J. Abdul Kalam series}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable#INDIA|The Honourable]]
| name = A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
| honorific_suffix =
| image = A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2002
| birth_name = Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|10|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rameswaram]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|7|27|1931|10|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], India
| resting_place = [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Engineering]] [[Master of Engineering]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli|St. Joseph's College]] [[Madras Institute of Technology]]
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace scientist]]
* [[Author]]}}
| organizations = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| known_for = [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|Missile programme of India]]
| notable_works = {{Flatlist|
* ''[[Wings of Fire (autobiography)|Wings of Fire]]''
* ''[[India 2020]]''
* ''[[Ignited Minds]]''
* ''[[Indomitable Spirit]]''
* ''[[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji]]''}}
| years_active = 1960–2015
| office = [[President of India]]
| term = 25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007
| predecessor = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| successor = [[Pratibha Patil]]
}}

[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] was an Indian [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]] scientist and statesman who served as [[president of India]] from 2002 to 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-profile|title=APJ Abdul Kalam, profile|work=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227201320/https://presidentofindia.nic.in/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-profile|url-status=live}}</ref> Born in [[Rameswaram]] in [[Southern India]], Kalam spent four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] and [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|missile development efforts]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress).|date=2000|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India)|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC|author=Ramchandani|editor=Dale Hoiberg|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829192223/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC|archive-date=29 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/national-space-day-when-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-learnt-from-failure-and-isro-bounced-back-to-life-2586775-2024-08-23|title=When Dr APJ Abdul Kalam learnt from failure and Isro bounced back to life|date=23 August 2024|access-date=1 January 2025|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=1 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001120006/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/national-space-day-when-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-learnt-from-failure-and-isro-bounced-back-to-life-2586775-2024-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of [[ballistic missile]] and [[launch vehicle]] technology.<ref>{{cite book|first=R. K.|last=Pruthi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC|title=President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|publisher=Anmol Publications|date=2005|isbn=978-81-261-1344-6|chapter=Missile Man of India|pages=61–76|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725112548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/29/indias-mr-missile-a-man-of-the-people?token=8bebcb17cfd851eb0bc06642519e8767|title=India's 'Mr. Missile': A man of the people|access-date=30 July 2015|date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925135024/http://www.torontosun.com/2015/07/29/indias-mr-missile-a-man-of-the-people?token=8bebcb17cfd851eb0bc06642519e8767|archive-date=25 September 2015|newspaper=[[Toronto Sun]]}}</ref> He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's ''[[Pokhran-II]]'' nuclear tests in 1998.<ref>{{cite book|first=Amartya|last=Sen|author-link=Amartya Sen|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169|chapter=India and the Bomb|title=Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream|editor=M. V. Ramana|editor2=C. Rammanohar Reddy|pages=167–188|publisher=Sangam Books|date=2003|isbn=978-81-250-2477-4|access-date=8 June 2020|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725112558/https://books.google.com/books?id=IjZA-bQde1wC&pg=RA1-PA169|url-status=live}}</ref>

He [[2002 Indian presidential election|was elected]] as the [[president of India]] in 2002 and was widely referred to as the "People's President".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tyagi|first1=Kavita|last2=Misra|first2=Padma|title=Basic Technical Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3ixJ62qwqcC&pg=PA124|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|isbn=978-81-203-4238-5|page=124|date=23 May 2011|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603050016/https://books.google.com/books?id=N3ixJ62qwqcC&pg=PA124|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Amarnath Menon|title=Why Abdul Kalam was the 'People's President'|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/why-apj-abdul-kalam-was-the-peoples-president/story/1/5270.html|work=DailyO|access-date=20 August 2015|date=28 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813121059/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/why-apj-abdul-kalam-was-the-peoples-president/story/1/5270.html|archive-date=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/abdul-kalam-is-peoples-president-mamata/266740-37-64.html|title=APJ Abdul Kalam is people's president: Mamata Banerjee|date=19 June 2012|newspaper=[[CNN-IBN]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=4 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620094235/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/abdul-kalam-is-peoples-president-mamata/266740-37-64.html|archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/14/stories/2007041411130100.htm|title=The people's President does it again|last=Perappadan|first=Bindu Shajan|date=14 April 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 March 2012|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125233936/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/14/stories/2007041411130100.htm|archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> He engaged in teaching, writing and public service after his presidency.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam appointed IIST Chancellor |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090956211300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911060649/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090956211300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2008|date=9 September 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/kalam-to-teach-management-students/articleshow/2642842.cms?from=mdr|title=Kalam to teach management students|date=22 December 2007|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

Kalam was a recipient of several awards, including the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honour.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm|date=26 November 1997|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=13 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717032654/http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/26kal.htm|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/Jul/28/lesser-known-facts-about-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-787047.html|title=Lesser Known Facts About Dr APJ Abdul Kalam|date=28 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==National honours==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Ribbon
! Decoration
! width="100px" | Country
! width="100px" | Date
! width="150px" | Location
! width="200px" | Presenter
! width="300px" | Note
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
| [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
|'''[[Padma Bhushan]]'''
|rowspan="3"|{{flag|India}}
|28 March 1981 (announced 26 January 1981)
|rowspan="3"|[[New Delhi]]
|President [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|The third-highest civilian honour of India.
|rowspan="3"|<Ref name="Facts"/>
|-
|[[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
|'''[[Padma Vibhushan]]'''
|24 March 1990 (announced 26 January 1990)
|President [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|The second-highest civilian honour of India.
|-
|[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|100x100px]]
|'''[[Bharat Ratna]]'''
|1 March 1998 (announced 25 November 1997)
|President [[K. R. Narayanan]]
|The highest civilian honour of India.
|}

==Foreign honours==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Ribbon
! Decoration
! width="100px" | Country
! width="100px" | Date
! width="150px" | Location
! width="200px" | Presenter
! width="300px" | Note
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
|[[File:PHL Blue White Red.png|100x100px]]
|'''[[Philippine Congressional Medal (House of Representatives)|Congressional Medal of Achivement]]'''
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|6 February 2006
|[[Manila]]
|[[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|Speaker]] [[Jose de Venecia Jr.]]
|The highest parliamentary honour of Philippines.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=President's Secretariat|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/photoright.aspx?phid=7357|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=6 February 2006}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Noribbon.svg|100x100px]]
|'''Gold Medal of the Hellenic Parliament'''
|{{flag|Greece}}
|rowspan="2"|27 April 2007
|rowspan="2"|[[Athens]]
|[[President of the Hellenic Parliament|Speaker]] [[Anna Benaki-Psarouda]]
|The highest parliamentary honour of Greece.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalam to address European Parliament|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kalam-to-address-european-parliament/articleshow/1949259.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 April 2007}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Noribbon.svg|100x100px]]
|'''Gold Medal of Merit of the City of Athens'''
|{{flagdeco|Greece}}{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} Athens, Greece
|[[List of mayors of Athens|Mayor]] [[Nikitas Kaklamanis]]
|The highest civilian honour of Athens.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=H.E. The President of India Dr. Abdul Kalam in Greece|url=https://elinepa.org/h-e-the-president-of-india-dr-abdul-kalam-in-greece/#:~:text=President%20Kalam%20met%20with%20his,Technologies%E2%80%9D%20and%20visited%20research%20facilities.|publisher=Hellenic-Indian Society for Cultural and Development|date=27 April 2007}}</ref>
|}

==Scholastic==
===Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year !! Fellowship !! Institution !! Country !! {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
|1994
|Distinguished fellow
|[[Institute of Directors (India)|Institute of Directors]]
|rowspan="3"|{{Flag|India}}
|<ref name="LI">{{cite web|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/news/dr-apj-abdul-kalams-remarkable-list-of-achievements-and-awards/|title=Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam's Remarkable List of Achievements and Awards|work=The logical Indian|date=27 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|1995
|Honorary fellow
|[[National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
|<ref name="JJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-1531230250-1|title=Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam – The Missile Man of India|date=12 February 2020|work=[[Jagran Prakashan]]|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|Chancellor
|[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalam appointed IIST Chancellor |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090956211300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911060649/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/09/stories/2008090956211300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2008|date=9 September 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 February 2009}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|[[IEEE Honorary Membership|Honorary member]]
|[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]
|{{Flag|United States}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/apj-abdul-kalams-list-of-awards-and-honours-1026484.html|title=APJ Abdul Kalam's list of awards and honours|date=27 July 2015|work=[[News18]]|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Honorary professor
|[[Peking University]]
|{{Flag|China}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/apj-abdul-kalam-not-just-indias-scientist-but-of-the-world-china-professor/|title=China professor: Abdul Kalam not just India's scientist but of the world|date=29 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008233944/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/apj-abdul-kalam-not-just-indias-scientist-but-of-the-world-china-professor/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oir.pku.edu.cn/info/1105/3024.htm |title=印度前总统卡拉姆博士接受北京大学名誉教授称号，入选"大学堂"顶尖学者讲学计划 |publisher=University of Beijing |access-date=27 March 2019 |date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327142331/http://www.oir.pku.edu.cn/info/1105/3024.htm |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Honorary degrees===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year !! Degree !! University !! Country !! {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007
|Doctor of Science and Technology
|[[Carnegie Mellon University]]
|{{Flag|United States}}
|<ref>{{cite press release|title=Carnegie Mellon University Awards Honorary Doctorate To Former India President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|url=https://www.cmu.edu/news/archive/2007/October/oct26_kalam.shtml|work=[[Carnegie Mellon University]]|access-date=28 July 2015|date=26 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506150619/http://www.cmu.edu/news/archive/2007/October/oct26_kalam.shtml|archive-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Doctor of Science]]
|[[University of Wolverhampton]]
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|<ref name="LI"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008
|[[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|{{Flag|India}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-06-05/news/27702555_1_doctorate-amu-kalam |title=AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=5 June 2008 |access-date=17 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121129/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-06-05/news/27702555_1_doctorate-amu-kalam|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Universiti Sains Malaysia]]
|{{Flag|Malaysia}}
|<ref>{{cite web| title=A.P.J Abdul Kalam – Honorary Degree, 2008| url=https://www.usm.my/images/pdf/konvo53.pdf|work=[[Universiti Sains Malaysia]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017131751/https://www.usm.my/images/pdf/konvo53.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Doctor of Engineering]]
|[[Nanyang Technological University]]
|{{Flag|Singapore}}
|<ref name="LI"/>
|-
|2009
|[[Honorary degree|Honorary Doctorate]]
|[[Oakland University]]
|{{Flag|United States}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=A.P.J Abdul Kalam – Honorary Degree, 2009| url=http://www.oakland.edu/?id=15918|work=[[Oakland University]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107110300/http://www.oakland.edu/?id=15918|archive-date=7 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|[[Doctor of Engineering]]
|[[University of Waterloo]]
|rowspan="2"|{{Flag|Canada}}
|<ref name="LI"/>
|-
|2012
|[[Doctor of Law]]
|[[Simon Fraser University]]
|<ref name="LI"/>
|-
|2014
|[[Doctor of Science]]
|[[University of Edinburgh]]
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|<ref name="LI"/>
|}

==Other awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Country/Organisation !! {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
|1996
|[[H. K. Firodia Award]]
|[[H. K. Firodia Foundation]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hkfirodiaawards.org/awards_2.html|work=H K Firodia Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234211/http://hkfirodiaawards.org/awards_2.html |title=H. K. Firodia Award|archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|1997
|[[Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|<ref name="Facts">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2015/Jul/28/lesser-known-facts-about-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-787047.html|title=Lesser Known Facts About Dr APJ Abdul Kalam|date=28 July 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|Swatantryaveer Savarkar Award
|[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|<ref name="Facts"/>
|-
|2000
|Ramanujan Award
|Alvars Research Centre
|<ref name="Facts"/>
|-
|2007
|[[Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society|King Charles II Medal]]
|[[Royal Society]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/king-charles-medal/|title=King Charles Medal|work=[[Royal Society]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|[[Hoover Medal]]
|[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, 2008 Hoover Medal Recipient |url=https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/joint-awards/hoover-awards/2008 |work=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812084114/https://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/joint-awards/hoover-awards/2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2009
|International von Kármán Wings Award
|[[California Institute of Technology]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ahs.caltech.edu/|title=History of International von Kármán Wings Award|work=[[California Institute of Technology]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|Von Braun Award
|[[National Space Society]]
|<ref>{{cite web|work=[[National Space Society]]|url=http://www.nss.org/awards/vonbraun_award.html|title=NSS Von Braun Award|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202034637/http://www.nss.org/awards/vonbraun_award.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Addresses to foreign legislatures==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="100px" | Country
! width="100px" | Legislature
! width="100px" | Date
! Ref.
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|[[National Assembly of Sudan]]
|21 October 2003
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Oil and grateful Sudan mix well for Kalam|url=https://sudantribune.com/article/1452|publisher=[[Sudan Tribune]]|date=22 October 2003}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|African Union}}
|[[Pan-African Parliament]]
|16 September 2004
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Address by the President of India at the Inaugural Session of the Pan African Parliament, South Africa|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?3560#:~:text=India%20and%20African%20Union%20%E2%80%93%20Partners,my%20country%20over%20five%20millennia.|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]|date=16 September 2004}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|[[Congress of the Philippines]]
|6 February 2006
|<ref>{{cite web|title=A P J Kalam in the Philippines|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/07sld5.htm|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]|date=7 February 2006}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|[[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly of Mauritius]]
|13 March 2006
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalam on goodwill trip to Myanmar, Mauritius|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kalam-on-goodwill-trip-to-myanmar-mauritius/story-aKOTa8BHV4P4xrP74MWiWK.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 March 2006}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|European Union}}
|[[European Parliament]]
|25 April 2007
|<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/presse/pr_info/2007/EN/03A-DV-PRESSE_IPR(2007)04-20(05688)_EN.pdf Indian president speaks of three "Indo-European missions" to promote global peace and prosperity] European Parliament. 25 April 2007.</ref>
|}

==Recognition==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
! Year
! Recognition
! width="150px"|Organisation
! {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
|2004
|[[List of wax figures displayed at Madame Tussauds museums|Wax figure]]
|[[Madame Tussauds]]
|<ref>{{cite news|date=30 December 2020|title=Wax museum feels Delhi heat, Madame Tussauds shuts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/wax-museum-feels-delhi-heat-madame-tussauds-shuts-7125525/|access-date=1 July 2022|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|rowspan="4"| ''[[The 500 Most Influential Muslims]]''
|rowspan="4"| [[Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]]
|rowspan="3"| <ref name=TOI>{{cite web|title=22 Indians among world’s influential Muslims|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-indians-among-worlds-influential-muslims/articleshow/49315830.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|-
|2011
|-
|rowspan=2"| 2012
|<ref name=TOI/>
|-
|''[[The Greatest Indian|2nd Greatest Indian]]''
|[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|title=A Measure of the Man|last=Sengupta|first=Uttam|date=20 August 2012|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=16 January 2019|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501020655/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|rowspan="2"| ''The 500 Most Influential Muslims''
|rowspan="2"| Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre
|rowspan="2"| <ref name=TOI/>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2014
|-
|''10th Most Admired Person in the World''
|[[YouGov]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bill Gates Most Admired Person in the World|url=https://yougov.com/articles/8309-bill-gates-most-admired-person-world|publisher=YouGov|date=14 January 2014|access-date=9 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2015
|''The 500 Most Influential Muslims''
|Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre
|<ref name=TOI/>
|-
|[[List of postage stamps of India (2011–2015)|Postage stamp]]
|[[India Post]]
|<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-remarks-at-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam/|title=PM's remarks at birth anniversary celebrations of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam|date=15 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's office]]|archive-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118133838/http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-remarks-at-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Other recognitions===
* Kalam's birthday, 15 October, is celebrated as [[World Students' Day]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 October 2021|title=Why APJ Kalam's birth anniversary is celebrated as World Students' Day|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-apj-kalam-s-birth-anniversary-is-celebrated-as-world-students-day-101634262358789.html|access-date=30 June 2022|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* In 2015, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] announced that Kalam's birthday, 15 October, would be observed as "Youth Renaissance Day".<ref>{{cite news|title=Award in Kalam's name, birthday to be observed as 'Youth Renaissance Day'|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/award-in-apj-abdul-kalams-name-birthday-to-be-observed-as-youth-renaissance-day/articleshow/48293888.cms|date=31 July 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=31 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823154804/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/award-in-apj-abdul-kalams-name-birthday-to-be-observed-as-youth-renaissance-day/articleshow/48293888.cms|archive-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>

==Eponyms==
{{main|List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}}

==See also==
* [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients]]
* [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Awards and honours received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}}
[[Category:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Awards]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners|Abdul Kalam, A. P. J.]]
[[Category:Lists of awards and honors received by politician|Abdul Kalam, A. P. J.]]

Bamanwas Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:48Z

Sbahin: Started new stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bamanwas
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-91-Bamanwas.svg
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Indira Meena]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:243526}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 91
}}
'''Bamanwas Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Nawalkishor<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Kunji Lal]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web | url=http://www.rajassembly.nic.in/MembersPage.asp?DivNo=33 | title=Kunji Lal Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Members of the 14th House | publisher=rajassembly.nic.in | accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party }}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan=2|[[Indira Meena]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamanwas<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Indra
|votes = {{formatnum:80378}}
|percentage = 50.64
|change = -1.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajendra
|votes = {{formatnum:72513}}
|percentage = 45.69
|change = +27.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1881}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikas
|votes = {{formatnum:1750}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1556}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change = -0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7865}}
|percentage = 4.95
|change = -22.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:158710}}
|percentage = 65.17
|change = +1.53
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bamanwas<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Indira Meena
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:73656}}
|percentage = 52.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nawal Kishore Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:35143}}
|percentage = 24.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajendra
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:25076}}
|percentage = 17.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manturi
|votes = {{formatnum:1853}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Rajesh
|votes = {{formatnum:1751}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1937}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38513}}
|percentage = 27.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:141308}}
|percentage = 63.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sawai Madhopur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.56|76.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Sawai Madhopur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023

2026-04-17T12:24:29Z

Sbahin:

{{Short description|Penal code of the Republic of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023{{br}}{{small|{{literal translation|Indian Penal Code, 2023}}}}
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image = Emblem of India (Government Gazette).svg
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to Consolidate and Amend the Provisions Relating to Offences and for
Matters Connected Therewith or Incidental Thereto.
| autocollapse_long_title = True
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20062/1/a2023-45.pdf Act No. 45 of 2023]
| territorial_extent = {{Flag|India}}
| considered_by =
| enacted_by = House of the People ([[Lok Sabha]])
| date_passed = 20 December 2023
| enacted_by2 = Council of States ([[Rajya Sabha]])
| date_passed2 = 21 December 2023
| assented_by = [[Droupadi Murmu]] ([[President of India]])
| date_assented = 25 December 2023
| bill_date = 12 December 2023
| bill = The Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023
| bill_citation = Bill No. 173 of 2023
| introduced_by = [[Amit Shah]] ([[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]])
| committee_responsible = Parliamentary Standing Committee
| passed = 20 December 2023
| passed_for = Majority Voice
| passed_against = Minority Voice
| passed_abstention =
| passed_absent =
| bill2 = The Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023
| bill_date2 = 20 December 2023
| introduced_by2 = [[Amit Shah]] ([[Minister of Home Affairs (India) |Home Minister]])
| passed2 = 21 December 2023
| passed2_for = Majority Voice
| passed2_against = Minority Voice
| date_commenced = 1 July 2024
| date_effective =
| white_paper =
| date_final_passage = 21 December 2023
| amends =
| repeals = [[Indian Penal Code, 1860]]
| related_legislation = [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita]] and [[Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023]]
| summary = The bill seeks to replace the entire Indian Penal Code and to provide a new approach for penalties and punishments for crimes defined under a new pattern.
| status = in force
}}

The '''Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023''' (BNS) ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Bhāratīya Nyāya Saṃhitā;'' {{literal translation|'''Indian Justice Code, 2023''' (IJC))}} is the official [[criminal code]] of [[India|The Republic of India]]. It came into effect on 01 July 2024, after being passed by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in December 2023, replacing the colonial-era [[Indian Penal Code of 1860]] (IPC).

== Background and timeline ==
*On 11 August 2023, [[Amit Shah]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], introduced the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023 in the [[Lok Sabha]].
*On 12 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023 was withdrawn.
*On 12 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 was introduced in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, 2023 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nyaya-second-sanhita-2023 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213181014/https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nyaya-second-sanhita-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*On 20 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 was passed in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LS passes Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill; Amit Shah says it focuses on justice rather than punishment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/dec/20/ls-passes-bharatiya-nyayasanhita-bill-amit-shah-says-it-focuses-on-justice-rather-than-punishment-2643323.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220113534/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/dec/20/ls-passes-bharatiya-nyayasanhita-bill-amit-shah-says-it-focuses-on-justice-rather-than-punishment-2643323.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*On 21 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita bill, 2023 was passed in [[Rajya Sabha]].
*On 25 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 received the assent of the President of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Shemin |title=Bills to replace criminal codes enacted into law as President Murmu gives nod |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bills-to-replace-criminal-codes-enacted-into-law-as-president-murmu-gives-nod-2824616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225135311/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bills-to-replace-criminal-codes-enacted-into-law-as-president-murmu-gives-nod-2824616 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Changes ==
In the BNS, 20 new offences have been added to and 19 provisions in the repealed IPC have been dropped. The punishment of imprisonment has been increased for 33 offences, and fines have been increased for 83 offences. A mandatory minimum punishment has been introduced for 23 offences. A sentence of community service has been introduced for six offences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, the new IPC, and the concerns around it |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/what-issues-surround-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-criminal-bill-ipc/3344566/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Financial Express |date=21 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102155356/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/what-issues-surround-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-criminal-bill-ipc/3344566/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* '''Offences against the body''': The BNS retains the provisions of the IPC on murder, abetment of suicide, assault and causing grievous hurt. It adds new offences such as organised crime, terrorism, and murder or grievous hurt by a group on certain grounds.
* '''Sexual offences against women:''' The BNS retains the provisions of the IPC on rape, voyeurism, stalking and insulting the modesty of a woman. It increases the threshold for the victim to be classified as an adult, in the case of gang rape, from 16 to 18 years of age.
* '''Offences against property:''' The BNS retains the provisions of the IPC on theft, robbery, burglary and cheating. It adds new offences such as cybercrime and financial fraud.
* '''Offences against the state:''' The BNS removes sedition as an offence. Instead, there is a new offence for acts endangering India's sovereignty, unity and integrity.
* '''Offences against the public:''' The BNS adds new offences such as environmental pollution and human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=Explained: New crimes under the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita, and some grey areas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indias-new-criminal-laws-9425076/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701184243/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indias-new-criminal-laws-9425076/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Debate ==
Like Indian Penal Code, the BNS retains the [[Rape in India#Marital rape|marital rape exception]]. It retains the [[value laden]] phrase 'outraging the modesty of women' instead of replacing it with the gender-neutral term 'sexual assault'.<ref name="wire"/> It provides inadequate protection to victims of [[Revenge porn|non-consensual intimate imagery]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Vaibhav Yadav |title=Tackling Non-Consensual Dissemination of Intimate Images in India's Contemporary Legal Framework |journal=[[International Society of Criminology|International Annals of Criminology]] |date=12 October 2023 |volume=61 |issue=3–4 |pages=355–383 |doi=10.1017/cri.2023.30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |issn=2398-676X}}{{closed access}}</ref> It does not include any provision for offences involving rape of males or of transgender individuals.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Alisha Dutta |title=Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita has no section dealing with rape of men, transgender persons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gang-rape-of-up-man-highlights-need-for-section-377-in-bns-bill/article68320575.ece |access-date=23 June 2024 |date=22 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623021948/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gang-rape-of-up-man-highlights-need-for-section-377-in-bns-bill/article68320575.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Provision for offence for acts endangering 'sovereignty or unity and integrity of India', is ambiguous, with the potential to curtail freedom of speech or to stifle dissent.<ref name="wire">{{cite web |last1=Satish |first1=Mrinal |last2=Dash |first2=Preeti Pratishruti |last3=Pandey |first3=Anushka |date=30 January 2024 |title=Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita: Decolonising or Reinforcing Colonial Ideas? |url=https://thewire.in/law/bharatiya-nyay-sanhita-decolonising-or-reinforcing-colonial-ideas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201063914/https://thewire.in/law/bharatiya-nyay-sanhita-decolonising-or-reinforcing-colonial-ideas |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=[[The Wire (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=[[Indira Jaising]] |title=With new criminal laws, rights won in Supreme Court can be overturned by government |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/with-new-criminal-laws-rights-won-hard-in-the-sc-are-at-risk-of-being-overruled-by-the-government-9392038/ |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 June 2024 |archive-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704080003/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/with-new-criminal-laws-rights-won-hard-in-the-sc-are-at-risk-of-being-overruled-by-the-government-9392038/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Assistant professor Faisal Fasih from [[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]] said that the intent of establishing a justice-oriented system rather than a punishment-oriented one was not being seen as the reality of the change.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Juneja |first=Punit |date=23 July 2024 |title=BNS not seen as establishing justice-oriented system: Legal expert |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/bns-not-seen-as-establishing-justice-oriented-system-legal-expert/1671583 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160620/https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/bns-not-seen-as-establishing-justice-oriented-system-legal-expert/1671583 |archive-date=5 Oct 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |work=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The BNS comprises 20 chapters and 358 sections. Its structure is similar to that of the IPC. The outline of the Sanhita is as follows:<ref>[https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita,_2023.pdf The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811182724/https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita,_2023.pdf |date=11 August 2023 }}, PRS India, 10 August 2023</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
!Chapters
!Clauses
!Classification of Offences
|-
|Chapter 1
|Clauses 1 to 3
|Preliminary
|-
|Chapter 2
|Clauses 4 to 13
|Of Punishments
|-
|Chapter 3
|Clauses 14 to 44
|General Exceptions
''of the Right to Private Defence (sections 34 to 44)''
|-
|Chapter 4
|Clauses 45 to 62
|Of Abetment, Criminal Conspiracy and Attempt
|-
|Chapter 5
|Clauses 63 to 99
|Of Offences against Women and Children
*''Of Sexual Offences (63 to 73)''
*''Of criminal force and assault against women (74 to 79)''
*''Of Offences relating to marriage (80 to 87)''
*''Of causing miscarriage, etc. (88 to 99)''
|-
|Chapter 6
|Clauses 100 to 144
|Of Offences Affecting the Human Body
*''Of Offences Affecting Life (100 to 113)''
*''Of Hurt (114 to 125)''
*''Of wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement (126 to 136)''
*''Of Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour (137 to 146)''
|-
|Chapter 7
|Clauses 147 to 158
|Of Offences Against the State
|-
|Chapter 8
|Clauses 159 to 168
|Of Offences Relating to the Army, Navy and Air Force
|-
|Chapter 9
|Clauses 169 to 177
|Of Offences Relating to Elections
|-
|Chapter 10
|Clauses 178 to 188
|Of Offences Relating to Coins, Bank Notes, Currency Notes and Government Stamps
|-
|Chapter 11
|Clauses 189 to 197
|Of Offences Against the Public Tranquility
|-
|Chapter 12
|Clauses 198 to 205
|Of Offences by Or Relating to Public Servants
|-
|Chapter 13
|Clauses 206 to 226
|Of Contempt of Lawful Authority of Public Servants
|-
|Chapter 14
|Clauses 227 to 269
|Of False Evidence and Offences against Public Justice.
|-
|Chapter 15
|Clauses 270 to 297
|Of Offences affecting the Public Health, Safety, Convince, Decency and Morals
|-
|Chapter 16
|Clauses 298 to 302
|Of Offences Relating to Religion
|-
|Chapter 17
|Clauses 303 to 334
|Of Offences against Property
*''Of Theft (303 to 307)''
*''Of Extortion (308)''
*''Of Robbery and Dacoity (309 to 313)''
*''Of Criminal Misappropriation of Property (314 and 315)''
*''Of Criminal Breach of Trust (316)''
*''Of receiving of stolen property (317)''
*''Of Cheating (318 and 319)''
*''Of Fundamental Deeds and Disposition of Property (320 to 323)''
*''Of Mischief (324 to 328)''
*''Of Criminal Trespass (329 to 334)''
|-
|Chapter 18
|Clauses 335 to 350
|Of Offences Relating to Documents and to Property Marks
*''Of Documents (335 to 344)''
*''Of Property Marks (345 to 350)''
|-
|Chapter 19
|Clauses 351 to 356
|Of Criminal Intimidation, Insult, Annoyance, Defamation, Etc
*''Intimidation, Insult and Annoyance (351 to 355)''
*''Of Defamation (356)''
*''Of breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of the helpless person (357)''
|-
|Chapter 20
|Clause 358
|''Repeal and Savings (358)''
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita]]
* [[Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|File:Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita,_2023_on_Gazette_of_India.pdf|Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita}}
* [https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/250883_english_01042024.pdf Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita] from [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]

{{Judiciary of India}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Indian criminal law]]
[[Category:Codes of criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Evidence law]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2023]]

Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:41Z

Sbahin: created first data first draft

{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Tiruchirapalli District|Trichy]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party =
| mla =
| name = Uppilyapuram
| electors= 173,935
| reservation = ST
| abolished= 2008
}}

'''Uppiliyapuram''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tiruchirappalli district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> It is a Scheduled Tribe reserved constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[V. A. Mutthiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967
| [[T. P. Alagamuthu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| T. P. Alagamuthu
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[R. Periasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[V. Rangarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[R. Saroja]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[R. Mookkan]]
|
| [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Jayalalitha)]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[V. Ravichandran (Uppiliyapuram MLA)|V. Ravichandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[T. Karuppusami]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[R. Saroja]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[R. Rani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.26}}
}}
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,171 |percentage=46.98% |change=7.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthusamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,789 |percentage=37.15% |change=-13.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mookan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=14,514 |percentage=11.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,066 |percentage=1.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,548 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,248 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chelladurai |party=Independent politician |votes=621 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,382 |percentage=9.83% |change=-0.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=125,957 |percentage=72.42% |change= 10.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,935 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Saroja]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,810 |percentage=50.47% |change=18.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Rani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,459 |percentage=39.87% |change=-22.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,745 |percentage=4.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Pon Rajendran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,503 |percentage=4.72% |change=-0.71% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,351 |percentage=10.60% |change=-19.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,517 |percentage=62.10% |change= -6.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,653 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Karuppusami]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,372 |percentage=62.20% |change=30.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Saroja]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,804 |percentage=31.65% |change=-35.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajendran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,144 |percentage=5.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=389 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Selvarani |party=Independent politician |votes=259 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ravichandran |party=Independent politician |votes=174 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,568 |percentage=30.55% |change=-5.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,142 |percentage=68.88% |change= 4.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,627 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ravichandaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,748 |percentage=67.46% |change=27.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sundravadanam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,392 |percentage=31.33% |change=-4.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Periyasamy |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=714 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sekar |party=Independent politician |votes=542 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,356 |percentage=36.13% |change=31.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,396 |percentage=64.51% |change= -10.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,647 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 27.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mookkan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,384 |percentage=39.93% |change=-20.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Varadarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,824 |percentage=35.73% |change=-2.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,774 |percentage=17.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sivaprakasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,900 |percentage=5.43% |change=-55.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,041 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=728 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,560 |percentage=4.20% |change=-18.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=108,651 |percentage=74.54% |change= -0.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,200 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Saroja]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,347 |percentage=60.61% |change=11.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mookkayee |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,249 |percentage=38.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Periyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=712 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. K. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=612 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,098 |percentage=22.57% |change=19.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,920 |percentage=75.19% |change= 5.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,178 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rengarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,263 |percentage=49.46% |change=19.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Palani Muthu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,997 |percentage=46.87% |change=9.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Perumal |party=Janata Party |votes=1,751 |percentage=2.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. K. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,121 |percentage=1.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=333 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,266 |percentage=2.59% |change=-4.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,465 |percentage=69.21% |change= 5.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,076 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Periasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,642 |percentage=37.08% |change=-6.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Atchaya Gopal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,936 |percentage=30.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natarasan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,524 |percentage=27.57% |change=-24.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chinna Samy |party=Janata Party |votes=4,222 |percentage=4.95% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,706 |percentage=6.69% |change=-1.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,324 |percentage=63.30% |change= -19.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,600 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. P. Alagamuthu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,861 |percentage=51.60% |change=-4.69% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Periasami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,054 |percentage=43.40% |change=2.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Nararajan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,150 |percentage=5.00% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,807 |percentage=8.19% |change=-7.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,065 |percentage=82.53% |change= -5.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,712 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.69% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Alagamuthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,453 |percentage=56.29% |change=9.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Mudaliar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,416 |percentage=40.69% |change=-6.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,330 |percentage=3.02% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,037 |percentage=15.59% |change=15.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,199 |percentage=87.62% |change= 3.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,046 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Uppiliapuram<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. A. Muthiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,435 |percentage=47.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Pethureddiar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,077 |percentage=46.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. P. Sivalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,766 |percentage=6.05% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=358 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,278 |percentage=84.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,113 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.27|N|78.52|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil

2026-04-15T00:10:34Z

Sbahin: Started New Pg

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil.jpg|thumb|Amrita Sher-Gil]]
This is a list of paintings by Hungarian-Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (1913–1941).<ref name=Sundaram2010.796>Sundaram, pp. 796–811</ref> Over 60 of her paintings, of which most were portraits and [[Self-portraits by Amrita Sher-Gil|self-portraits]], were created between 1930 and 1932 in Hungary and France.<ref name=Dalmia2013.31>Dalmia, pp. 31-32</ref> 19 were self-portraits painted in Europe between 1930 and 1934, and two, including one in a blue sari, were later completed in India.<ref name=Sundaram2010.416/> Several of her paintings were of nudes; some of herself and others based on models of which most were female.<ref name=Sundaram2010.72>Sundaram, pp. 72–79</ref>

==1929-1933==
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil with 3 paintings.jpg|thumb|Amrita Sher-Gil (Paris) with her 1930 paintings (left to right: ''Boris Taslitzky'', ''Self-Portrait with Easel'', ''Self-Portrait 6'')]]
In her early years, Sher-Gil was a frequent visitor to [[Zebegény]], in Hungary.<ref name=Christies>{{cite web |title=Hungarian Village Church |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5761154 |website=www.christies.com |publisher=Christies |access-date=15 February 2024 |date=2013}}</ref> There she painted a church in 1932, and would several years later paint other views of the village including ''Winter'' and the ''Merry Cemetery''.<ref name=Christies/> The early 1930s were also the years she worked at the [[École des Beaux-Arts]], Paris, painted mostly family and colleagues, and won awards at the annual competitions for portrait and [[still life]] for three years in a row.<ref name=Sher-Gil>{{cite book |last1=Sher-Gil |first1=Amrita |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a Reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=1. Evolution of my art|pages=3–8}}</ref> In the summer of 1932, she submitted six paintings to the "end of year concours", Paris, for which she received second mention in her capacity as foreigner.<ref name=Sundaram2010.80/> The six included ''Violins'', ''[[Nude Self-Portrait with Palette]]'', and ''[[Young Girls (painting)|Young Girls]]''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.80/> In her words, "my work in those days was absolutely Western in conception and execution except for the fact that it was never entirely tame or conventional".<ref name=Sher-Gil/>

==1933-1934==
Sher-Gil later wrote that "towards the end of 1933 I began to be haunted by an intense longing to return to India, feeling in some strange inexplicable way that there lay my destiny as a painter".<ref name=Sher-Gil/> She subsequently painted ''[[Self-Portrait as a Tahitian]]'' in early 1934, while still in Paris.<ref name=Haupt2016>{{cite book |last1=Haupt |first1=Christina |title=Amrita Sher-Gil and the representations of non-western female bodies |date=2016 |publisher=Grin |location=Norderstedt |isbn=978-3-6684-887-7-9 |pages=2–4}}</ref>{{efn|In ''Self-Portrait as a Tahitian'' " her tanned naked body is slightly turned, a possible reference to the artist's longing to return to India".<ref name=Haupt2016/>}}

==Late 1934-1935==
[[File:Catalogue content Cecil Hotel 1936.jpg|thumb|left|Catalogue content Cecil Hotel (September 1936)]]
Sher-Gil returned to India in late 1934, with 60 of her oil paintings.<ref name=Keserü>{{cite book |last1=Keserü |first1=Katalin |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=8. Amrita Sher-Gil: the Indian painter and her French and Hungarian connections|pages=65–126}}</ref> Then, she produced ''View from Majithia House'', ''[[The Little Girl in Blue]]'' and ''[[Three Girls (painting)|Three Girl]]s''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch>Sundaram, pp. vi–xliii</ref> In September 1935, five of her 10 submitted paintings were shown at the 63rd annual Simla Fine Arts Exhibition, opened by Viceroy [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.214/> Those exhibited included ''Portrait of Father'', ''Mother India'', then known as ''Beggar Woman'', ''Woman with Sunflower'', then called ''Indian Peasant Woman'', and ''Young Girls'', then titled ''Conversation''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.214/> ''The Man in White'', ''The Woman in Blue'', ''The Model'', ''Portrait of Malcolm Muggeridge'', and a small landscape were rejected.<ref name=Sundaram2010.214/> Feeling that they did not recognise the best of her work, she declined the Raja of Faridkot's prize the judges awarded her for ''Young Girls''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.214/>

==1936==
In March 1936, Sher-Gil won awards for two self-portraits at the fifth annual exhibition of the All-India Fine Arts Society, held at [[The Imperial, New Delhi|The Imperial]], New Delhi.<ref name=Sundaram2010.234>Sundaram, p. 234</ref> [[Barada Ukil]] included 11 of Sher-Gil's works in his arts exhibition at [[The Cecil]], Simla, held in September 1936.<ref name=Sundaram2010.246>Sundaram, pp. 246–247</ref> These included ''Portrait of Mr. F. M. Khan'', ''A Village Scene'', ''Mother India'', ''Composition'', ''The Dreamer'', and ''The Girl in Red''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.246/> In December 1936, Sher-Gil's work was displayed at the exhibition hall in the [[Public Gardens, Hyderabad]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.266>Sundaram, pp. 266–270</ref> There, the wealthy art collector, [[Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III|Nawab Salar Jung]], showed interest in two paintings, was offered three, then declined to purchase any.<ref name=Sundaram2010.271>Sundaram, pp. 271–285</ref>

==1937==
[[File:Catalogue contents Lahore exhibition 1937.jpg|thumb|left|1937 Catalogue contents]]
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil at Lahore 1937 Exhibition.jpg|right|thumb|Solo exhibition, Lahore, November 1937]]
In October 1937, Sher-Gil painted her ''[[En plein air|plein-air series]]'', which included her first paintings with animals, one of which was ''[[The Story Teller (painting)|The Story]]''.<ref name=Dalmia2013.98>Dalmia, pp. 98–100</ref> From 21 to 27 November that year, 33 of her works were displayed at [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|her solo exhibition]] at [[Faletti's Hotel]] in [[Lahore]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/> There, she revealed her first two Indian compositions, ''The Story'' and ''Siesta''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.418>Sundaram, pp. 418–421</ref> At Lahore, four paintings were sold in total; ''The Little Girl in Blue'', ''The Story'', ''Pink Self-portrait'', and the ''Vina Player''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430>Sundaram, pp. 430–431</ref> She wrote that "with the eternal significance of form and colour I interpret India and, principally, the life of the Indian poor on the plane that transcends the plane of mere sentimental interest".<ref name=Sher-Gil/>

==1938-1939==
In 1938 five of Sher-Gil's paintings were exhibited at the [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]]'s exhibition in Delhi, and included ''Elephants Bathing in a Green Pool'' (1938), ''Composition'' (1936), and ''View from Studio'' (1934), which won the prize.<ref name=Sundaram2010.471/> In the same year she married [[Viktor Egan]] in Hungary, and there painted ''[[Two Girl (painting)|Two Girls]]'' among others.<ref name=Singh1975>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N Iqbal |title=Amrita Sher-Gil |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=1975 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=209–217 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001838 |issn=0376-9771|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Returning to India in 1939, she moved to Saraya, [[Uttar Pradesh]], and there her creations included ''[[Woman on Charpoy]]'', ''Elephant Promenade'', ''[[The Ancient Story Teller]]'', and ''[[Haldi Grinders]]''.<ref name=Singh1975/><ref name=Sundaram2010.684/> The dome of the family's estate features in the background of some of these, though she omits the [[Saraya Sugar Mills]] and its chimneys and smoke.<ref name=Khanna2015>{{cite book |last1=Khanna |first1=S. |title=The Contemporary Novel and the City: Re-conceiving National and Narrative Form |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-33624-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tezQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |pages=132–134|language=en}}</ref>

==1940s==
In 1940, six of Sher-Gil's works were displayed at the Indian Academy of Fine Arts' Amritsar Exhibition (31 October – 10 November), to raise money for the [[Second World War|War]] Fund.<ref name=Sundaram2010.684/> These included ''Siesta'', ''Sleep'', ''Elephant Promenade'', ''Elephants'', ''The Swing'', and the winning piece, ''The Ancient Story Teller''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.684/> Sher-Gil died at midnight on 5 December 1941, leaving ''[[The Last Unfinished Painting]]'' at [[Lahore]].<ref name=Singh1975/>

==Legacy==
By 1948, the Indian government had acquired 98 of Sher-Gil's paintings.<ref name="Banik2019">{{cite journal |last1=Banik |first1=Pinak |title=Containing the Cosmetic Nation: Acquisition of Sass Brunner Paintings |journal=Prabuddha: Journal of Social Equality |date=1 January 2019 |url=https://www.academia.edu/70582423/Containing_the_Cosmetic_Nation_Acquisition_of_Sass_Brunner_Paintings}}</ref> Following her father's death, several paintings of hers were saved by Hungarian-Indian social worker [[Fori Nehru]].<ref name=Dalmia2013.36>Dalmia, p. 36</ref> The art restorer, [[Rupika Chawla]], found several of Sher-Gil's paintings to have been [[Pentimento|altered]] by Sher-Gil herself.<ref name=Dalmia2013.204>Dalmia, pp. 204–205</ref> These include ''Siesta'', ''Woman Holding Fan'', and ''Hillside''.<ref name=Dalmia2013.204/> In 1979 her works including ''Camels'' and ''Ancient Story Teller'', were displayed at an exhibition in New delhi, organised by the [[Hall of Art, Budapest|Budapest Kunsthalle]].<ref name=Keserü/>

Under India's [[Antiquities and Art Treasures Act (1972)]], formed in accordance with the [[UNESCO 1970 Convention]] to regulate the internal and external dealing in [[antiquities]] in India, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1976 and 1979, named Sher-Gil's works as [[List of National Treasures of India|Indian treasure]] that if sold in India, cannot leave the country.<ref name=Unesco1984>{{cite book |title=The Protection of Movable Cultural Property: Compendium of Legislative Texts |date=1984 |publisher=Unesco |isbn=978-92-3-101638-7 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpZJx2GB9HYC&pg=PA167 |language=en}}</ref> Of the at least 143 listed paintings created by Sher-Gil, most are held by her relatives, and 44 of the 45 paintings that belonged to Viktor Egan and some paintings that were with her father, were donated to the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi.<ref name=Dalmia2013.204/>

==Paintings (1930)==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2023}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|[[File:Seated Nude in Profile 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Seated Nude in Profile''
|Whereabouts unknown<ref name=Sundaram2010.796/>
|
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.796/>
|-
|[[File:Young Girl in Profile c. 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Young Girl in Profile''
|Whereabouts unknown<ref name=Sundaram2010.796/>
|
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.796/>
|-
|[[File:Male Torso c. 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Male Torso''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|62 × 94 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.796/>
|Her only male nude, originally titled ''Back Study''<ref name=Keserü/>
|-
|[[File:Nude Study (1) c. 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Sitting Nude''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|66 × 91.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.796/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.796/>
|-
|[[File:Old Man with Beard by Amrita Sher-Gil.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Old Man with Beard''
|Whereabouts unknown<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|
|Painted at [[La Baule-Escoublac|La Baule]], France<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Brown Girl 1930 Paris.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Brown Girl''
|Whereabouts unknown.<ref name=Sundaram2010.796/>
|
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.796/>
|-
|[[File:Sher-Gil Self Portrait 6 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Self-Portrait 6''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|58 × 79 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Self-portrait.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''[[Amrita Sher-Gil Self-Portrait 7 (1930)|Amrita Sher-Gil Self-Portrait 7]]''<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|47.4 × 70.2 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|Painted in Paris<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
Depicts Sher-Gil with a shoulderless dress and loose hair.<ref name=Dalmia2013.5>Dalmia, p. 54</ref><ref name=Shaw2021>{{Cite thesis |title=Why Now?: The Euro-U.S. Canon Adopts Tarsila do Amaral and Amrita Sher-Gil Almost 90 Years Later |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64k1h1vj |publisher=UC Davis |date=2021 |language=en |first=Amanda |last=Shaw-Johnson}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Sher-Gil Self Portrait 8 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Self-Portrait 8''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|53 × 82.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|-
|[[File:Sher-Gile self portrait 9 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Self-Portrait 9''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|49 × 65.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|-

|[[File:Portrait of Mother 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Portrait of Mother''
|Private collection.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|49 × 65 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|Completed in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|-
|[[File:Portrait of My Sister 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Portrait of My Sister''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|55.8 × 78.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil - Self Portrait with Easel.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''[[Self-Portrait with Easel]]''
|Private Collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|82.5× 90.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|Painted in Paris, it depicts a three-quarter Sher-Gil draped in red, in front of an easel.<ref name=Haupt2016/>
|-
|[[File:Self-portrait with Red Background c. 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Self-Portrait with Red Background''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.798>Sundaram, p. 798</ref>
|57 × 90 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.78>Sundaram, p. 78</ref>
|-
|[[File:Portrait of a Young Man - 1930 by Amrita Sher-Gil.png|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Portrait''<ref name=Keserü/>
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|61.5 × 74.3 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|One of the earliest portraits Sher-Gil completed of [[Boris Taslitzky]] in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.98>Sundaram, pp. 98–99</ref><ref name=Keserü/>

It won a prize in 1931, at the École des Beaux-Arts, Paris.<ref name=Keserü/>

Also known as ''Portrait of a Young Man''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|-
|[[File:Boris Taslitzky c1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''Boris Taslitzky''
|
|
|One of several portraits Sher-Gil completed of Boris Taslitzky in Paris.
|-
|[[File:Mme Taslitzky c. 1930.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1930}}|[[1930 in art|1930]]}}: ''[[Madam Taslitsky]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|54 × 79 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|Portrait of Boris's mother, painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.98>Sundaram, pp. 98–99</ref>

Mme Taslitsky later died in a concentration camp.<ref name=Sundaram2010.98/>
|-
|}

==Paintings (1931)==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2023}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Self-Portrait 1''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|48 × 58.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|-
|[[File:Self-portrait (2) 1931.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Self-Portrait 2''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|44.5 × 59.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Self-Portrait 3''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|47.6 × 62.3 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|-
|[[File:Self-portrait (4) c. 1931.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Self-Portrait 4''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|48 × 63.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Self-Portrait with Red Flower''
|Evelyn Taslitzky's collection, Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|42 × 56 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Woman's Back''
|
|
|Exhibited at the Salon of the [[Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts]], Paris, 1932.<ref name=Keserü/>

Later known as ''Torso''.<ref name=Keserü/>
|-
|[[File:Yusuf Ali Khan by Amrita Sher-Gil 1931.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''[[Yusuf Ali Khan]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| 45 × 53 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|At the encouragement of her mother, Sher-Gil was briefly engaged to aristocrat Yusuf Ali Khan, and painted his portrait in Paris.<ref name=Dalmia2013.34>Dalmia, pp. 34–35</ref>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Self-portrait, untitled.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''[[Amrita Sher-Gil self portrait (1931)|Amrita Sher-Gil Self-Portrait]]''
|Private collection.
| 65.1 × 54 cm [[Oil on canvas]]
|Completed in Paris. In 2015 it was sold for £1.7 million at auction in London.<ref name=Roy2023>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Amit |date=2015 |title=Sold: Sher-Gil self-portrait for £1.7m |language=en |work=www.telegraphindia.com |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/sold-sher-gil-self-portrait-for-pound-1-7m/cid/1357659 |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125061540/https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/sold-sher-gil-self-portrait-for-pound-1-7m/cid/1357659 |archive-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>{{efn|Not mentioned in Sundaram's book}}
|-
|[[File:Victor Egan 1931.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Victor Egan''
|
|
|Painted in Hungary.<ref name=Sundaram2010.60>Sundaram, pp. 60–61</ref>

Egan refers to this portrait as "a stupid picture of me".<ref name=Sundaram2010.60/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Alfred Cortot''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| 44 × 30 cm Pastel on paper
|Depicts [[Alfred Cortot]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Alfred Cortot |url=https://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/ngma_del-ngma-00012-207 |website=www.museumsofindia.gov.in |access-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112065923/https://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/ngma_del-ngma-00012-207|archive-date=12 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Portrait of a Young Woman''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| 32 × 42.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Violins''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| 59 × 82 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
One of six paintings submitted to the "end of year concours" in summer 1932.<ref name=Sundaram2010.80/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Woman in Blue Coat''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.799>Sundaram, p. 799</ref>
|48 × 66 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|-
|[[File:Sher-Gil Girl in Mauve 1931.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Girl in Mauve''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|36 × 53.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
Also known as ''Girl in Mauve 2''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/><ref name=Sundaram2010.166>Sundaram, p. 166</ref>
|-
|[[File:Village Scene in Hungary c. 1931.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Village Scene in Hungary''
|Private collection.<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|42 × 63 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|Painted in Hungary.<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1931}}|[[1931 in art|1931]]}}: ''Dressing Table''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|75.5 × 62 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|-
|}

==Paintings (1932)==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2023}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|[[File:Portait of a Parisian Lady c. 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|''Portrait of a Parisian Lady''
|
|
|<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|-
|[[File:Torso 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Torso''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|62 × 83 cm [[Oil on canvas]]
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.392>Sundaram, p. 392</ref>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Self-Portrait 5 1932 Paris.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Self-Portrait 5''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|43 × 54.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|-
|[[File:Adam and Eve c. 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Adam and Eve''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|38.7 × 52.1 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.801>Sundaram, p. 801</ref>
|
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Still Life with Green Bottles and Apples''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.797>Sundaram, p. 797</ref>
|37 × 54.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|-
|[[File:Nude Self-Portrait with Palette 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Nude Self-Portrait with Palette''
|Whereabouts unknown<ref name=Sundaram2010.80>Sundaram, pp. 80–85</ref>
|
|Possibly "my nude" that Sher-Gil submitted to the "end of year concours" in summer 1932.<ref name=Sundaram2010.80/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Self Portrait in Green Dress 1932 Paris.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Self-Portrait in Green Dress''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|51 × 60.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|Completed in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.86>Sundaram, p.86</ref>
|-
|[[File:Self-Portrait in Green Amrita Sher-Gil 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Self-Portrait in Green''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|64.8 × 90 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.799/>
|Completed in Paris around June 1932, and described by Sher-Gil as "a very good self-portrait".<ref name=Sundaram2010.72/>
|-
|[[File:Department Store c.1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Department Store''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|49.5 × 62 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|Likely the store called [[Printemps]] that she took a sketch of in June 1932.<ref name=Sundaram2010.76>Sundaram, pp. 76–79</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''The Blue Danube''
|Whereabouts unknown<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|
|Painted in Hungary.<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Hungarian-gypsy-girl.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''[[Hungarian Gypsy Girl]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|81.3 × 52.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|One of two paintings of the same girl who posed for Sher-Gil in old clothes, completed in the summer of 1932 in [[Zebegény]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.80/>

Ella Szepessy, Sher-Gil's maternal aunt, lived in a villa on the Zebegény hillside.<ref name=Keserü/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Gypsy Girl from Zebegény''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.800>Sundaram, p. 800</ref>
| 41 × 62 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|One of two paintings of the same girl who posed for Sher-Gil in old clothes, completed in the summer of 1932 in Zebegény.<ref name=Sundaram2010.80/>

In green and red, it depicts a gypsy girl holding a basket of fruit.<ref name=Keserü/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''[[Girls in conversation]]''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|82 × 53 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|On 2 August 1932, after completing the ''[[Gypsy Girls (painting)|Gypsy Girls]]'', Sher-Gil began a large painting of two poor girls in Zebegény.<ref name=Sundaram2010.80/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''[[Two Children on a Hillside]]''
|
|
| Sher-Gil wrote to her parents in the summer of 1934 requesting they sell "the two little girls I painted in Zebegény, which I hate".<ref name=Sundaram2010.140>Sundaram, pp. 140–141</ref>

A smaller version: In January 1937, she mentions selling a "picture of the two children on a hillside I had painted in Zebegény", at the Hyderabad exhibition for ₹250 in December 1936.<ref name=Sundaram2010.278>Sundaram, pp. 278–285</ref> She called it the "small rotten painting", mostly kept rolled up.<ref name=Sundaram2010.278/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sger-Gil Klarra Szepessy.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''[[Klarra Szepessy]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|53.5 × 99.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|Portrait of Sher-Gil's mother's younger sister.<ref name=Sundaram2010.56>Sundaram, p. 56</ref>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Hungarian Village Church 1932 Hungary.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''[[Hungarian Village Church]]''
|Private collection.<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|54.5 × 81.2 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|Painted in Zebegény, Hungary.<ref name=Christies/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Denise Prouteaux 1932 Paris.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Denise Prouteaux''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|57 × 81 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Portrait of Denise Prouteaux''
|Private collection
|
|<ref name=Jhala2021>{{cite news |last1=Jhala |first1=Kabir |title=Rediscovered portrait by India's most famous female painter Amrita Sher-Gil expected to sell for $2.8m |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/03/02/rediscovered-portrait-by-indias-most-famous-female-painter-amrita-sher-gil-expected-to-sell-for-dollar28m |access-date=23 December 2023 |work=The Art Newspaper – International art news and events |date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104180208/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/03/02/rediscovered-portrait-by-indias-most-famous-female-painter-amrita-sher-gil-expected-to-sell-for-dollar28m|archive-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Young Man with Apples.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''[[Young Man with Apples]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|71 × 97 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|One of several portraits Sher-Gil completed of Boris Taslitzky,<ref name=Sundaram2010.98/> this was exhibited at the XII [[Salon des Tuileries]] in 1934.<ref name=Dalmia2013.39>Dalmia, pp. 39–42</ref><ref name=Higgie2021>{{cite book |last1=Higgie |first1=Jennifer |title=The Mirror and the Palette: Rebellion, Revolution and Resilience: 500 Years of Women's Self-Portraits |date=2021 |publisher=Hachette |isbn=978-1-4746-1380-4 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFfiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190 |language=en}}</ref>

Number 25 of 33 of Sher-Gil's works displayed at [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|her solo exhibition]] at [[Faletti's Hotel]] in [[Lahore]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], held from 21 to 27 November 1937.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422>Sundaram, pp. 422–424</ref> There, it was priced at ₹500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Notre Dame 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''[[Notre Dame (1932)|Notre Dame]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|59.5 × 81 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|This was being created in June 1932, in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.80>Sundaram, pp. 80–85</ref>
|-
| [[File:Young Girls.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''[[Young Girls (painting)|Young Girls]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| 133 × 164 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|Painted in June 1932.<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/>

One of six paintings submitted to the "end of year concours" in summer 1932.<ref name=Sundaram2010.80/>

Earned Sher-Gil the appointment of associate member of the [[Salon (Paris)|1933 Paris Salon]].<ref name=Dalmia2013.31/>
|-
|[[File:Marie-Louise Chassany 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Marie-Louise Chassanay''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|66.5 × 94.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|<ref name=Anand1989>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Mulk Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6v0peP07oIC |title=Amrita Sher-Gil |date=1989 |publisher=National Gallery of Modern Art |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
||[[File:Sitting Nude (2), c.1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Sitting Nude''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|54 × 75 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|<ref name=Sundaram2010.80/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Potted Plant in Blossom''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|46 × 54 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.797/>
|-
|[[File:My Grandmother 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''[[My Grandmother]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|46 × 63.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]
|Portrait of Antonia Grottesmann née Martonfalvy (1864–1937), painted in Hungary.<ref name=Sundaram2010.60/>
|-
|[[File:Viola Egan c. 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Viola Egan''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|
|Painted in Hungary<ref name=Sundaram2010.800/>
|-
|[[File:Gypsy Woman Wearing Shawl c. 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1932}}|[[1932 in art|1932]]}}: ''Gypsy Woman wearing Shawl''
|Private collection of Istvan Szekely.<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>
|33 × 42 cm [[Oil on canvas]]
|Painted in Hungary.<ref name=Sundaram2010.801/>

|-
|[[File:Boat c. 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|''Boat''
|
|
|
|}

==Paintings (1933)==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|[[File:Self-portrait with Smile c. 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1933}}|[[1932 in art|1933]]}}: ''Self-Portrait with a Smile''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>
|45.8 × 33.2 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Soth/>
|Painted in Hungary.<ref name=Sundaram2010.798/>{{efn|Sundaram notes this to have been completed in 1932, though Sotheby's point out that Sher-gil signed it dated 1933.<ref name=Sundaram2010.102>Sundaram, p. 102</ref><ref name=Soth>{{cite web |title=(#1336) Amrita Sher-Gil |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/modern-contemporary-south-asian-art-n09318/lot.1336.html |website=Sothebys.com |access-date=12 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
|[[File:Reclining Nude 1933.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1933}}|[[1933 in art|1933]]}}: ''[[Reclining Nude (1933)|Reclining Nude]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| 70.7 × 93.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
|Completed in Budapest, it depicts Sher-Gil's cousin Viola, sister of her husband Victor Egan.<ref name=Sundaram2001/><ref name=Sundaram2010.94>Sundaram, p. 94</ref>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Open Air Painters 1933 Paris.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1933}}|[[1933 in art|1933]]}}: ''Open Air Painters''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|53 × 84 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
|Completed in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil The Girl in Black 1933.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1933}}|[[1933 in art|1933]]}}: ''[[The Girl in Black (painting)|The Girl in Black]]''
|Whereabouts unknown<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
|
|Painted in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>

Exhibited at the Salon of the Societe Nationale in 1934.<ref name=Keserü/>

This was cut out of a large unfinished painting depicting Sher-Gil, [[Indira Sundaram|Indira]], Denise Prouteaux, and a nude model, and gifted to Denise.<ref name=Sundaram2010.112>Sundaram, pp. 112–115</ref>

According to Prouteaux, she left the painting in a warehouse in [[Grenoble]], shortly after the [[Paris in World War II|German occupation of Paris]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.112/> When she returned after the war, it was missing.<ref name=Sundaram2010.112/> It had been taken by a German officer to Germany.<ref name=Sundaram2010.112/><ref name=Sundaram2001>{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |last2=Sher-Gil |first2=Umrao Singh |title=Re-take of Amrita: Digital Photomontages Based on Photographs by Umrao Singh Sher-Gil (1870–1954) and Photographs from the Sher-Gil Family Archive |date=2001 |publisher=Tulika |isbn=978-81-85229-49-2 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RRQAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Spanish Girl 1933 Paris.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1933}}|[[1933 in art|1933]]}}: ''Spanish Girl''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|59 × 91.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
|Completed in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
|-
|[[File:Painting Sleep 1932.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1933}}|[[1933 in art|1933]]}}: ''[[Sleep (Sher-Gil)|Sleep]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| 112.5 × 79.1 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
|Painted in Paris 1932–1933, it depicts Sher-Gil's sister Indira.<ref name=Sundaram2010.80/><ref name=Singh2011>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nikky-Guninder Kaur|author-link=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh |title=Sikhism: An Introduction |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-84885-320-1|chapter=8. Sikh art |pages=239–250 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8daLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT241 |location=New York|language=en}}</ref>

Displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore for a price of ₹1,000, but did not sell.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>

It was later left with the Indian National Congressman and her friend [[Diwan Chaman Lall]] "to see if he could palm it off on someone but he wasn't successful".<ref name=Sundaram2010.522>Sundaram, pp. 522–523</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1933}}|[[1933 in art|1933]]}}: ''[[Professional Model]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|72× 100 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
|Created in 1933 in Paris and depicts a nude [[tuberculosis|consumptive]]. Its [[vernissage]] took place in February 1933.<ref name=Dalmia2013.4>Dalmia, p. 50</ref>

Displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>
|-
|}

==Paintings (1934)==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1934}}|[[1934 in art|1934]]}}: ''[[Model in Green]]''
|
|
|Created in 1934 in Paris and modelled on the same nude as in ''Professional Model''.<ref name=Dalmia2013.29>Dalmia, pp. 29–30</ref>
|-
|[[File:Self-portrait with Long hair (2) 1934.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1934}}|[[1934 in art|1934]]}}: ''Self-portrait with long hair''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.802>Sundaram, p. 802</ref>
|35.5× 45.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
| Painted in Paris<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1934}}|[[1934 in art|1934]]}}: ''[[Model in Brown]]''
|
|
|Created in 1934 in Paris and modelled on the same nude as in ''Professional Model''.<ref name=Dalmia2013.29/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil View from Studio.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1934}}|[[1934 in art|1934]]}}: ''View from Studio''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
| 42 × 45.6 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.802/>
|Probably completed from her studio at the corner of the Rue de la Grande-Chaumière, in the [[Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs]].<ref name=Keserü/>
In 1938, at the All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society's exhibition in Delhi, it was awarded best picture in oils and gold medal for best picture by a female artist.<ref name=Sundaram2010.471>Sundaram, pp. 471–473</ref>

In Sher-Gil's opinion it was the "weakest" of the five paintings she submitted.<ref name=Sundaram2010.471/>
|-
| [[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Standing Nude.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1934}}|[[1934 in art|1934]]}}: ''[[Self-Portrait as a Tahitian]]''
|Delhi, [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]]
|90 × 56 cm [[Oil on canvas]]
|<ref name=Alston2020>{{cite book |last1=Bhushan |first1=Nalini |editor1-last=Alston |editor1-first=Charlotte |editor2-last=Carpenter |editor2-first=Amber |editor3-last=Wiseman |editor3-first=Rachael |title=Portraits of Integrity: 26 Case Studies from History, Literature and Philosophy |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-350-04039-7 |chapter=19. Amrita Sher-Gil: identity and integrity as a mixed-race woman artist in colonial India|pages=195–206 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcrPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |language=en }}</ref>
|-
|
|''Boat''
|
|
|Landscape, painted in the summer of 1934, [[Verőce, Hungary|Veroce]], Hungary, where her maternal aunt Blanca lived.<ref name=Keserü/>
|-
|
|''Vine''
|
|
|Landscape, painted in Veroce.<ref name=Keserü/>
|-
| [[File:The Little Girl in Blue by Amrita Sher-Gil.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1934}}|[[1934 in art|1934]]}}: ''[[The Little Girl in Blue]]''
|India, private collection
| 48 × 40.6 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.804>Sundaram, p. 804</ref>
|One of Sher-Gil's earliest paintings upon returning to India in 1934.<ref name=Dalmia2013.6>Dalmia, pp. 59–75</ref> It depicts a young Babette Mann.<ref name="Soth2018">{{cite web |title=Amrita Sher-Gil Portrait Comes to Market After 80 Years |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/amrita-sher-gil-portrait-comes-to-market-after-80-years |website=Sothebys.com |publisher=Sothebys |access-date=29 October 2024 |language=en |date=26 November 2018}}</ref>

Displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore, with a sale price of ₹150, and bought by [[Charles Fabri]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>

Sold by auction in 2018 for ₹18.69 crore, equivalent to $2.67 million.<ref name=Shaw2021/><ref name=Tribune2028>{{cite news |title=Amrita Sher-Gil's 'The Little Girl in Blue' fetches Rs 18.69 crore |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/amrita-sher-gil-s-the-little-girl-in-blue-fetches-rs-18-69-crore-691393 |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=Tribune |date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112082104/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/amrita-sher-gil-s-the-little-girl-in-blue-fetches-rs-18-69-crore-691393 |archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:View from Majithia House 1934.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1934}}|[[1934 in art|1934]]}}: ''View from Majithia House''
|Payal and Rajiv Chaudhri, New York<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|33× 23 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|Painted in December 1934<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|-
|}

==Paintings (1935)==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2023}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
| [[File:Group of Three Girls 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''[[Three Girls (painting)|Group of Young Girls]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|92.8 × 66.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|Completed on 1 January 1935.<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/>

Sher-Gil wrote to her mother on 1 January 1935 "Today I finished the painting of Mahindra's three daughters. It is excellent".<ref name=Sundaram2010.184>Sundaram, pp. 184–185</ref>

Also called ''Group of Young Girls'', it was displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore for a price of ₹700.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/><ref name=Seta2016>{{cite book |author1=Mandakini |last2=Gupta |first2=Ila |last3=Jha |first3=P. |editor1-last=Seta |editor1-first=Fumihiko |editor2-last=Biswas |editor2-first=Arindam |editor3-last=Khare |editor3-first=Ajay|editor4-last=Sen |editor4-first=Joy |title=Understanding Built Environment: Proceedings of the National Conference on Sustainable Built Environment 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-2136-7 |pages=237–254 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZbLDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |language=en |chapter=20. Gender and space in the paintings of Raja Ravi Varma and Amrita Sher-Gil}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Woman on Terrace 1935 Amritsar.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''Woman on Terrace''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|73.6 × 99 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|Painted in February 1935 at Majithia House, Amritsar, and modelled on Mohindra's maid, Guro.<ref name=Sundaram2010.192>Sundaram, pp. 192–196</ref>

Displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore for a price of ₹500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''Beggars''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|59 × 84 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|Painted in early 1935 at Simla.<ref name=Dalmia2013.61>Dalmia, p.61</ref>
|-
|[[File:Woman with SUnflower 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''Woman with Sunflower''
|
|
|Formerly called ''Indian Peasant Woman''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.214/><ref name=Dalmia2013.61/>
|-
|[[File:Woman Holding Fan 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''Woman with Fan''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|59 × 82.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|Painted in July 1935 at [[Mashobra]], Simla, modelled on Prakash, [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil|Umrao Singh]]'s daughter by his first marriage.<ref name=Sundaram2010.334>Sundaram, pp. 208, 334</ref>

Sher-Gil possibly later made [[pentimento|alterations]] to the face.<ref name=Dalmia2013.204/>
|-
|[[File:Boy with Lemons 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''Boys with Lemons''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.803>Sundaram, p. 803</ref>
|56 × 90 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|Painted at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|-
|[[File:Mother India 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''[[Mother India (painting)|Mother India]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|62 × 78 cm [[Oil on canvas]]
|Painted in May/June 1935 at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/><ref name=Sundaram2010.642>Sundaram, pp. 642–647</ref>

Formerly titled ''Beggar Woman''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.214>Sundaram, pp. 214–217</ref>

Displayed at both the 1936 exhibition at the Cecil, and the 1937 exhibition in Lahore for a price of ₹500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/><ref name=Sundaram2010.246/>

Possibly reminiscent of the poor man in [[Picasso's Blue Period]].<ref name=Keserü/>
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Malcolm Muggeridge 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''[[Portrait of Malcolm Muggeridge]]''
|Sikander Rahim (son of [[Esther Rahim]]), Pakistan<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|
|Sher-Gil met Muggeridge in May 1935 and last saw him in September that year.<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/>

Painted at Simla in June 1935.<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/><ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|-
|[[File:Malcolm Muggeridge 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''[[Malcolm Muggeridge]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|59.5 × 94 cm [[Oil on canvas]]
|Painted at Simla in June 1935.<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/><ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>

His hand is larger than his face.<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/>
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Father SherGil 1935 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''Portrait of Father''
|
|60 × 91.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|Painted in May/June 1935 at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/><ref name=Sundaram2010.642>Sundaram, pp. 642–647</ref>

Displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore for a price of ₹500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>
|-
|[[File:Man in White 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''Man in White''
|
|
|Painted at Simla and modelled on student philosopher from Delhi, Prem Chand (1911–1995).<ref name=Keserü/><ref name=Sundaram2010.642/>

Displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore for a price of ₹350.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/> There, she was offered ₹250 for it.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430/>
|-
|
|''Portrait of Mr. F. M. Khan''
|Hamid Haroon, Pakistan<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/>
|
|In green, blue and grey, he is posed on a stool.<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/>

Gifted to publisher of ''Dawn'', Haroon in the 1990s by Khan's widow.<ref name=Dalmia2013.6/><ref name=Wasim2015>{{cite news |last1=Wasim |first1=Omer |title=Different strokes |url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153281 |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Herald Magazine |date=5 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Nude Group 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''Nude Group''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|81.3 × 114.3 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|In the foreground is [[Sumair Apjit Singh|Sumair Kaur]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.178>Sundaram, pp. 178–181, 202</ref>
|-
|[[File:Two Women 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''Two Women''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|74 × 100 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|Painted at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.803/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Two Women in White 1935 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''Two Women in White''
|Private collection.<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|35 × 24 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|Painted at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/><ref name=Sundaram2010.208>Sundaram, p. 208</ref>
|-
|[[File:Hill Men 1935.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''[[Hill Men]]''
|
|89× 148.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|Painted in 1935 at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>{{efn|Sundaram lists ''Hill Men'' as completed in December 1935, and ''Hill Women'' the previous month.<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/> Others state that ''Hill Men'' was created first.<ref name=Dalmia2013.73>Dalmia, p. 73</ref><ref name=Tillotson1997>{{cite journal |last1=Tillotson |first1=G.H.R. |title=A Painter of Concern: Critical Writings on Amrita Sher-Gil |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=1997 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=57–72 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23002294 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[File:Women-Painting of Amrita Sher Girl (cropped).jpeg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1935}}|[[1935 in art|1935]]}}: ''[[Hill Women]]''
| Private collection of Vivan Sundaram and Navina Sundaram, Delhi
|89 × 147.3 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.804/>
|Painted in 1935 after ''Hill Men'', at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.804>Sundaram, p. 804</ref>

Depicts three young women and a girl.<ref name=Haupt2016/>

Exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1936 and then at Hyderabad for a price of ₹2,500, where it was admired by [[Sarojini Naidu]], who tried to persuade the Museum of Hyderabad to acquire the painting.<ref name=Sundaram2010.278/>

Displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore for a price of ₹1,500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>
|-
|}

==Paintings (1936)==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2023}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|[[File:Raja Surat Singh 1936.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1936}}|[[1936 in art|1936]]}}: ''Raja Surat Singh''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.805>Sundaram, p. 805</ref>
|48.5 × 74 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|Painted in February 1936 at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|-
|[[File:The Little Untouchable 1936.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1936}}|[[1936 in art|1936]]}}: ''The Little Untouchable''
|Whereabouts unknown<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|
|Painted in March 1936 at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.246/>
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Girl with Flower 1936.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1936}}|[[1936 in art|1936]]}}: ''Portrait of Girl with Flower''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|30 × 40 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|Painted in March 1936 at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|-
|[[File:Child Wife 1936.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1936}}|[[1936 in art|1936]]}}: ''[[Child Wife]]''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|53 × 76 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|Painted in March 1936 at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>

Also known as ''Child Bride''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.246/>

Was planned to be shown at the Lahore exhibition in November 1937, but Sher-Gil changed her mind.<ref name=Sundaram2010.412>Sundaram, pp. 412–413</ref>
|-
|[[File:Sunder Singh March 1936.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1936}}|[[1936 in art|1936]]}}: ''Sunder Singh''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|50.8 × 64.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|Painted in March 1936 at Saraya<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Joji March 1936.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1936}}|[[1936 in art|1936]]}}: ''Portrait of Joji''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|64.7 × 92.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|Painted in March 1936 at Saraya<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>

Depicts Joji, Jagjeevan/Gurjeevan (1913–2005), daughter of Kirpal Singh Majithia, and sister of [[Dalip Singh Majithia]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.227>Sundaram, p. 227-229</ref>

Sher-Gil wrote to her mother on 10 February 1936 that "I shall grudgingly paint her to her advantage so that she likes her image, and maybe she will purchase my painting".<ref name=Sundaram2010.227/>
|-
| [[File:Sumair 1936.png|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1936}}|[[1936 in art|1936]]}}: ''Sumair''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|54 × 89 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|Portrait of [[Sumair Kaur]], daughter of Umrao Singh's first son, Balram. Painted at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.178/>{{efn|Sumair (born 1918), became a model in Paris and was later associated with the underworld, Nazis and Axis agents. [[Bernard Wasserstein]] describes her as having "a podgy face and snub nose, and was somewhat short for a model".<ref name=Sundaram2010.178/>}}
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Sister 1936.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1936}}|[[1936 in art|1936]]}}: ''Portrait of Sister''
|Private<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|62 × 92.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|Painted at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|-
|[[File:Woman in Red 1936.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1936}}|[[1936 in art|1936]]}}: ''Woman in Red''
|Seeta Badrinath, Chennai<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|53 × 89 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|Painted at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/><ref name=Sundaram2010.247>Sundaram, p. 247</ref>
|-
|[[File:Composition 1936.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1936}}|[[1936 in art|1936]]}}: ''[[Composition (Sher-Gil painting)|Composition]]''<ref name=Sundaram2010.246/>
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|68.5 × 91.4 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.805/>
|Considered by herself as one of her best at the time.<ref name=Foulds1936>{{cite news |last1=Foulds |first1=J. P. |title=Amrita Sher-Gil and Indian art: formulation of a new technique |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=7 November 1936 |location=Lahore |page=13}}</ref> It was titled "Water Carriers" when exhibited at the Salon.<ref name=Sundaram2010.345>Sundaram, p. 345</ref>

Depicts a water jar in front of a child and a coolie.<ref name=Sundaram2010.260>Sundaram, pp. 260–261</ref>

Painted in Simla and sold in November 1936 at Sher-Gil's exhibition at the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] Mumbai for ₹1,000 to Anand Prabha Shankar Pattani, son of [[Prabhashankar Pattani]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.260/>

It was one of five of her paintings exhibited at the All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society's exhibition in Delhi in 1938.<ref name=Sundaram2010.471/>
|-
|}

==Paintings (1937)==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2023}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|[[File:Fruit Vendors 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Fruit Vendors''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|73.6 × 105.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|Painted in January 1937 at [[Kanyakumari|Cape Comorin]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>

Displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore for a price of ₹250.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>
|-
|[[File:The Vina Player (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''[[The Vina Player]]''
|[[Lahore Museum]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|
|Displayed at the Lahore exhibition (1937), where it was bought for the museum.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>
|-
|[[File:Raja of Kollengode 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Raja of Kollengode''
|Siddarth John, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|77.5× 116 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|Painted at Simla in March 1937, a "portrait to order", her mother described it as "an ancient pope propped up in his chair to receive the final unction".<ref name=Sundaram2010.362>Sundaram, pp. 362-363</ref>
|-
|[[File:Girl with Pitcher 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Girl with Pitcher''
|Whereabouts unknown<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|68 × 105.4 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|Completed in Simla in April 1937, she told Karl that this painting was a success for her: "two dark figures, burnt sienna against a luminous white background".<ref name=Sundaram2010.362/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sger-Gil Bride's Toilet.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''[[Bride's Toilet]]''<ref name=Sundaram2010.416/>
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|144.5 × 86 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|Completed in April 1937.<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>

One of Sher-Gil's South Indian trilogy.<ref name=Dalmia2013.201>Dalmia, pp. 201–202</ref>

Displayed at the Lahore exhibition (1937) for a price of ₹1,500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>
|-
|[[File:Brahmacharis 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''[[Brahmacharis (painting)|Brahmacharis]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|144.5 × 86.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|Painted in May 1937 at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>

One of Sher-Gil's South Indian trilogy.<ref name=Dalmia2013.201/>

Displayed at the Lahore exhibition (1937) for a price of ₹1,500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>
|-
|[[File:Village Girl c. 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Village Girl''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|56 × 90 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|
|-
|[[File:Namaskar 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Namaskar''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|38 × 48.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|Painted at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''[[South Indian Villagers going to Market]]''
|
|90 × 147.3 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|Painted at Sher-Gil's home, The Holme, Simla, around October 1937, along with the two smaller compositions ''The Story Teller'' and ''Siesta''.<ref name=Dalmia2013.98/><ref name=Sundaram2010.416>Sundaram, pp. 416–417</ref>

Displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore for a price of ₹1,500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>

In 1940, the painting was one of six of Sher-Gil's works displayed at the Indian Academy of Fine Arts' Amritsar Exhibition (31 October – 10 November), to raise money for the War Fund.<ref name=Sundaram2010.684/>

|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Self-portrait October 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Self-Portrait''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|52 × 78 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|Completed in October 1937 at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>

Possibly the painting Sher-Gil calls ''Pink Self-portrait'', sold at the Lahore exhibition in November 1937.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430/><ref name=Sundaram2010.410>Sundaram, pp. 410-411</ref>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Siesta 1937 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Siesta''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|83 × 55 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|Painted in October 1937 at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>

According to [[Vivan Sundaram]] it was originally titled ''Fantasy'', and completed at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.416/>

Displayed at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore for a price of ₹750.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>

Sher-Gil in a letter to Khandelwal dated 19 December 1937, wrote "my fantasy (which I have called ''Painting'')",<ref name=Sundaram2010.428>Sundaram, pp. 428–429</ref> and was priced at ₹350 at Lahore.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>

Sher-Gil possibly later made alterations to the painting.<ref name=Dalmia2013.204/>

In 1940, the painting was one of six of Sher-Gil's works displayed at the Indian Academy of Fine Arts' Amritsar Exhibition (31 October – 10 November), to raise money for the War Fund.<ref name=Sundaram2010.684>Sundaram, pp. 684–685</ref>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Dressing the Bride 1937 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Dressing the Bride''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|70 × 95 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|Painted at Simla in November 1937.<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|-
|[[File:Women on the Beach 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Women on the Beach''
|[[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh|Government Museum and Art Gallery]], [[Chandigarh]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|29.9 × 40 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|Painted at Cape Comorin.<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>

Modelled on South Indian women.<ref name=Dalmia2013.84>Dalmia, pp. 84, 90</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Villagers in Winter''
|
| [[Oil on canvas]]
|One of Sher-Gil's South Indian trilogy.<ref name=Dalmia2013.201/>

Displayed at the Lahore exhibition (1937) for a price of ₹1,500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Mendicant''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|36 × 52 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|Painted at Simla<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Two Mendicants''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|66.5 × 89.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|Painted at Simla<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Lady Daljit Singh of Kapurthala 1937 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Lady Daljit Singh of Kapurthala''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|55 × 89 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|Portrait of Rani Lady Daljit Singh of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Self-Portrait''
|Private collection.<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|52× 78 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|One of two self-portraits completed in Simla, Sher-Gil described this as "sugary".<ref name=Sundaram2010.416/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Self-Portrait in Blue Sari''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.806>Sundaram, p. 806</ref>
|45× 79 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.806/>
|One of two self-portraits completed in Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.416/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Head of Girl 1937 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Head of Girl''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|29 × 33 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|Painted at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|-
|[[File:Bullock Cart 1937.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''Bullock Cart''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|41 × 30 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|Painted at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1937]]}}: ''[[The Story Teller (painting)|The Story Teller]]''
|India, private collection
|59 × 79 cm [[Oil on canvas]]
|Sher-Gil's first painting with animals,<ref name=Dalmia2013.98/> she described it as "a little composition with cows", and Karl noticed its Pahari characters.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430/>

Bought by [[Badruddin Tyabji (diplomat)|Badruddin Tyabji jr]] at the 1937 exhibition in Lahore, where it was put up for ₹250.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>

Sold at auction in 2023 for ₹61.8 crore ($2.67 million).<ref name=TET2023>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2023 |title=Amrita Sher-gil's 'The Story teller' is now the most expensive Indian painting! Oil on canvas masterpiece fetches Rs 61.8 cr at Delhi auction |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/amrita-sher-gils-the-story-teller-is-now-the-most-expensive-indian-painting-oil-on-canvas-masterpiece-fetches-rs-61-8-cr-at-delhi-auction/articleshow/103770939.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 September 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926085547/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/amrita-sher-gils-the-story-teller-is-now-the-most-expensive-indian-painting-oil-on-canvas-masterpiece-fetches-rs-61-8-cr-at-delhi-auction/articleshow/103770939.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Paintings (1938)==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2023}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1937}}|[[1937 in art|1938]]}}: ''Portrait of a Stout Lady''
|Whereabouts unknown.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430/>
|
|One of two commissioned paintings, Sher-Gil called "nerve-wracking". Begun in Lahore in December 1937, and completed in January 1938. Sher-Gil described it as "a stout lady who squints outward and wants to be depicted slender and charming. How I hate it".<ref name=Sundaram2010.430/><ref name=Dalmia2013.103/> Left unsigned.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430/>
|-
|
|''Portrait of Mrs Hirlalal''
|
|
|Though Sher-Gil typically charged ₹500 for each portrait of a head, two portraits were requested for Mrs Hirlalal, and she asked for ₹700 to do both.<ref name=Sundaram2010.430/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Portrait of Shakuntala Kapur 1938 Lahore.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''[[Portrait of Shakuntala Kapur]]''
|[[National Art Gallery, Pakistan|National Art Gallery]], Pakistan<ref name=Dalmia2013.103/>{{efn|Sundaram states this painting's whereabouts is unknown.<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>}}
|
|One of two commissioned paintings, Sher-Gil called "nerve-wracking", completed in early 1938 in Lahore, it depicts Shakuntala Lall, who asked Sher-Gil to adjust her "ugly" fingers to appear slender.<ref name=Dalmia2013.103/> Sher-Gil did as requested and left the painting unsigned.<ref name=Singh1984>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=N. Iqbal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHbWAAAAMAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Biography |date=1984 |publisher=Vikas |isbn=978-0-7069-2474-9 |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1950s it was found in a [[Rag-and-bone man|rag shop]] in Lahore and acquired for free by [[Ashfaq Ahmed]].<ref name=Dalmia2013.103/> Ahmed was charged ₹3 for the frame and offered the picture for nothing. He walked away with the painting, leaving the frame behind.<ref name=Dalmia2013.103/> At the request of artist [[Zubeida Agha]], he gave it to the [[National Art Gallery, Pakistan|National Art Gallery, Islamabad]].<ref name=Dalmia2013.103/>

|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Portrait of Helen 1938 Lahore.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Portrait of Helen''
|Whereabouts unknown<ref name=Sundaram2010.807>Sundaram, p.807</ref>
| 26.5 × 35 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.807/>
|In January 1938 from Faletti's, Sher-Gil painted [[Helen Chaman Lall]], and wrote to her parents "I have started on a head of Mrs. Chaman Lall for which I don't wish to charge them anything".<ref name=Sundaram2010.438>Sundaram, pp. 438–439</ref><ref name=Dalmia2013.103>Dalmia, pp.103–104</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''[[Red Brick House]]''
|Private<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
| 37 × 26.6 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Completed in Lahore in January 1938.<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>

Depicts a bakery called Thompson's and was given to N. Iqbal Singh.<ref name=Dalmia2013.103>Dalmia, pp.103–104</ref>

In July 2006, it was sold at Osian's for ₹ 1.3 crore.<ref name=Sundaram2010.454>Sundaram, pp. 454–455</ref>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Elephants Bathing in a Green Pool 1938 Saraya.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Elephants Bathing in a Green Pool''
|
|81 × 56 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Completed in Saraya in February 1938.<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/>

It was one of five of her paintings exhibited at the All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society's exhibition in Delhi in 1938.<ref name=Sundaram2010.471/>
|-
|[[File:Village-scene-1938.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Village Group''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|95 × 66 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Painted in March 1938 at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Women in Red''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|59.5 × 53.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Painted in March 1938 at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Three Bullock Carts 1938 Saraya.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Three Bullock Carts''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|78.7 × 40.6 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Completed in Saraya in March 1938.<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Hill Scene 1938 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Hill Scene''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
| 65 × 87.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Completed in Simla in April 1938.<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Hillside 1938 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Hill Side''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| 65 × 87.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Completed in Simla in June 1938.<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Village Scene 1938 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''[[Village Scene]]''<ref name=Dalmia2014>{{cite book |last1=Dalmia|first1=Yashodhara |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=7. Transformation of the pre-modern to the modern in early twentieth-century Indian art|pages=53–64}}</ref>
|Indian businessman, Nand Khemka, private collection<ref name=Bethlenfalvy2011>{{cite journal |last1=Bethlenfalvy |first1=Za |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Painter of Two Continents |journal=The Hungarian Quarterly |date=2011 |issue=201 |pages=87–98 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=148766 |language=English |issn=0028-5390}}</ref>
|84 × 62 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Painted around February–March 1938,<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/> in Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>

Sold at [[Osian art fund|Osian's]] in March 2006 to Khemka for $1.6 million.<ref name=Bethlenfalvy2011/><ref name=Sooke2007>{{cite news |last1=Sooke |first1=Alastair |title=Laid bare – the free spirit of Indian art |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3663362/Laid-bare-the-free-spirit-of-Indian-art.html |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217072608/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3663362/Laid-bare-the-free-spirit-of-Indian-art.html|archive-date=17 December 2023|work=The Telegraph |date=24 February 2007 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:In the Ladies Enclosure 1938.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''In the Ladies Enclosure''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/><ref name=Hodge2024>{{cite book |last1=Hodge |first1=Susie |title=Elements of Art: Ten Ways to Decode the Masterpieces |date=2024 |publisher=Frances Lincoln |isbn=978-0-7112-8665-8 |page=135 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zx_dEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |language=en |chapter=In the Ladies' Enclosure}}</ref>
|81 × 56 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Painted in March 1938 at the family estate in Saraya, [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/><ref name=Hodge2024/>

Depicts a group of women, including members of the Majithia family, and a dog.<ref name=Hodge2024/><ref name=Tripathi2021>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Sumedha |title=After Selling For Rs 37.8 Cr, Amrita Sher-Gil's Art Becomes The Second Most Expensive Indian Artwork |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/amrita-sher-gils-art-second-most-expensive-indian-artwaork-544990.html |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=IndiaTimes |date=15 July 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Sold at auction in 2021 for ₹ 37.8 crore.<ref name=Tripathi2021/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Red Clay Elephant 1938 Saraya.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Red Clay Elephant''
|Vivan and Navina Sundaram collection, New Delhi.<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|66 × 96.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Completed in March 1938 at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>

Formerly known as ''Ganesh Puja''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.642/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Red Verandah 1938 Simla.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Red Verandah''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|71.6 × 144.2 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Painted in May 1939 in Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Sardani Kirpal Singh Majithia 1938 Saraya.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Sardarni Kirpal Singh Majithia''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.808>Sundaram, p. 808</ref>
|66 × 92.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.808/>
|Painted in April 1938 in Saraya, Sher-Gil wrote to her mother in March 1938..."Kirpal has asked me to paint his wife from memory and the aid of a rotten photograph".<ref name=Sundaram2010.471/>{{efn|Kirpal Singh (1891–1944) was Sher-Gil's cousin, married to Raminder Kaur (1894–1936), also known as Sardarni Kirpal Singh Majithia<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/>}}
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Potato Peeler''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| 59.5 × 72.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809>Sundaram, p. 809</ref>
|Completed in November 1938 in Hungary.<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''[[In the Garden (painting)|In the Garden]]''
|75 × 60 cm [[Oil on canvas]]
|Private collection
|Painted in Hungary and gifted to Viola Egan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amrita Sher-Gil |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/modern-contemporary-south-asian-art-n09479/lot.514.html?locale=en |website=Sothebys.com |publisher=Sotheby's |access-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205202929/https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/modern-contemporary-south-asian-art-n09479/lot.514.html?locale=en|archive-date=5 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Hungarian Church Steeple 1938.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Hungarian Church Steeple''
|Private collection<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|45.7 × 67.3 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|Painted in [[Kiskunhalas]], Hungary, in November 1938, a few months after she returned there to marry Viktor Egan.<ref name=Singh1975/><ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Hungarian Village Market 1938 Kiskunhalas.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Hungarian Village Market''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|72 × 97 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|Painted in Kiskunhalas, Hungary, in November 1938.<ref name=Singh1975/><ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>

Best known artwork of hers from this trip to Hungary.<ref name=Singh1975/>

Depicts the white tower of Kiskunhalas church behind people dressed in black<ref name=Keserü/>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Trees''
|Zsuzsa Urbach, Budapest.<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|38.2 × 61 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Hungarian Peasant 1938 Kiskunhalas.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1938}}|[[1938 in art|1938]]}}: ''Hungarian Peasant''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|38 × 53 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|Painted in Kiskunhalas in November 1938.<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|-
|}

==Paintings (1939)==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|[[File:Winter 1939.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1939}}|[[1939 in art|1939]]}}: ''Winter''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|73.6 × 52 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|Painted in Zebegény in January 1939<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita-sher-gil-the-merry-cemetery-1939-trivium-art-history.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1939}}|[[1939 in art|1939]]}}: ''Merry Cemetery''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| 73 × 98.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|Painted in Zebegény.<ref name=Dalmia2013.198>Dalmia, p. 198</ref>
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Victor Egan by Amrita Sher-Gil 1939.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1939}}|[[1939 in art|1939]]}}: ''[[Portrait of Victor Egan]]''
|Private collection of Manoj Israni (2022)<ref name=Gupta2020>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Jahnavi |title=Amrita Sher-Gil's rare portrait fetches over Rs 10 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/amrita-sher-gil-s-rare-portrait-of-husband-fetches-over-rs-10-crore-at-astaguru-sale/story-XlNdAtRDZd6GmLwvydMBSI.html |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101200757/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/amrita-sher-gil-s-rare-portrait-of-husband-fetches-over-rs-10-crore-at-astaguru-sale/story-XlNdAtRDZd6GmLwvydMBSI.html|archive-date=1 January 2024|work=Hindustan Times |date=24 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|63.5× 80 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|Painted in Hungary.<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
Portrays Egan in army uniform, and sold in 2020 to Manoj Israni for ₹10.86 crore.<ref name=Gupta2020/>
|-
|[[File:Female Torso 1939.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1939}}|[[1939 in art|1939]]}}: ''Female Torso''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|56 × 99 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|Painted in Budapest.<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|-
|[[File:Two Girls by Amrita Sher-Gil 1939 Budapest.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1939}}|[[1939 in art|1939]]}}: ''[[Two Girls (painting)|Two Girls]]''
|Vivan & Navina Sundaram<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
| 89 × 129 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.809/>
|Painted in Budapest in March 1939,<ref name=Alston2020/><ref name=Sundaram2010.809/> the dark girl is modelled on a dark Hungarian gypsy.<ref name=Sundaram2010.796/><ref name=Sundaram2010.570>Sundaram, pp. 570–572</ref><ref name=Dalmia2013.118>Dalmia, pp. 118–19</ref>
The effect of the painting is considered by some as the pinnacle of Sher-Gil's repeating theme of equality between a dark and fair woman, an idea that began in her 1932 painting ''Young Girls''.<ref name=Dalmia.2013.31>Dalmia, p. 31</ref>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Resting 1939 Saraya.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1939}}|[[1939 in art|1940]]}}: ''Resting''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|99 × 110.7 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Painted in November 1939 at Simla.<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|-
|}

==Paintings (1940)==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2023}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil Ancient Story Teller 1940 Saraya.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''[[Ancient Story Teller]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|70 × 87 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Painted at Saraya in January 1940.<ref name=Dalmia2013.133>Dalmia, pp. 133-134</ref>

The painting was one of six of Sher-Gil's works displayed at the [[Indian Academy of Fine Arts]]' Amritsar Exhibition (31 October – 10 November), to raise money for the War Fund.<ref name=Sundaram2010.684/> There, it was awarded the [[S. G. Thakur Singh|Sardar S. G. Thakur Singh Award]] (₹50) for best composition in oil.<ref name=Sundaram2010.684/>

Displayed by the [[Hall of Art, Budapest|Budapest Kunsthalle]] at New Delhi, in 1979.<ref name=Keserü/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil The Swing 1940 Saraya.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''The swing''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|70 × 91.4 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Completed in March 1940,<ref name=Dalmia2013.133/> the painting was one of six of Sher-Gil's works displayed at the Indian Academy of Fine Arts' Amritsar Exhibition (31 October – 10 November), to raise money for the War Fund.<ref name=Sundaram2010.684/>

The main figure is modelled on (Tejwant Kaur (Teji), daughter of Kirpal Singh Majithia, Sher-Gil's cousin.<ref name=Sundaram2010.498>Sundaram, pp.498–499</ref>
|-
|[[File:Woman on Charpoy 1940.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''[[Woman on Charpoy]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|85 × 72.4 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Completed at Saraya in June 1940.<ref name=Seta2016/><ref name=Sundaram2010.642/><ref name=Sen2002>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Geeti |title=Feminine fables : imaging the Indian woman in painting, photography, and cinema |date=2002 |publisher=Mapin Publishing |location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-81-85822-88-4 |page=63 |url=https://archive.org/details/femininefablesim0000seng/page/62/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=Dalmia2013.135>Dalmia, pp. 135, 149-150</ref>

The main figure is modelled on Teji.<ref name=Sundaram2010.498/>
|-
|[[File:Bride 1940.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''Bride''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|70 × 98 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Painted at Saraya<ref name=Sundaram2010.ch/><ref name=Dalmia2013.136>Dalmia, p. 136</ref>
|-
|[[File:Restimg Mother 1940.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''[[Resting Mother]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|97 × 72 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Painted at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|-
|[[File:Elephant promenade 1940.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''Elephant Promenade''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|92.5 × 126.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|In 1940, the painting was one of six of Sher-Gil's works displayed at the Indian Academy of Fine Arts' Amritsar Exhibition (31 October – 10 November), to raise money for the War Fund.<ref name=Sundaram2010.684/>
|-
|[[File:Elephants 1940.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''Elephants''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|72 × 86.3 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Painted in March 1940 in Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>

In 1940, the painting was one of six of Sher-Gil's works displayed at the Indian Academy of Fine Arts' Amritsar Exhibition (31 October – 10 November), to raise money for the War Fund.<ref name=Sundaram2010.684/>
|-
|[[File:Sher-Giil Two Elephants 1940 Saraya.webp|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''Two Elephants''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|43.2 × 52 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Painted at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|-
|[[File:Haldi Grinders 1940.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''Haldi Grinders''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|74.7 × 100 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Painted at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|-
|[[File:Mucisicians 1940.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''Musicians''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|67.5 × 93 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Painted in December 1940.<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>

Depicts three [[Sant (religion)|Sants]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.694>Sundaram, pp. 694–697</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''Horse and Groom''
|Unknown<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|
|Painted at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|-
|[[File:Woman at Bath 1940.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1940}}|[[1940 in art|1940]]}}: ''Woman at Bath''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|70 × 92 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Painted at Saraya.<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|-
|}

==Paintings (1941)==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Table featuring paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Image
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"| Collection
!scope="col"| Dimensions Technique
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes {{Refh}}
|-
|[[File:Village Girls Saraya 1941.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1941}}|[[1941 in art|1941]]}}: ''Village Girls''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
|44.3 × 52.2 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810>Sundaram, pp. 810-811</ref>
|Painted at Saraya in August 1941.<ref name=Sundaram2010.743>Sundaram, pp. 743–745</ref>

From Sardarnagar, Gorakhpur, Sher-Gil wrote to [[Badruddin Tyabji (diplomat)|Badruddin Tyabji]] on 3 September 1941 that she had completed the ''Village Girls'' after at least six months of not looking at her brushes. "The spell has suddenly broken now and I am working with passion".<ref name=Sundaram2010.743/>

In Sher-Gil's words it depicts "four little girls weaving baskets. The background an acid lemon, the children a medley of hot colour."<ref name=Sundaram2010.743/>
|-
|[[File:Sher-Gil Camels 1941.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1941}}|[[1941 in art|1941]]}}: ''Camels''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|74.7 × 100 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Painted at Saraya in September 1941.<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>

Sher-Gil wrote to her mother on 29 August 1941 that "I am doing a lot of drawings of animals. Camels, horses, baffaloes etc.".<ref name=Sundaram2010.737>Sundaram, pp. 737–741</ref>

In Sher-Gil's words it depicts "a curious rose coloured Indian saddle on one of the animals".<ref name=Sundaram2010.743/>

Displayed by the Budapest Kunsthalle at New Delhi, in 1979.<ref name=Keserü/>
|-
|[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil The Last Unfinished Painting 1941 Lahore.jpg|frameless|upright=1.13]]
|{{sort|{{nts|1941}}|[[1941 in art|1941]]}}: ''[[The Last Unfinished Painting]]''
|New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|65.7× 87.5 cm [[Oil on canvas]]<ref name=Sundaram2010.810/>
|Was being painted in early December 1941 at Lahore.<ref name=Singh1975/>

Sher-Gil's intention was to paint what she could see from her terrace: the milkmen's buffaloes that lived near her home.<ref name=Singh1975/>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of National Treasures of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Amrita Sher-Gil (list of paintings held at the National Gallery of Modern Art, Delhi) |url=http://www.ngmaindia.gov.in/virtual-tour-of-amrita-sher-gil.asp |website=ngmaindia.gov.in |access-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111064707/http://www.ngmaindia.gov.in/virtual-tour-of-amrita-sher-gil.asp|archive-date=11 November 2023}}
* {{cite web |title=Classical Indian Art -Dec-14, 2015 -Lot 45 – |url=https://www.saffronart.com/auctions/postwork.aspx?l=19907 |website=Saffronart |access-date=23 December 2023}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil|state=expanded}}
{{Lists of paintings}}

[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil| ]]
[[Category:20th-century paintings]]
[[Category:Portrait art]]
[[Category:Lists of paintings|Sher-Gil, Amrita]]

Jhagad Singh Negi

2026-04-10T05:21:29Z

Sbahin: adding a biography

{{Short description|Last ruler of Koligarh fort in Garhwal, India}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jhagad Singh Negi
| title = Ruler of Koligarh
| image =
| caption = Last ruler of Koligarh fort
| reign = 15th–16th century (exact dates unknown)
| predecessor = Unknown
| successor = Ajay Pal, (annexed into Garhwal Kingdom)
| dynasty = local chieftain

| death_place = Garhwal (present‑day [[Uttarakhand]])
| religion = Hinduism
}}

'''Jhagad Singh Negi''' was the last known ruler of [[Koligarh]] (also spelled ''Koligad'' or ''Koligadh'') in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] region of present‑day [[Uttarakhand]], India. Koligarh was one of the traditional fifty‑two forts of Garhwal.<ref name="garhwal_itihas">''गढ़वाल का राजनैतिक इतिहास'' (Gaḍhavāla kā Rājanītika Itihāsa). Author unknown. Allahabad: Kitab Mahal. 1950. p. 35.</ref>

== Biography ==
Koligarh was located in Basrambu Patti of Garhwal. During the 15th–16th century, local forts and small chiefdoms were gradually unified under [[Ajay Pal]], the first ruler of the [[Garhwal Kingdom]]. Jhagad Singh Negi, the ruler of Koligarh, was defeated by Ajay Pal, and the fort was annexed into the kingdom.<ref name="bahugun_charit">''बहुगुणवंशचरित'' (Bahuguṇavaṃśacarita). Srinagar: Garhwal Press. 1958. p. 112.</ref><ref name="uttarakhand_vibhuti">''उत्तराखण्ड की विभूतियाँ'' (Uttarākhaṇḍ kī Vibhūtiyām̐). Dehradun: Shakti Prakashan. 1976. p. 76.</ref><ref name="garhwal_jani">''गढ़वाल मंडल की जानी‑मानी हस्तियाँ'' (Gaḍhavāla Maṇḍala kī Jānī‑Mānī Hastiyām̐). Srinagar: Garhwal Book Depot. 1968. p. 58.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Garhwal Kingdom]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Negi, Jhagad Singh}}
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:History of Garhwal]]
[[Category:Garhwali people]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{India-bio-stub}}

Baryl Vanneihsangi

2026-04-04T03:40:48Z

Sbahin: Started a details.

{{Short description|Indian TV presenter, radio jockey and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Baryl V.jpg
| birth_name = Baryl Vanneihsangi Tlau
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|28 February 1991}}
| occupation = {{flatlist| [[TV presenter]], [[radio jockey]], [[politician]] }}
| education = Master of Arts (history)
| alma_mater = [[North-Eastern Hill University]]
| constituency1 = [[Aizawl South 3 Assembly constituency|Aizawl South 3]]
| office1 = Member of the {{No break|[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}
| term_start1 = 8 December 2023
| office2 = [[Councillor|Corporator]], [[Aizawl Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start2 = 18 February 2021
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| predecessor1 = [[F. Lalnunmawia]]
| predecessor2 = C. Lalthansanga
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], Mizoram
| year = 2021–present
| constituency2 = Ward no. 19
| signature = Baryl signature.jpg
}}

'''Baryl Vanneihsangi Tlau''' (born 28 February 1991) is an Indian [[TV presenter]], radio jockey and politician. She is a member of [[9th Mizoram Assembly]] in India and represents the [[Aizawl South 3 Assembly constituency| South 3 constituency]] of the Aizawl district as a member of the Zoram People's Movement Party. She also serves as an elected [[Councillor|corporator]] in Aizawl Municipal Corporation (AMC).

She became the first woman to preside the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]].

== Early life and education ==
Baryl Vanneihsangi Tlau was born on 28 February 1991 to Vanrochhuanga in Aizawl. In 2014, she earned a [[Master of Arts]] degree in history from North Eastern Hill University in [[Shillong]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Know About RJ-Turned-Politician Baryl Vanneihsangi, Who Became Youngest Woman MLA Of Mizoram |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/know-about-rjturnedpolitician-baryl-vanneihsangi-who-became-youngest-woman-mla-of-mizoram-10118413 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Aizawl South III Assembly Election Results 2023: ZPM's Baryl Vanneihsangi Tlau wins from Aizawl South III constituency |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/mizoram-assembly-elections-2023/story/aizawl-south-iii-assembly-election-results-2023-zpms-baryl-vanneihsangi-tlau-wins-from-aizawl-south-iii-constituency-720916-2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/56 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref>

Before starting her political career, she was a TV presenter and radio jockey.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Meet Baryl Vanneihsangi, The Youngest MLA Of Mizoram |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/baryl-vanneihsangi-the-youngest-woman-mla-of-mizoram-4637711 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In the 2021 [[Aizawl Municipal Corporation]] elections, Vanneihsangi was elected as a [[councillor]] from Ward Number XIX, representing the Zoram People's Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Councillors {{!}} Aizawl Municipal Corporation (AMC) |url=https://amcmizoram.com/page/list-of-councillors |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=amcmizoram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Elected Candidates – GE to AMC 2021 |url=https://sec.mizoram.gov.in/page/list-of-elected-candidates-ge-to-amc-2021 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=sec.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

In the 2023 9th Mizoram Assembly elections, she secured a seat as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for Mizoram, representing the Aizawl South 3 Assembly constituency as a candidate for the Zoram People's Party.<ref name=":0" /> She was the youngest member of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly elected in 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Who is Baryl Vanneihsangi, the youngest woman MLA of Mizoram? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-baryl-vanneihsangi-the-youngest-woman-mla-of-mizoram-101701767726724.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Vanneihsangi became the first woman to preside over the 40-member [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] on 7 March 2024.<ref name="History Made in Mizoram as a Woman MLA Occupies Speaker's Seat for First Time">{{cite news |last1=The Wire |title=History Made in Mizoram as a Woman MLA Occupies Speaker's Seat for First Time |url=https://thewire.in/politics/history-made-in-mizoram-as-a-woman-mla-occupies-speakers-seat-for-first-time |access-date=11 March 2024 |date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311091043/https://thewire.in/politics/history-made-in-mizoram-as-a-woman-mla-occupies-speakers-seat-for-first-time |archive-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 2025, Vanneihsangi, received the Women Achievers Award by the FICCI Ladies Organisation (FLO) for her contributions to politics and women's empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Mizoram’s youngest MLA Baryl Vanneihsangi receives FLO Women Achievers Award 2025 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizorams-youngest-mla-baryl-vanneihsangi-receives-flo-women-achievers-award-2025-1189137-2025-03-25 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*[https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/56 Member of Legislative Assembly Profile]{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanneihsangi, Baryl}}
[[Category:Women members of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

Surajkund

2026-03-28T10:34:56Z

Sbahin: enhanced layout to improve readability per standard format

{{Short description|Reservoir in Haryana state, India}}
{{For|hot spring with the same name in Jharkhand|Surajkund hot spring}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Surajkund
| image = Suraj Kund.jpg
| caption = View of Surajkund
| alt = View of Surajkund reservoir
| pushpin_map = India Haryana
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the reservoir within Haryana
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = Surajkund, [[Faridabad]]
| coords = {{coord|28.48379|N|77.28270|E|region:IN_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Reservoir]]
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area = 
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| frozen =
| islands =
| sections =
| cities = [[Faridabad]]
| reference = <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://wikimapia.org/1575278/Surajkund-Lake |title = Suraj Kund Lake}}</ref>
}}

'''Surajkund''' is an ancient [[reservoir]] of the 10th century located on [[Delhi Ridge|Southern Delhi Ridge]] of [[Aravalli range]] in [[Faridabad]] city of Haryana state about 8 km (5{{nbsp}}mi) from [[South Delhi]].<ref name=Sharma>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Y.D |title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood |page=100 in 161 |work=Surjakund and Anagpur Dam |access-date=2009-09-05 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |quote=Page 100: Suraj Kund lies about 3{{nbsp}}km south-east of Tughlaqabad in district Gurgaon---The reservoir is believed to have been constructed in the tenth century by King Surajmal of Tomar dynasty. Page 101: About 2{{nbsp}}km south-west of Surajkund, close to the village of Anagpur (also called Arangpur) is a dam ascribed to Anagpal of the Tomar Dynasty, who is also credited with building the [[Lal Kot]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |archive-date=31 August 2005 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Surajkund ([[literal translation|literally]] 'Lake of the Sun') is an artificial Kund ('Kund' means "lake" or reservoir) built in the backdrop of the [[Aravalli hills]] with an [[amphitheatre]] shaped embankment constructed in semicircular form. It is said to have been built by the king Surajpal of the Tomara Rajput dynasty in the 10th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=“ Surajkund (meaning sun pool) is a perennial lake surrounded by rock-cut steps, built by the Rajput king Surajmal Tomar. According to tradition this is where the Rajputs first settled near Delhi in the 11th century AD. At the head of the reservoir, to the east, are the ruins of what is believed to have been a sun temple.” |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=le8uAQAAIAAJ&q=surajmal+tomar |title=South Asian Handbook |date=1994 |publisher=Trade & Travel Publications |isbn=978-0-8442-9980-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutta |first=Swapna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECVuAAAAMAAJ&q=surajmal+tomar |title=The Story of the Red Fort |date=2002 |publisher=Srishti Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-87075-25-7 |language=en}}</ref> Tomar, a younger son of [[Anangpal Tomar]]- the Rajput ruler of Delhi, was a sun worshipper and he had therefore built a Sun temple on its western bank.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Colleen Taylor “Anangpal Tomar II, a Rajput ruler, established his capital Lal Kot (or Qila Rai Pithora at the site of what is now Mehrauli in Delhi) in 1060 CE.” |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ&dq=anangpal+tomar&pg=PA119 |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Sourish |last3=Saberi |first3=Helen |date=2023-02-23 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-12864-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Sharma/><ref name=suraj>{{cite web |url= http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_haryana_surajkund.asp |title= Ticketed Monuments – Haryana: Suraj Kund |access-date=2009-09-05 |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=Peck>{{Cite book|last=Peck|first=Lucy|title= Delhi - A thousand years of Building|work= Suraj Kund dam and Surajkund tank |page=29 |publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd. |location=New Delhi |year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8 |url= https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|access-date=2009-09-05}}</ref><ref name=Mela>{{cite web |url= http://www.tourism-of-india.com/surajkund-mela.html |title= The Fair |access-date=2009-09-05}}</ref> Surajkund is known for its annual fair "Surajkund International Craft Mela", 2015 edition of this fair was visited by 1.2 million visitors including 160,000 foreigners with more than 20 countries participating in it.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/others-news/29th-surajkund-international-crafts-mela-ends-739828 |title=29th Surajkund International Crafts Mela Ends |publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=2015-10-31}}</ref>

There are 43 [[Paleolithic]] sites (100,000 BC), with rock art and [[microlithic]] stone tools, scattered surround the Surajkund from [[Mangar Bani]] in the west to [[Tuglaqabad]] in the northeast.<ref name=Singh/><ref name=mangr2/>

It is an important [[biodiversity]] area within the [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor]] stretching from [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] to Delhi. Historical place around sanctuary are [[Badkhal Lake]] (6 km northeast), [[Anangpur Dam]] (16 km north), [[Damdama Lake]], [[Tughlaqabad Fort]] and [[Jahanpanah#Adilabad|Adilabad ruins]] (both in Delhi), [[Chhatarpur Temple]] (in Delhi).<ref name="Department of Forest, Delhi">[http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola ASOLA BHATTI WILD LIFE SANCTUARY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140938/http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola |date=16 August 2011 }}, Department of Forest, Delhi Government</ref> It is contiguous to the seasonal [[Pali village#Pali jharna|waterfalls in Pali-Dhuaj-Kot villages of Faridabad]],<ref name=sura>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/water-will-be-stopped-by-making-a-dam-on-the-hills-of-pali-village/articleshow/70320771.cms पाली गांव की पहाड़ियों पर डैम बनाकर रोका जाएगा झरनों का पानी]</ref> the sacred [[Mangar Bani]] and the [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]]. There are several dozen lakes formed in the abandoned [[Open-pit mining|open pit mines]] in and around the area. Surajkund falls inside the [[Forests Department, Haryana#Leopard|leopard habitat]].<ref name=suraj1/>

Another 'kund' by the same name as 'Suraj Kund' existed in [[Sunam]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], which was sacked by [[Mahmood Ghaznvi]] or [[Taimur Lane]], consequently now lies in ruins.<ref name =places>{{cite web |url=http://sangrur.nic.in/html/places_to_visit.html |title= Places to Visit |work=Sunam & Suraj Kund |access-date=2009-09-07 |publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>

==Location ==

Surajkund is located near the Surajkund village between the villages of Badarpur and Lakkarpur in [[Faridabad district]] of Haryana.<ref name=Gazetteer/><ref name=festive/> It is {{convert|8|km|mi|0}} by road from [[South Delhi]] and {{convert|20|km|mi|0}} from the heart of the [[New Delhi]] city. It is well connected to all parts of the city. The nearest airport is the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], {{convert|25|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} away. The nearest railway stations are the [[New Delhi Railway Station]] and the [[Nizamuddin Railway Station]], {{convert|22|km|mi}} and {{convert|21|km|mi|0}} respectively by road. It is also approached by road and rail from [[Faridabad]] (headquarters of the district) and [[Gurgaon]] cities. It is {{convert|11.5|km|mi|0}} from the [[Qutub Minar]] and {{convert|3|km|mi|0}} [[Tughlaqabad]], two historical.<ref name=Sharma/><ref name=Mela/>

==History ==

===Paleolithic era (100,000 BP) ===
{{anchor | Paleo }}
{{ see also | Anangpur#Cave | l1 = Anangpur group of 43 paleolithic sites | Mangar Bani#Cave | l2 = Mangar Bani group of paleolithic sites }}

In the forested area where the Surajkund and the Anagpur Dam are located, ancient [[Stone Age]] relics have been found which are [[microliths]] (stone tools) belonging to [[Lower Paleolithic]] era. These were found at 43 sites from Ankhir (a village 17 km east of Mangar Bani) in south to north along Anangpur-Angnpur Dam-Surajkund-Tughlaqabad axis. These sites are on the '[[Tughlaqabad Fort|Tughlaqabad]]-Surajkund Road' and south of 'Surajkund-[[Faridabad]] Road', on Anangpur hills, and on Ankhir hill, and on the road embracing the low ridge from Faridabad (Ankhir) to Surajkund.<ref name=Singh>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=Delhi: Ancient History |work=Preliminary Report on the Stone Age of the Union territory of Delhi and Haryana |pages=6–7 in 227 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&q=History+of+Suraj+Kund&pg=PA7 |publisher= Berghahn Books |year=2007 |isbn=9788187358299}}</ref> From a study of the prehistoric findings along the ridges of Surajkund reservoir, Anagpur Dam, and around Delhi and adjoining parts of Haryana, it has been inferred that the southern hilly area of Delhi and Haryana was environmentally suited for pre-historic man to settle here.<ref>Singh p.185</ref>

Paleolithic tools, rock paintings and rock art found in 2021 at various sites scattered inside the [[Mangar Bani#Cave|Mangar Bani]] might be extension of Anangpur-Surajkund Paleolithic sites.<ref name=mangr2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rush-for-protected-tag-to-faridabad-site-where-stone-age-cave-art-found/articleshow/84875868.cms Rush for protected tag to Faridabad site where stone age cave art found], ''Times of India'', 31 July 2021.</ref>

===Medieval history===
{{Main|History of Delhi}}

According to [[Hindu texts|Hindu]] [[hagiography]], the ''Dilli Mahatam'', the Surajkund was earlier known as the ''Prabhashkund'' where sage [[Vishwamitra]] used to live, pray and worship.<ref name=delh1>[https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/hindus-didnt-record-their-history-right-indraprasthas-foundation-age-still-uncertain/1928657/ Hindus didn’t record their history right. Indraprastha’s foundation, age still uncertain. In Sawaneh-i Dehli, Mirza Ahmad Akhtar Gorgani explores the history of Delhi and how revered the city has been in Indian history.], MIRZA AHMAD AKHTAR GORGANI, The Print, 18 January 2024.</ref>

=== Tomara dynasty (8th - 11th century CE) ===

Anangpal I, first king of [[Tomaras of Delhi|Tomar dynasty]] (c.736- 1052 CE), declared himself an independent ruler and established the Tomar Rajput dynasty of Delhi in the early 8th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapliyal|first=Uma Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv21AAAAIAAJ&q=Anangpur&pg=PA413|title=Gazetteer of Rural Delhi|date=1987|publisher=Gazetteer Unit, Delhi Administration|pages=413|language=en}}</ref> He built his capital in this village and expanded his kingdom from there. He is said to have built numerous palaces and temples during his reign, the majority of which are diminished now.

Last king of this dynasty was [[Anangpal Tomar]] (Anangpal II), who had built Delhi's [[Qila Rai Pithora|Lal Kot]], which was later renovated by Chauhan ruler and also came to be known as the Qila Rai Pithora. Tomar dynasty were overthrown by another Rajput dynasty, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]. The last Chahamana or Chauhan king was [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] (the second last [[Hindu]] king of Delhi), Qila Rai Pithora (earlier called Lal Kot) was renamed after him.<ref name=suraj/><ref name=Mela/><ref name =page/>

The capital of Tomars changed a few times during the course of 457 years they ruled in the northern India. The first capital of the Tomar empire was [[Anangpur]] while the last one was [[History of Delhi|Dhillikapuri]] (Delhi, Lal Kot).<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Tomars of Delhi by Harihar Niwas Dwivedi|publisher=Vidya Mandir Publications|year=1983|isbn=|location=Gwalior|pages=}}</ref>

Though historians have not specifically alluded to this tank, it is also said that it was built in 686 AD by Surajmal (after whom the tank is probably named) son of Anang Pal{{nbsp}}I. It is in the form of a segment (semi circular) with the chord on its west side.<ref name=Gazetteer/> Another theory for the name 'Suraj' suffixed to the kund (lake) is that it was named after the Sun Temple that existed on the east side of the lake.<ref name=Peck/> Archaeological excavations have revealed existence of a Sun temple here based on ruins that can be seen even now. Certain carved stones were recently recovered from the reservoir. Some stones have also been re–used in subsequent restoration works. Historians also claim it was named after King Surajpal himself who built it.<ref name=suraj/><ref name=Mela/><ref name =page>{{Cite book|title = 11- Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India 1924–1925| author=J. F. Blakiston|date=2007| publisher=Read Books|isbn=978-1-4067-5201-4}}</ref> It is also said that Surajmal built this lake for his daughter.<ref name=lakes>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoweb.com/haryana/lakes/suraj-kund-lake.html|title= Suraj Kund|access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref>

=== Chauhan dynasty (12th century CE) ===

The Tomara's rule was followed by that of the Chahamanas and the [[mlechchha]] Sahavadina ([[Muhammad of Ghor|Shihab ad-Din]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive History of India (A. D. 300-985) |volume=3, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXtDAAAAYAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / Orient Longmans |page=704}}</ref>

=== Sultanate era renovation (1351–88 CE) ===

During the [[Tughlaq Dynasty]] rule of [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]] (1351–88), the reservoir was refurbished by rebuilding the steps and terraces with stones in lime mortar. On the western bank of the reservoir, a ''garhi'' (cave like structure) was built close to the ancient site of the Sun temple.<ref name=Sharma/>

=== Post-independence of India (1947 onward) ===

Even though the Tomar dynasty vanished in the 12th century, the Surajkund has not been affected. It attracted the attention of the Haryana Government to develop the area as a tourist spot by introducing an annual crafts 'Mela' or "fair" titled "[http://www.ncrpages.in/articles/surajkund-international-crafts-mela-2014-faridabad.html Surajkund Crafts Mela]" in the precincts of the lake, which over the years has attracted wide publicity and become an iconic event.<ref name=global>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070210/saturday/main1.htm|title= A village goes global|work= How it all began|access-date=2009-09-06|publisher=Tribune|date=2007-02-10}}</ref>

== Surajkund==
{{ see also | Sun_temple#Hindu | l1 = List of Hindu Sun temples}}

===Architecture of Surajkund===
[[File:Surajkund panoramic.jpg|thumb|right|600px|A panoramic view of the entire Surjakund lake during the dry season.]]

The reservoir has been built in the shape of the rising sun with an eastward arc. It is enclosed within a steep embankment made in semi-circular shape made of stepped stones. Rain fall was intercepted here to create a reservoir of {{convert|130|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} diameter to meet the water shortage in Delhi. It has an area of {{convert|40|ha|acre|0|abbr=on}}. The reservoir provides a grand spectacle, and in the past it was the hunting forest resort. It abounds in dancing peacocks.<ref name=suraj/> The reservoir is filled up during every monsoon season but remains dry during summer, before the onset of the monsoon rains. The tank underwent major repairs in the 1920s during the [[British Raj|British times]].<ref name =page/><ref name=lakes/><ref name=global/>

===Anagpur Dam===

[[Anagpur Dam]], constructed in 8th century, is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) upstream of Surajkund in the north west. A seasonal stream flows from Anagpur Dam to Surajkund.<ref name=Gazetteer/><ref name=festive/>

===Peacock lake ===

'''Peacock lake''', downstream and southwest of Surajkund, is delightfully beautiful.<ref name=Punia>{{Cite book|last=Punia|first= Bijender K |title= Surajkund Lake: Tourism Management|work=Lakes and Kunds|page=46|access-date=2009-09-06|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7d3rX5jr1WQC&q=Surajkund+Lake&pg=PA46|publisher= APH Publishing|year=1994|isbn=9788170246435}}</ref>

==Fairs and festivals ==
{{anchor | Fair | Festivals | Fairs | Festivals }}

===Surajkund International Crafts Mela===
{{anchor | Craft | Surajkund Mela | Surajkund fair }}
{{see also | Gita Mahotsav | l1= International Gita Mahotsav at Kurukshetra | Pinjore_Gardens#Fair_and_Festivals | l2= Pinjore baishakhi and mango fairs | Nahar_Singh_Mahal#Current_status | l3= Ballabhgarh Kartik cultural festival | Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University#Fair | l4= Haryana State Farmer's and Agri-tourism Fair }}

[[File:Suraj kund Mela.jpg|thumb|In this image you can see the paintings which is for sale in Suraj Kund mela.]]
[[File:Suraj kund mela.jpg|thumb|In this image you can see the crockery which is for sale in Suraj Kund mela.]]

{{anchor| Surajkund International Crafts Mela | SICM }}
{{multiple image|perrow=2
|image1=Abdul kadar khatri receiving kala nidhi award..jpg
|caption1=Bagh Print Craftsman [[Abdul Kadar Khatri]] receiving Kala Nidhi Award at Surajkund International Crafts Mela, 2015.
|image2=250,000 views.jpg
|caption2=A Unique [[Ganesha]] image displayed at Surjakund Mela
|image3=Surajkund Fair.jpg
|caption3=[[Uttrakhand]] state theme at the entry gate of the Mela in the form of [[Badrinath Temple]] entrance
|image4=A traditional Bagh Print craftsman Mohammed Bilal Khatri from Bagh, Madhya Pradesh, at Surajkund International Crafts Mela 2015.jpg
|caption4=A traditional [[Bagh Print]] craftsman from Bagh, Madhya Pradesh, at Surajkund International Crafts Mela 2015
}}

In the backdrop of the lake, during the spring season, every year from 1–15 February, (in 2018, it is from 2–18 February) a colourful traditional craft festival of India is held on 40 acres of land in the precincts of Surajkund which is attended by all states of India along with several dozen other nations and over 1.2 million visitors including 200,000 foreigners.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> With 1.3 million record attendees in 2020, it ranks among the [[List of largest peaceful gatherings#One to two million|world's largest peaceful gathering in one to two million category]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/surajkund-crafts-mela-ends-records-footfall-of-13l-visitors-42626/ | title= Surajkund crafts mela ends, records footfall of 13L visitors |date= 17 February 2020 }}</ref> This fair was first started in 1987.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/34th-surajkund-international-crafts-mela-1502854513.html| title = 34th Surajkund International Crafts Mela - The Statesman| website = [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]| date = 9 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/festival/surajkund-international-crafts-mela/|title=32nd Surajkund International Handicraft Mela 2018|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>[https://punjabkesari.com/haryana-news/surajkund-fair-to-be-inaugurated-today/ Surajkund mela to be opened today], Punjab kesari, 1 Feb 2019.</ref> Traditional craftsmen (artists, painters, weavers and sculptors) from all parts of the country participate in this annual celebration named as the "[[Surajkund#Visitor information|Surajkund Crafts Mela]]" or "Surajkund designer's Village". Designer items created by 50 best designers and craftsmen in wood, metal, bamboo, iron, glass, textiles and stone can be seen here. This Mela (fair) is visited by lovers of arts and crafts from all over the world. The fair is held with a different theme every year on Indian culture and crafts.<ref name=Mela/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scstsenvis.nic.in/envis/new_page_41.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323045537/http://scstsenvis.nic.in/envis/new_page_41.htm|archive-date=2009-03-23|title=Haryana|work= Surajkund Designer's Village|access-date=2009-09-06|publisher=National Informatics centre (NIC)}}</ref>

The theme, specific to a state of India, is depicted at the entrance to the Mela grounds and provides an ambience of that particular state with characteristic colors, materials, architecture, furniture and decorations. The crafts on display in the stalls (400) is of particular crafts of that state. The Mela also includes a food festival covering some of the popular cuisines from different parts of the country. Entertainment in the form of famous rhythms and dance of folk theatre are also held here during the festival.<ref name=Mela/>

During 2009, with [[Madhya Pradesh]] as the theme state, 50 crafts' persons from [[SAARC]] countries, [[Thailand]] and [[Egypt]] also participated in the Mela. The show was titled "[[Hemvati]]-[[Khajuraho]]" as a part of the 23rd annual Surajkund Crafts Fair event. [[Sanchi Stupa]], (a world heritage site in Madhya Pradesh) formed the backdrop for the festival.<ref name =Suraj>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/surajkund-hosts-madhya-pradesh-fashion-show_100152517.html|title= Surajkund hosts Madhya Pradesh fashion show|access-date=2009-09-07|publisher=Thaiindian News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/surajkund/surajkundmela.asp|title= Ethnic n' Exotic, Exquisite n' Exclusive ..A Kaleidoscope of Indian Handicrafts, Handlooms and Folk Traditions|work= Come February'2009|access-date=2009-09-06|publisher=Haryana Tourism, Government of Haryana}}</ref> 2015 edition of fair was visited by 1.2 million visitors including 160,000 foreigners.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> In 2016 edition [[China]] will be participating in the fair as a part of agreement signed between India and China to celebrate 2016 as "Year of China in India".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/china-to-showcase-artifacts-in-haryana-s-surajkund-fair-115102701301_1.html |title=China to showcase artifacts in Haryana's Surajkund fair | Business Standard News |publisher=Business-standard.com |date= 27 October 2015|access-date=2015-10-31|newspaper=Business Standard India }}</ref>

===Surajkund Diwali Festival ===
{{anchor | Diwali }}

'''Surajkund Diwali Utsav''', week long festival is held every year on Hindu festival of lights [[Diwali]] around October–November, entailing cuisine, traditional art and craft, workshops, ''Deepotsav'' (lighting where thousands of oil lamps), etc across various themed zones such as indigenous zone, cultural zone, food zone, and funfair zone.<ref>[https://haryanatourism.gov.in/fair-and-festivals/diwali-utsav/ Diwali Utsav], haryanatourism.gov.in, accessed 17 Oct 2025.</ref>

==Ecology==

===Wildlife in this area===
{{see also | List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India | l1=National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana}}

This is one of the area where [[Forests Department, Haryana#Leopards|leopards of Haryana]] frequent.

===Other water bodies of Haryana and Delhi NCR===
{{anchor | Other}}

* [[Gurugram Bhim Kund]]
* [[Bhakra Dam]]
* [[Hathni Kund Barrage]]
* [[Tajewala Barrage]]
* [[Okhla Sanctuary|Okhla Barrage]] - [[Yamuna#Western Yamuna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]] begins here.

==Concerns and conservation ==

===Ban on illegal mining===

[[Supreme Court of India]], put an end to the illegal mining in the area around Surajkund which was causing ecological disaster and rapid depletion of ground water in the Aravalli hill range between [[Tughlaqabad]] and [[Gurugram]] via Surajkund. Supreme Court has asked the Haryana Government "to stop all mining activities and pumping of groundwater within a ({{convert|5|km|mi|0}}), radius of the Delhi-Haryana border in the Haryana Ridge and in the Aravali hills."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Ecological-havoc-in-Aravali-hills/articleshow/26794868.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024170319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-10-31/delhi/27294986_1_illegal-mining-water-table-aravali-hills|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-24|title=Ecological havoc in Aravali hills|access-date=2009-09-07|date=2002-10-31|first1=Saurabh|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Sinha}}</ref>

===Damage to the catchment area ===

The storage in the upstream Anangpur Dam, downstream Surajkund and Peacock lake has been seriously affected The catchment area which contributes water flows into the Surajkund (lake) from villages, such as [[Anangpur]], Lakkarpur, Ankhir and Meola Maharajpur, has been used for extensive mining and for large habitations. This has disturbed the drainage system and thus obstructed the gravity flow of rain water from the basin into the reservoir. This has also affected the flora and fauna of the area.<ref name=Chowdhury>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/not-a-drop-of-water-in-surajkund-lake-since/425800/|title= Not a drop of water in Surajkund lake since 5 years: 'rampant mining to blame'|date= 20 February 2009|access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> The Surajkund lake's [[drainage basin]] is part of the Aravalli hill ranges. It is fed from the north western side by a local [[nullah]] ([[stream]]) that initially feeds the Anagpur dam on the upstream, this dam was built by Samrat [[Anangpal Tomar]].<ref name=Gazetteer>{{Cite book |title= Delhi gazetteer |page=1074 |author=Prabha Chopra| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=acoBAAAAMAAJ&q=History+of+Suraj+Kund |publisher= Delhi (Union Territory). Gazetteer Unit |access-date=2009-09-06|year=1976 }}</ref><ref name=festive>{{cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/haryana/festivals.php|title= Surajkund|access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref>

===Leopard corridor ===

Surajkund falls inside the [[Forests Department, Haryana#Leopard kill|leopard habitat of Delhi and Haryana]] which often get killed due to being hit by the vehicles on the Gurugram-Faridabad Road as there is no wildlife crossing underpass or overpass.<ref name=suraj1>[https://www.ndtv.com/cities/leopard-killed-after-being-hit-by-vehicle-in-haryanas-faridabad-2474634 Leopard Killed After Being Hit By Vehicle In Haryana's Faridabad], [[NDTV]], 29 July 2021.</ref>

===Wetland rehabilitation ===

[[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]] is close to the Surajkund. Mine pits in this area have been converted to wetland habitat, which will improve the ground water regime in the area.<ref name=forest>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Home/Wildlife+Management/Sanctuaries|title= Asola Bhatti Wild Life Sanctuary|access-date=2009-09-07|publisher=Delhi Government}}</ref>

=== Protected status ===

As of 31 July 2021, Head of [[Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|HAD]], [[Ashok Khemka]], informed that the whole area will be extensively surveyed to find any additional sites, entire area of Delhi South Ridge of Aravali in Haryana between Gurugram and Faridabad will be mapped and each site will be GPS tagged. Large scale scientific excavations, scientific dating of paintings and excavated sediments will be undertaken. A proposal to notify this entire area as protected archaeological site has been sent by Haryana Archaeological Dept (HAD) to Govt of Haryana (GoH), and HAD is awaiting [[The Gazette of India|gazette notification]] by the GoH.<ref name=mangr2/>

==Gallery==
<gallery heights="150" mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%;">

File:Suraj Kund Masonary 072.jpg|Looking from first raised platform towards the second raised platform.
File:Suraj Kund Masonary 001.jpg|Raised platform at Surajkund at which sun temple was situated.

File:Surajkund 04.jpg|Suraj Kund View
File:Surajkund 02.jpg|Suraj Kund View
File:Buddha at Surajkund.jpg|Buddha Statue
File:The Potter.jpg|Sale of Potters
File:Cyclists, Suraj Kund, New Delhi..JPG|Cyclists biking in Surajkund
File:Charminar "Surajkund".jpg|Charminar "Surajkund"
</gallery>

==See also==

* Ancient sites of Haryana
** [[Anangpur]] monuments and prehistoric sites
** [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
** [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
** [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]] in [[Haryana]]
* [[Stepwell]]s of India
** [[Rani ki vav]], UNESCO heritage listed
** [[Stepwell#India|List of stepwells in India by states]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://haryanatourism.gov.in/surajkund/surajkundmela14.asp Surajkund Mela] Haryana Tourism
*[http://www.surajkundsunam.com Surajkund in Sunam]
*[http://www.vinodmurtimuseum.com/index.php/2017/01/24/surajkund-international-crafts-mela-2017/ Surajkund International Crafts Mela-2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505203320/http://vinodmurtimuseum.com/index.php/2017/01/24/surajkund-international-crafts-mela-2017/ |date=5 May 2019 }}

{{Districts of Haryana}}
{{Hydrography of Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bazaars in India]]
[[Category:Faridabad district]]
[[Category:Lakes of Haryana]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]
[[Category:Water Heritage Sites in India]]

Mouling National Park

2026-03-27T09:49:32Z

Sbahin: enhanced formatting to improve readability

{{short description|National park in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Mouling National Park
| iucn_category = II
| location = [[Upper Siang]], Arunachal Pradesh [[West Siang]], Arunachal Pradesh [[East Siang]], Arunachal Pradesh
| nearest_city =
| map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location of Mouling National Park in India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|N|94|52|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{start date|df=yes|1986|12|30}}
| area_km2 = 483
| governing_body = [[Department of Environment and Forest of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

'''Mouling National Park''' is a [[national park]] located in the Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], spread primarily over the [[Upper Siang]] district and parts of the [[West Siang]] and [[East Siang]] district. It was the second national park to be created in the state, after [[Namdapha National Park]] in 1972.<ref>[http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/12/mouling-national-park-house-of-red.html Mouling National Park - the House of Red Poison] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527084219/http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/12/mouling-national-park-house-of-red.html |date=2017-05-27 }}, ''India-north-east.com''</ref> The Mouling National Park and the [[Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary]] are located fully or partly within [[Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve]].

==Name==

The park is named after the nearby Mouling peak. ''Mouling'' is an [[Adi people|Adi]] word which means ''red poison'' or red ''blood'', which is believed to be red [[latex]] from a tree species found locally. The area is thought to have a large number of poisonous snakes, but this cannot be verified as the ecology of the area has been sparsely explored.

Moulíng means (among = soil/land and yalíng = red), from among (mo) yalíng (líng). Therefore, moulíng should be read as red soil.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

== Geography ==

The national park covers an area of about 483 km2 forming the western part of the [[Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve]]. The terrain is rugged with an altitudinal range of 750 to 3064 m at the highest point, the Mouling Peak. The [[Siyom River]] flows along the western fringes of the park and several small rivers such as the Siring, Krobong, Semong and Subong drain into the Siang river near the eastern boundary of the park.

The park is under the administrative control of the Divisional Forest Office located in Jengging and the nearest major towns are [[Along, Arunachal Pradesh|Along]] and [[Pasighat]], 130 km and 185 km from the park. Approach to the park is not possible via roads, due to the remoteness of the area and communication facilities in the area are poor. The nearest airfield is located in Along. The Forest Department's managerial control is limited by the lack of road communication and all the divisional/range/beat offices are located well outside the park. The park boundaries have been drawn through an aerial survey based on artificial and natural boundaries such as the Siyom River in the west, and on-ground demarcation of sections of the boundary is still not complete. The park has two ranges; the Ramsing range accessible from the Bomdo village and the Jengging range accessible from the Lissing village.

The area is extremely humid, with heavy rainfall (2343 mm annually) and no well-defined dry season. In low altitude temperature ranges between 15 °C to 38 °C, Winter snowfall is experienced in higher altitudes. Temperature varies from 4.2 °C to 17.7 °C at altitudes ranging from 2,200 m onwards.<ref name="arunachal forest">{{cite web|url=http://arunachalforests.gov.in/Mouling%20National%20Park.html|publisher=Department of Environment and Forests, Arunachal Pradesh|title=Mouling National Park|access-date=2014-02-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512083659/http://arunachalforests.gov.in/mouling%20national%20park.html|archive-date=2013-05-12}}</ref>

== Biology and ecology ==

The area around Mouling National park is one of great [[Biodiversity|bio-diversity]], with a juxtaposition of different biotopes, and is often called the state's cradle of biodiversity. With elevations ranging from 400 m to over 3000 m in the park, it forms a transition zone between [[tropical forest]]s at lower altitudes to most [[temperate forest]] at altitudes above 2800 m.<ref name="arunachal forest"/>

The overall inaccessibility due to poor or no roads and stories associated with the forest itself have kept the core area of the national park relatively untouched by human activities. There has been evidence of past practices of jhum cultivation, especially in the Northern and South-eastern areas of the park.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF02990740|title=Vegetation cover type mapping in mouling national park in Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalayas- an integrated geospatial approach|year=2005|last1=Singh|first1=Sarnam|last2=Singh|first2=T.|last3=Srivastava|first3=Gaurav|journal=Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing|volume=33|page=547|issue=4}}</ref>
Animals such as the [[takin]], [[goral]], [[Indian leopard]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[barking deer]], [[serow]] and [[red panda]] are living there.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{National Parks of India}}

[[Category:Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Himalayan subtropical pine forests]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:National parks in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Women in the Indian Armed Forces

2026-03-27T03:39:20Z

Sbahin: small fixed lead per standard format and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{grammar|date=October 2025}}
{{weasel|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Field Marshall Auchinleck inspects Women's Auxiliary Corps (India) 1946-1947.jpg|thumb|Field Marshal [[Claude Auchinleck|Sir Claude Auchinleck]] inspects [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] personnel, {{circa|1947}}]]
[[File:Private_Begum_Pasha_Shah_of_the_WAC_(1)_on_duty_in_the_Orderly_Room_of_an_RAF_station_in_India,_August_1943.jpg|thumb|upright|A Women's Auxiliary Corps private on duty in the [[orderly]] room of a [[Royal Air Force]] station in India, August 1943]]
[[File:Commonwealth_Forces_in_India_IND4410.jpg|thumb|upright|Women of the Women's Auxiliary Corps Naval Wing, 1945]]

'''Women in the Indian Armed Forces''' serve primarily in [[combat service support]] branches and in [[non combatant]] roles. In 2018, female officers made up 13.09% of the [[Indian Air Force]], 6% of the [[Indian Navy]], and 3.8% of the [[Indian Army]], increases from 8.5%, 3%, and 3% respectively in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Army's shameful treatment of women recruits|url=http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/indian-armys-shameful-treatment-of-women-recruits-706717|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/women-to-comprise-20-of-military-police-after-graded-induction-nirmala-sitharaman/715756.html Women to comprise 20% of Military Police] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001554/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/women-to-comprise-20-of-military-police-after-graded-induction-nirmala-sitharaman/715756.html |date=6 May 2019 }}, The Tribune, 18 Jan 2019.</ref> By 2020, three women held the rank of lieutenant-general or its equivalent, all within the Medical Services. In May 2021, the Army inducted its first 83 female [[sepoy]]s into the [[Corps of Military Police (India)|Corps of Military Police]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-inducts-1st-batch-of-women-in-military-police-101620498729740.html|title=Army inducts 1st batch of women in military police|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 May 2021}}</ref> On 30 March 2023, the Indian Navy inducted 273 female sailors among a graduating class of 2,585 [[agniveer]]s at [[INS Chilka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-navy-gets-first-ever-batch-of-women-sailors-as-2585-agniveers-pass-out-at-ins-chilka-8524465/|title=Indian Navy gets first-ever batch of women sailors as 2,585 Agniveers pass out at INS Chilka|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=30 March 2023}}</ref> The Indian Air Force also welcomed its first 153 female [[agniveer]]s on 7 March 2024, following their graduation from the Airmen Training School in [[Belagavi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/meet-iafs-women-agniveers/20240307.htm|title=Meet IAF's Women Agniveers|website=[[rediff.com]]|author=Archana Masih|date=7 March 2024}}</ref>

==History==

In 1888, the [[British Indian Army]] (BIA) established the Indian [[Military Nursing Service]] (MNS), marking the first time that the BIA recruited female service members.<ref name=women1>{{Cite web|first1=Colin|last1=Gonsalves|first2=Usha|last2=Sikdar|title=Indian Army must stop its discrimination against military nurses|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/indian-army-must-stop-its-discrimination-against-military-nurses/story-VmhPT6cKj3GW3M3KjCterK.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=13 December 2017|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> MNS nurses served during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], during which 350 were killed, [[Prisoner of war|captured]], or [[Missing in action|declared missing]]. One of the service's greatest losses occurred in February 1942, when [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces|Imperial Japanese]] bombers sank the SS ''Kuala'' while it was transporting nurses.<ref name=women1/> Later, in May 1942, the [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)|Women's Auxiliary Corps]] was established to support BIA operations; by the end of World War II, it had recruited 11,500 women.<ref name=kal1>{{Cite book|first=Frederick William|last=Perry|title=The Commonwealth Armies: Manpower and Organization in Two World Wars|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7190-2767-3|page=1114}}</ref>

[[Noor Inayat Khan]], who was of Indian descent, served in the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) during World War II. She was secretly sent to [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German-occupied France]] to assist in SOE operations. Khan was betrayed and captured before being subsequently executed at the [[Dachau concentration camp]], and was posthumously awarded the [[George Cross]] for her service.<ref name="InayatKhan">{{Cite web|first=Herpreet Kaur|last=Grewal|title=Noor Inayat Khan: remembering Britain's Muslim war heroine|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-womens-blog-with-jane-martinson/2012/oct/23/noor-inayat-khan-britains-muslim-heroine|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 October 2012|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> [[Kalyani Sen]], the first Indian servicewoman to visit the United Kingdom, served in the [[Royal Indian Navy]]'s [[Women's Royal Indian Naval Service]] during World War II.<ref name=kal2>{{Cite web|first=Nishi|last=Malhotra|title=10 Daredevil Heroes of the Indian Navy You Should Know About|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/39694/heroes-indian-navy/|website=[[The Better India]]|date=4 December 2016|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref> In 2021, the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] entrance exam of the Indian Armed Forces was opened to female cadets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India paves way for more women in armed forces|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-58486771|website=[[BBC News]]|date=8 September 2021|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>

==Indian Army==

===Summary table of commission by corps===
{{ anchor | List }}
{{ see also | Army ranks and insignia of India }}

Under the Army Act of 1950, women were ineligible for regular commissions except in "such corps, departments or branches which the central government may specify by way of notifications."<ref name=WIndA2/> On 1 November 1958, the Army Medical Corps became the first unit of the Indian Army to grant regular commissions to women.<ref name="permanent">{{cite web|title=Permanent Commissions for Women Doctors in the Army|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1958-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1958-10-29_165.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=29 October 1958|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref> Since 1992, women have been inducted into various branches of the Indian Army with only a short service commission.<ref name=WIndA2/> In 2008, women were first inducted as permanent commissioned officers in the Legal and Education corps. In 2020, they were similarly inducted into eight more corps.<ref name=allow1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/women-officers-in-combat-and-command-roles-ht-explainer/story-3xloWIhE5E98WikO5vij4H.html Women officers in combat and command role], Hindustan Times, Feb 2020.</ref> As of 2020, women were not yet allowed as combatants in the Parachute Regiment of the Indian Army or other special forces. However, they can join the [[Para (Special Forces)|paratrooper]] wings of their respective arms, such as para [[Indian Army Corps of EME|EME]], para [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|signals]], and para [[Indian Army Service Corps|ASC]].

Here is the status of women's induction in various branches of the military:<ref name=WIndA1>{{cite web | url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/women-officers-in-8-more-streams-mod-issues-order-117189 | title= Women officers in 8 more streams, MoD issues order | website= The Tribune India| date= 2020-07-24 }}</ref><ref name=WIndA2>{{cite web | url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/18/army-looks-at-change-to-accommodate-women-2104963.html | title= Army looks at change to accommodate women | website= Indian Express | date= 2020-02-16 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Serial number
! Name of corps/regiment
! Women commissioned
! Since
! Notes
|-
| 1
| [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 2020<ref name=WIndA1/>
| Women cannot get permanent commission.
|-
| 2
| [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Army Corps of Signals]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 1992<ref name=WIndA2/>
| Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).<ref name=WIndA1/>
|-
| 3
| [[Indian Army Dental Corps|Army Dental Corps]] 
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 1888 or earlier<ref name=women1/>
| Since 1958 in permanent commission (long service commission).<ref name="permanent"/>
|-
| 4
| [[Army Education Corps (India)|Army Education Corps]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 1992<ref name=WIndA2/>
| Since 2008 in permanent commission (short service commission).<ref name=WIndA1/>
|-
| 5
| [[Indian Army Medical Corps|Army Medical Corps]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 1888 or earlier<ref name=women1/>
| Since 1958 in permanent commission (long service commission).<ref name="permanent"/>
|-
| 6
| [[Army Ordnance Corps (India)|Army Ordnance Corps]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 1992<ref name=WIndA2/>
| Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).<ref name=WIndA1/>
|-
| 7
| [[Army Postal Service (India)|Army Postal Service Corps]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 1992<ref name=WIndA2/>
| Women cannot get a permanent commission.
|-
| 8
| [[Indian Army Service Corps|Army Service Corps]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 2020<ref name=WIndA1/>
| Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).
|-
| 9
| [[Corps of Army Air Defence]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 2020<ref name=WIndA1/>
| Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).
|-
| 10
| [[Indian Army Corps of EME|Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 1992<ref name=WIndA2/>
| Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).<ref name=WIndA1/>
|-
| 11
| [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 2020<ref name=WIndA1/>
| Since 2020 in permanent commission (short service commission).
|-
| 12
| [[Corps of Military Police (India)|Corps of Military Police]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 2020
| In January 2019 it was decided by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]], to induct women into CMP for the first time in PBOR roles, ie non-officer roles (jawans).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-18 |title=Women to be recruited in military police corps, says Def Min, terms decision 'historic' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/women-to-be-recruited-in-military-police-crop-says-def-min-terms-decision-historic/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 13
| [[Defence Security Corps]]
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
| N.A.
| Women cannot get commission.
|-
| 14
| [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Intelligence Corps]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 2020 (short service commission)<ref name=WIndA1/>
| Capt. Ganeve Lalji was the first [[Aide de camp]] to an army commander (Lieutenant General).<ref name="hero1">Sanchari Pal (24 Jan 2017) [https://www.thebetterindia.com/83280/brave-women-soldiers-indian-armed-forces/ ''Brave Indian female soldiers'']. [[The Better India]].</ref>
|-
| 15
| [[Judge Advocate General's Department (India)|Judge Advocate General's Department]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 1992<ref name=WIndA2/>
| Since 2008 in permanent commission (short service commission).<ref name=allow1/>
|-
| 16
| [[Military Nursing Service (India)|Military Nursing Service]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 1888<ref name=women1/>
| Major General Lisamma PV is the present Additional Director General (ADG) of the MNS. It is a woman-only regiment in the army.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Maj Gen Lisamma PV assumes the appointment of ADG, MNS |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2125743#:~:text=Maj%20Gen%20Lisamma%20PV%20assumed,after%20serving%20for%20four%20decades. |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| 17
| [[Indian Army Pioneer Corps|Pioneer Corps]]
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
| N.A.
| Women cannot get commission.
|-
| 18
| [[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Armoured Regiments|Regiments (Armoured)]]
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
| N.A.
| Women cannot get commission.<ref name="Colonels"/>
|-
| 19
| [[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Regiment of Artillery|Regiments (Artillery)]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 2023
| Since 2023 in permanent commission (short service commission).<ref name="Colonels">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/five-women-become-colonels-in-armys-combat-support-arms-for-the-first-time/articleshow/85564281.cms|title=Five women become Colonels in Army's 'combat-support arms' for the first time|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 20
| [[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Infantry Regiments|Regiments (Infantry)]]
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
| N.A.
| Women cannot get commission.<ref name="Colonels"/>
|-
| 21
| [[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Armoured Regiments|Regiments (Mechanised)]]
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
| N.A.
| Women cannot get commission.
|-
| 22
| [[Indian Army Remount and Veterinary Corps|Remount and Veterinary Corps]]
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
| N.A.
| Women can get commission.
|-
| 23
| [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]]
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
| 2018<ref name=taw1>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/women-to-be-inducted-in-territorial-army/article22377979.ece Women to be inducted into Territorial Army], The Hindu, 2018.</ref>
| Women cannot get permanent commission.
|}

===Notable women===
[[File:Indian army lady officer.jpg|thumb|A female officer of the [[Indian Army]] briefing Russian soldiers during a joint exercise in 2015.]]

As of 2020, women were not allowed to serve in combat units such as the [[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Infantry Regiments|Infantry]], [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|Mechanised Infantry]], or [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]].<ref name=WIndA1/>

On 27 August 1976, [[Gertrude Alice Ram]], the MNS Matron-in-Chief, became the first female officer in the Indian Army to attain the rank of [[Major general (India)|Major General]] and the first woman in the Indian Armed Forces to attain a [[two-star rank]]. With Ram's promotion, India became the third nation to promote a woman to flag rank, following the United States and France.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's First Woman General|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-08-30_194.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 August 1976|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref>

In 1992, the Indian Army began inducting women officers in non-medical roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/bravo/entry-schemes-women.htm|title=Women officers entry}}</ref> On 19 January 2007, the United Nations' first all-female peacekeeping force, made up of 105 Indian policewomen, was deployed to [[Liberia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=First All-Female U.N. Peacekeeping Force to Deploy to Liberia|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,244862,00.html | work=Fox News Channel|date=19 January 2007|access-date=28 January 2008}}</ref> [[Ruchi Sharma]] became the Indian Army's first female operational paratrooper after joining in 1996.<ref name="FirstJump">{{cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Oindrila|date=2018-03-01|title=First jump is like first love, exciting and exhilarating: Capt (Retd) Sharma|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/first-jump-is-like-first-love-exciting-and-exhilarating-capt-sharma-5082382/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

[[Priya Jhingan]], commissioned in 1993, was one of the first 25 women to join the Indian Army as an officer.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in 2015">{{cite web |title=List of 'First' Indian women in Indian history: Listicles: Microfacts |website=indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2015-07-01 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/first-indian-women-279935-2015-07-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705005145/https://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/first-indian-women/1/448279.html |archive-date=2015-07-05 }}</ref><ref name=book>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6wsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 | title=Role of Women in India | publisher=REDSHINE | author=Dr. Saroj Kumar Singh | year=2017 | isbn=978-93-86483-09-6}}</ref><ref name="timeskuwait.com 2016">{{cite web |title=The Times Kuwait |website=timeskuwait.com |date=2016-01-24 |url=http://timeskuwait.com/Times_Indian-women-Making-India-proud |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804105203/http://timeskuwait.com/Times_Indian-women-Making-India-proud |archive-date=2016-08-04 }}</ref> Alka Khurana Sharma was also among the first women to join the Indian Army, serving ten years in the Army Ordnance Corps. In 1992, she became the first female officer to participate in the [[Army Day (India)|Army Day]] and [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parades.<ref name="aajtak.in 2021">{{cite web |title=कौन हैं 1992 आर्मी डे परेड और गणतंत्र दिवस परेड में भाग लेने वाली पहली महिला सैन्‍य अधिकारी |website=aajtak.in |trans-title=Who are the first women military officers to participate in the 1992 Army Day Parade and the Republic Day Parade? |date=2021-04-08 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/education/history/story/alka-sharma-khurana-first-women-officer-to-host-army-day-parade-and-republic-day-parade-1992-lbse-1235507-2021-04-08 |language=hi |access-date=2023-04-23}}</ref> [[Sapper]] [[Shanti Tigga]], who joined in 2011, became the first female [[Sepoy|''jawan'']] (private rank) in the Indian Army.<ref name=hero1/> Following the death of her husband in a 2012 counter-insurgency operation, Priya Semwal joined the Indian Army Corps of EME, becoming the first wife of a fallen ''jawan'' to be commissioned as an officer.<ref name=hero1/>

Lieutenant Colonel [[Mitali Madhumita]], commissioned in 2000, is the first female officer in India to receive a [[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|gallantry award]]. She was awarded the [[Sena Medal]] in 2011 for exemplary courage shown during the [[February 2010 Kabul attack|February 2010 terrorist attack]] on the Indian embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan,<ref name=HT>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/only-army-woman-to-win-gallantry-award-fights-to-stay-in-the-force/story-0DQwEjE0Ga7vs5yBE8yinI.html | title=Only army woman to win gallantry award fights to stay in the force | date=21 August 2015 | publisher=hindustantimes.com | access-date=2017-07-13}}</ref> as well as for operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu-Kashmir]]<ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/In-a-first-Sena-Medal-for-female-Army-officer/article15459119.ece|title=Sena Medal for female Army officer|newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 February 2011 |publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=2017-07-13}}</ref> and the [[Northeast India|Northeast states]].<ref name=HT /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/lt-col-mithali-to-remain-in-service/146647.html | title=Lt Col Mithali to remain in service | publisher=tribuneindia.com | access-date=2017-07-15 | archive-date=19 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919002645/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/lt-col-mithali-to-remain-in-service/146647.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ist-woman-officer-to-get-Sena-medal/articleshow/7578457.cms | title=First woman officer to get Sena medal | newspaper=The Times of India | date=26 February 2011 | publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | access-date=2017-07-13}}</ref>

Anjana Bhaduria, a member of the inaugural 1992 batch of female cadets at the [[Officers Training Academy]], Chennai, was the first female officer in the Indian Army to win a gold medal. Along with Priya Jhingan, this first group of women officers was commissioned in March 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/83280/brave-women-soldiers-indian-armed-forces/ |title=Marching Ahead: 13 Incredibly Brave Women in Indian Armed Forces Who Broke the Glass Ceiling |website=thebetterindia.com |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=hero1/> [[Divya Ajith Kumar]], commissioned in 2010, was the first female officer to receive the Sword of Honor.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-cadet-creates-history-at-ota-passingout-parade/article697372.ece | title=Chennai cadet creates history at OTA passing-out parade | newspaper=The Hindu | date=19 September 2010 | access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="firstpost_2064151">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/25-year-old-captain-divya-ajith-leads-first-all-women-contingent-in-republic-day-parade-2064151.html | title=25-year-old Captain Divya Ajith leads first all-women contingent in Republic Day parade | magazine=First Post | date=26 January 2015 | access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> In 2015, she led a contingent of 154 women officers and cadets during the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]].<ref name="firstpost_2064151"/>

Captain Swati Singh, an engineer and the only female officer in her brigade at the time, was the first woman to be deployed at [[Nathu La]] pass as a [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Signals in-charge]].<ref name=hero1/> In February 2020, [[Madhuri Kanitkar]] became the third woman to be promoted to [[Army ranks and insignia of India|Lieutenant General]] in the Indian Army. She and her husband, who is also a Lieutenant General, became the first couple in Indian history to both achieve that rank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maj-gen-madhuri-kanitkar-third-in-the-country-to-assume-lt-gen-rank-6292380/|title=Maj Gen Madhuri Kanitkar third woman in the country to assume Lt Gen rank|last=Mascarenhas|first=Anuradha|date=2020-02-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>

On 17 February 2020, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that women officers in the Indian Army are eligible for command positions on par with their male counterparts. The court dismissed the government's opposing arguments as discriminatory, disturbing, and based on stereotypes. The court also mandated that permanent commissions be made available to all women, regardless of their years of service, ordering implementation within three months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/will-women-officers-command-army-units-supreme-court-to-decide-today-2181129|title=Women Army Officers Can Get Command Roles. Top Court Slams "Stereotypes"|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Although the government had previously suggested that troops would not accept women as commanding officers,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/male-troops-wont-accept-women-commanders-government-to-sc/articleshow/73945673.cms|title=Male troops won't accept women commanders: Government to SC|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 February 2020}}</ref> eight more corps and branches began inducting women as commissioned officers.<ref name=WIndA1/>

Ganeve Lalji of the [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Corps of Military intelligence]] became the first woman to serve as an [[Aide-de-camp]] to an Army Commander (Lieutenant General).<ref name=hero1/>

==Indian Navy==
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind with the all-women crew of INSV Tarini on completion of their voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi.JPG|thumb|All-women crew of [[INSV Tarini]] on completion of their voyage of [[Navika Sagar Parikrama|circumnavigation of the globe]].]]

In October 1976, Dr. Barbara Ghosh became the first woman officer in the Indian Navy to attain the rank of Commander. Having joined the navy in 1961, she was also the first woman medical officer to receive a permanent naval commission.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy's First Lady Commander|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1976-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1976-10-23_242.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=22 October 1976|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref>

Dr. [[Punita Arora]], commissioned in 1968, was the first woman in the Indian Army to reach the second-highest rank of [[Lieutenant General]]<ref name=WisdenICoC>{{cite news | url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/sep/16army1.htm | title=The General in Sari | publisher=Rediff}}</ref> and the first female [[Vice Admiral]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Navy-to-get-first-lady-Vice-Admiral/articleshow/1132784.cms | title=Navy gets its 1st lady vice-admiral | work=The Times Of India | date=16 June 2005}}</ref>

On 8 March 2018 ([[International Women's Day]]), the six-member crew of the [[INSV Tarini|INSV ''Tarini'']], which participated in the [[Navika Sagar Parikrama]], was conferred the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] for their outstanding contribution toward women's empowerment. The crew included Lt. Cdr. Vartika Joshi, Lt. Cdr. P. Swathi, Lt. Cdr. Pratibha Jammwal, Lt. Payal Gupta, Lt. Aishwarya Boddapati, and Lt. Shourgrakpam Vijaya Devi. The award was received on behalf of the crew by Lieutenant Shourgrakpam Vijaya Devi, Northeast India's first female naval officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/navika-sagar-parikrama-%E2%80%98nari-shakti-puraskar%E2%80%99|title=Navika Sagar Parikrama - 'Nari Shakti Puraskar' | Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> All six officers were also awarded the [[Nao Sena Medal]] (Gallantry) and the [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy women officers who conquered sea get gallantry awards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-women-officers-who-conquered-sea-get-gallantry-awards-1314480-2018-08-14 |website=India Today |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=21 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

On 2 December 2019, Sub-lieutenant [[Shubhangi Swaroop]] became the first woman [[Aircraft pilot|pilot]] for the Indian Navy, flying the [[Dornier 228|Dornier 228 surveillance aircraft]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sub-lieutenant Shivangi becomes first woman pilot for Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sub-lieutenant-shivangi-first-woman-pilot-indian-navy-1624385-2019-12-02 |access-date=3 December 2019 |agency=ANI |publisher=India Today |date=2 December 2019}}</ref> In September 2020, two women officers, Sub-Lieutenants [[Kumudini Tyagi]] and [[Riti Singh]], were deployed onboard warships for the first time. They were selected as airborne tacticians to operate from the decks of naval vessels.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet The Navy's First Women Combat Aviators To Be Deployed On Warships |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/women-officers-soon-on-warships-as-mission-specialists-in-historic-first-2298713 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=In a historic first, two women officers to be posted on Indian Navy warships |url=https://scroll.in/latest/973696/in-a-historic-first-two-women-officers-to-be-posted-on-indian-navy-warships |website=Scroll.in |access-date=8 October 2023 |date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

On 26 August 2021, Surgeon Vice Admiral [[Sheila S. Mathai]] became the fourth woman to be promoted to a [[three-star rank]] and the first woman to achieve to rank of Vice Admiral directly within the Navy. Surgeon Vice Admiral [[Arti Sarin]] is the third woman to hold a [[three-star rank]] in the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surgeon Vice-Admiral Arti Sarin takes charge as Pune AFMC director |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/surgeon-vice-admiral-arti-sarin-takes-charge-as-pune-afmc-director-101665319636601.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 October 2023 |language=en |date=9 October 2022}}</ref>

In December 2023, Lieutenant Commander [[Prerna Deosthalee]] became the first woman officer of the Indian Navy to command an Indian naval warship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-12-02 |title=Lt Cdr Prerna, the first woman to command Indian Naval Warship {{!}} Who is she? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/commander-prerna-deosthalee-first-woman-officer-indian-navy-command-indian-naval-warship-11701524907754.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2025, Sub-Lieutenant Astha Poonia of [[Meerut]] was inducted as the Indian Navy's first woman fighter pilot for [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29K fighter jets]], based at [[aircraft carrier]]s [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']] and [[INS Vikrant|INS ''Vikrant'']].<ref name=navf>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/defence/sub-lieutenant-astha-poonia-makes-history-to-join-as-navys-first-woman-fighter-pilot/ Sub-Lieutenant Astha Poonia makes history, to join as Navy's first woman fighter pilot], The Tribune, 4 Jul 2025.</ref>

==Indian Air Force==
[[File:Women Pilots of the Indian Air Force.jpg|thumb|Women Pilots of the Indian Air Force]]
The Indian Air Force (IAF) inducts women in all roles, including combat and support roles. As of September 2020, there were 1,875 female officers serving in the IAF, including 10 pilots and 18 navigators.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iafs-rafale-fleet-to-have-first-woman-pilot-soon-6604726/|title=IAF's Rafale fleet to have first woman pilot soon|date=15 August 2019|work=The Indian Express|access-date=21 September 2020|agency=PTI}}</ref> The first woman officer in the IAF was Wing Commander [[Vijayalakshmi Ramanan]]. Originally commissioned into the Army Medical Corps, she was seconded to the Air Force and served until her retirement in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=IAF's first woman officer dies at 96|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/iafs-first-woman-commissioned-officer-dies-at-96-6821413/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In August 1966, Flight Lieutenant Kanta Handa, became the first female medical officer to receive a commendation for her service during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965.<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Force Lady Doctor Commended|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1966-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENC/PDF/DEF-1966-08-06_042.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=6 August 1966|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref>

While women began serving as pilots in support roles in 1994,<ref name="kar1" /> Flight Officers [[Gunjan Saxena]] and Sreevidya Rajan became the first women to fly in a combat zone during the 1999 [[Kargil War]].<ref name="kar1">{{cite web|title=From Palakkad to Kargil: IAF officer Sreevidya Rajan intv on 'Gunjan Saxena' film|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/palakkad-kargil-iaf-officer-sreevidya-rajan-intv-gunjan-saxena-130959|website=The News Minute|date=18 August 2020|access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="hero1" /> Subsequent milestones include Deepika Misra becoming the first female IAF pilot to train for the [[Sarang display team]] in 2006, and Flight Lieutenant Nivedita Singh becoming the first woman from the IAF to summit [[Mount Everest]] in 2012.<ref name="hero1" />

In 2015, the IAF expanded combat opportunities for women as fighter pilots.<ref>"India paves way for women in military combat roles" [http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/india-paves-way-for-women/2215380.html ''Channel NewsAsia'' 24 Oct 2015]</ref> In 2019, [[Avani Chaturvedi]], [[Mohana Singh Jitarwal]], and [[Bhawana Kanth]] were inducted as the first three female [[fighter pilot]]s.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Eight Women Fighter Pilots in Indian Air Force as on July 1: Govt |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/eight-women-fighter-pilots-in-indian-air-force-as-on-july-1-govt-2245763.html}}</ref> On 22 May 2019, Kanth became the first woman fighter pilot to qualify for combat missions.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2019 |title=Bhawana Kanth: Meet first woman fighter pilot of Indian Air Force |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/flight-lieutenant-bhawana-kanth-first-female-fighter-pilot-indian-air-force-1532275-2019-05-22 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> All three pilots were awarded the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] on [[International Women's Day]], 8 March, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/iaf-s-first-women-fighter-pilots-get-nari-shakti-puraskar-120030800300_1.html|title=IAF's first women fighter pilots get 'Nari Shakti Puraskar'|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=8 March 2020 }}</ref>

Other recent milestones include Wing Commander [[Shaliza Dhami]] becoming the first woman officer granted a permanent commission in 2019,<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-indian-air-force-just-got-its-first-female-flight-commander/|title=The Indian Air Force Just Got its First Female Flight Commander|last=Joshi|first=Shamani|date=28 August 2019|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref> and Squadron Leader [[Minty Agarwal]] becoming the first woman to receive the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] that same year.<ref name="iwitnessed">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/i-witnessed-wing-commander-abhinandan-shooting-down-pak-s-f-16-aircraft-squadron-leader-minty-agarwal-1565883522060.html|title='I witnessed Wing Commander Abhinandan shooting down Pakistan's F-16 aircraft'|date=15 August 2019|work=Mint|access-date=17 August 2019|agency=ANI|language=en}}</ref> More recently, On 25 August 2025, a formation led by Squadron Leader [[Priya Sharma (IAF officer)|Priya Sharma]] flew the final sortie of the MiG-21 BISON from Nal Airbase alongside Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh.<ref>Women Fighter Pilots.{{cite news|url=https://shop.ssbcrack.com/blogs/blog/meet-squadron-leader-priya-sharma-the-woman-who-took-a-historic-sortie-with-the-indian-air-force-chief|title=Meet Squadron Leader Priya Sharma: The Woman Who Took a Historic Sortie With the Indian Air Force Chief|website=ssbcrack.com|date=25 August 2025}} </ref>

==Special Forces of India==


As of 2020, Women are not yet allowed as combatant in the combat specialist forces, such as [[Ghatak Force]], [[Para (Special Forces)|para commandos]], etc. Indian Army's [[Para (Special Forces)|para commandos]] is a voluntary service and the recruitment procedure of Para and Para SF does not strictly mention any gender for the soldiers that can participate. It is not clear if any women have been able to participate or qualify for this ELITE force. The Indian Airforce and the Indian Navy have allowed women to join the [[Garud Commando Force]] and the [[MARCOS]] respectively. It is not clear as of 2023, if any women have been able to qualify.

Dr. [[Seema Rao]], also known as "India's Wonder Woman",<ref name="India's Wonder Woman">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/headliners/250617/indias-wonder-woman.html|title=India's wonder woman | access-date=2017-06-25|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="India's Wonder Woman!">{{cite news|url=https://www.asianage.com/age-on-sunday/250617/indias-wonder-woman.html |title=India's Wonder Woman | access-date=2017-06-25|newspaper=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref name="India's Wonder Woman Seema Rao">{{cite web|url=https://www.beingindian.com/news/seema-rao-is-a-wonder-woman|title=India's Wonder Woman Seema Rao: The only Female Combat Trainer in the Country|access-date=2017-06-26|publisher=Being Indian|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023230758/https://www.beingindian.com/news/seema-rao-is-a-wonder-woman|url-status=dead}}</ref> is India's first woman commando trainer,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naaree.com/naaree-interviews-dr-seema-rao-commando-trainer/|title=Interview with Dr. Seema Rao | access-date=2015-08-11|publisher=naaree.com}}</ref> having trained over 15,000 [[Special Forces of India]]<ref name="India's only female commando trainer">{{cite web|url=http://www.storypick.com/dr-seema-rao/ |title=India's only female commando trainer | access-date=2016-07-11|publisher=storypick}}</ref><ref name="COMBAT SPECIALIST SEEMA RAO" >{{cite web|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/seema-rao-commando-trainer-and-close-quarter-battle-specialist |title=COMBAT SPECIALIST SEEMA RAO |date=12 December 2016 | access-date=2016-12-12|publisher=Verve Magazine}}</ref> (including the NSG, MARCOS, GARUD)<ref name=gar1>[https://www.thebetterindia.com/61848/seema-rao-india-commando-special-forces/ This Amazing Woman Has Been Training India's Special Forces for 20 Years without Compensation!], 19 July 2016.</ref> as full-time guest trainer for 20 years without compensation<ref name=gar1/><ref name="DNA Article on Seema Rao!">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-shy-another-day-india-s-1st-woman-commando-trainer-s-job-pushes-her-into-a-male-dominated-space-2282264 |title=Shy Another Day | access-date=2017-06-25|publisher=DNA}}</ref> as a pioneer in [[Close combat|close quarter battle]] (CQB).<ref name="Seema Rao - CQB Specialist">{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/womens-day-special-meet-dr-seema-rao-indias-first-woman-commando-trainer/articleshow/57532488.cms |title=Dr Seema Rao Commando Trainer | access-date=2017-06-25|publisher=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref name="Seema Rao - Forces Trainer">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-38725388 |title= Training the Indian Forces |date= 25 January 2017 | access-date=2017-06-25|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

==Paramilitary forces of India==

Women in [[Indian Coast Guard]], [[Assam Rifles]] and [[Special Frontier Force]].

===Indian Coast Guard===
Women can join the [[Indian Coast Guard]] in officer ranks as general duty, pilot or law officers.<ref name=cg1>{{Cite web|url=https://apnaahangout.com/female-join-indian-coast-guard/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624174203/http://www.apnaahangout.com/female-join-indian-coast-guard/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 June 2015|title=Indian Coast Guard Female entry modes and posts|first=Arun|last=Kallarackal|date=24 June 2015}}</ref> In January 2017, Indian Coast Guard became the first force to deploy four female officers, assistant commandants Anuradha Shukla, Sneha Kathayat, Shirin Chandran and Vasundhara Chouksey, in combat roles on board KV Kuber [[hovercraft]] ship patrolling the [[Borders of India#Maritime borders of India|Indian maritime zone bordering Pakistan and Bangladesh]].<ref name=cg2>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170203061946/http://topyaps.com/indian-coast-guard-females-combat-roles In A First, Indian Coast Guard Deploys Female Officers In Combat Roles]}}</ref>

===Assam Rifles===
In April 2016, [[Assam Rifles]] inducted a first batch of 100 female soldiers who had undergone year-long training programme and graduated in the passing-out parade at the Assam Rifles Training Centre and School in [[Shokhüvi]] in [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]]. They will be deployed at [[Cordon and search|Cordon And Search Operation]] (CASO), [[Outpost (military)|Mobile Check Posts]] (MCP) and [[Military logistics|road opening operations]] in various battalions for search, frisking and interrogation of women, crowd control and dispersal of female agitators.<ref name=ar1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/assam-rifles-inducts-first-batch-of-100-women-personnel/articleshow/51729160.cms Assam Rifles inducts first batch of 100 women personnel], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 7 April 2016.</ref><ref name=ar2>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/no-longer-a-male-bastion-assam-rifles-gets-its-first-women-s-contingent/story-apS0gy6nSu8LxXKuK9GM1H.html No longer a male bastion, Assam Rifles gets its first women's contingent], [[Hindustan Times]], 8 April 2016.</ref>

In August 2020, around 30 rifle-women from Assam Rifles were deployed along the LoC for the first time. They are led by Captain Gursimran Kaur of the Army Service Corps.<ref>{{cite web|last=Iqbal|first=Naveed|date=2020-08-16|title=Frontline: Meet the Army Riflewomen posted at the LoC|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-army-womens-soldiers-riflewomen-line-of-control-6556486/|access-date=2020-08-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Das|first=Ria|date=2020-08-05|title=In A First, Women Soldiers Of Assam Rifles Deployed On Combat Duty Near LoC|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/assam-rifles-women-soldiers-combat-duty-loc/|access-date=2020-08-25|website=[[SheThePeople.TV]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Special Frontier Force===
[[Special Frontier Force]], created in 1962 as a most covert and elite Special Force unit as the armed wing of [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] to conduct covert operations behind the Chinese Lines in the event of another Sino-Indian War,<ref name=sff1>[http://indianspecialforces.com/most-elite-and-covert-special-force-unit-of-indian-paramilitary-special-frontier-force-sff/ Most Elite and Covert Special Force Unit of Indian Paramilitary – Special Frontier Force (SFF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807092512/http://indianspecialforces.com/most-elite-and-covert-special-force-unit-of-indian-paramilitary-special-frontier-force-sff/ |date=7 August 2022 }}, 4 Oct 2017.</ref> inducted 500 female in 1972 for the first time in medical, signals and clerical roles.<ref name=sff2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/investigation/story/19810315-large-majority-of-special-frontier-force-officers-involved-in-messy-sex-scandal-772750-2013-11-26|title=Large majority of Special Frontier Force officers involved in messy sex scandal|website=India Today |date=26 November 2013 }}</ref>

==Central Armed Police Forces==
[[File: Women personnel of India's Border Security Force.jpg|thumb|right| Women of the Border Security Force at the Indian Pakistan border]]

In 1992, [[Asha Sinha]], a 1982 Batch IPS Officer, became the First Woman Commandant in the [[Paramilitary forces of India]] when she was posted as Commandant, [[Central Industrial Security Force]] in [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited]] and after 34 years of service she retired as [[Director General of Police]] (DGP). In 2018 an IPS Officer Archana Ramasundram of 1980 Batch became the First Woman to become the [[Director General of Police]] of a Paramilitary Force as DG, [[Sashastra Seema Bal]], she retired after serving for 37 years.

In March 2016, govt allowed direct-entry women officers in all five [[Central Armed Police Forces]], namely [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF), [[Border Security Force]] (BSF), [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP), [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB) and [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF), allow direct entry to women in junior rank via direct recruitment and also to women officer via [[Union Public Service Commission]] in supervisory combat roles.<ref name=ca1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-allows-women-to-be-combat-officers-in-all-central-armed-police-forces/articleshow/51380021.cms Government allows women to be combat officers in all Central Armed Police Forces], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 13 March 2016.</ref> In March 2016, Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] announced that women will be inducted in 33% constable-rank personnel in CRPF and CISF and 15% in the border guarding forces BSF, SSB and ITBP.<ref name=ca1/>

=== Central Reserve Police Force ===

[[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) allows women officers in supervisory combat roles since a long time via UPSC route.<ref name=ca1/>

=== Central Industrial Security Force ===

[[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) allows women officers in supervisory combat roles since a long time via UPSC route.<ref name=ca1/>

=== Border Security Force ===
[[Border Security Force]] (BSF) allowed women officers in supervisory combat roles in 2013.<ref name=ca1/>

=== Sashastra Seema Bal ===
[[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB) allowed women officers in supervisory combat roles in 2014.<ref name=ca1/>

=== Indo-Tibetan Border Police ===
[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP) allowed women officers in supervisory combat roles in 2016.<ref name=ca1/> About 1.75% (1,500) of 80,000 ITBP personnel are women, mostly in the rank of constables (c. March 2016).<ref name=ca1/>

==Other Forces==


Women also serve in the [[National Security Guard]] (NSG), [[Special Protection Group]] (SPG), [[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF), [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) and [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO).

===National Security Guard===
[[National Security Guard]] (NSG) (Black Cat Commandos) inducted female commandos for the first in 2011–12, however the first discrimination they faced was from the female then Chief Minister, [[Mayawati]] who refused to be guarded by the female commandos.<ref name=fc1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nsg-commandos-women-black-cats-crpf-capf-central-forces-1071272-2017-10-29 Battle of sexes: NSG loses its last woman commando after she goes on maternity leave], India Today, 29 Oct 2017.</ref> In 2015, govt announced that the female NSG Black Cat Commandos, who undergo the same training as their male counterpart, will be deployed in counter-terrorism operations as they also perform VIP protection duties.<ref name=bc1>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nsg-planning-deploy-women-commandos-anti-terror-operations-35219 NSG planning to deploy women commandos in anti-terror operations], 17 Oct 2015.</ref>

===Special Protection Group===
[[Special Protection Group]] (SPG) inducted female commandos in 2013, and then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]'s wife [[Gursharan Kaur]] became the first SPG protectee to have women commandos.<ref name="ie1">"Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's wife has become the first Special Protection Group (SPG) protectee to have women commandos in her immediate security cordon.", [[Indian Express]], 9 Nov 2013.</ref><ref name=com1>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pms-wife-first-spg-protectee-to-have-women-commandos/ PMs wife first SPG protectee to have women commandos], [[Indian Express]], 18 Feb 2014.</ref>

===Railway Protection Force===
[[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF) has female unit, Shakti Squad. In 2015, 25-year-old Debashmita Chattopadhyay became first female Assistant Security Commissioner (ASC) in RPF who took charge of the Shakti squad of RPF women constables.<ref name=rpf1>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/more-women-personnel-in-railway-stations-trains-soon-rpf/ More women personnel in railway stations, trains soon: RPF], [[Indian Express]], 27 Mar 2015.</ref>

===National Disaster Response Force===
[[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) got its first woman commander in 2015 when 40-years old senior Commandant Rekha Nambiar joined the 4th Battalion based in Arakkonam in Tamil Nadu to lead 1,000 personnel-strong all-men battalion.<ref name=nd1>[http://www.india.com/education/national-disaster-response-forces-ndrf-gets-first-woman-commander-1579908/ National Disaster Response Forces (NDRF) gets first woman commander], 14 Aug 2015.</ref>

=== Border Roads Organisation ===
In June 2021, Vaishali Hiwase became the first women commanding officer to command a [[Border Roads Organisation|BRO]] Road Construction Company part of the [[India-China Border Roads]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=ANI|date=29 April 2021|title=Border Roads Organisation Appoints First Woman Officer For Road Project Along Border With China|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/border-roads-organisation-appoints-first-woman-officer-vaishali-s-hiwase-for-road-project-along-border-with-china-2424032|access-date=2021-06-12|work=NDTV}}</ref>

==Three star officers==
Eight women have been promoted to [[three-star rank]] in the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. All of them are from the Medical Corps and graduate medical doctors of the [[Armed Forces Medical College (India)|Armed Forces Medical College]] (AFMC). [[Vice admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]] [[Arti Sarin]] is the first woman to serve as [[Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)|Director General Armed Forces Medical Services]] (DGAFMS) and the highest-ranking woman officer in the history of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Arti Sarin first woman ever to take over as Director General, Armed Forces Medical Services |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/vice-admiral-arti-sarin-first-woman-ever-to-take-over-as-director-general-armed-forces-medical-services-3214395 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=1 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Photo
! scope="col" style="width: 450px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Branch
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Date of promotion
! scope="col" style="width: 600px;" | Notes
|-
| 1
| [[File:VAdm_Punita_Arora.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]||[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Punita Arora]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|SM|VSM|}}}}
| {{army|India}}
| 1 September 2004 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=3623|title=First Lady Lt Gen of Indian Army|website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref>||First woman to be elevated to three-star rank. Later moved to the [[Indian Navy]] and held the rank of [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=DPR |first1=ADG (M&C) |title=Women of HonourSalute to Dr Punita Arora, first woman officer from Navy, to be promoted to a three-star rank, second highest rank in Armed forces. She was the first-ever woman Vice Admiral. #WomensDay #IWD2020 #EachforEqual #SheInspiresUspic.twitter.com/t0jOweHpRf |url=https://twitter.com/SpokespersonMoD/status/1236246780511023104 |website=@SpokespersonMoD |language=en |date=7 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[File:Padma_Bandopadhyay.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Padma Bandopadhyay]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM|}}}}
| {{air force|India}}
| 1 October 2004 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/11528|title=Service Record for Air Marshal Padmavathy Bandhopadhyay 11528 MED at Bharat Rakshak.com|website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>
| First woman to be promoted to three-star rank in the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Force |first1=Indian Air |title=#Congratulations to Air Marshal Padmavathy Bandopadhyay, PVSM AVSM VSM (Retd),first woman Air Marshal of IAF, on receiving #PadmaShri in the field of Medicine. Padma Shri is awarded for distinguished service in any field & announced on the occasion of #RepublicDay every year.pic.twitter.com/4zmILyKU8R |url=https://twitter.com/IAF_MCC/status/1221805510946709505 |website=@IAF_MCC |language=en |date=27 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| [[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal to Major General Madhuri Kanitkar, at the Defence Investiture Ceremony–I, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 27, 2018.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Madhuri Kanitkar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM|}}}}
| {{army|India}}
| 29 February 2020
| Last served as Deputy Chief of the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] (Medical) (DCIDS (Med)) at [[Integrated Defence Staff|HQ IDS]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=ARMY |first1=ADG PI-INDIAN |title=Lt Gen Madhuri Kanitkar is the third woman officer of #IndianArmedForces to assume the coveted rank of Lt Gen. Her #Husband is Lt Gen Rajeev Kanitkar (Retd). #Proud Couple is part of the Defence Fraternity. #IndianArmy#NationFirstpic.twitter.com/9eRIfZQg1i |url=https://twitter.com/adgpi/status/1234814380417654785 |website=@adgpi |language=en |date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 4
|[[File:Surgeon_Rear_Admiral_Sheila_Samanta_Mathai,_NM,_VSM,_was_promoted_to_the_rank_of_Surgeon_Vice_Admiral_on_26_August_2021_and_assumed_the_post_of_Director_General_(Organization_and_Personal)_of_the_Armed_Forces_Medical_Services.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
| [[Vice admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]] [[Sheila S. Mathai]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM|VSM}}}}
| {{navy|India}}
| 26 August 2021
| Last served as Director General (Organization and Personnel) of Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS).<ref name="Indian Navy 2021">{{cite web |title=Indian Navy gets its first direct lady Vice Admiral |website=Indian Navy |date=2021-08-26 |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-navy-gets-its-first-direct-lady-vice-admiral |access-date=2023-04-23}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| [[File:Lt_Gen_Rajshree_Ramasethu.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Rajshree Ramasethu]]
| {{army|India}}
| 16 September 2021
| Former Commandant of Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt General Rajshree Ramasethu takes over as Commandant of AFMC Pune |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-general-rajshree-ramasethu-takes-over-as-commandant-of-afmc-pune-7514127/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| [[File:Surgeon Vice Admiral Arti Sarin.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
| [[Vice admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]] [[Arti Sarin]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| {{navy|India}}
| 5 October 2022
| Current [[Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)|Director General Armed Forces Medical Services]]. First woman to serve as DGAFMS and the highest-ranking woman officer in the history of the Indian Armed Forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Arti Sarin To Be Appointed As DG Armed Forces Medical Services |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/vice-admiral-arti-sarin-to-be-appointed-as-dg-armed-forces-medical-services-article-113803390 |website=Times Now |access-date=1 October 2024 |language=en |date=30 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| [[File:Lt_Gen_Sadhna_Saxena.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Sadhana Saxena|Sadhna S Nair]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
| {{army|India}}
| 23 October 2023
| Current Director General Medical Services (Army). Earlier Director General Hospital Services (Armed Forces) in the rank of [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Marshal Sadhna Saxena Nair takes charge as Director General Hospital Services (Armed Forces); becomes the first lady officer to hold the position |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1970212 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| [[File:Surg_VAdm_Kavita_Sahai.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
| [[Vice admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]] [[Kavita Sahai]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|SM|VSM}}}}
| {{navy|India}}
| 1 February 2024
| Current Director General Medical Services (Navy).<ref>{{cite web |title=SURGEON VICE ADMIRAL KAVITA SAHAI, SM, VSM ASSUMES CHARGE AS DIRECTOR GENERAL MEDICAL SERVICES (NAVY) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2064574&reg=3&lang=1 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kavita Sahai 1st woman Lt General to command Army medical corps center & college |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/kavita-sahai-1st-woman-lt-general-to-command-army-medical-corps-center-college/articleshow/107321899.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=1 February 2024 |date=1 February 2024}}</ref>
|}

== In popular culture ==
* ''[[Aarohan]]'' (1996–97), tele serial showcasing women officers serving in the [[Indian Navy]].

* ''[[The Test Case (web series)|The Test Case]]'' (2017), web series on the fictional story of the first woman training to serve in a combat role within the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-test-case-trailer-nimrat-kaur-looks-tough-as-nails-in-her-upcoming-web-series-watch-video-4604112/|title=The Test Case trailer: Nimrat Kaur looks tough as nails in her upcoming web series. Watch video|date=2017-04-07|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

* ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]'' (2020–21), [[biographical film]] starring [[Janhvi Kapoor]] as real life Indian Air Force pilot [[Gunjan Saxena]] who was the first Indian female airforce pilot in combat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/angad-bedi-joins-star-cast-gunjan-saxenas-biopic-kargil-girl/|title=Angad Bedi joins the star cast of Gunjan Saxena's biopic, Kargil Girl|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 February 2019|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/janhvi-kapoor-shooting-in-lucknow/articleshow/68095836.cms|title=Janhvi Kapoor shooting in Lucknow|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2019|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

* ''[[Tejas (film)]]'' (2023), [[Kangana Ranaut]] plays the role of Indian Air Force Pilot Tejas Gill is on a mission to rescue an Indian spy who has some very confidential information while also battling with her tragic past of haunted memories.<ref name="TejasRelease">{{Cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=Kangana Ranaut's Tejas to release on October 27, teaser unveils inspiring tale of female Air Force pilots |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kangana-ranauts-tejas-to-release-on-october-27-teaser-unveils-inspiring-tale-of-female-air-force-pilots/articleshow/104100068.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002073956/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kangana-ranauts-tejas-to-release-on-october-27-teaser-unveils-inspiring-tale-of-female-air-force-pilots/articleshow/104100068.cms |archive-date=2 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=Tejas teaser: Kangana Ranaut goes to war, promises to rain fire from the skies. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tejas-teaser-kangana-ranaut-goes-to-war-promises-to-rain-fire-from-the-skies-8964806/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004075035/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tejas-teaser-kangana-ranaut-goes-to-war-promises-to-rain-fire-from-the-skies-8964806/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of women in the Indian military and Coast Guard]]
* [[List of serving generals of the Indian Army|Serving generals of the Indian Army]]
* [[National Commission for Women]]
* [[Welfare schemes for women in India]]
* [[Women in agriculture in India]]
* [[Women in India]]
* [[Women's suffrage in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* [http://indianarmy.nic.in/ Indian Army] – Official website
* [http://indianairforce.nic.in/ Indian Air Force] - Official website
* [http://indiannavy.nic.in/ Indian Navy] - Official website

{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Indian female military personnel]]
[[Category:Women in India]]
[[Category:Women in 21st-century warfare]]
[[Category:Women in war 1945–1999]]

Leander Paes

2026-03-25T18:58:25Z

Sbahin: reworked layout also and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Indian professional tennis player (born 1973)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name=Leander Paes {{post-nominals|OLY}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Abhijit |date=17 November 2020 |title=Indian Tennis: Leander Paes recognised with Olympics Certificate |url=https://thebridge.in/tennis/indian-tennis-leander-paes-recognised-with-olympics-certificate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817053003/https://thebridge.in/tennis/indian-tennis-leander-paes-recognised-with-olympics-certificate/ |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021 |website=The Bridge}}</ref>
|image=
Paes US16 (11) (29569576630).jpg
| caption= Paes at the [[2016 US Open (tennis)|2016 US Open]]

|country={{flagicon|IND}} India
|residence=[[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|06|17}}
|birth_place= [[Calcutta, West Bengal]], India
|height={{height|m=1.78|precision=0}}
|turnedpro=1991
|retired=2020
|plays=Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
|careerprizemoney=$8,587,586
| tennishofyear = 2024
| tennishofid =leander-paes
|singlesrecord={{tennis record|won=101|lost=99}}
|singlestitles=1
|highestsinglesranking=No. 73 (24 August 1998)
|AustralianOpenresult=2R ([[1997 Australian Open – Men's singles|1997]], [[2000 Australian Open – Men's singles|2000]])
|FrenchOpenresult=2R ([[1997 French Open – Men's singles|1997]])
|Wimbledonresult=2R ([[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2001]])
|USOpenresult=3R ([[1997 US Open – Men's singles|1997]])
|Othertournaments=Yes
|Olympicsresult=[[File:Bronze medal olympic.svg|15px]] ([[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|1996]])
|doublesrecord={{tennis record|won=770|lost=457}}
|doublestitles=55
|highestdoublesranking=[[List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|No. '''1''']] (21 June 1999)
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2012 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2012]])
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult='''W''' ([[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|1999]], [[2001 French Open – Men's doubles|2001]], [[2009 French Open – Men's doubles|2009]])
|WimbledonDoublesresult='''W''' ([[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1999]])
|USOpenDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2006 US Open – Men's doubles|2006]], [[2009 US Open – Men's doubles|2009]], [[2013 US Open – Men's doubles|2013]])
|OthertournamentsDoubles=Yes
|MastersCupDoublesresult=F ([[1997 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|1997]], [[1999 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|1999]], [[2000 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|2000]], [[2005 Tennis Masters Cup – Doubles|2005]])
|OlympicsDoublesresult=SF – 4th ([[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2004]])
|Mixed=Yes
|mixedtitles=10
|mixedrecord=
|AustralianOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2003 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2003]], [[2010 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2010]], [[2015 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2015]])
|FrenchOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2016 French Open – Mixed doubles|2016]])
|WimbledonMixedresult='''W''' ([[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1999]], [[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2003]], [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2010]], [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2015]])
|USOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2008 US Open – Mixed doubles|2008]], [[2015 US Open – Mixed doubles|2015]])
|OthertournamentsMixedDoubles=Yes
|OlympicMixedDoublesresult=QF ([[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|2012]])
|Team = yes
|updated=1 March 2021
[[File:Signature of Leander Paes.svg|150px]] Signature of Leander Paes
|medaltemplates=
{{Medal|Country|{{flagu|India}}}}
{{Medal|Sport|Men's tennis}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic Games]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{Medal|Bronze|[[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]]|[[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Singles]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Men's doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Tennis at the 1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|Men's doubles}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Tennis at the 1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|Men's doubles}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Tennis at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|Men's doubles}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Tennis at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|Mixed doubles}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Tennis at the 1990 Asian Games|1990 Beijing]]|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Tennis at the 1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|Men's singles}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|Mixed doubles}}
|module={{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| father = [[Vece Paes]]
| mother = [[Jennifer Paes]]
| partner = [[Rhea Pillai]] (2000–2015)
| children = 1
| relations = [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]] (great-great grandfather)<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2018 |title=Remembering Michael Madhusudan Dutt, the first Bengali playwright who became the face of Bengal Renaissance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/michael-madhusudan-dutt-life-facts-985440-2017-06-29 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
}}}}

'''Leander Adrian Paes''' ({{IPAc-en|p|eɪ|s}} {{respell|PAYSS}}; born 17 June 1973) is an Indian former professional [[tennis]] player. He is regarded as one of the greatest doubles tennis players of all-time and holds the record for the most doubles wins in the [[Davis Cup]].<ref name="Mixed legacy">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2019 |title=The mixed legacy of Leander Paes |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/the-mixed-legacy-of-leander-paes/story-0Ds7cHPwU2PeNiqyXM1cUO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226192351/https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/the-mixed-legacy-of-leander-paes/story-0Ds7cHPwU2PeNiqyXM1cUO.html |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> Paes won eight men's doubles and ten mixed doubles [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles. He holds a career Grand Slam in men's doubles and mixed doubles making him one of only three men in the Open era to achieve this distinction and won the rare men's/mixed double at the [[1999 Wimbledon Championships]]. Paes, together with [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], were the first pair in Open era history to reach the men's doubles finals of all 4 Grand Slams in the same calendar year (1999). He is currently the brand ambassador of GS Delhi Aces,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-11 |title=Guru Samruddhi Acquires GS Delhi Aces in Tennis Premier League; Leander Paes Joins as Brand Ambassador |url=https://madeinmedia.in/guru-samruddhi-acquires-gs-delhi-aces-in-tennis-premier-league-leander-paes-joins-as-brand-ambassador/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Made-in-Media: Crafting Stories, Shaping Perspectives |language=en-US}}</ref> a team owned by Guru Samruddhi House of Investments in the [[Tennis Premier League]].

His mixed doubles [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] title in [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2015]] made him the second man (after [[Rod Laver]]) to win Wimbledon titles in three different decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Wimbledon Championships Website |url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/match_reports/2010-07-04/201007041278253501136.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707212112/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/match_reports/2010-07-04/201007041278253501136.html |archive-date=7 July 2010}}</ref> He repeated the feat by winning a Roland Garros title in three different decades with his mixed doubles title in 2016.

Paes received the [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]] award, India's highest sporting honor, in 1996–97; the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1990; the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2001; and India's third-highest civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]] prize, in January 2014 for his outstanding contributions to tennis.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> He won a [[bronze medal]] for India in [[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|men's singles]] at the 1996 [[Atlanta Olympic Games]] making him the first Asian in Olympic history to win a tennis medal and the only Indian to date. He competed in consecutive Olympics from 1992 to 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leander Paes Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/leander-paes-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110629075949/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/leander-paes-1.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> making him the only tennis player to compete in [[List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games|seven Olympic Games]]. He is also the most decorated male tennis player in Asian Games history with 5 Gold and 3 Bronze medals. He was won medals in every category (singles, doubles, mixed doubles and team event) and is the highest Indian gold medal-winning athlete across all sports in Asian Games history.

He is a former Davis Cup team captain, where in addition his Davis Cup all-time doubles win record with 45 victories,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2018 |title=Davis Cup: Paes' record doubles win keeps India alive against China |url=http://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/23056402/paes-record-doubles-win-keeps-india-alive-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183807/http://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/23056402/paes-record-doubles-win-keeps-india-alive-china |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=espn.in}}</ref> he also has the fourth highest number of overall wins in Davis Cup history with 93 total victories across singles and doubles in a 30-year career for India with match wins in 4 different decades. He played in [[World TeamTennis|World Team Tennis]] for the [[Washington Kastles]]. He was on the 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 championship teams and was named Male MVP for 2009 and 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World TeamTennis |url=http://www.wtt.com/players.aspx?playerid=485 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910200354/http://www.wtt.com/players.aspx?playerid=485 |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=27 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2012 |title=Leander Paes to be Haryana's sports ambassador |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Leander-Paes-to-be-Haryanas-sports-ambassador/articleshow/12630222.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Leander-Paes-to-be-Haryanas-sports-ambassador/articleshow/12630222.cms |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=21 January 2014 |work=The Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paes retired from professional tennis in 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2019 |title=Leander prepares for one last roar, to retire in 2020 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/leander-prepares-for-one-last-roar-to-retire-in-2020/articleshow/72969871.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009045102/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/leander-prepares-for-one-last-roar-to-retire-in-2020/articleshow/72969871.cms |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> following his last Davis Cup tie in Croatia, with a record 1295 weeks spent ranked in the Top 100 in men's doubles.

On 20 July 2024, he was inducted into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] in Newport, Rhode Island. Paes subsequently became the first Asian man to be inducted into the hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Tennis Hall of Fame |url=https://www.tennisfame.com/leander-paes |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=tennisfame.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Leander Adrian Paes was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta, India]] on 17 June 1973. His father, [[Vece Paes]], was a [[field hockey]] player of [[Goan Catholic]] descent.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2013-09-10 |title=Keeping up the 'Paes' |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/na/11-sept-2013-4/69459 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref> His mother, [[Jennifer Paes]], was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] basketball player from Calcutta. The family is [[Christians|Christian]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-02 |title=Leander Paes favours more jobs to Goan youth – The Navhind Times {{!}} Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2021/11/02/goanews/leander-paes-favours-more-jobs-to-goan-youth/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> He studied at [[La Martiniere Calcutta]], [[Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6709112.cms|title=Star-studded 175th b'day for MCC school|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 October 2010|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921150755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/star-studded-175th-bday-for-mcc-school/articleshow/6709112.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]]. His parents were both athletes. Vece was a midfield squad member in the bronze medal-winning [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian field hockey team]] at the [[1972 Munich Olympics]] although he did not personally receive a medal as he did not take to the field in any of India's matches.<ref>{{cite book|title=Subaltern Sports: Politics and Sport in South Asia|author=James H. Mills|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2005|isbn=1-84331-168-2|page=215}}</ref> His mother captained the Indian basketball team in the 1980 Asian basketball championship. Paes is a direct descendant of [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet [[Michael Madhusudan Dutta]] through his mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/a-singles-olympic-medal-and-18-grand-slam-doubles-titles-leander-paes-is-the-ageless-wonder-of-indian-tennis-501415.html|title=A Singles Olympic Medal And 18 Grand Slam Doubles Titles - Leander Paes Is The Ageless Wonder Of Indian Tennis|date=9 February 2022|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183539/https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/a-singles-olympic-medal-and-18-grand-slam-doubles-titles-leander-paes-is-the-ageless-wonder-of-indian-tennis-501415.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/leander-paes-story-of-a-tennis-braveheart-who-continues-to-conquer-peaks-534285|title=Leander Paes: story of a tennis braveheart who continues to conquer peaks|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183542/https://www.ndtv.com/people/leander-paes-story-of-a-tennis-braveheart-who-continues-to-conquer-peaks-534285|url-status=live}}</ref>

Paes enrolled with the Britannia Amritraj Tennis Academy in [[Madras]] ([[Chennai]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Indian-male-tennis-players|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150106121430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Indian-male-tennis-players|work=[[Times of India]]|title=India's Best Mens Tennis Players through History|archive-date=6 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> in 1985, where he was coached by Dave O'Meara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-hero-in-young-leander/358952/|title=The hero in young Leander|author=Rahul Chandawarkar|work=The Indian Express|date=9 September 2008|access-date=31 January 2009}}</ref> Paes earned international fame when he won the 1990 Wimbledon Junior title and reached No. 1 in the junior world rankings at age 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leander-Paes|title=Leander Paes: Indian tennis player}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early career (1991–1997) ===
Paes first won titles at the Junior [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] and the Junior Wimbledon. He turned professional in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx|title=Leander Paes – Player Profile|author=ATP|date=28 May 2006|access-date=28 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622001401/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx|archive-date=22 June 2009 }}</ref> He became number 1 in the world junior rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/leander-paes.html|title=Leander Paes – India's Tennis Pride|author=Debasmita Chanda|access-date=28 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154653/http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/leander-paes.html|archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> In 1992, he reached the quarter finals of the doubles event in the [[1992 Barcelona Olympics]] with [[Ramesh Krishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/drawsheets/printabledrawsheet.asp?event=1010011400|title=Olympics Barcelona – Men's Doubles – Main Draw|access-date=31 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929151118/http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/drawsheets/printabledrawsheet.asp?event=1010011400|archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>

At the [[1996 Atlanta Olympics]] he beat [[Fernando Meligeni]] to win the [[bronze medal]], the first Indian to win an individual medal since [[Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav|KD Jadhav]] won bronze at the 1952 [[Helsinki Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/sports/olympics/fullstory.php?id=13538760|title=KD Jadhav – Man of Bronze|author=Gulu Ezekiel|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222001/http://sify.com/sports/olympics/fullstory.php?id=13538760|archive-date=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paes cited the match as one of his greatest performances, in part because his wrist was severely injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=101754|title=Fond Memories: Players Recall Greatest Moments III|author=Mark Malinowski|access-date=31 August 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000135/http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=101754|archive-date=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He was awarded the highest sporting honor by the government of India, the [[Khel Ratna]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/rg_khelratna.htm|title=List of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Winners|author=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India|access-date=28 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523092914/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/rg_khelratna.htm|archive-date=23 May 2007}}</ref>

His first successful year in the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] circuit came in 1993, when he partnered with [[Sébastien Lareau]] to reach the US Open doubles semifinal. After a moderate season in 1994, he reached the quarter-finals of the [[1995 Australian Open]] doubles with [[Kevin Ullyett]]. From 1996, he partnered with fellow Indian [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]. Their first year was not successful, especially in the Grand Slams, reaching the round of 32 only at Wimbledon. 1997 proved to be a much better year for the team, reaching the US Open semifinals. Paes climbed the doubles ranking from no. 89 at the beginning of the year to no. 14 at year-end.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1997&m=d&e=0#|title=Rankings History|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082917/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1998&m=d&e=0|archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> That year he made his best singles performance in a Grand Slam, losing in the third round of the [[1997 US Open – Men's singles|1997 US Open]] to [[Cédric Pioline]] after beating [[Carlos Costa (tennis)|Carlos Costa]] and [[Arnaud Boetsch]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2017-09-01/2017-09-01_indias_paes_a_mainstay_at_the_us_open.html|title=India's Paes a mainstay at the US Open|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2017-09-01/2017-09-01_indias_paes_a_mainstay_at_the_us_open.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/US-open/usa/1997/m-sl-usa-01a-1997/draws-and-results/|title=U.S. OPEN 1997 SINGLES RESULT|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183542/https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/US-open/usa/1997/m-sl-usa-01a-1997/draws-and-results/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Rise in doubles (1998–2002) ===
Paes/Bhupathi grew stronger in 1998, and reached the semifinals of three Grand Slams, the [[Australian Open]], the [[French Open]] and the US Open. Leander Paes had two of his biggest singles results. The first one came by winning his only ATP singles title at Newport, and the second was beating [[Pete Sampras]] 6–3, 6–4 at the New Haven ATP tournament in their only meeting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980714/19550184.html|title=Paes picks up first ATP singles crown|agency=REUTERS|date=13 July 1998|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102656/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980714/19550184.html|archive-date=29 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1998&m=d&e=0#|title=Official Tournament Draw|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082917/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1998&m=d&e=0|archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/vault/draws.asp?TournamentID=420&TournamentYear=1998|title=Officiela Tournament Draw, New Haven|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=28 May 2007 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug22/sports.htm#1|title=Paes sends Sampras packing|author=ATP Tennis|date=21 August 1998|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312205154/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug22/sports.htm#1|archive-date=12 March 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1999, the duo reached the finals of all four Grand Slams, winning Wimbledon and the French Open, becoming the first Indians to win a doubles event at a Grand Slam. Paes teamed up with [[Lisa Raymond]] to win the mixed doubles event at Wimbledon. The year marked his ascent to the no. 1 doubles ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1999&m=d&e=0#|title=Rankings History|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084438/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1999&m=d&e=0|archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> The following year, Paes partnered with [[Sébastien Lareau]] for the Australian and [[Jan Siemerink]] for the French, losing in the first round on both occasions. Paes again teamed with Bhupathi for the US Open, but lost in the first round again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/US-open/usa/2000/m-sl-usa-01a-2000/draws-and-results/|title=2000 U.S Open doubles draws and results|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903223853/https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/US-open/usa/2000/m-sl-usa-01a-2000/draws-and-results/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The duo had a disappointing second round exit to Australian duo of [[Todd Woodbridge]] and [[Mark Woodforde]] at the [[Sydney Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesinfo.com.au/results/Masters/te/TEresults.pdf|title=Tennis results|author=www.gamesinfo.com.au|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616060456/http://www.gamesinfo.com.au/results/Masters/te/TEresults.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paes was given the honor of carrying the [[Indian Flag]] at the opening ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040807/sports.htm#1|title=Anju to carry flag at Athens|author=PTI.|date=6 August 2006|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602164550/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040807/sports.htm |archive-date=2 June 2007 }}</ref>

In spite of winning the French Open in 2001, Bhupathi/Paes had first-round exits in the other three Grand Slams. Paes was awarded the [[Padmashri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/Padma/padma2001-E.htm|title=Civilian Awards announced on January 26, 2001|author=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|date=26 January 2001|access-date=28 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303180626/http://mha.nic.in/Padma/padma2001-E.htm|archive-date=3 March 2007}}</ref> The duo of Paes and Bhupathi won the gold medal at the [[2002 Asian Games]] in Busan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/asiangames/2002-10/11/content_593463.htm|title=Uzbekistan, India, Chinese Taipei split Asiad tennis titles|author=14th Asian Games BUSAN.|date=11 October 2002|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201034500/http://news.xinhuanet.com/asiangames/2002-10/11/content_593463.htm|archive-date=1 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2002, Leander paired up with [[Michael Hill (tennis)|Michael Hill]] with moderate success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportzcraazy.com/leander-paes-an-indian-tennis-player-with-lions-heart-as-his-name-means/|title=Leander Paes – An Indian Tennis Player with 'lion's heart' as his Name Means|date=12 October 2018|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://www.sportzcraazy.com/leander-paes-an-indian-tennis-player-with-lions-heart-as-his-name-means/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Leander Martina.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Leander Paes and [[Martina Navratilova]] pairing up in a mixed doubles event]]

=== 2003–2007 ===
After 2003 Paes increasingly focused on doubles. He won the mixed doubles events at the Australian and Wimbledon with [[Martina Navratilova]], both in 2003. Weeks later, Paes was admitted to the [[MD Anderson Cancer Center]] for a suspected brain tumour that was later found to be [[neurocysticercosis]], a parasitic brain infection. He had to miss the US Open, but recovered by the end of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisweek.com/news/fullstory.sps?iNewsId=6617494&itype=14459&icategoryid=12581 |title=The Leading Tennis Week Site on the Net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090049/http://www.tennisweek.com/news/fullstory.sps?inewsid=6617494|archive-date=14 September 2008 }}</ref>

In the 2004 [[2004 Summer Olympics|Athens Olympic Games]], he paired up with Bhupathi, failing again at the semifinals stage. His next Grand Slam success was in the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] doubles event in 2006 with [[Martin Damm]]. Paes led the Indian tennis team at the Doha Asian Games in 2006 and won two golds in the men's doubles (with Bhupathi) and mixed doubles (with [[Sania Mirza]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doha-2006.com/gis/Sports/TE/IGTEMatchStatisticsD.aspx-rscid=TEM02-TETNA0-NA01-X.html|title=Men's Doubles Final MD31|author=15th Asian Games Doha.|date=13 December 2006|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071016190410/http://www.doha-2006.com/gis/Sports/TE/IGTEMatchStatisticsD.aspx-rscid=TEM02-TETNA0-NA01-X.html|archive-date=16 October 2007|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doha-2006.com/gis/Sports/TE/IGTEMatchStatisticsD.aspx-rscid=TEX02-TETNA0-NA01-X.html|title=Mixed Doubles Final XD21|author=15th Asian Games Doha.|date=13 December 2006|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071015180434/http://www.doha-2006.com/gis/Sports/TE/IGTEMatchStatisticsD.aspx-rscid=TEX02-TETNA0-NA01-X.html|archive-date=15 October 2007|url-status=dead }}</ref> Paes maintained his doubles ranking in the top 20 in the world between 2005 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=2005&m=d&e=0#|title=Rankings History|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216094214/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=2005&m=d&e=0|archive-date=16 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=rh|title=Rankings History|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017122323/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=rh|archive-date=17 October 2011 }}</ref> With wins in the Rotterdam and Indian Wells, Paes took his doubles tally to 38.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/vault/drawsdoubles.asp?TournamentID=407&TournamentYear=2007|title=Rotterdam|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/sports/2007/mar/19paes.htm|title=Rotterdam|author=PTI|date=19 March 2007|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322185441/http://in.rediff.com/sports/2007/mar/19paes.htm|archive-date=22 March 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1998&m=d&e=0#|title=Player Profile|author=ATP|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082917/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1998&m=d&e=0|archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>

=== 2008 ===
Paes/Bhupathi took part in men's doubles at the 2008 [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]]. They were eliminated in the quarter-finals by [[Roger Federer]] and [[Stanislas Wawrinka]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/paesbhupathi-knocked-out-of-beijing-olympics/71292-29.html|title=Paes Bhupathi out of Olympics 2008|author=IBNLIVE|date=15 August 2008|access-date=15 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818170613/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/paesbhupathi-knocked-out-of-beijing-olympics/71292-29.html|archive-date=18 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> who went on to win gold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/aug/16swiss.htm|title=Federer leads Swiss to doubles gold|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819002855/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/aug/16swiss.htm|archive-date=19 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> With [[Cara Black]] he won the 2008 US Open mixed doubles title.

=== 2009 ===
In 2009, he won the French Open<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-06-06/news/27661488_1_paes-and-lukas-dlouhy-doubles-title-wesley-moodie|title=Paes, Dlouhy win French Open men's doubles|access-date=6 June 2009|work=The Times Of India|date=6 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105101451/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-06-06/news/27661488_1_paes-and-lukas-dlouhy-doubles-title-wesley-moodie|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and US Open Men's doubles titles with [[Lukáš Dlouhý]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4470636|title=Dlouhy, Paes claim men's doubles title|date=2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204000436/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4470636|archive-date=4 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and was the runner-up in mixed at the US Open.

=== 2010 ===
He began the 2010 season in good form, again winning the [[2010 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|Australian Open mixed doubles]] title with [[Cara Black]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/indian-challenges/Leander-Paes-and-Cara-Black-win-Australian-Open-mixed-doubles-title/articleshow/5519659.cms|title=Leander Paes and Cara Black win Australian Open mixed doubles title|date=31 January 2010|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321135209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/indian-challenges/Leander-Paes-and-Cara-Black-win-Australian-Open-mixed-doubles-title/articleshow/5519659.cms|archive-date=21 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This was the pair's third consecutive Grand Slam final and the fourth overall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100213/saturday/main1.htm|title=Leander the legend|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100213/saturday/main1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2012 ===
Paes started the year pairing with [[Radek Štěpánek]] winning the Australian Open men's doubles beating the Bryan brothers and completed his Career Grand Slam in men's doubles. Paes then went on to complete at hattrick of wins at the Miami Masters with his 3rd consecutive win pairing with Štěpánek. Paes and Štěpánek's [[2012 Wimbledon Championships|2012 Wimbledon]] tournament ended when the duo lost to [[Ivan Dodig]] and [[Marcelo Melo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/indian-challenge/Paes-Stepanek-Bhupathi-Bopanna-out-of-Wimbledon/articleshow/14653114.cms|title=Paes-Stepanek, Bhupathi-Bopanna out of Wimbledon|date=3 July 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204000436/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/indian-challenge/Paes-Stepanek-Bhupathi-Bopanna-out-of-Wimbledon/articleshow/14653114.cms|archive-date=4 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paes and [[Elena Vesnina]] reached the finals of the Wimbledon mixed doubles after beating [[Bob Bryan]] and [[Liezel Huber]], 7–5, 3–6, 6–3<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/indian-challenge/Paes-Vesnina-pair-in-Wimbledon-final/articleshow/14738527.cms|title=Paes, Vesnina pair in Wimbledon final|date=8 July 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708102013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/indian-challenge/Paes-Vesnina-pair-in-Wimbledon-final/articleshow/14738527.cms|archive-date=8 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> on 7 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/paeselena-reach-wimbledon-final/269998-5.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126094831/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/paeselena-reach-wimbledon-final/269998-5.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Paes-Vesnina reach Wimbledon final after hard win
|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref> They lost in the final to [[Lisa Raymond]] and [[Mike Bryan]] 3–6, 7–5, 4–6.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9493248.stm|title=Mixed Doubles All England Championships Wimbledon BBC Sport Website|date=8 July 2012|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9493248.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/paesvesnina-falter-at-final-hurdle-in-wimbledon/972065/|title=Paes-Vesnina falter at final hurdle in Wimbledon|date=9 July 2012}}</ref>

In the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], the Indian pair ([[Vishnu Vardhan]]) lost to French team [[Michaël Llodra]] and [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]], 6–7, 6–4, 3–6.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/London-Olympics-Leander-Paes-Vardhan-knocked-out-of-doubles-event/articleshow/15320062.cms|title=London Olympics: Leander Paes-Vardhan knocked out of doubles event|access-date=2 August 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803022555/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/London-Olympics-Leander-Paes-Vardhan-knocked-out-of-doubles-event/articleshow/15320062.cms|archive-date=3 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Paes and Štěpánek advanced to the finals at the 2012 US Open after their Spanish opponents, [[Marcel Granollers]] and [[Marc López]], retired because of injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/us-open-tennis-leander-paes-stepanek-enter-doubles-final/20120907.htm|title=Paes-Stepanek, 2012 US Open|date=7 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910035547/http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/us-open-tennis-leander-paes-stepanek-enter-doubles-final/20120907.htm|archive-date=10 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/us-open-2012/indian-challenge/Leander-Paes-Radek-Stepanek-enter-US-Open-final/articleshow/16287428.cms|title=Leander Paes-Radek Stepanek enter US Open final|access-date=7 September 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907000816/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/us-open-2012/indian-challenge/Leander-Paes-Radek-Stepanek-enter-US-Open-final/articleshow/16287428.cms|archive-date=7 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However the duo lost in the final of US Open 2012 to the [[Bryan brothers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/us-open-2012/indian-challenge/Leander-Paes-Radek-Stepanek-lose-US-Open-final-to-Bryan-brothers/articleshow/16302542.cms|title=Leander Paes-Radek Stepanek lose US Open final to Bryan brothers|access-date=7 September 2012|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908060907/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/us-open-2012/indian-challenge/Leander-Paes-Radek-Stepanek-lose-US-Open-final-to-Bryan-brothers/articleshow/16302542.cms|archive-date=8 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Paes and Štěpánek began the ATP World Tour Finals with a win against Pakistan's [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]] and Dutchman [[Jean Julien Rojer]], 6–4, 7–5.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/top-stories/34971838_1_atp-world-tour-finals-dutchman-jean-julien-rojer-leander-paes|title=Paes-Stepanek win ATP World Tour opener|access-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105104556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/top-stories/34971838_1_atp-world-tour-finals-dutchman-jean-julien-rojer-leander-paes|archive-date=5 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> and avenged their loss to the Bryans and topped their group with 3 wins. They made it to the semifinals, where they were eliminated by eventual runners-up Bhupathi and [[Rohan Bopanna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.protennislive.com/posting/2012/605/mdd.pdf|title=BARCLAYS ATP WORLD TOUR FINALS 2012 DOUBLES COMPETITION|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124003534/http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2012/605/mdd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
Paes/Štěpánek won the 2013 US Open, defeating [[Alexander Peya]] and [[Bruno Soares]] 6–1, 6–3. This was Paes' 3rd US Open men's doubles title and 14th Grand Slam title. He became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam title and the first ever aged above 40 years. In January 2014, the [[Government of India]] announced its 3rd Highest Civilian Award [[Padma Bhushan]] for Paes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paes, Gopichand, Yuvraj, Dipika get Padma awards|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/paes-gopichand-yuvraj-dipika-get-padma-awards/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=25 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128071023/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/paes-gopichand-yuvraj-dipika-get-padma-awards/|archive-date=28 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
Paes won the [[2014 Malaysian Open]] men's doubles with [[Marcin Matkowski]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leander Paes-Marcin Matkowski Win Malaysian Open Title {{!}} Tennis News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/leander-paes-marcin-matkowski-win-malaysian-open-title-1512101 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=NDTVSports.com |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625053621/https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/leander-paes-marcin-matkowski-win-malaysian-open-title-1512101 |url-status=live }}</ref> and later went on to make the semi-finals of Wimbledon in men's doubles with Štěpánek

=== 2015 ===
Paes started his 25th season on the ATP World Tour by partnering with Klaasen to reach the Chennai final, where the team lost to Lu/Marray. On 17 January, he won his 55th tour-level title in his 93rd final at Auckland, again with Klaasen. The team recorded three-match tie break victories en route to the final. With the win, Paes had won at least one trophy every season since 1997.

On 1 February, Paes captured his seventh Grand Slam mixed doubles crown at the [[2015 Australian Open]] with [[Martina Hingis]]. It was his 15th major crown overall and his third mixed doubles triumph at Melbourne Park. The pair beat defending champions [[Daniel Nestor]] and [[Kristina Mladenovic]] in the final. As No. 7 seed with Klaasen in men's doubles, Paes lost to eventual champions Bolelli/Fognini in the second round.

At the [[2015 French Open]], Paes started a new partnership with [[Daniel Nestor]]. The pair crashed out in the third round; however, Paes became just the seventh male player in Open Era to complete 700 doubles wins.

At [[Wimbledon 2015]], Paes again teamed up with Hingis to win the mixed doubles championship. The final 6–1, 6–1 score against fifth seeds Alexander Peya and [[Tímea Babos]] came after only 41 minutes. Paes/Nestor reached the third round.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jul/12/martina-hingis-leander-paes-mixed-doubles-title|title=Martina Hingis and Leander Paes race to Wimbledon mixed doubles title|first=Sean Ingle at|last=Wimbledon|date=12 July 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022327/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jul/12/martina-hingis-leander-paes-mixed-doubles-title|archive-date=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> By winning his 4th Wimbledon [[List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions|mixed doubles]] title, Paes shared the record for men's titles in the open era with [[Owen Davidson]].<ref>[[Wimbledon Championships (tennis)#Records]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/7-players-with-most-mixed-doubles-grand-slam-titles-in-open-era-sstl|title=7 players with most mixed doubles Grand Slam titles in Open Era|date=8 December 2018|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183542/https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/7-players-with-most-mixed-doubles-grand-slam-titles-in-open-era-sstl|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 September 2015, Paes won the mixed doubles at the [[2015 US Open – Mixed doubles|2015 US Open]] with Hingis, defeating [[Sam Querrey]] and [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]] in three sets.

=== 2016 ===
On 3 June 2016, Leander Paes completed his Career Grand Slam in mixed by winning the [[2016 French Open]] with Hingis, thus joining an elite league of players.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/03/martina-hingis-paes-mixed-doubles-career-grand-slam-french-open|title=Martina Hingis and Leander Paes seal career grand slams at French Open|agency=Associated Press|date=3 June 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604044843/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/03/martina-hingis-paes-mixed-doubles-career-grand-slam-french-open|archive-date=4 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He broke Davidson's record<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-12|title=Leander Paes – An Indian Tennis Player with 'lion's heart' as his Name Means -|url=https://www.sportzcraazy.com/leander-paes-an-indian-tennis-player-with-lions-heart-as-his-name-means/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=SportzCraazy|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114161528/https://www.sportzcraazy.com/leander-paes-an-indian-tennis-player-with-lions-heart-as-his-name-means/|url-status=live}}</ref> for most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles. Paes qualified for the [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Summer Olympics]] in Men's doubles and partnered with [[Rohan Bopanna]]. They lost in the first round to the Polish pair of [[Marcin Matkowski]] and [[Łukasz Kubot]]. He later paired up with [[Andre Begemann]], where they reached the final in the [[Winston-Salem Open]]. This pair lost in the first round of the [[2016 US Open (tennis)|2016 US Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/bracket?id=189&matchType=3&year=2016|title=2016 US Open Bracket: Men's Doubles|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://www.espn.com/tennis/bracket?id=189&matchType=3&year=2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He turned up for the Davis Cup against Spain with [[Saketh Myneni]], losing to [[Rafael Nadal]] and [[Marc López]] in 4 sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/live-tennis-score-india-vs-spain-davis-cup-1479623|title=India vs Spain Davis Cup, Highlights: Spain Complete 5-0 Whitewash Over India|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/live-tennis-score-india-vs-spain-davis-cup-1479623|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
Paes played in the 2017 season with his 111th partner, [[André Sá]]. The duo lost to the Indian pair of [[Purav Raja]] and [[Divij Sharan]] in the first round of [[2017 Aircel Chennai Open|Aircel Chennai Open]] in straight sets. With this loss, Paes moved down to 64th in doubles ranks. Though India won their [[2017 Davis Cup|Davis Cup]] tie against [[New Zealand Davis Cup team|New Zealand]], Paes and his last-minute partner, [[Vishnu Vardhan]], lost to the New Zealanders [[Artem Sitak]]/[[Michael Venus (tennis)|Michael Venus]]. Paes and [[Rohan Bopanna]] were kept as reserves by new, non-playing captain Mahesh Bhupathi for the tie against [[Uzbekistan Davis Cup team|Uzbekistan]]. Eventually, Paes was dropped from the final four, which created controversy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/paes-dropped-for-davis-cup-bhupathi-picks-bopanna-for-uzbekistan-tie/articleshow/58042111.cms|title=Paes dropped for Davis Cup; Bhupathi picks Bopanna for Uzbekistan|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2017|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/paes-dropped-for-davis-cup-bhupathi-picks-bopanna-for-uzbekistan-tie/articleshow/58042111.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Paes reached the semis of the [[Dubai open|Dubai Open]] and at [[2017 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships|Delray Beach]]. Paes then played a series of challenger events, never getting his ranking above 49th. He played with [[Adil Shamasdin]], [[Scott Lipsky]], and [[Purav Raja]].

=== 2018 ===
Paes continued his partnership with Raja, losing the [[Maharashtra Open]] in the first round to defending champions Bopanna/[[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]]. In the [[Australian Open]], Paes/Raja lost in the round of 16. Paes along with [[James Cerretani]] finished as runner up in the [[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai Open]]. Paes was recalled to India's Davis Cup squad to play against China. On 7 April 2018, Paes became the most successful player in Davis Cup history with his 43rd doubles victory. After going 0–2 down, Paes/Bopanna scripted India's comeback and in the end, India won the tie 3–2. After this, Paes skipped clay and grass court seasons. Paes was selected for the [[2018 Asian Games]], but the day before the Games started, he opted out citing the lack of a doubles specialist to accompany him. Paes/Cerretani played in several Challenger tournaments, before losing in the first round of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. Paes also played Challengers with [[Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/paes-wins-another-challenger/article25220835.ece|title=Paes wins another Challenger|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2018|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183539/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/paes-wins-another-challenger/article25220835.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2019 ===
Paes/Reyes-Varela started the 2019 season at the [[Maharashtra Open]]. The duo lost a close quarter-final to the eventual champions, Bopanna/[[Divij Sharan]], 17–15 in a match tie-break. Paes/Reyes-Varela then finished as runners-up in the [[2019 Da Nang Tennis Open – Doubles|Da Nang Challenger]] before losing in the first round of the [[2019 Australian Open – Men's doubles|Australian Open]]. During the season, Paes made the semi-finals of three ATP 250 tournaments (Montpellier, Marrakesh and Lyon) with Benoit Paire. He become the oldest ATP Tour semi-finalist since 2006 when he reached the semi-finals of the Hall of Fame Championship with Marcus Daniell in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/paes-and-daniell-out-of-hall-of-fame-open/articleshow/70316220.cms|title=Paes and Daniell out of Hall of Fame Open|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2019|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/paes-and-daniell-out-of-hall-of-fame-open/articleshow/70316220.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Davis Cup ===
Paes started his [[Davis Cup]] career in 1990, when he partnered [[Zeeshan Ali]] in doubles to beat the Japanese team in a five-set encounter. He played a key role on the Indian team that reached the World Group from 1991 to 1998. He was part of the [[India Davis Cup team|Indian team]] that reached the semifinals [[1993 Davis Cup|1993]] with wins against Switzerland and France, eventually losing to Australia. In singles, his major wins came against the French duo of [[Arnaud Boetsch]] and [[Henri Leconte]] in 1993, [[Wayne Ferreira]] in 1994, and [[Goran Ivanišević]] in 1995 when India defeated Croatia, beating [[Jan Siemerink]] in 1996 to defeat Netherlands, and [[Jiří Novák]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10001856|title=Player Profile, www.daviscup.com|author=Davis Cup|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232851/http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10001856|archive-date=2 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss2540/25400480.htm|title=The enduring uniqueness of the Davis Cup|first=Rohit|last=Brijnath|journal=The Sportstar|volume=25|issue=40|date=5–11 October 2002|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017211136/http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss2540/25400480.htm|archive-date=17 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He teamed up with Bhupathi to beat [[Saša Hiršzon|Hiršzon]]/Ivanisevic of Croatia in 1995, [[Martin Damm|Damm]]/[[Petr Korda|Korda]] of the Czech Republic in 1997, [[Nicolás Massú|Massú]]/[[Marcelo Ríos|Ríos]] of Chile in 1997, Broad/[[Tim Henman|Henman]] in 1998, and [[Simon Aspelin|Aspelin]]/[[Jonas Björkman|Björkman]] of Sweden in 2005. In 2007, Leander had three wins (two doubles and one singles) and no losses.

In 1993, he defeated No. 25 Arnaud Boetsch in straight sets on clay. Paes defeated Henri Leconte in the same week, and although Ramesh Krishnan won the tie-breaker against Rodolphe Gilbert, it was Paes who put that match over the top.<ref>{{cite news |title=India Beats France in Davis Cup |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-20-sp-14939-story.html |newspaper=LA Times |date=20 July 1993 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628001815/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-20-sp-14939-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1994, he beat World No. 13 [[Wayne Ferreira]] in straight sets, but lost the overall tie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=French miracle, Serbia comeback, Ivanisevic upset |url=https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/18603891/leander-paes-greatest-moments-davis-cup |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=ESPN |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406044844/https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/18603891/leander-paes-greatest-moments-davis-cup |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Year-end finals ===
Paes qualified for appeared with Bhupathi in six season finales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx|title=Leander Paes – Overview – ATP World Tour – Tennis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622001401/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx|archive-date=22 June 2009 }}</ref>

Paes played at the year-end championships with Bhupathi each year from 1997 to 2000, as well as in 2002 and 2011, reaching three finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/965879/pause-rewind-play-leander-paes-and-mahesh-bhupathis-1999-season-was-historic-for-indian-tennis|title=Pause, rewind, play: Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi's 1999 season was historic for Indian tennis|date=28 June 2020|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183539/https://scroll.in/field/965879/pause-rewind-play-leander-paes-and-mahesh-bhupathis-1999-season-was-historic-for-indian-tennis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbcy.in/brand/mahesh-bhupathi-managing-director-of-mbta-retired-indian-professional-tennis-player/|title=Mahesh Bhupathi, Managing Director of MBTA & Retired Indian Professional Tennis Player|date=9 December 2020|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://tbcy.in/brand/mahesh-bhupathi-managing-director-of-mbta-retired-indian-professional-tennis-player/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1997 they lost the final to [[Rick Leach]] and [[Jonathan Stark (tennis)|Jonathan Stark]]. They lost 1999 final to [[Sébastien Lareau]] and [[Alex O'Brien]]. In 2000, they lost the final to [[Donald Johnson]] and [[Pieter Norval]].

== Playing style ==
Leander has been described as having a strange playing style by [[Andre Agassi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/1692440/report-olympics-moment-leander-paes-wins-bronze-in-atlanta|title=Olympics moment: Leander Paes wins bronze in Atlanta – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=23 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927084301/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/1692440/report-olympics-moment-leander-paes-wins-bronze-in-atlanta|archive-date=27 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He varies his play as the match goes on; he is one of the [[Volley (tennis)|best volleyers]] and prolific at the drop shot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/09/05/us-open-2013-mike-bryan-bob-bryan-radek-stepanek-leander-paes/2771885/|work=USA Today|first1=Douglas|last1=Robson|title=Grand Slam slips away from Bryan brothers|date=5 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706104202/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/09/05/us-open-2013-mike-bryan-bob-bryan-radek-stepanek-leander-paes/2771885/|archive-date=6 July 2017|df=dmy-all }}</ref> His volleying techniques were learnt from former Indian player [[Akhtar Ali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/1819047/report-generations-go-by-but-leander-paes-plays-on|title=Generations go by but Leander Paes plays on – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=5 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927084207/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/1819047/report-generations-go-by-but-leander-paes-plays-on|archive-date=27 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He hits a [[one-handed backhand]], which he drives rarely, preferring instead to slice when returning serve or rallying from his backhand.

== Partnership with Mahesh Bhupathi ==
[[File:LeeAndHesh1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Leander Paes and his longtime doubles partner [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]]]
The duo of Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi was nicknamed the ″Indian Express″. Paes' off-and-on partnership with Bhupathi drew constant media attention in their home country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000520/spr-trib.htm#1|title=Leander Paes, Mahesh Bhupathi finally part ways|author=M S Unnikrishnan|date=20 May 2000|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623200540/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000520/spr-trib.htm#1|archive-date=23 June 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020323/spr-trib.htm#1|title=Did 'sibling' rivalry lead to Paes-Bhupathi split?|author=M S Unnikrishnan|date=23 March 2002|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930040705/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020323/spr-trib.htm#1|archive-date=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/04/stories/2006100407701800.htm|title=AITA wants Mahesh Bhupathi back in the team|author=The Hindu|date=4 October 2002|access-date=1 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516093443/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/04/stories/2006100407701800.htm|archive-date=16 May 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the [[2006 Asian Games]], a loss to the Chinese Taipei team in the team event led Paes to question Bhupathi's commitment to Team India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Paes_questions_Maheshs_commitment/articleshow/712430.cms|title=Paes questions Mahesh's commitment|author=Times Now|date=5 December 2006|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213210535/http://www.timesnow.tv/Paes_questions_Maheshs_commitment/articleshow/712430.cms|archive-date=13 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He once stated in an interview that although he and Bhupathi are friends, he did not consider pairing with his former teammate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/exclusive-interview-leander-paes/41438-5.html|title=Pairing Hesh not on my mind: Paes|author=IBNLIVE|date=27 May 2006|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214071400/https://www.news18.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, for the [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2008 Beijing Olympics]], they reunited for their country,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lee-Hesh-to-play-together-in-2008-Olympics/articleshow/2631943.cms|title=Lee-Hesh to play together in 2008 Olympics|author=The Times of India|date=18 December 2007|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093510/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-18/india/27986759_1_lee-hesh-leander-paes-indian-tennis|archive-date=3 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> losing in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Federer/Wawrinka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/INF/TE/C73B/TEM002302.shtml#TEM002302|title=Match Statistics:Men's Doubles Quarterfinal 2|publisher=Official website of Beijing Olympics|date=15 August 2008|access-date=30 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211032235/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/INF/TE/C73B/TEM002302.shtml#TEM002302|archive-date=11 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2011, the pair won doubles at the [[2011 Aircel Chennai Open|Chennai Open]]. They reunited to play in a Grand Slam Tournament after nine years and claimed runners-up in the [[2011 Australian Open]] and reached the semifinals in the year-end championships.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703398504576099944272231206|work=The Wall Street Journal|first=Nicolas|last=Brulliard|title=A Doubles Pair Reunited, And It Feels So Good|date=26 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704101549/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703398504576099944272231206|archive-date=4 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Indian duo has a 303–103 career record together. They have a high success rate against various top teams.<ref>Tennislive Match Stats – Mahesh Bhupathi, Leander Paes {{cite web|url=http://www.tennislive.net/atp/mahesh-bhupathi-leander-paes/|title=Mahesh Bhupathi/Leander Paes – TennisLive.net|access-date=2012-02-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211034034/http://www.tennislive.net/atp/mahesh-bhupathi-leander-paes/|archive-date=11 December 2011|df=dmy-all }}</ref> They have a Davis Cup record for the longest doubles winning streak, with 24 straight wins.<ref>Davis Cup Records {{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/statistics/player-records.aspx|title=Davis Cup – Statistics|access-date=2017-07-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154241/https://www.daviscup.com/en/statistics/player-records.aspx|archive-date=9 July 2017|df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Paes paired with [[Vishnu Vardhan]] at the London Olympics 2012, following Bhupathi and Bopanna's refusal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/AITA-may-send-two-teams-to-London-Olympics/articleshow/14265577.cms|title=AITA may send two teams to London Olympics|date=19 June 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619100354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/AITA-may-send-two-teams-to-London-Olympics/articleshow/14265577.cms|archive-date=19 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paes threatened to withdraw from the Olympics rather than play with Vardhan, whose world ranking was 296,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Leander-Paes-threatens-to-withdraw-from-London-Olympics/articleshow/14299857.cms|title=Leander Paes threatens to withdraw from London Olympics|date=19 June 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621021418/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Leander-Paes-threatens-to-withdraw-from-London-Olympics/articleshow/14299857.cms|archive-date=21 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but withdrew the threat a week later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/im-focussed-on-playing-sport-not-politics-leander-paes/968251/2|title=I'm focussed on playing sport not politics: Leander Paes|date=29 June 2012|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214071403/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/im-focussed-on-playing-sport-not-politics-leander-paes/|url-status=live}}</ref> Paes and Vardhan [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|reached the second round]] of the tournament, losing to French silver medalists Llodra/Tsonga.

In 2021, [[ZEE5|Zee5]] produced a documentary called ''[[Break Point (2021)|Break Point]]'', showing the ups and downs in the relationship between Paes and Bhupathi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/break-point-mahesh-bhupathi-offers-his-glasses-to-ashwiny-iyer-as-she-picks-leonardo-dicaprio-to-play-leander-paes-in-biopic-101633084180051.html|title=Break Point: Mahesh Bhupathi offers his glasses to Ashwiny Iyer as she picks DiCaprio to play Leander Paes in biopic|work=Hindustan Times |date=October 2021|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722032617/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/break-point-mahesh-bhupathi-offers-his-glasses-to-ashwiny-iyer-as-she-picks-leonardo-dicaprio-to-play-leander-paes-in-biopic-101633084180051.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Other activities ==
In 2010, he joined the Board of Directors of [[Olympic Gold Quest]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://olympicgoldquest.in/ogq/profile/leander.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204000435/http://olympicgoldquest.in/ogq/profile/leander.html |url-status=dead |title=Leander Paes' profile at Olympic Gold Quest|archive-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> a foundation co-founded by [[Geet Sethi]] and [[Prakash Padukone]] to support talented Indian athletes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Leander-Paes-joins-Olympic-Gold-Quest/articleshow/5561887.cms|title=Leander Paes joins Olympic Gold Quest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105091800/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-11/top-stories/28129618_1_ogq-olympic-gold-quest-viren-rasquinha|archive-date=5 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Acting career ===
Paes made his film debut in Ashok Kohli's ''Rajdhani Express'', a socio-political thriller.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajdhani-Express-Sudhanshus-next/articleshow/14956443.cms|title='Rajdhani Express' Sudhanshu's next|date=15 July 2012|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105080334/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-15/news-interviews/32684321_1_jimmy-shergill-sayali-bhagat-sudhanshu|archive-date=5 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|
|-
!
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2013
|''[[Rajdhani Express (film)|Rajdhani Express]]''
|Keshav
|Debut film
|}

=== Political career ===
Paes joined the [[Trinamool Congress]] in Goa on 29 October 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/leander-paes-joins-trinamool-congress-in-goa/article37240463.ece|title=Leander Paes joins Trinamool Congress in Goa|date=29 October 2021|work=Frontline}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Paes had a live-in-relationship with British model [[Rhea Pillai]] in the 2000s. The couple has a daughter, Aiyana, born in 2005.<ref name=tensed/>

His daughter, Aiyana Paes is also tennis player who represents Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aiyana Paes |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/aiyana-paes/800761684/gbr/wt/S/overview/ |website=ITF |access-date=30 September 2025 }}</ref>

== Significant finals ==
By winning the 2012 Australian Open title, Paes achieved the career Grand Slam in mens doubles. By winning the 2016 Roland Garros mixed doubles title, he completed the Career Grand Slam set in both mens and mixed doubles becoming only the 3rd man in the Open era to do so.

=== Doubles: 16 (8 titles, 8 runner-ups) ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!style="width:120px"|Championship
!Surface
!style="width:145px"|Partner
!style="width:145px"|Opponents
!style="width:190px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[1999 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1999]]||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]||{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Patrick Rafter]]||3–6, 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(12–10), 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|1999]]||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open||Clay||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Goran Ivanišević]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Tarango]]||6–2, 7–5
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1999]]||style="background:#cfc;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]||Grass||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|NED}} [[Paul Haarhuis]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jared Palmer]]||6–7(10–12), 6–3, 6–4, 7–6(7–4)
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[1999 US Open – Men's doubles|1999]]||style="background:#ccf;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex O'Brien]]||6–7, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2001 French Open – Men's doubles|2001]]||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open (2)||Clay||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Pála]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Pavel Vízner]]||7–6, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2004 US Open – Men's doubles|2004]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[David Rikl]]||{{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]||3–6, 3–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2006 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2006]]||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Martin Damm]]||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]||6–4, 3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2006 US Open – Men's doubles|2006]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} Martin Damm||{{flagicon|SWE}} Jonas Björkman {{flagicon|BLR|1995}} [[Max Mirnyi]]||6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2008 US Open – Men's doubles|2008]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Dlouhý]]||{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan||6–7(5–7), 6–7(10–12)
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2009 French Open – Men's doubles|2009]]||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open (3)||Clay||{{flagicon|CZE}} Lukáš Dlouhý||{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Wesley Moodie]] {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Dick Norman]]||3–6, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2009 US Open – Men's doubles|2009]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open (2)||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} Lukáš Dlouhý||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi {{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles||3–6, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2010 French Open – Men's doubles|2010]]||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open||Clay||{{flagicon|CZE}} Lukáš Dlouhý||{{flagicon|SER}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]] {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor||5–7, 2–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2011]]||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan||3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2012 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2012]]||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]||{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan||7–6(7–1), 6–2
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2012 US Open – Men's doubles|2012]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} Radek Štěpánek||{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan||3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2013 US Open – Men's doubles|2013]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open (3)||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} Radek Štěpánek||{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Peya]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]||6–1, 6–3
|}

=== Mixed doubles: 18 (10 titles, 8 runner-ups) ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!style="width:120px"|Championship
!Surface
!style="width:170px"|Partner
!style="width:170px"|Opponents
!style="width:140px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||1999||style="background:#cfc;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]||Grass||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Lisa Raymond]]||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anna Kournikova]] {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]]||6–4, 3–6, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2001||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rennae Stubbs]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]]||6–4, 5–7, [11–9]
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2003||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Martina Navratilova]]||{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Eleni Daniilidou]] {{flagicon|AUS}} Todd Woodbridge||6–4, 7–5
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2003||style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon (2)||Grass||{{flagicon|USA}} Martina Navratilova||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastassia Rodionova]] {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Andy Ram]]||6–3, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2004||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|USA}} Martina Navratilova||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Bovina]] {{flagicon|SCG}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]||6–1, 7–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2005||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open||Clay||{{flagicon|USA}} Martina Navratilova||{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Daniela Hantuchová]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Santoro]]||3–6, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2007||style="background:#ccf;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]||Hard||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Meghann Shaughnessy]]||{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} [[Victoria Azarenka]] {{flagicon|BLR|1995}} [[Max Mirnyi]]||6–4, 7–6(8–6)
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2008||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Cara Black]]||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Liezel Huber]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[Jamie Murray]]||7–6, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2009||style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon||Grass||{{flagicon|ZIM}} Cara Black||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Anna-Lena Grönefeld]] {{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]]||7–5, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2009||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|ZIM}} Cara Black||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Carly Gullickson]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Travis Parrot]]||6–2, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2010||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open (2)||Hard||{{flagicon|ZIM}} Cara Black||{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Ekaterina Makarova]] {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Jaroslav Levinský]]||7–5, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2010||style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon (3)||Grass||{{flagicon|ZIM}} Cara Black||{{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Wesley Moodie]]||6–4, 7–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2012||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina]]||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Horia Tecău]]||3–6, 7–5, [3–10]
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2012||style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon||Grass||{{flagicon|RUS}} Elena Vesnina||{{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]||3–6, 7–5, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2015||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open (3)||Hard||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]]||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]||6–4, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2015||style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon (4)||Grass||{{flagicon|SUI}} Martina Hingis||{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Tímea Babos]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Peya]]||6–1, 6–1
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2015||style="background:#ccf;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] (2)||Hard||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]]||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sam Querrey]]||6–4, 3–6, [10–7]
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2016||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open||Clay||{{flagicon|SUI}} Martina Hingis||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Dodig]]||4–6, 6–4, [10–8]
|}

=== Olympic medal matches ===

==== Singles: 1 (1 bronze medal) ====
;Bronze medal final
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Opponent
!Score
|-
|style="background:#c96;"|Bronze||[[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]]
|style="background:#ffea5c;"|[[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Atlanta]]
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Fernando Meligeni]]
|3–6, 6–2, 6–4
|}

==== Doubles: 1 ====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!Score
|-
|style="background:yellow;"|4th place||[[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2004]]||style="background:#ffea5c;"|[[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Athens]]||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]||{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mario Ančić]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Ljubičić]]||6–7(5–7), 6–4, 14–16
|}

== Performance timeline ==
{{main|Leander Paes career statistics}}
{{Performance key|active=no}}

=== Singles ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:89%
|-
!Tournament!![[1991 ATP Tour|1991]]!![[1992 ATP Tour|1992]]!![[1993 ATP Tour|1993]]!![[1994 ATP Tour|1994]]!![[1995 ATP Tour|1995]]!![[1996 ATP Tour|1996]]!![[1997 ATP Tour|1997]]!![[1998 ATP Tour|1998]]!![[1999 ATP Tour|1999]]!![[2000 ATP Tour|2000]]!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!!{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}}!!width=40|{{Tooltip|W–L|Win–loss}}
|-
|colspan="14" style="text-align:left;"|'''Grand Slam tournaments'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|[[1993 Australian Open – Men's singles|Q1]]
|[[1994 Australian Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1995 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 Australian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1998 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1999 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2000 Australian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|[[2001 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
|0 / 5
|2–5
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|[[1993 French Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 French Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|[[1998 French Open – Men's singles|Q3]]
|[[1999 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|[[2000 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|A
|0 / 1
|1–1
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|[[1991 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|Q2]]
|[[1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|Q1]]
|[[1993 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|Q1]]
|[[1994 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|Q3]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
|0 / 5
|1–5
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|[[1992 US Open – Men's singles|Q3]]
|[[1993 US Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1994 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|[[1995 US Open – Men's singles|Q3]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1996 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 US Open – Men's singles|3R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1998 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|[[1999 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|A
|A
|0 / 4
|3–4
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–1
!0–1
!1–2
!4–4
!0–3
!0–2
!1–1
!1–1
!0 / 15
!7–15
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="14"|'''National representation'''
|-
|align=left|[[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[Tennis at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|1R]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor="#cd7f32"|[[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|SF-B]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|1R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|0 / 3
|5–3
|-
|colspan="14" align="left"|'''Career statistics'''
|-
!style=text-align:left|Titles / Finals
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!1 / 1
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!colspan=2|1 / 1
|-bgcolor=efefef
|align=left|Year-end ranking
|278
|194
|260
|139
|130
|129
|122
|91
|142
|188
|299
|colspan=2|
|}

=== Doubles ===
{|class="wikitable nowrap" style=text-align:center;font-size:85%
|-
!Tournament!![[1990 ATP Tour|1990]]!![[1991 ATP Tour|1991]]!![[1992 ATP Tour|1992]]!![[1993 ATP Tour|1993]]!![[1994 ATP Tour|1994]]!![[1995 ATP Tour|1995]]!![[1996 ATP Tour|1996]]!![[1997 ATP Tour|1997]]!![[1998 ATP Tour|1998]]!![[1999 ATP Tour|1999]]!![[2000 ATP Tour|2000]]!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!![[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!![[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]!![[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]!![[2010 ATP World Tour|2010]]!![[2011 ATP World Tour|2011]]!![[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]]!![[2013 ATP World Tour|2013]]!![[2014 ATP World Tour|2014]]!![[2015 ATP World Tour|2015]]!![[2016 ATP World Tour|2016]]!![[2017 ATP World Tour|2017]]!![[2018 ATP World Tour|2018]]!![[2019 ATP Tour|2019]]!![[2020 ATP Tour|2020]]!!SR!!W–L
|-
|colspan=34 style=text-align:left|'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1994 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[1995 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1997 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=background:yellow|[[1998 Australian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=background:thistle|[[1999 Australian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2000 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2001 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2002 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2003 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2004 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|style=background:thistle|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2007 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2008 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2009 Australian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2010 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|style=background:thistle|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2012 Australian Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2013 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2014 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2015 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2016 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2017 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2018 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2019 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|1 / 24
|49–23
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1997 French Open|2R]]
|style=background:yellow|[[1998 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2000 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2001 French Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|style=background:yellow|[[2002 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2003 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2004 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2005 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2006 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2007 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2008 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2009 French Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|style=background:thistle|[[2010 French Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2011 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2012 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2013 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2015 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2016 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2017 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2019 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|3 / 21
|53–18
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1993 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1994 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|1 / 24
|44–23
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|style=background:yellow|[[1993 US Open (tennis)|SF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1994 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1995 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1996 US Open – Men's doubles qualifying|Q1]]
|style=background:yellow|[[1997 US Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=background:yellow|[[1998 US Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=background:thistle|[[1999 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2000 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2001 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2002 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|style=background:thistle|[[2004 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2005 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2006 US Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2007 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=background:thistle|[[2008 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2009 US Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2011 US Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|style=background:thistle|[[2012 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2013 US Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2014 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2015 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2016 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2017 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2018 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2019 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|3 / 25
|59–22
|-style=font-weight:bold;background:#efefef
|style=text-align:left|Win–loss
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|4–2
|4–3
|3–2
|1–1
|5–4
|13–4
|22–2
|0–3
|6–3
|6–4
|11–3
|7–4
|6–3
|15–3
|6–4
|12–4
|16–2
|9–4
|10–4
|14–3
|11–3
|9–3
|6–4
|4–4
|2–4
|2–2
|1–4
|0–0
|8 / 94
|205–86
|}

=== Mixed doubles ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:82%
|-
!Tournament!!1994!!1995!!1996!!1997!!1998!!1999!!2000!!2001!!2002!!2003!!2004!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!2013!!2014!!2015!!2016!!2017!!2018!!2019!!2020!!SR
|-
|colspan="29" style="text-align:left;"|'''Grand Slam tournaments'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1999 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2000 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2001 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2002 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2003 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2004 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|A
|style="background:yellow;"|[[2006 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2007 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2008 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2009 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2010 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2011 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2012 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2013 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2014 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2015 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2016 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2017 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2019 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2020 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|3 / 20
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 French Open – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1998 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[1999 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2000 French Open – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2001 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2002 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2003 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2004 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2005 French Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2006 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2007 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2008 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2009 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2010 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2011 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 French Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2013 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2015 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2016 French Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2017 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|style=color:#767676|NH
|1 / 20
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1994 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1996 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|4 / 22
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1995 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1998 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1999 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2000 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2001 US Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2002 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|style="background:yellow;"|[[2004 US Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2005 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2006 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2007 US Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2008 US Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2009 US Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2010 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|style="background:yellow;"|[[2011 US Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2012 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2014 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2015 US Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2016 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
|style=color:#767676|NH
|2 / 19
|-style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|SR
|0 / 1
|0 / 1
|0 / 1
|0 / 3
|0 / 3
|1 / 4
|0 / 3
|0 / 4
|0 / 4
|2 / 3
|0 / 4
|0 / 2
|0 / 4
|0 / 4
|1 / 4
|0 / 4
|2 / 4
|0 / 4
|0 / 4
|0 / 3
|0 / 3
|3 / 4
|1 / 4
|0 / 3
|0 / 0
|0 / 1
|0 / 1
|10 / 81
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="29"|'''National representation'''
|-
|align=left|[[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|colspan=18 style=color:#767676|Not held
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|QF
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not held
|A
|colspan=4 style=color:#767676|Not held
|0 / 1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}
*{{cite web|url=https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/Sports.aspx|title=Sports in West Bengal|website=wbpolice.gov.in|publisher=West Bengal Police|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928072325/https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/Sports.aspx}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Leander Paes}}
{{Portal bar|Tennis|Biography|India}}
* {{ATP}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Davis Cup player}}
* {{Olympics.com|leander-paes}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-sports|oly}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Pargat Singh]]
|title=[[List of flag bearers for India at the Olympics|Flagbearer]] for {{flagu|India}}
|years=[[2000 Summer Olympics|Sydney 2000]]
|after=[[Anju Bobby George]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{ATP World No.1 doubles players}}
{{International Tennis Hall of Fame members}}
{{navboxes|title=Leander Paes in the [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]
|list1=
{{Wimbledon boys' singles champions}}
{{US Open boys' singles champions}}
{{Australian Open men's doubles champions}}
{{French Open men's doubles champions}}
{{Wimbledon men's doubles champions}}
{{US Open men's doubles champions}}
{{Australian Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{French Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{Wimbledon mixed doubles champions}}
{{US Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{Tennis Career Grand Slam Champions}}
}}
{{ATP Masters Series tournament doubles winners}}
{{2014 Washington Kastles}}
{{2015 Washington Kastles}}
{{Olympic medalists for India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paes, Leander}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]]
[[Category:French Open champions]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:La Martiniere Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Tennis players from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Goa]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:US Open (tennis) junior champions]]
[[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Wimbledon champions]]
[[Category:Wimbledon junior champions]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 1990 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in tennis]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:People from New Alipore]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles]]
[[Category:ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players]]
[[Category:ITF World Champions]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Goa]]

Jai Verma

2026-03-25T07:56:03Z

Sbahin: adjust layout for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian-born British writer (1950–2025)}}
{{about|a writer|the politician|Jai Prakash Verma}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox academic
|name = Jai Verma
|birth_date = March 1950
|birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=y|2025|4|23|75}}
|death_place =
|alma_mater = [[Meerut University]]
|image = Jaaaai.jpg
|caption = Verma, {{circa|2012}}
|notable_works = Oasis Poems 2003, Kavya Tarang 2006, Saat Qadam
|awards = Adharshila Magazine Award 2016, Lord Mayor's Award 2017
}}

'''Jai Verma''' (March 1950 – 23 April 2025) was an Indian-born [[Hindi]] writer, [[educationalist]], poet and advocate of Hindi language and culture.

== Early life ==
Jai Verma was born in Jiwana, [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India in March 1950, the eldest of five children. After her primary education in Rudrapur, Nainital; she received a BA in English Literature, Economics, and Drawing and Painting from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University|Meerut University]].
[[File:PM Modi visit London.JPG|thumb|''Jai Verma (far right) meets with Indian Prime Minister N [[Narendra Modi|Modi]]'']]

She moved to Gateshead, Tyneside, England on [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s birthday: 2 October, in 1971. In 1976, she moved to [[Nottingham]], UK, where she lived until her death.

== Career ==
Verma contributed to the translation and adaptation of over thirty [[book]]s into Hindi during her career as a Hindi teacher in [[Nottingham]]. In the Eighties, she worked as the Language Coordinator at the Nottingham Language Centre. She taught Hindi professionally from 1976 to 1991 at Nottingham's Kala Niketan School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nottinghamcvs.co.uk/news/article/spotlight-kala-niketan-hindi-school|title=Spotlight on... Kala Niketan Hindi School {{!}} Nottingham Community and Voluntary Service|website=www.nottinghamcvs.co.uk|access-date=2016-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412120416/http://www.nottinghamcvs.co.uk/news/article/spotlight-kala-niketan-hindi-school|archive-date=2016-04-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> After settling in Nottingham in 1976, she began to become more involved in Hindi arts and culture, particularly in the field of [[poetry]].

Throughout this period, her poetry and articles were published in a variety of magazines and newspapers worldwide (predominantly the UK, USA, India, and Canada). This in turn led to her poetry being accepted into several anthologies. She was featured in an article in the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|Indian Council of Cultural Relations]] special publication गगनान्चल 1857 के 150 वर्ष पर विशेषांक अप्रैल-सितम्बर 2006 (''Gagnanchal, 1857: 150 Year Special Edition, April–September 2006'') as one of the important people outside of India for promoting Hindi culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hindi Journals {{!}} Indian Council for Cultural Relations|url = http://iccr.gov.in/journals/hindi-journals?combine=&page=1|website = iccr.gov.in|accessdate = 2016-01-07}}</ref> A member of the Nottingham Asian Arts Council since 1995, she was a founder members of a poetry group for multi-lingual poets and fans of multilingual, [[South Asia]]n poetry in 2003 named Gitanjali Multilingual Literary Circle Trent (inspired by the Gitanjali group in the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]. to promote and develop multilingual poetry outside of India. She remains the chairperson of the group to this day. The group changed its name in 2011 to Kavya Rang (''Colours of Poetry)''. She has given talks and recitals at World [[World Hindi Conference|Hindi Conferences]] / ICOSOL conferences across the world, including [[Johannesburg]], [[Moscow]], [[Aligarh Muslim University|Alighar]], [[Budapest]], [[New York City|New York]]; [[Toronto]]; [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]], [[Delhi]], [[Meerut]], [[Lucknow]], [[Kurukshetra]]; and many other places.

She presented a weekly [[BBC Radio Nottingham]] programme 'Navrang' for several months during the 1980s. This was a dedicated programme for the local South Asian [[diaspora]].

As a mature student, she studied for an advanced diploma in Practice Management; and a post-graduate in Service Management at [[Nottingham Trent University]], graduating in 1994.

From 1989 to 2014, she was a practice manager at a Nottingham [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] surgery.
[[File:Jai Verma.jpg|thumb|''Jai at Nottingham Festival of Words, 2014'']]
She has promoted and organised the Indian poetic performance art of [[Kavi sammelan|Kavi Sammelan]], setting up regular events as since 2004. This has developed into the International Kavi Sammelan events, set up under the banner of Kavya Rang, held in her home city of Nottingham, UK, and attracting internationally renowned guests.

Her story, ''Gulmohar'',<ref>Gulmohar</ref> originally published in the magazine ''Pravasi Duniya'', was selected to be part of the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Pravasi]] (diaspora) Hindi Sait BA curriculum reading list in 2015 by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/9041153_B.A.-Revised-Honours.pdf |title=Revised Syllabus of CBCS (Hindi) |access-date=2015-10-25 |archive-date=2017-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201181720/http://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/9041153_B.A.-Revised-Honours.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her poem क्यों चाहूँ नया जन्म क्यों चाहहँ मोक्ष (''Why Should I Seek New Birth or [[Nirvana]]?'') was included in the [[Maharashtra]] secondary Medium / High Education Committee (महाराष्ट्र राज्य माद्यमिक व उच्च माद्यमिक शिक्षण मंडल) curriculum for 2015.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/ssc_syllabus_pdf/s02.pdf | title=भूमिका | language=hi | trans-title=Role | access-date=2024-07-03 | website=mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009131119/https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/ssc_syllabus_pdf/s02.pdf | archive-date=2020-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/ssc_syllabus_pdf/s02.pdf|title = Mahastra Syllabus Board|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = |archive-date = 2020-10-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201009131119/https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/ssc_syllabus_pdf/s02.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> She is included in the MA Hindi syllabus as a परिचय (introduction) to Pravasi writers, at [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University|CCS University]], [[Meerut]].

In June 2016, Jai Verma was presented with the Adharshila Magazine Award, for "prominence in the field of literature" ; her writing helping Hindi become a world language. This Mahadevi Verma Samman was awarded alongside an invite to chair the meeting in [[Paris]].

Verma was an active member of Nottingham Asian Arts Council, joining the committee in 1990, and a full board member from 2013. She was on the board of the Nottingham Festival of Words 2016, developing the festival's theme of discovering and strengthening links between Nottingham and India.

She was active in arranging Indian poets visit Nottingham for annual events, and facilitating cultural exchange.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nottinghampost.com/Indian-poets-including-Governor-West-Bengal-visit/story-28228695-detail/story.html#2|title=Indian poets, including Governor of West Bengal, visit Nottingham to celebrate City of Literature|website=Nottingham Post|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-03-31|archive-date=2015-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125162823/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Indian-poets-including-Governor-West-Bengal-visit/story-28228695-detail/story.html#2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Verma was an active member of the working group that saw Nottingham designated a [[UNESCO]] City of Literature on 11 December 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Nottingham named UNESCO City of Literature|url = http://www.nottinghampost.com/Nottingham-named-UNESCO-City-Literature/story-28347373-detail/story.html|website = Nottingham Post|accessdate = 2016-01-07|language = en-GB|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112901/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Nottingham-named-UNESCO-City-Literature/story-28347373-detail/story.html|archivedate = 2015-12-22}}</ref> and continued to support and work with the City of Literature<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamcityofliterature.com/|title=Nottingham City of Literature {{!}} UNESCO bid|website=www.nottinghamcityofliterature.com|accessdate=2016-01-07}}</ref> on projects following the award.

She was awarded the Lord Mayor's Award in March 2017 from the [[Lord Mayor of Nottingham]], for her services in promoting Nottingham internationally.

From 2018 she spent winters speaking in India, delivering lectures at, amongst others, [[Gujarat University|Gandhi Nagar Ahmedabad]]; [[Meerut University]]; [[Vigyan Bhavan|Vigyan Bhaven]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bing.com/videos/search?view=detail&mid=7C3DF345E61FAE8DF6307C3DF345E61FAE8DF630&shtp=GetUrl&shid=c0e0ebdd-9a0a-4c9c-9a21-c63ae3874d51&shtk=SmF5IFZlcm1hIHwg4KSF4KSC4KSk4KSw4KSw4KS+4KS34KWN4KSf4KWN4KSw4KWA4KSvIOCkueCkv+CkguCkpuClgCDgpLjgpK7gpY3gpK7gpLLgpYfgpKggSGluZGkgU2FoaXR5YSB8IEhhbnNyYWogQ29sbGVnZSB8IFRydWUgTWVkaWE=&shdk=U3Vic2NyaWJlIHVyIENoYW5uZWwgdG8gbW9yZSBWaWRlbyBodHRwczovL3d3dy55b3V0dWJlLmNvbS9jaGFubmVsL1VDYkU0Li4uIOCkleCkteCkvyDgpLjgpK7gpY3gpK7gpYfgpLLgpKgsIOCkruClgeCktuCkvuCkr+CksOCkviwg4KSn4KS+4KSw4KWN4KSu4KS/4KSVLCDgpIXgpKfgpY3gpK/gpL7gpKTgpY3gpK7gpL/gpJUsIOCkuOCkvuCkguCkuOCljeCkleClg+CkpOCkv+CklSDgpJXgpL7gpLDgpY3gpK/gpJXgpY3gpLDgpK4sIOCksOCkvuCkt+CljeCkn+CljeCksOClgOCkrywg4KSF4KSC4KSk4KSw4KSw4KS+4KS34KWN4KSf4KWN4KSw4KWA4KSvIOCkmuCksOCljeCkmuCkviAuLi4=&shhk=lY/nee6nNEMkyqxseLJSj/enXYXKVfiwXWZ1pxt4L0E=&form=VDSHOT&shth=OSH.oB06EwFJBK8FG5%252FypAYSzA|title=Bing video|website=www.bing.com|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref> Jaipur University.

== Charitable work ==
Verma was involved in several voluntary organisations and charitable campaigns over the years. She was instrumental in setting up a primary school library in India. She actively supported a project for the [[Triputi Eye Hospital]] and worked with the India League, Nottingham to provide funds for local and overseas charities. She raised emergency relief funds for the Asian tsunami and other natural disasters.

== Personal life and death ==
Verma was for many years an accomplished [[Badminton]] teacher, tutoring the sport in [[adult education]]. She was married with two children and three grandchildren. Verma enjoyed Indian [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] cooking, golf, [[Contract bridge|bridge]], and spending time with family and friends.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaiverma.co.uk/ |title=Home |website=jaiverma.co.uk}}</ref> She died after a short illness on 23 April 2025, at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite web |title=It is with deep sorrow to announce that Mrs Jai Verma died this morning after a short illness. She was 75.|date=23 April 2025 |url=https://www.facebook.com/theblackachieversawards/posts/687804573940610/ |website=The Black Achievers Awards on Facebook |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Turpin |first1=Matt |title=Jai Verma obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2025/may/27/jai-verma-obituary |access-date=22 June 2025 |publisher=The Guardian |date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

== Publications ==
* Oasis Poems 2003 (anthology)
* Gitanjali poems From East & West 2003 (anthology)
* Kavya Tarang 2006, Gitanjali Multilingual Literary Circle (anthology)
* Srijangatha online publication ‘Yanha Se Wanha Tak’ (anthology)
* Anjali Women Poèmes (anthology)
* Suraj Ki Solah Kirne (anthology)
* Poetry book ‘Sahyatri Hain Hum’ published in December 2008 (editor)
* Poems /stories/articles in magazines in UK. India, USA and Canada
* Colours of Poetry (anthology, editor) 2014
* [[Ramnika Gupta]] Foundation Pravasi Hindi Women Writers (anthology, short story) 2015
* Nasera Sharma Collection (Anthology, short story) 2015
* Saat Kadam / Seven Steps (Short Stories) 2017

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* Official Website http://www.jaiverma.co.uk/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Jai}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]

Travancore rebellion

2026-03-22T22:09:25Z

Sbahin: updated details

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Travancore rebellion
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = 18 December, 1808 – 19 January, 1809 ({{Age in years, months and days|1808|12|18|1809|01|19}})
| place = Modern day southern [[India]]
| territory =
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
{{flag|British Empire}}
* [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px|border]] [[East India Company]]
}}
| combatant2 = {{plainlist|
{{flagicon|Travancore}} [[Travancore]] [[File:Cochin flag.svg|30px]] [[Cochin]]
}}[[File:Sikh Empire flag.svg|31px]] [[Sikh Empire]]
| strength1 = 14,500 British and Nair soldiers
| strength2 = 25,000 Nair soldiers 2,000 rocket-bearers 100 Sikh soldiers
| casualties1 = 4,012 casualties
| casualties2 = 20,000 Nair soldiers surrendered 4,249 Nair soldiers killed 100 Sikh soldiers killed
| notes =
| casus =
}}
The '''Travancore rebellion''' against the British [[East India Company]] was led by the prime ministers of the Indian states of [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] in 1808–09 with support from [[Sikhs]] ruling Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkxDAAAAYAAJ&q=journal+of+kerala+studies+pathan+n%C4%81yars+sikh |title=Journal of Kerala Studies |date=1978 |publisher=University of Kerala. |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The East India Company–Travancore Subsidiary Alliance Treaty of 1795 established a [[subsidiary alliance]] between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Travancore. Under the treaty, the Company was to maintain a subsidiary military force in or near Travancore to defensively aid the kingdom from foreign powers, and the maintenance costs would be paid by the government of Travancore. The Company intervened during the Mysorean invasion on behalf of its ally Travancore in 1789, and defeated [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] in the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]].<ref> Pages 389-400, The Travancore State Manual, V. Nagyam Aiya, 1906, Travancore government Press</ref><ref>Pages 225-239, A history of Travancore from the earliest times, P. Shungoony Menon, 1878, published by Higginbotham and Co, Madras</ref> Following the death of the Maharajah Dharma Raja, the next ruler Balarama Varma was weak and his ministers started having a greater say in the running of the country and became the ''de facto'' rulers of the state.<ref>page 337, A survey of Kerala History, Prof. A Sreedhara Menon, published by S.viswananthan Printers and Publishers, Madras, 1996</ref> Following a [[Nair revolt of 1804|revolt by a section of the Tranvancorean army]] and an attempt on the life of the [[Dalawa of Travancore|Dalawa]] [[Velu Thampi Dalawa|Velu Thampi]] in 1804, the Company's troops, at the behest of the Dalawa himself, initially protected the Dalawa and then later, put down the revolt. [[East India Company–Travancore Friendship and Alliance Treaty|A further treaty in July 1805]] replaced Travancore's military obligations with an additional subsidy of 401,655 [[Travancore rupee|rupees]] and a financial obligation to bear a proportion of any further costs incurred in defending the state.{{cn|date=August 2015}}

In 1806, the [[Maharaja of Travancore]] did not have the funds to pay the additional subsidy in full. The Company remitted half of the subsidy for two years, so that the king could make military budget cuts to raise the funds to pay it in full afterwards. In 1807, the king still lacked the funds to pay the subsidy in full, requested permanent remission of half of the subsidy, and also requested that future payments.{{clarify|date=January 2019}} The British [[Resident (title)|Resident]] at Travancore, [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Colin Macaulay]], insisted on prompt payment of the arrears, which amounted to 662,669 rupees, and demanded military reduction and the disbandment Travancore's [[Carnatic Brigade]] to raise the money. The king insisted on retaining the corps. The Company intended to [[bankruptcy discharge|discharge]] the unremitted half of the subsidy, and the entirety of it from 1807. [[Dalawa of Travancore|Dalawa]] [[Velu Thampi Dalawa|Velu Thampi]] claimed that the requirement of the additional subsidy was a product of extortion. In 1808, he and the king asked for the additional subsidy to be relinquished entirely.{{cn|date=August 2015}}

Resident Macaulay attributed the government's refusal to pay the subsidy by making military cuts to Dalawa Velu Thampi, and said that the king was satisfied with the subsidiary arrangements. After the dalawa received a letter from [[Governor of Madras|Governor]] [[Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet|George Barlow]] of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], he appeared happy, apologised to the resident for delaying the payment of the subsidy, and arranged for the payment to be made in installments. However, when the payments stopped after 60,000 rupees, with over 800,000 still unpaid, the resident suggested to the king that Velu Thampi be replaced as the Dalawa of Travancore.{{cn|date=August 2015}} The king in turn requested the Madras Presidency to replace Macaulay as the Resident of Travancore.{{cn|date=August 2015}}

The Dalawa of Cochin, [[Paliath Achan]], harboured discontent for Macaulay over the resident's friendship with his sworn enemy, [[Kunhikrishna Menon]] of [[Nadavarambu]], the [[finance minister]] of Cochin. He suggested to Velu Thampi that the resident be assassinated by military force. Velu Thampi accepted and prepared for battle, organising and training a group of Travancori [[sepoy]]s.{{cn|date=August 2015}} He held secret meetings with the [[United States|Americans]], the [[Kingdom of Calicut|Calicutites]] and the [[First French Empire|French]], the latter of whom gave assurances of military support from [[Mauritius]], including 500 artillerymen to land on the Malabar coast in January 1809.{{cn|date=August 2015}}

== Course ==
On 18 December 1808, open rebellion broke out in Travancore and Cochin. At midnight, the Resident's house in Cochin was stormed, though Colonel Macaulay and Kunhikrishana Menon managed to escape. The British garrison in Cochin, under Lieutenant Colonel [[John Chalmers (soldier)|John Chalmers]], found itself under attack by thousands of militia as well as the state forces of Travancore. Reinforcements. including the [[1st Battalion 17th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry]] (1/17th MNI) were dispatched from [[Madras]] and arrived in Cochin in early January 1809.{{sfn|Ahmad|Ahmed|2006|pp=21-2}}

On 19 January 1809, a large force of rebels attacked the town of Cochin, which was being defended by six companies of 1/17th MNI and fifty men of the [[12th Regiment of Foot]] under the command of Major [[William Henry Hewitt|W. H. Hewitt]] of 1/17th MNI. Major Hewitt and his men repulsed the attack after a gallant and skilful defence.{{sfn|Ahmad|Ahmed|2006|pp=21-2}} In a dispatch to the Resident, Major Hewitt described the action:
<blockquote>... the detachment HM's 12th Regiment, and the six companies 1st Battalion 17th Regiment under my command, were attacked by three columns of the enemy on three different points about 6 o’clock this morning, and after a very severe engagement of three hours, we repulsed them on all sides with considerable slaughter, and captured their two guns ... from what I could observe in the field of action, the enemy's forces appeared about 3000 excellent disciplined troops, but from what I can collect from report, they amounted to much more.{{sfn|Wilson|1883|pp=208-10}}</blockquote>

In a second dispatch, Hewitt gave more details of the action:
<blockquote>... the enemy advanced along the glaces in sub-divisions in most perfect order, with a six pounder in front of their centre ... a four pounder flanking us ... I drew my party up under cover of a small part of the [[Glacis|glaces]], and at the distance of thirty paces gave them a volley of musketry, and charged them with the bayonet, they gave us two rounds from the gun, some from their fire locks and ran away.'' This disposed off the first column. The other two columns captured the fort, and ''... I despatched Captain Jones with a company to take them on their right flank, (which he did with great value) ... they ran in all directions ... their loss amounts in killed and wounded to about 300 men.{{sfn|Ahmad|Ahmed|2006|pp=21-2}}</blockquote>

[[File:Madras Prov 1859.gif|thumb|right|290px]]
The casualties of 1/17th MNI were ten privates killed and 45 wounded in addition to Captain John Reid, who later died of his wounds.{{cn|date=August 2015}} For the gallant defence, the battalion was later awarded the [[Battle Honour]] of "Cochin".{{sfn|Cook|1987}}

The British troops defeated the rebels in another battle at [[Quilon]]. In the meantime, following Thampi's [[Kundara Proclamation]] on 11 January 1809, some British civilians and their native supporters were executed by the rebels in Travancore. In mid-January, the British assembled a force of 3000 in the south of Travancore to relieve pressure on Lieutenant Colonel Chalmers’ force and under Colonel [[Arthur St Leger (soldier)|St. Leger]], it entered Travancore via the [[Aramboly]] Pass and occupied the [[Aramboly Fort|fortress]] there.{{cn|date=August 2015}} 100 Sikh soldiers were commanded under Jarnail (General) Sadhu Singh Chauhan and were able to hold the British soldiers long enough till a collaborated massacre of British soldiers happened, it is known as the [[Massacre of Aramboly]].

On 19 February 1809, the strategic forts of [[Udayagiri Fort|Udayagiri]] and [[Padmanabhapuram]] fell to the British. The army marched to [[Trivandrum]], the capital of Travancore and camped at the suburb of [[Pappanamcode]], while another force entered Cochin and chased away the remaining rebels.{{cn|date=August 2015}}

The Rajas of both the states had not openly supported the rebels and at these turn of events, the Maharaja of Travancore defected to the East India company and appointed a new Dalawa. Following a severe defeat at Cochin, Paliath Achan, the Dalawa of Cochin, defected from the anti-British alliance on 27 February 1809. The Maharajah issued an order for the arrest of Velu Thampi, who was run to the ground by the Maharajah's soldiers at Mannadi. Velu Thampi committed suicide to avoid capture, and with his death, the rebellion promptly ended.{{sfn|Alappat|1967}}

== See also ==
* [[Attingal Outbreak]] (1721)
* [[Cotiote War]] (1792–1806)
* [[Early resistance to British rule in Malabar]] (1792–1812)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
| last1=Ahmad
| first=Rifat Nadeem
| last2=Ahmed
| first2=Rafiuddin
| date=2006
| title=Unfaded Glory: The 8th Punjab Regiment 1798-1956
| location=[[Abbottabad]]
| publisher=The [[Baloch Regimental Centre]]
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Alappat
| first=Sreedhara Menon
| authorlink=A. Sreedhara Menon
| title=A Survey of Kerala History
| date=1967
| publisher=[[Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham]]
| location=Madras
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Cook
| first=H.C.B.
| year=1987
| title=The Battle Honours of the British and Indian Armies 1662-1982
| location=London
| publisher=Leo Cooper
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Wilson
| first=Lt Col WJ.
| date=1883
| title=History of the Madras Army
| volume=3
| url=https://www.archive.org/stream/historymadrasar01wilsgoog
| location=Madras
| publisher=The Government Press
}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |url=http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4286&context=etd |pages=141–142 |title=The Foundation of British: National Identity and the British Common Soldier |first=Steven |last=Schwamenfeld |year=2006}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

[[Category:1808 in India]]
[[Category:1809 in India]]
[[Category:Colonial Malabar Coast]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1808]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1809]]
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Wars involving British India]]

Shreeman v/s Shreemati

2026-03-21T05:07:25Z

Sbahin: created a data needs work

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shreeman Vs Shreemati
| image = Shreeman_vs_Shreemati_theatrical_poster.jpeg
| caption = Shreeman Vs Shreemati Official Poster
| director = [[Pathikrit Basu]]
| producer = [https://www.adipta.me Adipta Majumder]
| writer = Aritra Banerjee
| screenplay = Aritra Banerjee
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl
| Arpan Gupta
}}
}}
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Anjan Dutt]] [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] [[Madhumita Sarcar]] [[Anjana Basu]] [[Biswanath Basu]] Satyam Bhattacharya Roshni Bhattacharya [[Tanima Sen]]
| music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Sujoy Dutta Roy
| studio = [https://www.kahhakstudios.com Kahhak Studios]
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| released = {{Film date|2025|05|01|df=y}}
}}

'''''Shreeman Vs Shreemati''''' ({{IPA|en|ʃriːman viː ɛs ʃriːmati}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Legal film|legal]] [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama film]] directed by [[Pathikrit Basu]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Shreeman vs Shreemati starring Mithun Chakraborty and Anjan Dutt gets its trailer launched | website=India Blooms | date=2025-04-29 | url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/shreeman-vs-shreemati-starring-mithun-chakraborty-and-anjan-dutt-gets-its-trailer-launched/details | access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref> Produced by Adipta Majumder under the banner of Kahhak Studios, the film draws inspiration from India’s longest-running divorce case.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |title=The teaser poster of Shreeman VS Shreemati is out |work=The Times of India |date=18 November 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-teaser-poster-of-shreeman-vs-shreemati-is-out/articleshow/115408625.cms |access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref> It stars for the first time [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Anjan Dutt]] together, along with [[Anjana Basu]] in the lead roles, while [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] and [[Madhumita Sarcar]] play other pivotal roles. The film premiered theatrically in India on 1 May 2025.

==Plot==
Justice Amal Chowdhury, a judge notorious for refusing divorce petitions, challenges quarreling couple Sourav (Parambrata Chattopadhyay) and Amrita (Madhumita Sarcar) to swap roles for one week.<ref>{{cite web | title=Shreeman v/s Shreemati | website=Moviefone | url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/vs/BkmXYuVfg1uCin2OTr79D4/main/ | access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref> During this exercise, they discover Amal's own 27-year marriage dispute with his wife Aparna. The couple then works to reunite the older pair, complicated by the arrival of Aparna's former college love Niloy Sen (Anjan Dutt).<ref name="GenDiff2024">{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Glimpses from the shoot of Shriman Vs Shrimati, which portrays generational differences in perspectives on marriage and relationships |url=https://t2online.in/music/indian/glimpses-from-the-shoot-of-shriman-vs-shrimati-which%C2%A0portrays-generational-differences-in-perspectives-on-marriage-and-relationships/1158080 |work=t2 Online |date=28 September 2024 |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref> The narrative explores contrasting generational approaches to marriage through parallel storylines, highlighting how younger couples navigate relationships differently than older generations.<ref name="GenDiff2024"/>

==Cast==
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Justice Amal Chowdhury
*[[Anjana Basu]] as Aparna Chowdhury
*[[Anjan Dutt]] as Niloy Sen
*[[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] as Sourav
*[[Madhumita Sarcar]] as Amrita
*Roshni Bhattacharyya as Young Aparna
*[[Biswanath Basu]] as Sakkhigopal
*Satyam Bhattacharya as Young Amal
*[[Raj Chakraborty]] as himself (cameo)

==Production==
===Development===
Director Pathikrit Basu conceived the project after learning about India's longest-running divorce case, aiming to explore marital relationships through comedic lens.<ref>{{cite news |title=মিঠুনদা প্রেমের দৃশ্যে কী করতে পারেন কেউ জানে না! টেনশনে অঞ্জনদা দাঁড়িয়ে থাকতেন: পথিকৃৎ|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/director-pathikrit-basus-movie-shreeman-vs-shreemati-inspired-by-indias-longest-running-divorce-case-dgtl/cid/1560549 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=15 November 2024 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> The film marks the historic first collaboration between Bengali cinema icons Mithun Chakraborty and Anjan Dutt, who both began their careers with Mrinal Sen's films.<ref name="GenDiff2024"/> Basu intentionally cast Chakraborty against type to explore his versatility in romantic roles.<ref name="PremiereNight2025">{{cite news |title=Director's casting rationale |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/director-pathikrit-basus-new-bengali-movie-shreeman-vs-shreemati-premier-night-dgtl/cid/1599740 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=2025-04-30 |access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref>

===Filming===
Principal photography commenced in September 2024 in Kolkata, featuring extensive location shooting in North Kolkata neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite news |title=Production timeline and locations |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/industry-sources-revealed-that-bengali-film-shreeman-vs-shreemati-release-starring-mithun-chakraborty-will-get-postpone-dgtl/cid/1588761 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=2025-03-16 |access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref> Cinematographer Gopi Bhagat employed distinctive visual treatments for different timelines: nostalgic black-and-white for flashbacks and warm tones for present-day sequences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Visual approach to storytelling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/shreeman-vs-shreemati/movie-review/120849015.cms |work=Times of India |date=2025-05-01 |access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shreeman Vs Shreemati
| artist = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] [[Anjan Dutt]] [[Silajit Majumder]]
| type = soundtrack
| released = 10 April 2025
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:22
| label = [[Times Music|Times Music Bangla]]
| studio = Sanctuary Studio Homegrown Studio
| language = Bengali
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length= 17:22
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Dao Ulu Dao
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[Papon (singer)|Papon]] [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics1 = Barish
| music1 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| length1 = 4:18
| title2 = Ami Phirechi Ghore
| extra2 = [[Imon Chakraborty]] [[Rupankar Bagchi]]
| lyrics2 = Ritam Sen
| music2 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| length2 = 2:34
| title3 = Mon Kharap
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]] [[Antara Mitra]]
| lyrics3 = Barish
| music3 = Indraadip Dasgupta
| length3 = 4:51
| title4 = Boyosh Bere Jay Sokoler
| extra4 = Anjan Dutt
| lyrics4 = Anjan Dutt
| music4 = Anjan Dutt
| length4 = 3:03
| title5 = Durotto
| extra5 = [[Silajit Majumder]] Sanchari Sengupta
| lyrics5 = Silajit Majumder
| music5 = Silajit Majumder
| length5 = 3:16
}}

The soundtrack received particular acclaim for Anjan Dutt's nostalgic composition "Boyosh Bere Jay Sokoler", which critics noted recalled his earlier musical style in films like ''Ranjana''.<ref name="l312">{{cite web | last1=Trends | first1=Sharing Fashion | last2=Tips | first2=Beauty | title=Shreeman v/s Shreemati Movie Review: A Heartfelt Bengali Rom-Com | website=Indian Community | date=2025-05-02 | url=https://indian.community/shreeman-v-s-shreemati-2025-movie-review-a-delightful-bengali-rom-com/ | access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref>

==Release==
===Marketing===
The teaser poster launched in November 2024 featured stylized illustrations of the lead actors amid legal documents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teaser poster of Mithun Chakraborty and Anjan Dutt starrer Pathikrit Basu's Shreeman VS Shreemati out now|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/19102/teaser-poster-of-mithun-chakraborty-and-anjan-dutt-starrer-pathikrit-basu-s-shreeman-vs-shreemati-out-now.html |work=India Blooms |date=18 November 2024 |access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref> The official trailer debuted on 29 April 2025 at a Kolkata event attended by numerous Tollywood celebrities, highlighting the film's comedic moments and veteran star power.<ref>{{cite news |title='বাংলা ছবির পাশে দাঁড়ান বলব না, ভাল ছবি এমনিই দেখে লোকে,' মিঠুনের ছবির প্রিমিয়ারে শঙ্কর |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/44845/renowned-tollywood-stars-attend-trailer-launch-of-upcoming-bengali-film-shreeman-vs-shreemati |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520104805/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/44845/renowned-tollywood-stars-attend-trailer-launch-of-upcoming-bengali-film-shreeman-vs-shreemati |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 May 2025 |work=Aajkaal |date=2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref> Marketing emphasized the historic pairing of Chakraborty and Dutt, with social media campaigns using #MithunVsAnjan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marketing campaign strategy |url=https://www.facebook.com/CalcuttaTimesOfficial/posts/as-the-protagonist-casually-remarks-films-like-projapati-may-have-sparked-a-tren/1127926466044836/ |work=Calcutta Times |date=2025-04-28 |access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref>

===Theatrical run===
Originally scheduled for 10 April 2025,<ref name="Postpone2025">{{cite web | last=Bharat | first=ETV | title='ইগোর ফুল, বোঝার ভুল, ডিভোর্সের মূল...!' আসছে 'শ্রীমান V/S শ্রীমতী' | website=ETV Bharat News | date=2024-11-15 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-anjana-basu-anjan-dutt-starrer-shreeman-vs-shreemati-relesing-on-april-10-2025-west-bengal-news-wbs24111502298 | language=bn | access-date=2025-04-28}}</ref> the release was postponed to 1 May 2025 to avoid competition with [[Srijit Mukherjee]]'s ''[[Killbill Society]]'' and [[Gopichand Malineni]]'s ''[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]'' during the [[Pohela Boishakh]] weekend.<ref name="Postpone2025"/> The film premiered in Kolkata on 30 April 2025, attended by the cast and industry personalities.<ref name="PremiereNight2025"/>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Poorna Banerjee from [[The Times of India|''Times Of India'']] gave a 3 out 5 star review to this film and stated that Films like Projapati may have sparked Tollywood’s late-age-marriage trend, and Shreeman Vs Shreemati captures it with extra charm and humour.The first half dazzles with witty dialogue, meta-jokes and a retro ’70s ambiance, although the reason for Amal and Aparna’s split feels thin. The second half leans heavily on slapstick—some effective, some excessive—and a rushed finale that undercuts its emotional payoff. Veteran performances (especially Chakraborty’s gravitas and Basu’s comic timing), Anjan Dutt’s standout song and Gopi Bhagat’s nostalgic cinematography make it an endearing, feel-good summer comedy – despite a few pacing hiccups.<ref>{{cite web | last=Banerjee | first=Poorna | title=Shreeman Vs Shreemati Movie Review: A rib-tickling ride back to romance in the nineties | website=The Times of India | date=2025-05-01 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/shreeman-vs-shreemati/movie-review/120849015.cms | access-date=2025-05-04}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Radio jockey Animesh (8/10) praised it as "a historic moment for Bengali cinema" with "electric chemistry between legends," calling it "more than a rom-com – a cultural event."<ref>{{cite web | title=Movie Review by Rj Animesh: Shreeman Vs Shreemati (2025) | website=Facebook | date=2025-05-03 | url=https://www.facebook.com/RjAnimeshIndia/posts/movie-review-by-rj-animesh-shreeman-vs-shreemati-2025rating-810starring-mithun-c/1293786992268273/ | access-date=2025-05-05}}{{rating|8|10}}</ref>

Independent reviewer Arko Bhowmik observed: "The film balances slapstick and emotional depth effortlessly, with Roshni Bhattacharyya's portrayal of young Aparna being a revelation," though noting "the final resolution feels somewhat rushed."<ref name="l312"/>

===Audience reception===
The film scored 3.3/5 on ''Times of India''<ref>{{cite web | title=User ratings | website=Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/shreeman-vs-shreemati/movie-review/120849015.cms | access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref> and 4.5/5 on Gadgets360,<ref>{{cite web | title=Audience rating metrics | website=Gadgets360 | url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/shreeman-v-s-shreemati-movie-131797 | access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref> with particular appreciation for the lead actors' chemistry and nostalgic elements. Social media reactions highlighted the film's meta-humor and fourth-wall breaks as standout elements.<ref>{{cite web | title=Social media response | website=Facebook | date=2025-05-02 | url=https://www.facebook.com/CalcuttaTimesOfficial/posts/as-the-protagonist-casually-remarks-films-like-projapati-may-have-sparked-a-tren/1127926466044836/ | access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref>

==Trivia==
The production included celebratory moments like Holi festivities with the cast in March 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=দোলের আগেই আবিরে রাঙা মিঠুন, রাজি করানো কি সহজ? 'রঙের কথা শুনে দাদা অবাক', বললেন পরিচালক|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-actor-mithun-chakraborty-celebrated-holi-with-shreeman-vs-shreemati-movie-team-dgtl/cid/1588179 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=2025-03-25 |access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt36272079/ Shreeman v/s Shreemati] at IMDb
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/shreeman-vs-shreemati-official-trailer/videoshow/120519353.cms Official trailer] at ''Times of India''

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pathikrit Basu]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Aritra Banerjee]]

West Bengal State University

2026-03-13T15:12:54Z

Sbahin:

{{short description|Public research university in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = West Bengal State University
| native_name = '''পশ্চিমবঙ্গ রাজ্য বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়'''
| native_name_lang = bn
| budget = {{INRConvert|16.0689|c}} (2021–22 est.)<ref>{{cite web|date=Feb 5, 2021 |title=Detailed Demands For Grants For 2021-22 |url=http://wbfin.nic.in/writereaddata/Budget_Publication/2021_bp3.pdf |access-date=Feb 6, 2021}}</ref>
| image = West Bengal State University Logo.svg
| image_upright = .7
| motto = {{lang|sa|Lakshyam Vishvamanam}}
| mottoeng = The goal is good
| established = {{Start date and age|df=y|2008|02|25}}<ref name="About Us">{{cite web |title=WBSU / About Us |url=https://www.wbsu.ac.in/about-us/ |publisher=WBSU |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205162351/https://www.wbsu.ac.in/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=Feb 23, 2021|title=NAAC Grade Sheet|url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/grade_sheet_rpt/eyJpdiI6IkpNaEsxOHBKSnhKNWtJRk45Y0Nvc2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSUlxOTRaZWNoUXZVRlN3RThDUFlcL3c9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjNhNjEyMzBjZjJmMWE4MGEyNWJkODk4MWI5OWRiNzJjNWE4MWM5ZjE5OGNmYTAwZmE2YTIwMzNiMmQ5YWQ0ZDYifQ==|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922144319/https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/grade_sheet_rpt/eyJpdiI6IkpNaEsxOHBKSnhKNWtJRk45Y0Nvc2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSUlxOTRaZWNoUXZVRlN3RThDUFlcL3c9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjNhNjEyMzBjZjJmMWE4MGEyNWJkODk4MWI5OWRiNzJjNWE4MWM5ZjE5OGNmYTAwZmE2YTIwMzNiMmQ5YWQ0ZDYifQ==|archive-date=Sep 22, 2021|access-date=Feb 23, 2021|website=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]}}</ref>
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist |[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]}}
| chancellor = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| vice_chancellor = Debabrata Mitra<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsu.ac.in/web/vice-chancellor/|title=Vice-Chancellor- WBSU}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 99 {{small|(2021)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| administrative_staff =
| students = 1,757 {{small|(2021)}}<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2021 |url=https://wbsu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/West-Bengal-State-University_NIRF_2021.pdf |publisher=West Bengal State University |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108000837/https://wbsu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/West-Bengal-State-University_NIRF_2021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| undergrad =
| postgrad = 1,485 {{small|(2021)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 272 {{small|(2021)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Barasat]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postcode = 700126
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.7391375|N|88.4350716|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title, inline}}
| type = [[State university (India)|Public State University]]
| campus_type = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|27.86|acres|sqkm|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Self Study Report - 1st cycle 2020 |url=https://wbsu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/WBSU-SSR-2020.pdf |page=11|publisher=NAAC-SSR |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>
| logo = West Bengal State University wardmark Logo.svg
| logo_size =
| website = {{URL|https://wbsu.ac.in/web/}}
}}

[[File:WBSU roadside view.jpg|thumb|right|220px|WBSU main gate and administrative building]]
'''West Bengal State University''' ('''WBSU''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[university]] situated in Berunanpukuria, [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paraganas]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It was established by an Act of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=The West Bengal State University Act, 2007|url=https://wbhed.gov.in/readwrite/uploads/WEST_BENGAL_STATE_UNIVERSITY_ACT_2007.PDF |website=wbhed.gov.in|access-date=21 June 2021 |date=25 February 2008}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Government of West Bengal]] through an Act of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] has passed ''West Bengal Act XXVIII, 2007'' implementing a long-standing public demand in creating the university named West Bengal State University at [[Barasat]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paraganas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The West Bengal State Universities Act |url=https://wbsu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/act-pdf-1_compressed.pdf |publisher=WBSU |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108013126/https://wbsu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/act-pdf-1_compressed.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> This became functional from the academic session 2008–09. On 26 May 2008, there were 63 colleges formerly affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. They were, through a government notification (''No.300-Edn (U)/ IU-38/08''), transferred to this new university.<ref name="wbsub.org">http://www.wbsubregistraion.org/ {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/stateuni.html |title = Untitled Page}}</ref>
The university began functioning under its first Vice-Chancellor Ashoke Ranjan Thakur, the erstwhile Pro-Vice-Chancellor of [[Jadavpur University]].

==Campus and location==
[[File:WBSU old building.jpg|thumb|250px|WBSU old building and campus]]
The total area of university campuses is {{convert|29|acres|sqkm|abbr=on}}. The university is located in very quiet place, free of crowd, at a remote village named Berunanpukuria, which is located in the [[North 24 Parganas]] district, 7 km off [[Barasat]] city (the district headquarters of North 24 Parganas), [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paraganas]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Organization and administration==
===Governance===
The [[Governor of West Bengal]] is the [[ex-officio]] [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the university, while the Vice-chancellor of the university is the chief executive officer of the university. The Vice-Chancellor shall hold the office for a period of four years or till the age of sixty-five, whichever is earlier.<ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal Act XXVIII, 2007 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/14630/1/2007-28.pdf |website=www.indiacode.nic.in |publisher=State Gazette of West Bengal |access-date=11 November 2025 |page=7 |quote=Chapter II: Section 9 (2)(a)}}</ref> Currently, Prof. Debabrata Mitra is the Vice-Chancellor of the university.<ref>{{cite news |title=WB state univ gets VC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/wb-state-univ-gets-vc/articleshow/116721923.cms |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=27 December 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left:1em; font-size:100%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:50em; max-width:40%;"
! style="background:#ccc;" colspan="3"| List of All Vice-Chancellors
|-
! No.
! Name
! Period
|-
|1.
|Ashok Ranjan Thakur
| May 2008 - May 2012
|-
|2.
|Kaushik Gupta
| May 2012 - May 2014
|-
|3.
|Chanchal Kumar Bose
| May 2014 - December 2014
|-
|4
|Jyotish Prakash Bose
| December 2014 - September 2015
|-
|5
|Basab Chaudhuri
| September 2015 - February 2021
|-
|6
|Mahua Das
| February 2021 - May 2023
|-
|7
|[[Raj Kumar Kothari]]
| September 2023 - June 2024
|-
|8
|Dr. Souren Bandhopadhyay
| June 2024 - December 2024
|-
|9
|[[Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee]]
| December 2024 - August 2025
|-
|10
|Debabrata Mitra
|January 2026 - present
|-
|}

===Faculties and departments===
West Bengal State University has 30 departments organized into three faculty councils.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wbsubregistration.org/#|title=West Bengal State University :: Barasat :: West Bengal|website=wbsuregistration.org}}</ref>

* '''Faculty of Science'''

This faculty consists of the departments of Anthropology, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Biochemistry, Psychology, Geography, Rural Studies, Electronics, Food and Nutrition, Microbiology, Statistics, Economics, Botany, Zoology, and Physiology.

* '''Faculty of Arts'''

This faculty council consists of the departments of Bengali, English, Hindi, Sanskrit, Urdu, Arabic, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Education, Sociology, Library Science, Film Studies, and Journalism.

* '''Faculty of Commerce and Management'''

This faculty consists of the departments of Commerce and Business Administration.

===Affiliations===
The university is an affiliating institution. All the 55 colleges (including Undergraduate, Postgraduate, and B.Ed.) in the district of [[North 24 Parganas]], which were formerly affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]], are affiliated to this university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/wbsu-bags-place-in-list-of-best-public-varsities-in-bengal-294553|title=WBSU bags place in one of best Public varsities in WB|date=15 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/wbsu-undertakes-measures-to-attract-more-first-generation-learners-304976|title=Barasat University to apply UGC new CBCS syllabus from 2018-19 sesion|date=17 June 2018 }}</ref> {{as of|2025|6}} the university has 55 affiliated colleges, of which 8 are Fully Govt. funded, 7 are S.F (Self-Financing) and rests are Govt. Aided (G.A) colleges.<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliate College Name List – WBSU |url=https://wbsu.ac.in/web/affiliate-college-name-list/ |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> Out of 55 colleges, eight are NAAC-accredited A-grade colleges and 19 colleges offer [[Postgraduate]] courses.<ref name="About Us"/>

{{Main|Template: West Bengal State University}}

==Academics==
===Admission===
One can take admission in the undergraduate course of the university based on their results in the higher secondary (10+2) examination. For admission in the postgraduate courses and doctoral degree courses, one has to take an entrance exam (written test/interview) given by the university or any national level exam related to the subject, held by the University Grants Commission.

===Library===
The university has a library on the first floor of its main building with an internet facility.
This library is usually called as "Central library of WBSU". The recent Librarian is Dr. Sushanta Banerjee. The central library maintains various subjects like,

* Number of books - 159000 (approx)
* Number of journals - 50 (approx)
* Number of reference books - 1500 (approx)

===Accreditation===
The university is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (U.G.C.) in terms of Section 12B of the U.G.C. Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/State%20University%2012(B).pdf|website=ugc.ac.in|title= University Grants Commission, 12B list}}</ref> The university received accreditation from [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) on 23 February 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NANDI |first1=SOUMITRA |title=Varsity to vie for NAAC tag post 2020 convocation |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/varsity-to-vie-for-naac-tag-post-2020-convocation-348762 |access-date=17 July 2021 |work=www.millenniumpost.in |date=12 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:WBSU administrative building side view.jpg|WBSU Administrative building side view
File:WBSU old building.jpg|WBSU first building
File:WBSU administrative block front view.jpg|Administrative building front view
File:West Bengal State University (1).jpg|Entrance of West Bengal State University (captured in 2016)
</gallery>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Raj Chakraborty]] — filmmaker
* [[Partha Bhowmick]] — theater artist
* [[Rubel Das]] — actor
* [[Shweta Bhattacharya]] — actress
* [[Sayantan Ghosal]] — Indian screenplay writer and filmmaker

== Notable Faculty==
* [[Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee]]

==See also==
* [[List of universities in India#West Bengal|List of universities in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://wbsubregistration.org/ Official website]
*[https://wbsu.ac.in/ Official Website]

{{Universities in West Bengal}}{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{West Bengal State University}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:West Bengal State University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Barasat]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in West Bengal]]

Great Depression in India

2026-03-10T14:18:19Z

Sbahin: starting first pg and citations - done

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|A map of [[British Raj|British India]] in 1909]]

The '''Great Depression in India''' was a period of [[economic depression]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]], then under the [[British Raj]]. Beginning in 1929 [[Great Depression in the United States|in the United States]], the [[Great Depression]] soon began to spread to countries around the globe. A [[financial crisis]], combined with [[Protectionism|protectionist]] policies adopted by the colonial government resulted in a rapid increase in the price of commodities in British India. During the period 1929–1937, exports and imports in India fell drastically, crippling seaborne international trade in the region; the Indian railway and agricultural sectors were the most affected by the depression. Discontent from farmers resulted in riots and rebellions against colonial rule, while increasing [[Indian nationalism]] led to the [[Salt Satyagraha]] of 1930, in which [[Mahatma Gandhi]] undertook marches to the sea in order to protest against the [[History of the British salt tax in India|British salt tax]].

The Great Depression, along with the resulting economic policies from the colonial government, worsened already deteriorating Indo-British relations. When the first general elections were held as stipulated in the [[Government of India Act 1935]], anti-British feelings resulted in the pro-independence [[Indian National Congress]] winning in most provinces with a very high percentage of the vote share. The extent to which the Great Depression affected the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]] has been fiercely contested, with some historians arguing that the economic depression slowed long-term industrial development in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Colonial Economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929–1937)|first=K. A. |last=Manikumar|year=2003|ref=Manikumar}}
</ref> Revisionist scholars have argued that depression had only a small impact in India's modern secondary sector, as in terms of output, there was no depression in India between 1929 and 1934. However, there were negative impacts on the jute industry, as world demand fell and prices plunged. Local markets in agriculture and small-scale industry showed modest gains.<ref>Simmons, Colin. "The Great Depression and Indian Industry: Changing interpretations and changing perceptions." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 21.3 (1987): 585-623. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/312643 online]</ref>

== Economy of British India ==

Indian economy had been largely [[Agriculture in India|agricultural]] before and during the rule of the British. However, during British rule, there was a major shift from the growth of food grains to the cultivation of [[Cash crop|cash crops]]. This change was fostered by the colonial government in order to provide material for the [[Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution|textile mills]] in [[England]], the most important of them being the cotton mills of [[Manchester]] and [[Lancashire]] which were supplied with raw cotton produced in India. Since 1858, committees were established to investigate the possibility of cotton cultivation in India to provide raw materials for the mills in Lancashire.<ref name="duttpviii">[[#Dutt|Dutt]], Preface p. viii</ref> New technologies and industries were also introduced in India, albeit on a very small scale compared to developed nations of the world.

{{quotation|The sources of a nation's wealth are agriculture, commerce and manufactures, and sound financial administration. British rule has given India peace; but British administration has not promoted or widened these sources of national wealth in India.|[[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], {{cite book|title=India in the Victorian Age: An Economic History of the people, Preface, Pg ix}}}}

Import duties on British goods were reduced following the 1879 famine.<ref name="duttpviii" /> In 1882, apart from those on salt and liquor, all other import duties were abolished. Duties on cotton were revived in 1894 only to be removed once again in 1896.<ref name="duttpviii" />

== Problems caused by the gold standard ==

The [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] adopted the [[gold standard]] in the 1790s. Gold was used to determine the value of the [[pound sterling]] throughout the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century. The value of the pound sterling depended on the amount of pound sterling needed to purchase a fixed quantity of gold. At the onset of the [[First World War]], the cost of gold was very low and therefore the pound sterling had high value. But during the First World War, the value of the pound fell alarmingly due to rising war expenses (by prompting the government to print more money). At the conclusion of the war, the value of the pound was only a fraction of what it used to be prior to the commencement of the war. It remained low until 1925, when the then [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] of United Kingdom, [[Winston Churchill]], restored it to pre-War levels. As a result, the price of gold fell rapidly. While the rest of Europe purchased large quantities of gold from the United Kingdom, there was little increase in the financial reserves. This dealt a blow to an already deteriorating economy. The British government then began to look to its possessions in India to compensate for the gold that had been sold.<ref name="balachandranp6">[[#Balachandran|Balachandran]], Pg 6</ref>

:"However, the price of gold in India, on the basis of the exchange rate of the rupee around 1S.6d., was lower than the price prevailing abroad practically throughout; the disparity in prices made the export of the metal profitable, which phenomenon continued for almost a decade. Thus, in 1931-32, there were net exports of 7.7 million ounces, valued at ₹57.98 crores. In the following year, both the quantity and the price rose further, net exports totaling 8.4 million ounces, valued at ₹65.52 crores. In the ten years ended March 1941, total net exports were of the order of 43 million ounces (1337.3 Tons) valued at about ₹375 crores, or an average price of ₹32-12-4 per tola."<ref>[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/89635.pdf Currency, Exchange and Banking Prior to 1935]</ref>

== India at the onset of the Depression ==
India was one of the foremost suppliers of raw materials during the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref name="manikumarp8">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 8</ref> India provided large quantities of iron, steel and other material for the manufacture of arms and armaments. [[Manufacturing in India|Manufacturing]] units were gradually established and for the first time, the [[British Raj]] adopted a policy of [[Industrialisation|industrialization]].<ref name="manikumarp8"/> India acted both as a supplier as well as a sprawling market for finished British goods in order to sustain Britain's wartime economy.<ref name="manikumarp8" />

When the war came to an end, the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|Montagu-Chelmsford reforms]] were enacted in order to provide certain concessions to Indians in return for their loyalty to the Empire during the war. In 1923, the British Raj offered government protection to nine industries posing them as a sincere bid to industrialize the economy.<ref name="manikumarp8" /> However, the measures appeared symbolic and were intended to finance and protect British enterprise as was evident from the fact that all the benefactors were British-run industries.<ref name="manikumarp8" /> At the onset of the Great Depression, as it had been always, much of India's imports were from the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="manikumarp8" /> On the eve of the First World War, India was the [[British Empire]]'s single largest market with its exports to India at ₹730 million making up over one-sixth of the country's total exports.<ref name="balachandranp2">[[#Balachandran|Balachandran]], Pg 2</ref>

During the annual fiscal year 1928–29, the total revenue for the Government of India was ₹1,548 million.<ref name="manikumarp9">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 9</ref> The total exports were valued at ₹3,390 million while imports were valued at ₹2,630 million.<ref name="manikumarp12">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 12</ref>

== Impact of the Great Depression ==

India suffered badly due to the Great Depression. The price decline from late 1929 to October 1931 was 36 percent compared to 27 percent in the United Kingdom and 26 percent in the United States.<ref name="manikumarp9" />

=== Economic policy of the Raj during the Depression ===

During the Depression, the British Raj intensified the existing protectionist economic policies.<ref name="manikumarp9" /> Because the fall in prices had been higher in India compared to the rest of the world, the price of commodities manufactured in India rose dramatically compared to imports from the United Kingdom and other countries around the globe.<ref name="manikumarp9" /> Farmers who were cultivating food crops had earlier moved over to cash crop cultivation in large numbers to meet the demands of the mills in the United Kingdom. Now, they were crippled economically as they were unable to sell their products in India due to the high prices; nor could they export the commodities to the United Kingdom which had recently adopted a protective policy prohibiting imports from India.<ref name="manikumarp9" /> [[Angus Maddison]]'s historical dataset shows Indian GDP actually rose around 1% from 1929 to 1932, a much better outcome than for most other economies.

Rice, wheat, etc., could be used for private consumption but the cash crops which they now cultivated could not be used for private consumption. As there was little sale of indigenous manufactures and limited exports, commodities accumulated and the flow of cash was restricted.<ref name="manikumarp10">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 10</ref> Moreover, imports were severely affected by the [[Swadeshi movement]] and the boycott of foreign goods imposed by Indian Freedom Fighters.<ref name="manikumarp10" /> There was a deficiency of money in many places causing widespread poverty.<ref name="manikumarp10" />

In such a condition, the most recommended course of action is the [[devaluation]] of currency. Most countries afflicted by the Great Depression such as Australia, New Zealand, Brazil and Denmark reduced the exchange value of their currencies.<ref name="manikumarp13">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 13</ref> However, the British Raj rejected the idea. A recommended course of action to increase mobility of cash is rise of government expenditure. However, the Government was less interested in spending than accumulation.<ref name="manikumarp9" />

=== International trade ===

[[International trade]] decreased a great deal. The imports fell by over 47% while the exports fell by over 49% between 1929 and 1932.<ref name="manikumarp9" /><ref name="manikumarp10" /> Between 1928–29 and 1933–34, exports due to seaborne trade decreased by 55.75% to ₹1.25 billion while imports decreased by 55.51% to ₹2.02 billion.<ref name="manikumarp12" />

=== Impact on the Railways ===

Due to a decline in exports and imports, and thereby, in the transportation of goods, the [[Rail transport in India|railway]] revenues decreased exponentially. All the expenses for the years 1930–31 and 1931–32 were paid from the Railway Reserve Fund.<ref name="manikumarp11">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 11</ref> There was a decrease of ₹151 million in the railway revenues between 1930 and 1932.<ref name="manikumarp10" />

===Dealing with home charges===

In British India, apart from existing imports and exports, there was also a particular amount of money which colonial India contributed towards administration, maintenance of the army, war expenses, pensions to retired officers and other expenses accrued by Britain towards maintenance of her colony. These were known as "Home charges" and were paid for almost entirely by India.<ref name="manikumarp11" /><ref name="duttp220">[[#Dutt|Dutt]], Pg 220</ref>

The Home charges was made of five components<ref name="duttpxv">[[#Dutt|Dutt]], Preface, Pg xv</ref>

* Interest payable on Indian debt.
* Divident to shareholders of [[East India Company]]
* Interest on the railways
* Civil and military charges.
* Store purchases in England

Due to the drastic collapse of international trade and the very little revenue obtained for it, India could only pay off her home charges by selling off her gold reserves.<ref name="manikumarp13" /><ref name="manikumarp11" /> From 1931–32 to 1934–35, India exported ₹ 2,330 million worth of gold.<ref name="manikumarp13" />

== Consequences ==
[[File:GG-Freeman Freeman-Thomas.jpg|thumb|Lord Willingdon, the Viceroy of India, during the Depression]]

The Great Depression had a devastating impact on Indian farmers. While there was a steady, uninhibited increase in [[land rent]], the value of the agricultural produce had come down to alarming levels.<ref name="manikumarp14">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 14</ref> Therefore, having incurred heavy losses, farmers were compelled to sell off gold and silver ornaments in their possession in order to pay the land rent and other [[Taxation in India|taxes]].<ref name="manikumarp14" />

By 1931, around 1600 ounces of gold were arriving every day at the [[Mumbai Harbour|port of Bombay]].<ref name="manikumarp14" /> This gold intake was transported to the United Kingdom to compensate for the low bullion prices in the country and thereby revitalize the [[Economy of the United Kingdom|British economy]], which was also experiencing a downturn due to the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]]|<ref name="balachandranp6" /><ref name="manikumarp14" />

The [[Viceroy of India]], [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]] remarked that:

{{quotation|For the first time in history, owing to the economic situation, Indians are disgorging gold. We have sent to London in the past two or three months, 25,000,000 sterling and I hope that the process will continue.<ref name="manikumarp14" />}}

=== Founding of the Reserve Bank of India ===

The policies of the Government of India during the Great Depression resulted in widespread protests all over the country. As the national struggle intensified, the Government of India conceded some of the economic demands of the nationalists, including the establishment of a central bank.<ref name="manikumarp15">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 15</ref> Accordingly, the [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934|Reserve Bank of India Act]] was passed in 1934 and a [[Reserve Bank of India|central bank]] came into being on April 1, 1935, with [[Osborne Smith|Sir Osborne Smith]] as its first Governor.<ref name="manikumarp15" /> However, when Osborne Smith tried to function independently and indulged in open confrontation with [[P. J. Grigg]], the finance member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Viceroy's Council]], he was removed from office.<ref name="manikumarp15" />

== Related events ==

=== Declaration of independence ===
{{Main|Purna Swaraj}}

On December 31, 1929, at a session of the [[Indian National Congress]] held on the banks of the river [[Ravi River|Ravi]] in [[Lahore]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] unfurled the tricolor and declared that complete independence from British rule would, henceforth, be the goal of the Congress.<ref name="pratiyogitadarpan">{{cite journal |date=May 2007 |journal=Pratiyogita Darpan |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=1 }}</ref> This was a remarkable shift of policy for the Indian National Congress as it had, till now, been a staunch advocate of [[dominion]] status. This declaration also triggered the [[Civil Disobedience|Civil Disobedience Movement]], which commenced with the [[Salt Satyagraha]].

=== Salt Satyagraha ===
{{Main|Salt Satyagraha}}

The Salt Satyagraha formed the highpoint of the Civil Disobedience Movement. While the heavy [[salt tax]] was always a burden to the poor peasant, the widespread [[Poverty in India|poverty]] during the Great Depression made it even more difficult for the commoner to procure salt.<ref name="pratiyogitadarpan" /> In response to this tax, between March 12, 1930, and April 5, 1930, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] marched with over 30,000 followers to the coastal town of [[Dandi, Gujarat|Dandi]] in [[Gujarat]], where they illegally manufactured salt and defied the Government [[monopoly]] on salt. Subsequently, similar satyagrahas were organized at [[Dharasana Satyagraha|Dharasana]] and [[Vedaranyam march|Vedaranyam]]. The Government responded with a massive roundup, but by then, the march and the media coverage had radically moulded international opinion.

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
* Simmons, Colin. "The great depression and Indian industry: Changing interpretations and changing perceptions." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 21.3 (1987): 585–623. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/312643 online]
* {{cite book|title=India in the Victorian Age: An Economic History of the people|url=https://archive.org/details/indiainvictoria00duttgoog|first=Romesh Chunder|last=Dutt|author-link=Romesh Chunder Dutt|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., Ltd|year=1904|ref=Dutt}}
* {{cite book|title=A Colonial Economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929–1937)|first=K. A. |last=Manikumar|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2003|isbn= 978-81-250-2456-9|ref=Manikumar}}
* {{cite book|title=John Bullion's Empire: Britain's Gold Problem and India Between the Wars|first=G.|last=Balachandran|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-0-7007-0428-6|year=1996|ref=Balachandran}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|title=India in the Great Depression, 1929–1939|first=Dietmar|last=Rothermund|publisher=Manohar Publications|year=1992|ref=Rothermund}}
* {{cite book|title=The Great Depression and Agrarian Economy: A Study of an Underdeveloped Region of India|first=Kanti|last=Singh|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1987|ref=Singh}}
{{-}}

{{GreatDepr nav}}
{{United States–Commonwealth of Nations recessions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Depression In India}}
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Great Depression by country|India]]
[[Category:1930s in India]]

Selfie Mummy Googl Daddy

2026-03-06T05:07:09Z

Sbahin: created initial info from scratch

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description| Indian Kannada film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Selfie Mummy Google Daddy
| image = Selfie Mummy Googl Daddy.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Madhuchandra R
| writer = Madhuchandra R
| producer = Aakasha Butti Cinemas<ref>{{cite news |title="Selfie Mummy Google Daddy is produced by 80 parents"
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2022/may/12/selfie-mummy-google-daddy-is-produced-by-80-parents-31426.html|access-date=2022-05-12|work=Cinema Express}}</ref>
| starring = [[Srujan Lokesh]] [[Meghana Raj]] Babyshree Master Alaap
| narrator =
| music = Shamanth Nag
| cinematography = T. Ravindranath
| editing = Suresh Armugam
| studio = Aakasha Butti Cinemas
| distributor = Vijay Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|05|13}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Selfie Mummy Googl Daddy''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language comedy-drama directed by Madhuchandra R. The film stars [[Srujan Lokesh]] and [[Meghana Raj]] alongside Babyshree and Master Aalap. This movie mainly gained positive responses.

This Kannada movie received three awards and the awards received are Best Family Feature Film Award at San Diego International Kids' Film Festival 2020, Special Jury Mention at Bengaluru IFF for Kannada Cinema Composition 2020 to the Director Madhuchandra R and another from Best Story by Sri Raghavendra Chitravani Film Awards 2023

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Srujan Lokesh]] as Surya
*[[Meghana Raj]] as Shalini
*[[Achyuth Kumar]]
*Babyshree
*Master Alaap
*[[H. G. Dattatreya|Dattanna]]
*[[Girija Lokesh]]
*[[Sundar Raj]]
*[[Sudha Baragur]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 13 May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Selfie Mummy Google Daddy gets a release date
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/may/04/selfie-mummy-google-daddy-gets-a-release-date-2449362.html|access-date=2022-05-04|work=New Indian Express}}
</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "The film's sense of humour works quite well. In a screenplay crowded with social concerns wrapped in the comedy genre, the writing at times displays a depth of understanding of nomophobia and its impact."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/selfie-mummy-googl-daddy-movie-review-introspective-but-entertaing-take-on-nomophobia-1108976.html | title='Selfie Mummy Googl Daddy' Movie Review: Introspective, but entertaing take on nomophobia }}</ref> Vinay Lokesh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote, "Director Madhu Chandra deserves credit for touching upon a subject which not many have explored, but the content lacks conviction. The chemistry between Srujan Lokesh and Meghana Raj works for the movie."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/selfie-mummy-googl-daddy/movie-review/91555859.cms | title=Selfie Mummy Googl Daddy Movie Review | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11924226}}

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language comedy-drama films]]

{{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Clement Lalhmingthanga

2026-03-01T16:59:50Z

Sbahin:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Clement Lalhmingthanga''' (born 24 November 1965)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He is an MLA from [[Champhai South Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Champhai district|Champhai District]]. He won the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Zoram People's Movement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Champhai South assembly election results 2023: Clement Lalhmingthanga of the Zoram People's Movement wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/champhai-south-assembly-election-results-2023-clement-lalhmingthanga-vs-t-j-lalnuntluanga-vs-lallianchhunga-result-to-be-out-soon/articleshow/105721190.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Col Clement Lalhmingthanga, ZPM Candidate from Champhai South Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mizoram/lt-col-clement-lalhmingthanga-assembly-candidate-s16aed2008a024e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/73 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Lalhmingthanga is from [[Aizawl|Aizwal]], Mizoram. He is the son of Thanzauva. He completed his B.A. at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. He is a retired lieutenant colonel in the [[Indian Army]]. His wife is an engineer in Mizo government service.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lt Col. Clement Lalhmingthanga(Zoram People's Movement):Constituency- CHAMPHAI SOUTH (ST)(CHAMPHAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=50 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Lalhmingthanga won from Champhai South Assembly constituency representing the [[Zoram People's Movement]] in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election. He polled 7,323 votes and defeated his nearest rival, T. J. Lalnuntluanga of the [[Mizo National Front]], by a margin of 329 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Champhai South assembly election results 2023: Champhai South Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/mizoram/champhai-south-assembly-result-16024 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalhmingthanga, Clement}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Mizoram-politician-stub}}

Canning, South 24 Parganas

2026-02-16T11:27:29Z

Sbahin: brief fixed lead for consistency additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Town in West Bengal, India}}
{{Other uses|Canning (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Canning
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Canning Railway Station 03.jpg
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = Canning railway station
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3139917|N|88.6650753|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743329
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3218
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB-19]] to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB-22]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB-95]] to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB-99]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Canning Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Canning Purba]],
[[Canning Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Canning Paschim (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Canning''' ({{IPA|bn|kæn̪iŋ|lang}}) is a town of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is situated on the western banks of the [[Matla River]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Canning subdivision]].

==Etymology==
This town is named after [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]], the former Governor General of [[India]] from 1856 to 1858, and Governor General and Viceroy from 1858 to 1862.<ref>Edwardes, Michael, ''A History of India'', paper back edition 1967, p.326, The New English Library.</ref>

==History==
[[H. E. A. Cotton]] writes, "The year 1864… It witnessed also the speculative mania over an unlucky scheme for the reclamation of the [[Sunderbans]], of which nothing remains but the deserted wharves of Port Canning, but which resulted in ruin to many".<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, p. 183, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> The idea of developing a major port at the town faded with the choking of the [[Matla River]] as a result of inadequate headwater supply.<ref>Ray, Animesh, ''The Calcutta Port'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. II, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], p. 124, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}.</ref>
[[File:Kuthi of Port Canning Land, Investment, Reclamation and Dock Company in Canning town, south 24 Parganas 18.jpg|thumb|Port Canning Land, Investment, Reclamation and Dock Company Building or Hotel Kuthi]]

Lord Canning had wanted to build a port that would be an alternative to [[Kolkata]] and a rival to [[Singapore]]. What no one heeded were the warnings of a lowly shipping inspector [[Henry Piddington]], who had lived in the [[Caribbean]] and knew all about hurricanes and storms. He wanted the [[mangrove]]s to be left alone, as they were Bengal's defensive barrier against nature's fury and absorbed the initial onslaught of cyclonic winds, waves and tidal surges. The settlement was built with a strand, hotels and homes, but in 1867 the [[Matla River]] surged and reduced the town to a "bleached skeleton".<ref name="Datta">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Canning House: A witness to a historical colonial blunder |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/explore-the-history-behind-lord-cannings-residence-in-canning-in-sunderbans-two-hours-from-kolkata/cid/1862862 |access-date=6 February 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |issue=The Telegraph |date=29 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040716/asp/calcutta/story_3494248.asp| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130204145305/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040716/asp/calcutta/story_3494248.asp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 4 February 2013| title = Sunderbans shadow lines | access-date = 30 September 2007 | last = Bhimani| first = Rita| work = The Telegraph| location=Calcutta, India | date=16 July 2004}}</ref> Port Canning was closed in 1871–2, and government facilities withdrawn.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bengal Under The Lieutenant-Governors |url=https://archive.org/details/bengalunderlieu00buckgoog/page/518/mode/2up?view=theater |first=Charles Edward |last=Buckland |volume=1 |page=518 |location=Calcutta |publisher=S. K. Lahiri & Co |year=1901}}</ref> Today, the Canning House, which probably served as the office of Canning Port still stands. It is in dilapidated condition and is a protected monument under West Bengal Heritage Commission.<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Canning House: A witness to a historical colonial blunder |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/explore-the-history-behind-lord-cannings-residence-in-canning-in-sunderbans-two-hours-from-kolkata/cid/1862862 |access-date=2 February 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>

In 1862, the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] opened a southward line from what was then known as [[Beliaghata]] station to Port Canning. In the same year, the Eastern Bengal Railway had opened its line from [[Sealdah]] to [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]. The Eastern Bengal Railway was taken over by the government in 1887. Services on the eastern side of [[Hooghly River]] were unified under the Eastern Bengal State Railway and after further amalgamation in 1942, the Bengal Assam Railway.<ref>Sukanta Chaudhuri, ''The Railway Comes to Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Vol. I, p. 239, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|15|0|N|88|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Canning subdivision (Canning I & II, Basanti, Gosaba CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' R: rural/ urban centre Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|23|7|N|88|31|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Kalaria| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Kalaria]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|22|20|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Gaur Daha| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Gaur Daha]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|32|57|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Banshra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Banshra, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|20|0|N|88|36|9|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Rajapur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Rajapur, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|45|N|88|36|23|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Taldi| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Taldi]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|20|10|N|88|37|17|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bayarsingh| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bayarsingh]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|19|24|N|88|38|52|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Matla| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Matla, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|17|50|N|88|40|4|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Dighirpar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Dighirpar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|18|37|N|88|39|28|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Canning| numbered9=R| mark-title9= Canning, South 24 Parganas (R)|shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|39|53|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Jibantala| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Jibantala]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|18|33|N|88|37|18|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tangrakhali| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Tangrakhali]] (R)|shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|22|50|N|88|33|15|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Makhal Tala| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Makhal Tala]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|28|1|N|88|41|46|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Deuli| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Deuli, Canning]] (R)|shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|11|53|N|88|42|50|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Basanti| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|12|45|N|88|42|47|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Sonakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Sonakhali, Basanti]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|16|52|N|88|41|3|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Bhangonkhali| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Bhangonkhali]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|1|34|N|88|41|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Jharkhali| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Jharkhali]] (R) |shape-color17=#0048BA
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|9|54|N|88|48|28|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Gosaba| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Gosaba]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|12|29|N|88|45|6|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Pathankhali| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Pathankhali]] (R)|shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|13|19|N|88|53|44|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Chhota Mollakhali| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Chhota Mollakhali]] (R) |shape-color20=#0048BA
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|22|42|N|88|44|41|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Matherdighi| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Matherdighi]] (R) |shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|22.0482 |N|88.7552|E}}| label22=Sundarbans National Park| label-color22 = Black| label-angle22=-0| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|22.0882 |N|88.7068|E}}| label23=Bidyadhari River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-50| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|22.1182|N|88.6282|E}}| label24=Matla River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-60| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none}}

===Area overview===
Canning subdivision has a very low level of urbanization. Only 12.37% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.63% lives in the rural areas. There are 8 [[census town]]s in [[Canning I]] CD block and only 2 in the rest of the subdivision. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] with numerous islands in the southern part of the region. The area (shown in the map below) borders on the [[Sundarbans National Park]] and a major portion of it is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]]. It is a flat low-lying area in the South Bidyadhari plains. The [[Matla River]] is prominent and there are many streams and water channels locally known as ''khals''. A comparatively recent country-wide development is the guarding of the coastal areas with special a coastal force.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 19, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map below presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Canning is located at {{coord|22.3139917|N|88.6650753|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|6|m}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Canning.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Canning]</ref>

Canning is the gateway of the [[Sundarbans]].<ref name = "Bandopadhyay">Bandopadhyay, Raghab, Calcutta’s Markets, in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. II, pp. 118-121.</ref> It is situated on the western banks of the [[Matla River]]. One can cross the Matla River and then proceed to [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas|Basanti]] for a boat to the interior of the Sundarbans or hire a motor launch for travel to Sundarbans at the town itself. The first watch tower at [[Sajnekhali]] is about 5 hours away.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles/ARendezvouswithSunderban.asp
|title = A Rendezvous with Sundarban
|access-date = 30 September 2007
|work = The Journey…
|publisher = Chilli Breeze
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070922115001/http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles/ARendezvouswithSunderban.asp
|archive-date = 22 September 2007
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate as [[tropical wet and dry climate|tropical wet and dry]] (Aw).

The overall climate of Canning is humid and warm. In summer, the maximum temperature goes 35 °C while in mild winters, minimum temperature drops 14 °C. The highest temperature ever was 42.5 °C, recorded on 17 May 1987. The lowest temperature ever dropped was 7.6 °C, dropped on 30 January 2007. The mean annual temperature is 26.5 °C. Average annual rainfall is approximately 1850 mm, 85 days feel the rain. Air is humid throughout the year, the amount is 77%.

{{Weather box
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|location = Canning (1991–2020, extremes 1980–2020)
| Jan record high C = 32.0
| Feb record high C = 38.0
| Mar record high C = 40.6
| Apr record high C = 42.2
| May record high C = 42.5
| Jun record high C = 40.6
| Jul record high C = 38.8
| Aug record high C = 38.5
| Sep record high C = 37.0
| Oct record high C = 36.2
| Nov record high C = 33.6
| Dec record high C = 32.0
| year record high C = 42.5
| Jan high C = 25.4
| Feb high C = 29.5
| Mar high C = 33.6
| Apr high C = 35.5
| May high C = 35.6
| Jun high C = 34.3
| Jul high C = 32.6
| Aug high C = 32.3
| Sep high C = 32.4
| Oct high C = 32.0
| Nov high C = 29.9
| Dec high C = 26.8
| year high C = 31.7
| Jan low C = 13.2
| Feb low C = 17.1
| Mar low C = 22.0
| Apr low C = 25.2
| May low C = 26.6
| Jun low C = 27.0
| Jul low C = 26.7
| Aug low C = 26.7
| Sep low C = 26.4
| Oct low C = 24.6
| Nov low C = 19.4
| Dec low C = 14.6
| year low C = 22.4
| Jan record low C = 7.0
| Feb record low C = 9.8
| Mar record low C = 13.4
| Apr record low C = 16.6
| May record low C = 18.0
| Jun record low C = 17.5
| Jul record low C = 21.2
| Aug record low C = 22.4
| Sep record low C = 22.5
| Oct record low C = 18.2
| Nov record low C = 12.4
| Dec record low C = 8.5
| year record low C = 7.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 16.0
| Feb rain mm = 24.7
| Mar rain mm = 28.0
| Apr rain mm = 59.3
| May rain mm = 142.0
| Jun rain mm = 284.7
| Jul rain mm = 410.4
| Aug rain mm = 379.6
| Sep rain mm = 310.1
| Oct rain mm = 170.3
| Nov rain mm = 37.8
| Dec rain mm = 6.1
| year rain mm = 1869.0
| Jan rain days = 1.2
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 1.6
| Apr rain days = 3.5
| May rain days = 7.0
| Jun rain days = 13.0
| Jul rain days = 18.0
| Aug rain days = 17.2
| Sep rain days = 13.4
| Oct rain days = 6.3
| Nov rain days = 1.3
| Dec rain days = 0.6
| year rain days = 84.5
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 68
| Feb humidity = 61
| Mar humidity = 60
| Apr humidity = 69
| May humidity = 74
| Jun humidity = 80
| Jul humidity = 84
| Aug humidity = 85
| Sep humidity = 87
| Oct humidity = 83
| Nov humidity = 77
| Dec humidity = 74
| year humidity = 75
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Canning Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 169–170
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M232
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
Canning is not identified as a separate place in the 2011 census records. The map of the CD block Canning I on the page number 333 in the ''District Census Handbook 2011'' for the South 24 Parganas district shows Canning as being a part of the [[Matla, Canning|Matla]] and [[Dighirpar]] census towns.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 333 - Map of Canning I CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police stations===
Canning police station covers an area of {{cvt|204.34|km2}}. It has jurisdiction over parts of the [[Canning I]] and [[Canning II]] CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://baruipurpolicedistrict.org/canning.php |title = Canning police station | work= Baruipur police district |publisher= West Bengal police | access-date = 19 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="government">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Canning women police station has jurisdiction over parts of the [[Canning I]] and [[Canning II]] CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://baruipurpolicedistrict.org/canning_women.php |title = Canning women police station | work= Baruipur police district |publisher= West Bengal police | access-date = 19 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="government"/>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the [[Canning I]] CD block are located at Canning.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
The ''District Human Development Report'', South 24 Parganas, writes, "Canning has emerged as a major market for supply of fish to Kolkata. The fishermen of the area bring their catch to the all-night fish market at Canning. Here the commission agents receive the fish and auction them. It is bought by the wholesalers and transported to Kolkata for sale to retailers, who sell it in different markets. However, as greater part of Kolkata’s fish now come from South India and Madhya Pradesh, local wholesale trade at Canning has lost out in the competition. There is, of course, scope of reviving this market once again".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76-77: Chapter 4.5.2 Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1980–81, Canning produced 332.5 tonnes of fresh domestic fish and 60.2 tonnes of exportable prawns. While the exportable prawns were despatched to processors at Kolkata, 59% of the fresh domestic fish was sent to markets in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QF8o6IlV3fUC&q=canning+fish+market+canning+west+bengal&pg=PA315 | title = Inland Fish Marketing in India, An IIM, Ahmedabad Study Series, Volume 6 | work = Page 316| publisher = Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi | access-date = 16 December 2019}}</ref>

As of 2019, the daily demand in the Kolkata fish market is around 550 tonnes. Andhra Pradesh-Telangana-Odisha supplies around 150 tonnes and the balance 400 tonnes is local supply from around Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/demand-supply-gap-leaves-dear-fish-dearer/articleshow/68880715.cms | title = Kolkata: Demand-supply gap leaves fish dear | publisher = The Times of India, 15 April 2019 | access-date = 16 December 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Bridge on matla.jpg|left|thumb|Bridge on Matla river in Canning]]
* Canning-Basanti Highway Connector Road via Matla Bridge links Canning to the [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|State Highway 3]].<ref name="Google maps">Google maps</ref>
* Baruipur-Canning Road links Canning to the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]].<ref name="Google maps"/>
* [[Canning railway station (India)|Canning railway station]] and [[Matla Halt railway station|Matla railway station]] is on the [[Sealdah South lines|Sealdah–Canning line]] of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-canning-local-34520/17315/325/7925#st | title = 34520 Sealdah-Canning Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | access-date = 16 December 2019}}</ref>

===Commuters===
With the electrification of the railways, suburban traffic has grown tremendously since the 1960s. As of 2005–06, more than 1.7 million (17 lakhs) commuters use the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system daily. After the partition of India, refugees from East Pakistan/ Bangladesh had a strong impact on the development of urban areas in the periphery of Kolkata. The new immigrants depended on Kolkata for their livelihood, thus increasing the number of commuters. Eastern Railway runs 1,272 EMU trains daily.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328319153 | title = Commuting and Metropolitan Development of Kolkata |first= Bhaswati| last= Mondal| access-date = 29 December 2019}}</ref>

==Education==

* [[Bankim Sardar College]], established in 1955, is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://bankimsardarcollege.org/Home | title = Bankim Sardar College | publisher = BSC | access-date = 16 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://collegedunia.com/college/502-bankim-sardar-college-south-24-parganas |title = Bankim Sardar College |publisher = CollegeDunia | access-date = 16 November 2019 }}</ref>
* Canning David Sasoon High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational school. It was established in 1933 and has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/canning-david-s-high-school-o9np2e | title = Canning David Sasoon High School | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 1 January 2020}}</ref>
* Canning Dwarikanath Balika Vidyalaya Up High School is a Bengali-medium school for girls. It was established in 1936 and has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/c-dwarikanath-b-bidyalay-up-o9npee | title = Canning Dwarikanath Balika Vidyalaya Up High School | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 1 January 2020}}</ref>
* Raybaghini High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational school. It was established in 1949 and has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/raybaghini-high-school-7432ww | title = Raybaghini High School | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 1 January 2020}}</ref>
* St. Gabrial High School is an English-medium school for boys. It was established in 1930 and has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/st-gabrial-high-school-9qyzzy | title = St Gabrial High School | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 1 January 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Canning Subdivisional Hospital, with 100 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Canning subdivision.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 December 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==

* [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]
* [[Pratima Mondal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]

Veli Lake

2026-02-10T11:44:06Z

Sbahin: created some data nd citations

{{Short description|Freshwater lake in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Veli Lake
| image = Meeting point of Veli Lake and the Arabian Sea.jpg
| alt = Junction of the Laccadive Sea and Veli Lake.
| caption = Junction of the Laccadive Sea and Veli Lake.
| image_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Veli Lake within Kerala
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], [[Kerala]]
| coords = {{Coord|8|30|35.14|N|76|53|17.85|E|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth = {{convert|abbr=on|3.0|m}}
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}

'''Veli Lake''' or '''Veli Kayal''' is a freshwater lake in the state of [[Kerala]] and is situated in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=S. Anil |date=2020-02-21 |title=Soon, enjoy a solar-powered mini-train ride at Veli |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/soon-enjoy-a-solar-powered-mini-train-ride-at-veli/article30883720.ece |access-date=2023-12-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=VELI TOURIST VILLAGE {{!}} District Thiruvananthapuram, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://trivandrum.nic.in/en/tourist-place/veli-tourist-village/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>''' lake is 8 km from Kerala's capital city, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water hyacinth blocks boating in Veli lake |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2022/apr/20/water-hyacinth-blocks-boating-in-veli-lake-2443990.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=The New Indian Express |date=20 April 2022 }}</ref>

On the eastern side, Veli Lake is connected to the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name=":0" />

== Location ==
The lake is situated 8 km north west of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] City.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/190418/fishes-die-en-masse-in-veli-lake.html |title=Fishes die en-masse in Veli lake |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2018-04-18 |access-date=2023-12-08}}</ref> [[ISRO|ISRO's]] space research organization, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], is situated near by the lake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sajinkumar |first1=K. S. |last2=Revathy |first2=A. |last3=Rani |first3=V. R. |date=2017-06-01 |title=Hydrogeochemistry and spatio-temporal changes of a tropical coastal wetland system: Veli-Akkulam Lake, Thiruvananthapuram, India |journal=Applied Water Science |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1521–1534 |doi=10.1007/s13201-015-0333-8 |bibcode=2017ApWS....7.1521S |issn=2190-5495|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram]]

1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-01T20:18:59Z

Sbahin:

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1985 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election
| country = India
| flag_year = 1985
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1980
| election_date = ''3 February and 3 May 1985''
| next_election = 1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1989
| seats_for_election = All 425 seats of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 213
| registered = {{formatnum:65404531}}
| turnout = 45.64%
| image_size = 100px


| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri Narayan Dutt Tiwari.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=10}}
| leader1 = [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Kashipur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kashipur]]
| seats1 = 269
| last_election1 = 309<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3254-uttar-pradesh-1980/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 40
| popular_vote1 = 11,544,698
| percentage1 = 39.25%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 1.6


| image2 =
{{CSS image crop|Image=Prime minister Charan Singh_(cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Charan Singh]]
| party2 = Lok Dal
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 84
| last_election2 = New
| seat_change2 = New
| popular_vote2 = 6,304,455
| percentage2 = 21.43%
| swing2 = New


| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Chandra Shekhar Singh 2010 stamp alt.jpg|bSize=90|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=05|oTop=10}}
| leader3 = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| party3 = Janata Party
| leader_since3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = 4
| seats3 = 20
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 16
| popular_vote3 = 1,646,005
| percentage3 = 5.60%
| swing3 = {{increase}} 5.59


| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

Elections to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] were held in phases, in February and May 1985, to elect members of the 425 constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]] won a majority of seats as well as the popular vote, and [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]] was re-appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=CM>{{cite web |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |title=Chief Ministers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812234844/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |archive-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nd-tiwari-passes-away-only-indian-to-serve-as-cm-of-two-states-breathes-his-last-on-93rd-birthday/1353516/ |title=ND Tiwari passes away: Only Indian to serve as CM of two states breathes his last on 93rd birthday |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=18 October 2018 |access-date= 16 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=ap>{{cite web |url=http://governor.ap.nic.in/governor/tiwari.html |title=Biographical Sketch - Shri Narayan Datt Tiwari |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619083911/http://governor.ap.nic.in/governor/tiwari.html |archive-date=19 June 2009 |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>

This election was scheduled, as the five-year term<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sunday-spotlight/what-grounds-will-assemblies-678193.html |title=On what grounds will assemblies be dissolved? |date=1 July 2018 |author=P D T Achary |access-date= 17 January 2022 |quote=The normal term of the assembly, under Article 172, is five years |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> of the members elected in the previous election, in [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]], was due to end in May 1985.
After the passing of ''The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976'', the constituencies were set to the ones used in this election.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1985.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=11544698|seats1=269|sc1=–40
|party2=[[Lok Dal]]|votes2=6304455|seats2=84|sc2=New
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=2890884|seats3=16|sc3=+5
|party4=[[Janata Party]]|votes4=1646005|seats4=20|sc4=+16
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=894620|seats5=6|sc5=0
|party6=[[Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)]]|votes6=669031|seats6=5|sc6=New
|party7=[[Doordarshi Party]]|votes7=228688|seats7=0|sc7=New
|party8=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes8=198780|seats8=2|sc8=0
|party9=[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]|votes9=88616|seats9=0|sc9=New
|party10=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes10=4074|seats10=0|sc10=New
|party11=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes11=1297|seats11=0|sc11=New
|party12=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes12=562|seats12=0|sc12=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=4942962|seats21=23|sc21=+6
|total_sc=0
|invalid=437456
|electorate=65404531
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985 |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Uttarkashi || SC || Baldeo Singh Arya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tehri || None || Lokendra Dutt Saklani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoprayag || None || Shurvir Singh Sajwaya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lansdowne || None || Surendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pauri || None || Pushkar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karanprayag || None || Shiva Nand Nautiyal || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Badrikedar || None || Santan Barthwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Didihat || None || [[Kashi Singh Airy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Pithoragarh || None || Kamal Kishan Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Almora || None || Saraswati Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bageshwar || SC || Gopal Ram Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ranikhet || None || Pooran Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nainital || None || Kishan Singh Taragi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khatima || None || Suresh Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haldwani || None || Moti Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kashipur || None || [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Seohara || None || Shiv Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhampur || None || Basant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Afzalgarh || None || Mohmoodul Hasan Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagina || SC || [[Omwati Devi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nazibabad || SC || Sukkam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bijnor || None || Azizur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandpur || None || Ku. Devendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kanth || None || Samar Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Amroha || None || Mohd Hayat || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Hasanpur || None || Kaushik Rama Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)}}
|-
| Gangeshwari || SC || Bhagwan Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sambhal || None || [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bahjoi || None || Bijendrapal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandausi || SC || Phool Kunwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kundarki || None || Rina Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Moradabad West || None || Mohd. Akil Urf Munna Miya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)}}
|-
| Moradabad || None || Pushpa Singhal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Moradabad Rural || None || Mohd. Rizwanul Haq || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Thakurdwara || None || Sakhawat Husain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)}}
|-
| Suartanda || None || Nisar Husain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rampur || None || [[Mohammad Azam Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bilaspur || None || Daljit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahabad || SC || Jagan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bisauli || None || Yogendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Gunnaur || None || Pushpadevi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sahaswan || None || Naresh Pal Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bilsi || SC || Bhola Shanker Maurya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Budaun || None || Premila Bhadwar Mehra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Usehat || None || Nirottam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Binawar || None || Mohd. Abkar Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dataganj || None || Avneesh Kuamar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Aonla || None || Shyam Bihari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sunha || None || Rameshwar Nath Chaubey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Faridpur || SC || Nathu Lal Vikal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bareilly Cantonment || None || Raffiq Ahmed Alias Rafian || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bareilly City || None || Dinesh Jouhari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || [[Chet Ram Gangwar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhojipura || None || Narendra Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kawar || None || Jaideep Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baheri || None || Amba Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pilibhit || None || Seyed Ali Ashrafi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barkhera || SC || Kishan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bisalpur || None || Tej Bahadur Gangwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Puranpur || None || Vinod Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Powayan || SC || [[Chetram]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nigohi || None || Ahiwaran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tilhar || None || [[Satyapal Singh Yadav|Satya Pal Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Jalalabad || None || Udaivere Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dadraul || None || Ram Autar Mishra Alais Nanku || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahjahanpur || None || Nawab Sikander Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohammadi || SC || Banshi Dhar Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haiderabad || None || Ram Bhajan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Paila || SC || Nangaram || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Lakhimpur || None || Kanti Singh Visen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Srinagar || None || Kamal Ahmed Rizavi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nighasan || None || Satish Ajmani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhaurehara || None || Swarswati Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Behta || None || Ganga Swaroop Bhatnagar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Biswan || None || Padma Seth || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahmoodabad || None || Raja Mohd. Amir Mohd. Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sidhauli || SC || Ramlal S/o Laltoo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Laharpur || None || Buniyad Husain Absari || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sitapur || None || Rajendra Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Hargaon || SC || Ch. Paragilal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Misrikh || None || Ram Ratan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Machhrehta || SC || Ram Krishna || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Beniganj || SC || Ram Pal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sandila || None || Kudesiya Begum || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ahirori || SC || Parmi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Hardoi || None || Uma Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bawan || SC || [[Nathhu Lal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pihani || None || [[Ashok Bajpai]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Shahabad || None || Ram Autar Dixit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilgram || None || Hari Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mallawan || None || Ram Asrey || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bangarmau || None || Gopi Nath Dikshit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Safipur || SC || Sunder Lal || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Unnao || None || Manohar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Hadha || None || Sachidanand Bajpayi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhagwant Nagar || None || Bhagwati Singh Visarad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Purwa || None || [[Hirday Narayan Dixit]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Hasanganj || SC || Badri Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Malihabad || SC || Krishna Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohana || None || Bhagoti Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Lucknow East || None || Swaroop Kumari Bakshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow West || None || [[Jafar Ali Naqvi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow Central || None || Naresh Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow Cantonment || None || Premavati Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarojini Nagar || None || Sharda Partap || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Mohanlalganj || SC || Chaudhary Tara Chand Sonkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bachhrawan || SC || Shiv Darshan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tiloi || None || Mohammd Wasim || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rae Bareli || None || Ramesh Chandra Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sataon || None || Kamal Nayan Verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sareni || None || Surendra Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Dalmau || None || Har Narayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Salon || SC || Shiv Balak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kunda || None || Niaz Hasan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bihar || SC || Sarju Prasad Saroj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rampurkhas || None || [[Pramod Tiwari]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garwara || None || Ram Naresh Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pratapgarh || None || Lal Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Birapur || None || Ram Raj Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patti || None || Vasudeo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Amethi || None || Raj Kumar Sanjai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gauriganj || None || Rajpati Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jagdishpur || SC || Ram Sevak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Isauli || None || Jai Narain Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sultanpur || None || Muid Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaisinghpur || None || Davendra Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chanda || None || Sheo Narain Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kadipur || SC || Ram Asre || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Katehari || None || Ravindra Nath Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Akbarpur || None || Akbar Husain Babar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Jalalpur || None || Sher Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jahangirganj || SC || Krishna Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tanda || None || Jai Ram Verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ayodhya || None || Surendra Partap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bikapur || None || Sita Ram Nishad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Milkipur || None || [[Mitrasen Yadav]]|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Sohawal || SC || [[Awadhesh Prasad]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Rudauli || None || Margoob Ahmad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dariyabad || None || Rajeev Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Siddhaur || None || Ram Sagar || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Haidergarh || None || Surendra Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Masauli || None || [[Beni Prasad Verma]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || Ram Chandra Bakhsh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Fatehpur || SC || Nattha Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ramnagar || None || Farid Mahfooz Kidwai || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Kaiserganj || None || Eahtisham Wali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fakharpur || None || Mayankar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Mahsi || None || Indra Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nanpara || None || Deota Deen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Charda || SC || Tribhawan Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhinga || None || Khursed Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bahraich || None || Maharan Nath Kaul || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ikauna || SC || Ram Sagar Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gainsari || None || Arun Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tulsipur || None || Mangal Deo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Balrampur || None || Man Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Utraula || None || [[Fazlul Bari]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sadullah Nagar || None || Mohd. Umar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mankapur || SC || Ram Vishun Azad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mujehna || None || Ram Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gonda || None || Raghu Prasad Upadhayaya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Katra Bazar || None || Fasiurrahman Alias Munnan Khan || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Colonelganj || None || Umeshwar Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dixir || SC || Babu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harraiya || None || Sukhpal Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Captainganj || None || Ambika Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagar East || SC || Ram Jiyavan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Basti || None || Almelu Ammal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ramnagar || None || Kesri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Domariaganj || None || Kamal Usuf Malik || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Itwa || None || [[Mata Prasad Pandey]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Shohratgarh || None || Kamala Sahni || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Naugarh || None || Dhanraj Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bansi || None || Harish Chandra(harishji) || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Khesraha || None || Diwakar Vikram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Menhdawal || None || Afsar-u-ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khalilabad || None || Dwarika || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hainsarbazar || SC || Genda Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bansgaon || SC || Kailash Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhuriapar || None || Achyuta Nand Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Chillupar || None || [[Hari Shankar Tiwari]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kauriram || None || Lal Chand Nishad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mundera Bazar || SC || Sharda Devi || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Pipraich || None || Sayed Javed Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gorakhpur || None || [[Sunil Shastri]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maniram || None || Bhrigu Nath Bhatt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sahjanwa || None || Triyugi Narain Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Paniara || None || [[Vir Bahadur Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pharenda || None || [[Harsh Vardhan (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Lakshmipur || None || [[Virendra Pratap Shahi]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Siswa || None || Shivendra Singh Urf Shiv Babu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maharajganj || SC || Ram Lakshan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shyamdeurawa || None || Janardhan Prasad Ojha || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Naurangia || SC || Baij Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ramkola || None || Sugrive Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hata || SC || Videshi Prasad Bharti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Padrauna || None || Baleshwar || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Seorahi || None || Ram Sakal Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fazilnagar || None || Shashi Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kasia || None || [[Surya Pratap Shahi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Gauri Bazar || None || Ranjit || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Rudrapur || None || Gorakh Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoria || None || Fajale Masood || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhatpar Rani || None || Kameshwar Upadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Salempur || None || [[Awadhesh Pratap Mall]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barhaj || None || Surendra Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nathupur || None || Vishun Deo || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Ghosi || None || [[Phagu Chauhan]]|| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sagri || None || Ram Jaman || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Gopalpur || None || Qazu Kalimur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)}}
|-
| Azamgarh || None || Durga Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Nizamabad || None || Mohd. Masud || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Atraulia || None || Balram || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Phulpur || None || Ramakant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)}}
|-
| Saraimir || SC || Bhikha Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mehnagar || SC || Deep Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lalganj || None || Sri Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Mubarakpur || None || Hafeez Bharti || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Muhammadabad Gohna || SC || Ram Badan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mau || None || Aqbal Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Rasra || SC || Har Deo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siar || None || Shardanand Anchal || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Chilkahar || None || [[Ram Govind Choudhary]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Sikanderpur || None || Sheomangal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bansdih || None || Vijay Lakshmi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Doaba || None || Manager Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Ballia || None || Vikarmaditya Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Kopachit || None || Gauri Shanker Bhaiya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Zahoorabad || None || Surendra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohammadabad || None || [[Afzal Ansari]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Dildarnagar || None || Awadhesh Rai Shastri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Zamania || None || Chaudhari Lalta Prasad Nishad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghazipur || None || Amitabh Anil Dubey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jakhania || SC || Jhilmit Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sadat || SC || Ram Nath Munshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saidpur || None || Rajit || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Dhanapur || None || Ram Janam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandauli || SC || Sankatha Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chakiya || SC || Kharpat Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mughalsarai || None || Ram Chandar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Varanasi Cantonment || None || Sharrudh Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Varanasi South || None || Rajni Kant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Varanasi North || None || Mohd. Safiurrahman Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chiraigaon || None || Sri Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kolasla || None || Ramkaran Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gangapur || None || Rajkishore || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Aurai || None || Nihala Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Gyanpur || None || Sharda Prasad Bind || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhadohi || SC || Mulchand || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Barsathi || None || Paras Nath || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Mariahu || None || Doodh Nath || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Kerakat || SC || Gajraj Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bayalsi || None || Raj Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Jaunpur || None || Chandrasen || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Rari || None || Arjun Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Shahganj || SC || Deep Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Khutahan || None || Jang Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Garwara Assembly constituency|Garwara]]|| None || [[Rai Laxmi Narayan Singh|Lakshmi Narain]]|| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Machhlishahr || None || Keshri Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dudhi || SC || Vijay Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Robertsganj || SC || Kallu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajgarh || None || Narendra Reo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chunar || None || Yadunath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Majhwa || None || [[Lokpati Tripathi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mirzapur || None || Asrafiman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhanyey || SC || Bhagwati Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Meja || SC || Bishram Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karchana || None || Kunwar [[Revati Raman Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Bara || None || Rama Kant Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhusi || None || Mahendra Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Handia || None || [[Rakesh Dhar Tripathi]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Pratappur || None || Shyamsurat Upadhayay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Soraon || None || Bhola Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || Jawahar Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Allahabad North || None || Anugrah Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Allahabad South || None || Satish Chandra Jaiswal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Allahabad West || None || Gopal Das Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Chail || SC || Shailender Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manjhanpur || SC || Iswar Sharan Vidharty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sirathu || SC || Purushottam Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khaga || None || Krishna Dutt Alias Balraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kishunpur || SC || Inderjit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haswa || None || Amar Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehpur || None || Khan Gufran Jahandi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jahanabad || None || Prakash Naraian || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bindki || None || Anchal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Aryanagar || None || Hafiz Mohammad Umar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sisamau || SC || Kamla Daryabadi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Generalganj || None || Birendra Nath Dixit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kanpur Cantonment || None || Pashupati Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Govind Nagar || None || Vilayeeti Ram Katyal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalyanpur || None || R.n.pathak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarsaul || None || Jauhari Lal Trivedi || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Ghatampur || None || [[Shivnath Singh Kushwaha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhognipur || SC || Radhy Shyam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajpur || None || Chowdhry Narender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarvankhera || None || Ajit Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chaubepur || None || Nekchandra Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilhaur || SC || Hanuman Prasad Kureel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Derapur || None || [[Bhagwandin Kushwaha]]|| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Auraiya || None || Kamlesh Kumar Patak || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Ajitmal || SC || Gauri Shanker || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lakhna || SC || Gaya Prasad Verma || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Etawah || None || Sukhda Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaswantnagar || None || [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bharthana || None || Ch. Maharaj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bidhuna || None || Ausan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kannauj || SC || Bihari Lal Dohrey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Umarda || None || Rama Nandani Verma || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Chhibramau || None || Santosh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kamalganj || None || Maharam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Farrukhabad || None || [[Brahm Dutt Dwivedi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kaimganj || None || Rajendar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Mohammdabad || None || Narendar Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manikpur || SC || Shrimoni Bhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karwi || None || Ramsajiwan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Baberu || None || Dev Kumar Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Tindwari || None || Arjun Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Banda || None || Jamuna Prasad Bose || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Naraini || None || Shrender Pal Verma || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Hamirpur || None || Jagdish Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maudaha || None || Kunwar Bahadur Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rath || None || Doonger Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Charkhari || SC || Mihi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahoba || None || Babu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mehroni || None || Devendra Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Lalitpur || None || Rajesh Kumar Khera || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhansi || None || Om Prakash Richeariya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Babina || SC || Beni Bai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mauranipur || None || [[Bhagirath Chaudhry]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garautha || None || Kanwar Manvendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Konch || SC || Ch. Shyam Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Orai || None || Arvind Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalpi || None || Badri Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Madhogarh || None || Ram Prakash Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhongaon || None || Shiv Bachh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kishni || SC || Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karhal || None || Babu Ram Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Shikohabad || None || Ram Naresh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jasrana || None || Balvir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Ghiror || None || Jag Mohan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Mainpuri || None || Raghubir Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aliganj || None || Udaivir Singh Rathore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patiyali || None || Rajindra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sakeet || None || Virender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Soron || None || Urmila Agnihotri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kasganj || None || Manpal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Etah || None || Atar Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Nidhauli Kalan || None || Ramesh Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Jalesar || SC || Prem Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Firozabad || None || Raghubar Dayal Verma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Bah || None || Amar Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehabad || None || Amitab Lavania || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tundla || SC || Ashok Sehra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Etmadpur || SC || Chandra Bhan || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Dayalbagh || None || Vijay Singh Rana || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Agra Cantonment || None || Krishan Vir Singh Kaushal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agra East || None || Satya Prakash Vikal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Agra West || SC || Virendra Son || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kheragarh || None || Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehpur Sikri || None || Badan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Goverdhan || SC || Baljeet || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mathura || None || [[Pradeep Mathur]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhata || None || Laxmi Narain || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Mat || None || Kushal Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Gokul || None || Sardar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sadabad || None || Mustmand Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Hathras || None || Narain Hari Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sasni || SC || Bangali Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sikandara Rao || None || Suresh Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Gangiri || None || Tilak Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Atrauli || None || [[Kalyan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Aligarh || None || Baldev Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Koil || SC || Kishan Lal Diler || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Iglas || None || Rajendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Barauli || None || Surendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khair || None || Jag Vir || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Jewar || SC || Ratan Swarup || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khurja || None || Budhpal Singh Khurja Wala || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Debai || None || Hitesh Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Anupshahr || None || Praveen Kumar Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siana || None || Imtiaz Mohammad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agota || None || Kiranpal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bulandshahr || None || S. Saidul Hasan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shikarpur || SC || Trilok Chander || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sikandrabad || None || Rajendra Singh Solanki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dadri || None || Mahendra Singh Bhati || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Ghaziabad || None || Krishan Kumar Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Muradnagar || None || Sakhawat Husain || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Modinagar || None || Vimla Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hapur || SC || Gaj Raj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garhmukteshwar || None || Kanak Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Kithore || None || Prabhu Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Hastinapur || SC || Harsharan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sardhana || None || Abdul Wahid Qureshi || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Meerut Cantonment || None || Ajit Singh Sethi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Meerut || None || Jai Narain Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kharkhauda || None || Rajendra Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siwalkhas || SC || Nanak Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khekra || None || Richhpal Pal Singh Bansal || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Baghpat || None || Kokab Hameed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barnawa || None || Bhopal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Chhaprauli || None || Saroj Verma || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Kandhla || None || Virendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Khatauli || None || Harender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Jansath || SC || Deepak Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Morna || None || Sayeeduzzama || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Muzaffarnagar || None || Charushila || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Charthawal || SC || Phool Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baghra || None || Babu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kairana || None || Hukum Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Thana Bhawan || None || Amir Alam Khan || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Nakur || None || Ram Sharan || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sarsawa || None || Nirbhaypal Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagal || SC || Chaman Lal Chaman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoband || None || Mahavir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harora || SC || Vimla Rakesh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Saharanpur || None || Surendra Kapil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Muzaffarabad || None || Mohd. Aslam Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Roorkee || None || Qazi Mohiuddin || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Lhaksar || None || Narendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Hardwar || None || Mahavir Singh Rana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mussoorie || None || Kishori Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dehra Dun || None || Hira Singh Bist || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Chakrata (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Chakrata]] || ST || Gulab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Bypolls==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Constituency
!Reason for by-poll
!Winning candidate
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan=3|1987
|[[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
|Resignation of N. Datt
|A. Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[Patti, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Patti]]
|Death of V. Singh
|A.P. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Rath Assembly constituency|Rath]]
|Death of D. Singh
|R. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1988
|[[Tanda Assembly constituency|Tanda]]
|Death of J R Verma
|G. Nath
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]]
|Death of S. Verma
|N. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-class="sortbottom"
|colspan=6|Source:ECI<ref name=byelections>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1985 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:1985 State Assembly elections in India|Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh|1985]]
[[Category:1980s in Uttar Pradesh|1985]]
[[Category:February 1985 in Asia]]

Aswath S

2026-01-31T21:39:46Z

Sbahin: Started new data

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 2008)}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|2008}}
| birth_place = [[Kanyakumari]], India
| title = [[International Master]] (2023)
| peakrating = 2517 (February 2026)
| FideID = 46694919
}}

'''Aswath S''' is an Indian chess player and a [[FIDE titles|International Master]] (IM).

==Chess career==
In December 2022, he won the MPL 47th National Sub-Junior Under-15 Open with an unbeaten score of 9.5/11.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/MPL-47th-National-Sub-Junior-Open-and-38th-National-Sub-Junior-Girls-Chess-Championship-2022-final-report|title=Aswath and Tejaswini win MPL National Sub Junior Open and Girls Chess Championships 2022 convincingly|date=December 17, 2022|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In September 2023, he won the silver medal in the Asian Junior Open Championship, automatically earning him the IM title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Aswath-S-becomes-the-latest-International-Master-of-India|title=Asian Junior 2023 Silver medalist - Aswath S becomes the latest International Master of India|date=October 2, 2023|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In April 2025, he won the [[Grenke Chess Festival|Grenke Open]] (which was one of the tournaments of the [[2025 FIDE Circuit]]) with a score of 8/9 and a performance rating of 2779, ahead of grandmaster [[Brandon Jacobson]] on tiebreaks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Aswath-wins-big-at-Grenke-Open-2025-with-a-2779-performance|title=Aswath wins big at Grenke Open 2025 with a 2779 performance|date=April 23, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In May 2025, he won the Noisiel Open A with an unbeaten 7.5/9, a full point ahead of the rest of the field, including grandmaster [[Sergey Fedorchuk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Aswath-S-clear-first-at-10th-Noisiel-Open-2025-Muthaiah-third|title=Aswath S clear first at 10th Noisiel Open 2025, Muthaiah third|date=May 7, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S, Aswath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2008 births]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Parul Yadav

2026-01-31T07:47:50Z

Sbahin: brief rework formatting for accuracy further and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parul Yadav
| image = Parul Yadav 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South (cropped).jpg
| caption = Yadav 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=I was sulking after watching Kangana Ranaut in Queen: Parul Yadav |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/parul-yadav-kangana-ranaut-in-queen-5517014/ |access-date=23 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_date = 
| yearsactive = 2004 - 2018
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer}}
| website = {{URL|www.parulyadav.com}}
}}

'''Parul Yadav''' is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Kannada]] films. Her acting debut was in the 2004 Tamil film ''[[Dreams (2004 film)|Dreams]]''. Her performance in ''[[Aatagara]]'' (2015) earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]. Yadav also won praises for her films, ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' (2013), ''[[Shivajinagara (2014 film)|Shivajinagara]]'' (2014), ''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]'' (2015) and ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' (2016).

==Early life and career==
She made her acting debut in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Dreams (2004 film)|Dreams]]'', starring [[Dhanush]]. Her next movie was Krithyam in Malayalam opposite Prithviraj Sukumaran. She, then switched over to television with the daily soap-opera ''Bhagyavidhaata'', which has aired on [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]] since 2009. This was soon followed by the comedy reality show ''[[Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala]]'' on [[Star Plus]], where she was a participant representing the team Raveena Ke Mohre.

In 2011, she made her Kannada film debut in Shivarajkumar's movie ''[[Bandhu Balaga]]'' as his sister-in-law. Later, she acted in ''Govindaya Namaha'', which went on to become one of the highest-grossing films of that year. She played Mumtaz, a Muslim girl falling in love with Govinda, played by [[Komal Kumar]]. Her portrayal won her a [[SIIMA]] Best Debutant award (2013) and Bangalore Times Best Newcomer Award (2013) and a nomination in the [[Udaya Film Awards]] for the best actor category for that year.<ref name="times">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-21/news-interviews/36461848_1_govindaya-namaha-parul-yadav-awards-function Parul nominated for Best Actress award]. ''The Times of India''. (21 January 2013).</ref> The song "[[Pyarge Aagbittaite]]", which featured Yadav, earned her more attention.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/parul-yadavs-career-is-booming-news-kannada-oipv0Qebdhdah.html |title=Parul Yadav's career is booming |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911143820/http://www.sify.com/movies/parul-yadavs-career-is-booming-news-kannada-oipv0Qebdhdah.html |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The same pairing in the 2012 film ''Nandeesha'', however, could not continue the success at the box office.

Yadav's next project was for the multi-starrer film ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'', directed by [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]] and starring [[Sudeep]].<ref name="ibnlive">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130330093946/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-had-to-forego-four-films-for-bachchan-says-parul-yadav/381496-71-205.html I had to forego four films for Bachchan says Parul Yadav]. CNN-IBN</ref> Yadav then starred in ''Shivajinagara'', produced by Ramu Films. She was paired opposite [[Duniya Vijay]].<ref name="sify1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130702022814/http://www.sify.com/movies/parul-yadav-opposite-duniya-vijay-in-shivajinagara-news-kannada-nfvlzacabji.html Parul Yadav opposite Duniya Vijay in 'Shivajinagara'!]. Sify.com (21 May 2013).</ref> The movie was a blockbuster having completed 100 days of screening in theatres.

In 2014, Yadav signed for two movies that became landmark projects of her career, ''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]'' and ''[[Uppi 2]]''. She played an advocate in ''Vaastu Prakaara'', which was directed by renowned film-maker [[Yogaraj Bhat]]. In ''Uppi 2'', she is seen in a cameo opposite its director [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]. Her latest release is [[K. M. Chaitanya]]'s ''Aatagara'', featuring an [[ensemble cast]] and ''[[Jessie (film)|Jessie]]''. Her performance in ''Jessie'' won her widespread appreciation. Upcoming films of Yadav include ''Seizer'' and ''Vijayaditya''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/parul-yadavs-smartphone-app-in-the-making-news-kannada-pd5mncdjfegde.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517075525/http://www.sify.com/movies/parul-yadavs-smartphone-app-in-the-making-news-kannada-pd5mncdjfegde.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2015 |title=Parul Yadav's smartphone app in the making |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Yadav's biggest movie of her career is ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'', directed in multiple languages by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. Kannada actor [[Shiva Rajkumar]] plays a police officer and Yadav is paired with him. ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' was also dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

From 2017 to 2022, Yadav produced the simultaneous production of the 4 South Indian language remakes of the Hindi superhit Queen. She also played the lead in the Kannada version ''[[Butterfly (upcoming film)|Butterfly]]'', directed by [[Ramesh Aravind]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=Parul Yadav on women in cinema: Female characters seem to exist purely to satiate the male gaze |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/parul-yadav-on-women-in-cinema-female-characters-seem-to-exist-purely-to-satiate-the-male-gaze-101616044273626.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Parul Yadav turns Script Writer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actor-parul-yadav-turns-script-writer/articleshow/80924874.cms |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Besides the lead role, Yadav is also the co-producer.<ref name="Pinkvilla">[https://regional.pinkvilla.com/kannada/news/besides-lead-role-parul-yadav-also-co-producer-butterfly/ Besides the lead role, Parul Yadav is also the co-producer of 'Butterfly'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108145937/https://regional.pinkvilla.com/kannada/news/besides-lead-role-parul-yadav-also-co-producer-butterfly/ |date=8 November 2023 }}. ''Pinkvilla''. (6 December 2017).</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes

|-
|2004 || ''[[Dreams (2004 film)|Dreams]]'' || Charu || Tamil ||
|-
|2005 || ''[[Krithyam]]'' || Sandra Punnoose || rowspan=2 | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008 || ''[[Bullet (2008 film)|Bullet]]'' || Gayathri ||
|-
|''[[Bandhu Balaga]]'' || Chamundeshwari || Kannada ||
|-
|2009 || ''[[Black Dalia]]'' || Linda D'Souza || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012 || ''[[Govindaya Namaha]]'' || Mumtaz || rowspan="5" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Nandeesha]]'' || Sonia ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013 || ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' || Anjali ||
|-
| ''[[Shravani Subramanya]]'' ||Benne || Special appearance<ref>[http://www.sify.com/movies/exclusive-shravani-subramanya-news-kannada-nj0jemiecai.html Exclusive Shravani Subramanya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018012744/http://www.sify.com/movies/exclusive-shravani-subramanya-news-kannada-nj0jemiecai.html |date=18 October 2013 }}. Sify.com (26 September 2013).</ref>
|-
|2014 || ''[[Shivajinagara (2014 film)|Shivajinagara]]'' || Pavithra||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015 || ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'' ||Sonya Varma || Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]'' || Nirmala || rowspan="7" |Kannada||
|-
| ''[[Uppi 2]]'' || Sheela ||Extended cameo
|-
| ''[[Aatagara]]'' || Mallika ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 || ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' || Shreya ||
|-
| ''[[Jessie (film)|Jessie]]'' || Nandini ||
|-
|2018 || ''[[Seizer]]'' || Divya||
|-
|TBA
|''[[Butterfly (unreleased film)| Butterfly]]''
|Parvati
|Unreleased
|}

===Television===
* 2007 – ''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]]'' – [[SAB TV]]
* 2007 – ''Sautela'' – [[DD National]]
* 2009 – ''Bhagyavidhaata'' – [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]]
* 2011 – ''[[Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala]]'' – [[Star Plus]]
* 2015 – ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]'' (episode nine) – [[&TV]]

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Work !! Award !! Category !! Result !!Ref
|-
|rowspan=3|''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' ||[[61st Filmfare Awards South]] ||[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]] || {{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://awards.filmfare.com/kanadda/best-actor-supporting-female.php |title=Best Actor Supporting Role Female |publisher=awards.filmfare.com |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165340/http://awards.filmfare.com/kanadda/best-actor-supporting-female.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd SIIMA Awards]] ||[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Supporting Actress]] ||{{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/nominations/ |title=SIIMA nominees Kannada |publisher=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222803/http://siima.in/nominations/ |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Santosham Film Awards|Santosham Awards]] || Best Supporting Actress ||{{won}} ||<ref>[https://www.pinkvilla.com/fashion/celeb-fashion/yay-or-nay-parul-yadav-tarun-tahiliani/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713015520/https://www.pinkvilla.com/fashion/celeb-fashion/yay-or-nay-parul-yadav-tarun-tahiliani|date=13 July 2022}} (4 September 2014).</ref>
|-
|''Shivajinagar''||[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|4th SIIMA Awards]] ||Best Actress ||{{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai hosts fourth South Indian International Movie Awards |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/dubai-hosts-fourth-south-indian-international-movie-awards-1.38919 |date=8 August 2015 |website=The National|location=Abu Dhabi |author=Ujala Ali Khan |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Aatagara]]'' || [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]] ||[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]] || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)}}</ref>
|-
| South Scope Awards || Rising Sensation of the Year ||{{won}} ||<ref>[http://southscope.in/parul-yadav-wins-southscopes-of-rising-sensation-of-the-year/]. southscope.in (11 January 2017).</ref>
|-
|''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]'' ||[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th SIIMA Awards]] ||[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actress]] ||{{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |title=5th SIIMA WINNERS LIST |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4|''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' ||rowspan=2|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]] ||[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actress – Kannada]] ||{{nom}} ||rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235835/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2017 |title=SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress (Critics) || {{won}}
|-
|[[2nd IIFA Utsavam]] || Best Actress ||{{won}} ||{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
|[[64th Filmfare Awards South]] || Best Actress – Kannada ||{{nom}} ||{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://parulyadav.com Official website]
* {{IMDb name|i5666340}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|parul-yadav}}

{{FilmfareKannadaBestActress}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Débutante}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Parul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Female models from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Raanjhan

2026-01-20T02:44:33Z

Sbahin: Adding new entry w/ infobox

{{short description|Song performed by Parampara Tandon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Raanjhan
| cover = Raanjhan (song).webp
| caption = Raanjhan song cover featuring actors [[Kriti Sanon]] and [[Shaheer Sheikh]]
| alt = Raanjhan song cover featuring actors Kriti Sanon and Shaheer Sheikh
| type = song
| artist = Parampara Tandon
| album = [[Do Patti#Music|Do Patti]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|10|4}}
| format =
| recorded = 2023
| studio =
| venue =
| genre =
| length = 4:00
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| composer = [[Sachet–Parampara]]
| lyricist = [[Kausar Munir]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|lBvbNxiVmZA|"Raanjhan"}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Raanjhan'''" ({{Translation|Beloved one}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song for the [[Do Patti#Music|soundtrack album]] of the 2024 [[Netflix]] Hindi film ''[[Do Patti]]''. It was performed by Parampara Tandon with music composed by the duo [[Sachet–Parampara]]. The lyrics were penned by [[Kausar Munir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/ott/do-patti-raanjhan-song-kriti-sanon-shaheer-sheikh/|title=Do Patti: Raanjhan (Song) Kriti Sanon, Shaheer Sheikh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=4 October 2024|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref> The song was released on 4 October 2024. It was the first single released from the film's soundtrack. The music video of the song is picturised on the lead pair of the film, [[Kriti Sanon]] and [[Shaheer Sheikh]]. It hints at the film's central mystery, showing Kriti's character drinking at a club in sadness while Shaheer looks on disapprovingly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Oct/04/raanjhan-kriti-sanon-gets-drunk-and-dispirited-in-first-song-from-do-patti|title='Raanjhan': Kriti Sanon gets drunk and dispirited in first song from Do Patti|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]|date=4 October 2024|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref>

According to a review from ''[[Business Standard]]'', "Raanjhan" effectively captures the "pain and longing that follow a breakup". The publication noted that the calming melody and lyrics resonated with audiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/first-song-from-kriti-sanon-shaheer-sheikh-s-do-patti-raanjhan-is-out-124100400903_1.html|title=First song from Kriti Sanon, Shaheer Sheikh's Do Patti, Raanjhan, is out|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=4 October 2024|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref> "Raanjhan" accumulated over 300 million streams on [[Spotify]]. The song peaked at #1 on "[[India Songs]]" for consecutive five weeks through 5 April 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2025-04-05/|title=India Songs – Billboard|publisher=[[India Songs]]|date=5 April 2025|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref> to 3 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2025-05-03/|title=India Songs – Billboard|publisher=India Songs|date=3 May 2025|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref> The song peaked at #3 on "[[Official Charts Company|Official Asian Music Chart]]" for consecutive three weeks through 3 January 2025 to 17 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/sachet-paramparakausar-munir-raanjhan/|title=Chart history of 'Raanjhan'|publisher=[[Official Charts Company|Official Asian Music Chart]]|date=2025|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref> It also entered the "[[Billboard Global 200|''Billboard'' Global 200]]" chart and peaked at the 194th position in the week of 26 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2025-04-26/|title=Global 200 – Billboard|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=26 April 2025|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref> "Raanjhan" peaked at #86 on the "[[Billboard Global 200#Billboard Global Excl. US|''Billboard'' Global Excl. US]]" chart, in the week of 26 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-excl-us/2025-04-26/|title=Global Excl. US – Billboard|magazine=Billboard|date=26 April 2025|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref> On the "[[The Official MENA Chart|UAE Mena Chart]]", the song peaked at #11, in the week of 28 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|title=The Official MENA Chart {{!}} Weekly Chart {{ndash}} Week 14, 2025 {{ndash}} 28 Mar to 3 Apr 2025|publisher=[[The Official MENA Chart]]|date=28 March 2025|accessdate=9 September 2025|type=Select year 2025, week 14 and place UAE to view the peak.}}</ref>

In August 2025, nearly a year after its release, "Raanjhan" was at the center of a [[Music plagiarism|plagiarism]] controversy. International music producer [[Kamikazee|KMKZ]] had claimed that the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label and the composing duo Sachet-Parampara had copied his beats without permission or credit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/do-patti-song-raanjhan-t-series-and-sachet-parampara-accused-of-plagiarising-kmkzs-beat-1503477500.html|title='Do Patti' song 'Raanjhan': T-Series and Sachet-Parampara accused of plagiarising KMKZ's beat|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=27 August 2025|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref> In response, the composing duo denied the plagiarism claims and also announced they are pursuing legal action, including filing a defamation case against the producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/sachetparampara-deny-plagiarism-claims-over-kriti-sanon-s-do-patti-song-raanjhan-plan-legal-action-11756573189547.html|title=Sachet-Parampara deny plagiarism claims over Kriti Sanon's Do Patti song Raanjhan, plan legal action|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=30 August 2025|accessdate=9 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{T-Series}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Kausar Munir]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in India]]
[[Category:Songs involved in plagiarism controversies]]

Chitturi Satyanarayana

2026-01-14T05:29:28Z

Sbahin:

{{Short description|Indian surgeon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Chitturi Satyanarayana''' (6 October 1913 – 19 April 2012) was an [[India]]n [[Ear nose and throat|ENT]] surgeon who served in the post of Honorary Surgeon to the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.tnmgrmu.ac.in/index.php/news-tribute-satyanarayana |title=A Tribute to Professor Dr. C. Satyanarayana |publisher=[[The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] |date=2012-05-01 |accessdate=2012-05-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501133141/http://web.tnmgrmu.ac.in/index.php/news-tribute-satyanarayana |archivedate=2012-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=R.|last= Sujatha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sons-give-shape-to-fathers-dream/article3433506.ece |title=Sons give shape to father's dream |work=The Hindu |date=2012-05-19 |accessdate=2021-11-21|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai//article60648369.ece |title=The Chitturi legacy |work=The Hindu |date=2012-05-19 |accessdate=2021-11-21|location=Chennai}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satyanarayana, Chitturi}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
{{india-med-bio-stub}}

Jagdish Mittal

2025-11-19T16:16:38Z

Sbahin:

{{Short description|Indian artist (1925–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|09|16|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|01|07|1925|09|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Jagdish Chandra Mittal''' (16 September 1925 – 7 January 2025) was an Indian artist and art collector. His collection is housed in the [[Jagdish and Kamla Mittal Museum of Indian Art|Jagdish and Kamla Mittal Museum]]. In 1990, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazette of India |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/1990.pdf}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Mittal was born on 16 September 1925 in [[Mussoorie]]. His father was an engineer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2024-09-08 |title=Portrait of an art collector at 100 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/portrait-of-an-art-collector-at-100/article68613914.ece |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 1945, he graduated from the Kala Bhavan in [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parvathy |first=Navya |date=2023-10-15 |title=Finding art in a ragged cloth, The Jagdish Mittal way |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2023/Oct/15/finding-art-in-a-ragged-cloth-the-jagdish-mittal-way-2624093.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1950s, Jagdish and his wife settled in Hyderabad. In 1976, they established the Jagdish and Kamla Mittal Museum of Indian art at their residence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vishwaveer |date=2018-08-19 |title=Custodian of Culture |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/cover-story/190818/custodian-of-culture.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parvathy |first=Navya |date=2023-10-15 |title=Finding art in a ragged cloth, The Jagdish Mittal way |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2023/Oct/15/finding-art-in-a-ragged-cloth-the-jagdish-mittal-way-2624093.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Mittal died on 7 January 2025, at the age of 99.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2025-01-07 |title=Jagdish Mittal: The artist as an aesthete and patron of artists |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jagdish-mittal-the-artist-as-an-aesthete-and-patron-of-artists/article69073407.ece |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| 16600541}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Jagdish}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]
[[Category:Indian artists]]
[[Category:Indian art collectors]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

Arimilli

2025-11-03T04:17:24Z

Sbahin:

'''Arimilli''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ఆరిమిల్లి) is a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* [[Arimilli Radha Krishna]] (born 1973), Indian politician 
* [[Ravi Arimilli]] (born 1963), American computer specialist 

{{surnames}}

[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]
[[Category:Toponymic surnames]]

Malik (clan)

2025-10-25T01:20:08Z

Sbahin: Started Bio

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
'''Malik''' or '''Malak''' is a [[gotra]] of [[Jat]]s found in Pakistan and India.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India. Vol.2: C. 1757 - c. 2003 / ed. by Dharma Kumar with the editorial assistance of Meghnad Desai. Introduction by Sabyasachi Bhattacharya |date=2010 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2731-7 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Dharma |edition=1st impr |volume=2 |location=New Delhi |editor-last2=Desai |editor-first2=Meghnad |editor-last3=Bhattacharya |editor-first3=Sabyasachi |editor-last4=Raychaudhuri |editor-first4=Tapan}}</ref> The Malik Jats were originally called Ghatwal (or Gathwala).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEmAAAAAMAAJ&q=Later+on+they+were+called+as+Jakhar+Jats |title=Indian Journal of Physical Anthropology and Human Genetics |date=2005 |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P. |page=110 |language=en |quote=They are the largest group in northwest India, having various clans and more than 500 gotras. The main gotras are Maliks (Ghatwalla)}}</ref> They later began calling themselves ''[[malik]]'' ("lord").<ref>{{cite book |title=The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India |first=Eric |last=Stokes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-52129-770-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DU5AAAAIAAJ |pages=17, 293 }}</ref> They were [[zamindar]]s (landowners) during the [[Mughal era]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=2 |editor1-first=Tapan |editor1-last=Raychaudhuri |editor2-first=Irfan |editor2-last=Habib |editor3-first=Dharma |editor3-last=Kumar |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-52122-802-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ |pages=37, 70}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gotras of Jats}}

[[Category:Jat clans of Haryana]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Nachuk Tahate Shyama

2025-10-20T17:15:04Z

Sbahin: Started New Entry

{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox poem
|name = ''Nachuk Tahate Shyama''
|image = Maa Bhavatarini at Dakshineshwar Temple (Photo Frame Type).JPG
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Hindu goddess [[Kali|Shyama]], whom the poet worshipped in this poem
|author =  [[Vivekananda]]
|original_title = নাচুক তাহাতে শ্যামা
|translator = 
|first = 
|illustrator = 
|cover_artist = 
|country = India
|language = Bengali
|series = 
|subject = 
|genre = 
|publisher = Vivekodayam
|publication_date = 1904
|publication_date_en = 
|media_type = 
|lines = 
|pages = 
|size_weight = 
|isbn = 
|oclc = 
|preceded_by = 
|followed_by = 
}}
'''''Nachuk Tahate Shyama''''', (translated as "And Let Shyama Dance There" or "Let Shyama Dance There"), is a [[Bengali language]] poem written by [[Vivekananda]].<ref name="Vivekananda 2004 p602">{{Harvnb|Vivekananda|2004|p=602}}</ref> The poem was later included in the Fourth volume of ''The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vivekananda|1989|p=103}}</ref> The long poem relates to one's surrender to the Hindu goddess Shyama or [[Kali]],{{sfn|Macphail|2010|p=366}} and is also interpreted as "Let Kali dance there" a poem dedicated to Kali.{{sfn|Nivedita|1968|p=93}}

== Lyrics ==
The first stanza of the poem (in English and Bengali) are given below. Read '''[[:wikisource:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 4/Translation: Poems/"And let Shyama Dance there"|the full poem]]''' at [[Wikisource]].
{| width="60%"
|-
! English version
! Bengali version
|- valign="top"
|
<poem>
Beaut'ous blossoms ravishing with perfume,
Swarms of maddened bees buzzing all around;
The silver moon—a shower of sweet smile,
Which all the dwellers of heaven above
Shed lavishly upon the homes of earth;
The soft Malaya breeze, whose magic touch
Opens to view distant memory's folds;
Murmuring rivers and brooks, rippling lakes
With restless Bhramaras wheeling over
Gently waving lotuses unnumbered;
Foaming flow cascades—a streaming music—
To which echo mountain caves in return;
Warblers, full of sweet-flowing melody,
Hidden in leaves, pour hearts out—love discourse;
The rising orb of day, the painter divine,
With his golden brush but lightly touches
The canvas earth and a wealth of colours
Floods at once o'er the bosom of nature,
—Truly a museum of lovely hues—
Waking up a whole sea of sentiments.<ref name="And let Shyama dance there (Eng poem)">{{cite web|title=And let Shyama dance there|url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_poems/and_let_shyama_dance_there.htm|publisher=Ramakrishna Vivekananda.info|access-date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130911015648/http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_poems/and_let_shyama_dance_there.htm|archive-date=11 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref></poem>
|
<poem>ফুল্ল ফুল সৌরভে আকুল, মত্ত অলিকুল গুঞ্জরিছে আশে পাশে।
শুভ্র শশী যেন হাসিরাশি, যত স্বর্গবাসী বিতরিছে ধরাবাসে ।।
মৃদুমন্দ মলয়পবন, যার পরশন, স্মৃতিপট দেয় খুলে।
নদী, নদ, সরসী-হিল্লোল, ভ্রমর চঞ্চল, কত বা কমল দোলে ।।
ফেনময়ী ঝরে নির্ঝরিণী-তানতরঙ্গিণী-গুহা দেয় প্রতিধ্বনি ।
স্বরময় পতত্রিনিচয়, লুকায়ে পাতায়, শুনায় সোহাগবাণী ।।
চিত্রকর, তরুণ ভাস্কর, স্বর্ণতুলিকর, ছোঁয় মাত্র ধরাপটে।
বর্ণখেলা ধরাতল ছায়, রাগপরিচয় ভাবরাশি জেগে ওঠে ।।<ref name="নাচুক তাহাতে শ্যামা (Beng poem)">{{cite web|title=নাচুক তাহাতে শ্যামা|url=http://www.dduttamajumder.org/baniorachana/node.php?pageno=259&khanda=6|access-date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130911015426/http://www.dduttamajumder.org/baniorachana/node.php?pageno=259&khanda=6|archive-date=11 September 2013|language=bn|url-status=dead}}</ref>
</poem>
|}

== Theme ==

Vivekananda dealt with the world of consciousness in this poem.<ref name="Chakrabarti 1998 p164">{{Harvnb|Chakrabarti|1998|p=164}}</ref> The poem is a fervent appeal of the spiritually oriented luminary to face head on the bad aspects of life, not to be slave to the easy way of life but to address problems of the universe with a positive approach to bring happiness in others' lives.{{sfn|Macphail|2010|p=366}} It is in the traditional literature of Bengal, and is a search of the “soul from personal; to divine love and from Kali to Brahma.{{sfn|Majumdar|1963|pp=561, 565}}

According to Indian historian [[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] the poem included references to natural features, "the charm of sex", and "maddening wine of love".<ref name="Majumdar 1963 p553">{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1963|p=553}}</ref> Swami Vivekananda made an English version of his poem, titled "'''And Let Shyama Dance There''". Ramesh Chandra Majumdar wrote that the English poem "gives a somewhat unique pen-picture of sweet and grim aspects of Nature alternated with telling effect, which shows a literary artist's imageries at their best."<ref name="Majumdar 1963 p553" />

Mohit Chakrabarti, author of ''Swami Vivekananda, Poetic Visionary'', wrote that there is a pictorial element suggested through symbols in the grapes "has also the elements of consciousness with which the poet prepares us for the terrible atmosphere where Shyama would dance in full fury."<ref name="Chakrabarti 1998 p164"/> Chakrabarti also wrote that the imagery of the lips and eyes with the heart "bring forth a perfect image of Shyama who dominates the whole situation with brilliance beyond the range of consciousness".<ref name="Chakrabarti 1998 p164"/>

== Influence ==
Ratna Ghosh, author of ''Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Indian Freedom Struggle: Subhas Chandra Bose : his ideas and vision'', stated that the poem "instilled an attraction for the unknown into the mind of" [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], and that he "very often recited the poem with such an unbounded impetuosity as if it seemed he got an image of his own ideal in it."<ref name="Ghosh 2006 p12">{{Harvnb|Ghosh2006|p=12}}</ref>

Subhas Chandra Bose was deeply impressed by this poem for its attraction to the unknown or metaphysical. He often repeated it in rapturous "unbounded impetuosity" according to his understanding of the poem.{{sfn|Ghosh|2006|p=12}}

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Poetry}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=Chakrabarti|first=Mohit|title=Swami Vivekananda, Poetic Visionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvsRcML8Ki4C&pg=PA164|year=1998|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-075-7|pages=164–}}
* {{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Ratna|title=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Indian Freedom Struggle: Subhas Chandra Bose: his ideas and vision|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnIwAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Deep & Deep|isbn=978-81-7629-843-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Macphail |first=Jean |title=A Spiral Life: First Turn of the Spiral: Dark Mother, 1941–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzgDHe36Y5gC&pg=PA366|date=1 March 2010|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4628-1246-2}}{{Self-published inline|date=January 2018}}
*{{cite book|last= Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra|title=Swami Vivekananda Centenary Memorial Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMAcAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Swami Vivekananda Centenary}}
*{{cite book|last= Nivedita |first=Sister |title=Nivedita Commemoration Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnMAAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Vivekananda Janmotsava Samiti}}
* {{cite book|last=Vivekananda|first=Swami|title=Prabuddha Bharata: Or Awakened India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZfXAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Swami Smaranananda}}
* {{cite book|last=Vivekananda|first=Swami|title=Awakened India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u24sAAAAYAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Swami Smaranananda}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

[[Category:Bengali poetry]]
[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:Works by Swami Vivekananda]]

Erode City Municipal Corporation

2025-10-19T00:16:35Z

Sbahin: basic cleaned up intro to improve readability and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Administrative body of the city of Erode, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Erode City Municipal Corporation
| transcription_name =
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| coa_alt =
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| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Erode
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Nagarathinam
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = ---. --- Office suspended due to postponed elections
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[Commissioner]]
| leader3 = V. Sivakrishnamoorthy IAS

| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type = [[District Collector]]
| leader4 =Mr. H. Krishnan Unni, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type =
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| members = 60
| house1 = [[Municipal Corporation Building, Erode]]
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| website = {{URL|https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/erode/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Erode City Municipal Corporation''' is a civic administrative body that governs the City of [[Erode]], [[India]]. The Corporation consists of a legislative body, headed by the City Mayor and an executive body headed by the Corporation Commissioner. The Corporation's headquarters is in the [[Municipal Corporation Building, Erode]], near [[Panneer selvam Park]].

==History==
Erode Municipal Council came into existence in the year of 1871, covering a mere area of around 8.4 km2. In 1917, [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] the then Municipal Chairman of Erode proposed the expansion of town limits by merging the adjoining local bodies such as Veerappan Chatram, Vairapalayam and Periyasemur. But things were kept only on paper and in 1980 it was upgraded as a Special Grade Municipality with the same area of just 8.4 km2.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://erodecorporation.gov.in/about_coporation.html |title=Erode history |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611143709/http://erodecorporation.gov.in/about_coporation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2007, the State Government announced the upgradation of Erode Municipality as a Municipal Corporation. Erode City Municipal Corporation started functioning in 2008, administering the same civic limit of 8.4 km2 covering only the Central Business District with a population of about 1,59,728. In 2011, four Municipalities (Grade-III) of [[Surampatti]], [[Veerappan Chatram]], [[Periya Semur]], [[Kasipalayam (E)|Kasipalayam]] and the Town Panchayats of [[BP Agraharam]] and [[suriyampalayam]] along with [[Thindal]], [[Villarasampatti]], [[Gangapuram, Erode|Gangapuram]], [[Ellapalayam]], [[Lakkapuram]], [[46 Pudur]] and [[Muthampalayam]] village panchayats were proposed to be merged with Erode City Municipal Corporation. Later, [[Lakkapuram]] and [[46 Pudur]] Panchayats backed up the plan and the Erode City Municipal Corporation expanded to all other civic bodies, over an area of 109.52 km² lying between River [[Cauvery]] in the East and [[National Highway 544 (India)|NH-544]] Bypass in the West, containing more than half-a-million population as per the census of 2011.

Recently, in 2024, the district administration submitted a proposal to the state government for the expansion of Erode municipal corporation by merging the adjoining village panchayats of Erode Panchayat Union (Kathirampatti, Mettunasuvampalayam) and Modakkurichi Panchayat Union (Elavamalai, 46 Pudur).

===Srinivasa Mudaliyar===
Srinivasa Mudaliar was an Indian politician and social worker who served as Chairman of Erode municipality for three terms. He was the founder of Erode Waterworks, [[VOC Park, Erode]] and present urban structure of Erode<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4zBRAQAAIAAJ&q=Erode+Srinivasa+Mudaliar Cambridge South Asian Studies, Issue 17]</ref>

==Chronological list of chairmen==
* A. M. Mac Riker (1871)
* Verner Alexander Brodie (1885–1888)
* K. C. Mahadeva Raja (1888–1891)
* G. M. Dance (1891–1893)
* T. M. Swaminatha Iyer (1893–1897)
* L. G. Moore (1897–1898)
* R. Ramachand Rao (1898–1899)
* M. Young (1899–1900)
* E. L. R. THornson (1900–1901)
* T. V. Gopalasami Iyer (1901–1902)
* Chappan Menon (1902–1903)
* A. W. Brough (1904–1905)
* M. V. Narayanasami Pillai (1905–1906)
* P. S. Singaravelu Pillai (1906–1907)
* A. Rangasamy Iyengar (1907–1908)
* W. H. H. Chatterton (1909–1910)
* U. R. Venkata Rao (1910–1911)
* T. Srinivasa Mudaliyar (1911–1917)
* [[E. V. Ramasamy Naicker]] (1917–1920)
* K. A. Kadir Mohideen Saheb (1920–1921)
* S. Sambasivam Pillai (1921–1925)
* T. Srinivasa Mudaliyar (1925–1927)
* K. Balasubbarayalu Naidu (1927–1930)
* Khan Saheb K. A. Sheik Dawood Saheb (1930–1935)
* [[K.N. Kuppusamy Pillai]] (1935–1940)
* [[S. Meenakshisundara Mudaliyar]] (1953–1955)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kalaimagalkalvinilayam.com/about_kalaimagal.html |title= Kalaimagal Kalvi Nilayam |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422164900/http://kalaimagalkalvinilayam.com/about_kalaimagal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* V.R.A. Manika Mudaliar <ref>{{cite book | author=Madras (India : State) | title=Fort Saint George Gazette | year=1964 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gqf9wfBjAIgC | language=hu | access-date=2021-04-13 | page=}}</ref>
* S. Arangarasan (1986–1991, 1996–2001)
* Ma. subramaiyan (2001–2006)
* K. Kumar Murugesh (2006–2007)

==Chronological List of Mayors and Deputy Mayors==
* K. Kumar Murugesh & B. Venkatachalam (2008–2011)
* Mallika Paramasivam & K. C. Palanisamy (2011–2016)

==Zones and Wards==
The area under Erode City Municipal Corporation has been administratively divided into 4 Zones with 15 Sub-divisions (Wards) in each. Each Ward containing nearly 10,000 of population and an average of 1.5lakhs in each Zone. The Corporation Mayor presides over the aligned 60 [[councillors]] who represent the 60 wards in the city. The Zonal headquarters were located at [[Suriyampalayam]], [[Periyasemur]], [[Surampatti]] and [[Kasipalayam (E)|Kasipalayam]] for Zone-1, 2, 3 & 4 respectively.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/AIADMK-candidates-in-Erode-file-papers/article15002813.ece
|title=AIADMK Candidates in Erode file papers|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Erode]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1872]]
[[Category:1872 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party

2025-10-04T14:48:38Z

Sbahin: quick update

{{short description|Minor Indian policital party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party
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The '''Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party''' ('''DRPP''') was a [[political party]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Manipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Singha|first=Komol|title=Identity, Contestation and Development in Northeast India|last2=Singh|first2=M. Amarjeet|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2015}}</ref> The party launched 23 candidates in the state assembly elections in 2002, out of whom two were elected - [[N. Biren Singh]] and [[Thokchom Meinya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_MN_02.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529110845/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_MN_02.pdf|archive-date=2005-05-29|access-date=2008-04-05}}</ref>

In total, the party received 51,916 votes. Post-elections, the party joined the [[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) in [[Manipur]]. Ahead of the 2004 [[Lok Sabha]] elections, the DRPP merged with the INC.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct political parties in Manipur]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Manipur]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Scientific temper

2025-09-28T17:21:47Z

Sbahin: typo fix

{{Short description|Form of free thinking}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

The term '''scientific temper''' is broadly defined as "a modest [[Open-mindedness|open-minded]] temper—develop new light, new [[knowledge]], new [[experiment]]s, even when their results are unfavourable to preconceived [[opinion]]s and long-cherished [[Theory|theories]]."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Diggle|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtSzmamY6fQC&dq=scientific+temper&pg=PA451|title=The Faith of Science|date=1898|publisher=The Expositor|editor-last=Nicoll|editor-first=W. Robertson|series=The Expositor (Fifth Series)|volume=VII|location=London|pages=451–452|language=en}}</ref> It is a way of life (defined in this context as an individual and social process of thinking and acting) which uses the [[scientific method]] and which may, consequently, include questioning, [[observation|observing]] [[physical body|physical]] [[reality]], [[experiment|testing]], [[hypothesis|hypothesizing]], analyzing, and communicating (not necessarily in that order). [[Conversation|Discussion]], [[argument]] and [[analysis]] are vital parts of scientific temper. It aims to inculcate the values of scientific thinking, appreciate scientific development,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chacko|first=Priya|date=2011|title=The search for a scientific temper: nuclear technology and the ambivalence of India's postcolonial modernity|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026021051000046X/type/journal_article|journal=Review of International Studies|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=185–208|doi=10.1017/S026021051000046X|s2cid=143681466|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and drive away superstition, religious bigotry, and all forms of pseudo-science.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raza|first1=Gauhar|last2=Singh|first2=Surjit|date=2018|title=Politics, Religion, Science and Scientific Temper|journal=Cultures of Science|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=39–51|doi=10.1177/209660831800100105|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Development of Scientific Temperament in World ==
Scientific temper as a notion existed for a long time, and the origin of the term is unknown. The exact terminology became frequently used in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ob9LAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22scientific+temper%22&pg=PA425|title=Saturday Review: Politics, Literature, Science and Art|date=1859|publisher=Saturday Review|pages=425|language=en|chapter=Mind and Body}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paget|first=James|date=1869|title=Clinical Lecture ON THE TREATMENT OF CARBUNCLE.|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673602653978|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=93|issue=2368|pages=73–75|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)65397-8}}</ref> A Jesuit scholar Thomas Aloysius Hughes gave a short definition in 1893, saying, "A scientific temper... means a scrupulous and rigid exactness... [which] is the outcome of exact science."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hughes|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9E1AQAAMAAJ|title=The American Catholic Quarterly Review|date=1893|publisher=Hardy and Mahony|volume=18|location=Philadelphia|pages=627|language=en|chapter=Anthropology: A historical Sketch}}</ref>

In his [[Conway Memorial Lecture]] in 1922, [[Bertrand Russell]] used the example of [[Albert Einstein]] to explain the meaning of scientific temper:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=Bertrand|title=Free Thought and Official Propaganda|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44932/44932-h/44932-h.htm|access-date=2021-06-05|website=www.gutenberg.org|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>We have had in recent years a brilliant example of the scientific temper of mind in the [[theory of relativity]] and its reception by the world. Einstein, a German-Swiss-Jew pacifist, was appointed to a research professorship by the German Government in the early days of the War; his [[General relativity|predictions]] were verified by an [[Eddington experiment|English expedition]] which observed the [[Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919|eclipse of 1919]], very soon after the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice]]. His theory upsets the whole theoretical framework of traditional physics; it is almost as damaging to [[Classical mechanics|orthodox dynamics]] as [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] was to ''[[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]''. Yet physicists everywhere have shown complete readiness to accept his theory as soon as it appeared that the evidence was in its favour. But none of them, least of all Einstein himself, would claim that he has said the last word. He has not built a monument of infallible dogma to stand for all time. There are difficulties he cannot solve; his doctrines will have to be modified in their turn as they have modified [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|Newton's]]. This critical undogmatic receptiveness is the true attitude of science.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Bertrand|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44932/44932-h/44932-h.htm|title=Free Thought and Official Propaganda|publisher=Watts & Co.|year=1922|location=London|pages=19–20}}</ref></blockquote>Beginning in 1946, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of independent [[India]], popularized the use of the phrase "scientific temper" to further propagate the notion.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mahanti|first1=Subodh|title=A Perspective on Scientific Temper in India|journal=Journal of Scientific Temper|date=2013|volume=1|issue=1|pages=46–62|url=http://op.niscair.res.in/index.php/JST/article/view/1099}}</ref> He gave a descriptive explanation in ''[[The Discovery of India]]'':<blockquote>The scientific temper points out the way along which man should travel. It is the temper of a free man. We live in a scientific age, so we are told, but there is little evidence of this temper in the people anywhere or even their leaders.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537001|title=The Discovery of India|date=1946|publisher=The Signet Press|location=Calcutta (India)|pages=453}}</ref>

[What is needed] is the scientific approach, the adventurous and yet critical temper of science, the search for [[truth]] and new [[knowledge]], the refusal to accept anything without testing and trial, the capacity to change previous conclusions in the face of new evidence, the reliance on observed fact and not on pre-conceived [[theory]], the hard discipline of the mind—all this is necessary, not merely for the application of science but for life itself and the solution of its many problems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537001|title=Ibid|date=1946|pages=452}}</ref></blockquote>Nehru wrote that the scientific temper goes beyond the domains to which science is conventionally understood to be limited to, and deals also with the consideration of ultimate purposes, [[aesthetics|beauty]], goodness and truth. He contended that the scientific temper is the opposite of the method of religion, which relies on emotion and intuition and is (mis)applied "to everything in life, even to those things which are capable of intellectual inquiry and observation." While religion tends to close the mind and produce "[[Social tolerance|intolerance]], [[credulity]] and [[superstition]], emotionalism and irrationalism", and "a temper of a dependent, unfree person", a scientific temper "is the temper of a [[freedom|free]] man." He also indicated that the scientific temper goes beyond [[objectivity (philosophy)|objectivity]] and fosters creativity and progress. He envisioned that the spread of scientific temper would be accompanied by a shrinking of the domain of [[religion]], and "the exciting adventure of fresh and never ceasing discoveries, of new panoramas opening out and new ways of living, adding to [life's] fullness and ever making it richer and more complete."<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Nehru|first1=Jawaharlal|title=The Discovery of India|publisher=Oxford: University Press|year=1989|edition=Centenary|page=513}}</ref> He also stated, "It is science alone that can solve the problems of [[malnutrition|hunger]] and [[poverty in India|poverty]], of insanitation and [[literacy in India|illiteracy]], of superstition and deadening custom and tradition, of vast resources running to waste, of a rich country inhabited by starving people."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kar |first1=Devi |date=21 August 2012 |title=The Need to Foster a Scientific Temper |work=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120821/jsp/opinion/story_15874879.jsp#.VJeYScFcBg |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212104758/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120821/jsp/opinion/story_15874879.jsp |archive-date=12 December 2016}}</ref>

== Recognition in India ==

=== Fundamental duty of Indian citizen ===
India is the first and only country to explicitly adopt scientific temper in its [[Constitution of India|constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srinivasan|first=Venkataraghavan|date=2020-05-27|title=Scientific temper: A Nehruvian thought that is much relevant today|url=https://thefederal.com/science/scientific-temper-a-nehruvian-thought-but-very-much-relevant-today/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bharti|first=Sunanda|date=2020-04-11|title=Spirit of Inquiry and Reform in the Era of Fake News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/will-why-i-love-law/spirit-of-inquiry-and-reform-in-the-era-of-fake-news-11803/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|forty-second amendment in 1976]], Article 51 A(h) was added under the [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India|Fundamental Duties]] that states:<blockquote>[It shall be the duty of every citizen of India] To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Durga Das |title=Introduction to the Constitution of India |publisher=[[Prentice Hall|Prentice Hall of India]] |year=1993 |isbn=81-203-0839-5 |edition=15th |place=New Delhi |page=131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 {{!}} National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-forty-second-amendment-act-1976|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Government actions ===
The first major programme under the [[Government of India]] to popularise scientific temper among the people was the ''Vigyan Mandir'' (temple of knowledge/science) experiment in 1953. It was created by [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar|S. S. Bhatnagar]], at the time Head of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), in Delhi and launched by Nehru on 15 August. Its purpose was to "disseminate scientific information of interest to the rural population" and the centres were furnished with scientific tools, films, and books.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Rautela|first1=G. S.|last2=Chowdhury|first2=Kanchan|date=2016-09-01|title=Science, Science Literacy and Communication|url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol51_2016_3_Art05.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=51|issue=3|pages=494–510|doi=10.16943/ijhs/2016/v51i3/48850|doi-access=free}}</ref>

CSIR started publishing a popular science periodical ''Vigyan Pragati'' (''Progress in Science'') in Hindi in 1952. It introduced an English monthly journal ''[[Science Reporter]]'' in 1964,<ref name=":02" /> and then an Urdu quarterly journal ''Science Ki Dunia''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bagla|first1=Pallava|title=Bridging the Communication Gap in Science and Technology: Lessons from India|last2=Binoy|first2=V. V.|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=978-981-10-1025-5|location=Singapore|pages=150–151|oclc=973396802}}</ref> In 1982, the [[National Council for Science and Technology Communication]] (NCSTC) was established under the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]. NCSTC "is mandated to communicate Science and Technology to masses, stimulate scientific and technological temper and coordinate and orchestrate such efforts throughout the country."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=National Council for Science & Technology Communication NCSTC|url=https://dst.gov.in/scientific-programmes/st-and-socio-economic-development/national-council-science-technology-communication-ncstc|access-date=25 March 2020|website=dst.gov.in}}</ref>

NCSTC organises annual programmes such as [[National Science Day]] and [[National Mathematics Day]], the National Children's Science Congress, National Teacher's Science Congress, and [[Science Express]].<ref name=":1" /> It specifically dedicated the National Science Day on 28 February 2014 to the theme "Fostering Scientific Temper" to spread Nehru's vision.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keshavamurthy|first1=H.R.|date=27 February 2014|title=Fostering Scientific Temper is Fundamental to Innovation and Progress|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=104309|access-date=22 December 2014|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India}}</ref>

The [[National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources]] launched the scholarly serial ''Journal of Scientific Temper'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Journal of Scientific Temper''|url=http://op.niscair.res.in/index.php/JST/index|access-date=22 December 2014|publisher=NISCAIR, India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Scientific method]]
[[Category:Philosophy of science]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Bertrand Russell]]

Kavita Chahal

2025-08-18T20:47:12Z

Sbahin: adding details...

{{Short description|Indian boxer (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox Boxer
| name = Kavita Chahal
| image =
| image_size = 180
| caption = Kavita with Arjuna Award
| birth_name = Kavita Chahal
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1985|04|08}}<ref name="Kavita">{{cite book |first=Kavita |last=Chahal |year=2013 |title=Unbreakable}}</ref>
| birth_place = Nimri, [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|m=1.75}}
| weight = {{convert|81|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| event =
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach = [[Jagdish Singh (boxer)|Jagdish Singh]]
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| show-medals =
| updated =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalSport | Women's [[boxing]]}}
{{MedalCompetition| [[World Police Games]]}} {{MedalGold|2019 [[Chengdu]] | 81+kg}}{{MedalGold|2017 [[California]] | 81+kg}}
{{MedalGold|2013 [[Belfast]] | 81+Kg}}
{{MedalCompetition| [[AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2010 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championship|2010 Bridgetown]] | 81+Kg}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2012 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championship|2012 Qinhuangdao]] | 81+Kg}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2008 [[Guwahati]] | 81+Kg}}
{{MedalBronze|2010 [[Astana]] | 81+Kg}}
{{MedalBronze|2012 [[Ulaanbaatar]] | 81+Kg}}
{{MedalCompetition|Asian Cup Women's Boxing Tournament}}
{{MedalBronze|2011 [[Haikou]] | 81+Kg}}
}}
'''Kavita Chahal''' (born 8 April 1985) is a 5' 9" tall heavyweight Indian female boxer and recipient of the highest world ranking 2 from 2012 to 2014 ([[International Boxing Association (amateur)|AIBA]] Ranking - 11 in 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://d152tffy3gbaeg.cloudfront.net/2015/09/W-81-kg.pdf |title=Women's Heavy (81+ kg) as of Oct 2016 |website=D152tffy3gbaeg.cloudfront.net |accessdate=2017-01-12}}</ref>) from the village Nimri which resides in the Bhiwani district, Haryana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaboxing.in/boxerdetails.php?regno=4847 |title=Indian Boxing Federation Boxer Details |website=Indiaboxing.in |date= |accessdate=2017-01-12}}</ref> In recognition of her achievements, the [[Government of India]] presented Chahal with the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2013.<ref name=Arjuna>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Sodhi-conferred-Khel-Ratna-Arjuna-awards-for-14-others/articleshow/22187996.cms |title=Sodhi conferred Khel Ratna; Arjuna awards for 14 others |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-08-31 |accessdate=2017-01-12}}</ref> Chahal is the first female boxer from Haryana to be presented with the Arjuna Award. Chahal is a twice-consecutive World Championship medallist, 3 Time Gold medalist in [[World Police Games]]. 4-Time Asian championship, Asian cup medallist. With 9 gold medals, she is a record holder in women's national championship boxing. She is a 5-time gold medallist in the Federation Cup, and 7-times Gold medalist in all india police games 2012 to 2018. Chahal 3-time gold medallist in the Inter-zonal Super Cup championship.

==Early life==
Kavita was born to Sh. Bhup Singh and Ramesh Devi on 8 April 1985 at Nimri in the [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]] district of [[Haryana]] (India). Bhiwani is a well-known area in national boxing and also known for the amateur-turned professional boxer [[Vijender Singh]].

Her initial training at boxing was handled by her father Bhup Singh, also a boxer. Once she had progressed, she then went on to train at the [[Bhiwani Boxing Club]] under the coach [[Jagdish Singh (boxer)|Jagdish Singh]], who also handles the training of the Indian Ace Male Pugilist.

After winning medals and accolades for her state, and India, she went on to also become the first female boxer of [[Haryana]] state to be presented with the [[Arjun Award]] in 2013.

==International achievements==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''SN'''
|'''Tournament'''
|'''Year'''
|'''Venue'''
|'''Result'''
|-
|1
|World Women Boxing Championship
|16-24 November 2014
|Jeju City, Korea
|5th
|-
|2
|3rd Nations Cup
|12 January 2014
|Serbia
|Bronze
|-
|3
|World Police Games
|1-10 Aug 2013
|Ireland
|Gold
|-
|4
|7th World Women‟s Boxing Championship
|9-20 May 2012
|China
|Bronze
|-
|5
|6th Asian Women‟s Boxing Championship
|16-26 March 2012
|Mongolia
|Bronze
|-
|6
|1st Asian Cup Women's Boxing Tournament
|7-8 May 2011
|Haikou, China
|Bronze
|-
|7
|6th World Women Boxing Championship
|7-19 September 2010
|Barbados, West indies
|Bronze
|-
|8
|5th Asian Women Boxing Championship
|23-31 May 2010
|Astana, Kazakisthan
|Bronze
|-
|9
|International Prime Ministry Boxing Tournament
|7 to 11 April 2010
|Turkey
|Bronze
|-
|10
|International Prime Ministry Boxing Tournament
|2009
|Turkey
|QF
|-
|11
|4th ASIAN WOMEN BOXING CHAMPIONSHIP
|2008
|Guwahati
|Silver
|-
|12
|DUAL TRAINING AND COMPETITION
|2008
|Canada
|Silver
|}

==National level achievements==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|S.No
|Tournament
|Date
|Venue
|Position
|-
|1
|All India Police Games
|1 March 2015 to 5 March 2015
|New Delhi
|'''Gold'''
|-
|2
|1st Monnet Elite Women National Boxing Championship
|11-16 October 2014
|Raipur, Chhattisgarh
|'''Gold'''
|-
|3
|14th Senior Women National Boxing Championship
|18 May 2013 to 23 May 2013
|Uttrakhand
|'''Gold'''
|-
|4
|13th Senior Women National Boxing Championship
|25 Nov. 2012 to 29 Nov. 2012
|Guwahati, Assam
|'''Gold'''
|-
|5
|61st All India Police Games
|Nov. 2012
|Delhi
|'''Gold'''
|-
|6
|60th All India Police Games
|March 2012
|Delhi
|'''Gold'''
|-
|7
|4th Inter Zonal Women's National Boxing Championship
|12 to 15 July 2012
|Andhrapradesh
|'''Gold'''
|-
|8
|All India Universities
|January 2011
|Udaipur
|'''Gold'''
|-
|9
|3rd Inter Zonal National Women Boxing Championship
|2011
|Puducherry
|'''Gold'''
|-
|10
|12th Sr. Women Boxing Championship
|2011
|Bhopal
|'''Gold'''
|-
|11
|34th Federation Cup Women Boxing Championship
|2011
|Nanital
|'''Gold'''
|-
|12
|1st Interzonal National Women Boxing Championship
|2010
|Tirupur (Tamil Nadu)
|'''Gold'''
|-
|13
|33rd Federation Cup Boxing Championship
|18 to 21 November 2010
|Nainital
|'''Gold'''
|-
|14
|10th Sr. Women national Boxing Championship
|2009
|Jamshedpur
|'''Gold'''
|-
|15
|N.C. Sharma Memorial Federation Cup Women Boxing Championship
|2009
|
|'''Gold'''
|-
|16
|Federation Cup Women Boxing Championship
|2009
|Tamil Nadu
|'''Gold'''
|-
|17
|9th Sr. Women National Boxing Championship
|November 2008
|Agra
|'''Gold'''
|-
|18
|Vizag Steel Sr. Women National Boxing Championship
|June 2008
|Vishakhapatnam
|'''Gold'''
|-
|19
|SRM Federation Cup 2007
|2007
|Kattankulathur, Kanchipuran (Tamil Nadu)
|'''Gold'''
|-
|20
|1st All India Women Sr. Boxing Championship
|2006
|Nainital
|'''Gold'''
|-
|21
|11th Senior Women National Boxing Championship
|5 to 10 December 2010
|Thrissur
|Silver
|-
|22
|7th Sr. Women National Boxing Championship
|December 2006
|Vishakhakapatnam
|Silver
|-
|23
|34th National Games in Jharkhand
|17 to 24 February 2011
|Jharkhand
|Bronze
|-
|24
|8th Sr. Women National Boxing Championship
|2007
|Rudarpur
|Bronze
|-
|'''25'''
|33rd National Games
|2007
|Guwahati
|Bronze
|}

==National level records==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''S. No.'''
|'''Tournament'''
|'''Date'''
|'''Venue'''
|'''Position'''
|-
|'''1'''
|1st Monnet Elite Women National Boxing Championship
|11-16 October 2014
|Raipur, Chhattisgarh
|'''Gold'''
|-
|'''2'''
|14th Senior Women National Boxing Championship
|18 May 2013 to 23 May 2013
|Uttrakhand
|'''Gold'''
|-
|'''3'''
|13th Senior Women National Boxing Championship
|25 Nov. 2012 to 29 Nov. 2012
|Guwahati, Assam
|'''Gold'''
|-
|'''4'''
|12th Sr. Women Boxing Championship
|2011
|Bhopal
|'''Gold'''
|-
|'''5'''
|10th Sr. Women national Boxing Championship
|2009
|Jamshedpur
|'''Gold'''
|-
|'''6'''
|9th Sr. Women National Boxing Championship
|November 2008
|Agra
|'''Gold'''
|-
|'''7'''
|Vizag Steel Sr. Women National Boxing Championship
|June 2008
|Vishakhapatnam
|'''Gold'''
|-
|'''8'''
|1st All India Women Sr. Boxing Championship
|2006
|Nainital
|'''Gold'''
|}

==Career best AIBA rankings==
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |'''(81+ KG)'''

'''EFFECTIVE DATE: JULY 1, 2012'''
|-
|'''WORLD'''

'''RANKING'''
|'''NAME'''
|'''COUNTRY'''
|'''POINTS'''
|'''PREVIOUS'''

'''RANKING'''
|-
|1
|LI, Yunfei
|CHINA
|2700
|1
|-
|2
|Kavita
|INDIA
|1700
|3
|-
|3
|YARALI, Semsi
|TURKEY
|1550
|2
|-
|4
|KUNGEIBAYEVA, Lazzat
|KAZAKHSTAN
|1400
|8
|-
|5
|SINETSKAY, Irina
|RUSSIA
|1300
|7
|-
|6
|VERNIC, Danijela
|CROATIA
|950
|14
|-
|7
|SHAMBIR, Kateryna
|UKRAINE
|950
|11
|-
|8
|KUZHEL, Kateryna
|UKRAINE
|800
|4
|-
|9
|CABRERA, Erika
|BRAZIL
|800
|5
|-
|10
|KRYLOVA, Viktoriya
|RUSSIA
|800
|6
|-
|11
|PEREZ, Victoria
|USA
|600
|9
|-
|12
|HAKHVERDYAN, Sona
|SWEDEN
|600
|10
|-
|13
|BALJINNYAM, Badamkhand
|MONGOLIA
|500
|12
|-
|14
|KILIC, Burcu
|TURKEY
|500
|13
|-
|15
|UKHARYOVA, Oxana
|KAZAKHSTAN
|450
|15
|-
|16
|SZATMARI, Petra
|HUNGARY
|400
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|17
|RICO, Denise
|USA
|400
|16
|-
|18
|SLOWIK, Anna
|POLAND
|390
|17
|-
|19
|HOSU, Adriana
|ROMANIA
|350
|18
|-
|20
|PAWLOWSKA, Izabela
|POLAND
|300
|19
|-
|21
|GHERGHEL, Diana
|ROMANIA
|250
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}

==Awards and recognitions==
* [[Arjun Award]] in 2013 <ref name=Arjuna />
* [[Bhim Award]] in 2014<ref name="Bhim-award">{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Haryana-to-honour-17-sportsperson-with-Bhim-award/articleshow/28969643.cms |title=Haryana to honour 17 sportsperson with 'Bhim' award |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-01-18 |accessdate=2017-01-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.haryanaboxing.com/boxerdetails.php?regno=4847 Haryana Boxing Profile]
*[http://sportscrunch.in/lets-perform-friends-and-make-our-toil-count-kavita-chahal/ Kavita Chahal- Success Story]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chahal, Kavita}}
[[Category:Indian women boxers]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:IBA Women's World Boxing Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

S. A. Sathya

2025-05-21T12:42:43Z

Sbahin: quick enhanced information as per guidelines and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
'''S. A. Sathya''' is an Indian politician and is [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Hosur (State Assembly Constituency)|Hosur constituency]] in the [[2019 elections in India|by-election in 2019]].<ref>[http://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=4339 My Neta]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/bypoll-aiadmk-wins-harur-pappireddipatty/articleshow/69472607.cms Bypoll: AIADMK wins Harur & Pappireddipatty]</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/250519/after-52-years-hosur-assembly-sends-dmk-member-to-house.html After 52 years, Hosur assembly sends DMK member to House]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathya, S. A.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Government College of Teacher Education Dharamsala

2025-02-22T20:42:54Z

Sbahin: typo fix

{{Short description|Public educational institute in Dharamsala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Government College of Teacher Education And…
|native_name =
|motto =
|image =
|established = 1956
|city = [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh]]
|country = India
|coordinates = {{coord|32.198|76.323|display=title,inline}}
|students =
|type = [[Public university|Public educational institute]]
|affiliations =
|website =
}}
'''Government College of Teacher Training''' in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], Himachal Pradesh, India.

==History==
Government College of Teacher Education Dharamsala was founded in October 1956 to meet the growing demand of trained [[teacher]]s for [[middle school|middle]] and [[secondary school]]s. It was affiliated with the [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Punjab University]] [[Chandigarh]], but after the reorganization of states in India and the creation of Himachal Pradesh, the college was affiliated with [[Himachal Pradesh University]] (HPU) Shimla, a co-educational institution catering to the needs of pre-service teacher-trainees only.<ref name=he>[http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/govt-college-of-teacher-education-2773.php Government College of Teacher Education Dharamsala.] highereducation.com Retrieved 8 August 2012.</ref>

In 1962 [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) New Delhi established an extension center at the Government College,<ref name=he/> to cater to the growing needs of in-service teachers in the district of [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]. The center grew to cater for the whole of [[Kangra district|Kangra]] (which included present-day [[Una District|Una]] and [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] districts). This department disseminated information to in-service teachers in the fields of curriculum, [[educational methodology|methodology]], evaluation and other similar fields in education, to continue their professional growth.

In 1994, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] in New Delhi upgraded the "College of Education" to the "State College of Teacher Education".<ref name=he/> The college has blossomed into a "Center of Excellence" in teacher training programs for pre-service as well as in-service teaching. It is the only [[Government of India|government]] institution in Himachal Pradesh which supplies trained teachers to all of Himachal Pradesh, and has contributed significantly towards meeting the manpower requirement of secondary schools.

== See also ==
* [[List of teacher education schools in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcte.in Government College of Teacher Education]

{{Higher education in India}}

[[Category:Colleges of education in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Dharamshala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

{{HimachalPradesh-university-stub}}

Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran

2025-01-01T10:35:20Z

Sbahin: adding a biography...

{{short description|Indian social reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1863|10|25}}
| birth_place = Mallappally, Perumpally, [[Thiruvalla]], [[Travancore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1934|10|16|1863|10|25}}
| death_place = Kerala
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| other_names =
| occupation = Social reformer, dalit activist, Sree Moolam Popular Assembly member
| alma mater =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = {{ublist|Kanthan|Mani}}
| notable_works =
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran''' was a social reformer and [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly|Sree Moolam Prajasabha]] member from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He was a member of the Sree Moolam Prajasabha from 1915 to 1932. In 1911 August 29 he founded the organization ''Brahma Pratyaksha Sadhujana Paripalana Parayar Sangam''.
{{Renaissance of Kerala}}

==Biography==
Kandan Kumaran was born on 25 October 1863, the son of Kandan and Mani, in the Kavarikulam family, a backward family in Perumpatty, a remote village near Mallapalli, in the [[Thiruvalla taluk]], which was part of the then [[Travancore]] kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=അനിരുദ്ധന്‍ |first=ആര്‍ |date=2024-02-05 |title=കാവാരിക്കുളം കണ്ടന്‍ കുമാരന്‍: പറയ സമുദായത്തില്‍ പരിഷ്‌കരണവും പുരോഗതിയും സാധ്യമാക്കിയ വിപ്ലവകാരി |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/analysis/kavarikulam-kandan-kumaran-244600 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>

Kumaran's family has been tenants and dependents for generations.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/> The parents' job was farming and plowing.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/> He told his parents that he want to study, but they were helpless.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/> His neighbor Kittu Pillai Asan secretly taught him [[Malayalam]] and [[Sanskrit]]. While others tried to stop it, Kumaran did not back down. He learned to read, write and preach well by his own efforts.

Kandan Kumaran was involved in community reform by founding the organization ''Brahma Pratyaksha Sadhujana Paripalana Parayar Sangam''.<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=കാവാരികുളം കണ്ടന്‍ കുമാരനും ദളിത് പ്രശ്നവും |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-13-10-2019/827465 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2021-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211004635/https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-13-10-2019/827465 |url-status=live }}</ref> He started the organization on 29 August 1911 to overcome the challenges faced by the [[Paraiyar|Paraya]] community.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> The goal of the organization was "land, education and government jobs" for the community members.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> The weekly Bhajan Maths were converted into night schools.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Recognizing the importance of personal empowerment in organizational work, he called to strengthen the mind through meditation and the body through exercise.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> He not only established and operated 52 one-teacher schools but also sought to gain access to public schools for children from his own community.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> The schools he started in [[Travancore]] were later taken over by the government and converted into government welfare schools.<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=കാവാരിക്കുളം കണ്ഠൻ കുമാരന്റെ ജന്മദിനാഘോഷം നാളെ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kollam/2021/10/23/kollam-kavarikulam-kandan-kumaran.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2021-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210173932/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kollam/2021/10/23/kollam-kavarikulam-kandan-kumaran.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kumaran was a member of the Sree Moolam Prajasabha from 1915 to 1932.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> He had been walking for days to reach the Prajasabha meeting in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> Kandan Kumaran was the first in the Prajasabha to demand that poor students be given lunch and a lump sum grant.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> He brought to the notice of the Prajasabha the issue of scholarships for students, barriers to getting employment in the government service, and the problems of laborers.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> Among the backward castes, after [[Ayyankali]], Kandankumaran was the longest serving (14 years) Prajasabha member.<ref name="Keralakaumudi">{{cite news |last1=Daily |first1=Keralakaumudi |title=അറിവിനെ ആയുധമാക്കിയ പോരാളി |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=418850 |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2021-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210183722/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=418850 |url-status=live }}</ref> His historic speech in the Prajasabha on 22 February 1917 is noteworthy for a number of reasons.<ref name="Janmabhumi">{{cite news |title=ചരിത്രത്തിന്റെ ഈടുവയ്പായ പ്രജാസഭ പ്രസംഗത്തിന് ഫെബ്രുവരി 22ന് 103 വയസ്; വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിലൂടെ ഉണര്‍വേകിയ കണ്ടന്‍ കുമാരന്‍ |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/article/103-years-of-age-on-february-22-for-the-eloquent-praja-sabha-speech-of-history-kandan-kumaran-aroused-by-education |work=Janmabhumi |language=ml |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118073240/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/article/103-years-of-age-on-february-22-for-the-eloquent-praja-sabha-speech-of-history-kandan-kumaran-aroused-by-education |url-status=live }}</ref> "The upper castes oppose the admission of children from my community to government schools, even though the education code does not prohibit it. Therefore, my community runs 52 schools in Kunnathoor, [[Mavelikkara]], Thiruvalla, [[Ambalappuzha]], [[Changanassery]] and Peerumed taluks" he said in his speech.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> The literacy rate of the Parayar community, which was only 0.05 per cent in the 1911 census, has risen to 23 per cent in the 1931 census, is a perfect example of Kandan Kumaran's unique and enduring campaign.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/>

He died on 16 October 1934.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

==Legacy==
Inaugurating Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran Memorial Trust, then Kerala finance minister [[T. M. Thomas Isaac|Thomas Isaac]] said that Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran was a man who has made significant contributions to the history of the [[Kerala reformation movement|Renaissance in Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |title=കാവാരികുളം കണ്ഠൻ കുമാരൻ നവോത്ഥാന ചരിത്രത്തിൽ മായാത്ത വ്യക്തിയെന്ന് മന്ത്രി ഐസക് |url=https://www.rashtradeepika.com/kavarikulam-kandan-kumaran-thomas-isac/ |work=RashtraDeepika |date=3 May 2019 |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182844/https://www.rashtradeepika.com/kavarikulam-kandan-kumaran-thomas-isac/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Books on him==
His biography named ''Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran: orucharithra padanam'' (Meaning: Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran: a historial study), published by the [[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] and written by Prof. S. Kochukunju, a history teacher and eminent writer was published on 15 May 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=കാവരികുളം കണ്ടൻകുമാരൻ ഒരുചരിത്രപഠനം പുസ്തകം 15ന് മന്ത്രി ജെ.മേഴ്‌സിക്കുട്ടി അമ്മ പ്രക... |url=https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/bharath/keralam/kavarikulam-kandan-kumaran-book-146719 |work=www.marunadanmalayalee.com |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118214808/https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/bharath/keralam/kavarikulam-kandan-kumaran-book-146719 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The book ''Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran jeevithavum Prajasabha prasangangalum'', {{ISBN|9780000118097}} (Meaning: Kavarikulam Kandan Kumaran Life and Prajasabha Speeches) edited by R. Ramakrishnan and published by Mythri books was published in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://210.212.229.146/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=31048&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=42699 |title=കാവാരികുളം കണ്ടന്‍ കുമാരന്‍: ജീവിതവും പ്രജാസഭ പ്രസംഗങ്ങളും |date=2019 |publisher=മൈത്രി ബുക്സ് |editor-last=Ramakrishnan |editor-first=R. |location=തിരുവനന്തപുരം}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandan Kumaran, Kavarikulam}}
[[Category:Indian anti-caste leaders]]
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:Members of the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Activists from Kerala]]

Loha Pahalwan

2024-06-26T14:42:54Z

Sbahin: General improvements to article content

{{short description|2018 Indian Bhojpuri-language action drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Loha Pahalwan
| image = Loha Pahalwan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Iqbal Baksh
| producer = {{unbulleted list|Sanjay A Nishad|Ramesh Vyas}}
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Prakash Jais
| based_on = 
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Pawan Singh]]|[[Payas Pandit]]|Sushil Singh|Prakash Jais|Dev Singh}}
| narrator =
| music = Chhote Baba
| cinematography = K Venkat Mahesh
| editing = Kunal Prabhu
| studio = {{unbulleted list|Lakshmi Ganpathy Films|Nishad Productions}}
| distributor = Worldwide Records Bhojpuri
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|9|21}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''''Loha Pahalwan''''' is a 2018 [[Indian Cinema|Indian]] [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]-language action drama film directed by Iqbal Baksh and produced by Sanjay A Nishad and Ramesh Vyas with co-produced by Sushil Singh under banner of "Lakshmi Ganpathy Films" and "Nishad Productions". The film features [[Pawan Singh]] and Payas Pandit in the lead role while Sushil Singh, Prakash Jais, Dev Singh, Pushpak Chawla, Deepak Sinha, Santosh Pahalwan, Dhama Verma, Shraddha Naval, Heera Yadav also play pivotal roles. [[Seema Singh]] and Glori Mohanta make a special appearance in songs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-cinema-pawan-singh-loha-pahalwan-trailer-masala-movie-1830231|title=पावरस्टार पवन सिंह बन गए 'लोहा पहलवान, बोले- 'न रिपोर्ट, न गिरफ्तारी, फैसला ऑन द स्पॉट'|work=NDTV India|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-superstar-pawan-singhs-loha-pahalwan-is-not-the-only-2018-release-list-of-his-films-releasing-this-year-2092100.html|title=Bhojpuri superstar Pawan Singh's 'Loha Pahalwan' is not the only 2018 release|work=Zee News|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/superstar-pawan-singhs-song-ratiya-ke-rani-is-a-complete-filmy-track/articleshow/64272486.cms|title=Superstar Pawan Singh's song 'Ratiya Ke Rani' is a complete filmy track|newspaper=Times Of India|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bhojpuri/watch-the-latest-video-song-of-pawan-singh/406650|title=एक बार फिर इंटरनेट पर छा गए पवन सिंह, लाखों बार देखा जा चुका है उनका यह VIDEO|work=Zee News|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Pawan Singh]] as Loha Singh
*[[Payas Pandit]] as Suman
*Sushil Singh as Pahalwan
*Prakash Jais as 97-98
*Dev Singh as Vikky (Pahalwan's Elder Son)
*Pushpak Chawla as Munna (Pahalwan's Younger Son)
*Deepak Sinha as Constable Rampal
* Dhama Verma as Constable
* Santosh Pahalwan as Jageshwar (Pahalwan's henchman)
* Shraddha Naval as Loha's Mother
* Jafar Khan as Loha's Father
*Heera Yadav as A Villan
*Glori Mohanta as Special appearance in song "Nanado Mal De Na"
*[[Seema Singh]] as Special appearance in song "Aai Maai Haradi"<ref>{{Cite web|title=पवन सिंह की फिल्म में सीमा का सेक्सी डांस, बढ़ी दर्शकों की बेसब्री|url=https://www.newstracklive.com/news/seema-singh-seema-singh--item-dance-loha-pahalwan-item-song--aai-mai-haradi--aai-mai-haradi-video-song--aai-mai-haradi-song-sc89-nu-1238888-1.html|date=14 September 2018|website=News Track|language=Hindi|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

==Production==
Filming for this film was done in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], Tulsi Vihar ([[Madh Island|Madh]]), Subham Banglow and [[Chandivali|Chandiwali]] in [[Mumbai]]. The film was got U/A certificate by [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board of India]] without any cut.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The cinematography has been done by K Venkat Mahesh while choreography is by Rikki Gupta and Ram Devan. Art direction done by Manish Shirke. It was edited by Kunal Prabhu while action direction by Heera Yadav. VFX done by "Fiction Animation Studio". Editing and post-production done by "Ganraj Associates".<ref name=":1" />

==Release==
The film's theatrically release scheduled on 14 September 2018;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pawan Singh starrer Loha Pahalwan to release in September|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/pawan-singh-starrer-loha-pahalwan-to-release-in-september-2140161.html|date=11 September 2018|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Pawan Singh's much-awaited 'Loha Pahalwan' to release on 14 September - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/pawan-singhs-much-awaited-loha-pahalwan-to-release-on-14-september/articleshow/65770838.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> but due to some issue, film was released on 21 September 2018 on all theatres of [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Gujarat]] and received a massive opening and has been running housefull in theatres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Pawan Singh's Loha Pahalwan gets massive opening in Bihar, Jharkhand|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/pawan-singhs-loha-pahalwan-gets-massive-opening-in-bihar-jharkhand-2149609.html|date=20 October 2018|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> On 2 October 2018, film released in the all theatre of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='लोहा पहलवान' के लिए दिल थाम के बैठिए, इस दिन होगा बड़ा धमाका|url=https://www.newstracklive.com/news/loha-pahalwan-loha-pahalwan-release-date-pawan-singh-bhojpuri-cinema-bhojpuri-films-bhojuri-stars-bhojpuri-actress-bhojpuri-actors-upcoming-bhojpuri-film-latest-bhojpuri-movie-sc89-nu-1239872-1.html|date=19 September 2018|website=News Track|language=Hindi|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Loha Pahalwan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Chhote Baba
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2018||}}
| recorded =
| venue = Mumbai
| studio = Web & Famous Studio
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=22|s=20}}
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| label = Worldwide Records Bhojpuri
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack for "Loha Pahalwan" was composed by Chhote Baba with lyrics penned by Azad Singh, Manoj Matlabi, Sujit Singh Chandrawanshi and Munna Dubey. The soundtrack included large number of songs at 6. It was produced under the "Worldwide Records Bhojpuri" label, who also bought his satellite rights. Full album recorded by [[Pawan Singh]], [[Indu Sonali]], Alka Jha, Priyanka Singh and Mamta Rawat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pawan Singh and Payas Pandit's Bhojpuri Gana 'Ratiya Ke Rani' from 'Loha Pahalwan'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bhojpuri/pawan-singh-bhojpuri-song-hot-videos-bhojpuri-gana-video-song-ratiya-ke-rani-from-loha-pahalwan-ft-pawan-singh-and-payas-pandit/videoshow/72388030.cms|last=|first=|date=5 December 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[Indu Sonali]]
| lyrics1 = Manoj Matlabi
| total_length = 22:20
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title7 =
| title6 = Nanado Mal De Na
| length6 = 3:54
| length5 = 3:36
| title5 = Ghume Ghume Raja
| length4 = 3:18
| title4 = Ratiya Ke Rani
| length3 = 3:50
| title3 = Chahe Le Tohra Ke
| length2 = 3:46
| title2 = Aanch Nahi Ave Dehab
| length1 = 3:56
| title1 = Aai Mai Haradi
| all_music =
| lyrics2 = Azad Singh
| extra2 = [[Pawan Singh]], Alka Jha
| lyrics3 = Azad Singh
| extra3 = [[Pawan Singh]], Alka Jha
| lyrics4 = Sujit Singh Chandravanshi
| extra4 = [[Pawan Singh]], Alka Jha
| lyrics5 = Azad Singh
| extra6 = Mamta Rawat
| all_lyrics =
| lyrics6 = Munna Dubey
| extra7 =
| lyrics7 =
| extra8 =
| lyrics8 =
| extra9 =
| lyrics9 =
| extra10 =
| lyrics10 =
| all_writing =
| extra5 = [[Pawan Singh]], Priyanka Singh
}}

==Marketing==
The trailer was this film was released on 12 March 2018 on the official [[YouTube]] channel of "Worldwide Records Bhojpuri" which crossed over 6 million views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/pawan-singh-s-loha-pahalwan-action-packed-trailer-out-watch-2089019.html|title=Pawan Singh's Loha Pahalwan: Action-packed trailer out|work=Zee News|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref>

The film online stream at [[Online video platform]] site [[YouTube]] on 23 November 2019 on same sub-handle of trailer released and it got 10 million views on [[YouTube]] till now.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=LOHA PAHALWAN {{!}} Pawan Singh, Sushil Singh, Payas Pandit {{!}} BHOJPURI SUPERHIT MOVIE 2019 {{!}} Subtitles|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HPVOTKo2gII|last=Worldwide Records Bhojpuri|date=29 November 2018|website=[[YouTube]]|type=Video|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2010s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action drama films]]

Rajana (clan)

2024-06-24T13:40:08Z

Sbahin: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Raja]]

Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Cardiology

2024-02-17T03:43:21Z

Sbahin: add page additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Clinical cardiology program}}{{Infobox organization
| logo = PDCCC-logo.png
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| formation = 2005
| type = Medical professional
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters =
| language =English
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| budget =
| name = Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Cardiology
| msize =
| malt =
| mcaption =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = PGDCC
| location = India
| region_served = All over India
| membership =
| President = 
| num_staff =
| affiliations = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.pgdcc.icu/}}
}}

The '''Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Cardiology''' (PGDCC) is a cardiology residency for post-MBBS doctors, provided by the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU) along with the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], Government of India.<ref name=":222">{{Cite news |date=2015-08-12 |title=War of words over qualification |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/war-of-words-over-qualification/article7533069.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] started the PGDCC program in 2005 in association with IGNOU. It's a two-year full-time clinical residency program akin to [[National Board of Examinations]]' (NBE) DNB programs and trains medical professionals in clinical cardiology.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-10-30 |title=History of the Department of Cardiology, Assam Medical College & Hospital - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/life/history-of-the-department-of-cardiology-assam-medical-college-hospital-620889 |access-date= |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref> It ran for six years and was the first cardiology course in the entire Northeastern states. It was launched by the former Health Minister of India, Dr. Anbumoni Ramadoss to develop a group of non-interventional cardiologists for rural cardiology development. PGDCC was open to MBBS degree holders.<ref name=":33" /> The course was conducted in 67 tertiary care hospitals, including seven medical colleges (government institutions included) nationwide. PGDCC was taught alongside DM and DNB cardiology programs, with shared teaching staff.<ref name=":023">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Mudit |date=2023-07-16 |title=Shortage of specialists behind alarming rise in cardiovascular deaths in rural areas {{!}} Tehelka |url=http://tehelka.com/shortage-of-specialists-behind-alarming-rise-in-cardiovascular-deaths-in-rural-areas/ |access-date= |website=tehelka.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Eligibility criteria ==
MBBS doctors must clear the [[Common Eligibility Test|CET]] national entrance exam and a viva in cardiology. Upon completing the program, they submit logbooks and sit for a final national exit exam, including clinical assessment and viva conducted by external professors. Passing candidates join the university's graduation ceremony to receive diplomas.<ref name=":023"/>

== PGDCC faculty & teaching institutions ==

* [[Padma Bhushan|Padma Bushan]] [[Devi Shetty|Dr Devi Shetty]]
* [[Padma Shri|Padmashri]] Prof [[G. Vijayaraghavan|Dr Vijayaraghavan]]
* [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Naresh Trehan|Dr Naresh Trehan]]
* [[K. M. Cherian (doctor)|Padmashri Dr K.M Cherian]]
* Prof Dr George Cherian (CMC Vellore)
* [[Ramakanta Panda|Dr Ramakanta Panda]]

PGDCC course was conducted in the following medical institutes

* U N Mehta Institute of Cardiology & Research Centre - Gujarat
* [[Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Medanta|Medanta Delhi]]
* [[Narayana Health|Narayana Hrudayalaya]]
* [[Fortis Healthcare|Fortis Hospitals]]
* [[Asian Heart Institute]]
* [[Bombay Hospital|Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Center]]
* [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[CARE Hospitals|CARE Hospitals Hyderabad]]
* [[Assam Medical College]]
* [[St. John's Medical College|St John's Medical College]]
* [[Pushpagiri Medical College]]
* [[Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences]]
* BM Birla Heart Research Centre
* Frontier Lifeline Hospital (Dr. K.M. Cherian Heart Foundation)
* [[Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Apollo Hospitals]]

== Controversy ==
The IGNOU ([[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]) had applied twice to the MCI for recognition, but it was refused both times. The MCI cited reasons such as lack of prior permission from the [[Government of India|Central Government]], absence of qualification nomenclature in the Post Graduate Medical Education Regulations (PGMER) of 2000, and non-conformity with the Medical Council Act.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-07-02 |title=IGNOU PGDCC not recognised by MCI Board of Governors: Health Minister tells parliament |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/ignou-pgdcc-not-recognised-by-mci-board-of-governors-health-minister-tells-parliament |access-date= |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Heartbreaking Consequence of Government’s Failure 2006-2023: Denying Rural Communities Access to Life-Saving Cardiology Care for the Poor and Needy |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/the-heartbreaking-consequence-of-governments-failure-2006-2023-denying-rural-communities-access-to-life-saving-cardiology-care-for-the-poor-and-needy |access-date= |website=firstindia |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Indian Association of Clinical Cardiologists]] (IACC) filed a writ petition against the MCI, and the [[Delhi High Court]], after examining the relevant laws, ruled in favor of IGNOU in September 2019.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Varghese |first=Anuja Susan |date=24 September 2019 |title=Delhi HC order on clinical cardiology course buoys state practitioners’ hopes - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/states/kerala/2019/sep/24/delhi-hc-order-on-clinical-cardiology-course-buoys-state-practitioners-hopes-2038095.html |access-date= |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> The court held that IGNOU did not require prior permission from the Central Government as per the Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985. The court directed the Central Government to consider the recognition of PGDCC qualification under the relevant section of the Indian Medical Council Act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Karan |date=2019-09-21 |title=Delhi HC Directs Centre To Consider IGNOU's Plea Seeking Recognition Of Its PG Diploma Course Under The IMC Act [Read Judgment] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/recognition-of-its-pg-diploma-course-148311 |access-date= |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

However, despite the court's judgment, the MCI and the newly formed [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC) came up with additional grounds for non-recognition, including nomenclature issues, mandatory examination inspections, and non-conforming hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=1,700 cardiologists lose specialist tag after MCI order - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/1700-cardiologists-lose-specialist-tag-after-mci-order/73921408 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref> These grounds were deemed unsustainable as the retrospective recognition was granted to the Diploma in Cardiology of [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College|GSVM Medical College]], [[Kanpur]] in 2019 without assessing the curriculum or inspecting the institution. Furthermore, the lack of a thesis or research projects by PGDCC candidates has also been considered invalid since no medical diploma courses in the country require a thesis.<ref name=":222"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Barsha |date=2022-05-09 |title=IGNOU PGDCC practising as cardiologists, Telangana Medical Council initiates action, doctors reach court |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/ignou-pgdcc-practising-as-cardiologists-telangana-medical-council-initiates-action-doctors-reach-court-92666 |access-date= |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref>

In support of recognizing PGDCC, the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) recognized a diploma course in non-invasive cardiology in May 2020. This decision further highlighted the need for recognizing PGDCC. The retrospective recognition granted to the diploma in cardiology of GSVM Medical College, Kanpur in 2019 by the Central Government itself, without proper assessment and inspection, also strengthens the case for recognizing PGDCC.<ref name=":12" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.pgdcc.icu/}}
* [http://www.ignou.ac.in/ignou/aboutignou/school/sohs/programmes/detail/221/1 PGDCC] on [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|IGNOU]]
* [http://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/programme/Programme%20Guide%20of%20PGDCC%20Progroamme_Final-01-11-2011.pdf Programme guide of PGDCC]
* [https://www.dhli.in/education-research PGDCC - Delhi Heart and Lung Institute]
* [https://singhaniauniversity.co.in/downloads/IGNOU-vs-MCI-High-Court-Judgement.pdf IGNOU vs MCI High Court Judgement]

[[Category:Examinations in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Medical education in India]]

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Mundaka Kanni Amman Temple

2022-05-25T06:42:19Z

Sbahin: Article enhanced with better details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Mundaka Kanni Amman Temple
| image = Mundakakanniamman temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai]]
| location = [[Chennai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Mariamman]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Mundaka Kanni Amman Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in the neighbourhood of [[Mylapore]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is dedicated to [[Mariamman]] and used to be famous for [[animal sacrifices]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} The temple is one of the most famous shrines dedicated to Mariamman.

The neighbourhood is served by [[Mundakanniamman Koil (Chennai MRTS)|Mundakanniamman Koil railway station]] of the [[Chennai MRTS]] on the Chennai Beach - [[Velachery]] line.

==Location==
In the Luz-Sanlthome road, at the left an arch could be seen. Through that route this temple could be reached.

==Structure==
In the rear side of the presiding deity a tree is found. It is worshipped as the Temple tree. <ref name="vikatan"/> Facing east, this temple has a three-tier [[gopura]]. Sacred [[fig|Ficus religiosa]] trees are found inside the temple. [[Vinayaka]] and [[Nāga]]s are also found inside.

==Presiding deity==
Mundakanniamman is the presiding deity of the temple. She is one of the [[Avatar]]s of Renukadevi and one among the Saptakannis. <ref name="vikatan">[https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/temples/glory-of-mayilappur-mundagakkanniyamman-temple சுயம்புவாய்த் தோன்றி பக்தர்களுக்கு அருள் செய்யும் ஆயிரம் ஆண்டுப் பழமையான முண்டகக்கண்ணியம்மன் கோயில், விகடன், 22 சூலை 2019] </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=17 அருள்மிகு முண்டகக்கண்ணி அம்மன் கோயில் மற்றும் திருவள்ளுவர் திருக்கோயில், மயிலாப்பூர், சென்னை, திருக்கோயில் தளம்]
* [https://www.shakthionline.com/news/must-read/3817-mundagakanni-amman-koil-magimaigal.html மயிலை முண்டகக்கண்ணி அம்மன் கோயில் கூழின் மகிமைகள்.... சக்தி ஆன்லைன், 19 சூலை 2019]
* {{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|page=25|ISBN=978-81-7478-177-2|publisher=Sura Books}}

{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]

National Highway 11B (India)

2016-06-17T12:18:22Z

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