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Nucleya

2026-05-06T18:55:40Z

Saurabh pal: put up entry

{{Short description|Indian DJ}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Nucleya
| image =
| caption = Nucleya in 2018
| birth_name = Udyan Sagar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|12|07}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| origin = [[Ahmedabad]], India
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
*[[Bass music]]
*[[Moombahton]]
*[[Desi hip hop]]
*[[Indian pop]]
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|DJ|[[Remixer]]|Record producer}}
| years_active = 1998–present
| associated_acts = [[Ritviz]], [[Divine (rapper)|DIVINE]], [[Bandish Projekt]], [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]]
}}

'''Udyan Sagar''', better known by his stage name '''Nucleya''', is an Indian electronic [[Record producer|music producer]] and DJ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/the-hot-list-2016-nucleya-music-producer-dj/|title=The Hot List 2016: Nucleya (Music Producer/DJ) -|website=rollingstoneindia.com|language=en-US|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/bass-for-impact-udyan-sagar-nucleya|title=Why Nucleya Is A Force To Be Reckoned With|date=24 February 2017|work=Verve Magazine|access-date=4 August 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/nucleya/|title=Nucleya -|website=rollingstoneindia.com|language=en-US|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2016|title='I don't like mainstream EDM' says DJ Nucleya|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/i-don-t-like-mainstream-edm-says-dj-nucleya/story-Fm52ycucHdrazTuSPEV4tM.html|access-date=14 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1998, Udyan co-founded [[Bandish Projekt]] with Mayur Narvekar and Mehirr Nath Choppra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nucleya |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/3fHjMmFLv5FBrsKZ0RrtCD7/nucleya |access-date=21 July 2024 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> In 2007, Udyan left Bandish Projekt after working with Mayur for about 12 years, and rebuilt himself as "Nucleya". After leaving Bandish Projekt his career struggled quite a bit initially. He drew inspiration from South Indian film music<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-13 |title=Nucleya Hits The Road With South Indian Dubstep |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/nucleya-hits-the-road-with-south-indian-dubstep/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> and Indian street music,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |title='Paintra' creator Nucleya on working on 'Mukkabaaz', the rise of local EDM, and his new album |url=https://scroll.in/reel/861953/paintra-creator-nucleya-on-working-on-mukkabaaz-the-rise-of-local-edm-and-his-new-album |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> and released his first EP ''Koocha Monster'' in 2013. In 2015, Nucleya released his debut album, ''Bass Rani'', at a Ganpati visarjan on the streets of Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-03 |title=Music review: Grand return of the dance master |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/music/1147-music-review-grand-return-dance-master |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref> In the following year, he released another album ''Raja Baja''. 2019 marked the release of "Tota Myna".

In 2021, he released an EP titled ''Baaraat'' in collaboration with [[Ritviz]]. The four track EP was accompanied by a series of [[Non-fungible token|NFTs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ritviz, Nucleya in first collab for 'Baaraat', NFT marketplace |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/music/ritviz-nucleya-first-collab-baaraat-nft-marketplace-1502994459.html |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=en |date=14 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=Nucleya reflects back on his journey into EDM Music, returning to Weekender Delhi and more |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nucleya-reflects-back-on-his-journey-into-edm-music-returning-to-weekender-delhi-and-more-10624741.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

Nucleya, in collaboration with [[All India Bakchod|AIB]], hosted and picked the winners of [[Bacardi]] House Party Sessions<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bacardi, OML, AIB & Nucleya hunt for talent with Bacardi House Party Sessions |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Bacardi-OML-AIB-Nucleya-hunt-for-talent-with-Bacardi-House-Party-Sessions/01-12-2017-133404 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Everything Experiential |language=en}}</ref> in 2017. He also judged the first season of the Indian hip hop reality show ''[[MTV Hustle]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Author: Editorial|date=10 September 2019|title=MTV Hustle: Get To Know The Judges|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/mtv-hustle-get-know-judges/2019/09/10|access-date=14 August 2020|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US}}</ref> He has performed at [[Electric Daisy Carnival|EDC]] Las Vegas and Mexico, the Bacardi [[NH7 Weekender]], [[Sunburn Festival]], Zomaland by [[Zomato]], [[VH1 (Indian TV channel)|VH1]] Supersonic and [[YouTube]] Fanfest. He has opened for and performed with [[Skrillex]], [[Major Lazer]], [[DJ Snake]] and [[Krewella]].

== Personal life ==
In 2008, he married his long-term girlfriend Smriti Choudhary. The couple currently lives in Goa,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/inside-the-jet-setting-life-of-nucleya/|title=Inside the Jet-Setting Life of Nucleya|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> with their son Guri, who was born in 2011. Guri has featured on some of Nucleya's tracks as "Guri Gangsta".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/artist/guri-gangsta-songs/XJIfNeSGLBo_|title=Guri Gangsta|website=www.saavn.com|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Albums and EPs ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!Year
!Album / EP
!Track
!Artist(s)
!Note(s)
|-
| rowspan="6" |2009
| rowspan="3" |''Pragat Pritam''
|Pragat Pritam
| rowspan="3" |Nucleya
|
|-
|Pragat Pritam (Dub)
|
|-
|Beat 1
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''Beat 1''
|Beat 1
| rowspan="3" |Nucleya
|
|-
|Beat 1 (Nuphlo Remix)
|
|-
|Beat 1 (Deaf Bass Twins Remix)
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2010
| rowspan="7" |''Horn Ok Please''
|Dum Maro Dum (Remix)
|Nucleya, MC JD & [[R. D. Burman]]
| rowspan="7" |Remixes of famous retro [[Hindi film music|Bollywood songs]]
|-
|Chandan Sa Bandan (Remix)
|Nucleya & [[Kalyanji–Anandji|Kalyanji-Anandji]]
|-
|Boom Boom (Remix)
|Nucleya, Shivang & [[Biddu]]
|-
|Disco Dancer (Remix)
|Nucleya, [[Bappi Lahiri]] & Anuj Matthews
|-
|Mein Ek Chor (Remix)
|Nucleya & [[R. D. Burman]]
|-
|Raat Baki (Remix)
|Nucleya, Sound Avtar, [[Bappi Lahiri]] & Anuj Matthews
|-
|Aao Huzur (Remix)
|Nucleya & [[O. P. Nayyar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011
| rowspan="4" |''Khandit Nayaka''
|Khandit Nayaka (Original Mix)
| rowspan="4" |Nucleya
|
|-
|Khandit Nayaka (B.R.E.E.D. Remix)
|
|-
|Khandit Nayaka (Piyush Bhatnagar Remix)
|
|-
|Khandit Nayaka (iSIDE Remix)
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012
| rowspan="5" |''In My Heart Remixes''
|In My Heart (David Hiller Remix)
| rowspan="5" |Nucleya
|
|-
|In My Heart (Dead Battery Remix)
|
|-
|In My Heart (Nucleya VIP Remix)
|
|-
|In My Heart (Oh Tebins! Remix)
|
|-
|In My Heart (Original Mix)
|Featured in the compilation "dimmSummer Presents: Sub Continental Bass"
|-
| rowspan="6" |2013
| rowspan="6" |''Koocha Monster''
|Street Boy
||Nucleya
|
|-
|Bell Gaadi
|Nucleya ft. [[Chinnaponnu|Chinna Ponnu]] & Relok
|
|-
|Akkad Bakkad
|Nucleya
|
|-
|Bangla Bass
|Nucleya ft. Mou Sultana & Brooklyn Shanti
|
|-
|Jamrock
|Nucleya
|
|-
|New Delhi Nuttah
|Nucleya ft. Delhi Sultanate
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2015
| rowspan="8" |''Bass Rani''
|Jungle Raja
|Nucleya ft. [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]]
|
|-
|Laung Gawacha
|Nucleya ft. Avneet Khurmi
|
|-
|Bass Rani
|Nucleya
|Featured in the compilation "[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] Presents Electric Asia, Vol. 1"<ref>{{Cite web |title=An evolution: Billboard presents Electric Asia |url=https://mixmag.asia/feature/an-evolution-billboard-presents-electric-asia |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Mixmag Asia}}</ref>
|-
|Aaja
|Nucleya ft. Avneet Khurmi & Guri Gangsta
|
|-
|Chennai Bass
|Nucleya ft. [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]] & Chinna Ponnu
|
|-
|Heer
|Nucleya ft. [[Shruti Pathak]]
|Remix of song released as part of ''[[The Dewarists]]''
|-
|Mumbai Dance
|Nucleya ft. Julius Sylvest & Gagan Mudgal
|
|-
|F**K Nucleya
|Nucleya
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
| rowspan="6" |''Raja Baja''
|Take Me There
|Nucleya ft. KAVYA
|Featured in the compilation "[[Electric Daisy Carnival|EDC]] Las Vegas 2017"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilmore |first=Grant |date=2017-06-09 |title=Insomniac Records' EDCLV 2017 Compilation Album Is Out Now! |url=https://edmidentity.com/2017/06/09/edc-las-vegas-2017-compilation/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=EDM Identity |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Bhayanak Atma
|Nucleya ft. Gagan Mudgal
|
|-
|Scene Kya Hai
|Nucleya & DIVINE
|
|-
|Jind Mahi
|Nucleya ft. Avneet Khurmi
|
|-
|Bakar Bakar
|Nucleya
|Featured in the 2023 film ''[[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse]]''
|-
|Lights
|Nucleya
|Featured in the compilation "EDC Mexico 2017"<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bein |first=Kat |date=2017-02-17 |title=Get a Taste of the EDC Mexico Experience With This 2017 Lineup Mini-Mix: Exclusive |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/edc-mexico-2017-lineup-mix-7694192/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019
| rowspan="6" |''Tota Myna''
|Lori
|Nucleya ft. [[Vibha Saraf]]
|
|-
|Mirza
|Nucleya ft. Rashmeet Kaur & [[Raftaar]]
|
|-
|Sohneya
|Nucleya ft. Avneet Khurmi & Soltan
|
|-
|Mahiya
|Nucleya ft. Rashmeet Kaur & Whales
|
|-
|Out of Your Mind
|Nucleya ft. [[Shruti Haasan]]
|
|-
|Going to America
|Nucleya ft. [[Anirudh Ravichander]] & [[Anthony Daasan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
| rowspan="4" |''Baaraat''
|Sathi
| rowspan="4" |[[Ritviz]] & Nucleya
|
|-
|Ari Ari
|
|-
|Roz
|
|-
|Baaraat
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023-2024
| rowspan="6" |''Chamkillah''
|Jogi
|Goldie Sohel & Nucleya
|
|-
|Kobita
|Nucleya ft. [[Zubeen Garg]] & Puna
|
|-
|Kamli
|Nucleya ft. Mitika Kanwar & Da Fyer
|
|-
|Khoye Panchi
|Osho Jain & Nucleya
|
|-
|Lightyears
|Nucleya ft. [[Tsumyoki]] & Da Fyer
|
|-
|Narenge Narenge
|Nucleya & [[Benny Dayal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2026
| rowspan="10" |''Diggi Bumba''
|Diggi Bumba
|Nucleya & [[Anu Malik]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=What’s new, Nucleya? The Indian DJ and music producer talks about his new album ’Diggi Bumba’ |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/indian-dj-and-music-producer-nucleya-talks-about-his-new-album-diggi-bumba-personal-life-philosophy-23614868 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Gup Chup
|Nucleya & RjDV
|
|-
|Death Roll
|Nucleya & [[Arya Dhayal]]
|
|-
|Jogan
|Nucleya & Gulshan Kumar
|
|-
|Kadhi Kadhi
|Nucleya & Dorwin John
|
|-
|Happy Mood
|Nucleya & Anthony Daasan
|
|-
|Nerenge Nerenge
|Nucleya & Benny Dayal
|
|-
|Sitaram
|Nucleya & Chirag Katti
|
|-
|Death Roll (VIP)
|Nucleya & Arya Dhayal
|
|-
|Bhayanak Atma (VIP)
|Nucleya & Gagan Mudgal
|
|}

=== Singles and collaborations ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!Year
!Track
!Artist(s)
!Note(s)
|-
|2010
|Tonic (Nucleya Remix)
|[[MIDIval Punditz]] & Nucleya
|From the EP ''Tonic Remixes'' by MIDIval Punditz
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|Electro Me
|Shivang & Nucleya
|
|-
|16 Athamita Kasi (Nucleya Remix)
|[[Ranidu Lankage|Ranidu]] & Nucleya
|From the album ''Hinahenne Mung'' by Ranidu
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|Tamil Fever
|Nucleya & [[Benny Dayal]]
|Adapted for the song "Let's Nacho"
|-
|Little Lotto
|Alo Wala & Nucleya ft. MC Zulu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|Bacardi Drop
|Nucleya
|Anthem of [[Bacardi]] House Party Sessions
|-
|Memories
|Nucleya & [[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
|Released as part of ''[[The Dewarists]]''
|-
|2017
|Dhoop
|Nucleya ft. [[Vibha Saraf]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|Yaaron (Yari Version)
|[[Clinton Cerejo]] & Nucleya
|From the compilation "Yaari Jam" by [[Sony Music India]]
|-
|Good on You<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8545240/krewella-interview-zero-album-good-on-you |title=Krewella announce ''Zer0'' album: 'We want people to feel like they're part of something big' |last=Bein |first=Kat |date=3 December 2019 |magazine=Billboard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205104804/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8545240/krewella-interview-zero-album-good-on-you |archive-date=5 December 2019 |accessdate=23 December 2019}}</ref>
|[[Krewella]] & Nucleya
|From the album ''zer0'' by Krewella
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|Thandi Hawa (Nucleya Remix)
|[[Ritviz]] & Nucleya
|From the EP ''Thandi Hawa (Official Remixes)'' by Ritviz
|-
|Vajantri
|Perk Pietrek & Nucleya
|
|-
|Jadi Buti
|[[Major Lazer]] & Nucleya ft. Rashmeet Kaur
|From the album ''[[Music Is the Weapon (Reloaded)]]'' by Major Lazer
|-
|Tere Bina
|Nucleya ft. Avneet Khurmi
|Released in collaboration with [[OnePlus]] to promote the BWZ Bass Edition earphones
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|Jadi Buti (Nucleya VIP Remix)
|Major Lazer & Nucleya ft. Rashmeet Kaur
|From the album [[Music Is the Weapon|''Music Is the Weapon (Remixes)'']] by Major Lazer
|-
|Kanaa
|Nucleya, 2jaym & [[Sublahshini]]
|Released as part of Bacardi Sessions
|-
|Jaldi Aao
|Nucleya
|Released in collaboration with [[Netflix]] India to promote the show ''[[Money Heist]]''
|-
|2024
|Kobita
|Nucleya, [[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|-
|}

=== Film music ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Music
!Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
|2009
|''[[Short Kut]]''
|Patli Galli (Remix)
|[[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]], DJ Nasha
|rowspan=6|
|-
|2016
|''[[Kapoor & Sons]]''
|Let's Nacho
|[[Benny Dayal]], Nucleya
|Benny Dayal, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2017
|rowspan=2|''[[Mukkabaaz]]''
|Paintra
|rowspan=2|Nucleya
|rowspan=2|[[Divine (rapper)|DIVINE]]
|-
|Paintra (Extended Version)
|-
|2018
|[[High Jack (film)|''High Jack'']]
|Behka
|[[Vibha Saraf]], Nucleya
|Vibha Saraf
|-
|2020
|[[Choked (film)|''Choked: Paisa Bolta Hai'']]
|Nerugi
|Benny Dayal, Nucleya
|Benny Dayal
|-
|2023
|''[[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse]]''
|Bakar Bakar
|Nucleya
|Solo
|Hindi Dub
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Recipient
!Outcome
!Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| rowspan="2" |Global Indian Music Awards
| rowspan="2" |Best Electronica Single
|Alo Wala & Nucleya ft. MC Zulu – Little Lotto
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=GiMA :: Non Film Nominees 2016 |url=http://www.gima.co.in/non-film-nominations.php |access-date=4 August 2017 |website=www.gima.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Nucleya ft. [[Divine (rapper)|DIVINE]] – Jungle Raja
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|Critics' Choice Album of The Year
|[[Kapoor & Sons]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102232/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/ |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=4 August 2017 |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Album]]
|Kapoor & Sons
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Music Album 2016 Nominees {{!}} Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2017/nominations/best-music-album |access-date=4 August 2017 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]
|[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Indian Act|Best Indian Act]]
| Nucleya |Nucleya
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2017 |title=MTV EMA 2017: Hard Kaur wins Best India Act |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/mtv-ema-2017-hard-kaur-wins-best-india-act-4937292/ |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>
|}

== Documentaries ==

* ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teIbUyVheio Nucleya - Ride To The Roots]''. 2017 documentary, [[Red Bull]] Media House, 29 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saraiya |first=Naman |date=2017-08-11 |title=Rooting for Nucleya |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/rooting-for-nucleya/article19475877.ece |access-date=2022-07-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://open.spotify.com/artist/2CkrXQPoBz8jTQ3u0ZeLPh Nucleya] on [[Spotify]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/NucleyaProductions Nucleya] on [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7933842/ Nucleya] on [[IMDb]]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian electronic musicians]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Alok Kumar Chakrawal

2026-05-06T14:02:47Z

Saurabh pal: starting the biography v1.

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Alok Kumar Chakrawal.jpg
| name = Alok Kumar Chakrawal
| office = Vice-chancellor of [[Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya]]
| term_start = 23 July 2021
| term_end =
| chancellor =
| predecessor = Anjila Gupta
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|9|20}}
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Alok Kumar Chakrawal''' is an Indian academic and author who is the vice chancellor of [[Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya]] (A Central University) [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/MjI0NDc= |title= Prof. Alok Kumar Chakrawal, Vice Chancellor, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur meeting with the President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu, at Rashtrapati Bhavan on Aug 22, 2022. |website=Rashtrapati Bhavan|accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ggu.ac.in/page/vice-chancellors-message|title= Prof. Alok Kumar Chakrawal, Vice Chancellor, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur |website= GGU|accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
He became the vice chancellor of Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya in 2021. Before joining as the VC he was working as a professor, Department of Commerce & Business Administration, also worked as the Coordinator, Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) [[Saurashtra University]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://saurashtrauniversity.edu/university/academic-departments/department-of-commerce-business-administration/staff/dr-alokkumar-chakrawal|title= Prof. Alok Kumar Chakrawal |website= Saurashtra University |accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref>

He is a member of The Executive Council of the Centre For Narendra Modi Study: CNMS (NaMo Kendra),<ref>{{cite web|url= https://risingkashmir.com/vc-prof-alok-chakrawal-joins-governing-council-member-of-centre-for-narendra-modi-studies |title=VC Prof Alok Chakrawal joins Governing Council – Member of Center for Narendra Modi Studies |website=Rising Kashmir |date=4 December 2024 |accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref> nominated to represent Indian Universities in the Court and Council of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore from the Western Region,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/98022421.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title=Chhattisgarh's Prof Chakrawal nominated in Court and Council of IISc |website= Times of India |date=17 February 2023 |accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref> and a member of the governing council of the [[Association of Indian Universities]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aiu.ac.in/governance.php |title=Association of Indian Universities |website= AIU |accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref>

He also serves as the Secretary the [[All India Management Association]] (AIMA), HMA and Sr. DGM, Hardwar Management Association.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aima.in/lma-network/north |title=LMA Network North |website= AIMA |accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref>

According to [[Rising Kashmir]], he led various research projects, won awards for best papers at international conferences, and guided many Ph.D. and M.Phil. scholars.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://risingkashmir.com/vc-prof-alok-chakrawal-joins-governing-council-member-of-centre-for-narendra-modi-studies |title=VC Prof Alok Chakrawal joins Governing Council – Member of Center for Narendra Modi Studies |website=Rising Kashmir |date=4 December 2024 |accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

In early January 2026 a [https://x.com/Benarasiyaa/status/2009836182532960496 video started grabbing attention on internet], which showed footage of event held on January 3, a one-day event "Samkalin Hindi Kahani : Badalte Jeevan Sandarbh" (Contemporary Hindi Story: Changing life Contexts) that was held in Guru Ghasidas college in collaboration with Sahitya Academy to appreciate novels, during the event Chakrawal was seen telling his own story in video as a published writer of 20+ books, after few minutes in video he calls out invited writer [[:hi:मनोज रूपड़ा|Manoj Rupda]] for being unfocused on his speech, who was found out playing random reels in social media in the front seat, by saying "are you getting bored?" At the remark Rupda says that he isn't getting bored, however Chakrawal continues the remark by saying that Rupda doesn't have manner of how to talk to a vice chancellor, he tells Rupda to get out of room, and remarks to faculty that who invited him here and never invite him again, after this Rupda starts to leave the room but is asked to stay by other faculty members however Chakrawal tells the faculty members to stop trying and let him go as he is not interested in the speech he is telling as he is scrolling reels in the front-seat. Many other artists follow Rupda to exit the room, after Rupda leaves Chakrawal continues his speech.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=VC asks writer Manoj Rupda to leave seminar at Chhattisgarh varsity; later says outrage 'blown out of proportion' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vc-asks-writer-manoj-rupda-to-leave-seminar-at-chhattisgarh-varsity-later-says-outrage-blown-out-of-proportion-10465109/ |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEducation.com |title=Chhattisgarh: Varsity VC asks litterateur to leave seminar; triggers protests by writers, activists |url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/higher-education/chhattisgarh-varsity-vc-asks-litterateur-to-leave-seminar-triggers-protests-by-writers-activists/126425743 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=ETEducation.com |language=en}}</ref>

This event triggered statewide rage amongst novelists and also triggered multiple protests against Chakrawal by the other writers in support of Manoj Rupda, Chakrawal faced heavy criticism by other writers, on social media it sparked heated discussions about how much egoist & unprofessional Chakrawal has become to not respect an invited guest and writer after becoming Vice Chancellor, even though it was a mistake by Rupda to play reels in the front seat while a Vice Chancellor is speaking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-11 |title=On Dignity, Discourse, And A Vice-Chancellor's Role In Public Spaces |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/dignity-discourse-and-academic-leadership-in-public-life |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=Writers Protest Alleged Insult at GGU Seminar, Demand Removal of Vice-Chancellor |url=https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/states/chhattisgarh/writers-protest-alleged-insult-at-ggu-seminar-demand-removal-of/article-12184 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=english.dainikjagranmpcg.com |language=en}}</ref>

Chakrawal later stated to media that he noticed Rupda was unfocused, busy with his mobile and doing something else as well as he felt Rupda's reply was disrespectful and he was being treated unfairly by the society

Former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh, who never showed any interest for the Central University activity earlier, created a political propaganda and said that Chakrawal's behavior was highly condemnable and tarnished dignity of the position.<ref>https://x.com/bhupeshbaghel/status/2009619400639623299?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E2009619400639623299%7Ctwgr%5E48882e602620d8bf5c7697a2e3fb4a361435fd00%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fd-30049202112967246888.ampproject.net%2F2603032146000%2Fframe.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title='Bore toh nahin ho rahe?': Row erupts after Chhattisgarh varsity V-C asks writer Manoj Rupda to leave seminar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bore-to-nhi-ho-rhe-row-escalates-after-chhattisgarh-vc-asks-writer-manoj-rupda-to-leave-seminar-following-spa-101768051106621.html |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFnCmf1JTAY Shri Alok Chakrawal addressed the All India#TeachingSamagamExpressed his views on the subject]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5nbI3JpY8E An Interview with Prof. Alok Kumar Chakrawal, VC of GGU on DoorDarshan DD Meghalaya]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrawal, Alok Kumar}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]

Aishwarya Lekshmi

2026-05-06T08:10:57Z

Saurabh pal: starting a data initial version

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aishwarya Lekshmi
| image = Aishwarya Lekshmi (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 230
| caption = Aishwarya in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|9|6}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| education = [[Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum]]
Sacred Heart Convent Girls Higher Secondary School, [[Kerala]]
Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, [[Kerala]] ([[MBBS]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer}}
| title =
| partner =
| awards =
| honours =
| signature =
| years active = 2017–present
}}

'''Aishwarya Lekshmi''' (born 6 September 1991) is an Indian actress and producer who works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil Cinema|Tamil]] films. She has received one [[Filmfare Award South]], one [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]], one [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award]] and three [[SIIMA Awards]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |title=Winners: 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617071126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Aishwarya Lekshmi made her acting debut with the 2017 Malayalam film ''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]'', which earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Aishwarya-Lekshmi-to-play-Nivins-heroine/articleshow/51328254.cms |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi to play Nivin's heroine |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819100033/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Aishwarya-Lekshmi-to-play-Nivins-heroine/articleshow/51328254.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She went on receive praises for ''[[Mayaanadhi]]'' (2017), ''[[Varathan]]'' (2018), ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' (2021), the two-part Tamil epic ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022), which is her highest grossing releases and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2023), ''[[Ammu (2022 film)|Ammu]]'' (2022), ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]'' (2022), ''[[Gatta Kusthi]]'' (2022), ''[[Hello Mummy]]'' (2024) and ''[[Maaman]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/CB513A82005291CB |title=Action (2019) |website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]] |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117031600/http://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/CB513A82005291CB |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/why-hindi-dubbed-movies-are-growing/article32962562.ece |title=Not lost in translation: Why the Hindi dubbed versions of South Indian films are in demand |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 October 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |quote=The Hindi-dubbed version of Tamil film Action starring Vishal and Tamannaah Bhatia — a film which underperformed critically and commercially upon release — has 74 million views on YouTube in under three weeks of its upload. |last1=S |first1=Srivatsan |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029022607/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/why-hindi-dubbed-movies-are-growing/article32962562.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Lekshmi was born on 6 September 1991 in [[Trivandrum|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Aishwarya Lekshmi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-aishwarya-lekshmi-5-pictures-of-the-diva-that-will-charm-you-instantly/photostory/77943640.cms |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005034347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-aishwarya-lekshmi-5-pictures-of-the-diva-that-will-charm-you-instantly/photostory/77943640.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2021 |title=Actor Aishwarya Lekshmi tests positive for COVID-19, says she 'took it easy' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-aishwarya-lekshmi-tests-positive-covid-19-says-she-took-it-easy-146827 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409060446/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-aishwarya-lekshmi-tests-positive-covid-19-says-she-took-it-easy-146827 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FWDmedia |date=2017-08-03 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi: Breathing New Life Into South Indian Cinema |url=https://fwdlife.in/aishwarya-lekshmi-breathing-new-life-south-indian-cinema |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=FWD Life {{!}} The Premium Lifestyle Magazine {{!}} |language=en-US |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531110834/https://fwdlife.in/aishwarya-lekshmi-breathing-new-life-south-indian-cinema |url-status=live }}</ref> She did her schooling at the [[Holy Angel's Convent Thiruvananthapuram]] and at Sacred Heart Convent Girls Higher Secondary School, Angamaly.<ref>{{cite news |title=I want to be remembered by the characters I do: 'Mayaanadhi' Aishwarya Lekshmi to TNM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-want-be-remembered-characters-i-do-mayaanadhi-aishwarya-lekshmi-tnm-74857 |work=The News Minute |date=17 January 2018 |language=en |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108225225/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-want-be-remembered-characters-i-do-mayaanadhi-aishwarya-lekshmi-tnm-74857 |url-status=live }}</ref> She completed her [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree from [[List of Sree Narayana Institutions|Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], in 2017. She later completed her internship at the institute.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

Lekshmi has been modelling since 2014. She has appeared on the covers of magazines such as ''Flower World'', ''Salt Studio'', ''[[Vanitha]]'' and ''FWD Life''. She has modelled for brands such as Chemmanur Jewellers, Karikkineth Silks, La Brenda, Ezva Boutique, Akshaya Jewels and Sri Lakshmi Jewellery among others.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/19/destinys-child-aishwarya-lekshmi-meet-the-debutant-heroine-of-nivin-paulys-njandukalude-naattil-1645380.html |title='Destiny's child' Aishwarya Lekshmi: Meet the debutant heroine of Nivin Pauly's Njandukalude Naattil Oridavela |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820120532/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/19/destinys-child-aishwarya-lekshmi-meet-the-debutant-heroine-of-nivin-paulys-njandukalude-naattil-1645380.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Debut and breakthrough (2017-2021) ===
Lekshmi states that she "never planned on acting", but gave her audition for Althaf Salim's 2017 film ''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]'' starring [[Nivin Pauly]] and was cast in a prominent role.<ref name="The Times of India"/> She then played an aspiring actress in the romantic thriller ''[[Mayaanadhi]]'' opposite [[Tovino Thomas]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Mayaanadhi' actress Aishwarya Lekshmi opens up about the film, Tovino |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/12/23/mayaanadhi-actress-aiswarya-opens-up-about-the-film-tovino.html |access-date=5 January 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 December 2017 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233710/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/12/23/mayaanadhi-actress-aiswarya-opens-up-about-the-film-tovino.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film became a major success. Neelima Mohan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' called her the "heart and soul" of the film and added, "Emotions flit easily across her face—as a lover, the struggling model, the mortified daughter. She is a natural."<ref>{{cite news |author=Manoj Kumar R. |date=4 January 2018 |title=The best Malayalam films of 2017: Take Off, Angamaly Diaries and Ramaleela find place in the list |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/best-malayalam-films-of-2017-take-off-angamaly-diaries-ramaleela-5005812/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> In 2018, she appeared in ''[[Varathan]]'' opposite [[Fahadh Faasil]], a box office success.<ref>{{cite news|last=M. K.|first=Surendhar|title=Devadas earns Rs 29 cr in four-day opening weekend; Fahadh Faasil's Varathan rakes in record breaking numbers|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/devadas-earns-rs-29-cr-in-four-day-opening-weekend-fahadh-faasils-varathan-rakes-in-record-breaking-numbers-5322471.html|access-date=10 November 2018|work=Firstpost|date=5 October 2018}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith stated, "Aishwarya gets her own mass moment too through her act."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2018/sep/23/varathan-review-a-blistering-and-immensely-satisfying-revenge-thriller-8000.html|title=Varathan Review: A blistering and immensely satisfying revenge thriller|website=Cinemaexpress.xom|date=23 September 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, Lekshmi had three Malayalam releases: ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' opposite [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/vijay-superum-pournamiyum-movie-pooja-held-in-kochi/articleshow/64807220.cms |title=Vijay Superum Pournamiyum' movie pooja held in Kochi |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 December 2018 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213051450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/vijay-superum-pournamiyum-movie-pooja-held-in-kochi/articleshow/64807220.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Argentina Fans Kaattoorkadavu]]'' opposite [[Kalidas Jayaram]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalidas-and-aishwarya-lekshmi-are-classmates-in-midhun-manuel-thomas-film-argentina-fans-kaattoorkadavu/articleshow/66987856.cms |title=Kalidas and Aishwarya Lekshmi are classmates in Midhun Manuel Thomas film Argentina Fans Kaattoorkadavu |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505000652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kalidas-and-aishwarya-lekshmi-are-classmates-in-midhun-manuel-thomas-film-argentina-fans-kaattoorkadavu/articleshow/66987856.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Brother's Day]]'' alongside [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]].<ref>{{cite news |last=George |first=Vijay |title='Brother's Day' is a family thriller, says Kalabhavan Shajohn |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brothers-day-is-a-family-thriller-says-actor-and-mimicry-artiste-kalabhavan-shajohn-who-has-directed-the-film/article29329389.ece |accessdate=5 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 September 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023103110/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brothers-day-is-a-family-thriller-says-actor-and-mimicry-artiste-kalabhavan-shajohn-who-has-directed-the-film/article29329389.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She also made her Tamil debut that year, with ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]'', opposite [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=Action Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/action/movie-review/72069574.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191115101204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/action/movie-review/72069574.cms |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2021, she first appeared in the Tamil film ''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]'' opposite [[Dhanush]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=28 June 2021 |title=Karthik Subbaraj on criticism for Jagame Thandhiram: 'It's got lot of love and hate' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/karthik-subbaraj-on-criticism-for-jagame-thandhiram-it-s-got-lot-of-love-and-hate-101624864613219.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128175058/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/karthik-subbaraj-on-criticism-for-jagame-thandhiram-it-s-got-lot-of-love-and-hate-101624864613219.html |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> and then had two Malayalam film releases, ''Laughing Budha'' and ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' opposite Tovino Thomas.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaanekkaane-tovino-thomas-and-aishwarya-lekshmi-team-up-once-again/articleshow/78336556.cms | title='Kaanekkaane': Tovino Thomas and Aishwarya Lekshmi team up once again | work=The Times of India | date=26 September 2020 | access-date=12 September 2021 | archive-date=13 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913101228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaanekkaane-tovino-thomas-and-aishwarya-lekshmi-team-up-once-again/articleshow/78336556.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anna MM Vetticad]] noted, "Tovino and Aishwarya are as immersed in their roles as they usually are, making it hard to unequivocally pass judgement against their characters."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaanekkaane-movie-review-riveting-cinema-with-a-contentious-take-on-lapses-of-conscience-9979771.html |title=Kaanekkaane movie review: Riveting cinema with a contentious take on lapses of conscience |work=Firstpost |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213123/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaanekkaane-movie-review-riveting-cinema-with-a-contentious-take-on-lapses-of-conscience-9979771.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Career expansion and progression (2022-present) ===
The year 2022 was a turning point in her career with nine film releases. Among these, only ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]'', ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' and ''[[Gatta Kusthi]]'' emerged as commercial successes. Apart from a cameo in ''Gargi'', which she also co-produced,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi Breaks Down At Her Production 'Gargi' Press Meet |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/aishwarya-lekshmi-breaks-down-at-gargi-press-meet-news-207538 |access-date=2022-07-07 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707170542/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/aishwarya-lekshmi-breaks-down-at-gargi-press-meet-news-207538 |url-status=live }}</ref> she appeared in the anthology ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa]]'', in ''[[Godse (film)|Godse]]'' alongside [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]], her Telugu debut, in ''[[Captain (2022 film)|Captain]]'' opposite [[Arya (actor)|Arya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Godse Movie Review: Satyadev shines in this message-oriented mystery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/godse/amp_movie_review/92282578.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/captain-movie-review-arya-s-film-is-poor-man-s-predator-1997867-2022-09-08 |title=Captain Movie Review: Arya's film is poor man's Predator |newspaper=India Today |date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908084816/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/captain-movie-review-arya-s-film-is-poor-man-s-predator-1997867-2022-09-08 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' saw her play [[Poonguzhali]] opposite [[Ashwin Kakumanu]]. The film emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|fifth highest-grossing Tamil film of all time]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan I box office: Aishwarya Rai-starrer crosses ₹500 crore worldwide, only the second Tamil film to do so |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-box-office-aishwarya-rai-starrer-crosses-500-crore-worldwide-only-the-second-tamil-film-to-do-so-101668752375767.html |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118070414/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-i-box-office-aishwarya-rai-starrer-crosses-500-crore-worldwide-only-the-second-tamil-film-to-do-so-101668752375767.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She received praises for playing the titular role of a teacher in ''[[Archana 31 Not Out]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2022 |title=Archana 31 not out review: Aishwarya Lekshmi shines in tiring watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mollywood-movie-review/arachana-31-not-out-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-7767841/ |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> a domestic violence victim in ''[[Ammu (2022 film)|Ammu]]'' and an orphan in ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kumari-movie-review-immersive-fantasy-horror-drama-pulled-down-by-a-shallow-script/article66064518.ece |title='Kumari' movie review: Immersive fantasy-horror drama pulled down by a shallow script |first=S. r |last=Praveen |date=28 October 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> For ''Ammu'', Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted, "As the helpless wife, Aishwarya plays her part so well. This is one of her best performances."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ammu-movie-review-chilling-story-of-a-woman-s-fight-against-domestic-violence-101666174126962.html|title=Ammu movie review: Chilling story of a woman's fight against domestic violence| date=20 October 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Her last release that year was ''Gatta Kusthi'', where she played a wrestler opposite [[Vishnu Vishal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2022 |title='Gatta Kusthi' box office collection day 1: Vishnu Vishal starrer mints Rs 4 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/gatta-kusthi-box-office-collection-day-1-vishnu-vishal-starrer-mints-rs-4-crore/articleshow/95967327.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=Though it received a minimal response during the initial hours, with good reviews from critics and the movie audience, through word of mouth, the film is slowly picking up its pace and it is expected that over the weekend it will make a good collection at the box office. |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205010530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/gatta-kusthi-box-office-collection-day-1-vishnu-vishal-starrer-mints-rs-4-crore/articleshow/95967327.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' stated, "Aishwarya sells the role effortlessly with both comedy and action."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Gatta Kusthi Movie Review: This effective comedy needed more sensitivity |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/dec/02/gatta-kusthi-movie-reviewthis-effective-comedy-needed-more-sensitivity-37296.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203075856/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/dec/02/gatta-kusthi-movie-reviewthis-effective-comedy-needed-more-sensitivity-37296.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, Lekshmi first appeared in ''[[Christopher (film)|Christopher]]'' alongside [[Mammootty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher Movie: ക്രിസ്റ്റഫർ കളക്ഷൻ റിപ്പോർട്ട് പുറത്ത്; കേരളത്തിൽ നേടിയത് ഇത്രയും |trans-title=Christopher Movie: Christopher Collection Report Out; Kerala has achieved this much |url=https://zeenews-india-com.translate.goog/malayalam/movies/christopher-movie-first-day-box-office-original-collection-report-126339/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=Zee Malayalam News|date=10 February 2023 }}</ref> Gayathri Gokul of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' stated that she does justice to her role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/02/09/christopher-review-mammootty-stands-out-in-a-stylish-thriller-that-lacks-depth.html|title='Christopher' review: Mammootty stands out in a stylish thriller that lacks depth|website=The Week}}</ref> Lekshmi then reprised her character in the sequel ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=1 May 2023 |title="Ponniyin Selvan 2 review: Mani Ratnam finally takes some creative liberty and it works" |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ponniyin-selvan-2-movie-review-ps-2-mani-ratnam-vikram-aishwarya-rai-8580814/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506035958/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ponniyin-selvan-2-movie-review-ps-2-mani-ratnam-vikram-aishwarya-rai-8580814/ |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Later, she appeared opposite [[Dulquer Salmaan]] in ''[[King of Kotha]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=24 August 2023 |title=King of Kotha Review: A Clever, Self-Aware Action Drama Turns Into An Empty Postcard Of Daggers And Swagger |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/king-of-kotha-review-a-clever-self-aware-action-drama-turns-into-an-empty-postcard-of-daggers-and-swagger-dulquer-salmaan |website=Film Companion}}</ref> Lekshmi's first film of 2024 was ''[[Pon Ondru Kanden]]'' opposite [[Ashok Selvan]], which simultaneously released on OTT and television.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=15 April 2024 |title='Pon Ondru Kanden' movie review: A vexingly dull, caricaturish rom-com that tests your patience |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pon-ondru-kanden-movie-review-a-vexingly-dull-caricaturish-rom-com-that-tests-your-patience/article68067572.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415155310/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pon-ondru-kanden-movie-review-a-vexingly-dull-caricaturish-rom-com-that-tests-your-patience/article68067572.ece |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> In her next film, she played an educated woman opposite [[Sharaf U Dheen]] in ''[[Hello Mummy]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hello Mummy movie review: Sharaf U Dheen, Aishwarya Lekshmi's horror comedy keeps flapping its wings, but fails to take off |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hello-mummy-movie-review-sharaf-u-dheen-aishwarya-lekshmis-horror-comedy-keeps-flapping-its-wings-but-fails-to-take-off-9680656/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=21 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It was a box office success.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mollywood 2024: 207 movies, but only 22 made money; Manjummel Boys dazzled in hit charts |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/12/21/mollywood-2024-big-list-of-films-losses-faced-by-malayalam-film-industry-producers.html |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=Manorama Online |date=21 December 2024}}</ref>

Lekshmi's first release of 2025 saw her play a doctor opposite [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] in ''[[Maaman]]'', which emerged a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-02 |title=Maaman Tamil Nadu Box Office Day 17: Soori and Aishwarya Lekshmi’s actioner makes Rs 1.90 crore on 3rd Sunday, crosses Rs 35 crore mark|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/maaman-tamil-nadu-box-office-day-17-soori-and-aishwarya-lekshmis-actioner-makes-rs-1-90-crore-on-3rd-sunday-crosses-rs-35-crore-mark-1390307|access-date=2025-06-02 |website= [[Pinkvilla]]|language=en}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' stated, "Aishwarya is terrific in a role that is quite layered, but is never given the breathing space to become something more prolific."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2025-05-16 |title=Maaman Movie Review: Aishwarya Lekshmi shines bright in this Soori-fronted melodrama that needed fewer detours |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/May/16/maaman-movie-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-shines-bright-in-this-soori-fronted-melodrama-that-needed-fewer-detours |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> She next played [[Silambarasan]]'s long lost sister in the multi-starrer ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'', which underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thug Life Review: Kamal Haasan's Film Definitely Needed More Life |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/thug-life-review-kamal-haasans-film-definitely-needed-more-life-2-stars-8594193 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Thug Life box office collection day 7: Mani Ratnam delivers his first flop in 10 years, Kamal Haasan-starrer falls short of Baby John, Sikandar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thug-life-box-office-collection-day-7-mani-ratnam-delivers-his-first-flop-in-10-years-with-kamal-haasan-starrer-10061826/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:Aishwarya Lekshmi (Ponniyin-Selvan-Part-2-snapped-promoting-their-film-2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lekshmi in 2023]]

Lekshmi was named the [[The Times of India|Kochi Times Most Desirable Women]], both in 2018 and 2019, and was placed 4th in the list, in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Woman 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-of-2018/articleshow/68050858.cms |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times 30 Most Desirable Woman 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-of-2019/articleshow/74241269.cms |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Kochi Times 30 Most Desirable Woman 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-2020-check-out-the-full-list/articleshow/83145524.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Her performance in ''Mayaanadhi'', is regarded as one of the "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Lekshmi is also considered as one of the highest paid Malayalam actresses.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manju Warrier to Nayanthara: Top 7 highest-paid Malayalam actresses |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/manju-warrier-to-nayanthara-top-7-highest-paid-malayalam-actresses/ar-AA1uYSHs |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=MSN |publisher=Asianet News}}</ref> In 2022, ''[[Forbes India]]'' included her in its first ever "Showstoppers – India's Top 50 Outperformers" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showstoppers 2022–23: Meet India's Top 50 Outperformers |access-date=29 December 2022 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/showstoppers-2023/ |work=Forbes India |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106052812/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/showstoppers-2023/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===As actress===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Aishwarya Lekshmi film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]''
| Rachel
| rowspan="6"|[[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nivin-pauly-s-njandukalude-nattil-oridavela-be-onam-release-64617 |title=Nivin Pauly's 'Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela' to be an Onam release |date=4 July 2017 |work=The News Minute |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830195106/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nivin-pauly-s-njandukalude-nattil-oridavela-be-onam-release-64617 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mayaanadhi]]''
| Aparna "Appu" Ravi
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi, Tovino Thomas headline the romance of the year from Mollywood |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mayaanadhi-movie-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-tovino-thomas-headline-the-romance-of-the-year-from-mollywood-4274751.html |work=Firstpost |date=25 December 2017 |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205052953/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mayaanadhi-movie-review-aishwarya-lekshmi-tovino-thomas-headline-the-romance-of-the-year-from-mollywood-4274751.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Varathan]]''
| Priya Paul
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varathan-review-fahadh-and-aishwarya-hold-together-uneven-thriller-88752 |title='Varathan' review: Fahadh and Aishwarya hold together an uneven thriller |date=21 September 2018 |work=The News Minute |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923200515/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varathan-review-fahadh-and-aishwarya-hold-together-uneven-thriller-88752 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]''
| Pinky / Pournami
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijay-superum-pournamiyum-poster-has-its-stylish-lead-pair-striking-a-pose/articleshow/65697741.cms |title=Vijay Superum Pournamiyum' poster has its stylish lead pair striking a pose |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 December 2018 |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213063105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijay-superum-pournamiyum-poster-has-its-stylish-lead-pair-striking-a-pose/articleshow/65697741.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Argentina Fans Kaattoorkadavu]]''
| Meharunnisa Khaderkutty
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2019 |title=First look poster of Kalidas Jayaram's 'Argentina Fans Kattoorkadavu' is out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-poster-kalidas-jayaram-s-argentina-fans-kattoorkadavu-out-90658 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065716/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-poster-kalidas-jayaram-s-argentina-fans-kattoorkadavu-out-90658 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Brother's Day]]''
| Santa / Peeli
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prasanna-to-debut-in-malayalam-with-brothers-day/articleshow/69514541.cms |title=Prasanna to debut in Malayalam with Brother's Day |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 July 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727164350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prasanna-to-debut-in-malayalam-with-brothers-day/articleshow/69514541.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]''
| Meera
| rowspan="2"|[[Tamil Cinema|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-plays-a-commando-in-sundar-c-s-action-news-tamil-tiptSjheachcb.html |title=Vishal plays a Commando in Sundar C's 'Action'! |date=15 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190815144247/https://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-plays-a-commando-in-sundar-cs-action-news-tamil-tiptSjheachcb.html |archive-date=15 August 2019 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
| ''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]''
| Attilla
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi joins Dhanush-Karthik Subbaraj's next |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aishwarya-lekshmi-joins-dhanush-karthik-subbaraj-s-next-105727 |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206042307/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aishwarya-lekshmi-joins-dhanush-karthik-subbaraj-s-next-105727 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Laughing Budha''
| Dr. Angel
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=20 August 2021 |title=രമേഷ് പിഷാരടിയും ഐശ്വര്യ ലക്ഷ്മിയും ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന 'ലാഫിങ് ബുദ്ധ' ഒടിടി റിലീസിന്; ട്രെയിലർ പുറത്ത് {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/laughing-buddha-movie-ramesh-pisharody-838937 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824094554/https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/laughing-buddha-movie-ramesh-pisharody-838937 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaanekkaane]]''
| Sneha George
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2020 |title=Tovino-Aishwarya Lekshmi's Kaanekkaane completed |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Dec/10/tovino-aishwarya-lekshmis-kaanekkaane-completed-2234021.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222165515/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/dec/10/tovino-aishwarya-lekshmis-kaanekkaane-completed-2234021.amp}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |2022
| ''[[Archana 31 Not Out]]''
| Archana
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2021 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi completes dubbing for 'Archana 31 Not Out' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-completes-dubbing-for-archana-31-not-out/articleshow/81567044.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005034346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-completes-dubbing-for-archana-31-not-out/articleshow/81567044.cms}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa]]''
| Shobi
| rowspan="5" | Tamil
|Segment: "Nizhal Tharum Idham"
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-review-nadiya-arjun-das/article38271304.ece |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa…' review: Three hits and two misses in this anthology of hope |author=Praveen Sudevan |work=The Hindu |date=14 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117203917/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-review-nadiya-arjun-das/article38271304.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]''
| Ahalya
| Cameo appearance; also producer
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi breaks out on stage at the 'Gargi' press meet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-breaks-out-on-stage-at-the-gargi-press-meet/articleshow/92720699.cms |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Captain (2022 film)|Captain]]''
| Kavya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=Arya announces new film Captain with director Shakti Soundar Rajan |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arya-announces-new-film-captain-director-shakti-soundar-rajan-157818 |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608235549/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arya-announces-new-film-captain-director-shakti-soundar-rajan-157818 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
| [[Poonguzhali]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi begins to shoot for Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-begins-to-shoot-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/72591306.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216141408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-begins-to-shoot-for-ponniyin-selvan/articleshow/72591306.cms |archive-date=16 December 2019 |access-date=7 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gatta Kusthi]]''
| Keerthi Nair
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi begins filming for 'Gatta Kusthi' in Tenkasi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-begins-filming-for-gatta-kusthi-in-tenkasi/articleshow/90682565.cms |access-date=14 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514164844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-begins-filming-for-gatta-kusthi-in-tenkasi/articleshow/90682565.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Godse (film)|Godse]]''
| Vaishali
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aishwarya-lekshmi-debut-tollywood-godse-141410 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi to debut in Tollywood with 'Godse' |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=13 January 2021 |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124205550/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aishwarya-lekshmi-debut-tollywood-godse-141410 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ammu (2022 film)|Ammu]]''
| Amudha "Ammu" Ravindranath
|Released on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=6 October 2022 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi's Telugu movie 'Ammu' to premiere on Prime Video on October 19 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aishwarya-lekshmis-telugu-movie-ammu-to-premiere-on-prime-video-on-october-19/article65975184.ece |access-date=6 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006091827/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aishwarya-lekshmis-telugu-movie-ammu-to-premiere-on-prime-video-on-october-19/article65975184.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]''
| Kumari Devan
| rowspan="3" | Malayalam
| Also co-producer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi-starrer Kumari wrapped up {{!}} Cinemaexpress |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/feb/06/aishwarya-lekshmi-starrer-kumari-wrapped-up-29563.amp |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004105528/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/feb/06/aishwarya-lekshmi-starrer-kumari-wrapped-up-29563.amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| ''[[Christopher (film)|Christopher]]''
| Advocate Amina Ismail
|
|<ref name="TOI.2022.08.22">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi confirms being a part of Mammootty's 'Christopher' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-confirms-being-a-part-of-mammoottys-christopher/articleshow/93631487.cms |access-date=22 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819092812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aishwarya-lekshmi-confirms-being-a-part-of-mammoottys-christopher/articleshow/93631487.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[King of Kotha]]''
| Tara
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2022 |title=Dulquer Salmaan join sets of King of Kotha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/dulquer-salmaan-join-sets-of-king-of-kotha-8173422/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926093834/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/dulquer-salmaan-join-sets-of-king-of-kotha-8173422/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
| [[Poonguzhali]]
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan 2: Vikram And Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's Film Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-2-vikram-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchans-film-gets-a-release-date-3644817 |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=NDTV |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408035754/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ponniyin-selvan-2-vikram-and-aishwarya-rai-bachchans-film-gets-a-release-date-3644817 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Pon Ondru Kanden]]''
| Sundari "Sandy"
|Released on [[JioCinema]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-10 |title='Sundari' song from Pon Ondru Kanden out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/10/sundari-song-from-pon-ondru-kanden-out |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hello Mummy]]''
|Stephy
|Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2024 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi, Sharaf U Dheen to star in 'Hello Mummy'; motion poster out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aishwarya-lekshmi-sharaf-u-dheen-to-star-in-hello-mummy-motion-poster-out/article67810529.ece/ |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025
| ''[[Maaman]]''
| Dr. Rekha
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maaman: Aishwarya Lekshmi joins the cast of Soori’s film with ‘Vilangu’ fame Prashanth Pandiyaraj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maaman-aishwarya-lekshmi-joins-the-cast-of-sooris-film-with-vilangu-fame-prashanth-pandiyaraj/article68991421.ece/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
| Chandra / Dr. Anna
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024 |title=Actress Aishwarya Lekshmi to act in Kamal Haasan-starrer Thug Life |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-aishwarya-lekshmi-to-act-in-kamal-haasan-starrer-thug-life-8739081.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117031624/https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-aishwarya-lekshmi-to-act-in-kamal-haasan-starrer-thug-life-8739081.html |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| TBA
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''SYG - Sambarala Yeti Gattu''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Telugu
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Sai Dharam Tej to star opposite Aishwarya Lekshmi in his first pan-India film SDT18 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sai-dharam-tej-to-star-opposite-aishwarya-lekshmi-in-his-1st-pan-india-film-sdt18-film-to-be-directed-by-rohith-kp-2559131-2024-06-27 |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''Aasha''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Malayalam
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Urvashi and Joju George unite for 'Aasha'; Aishwarya Lekshmi joins cast; Shoot begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/urvashi-joju-george-unite-for-aasha-aishwarya-lekshmi-joins-cast-shoot-begins/articleshow/122497926.cms |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''Gatta Kusthi 2''}}
| Keerthi Nair
| Tamil
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnu Vishal-Aishwarya Lekshmi's Gatta Kusthi 2 goes on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Sep/03/tamilnews2025sep02vishnu-vishal-aishwarya-lekshmis-gatta-kusthi-2-goes-on-floors |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|}


===As dubbing artist===
* ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' (2021) for a school girl<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/minnal-murali-dubbing-cameo-aishwarya-lekshmi-599468/ |title=മിന്നൽ മുരളിയിൽ ഐഷുവും ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു; രഹസ്യം വെളിപ്പെടുത്തി ബേസിൽ |access-date=6 May 2026|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2017
| [[Asianet Comedy Awards]]
| Most Promising Actor
| rowspan="4"|''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-mollywoods-whos-who-attend-20th-asianet-film-awards-81681|title=20th Asianet Film Awards|website=The News Minute|date=21 May 2018|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2018
| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| Best New Face – Female
| {{won}}
|-
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="65th ff">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |date=16 June 2018 |work=Filmfare |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015312/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam|Best Female Debut – Malayalam]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html |title=SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906183224/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/siima-2018-sivakartikeyan-nivin-pauly-r-madhavan-hansika-motwani-win-big-on-day-1/story-QEaUgz81IrHcCSUt3gXcEJ.html |title=SIIMA 2018: Sivakartikeyan, Nivin Pauly, R Madhavan, Hansika Motwani win big on day 1 |website=Hindustan Times |date=15 September 2018 |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001055646/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/siima-2018-sivakartikeyan-nivin-pauly-r-madhavan-hansika-motwani-win-big-on-day-1/story-QEaUgz81IrHcCSUt3gXcEJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| rowspan="5"| ''[[Mayaanadhi]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress Critics – Malayalam]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece |title=Film critics awards announced |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 April 2018 |access-date=25 January 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034509/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| Most Romantic Heroine
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2018/02/25/vanita-film-awards-2018-live-updates.html |title=വനിത ഫിലിം അവാര്‍ഡ് 2018: ഫഹദ് മികച്ച നടൻ, മഞ്ജു വാരിയർ, പാർവതി മികച്ച നടിമാർ |trans-title=Women's Film Award 2018: Fahadh Best Actor, Manju Warrier and Parvathy Best Actress |language=Malayalam |website=Malayala Manorama |date=27 February 2018 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="65th ff"/>
|-
| rowspan="7"|2019
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| Star of the Year
| rowspan="7"|''[[Varathan]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-asiavision-movie-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-ayushmann-khurrana-ranveer-singh-dhanush-win-big-505034|title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2018 complete winners list: Ayushmann Khurrana, Ranveer Singh, Dhanush win big|website=[[India TV]]|date=2019-02-18|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| [[CPC Cine Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/cpc-cine-awards-2018-joju-044552549.html |title=CPC Cine Awards 2018: Joju George, Aishwarya Lekshmi & Lijo Jose Pellissery Win Top Honours! |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=29 January 2019 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508063543/https://in.news.yahoo.com/cpc-cine-awards-2018-joju-044552549.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| Best Popular Actress
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/vanitha-film-awards-2019-mohanlal-042849730.html |title=Vanitha Film Awards 2019: Mohanlal, Manju Warrier & Lijo Jose Pellissery Adjudged The Big Winners! |publisher=Yahoo! Finance |date=23 March 2019 |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508063544/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/vanitha-film-awards-2019-mohanlal-042849730.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[66th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |website=Filmfare |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[21st Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Awards]]
| Best Actress
| {{nom}}
| rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/asianet-film-awards-2019-winners-193934046.html |title=Asianet Film Awards 2019 Winners List: Mohanlal, Manju Warrier, Prithviraj & Others Bag Top Honours! |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=22 March 2019 |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205815/https://in.style.yahoo.com/asianet-film-awards-2019-winners-193934046.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Popular Actress
| {{won}}
|-
| [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |website=The Indian Express |date=17 August 2019 |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| ''[[Kaanekkaane]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2022 |title=Team 'Pushpa' wins big in 'SIIMA 2022' Winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-pushpa-wins-big-in-siima-2022-winners-list-check-out-the-full-list-of-winners-in-all-the-other-categories-for-the-year-2021/articleshow/94131928.cms |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911101808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-pushpa-wins-big-in-siima-2022-winners-list-check-out-the-full-list-of-winners-in-all-the-other-categories-for-the-year-2021/articleshow/94131928.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| Best Film
|[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="5"|2023
| rowspan="5"|[[68th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for 68th Filmfare Awards South (Malayalam) 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-malayalam-2023_-67184.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |date=11 July 2024 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| ''[[Gatta Kusthi]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Tamil ) 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-2023_-67193.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |date=11 July 2024 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Tamil|Best Film - Tamil]]
| ''[[Gargi]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Ammu (2022 film)|Ammu]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67189.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |date=11 July 2024 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|8468959}}
* {{Twitter |AishuLekshmi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lekshmi, Aishwarya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

St. Joseph's High School, Umerkhadi

2026-05-05T14:46:18Z

Saurabh pal: Article

{{Short description|Catholic secondary school in Mumbai, India}}
{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = No significant coverage of the school in independent reliable sources to establish [[WP:N|notability]]. Found directory listings, WP-article clones, social media, and mentions, but no in-depth content.
|timestamp = 20260505144618
|nom = JoeNMLC
|help = off
}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

'''St. Joseph's High School''' is a private Catholic [[High school|secondary school]] for boys and girls located at Umerkhadi, [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It was formed in 1932 and is dedicated to St Joseph. The school motto is "Virtute et Labore" ("Virtue and Hard Work").

==History==
St. Joseph's started in 1875 as an elementary Portuguese school, before being changed into an English school. In 1930, the school was raised to the status of English-teaching middle school. In 1931, the school moved into the present building and in 1932, St. Joseph's became a high school.

==Routine==
The daily morning assembly in the school quadrangle is a prayer session.

==Curriculum==
The school follows the Maharashtra (SSC) board.

==Recent advancements==
The school has a focus on computer technology. The school has an audiovisual room where students are shown films on various subjects, to reinforce what has been taught in the classroom.

==See also==
* [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's High School, Umerkhadi}}
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]

Parinda

2026-05-05T00:08:20Z

Saurabh pal: put up details

{{short description|1989 film by Vidhu Vinod Chopra}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}
| image = Parinda (1989 movie poster).jpg
| alt = Poster of {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
| producer = [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
| screenplay = [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]]
| story = Vidhu Vinod Chopra
| starring = {{unbulleted list
|[[Jackie Shroff]]
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|[[Nana Patekar]]
|[[Madhuri Dixit]]
|[[Anupam Kher]]
|[[Suresh Oberoi]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[R. D. Burman]] '''Score:''' [[Manohari Singh]] Babloo Chakravorty
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]]
| editing = [[Renu Saluja]]
| studio = [[Vinod Chopra Films|Vinod Chopra Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1989|11|3|df=yes}}
| runtime = 148 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parinda |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/parinda-1989 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112132228/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/parinda-1989 |archive-date=12 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}12 [[lakh]]<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=4 May 2015 |title=I've begun comparing films to a wonderful funeral: Vidhu Vinod Chopra |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/9vV8i9kfX3xx0pPTyf75LK/Ive-begun-comparing-films-to-a-wonderful-funeral-Vidhu-Vin.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185724/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/9vV8i9kfX3xx0pPTyf75LK/Ive-begun-comparing-films-to-a-wonderful-funeral-Vidhu-Vin.html |archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}9 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Low Budget High Income: 3 स्टार्स की ऐसी जमी तिकड़ी, मच गया हल्ला, 12 लाख में बनी फिल्म ने छाप डाले 9 करोड़! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/anil-kapoor-jackie-shroff-madhuri-dixit-movie-budget-12-lakhs-parinda-earns-9-crores-on-box-office/1864461 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=hi}}</ref>
}}

'''Parinda''' ({{translation|Bird}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller]] film directed, produced and distributed by [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]. The film stars [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Nana Patekar]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]]. The story and scenario were written by Chopra, while [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] and [[Imtiyaz Husain]] wrote the screenplay and dialogues, respectively. [[R. D. Burman]] composed the music and Khurshid Hallauri wrote the lyrics. [[Binod Pradhan]] served as the film's cinematographer and [[Renu Saluja]] was its editor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parinda – VC Films |url=https://www.vinodchoprafilms.com/movies/parinda/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>.

Parinda's story is loosely inspired by [[Marlon Brando]] starrer [[On the Waterfront]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jai Arjun |date=2017-01-13 |title=Gangs of Bollywood |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/7E7gnr1bPy5KNr9fX14JIN/The-rise-of-mafia-in-Bollywood.html |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>. Parinda follows Kishan (Shroff), who works for the underworld chieftain Anna (Patekar). Kishan's brother Karan (Kapoor) returns home after completing his studies in the United States. The two brothers are caught on different sides of a gang war after Karan decides to avenge his friend's death by Anna.

Chopra conceived the film after his low-budget suspense thriller ''[[Khamosh]]'' (1985) failed to find a distributor for a theatrical release<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-13 |title=When Vidhu Vinod Chopra denied food to Nana Patekar on 'Parinda' sets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-vidhu-vinod-chopra-denied-food-to-nana-patekar-on-parinda-sets/articleshow/112482321.cms |access-date=2026-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>. This motivated him to make a more mainstream film with well-known actors. Parinda received critical acclaim when released.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html | archive-date=24 April 2013 | title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time|Movies News Photos-IBNLive }}</ref> It is considered by several critics and scholars to be the turning point in the introduction of [[Realism (arts)|realism]] in [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]]. Parinda won two [[National Film Awards]] and five [[Filmfare Awards]], and was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's official selection]] for the 1990 [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], but it was not nominated. In 2015, Chopra remade Parinda as an American film titled ''[[Broken Horses]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra calls Broken Horses the film he regrets the most: ‘I had initially cast Nicholas Cage’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vidhu-vinod-chopra-calls-broken-horses-the-film-he-regrets-the-most-nicholas-cage-8997774/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kishan and Karan are orphaned brothers who grew up on the streets of [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. To provide Karan with a better upbringing and education, Kishan works for Anna Seth, a gangster who owns an oil factory as a front for his illegal activities. Unaware of his brother's affiliation with a gang, Karan returns to Bombay after completing his studies in the [[United States]]. [[Inspector]] Prakash, Karan's friend, knows Anna is a gangster, but he is unable to arrest him due to lack of evidence. Anna plans to have Prakash killed during his reunion with Karan. Attempting to prevent this, Kishan books an earlier flight for Karan, but it is delayed and Anna's henchmen shoot Prakash, who dies in Karan's arms.

Paro, Prakash's sister and Karan's childhood friend, believes Karan is responsible for her brother's death. Karan learns from Anna's former messenger Iqbal that Anna is Kishan's boss and that Anna orchestrated Prakash's murder. He is also told that Anna burned his wife and developed [[pyrophobia]]. Karan tells Paro that Anna and Kishan killed Prakash; they fall in love with each other.

A few days later, Abdul is arrested and Karan recognises him as one of Prakash's killers. Kishan warns Karan against testifying, and is wounded when Anna's henchmen shoot at Karan. When Karan is summoned to identify the assailants at police headquarters, Abdul extorts his silence, threatening that Kishan will be killed by his home nurse if Karan testifies. Karan decides not to testify, and instead joins Anna's gang to get close to the crime boss. Anna tests Karan's resolve by ordering him to shoot Iqbal, who shoots himself so Karan can continue his plan without guilt.

The next day, Anna orders Karan to kill rival gangster Musa, while accompanied by his gunman Francis. Karan kills Francis and joins Musa instead. Karan abducts Anna's aide Rama Reddy and brings him to Musa. Karan takes pictures of Rama and Musa together to convince Anna that Rama betrayed him and shot Francis. Karan then murders Rama on Anna's orders. With Musa's help, Karan kills Abdul and completes his mission to avenge Prakash's murder. Karan and Paro are married, and plan on leaving the city. Told by Musa that Karan had been manipulating him, Anna shoots and kills Karan and Paro on their wedding night. To avenge his brother's death, Kishan goes to Anna's residence and burns him to death.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Kishan Choudhary
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Karan Choudhary
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Paromita "Paro" Nair
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Anna
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Inspector Prakash Nair
* [[Suresh Oberoi]] as Abdul Khan
* [[Tom Alter]] as Musa
* [[Anang Desai]] as Inspector Mirani
* Kamal Chopra as Rama Reddy
* [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] as Francis
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as a Marriage Priest
* [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] as a corpse
* [[Sameer Khakhar]] as Iqbal
* Dilip Kulkarni as Inspector Chauhan
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
[[File:Vidhu Vinod Chopra March 2015.jpg|thumb|upright|Vidhu Vinod Chopra based the story of {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} on two real life brothers who worked for a gangster.]]
In 1985, director [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] made the suspense thriller film {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Khamosh]]}}, starring [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Amol Palekar]]. The film failed to find distributors and Chopra released a single print at Mumbai's [[Regal Cinema]].<ref name="genesis">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra Talks About the Genesis of Parinda |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/entertainment/news/vidhu-vinod-chopra-talks-about-the-genesis-of-parinda-342616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112132203/https://www.ndtv.com/video/entertainment/news/vidhu-vinod-chopra-talks-about-the-genesis-of-parinda-342616 |archive-date=12 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In retrospect, Chopra expressed his frustration that nobody would buy {{Lang|hi-latn|Khamosh}} and he decided to make a more commercial Hindi film about two brothers on the streets of Mumbai, which became {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}.<ref name="nana">{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=7 April 2015 |title=Nana Patekar was critically injured during the shooting of Parinda, recalls Vidhu Vinod Chopra |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nana-Patekar-was-critically-injured-during-the-shooting-of-Parinda-recalls-Vidhu-Vinod-Chopra/articleshow/46833278.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106074733/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nana-Patekar-was-critically-injured-during-the-shooting-of-Parinda-recalls-Vidhu-Vinod-Chopra/articleshow/46833278.cms |archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> The story was based on two non-fictional brothers who worked for a gangster named Ashwin Naik.{{Sfn|Mehta|2004|p=287}} Chopra cast [[Nana Patekar]] in the elder brother's role after he saw him in a play called ''Purush''.<ref name=nana /> [[Anil Kapoor]], who was cast in the role of Karan, told Chopra that Patekar was not suitable for the role of his elder brother.<ref name="role">{{Cite news |last=Sahani |first=Alaka |date=10 January 2016 |title=Acting is not just a profession for me. This is how I breathe: Nana Patekar |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/acting-is-not-just-a-profession-for-me-this-is-how-i-breathe-nana-patekar/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610074246/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/acting-is-not-just-a-profession-for-me-this-is-how-i-breathe-nana-patekar/ |archive-date=10 June 2017}}</ref> Patekar was then offered the role of Anna, the film's antagonist.<ref name="role" /> Shah and Patekar were considered for the role of Kishan, which later went to [[Jackie Shroff]].<ref name="genesis" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2015 |title=Anil Kapoor is an Unhappy Actor: Nana Patekar |work=NDTV |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/anil-kapoor-is-an-unhappy-actor-nana-patekar-1204882 |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112132135/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/anil-kapoor-is-an-unhappy-actor-nana-patekar-1204882 |archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref> Kapoor asked Shroff to play his elder brother.<ref name="genesis" /> Shroff was initially hesitant to do the film because he did not want to get [[Typecasting|typecast]] in the elder brother role. Later, Kapoor made Shroff listen to the songs and he agreed to do the film.<ref name="genesis" />

The location where Musa (Tom Alter) meets Kishan in the film was a water tank on [[Antop Hill]], which was spread with the scrap of nearby slum dwellers. Chopra had rented the site from [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] for {{INRConvert|500|r}}.<ref name=nana /> The film was initially named ''Kabutarkhana'' (pigeon accommodation), but was later changed to {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}.<ref name=nana /> While filming the final scene's fire sequence, the film's crew lost control of a fire they built using rubber solution and petrol, leading to Patekar suffering from serious burns.<ref name=nana /> He was critically injured and hospitalised for nearly two months,<ref name=nana /> and returned to filming after a year. The set was rebuilt in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], where the fire sequence was re-shot under more controlled conditions.<ref name=nana />

Scenes were shot in natural lighting with light coming through the windows or candles in the indoor scenes.<ref name="DoP">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sankhayan |date=19 April 2019 |title=Binod Pradhan, DoP of Kalank, On 30 Years of Parinda, And Shooting Films "For Donkey's Years" |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/binod-pradhan-dop-of-kalank-on-30-years-of-parinda-and-shooting-films-for-donkeys-years/ |access-date=4 May 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]] |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602222644/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/binod-pradhan-dop-of-kalank-on-30-years-of-parinda-and-shooting-films-for-donkeys-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Binod Pradhan]], the cinematographer, decided to use shadow lighting as he was tired of the way Hindi films were lit. His main inspiration for the visuals of {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} was [[Gordon Willis]]'s cinematography in ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972). He had put [[diffusion]] materials, like a piece of white cloth or tracing paper, in front of the light to make it softer and more natural.<ref name=DoP /> According to Chopra, the use of natural lighting was a way for them to function on a limited budget. To decide the look and texture of the film, Chopra and Pradhan looked at the paintings of [[Rembrandt]], [[Vincent van Gogh]] and [[Leonardo da Vinci]].<ref name=DoP />

The sequence in which Karan and Prakash reunite was filmed at [[Kabootar Khana]], a Mumbai landmark where hundreds of pigeons gather.<ref name=nana /> Chopra said this location was "one of the first things I spotted, probably because of all the pigeons flying around, when I stepped out of [[Dadar railway station|Dadar station]]. I thought [that] the pigeons would [...] convey the concept of emancipation of the spirit of the dying man".<ref name=nana /> Shopkeepers in that area shut their shops for the shoot, believing that Chopra was the younger brother of the Prime Minister.<ref name=nana /> The film's climax, when Anna kills Paro and Kishan, was shot at the [[Gateway of India]] over three years on New Year's Eve, as they did not have the budget to assemble a crowd.<ref name=nana /> {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} was shot over the course of 66 working days.<ref name=nana /> Some sequences were also shot at the [[Babulnath]] temple.{{Sfn|Mazumdar|2007|p=169}} The song "Pyar Ke Mod Pe" was shot in six to seven minutes as Chopra wanted to shoot the entire song in one sunset.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2019 |title=Madhuri Dixit and Anil Kapoor shot an entire song in just 6-7 minutes in Vidhu Vinod Chopra's Parinda. Here's how |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/madhuri-dixit-anil-kapoor-shot-entire-song-just-6-7-minutes-vidhu-vinod-chopras-parinda-heres/ |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105041252/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/madhuri-dixit-anil-kapoor-shot-entire-song-just-6-7-minutes-vidhu-vinod-chopras-parinda-heres/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Low-budget film|shoestring budget]] also resulted in Chopra and Patekar bringing their own water bottles to set.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2012 |title=I don't like big stars much: Vidhu Vinod Chopra |work=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/i-dont-like-big-stars-much-vinod-chopra-270836.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113002955/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/i-dont-like-big-stars-much-vinod-chopra-270836.html |archive-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> [[Suresh Oberoi]] learned to play the flute from [[Danny Denzongpa]], who had earlier been cast in the role of Abdul but was unable to perform in the film.<ref name="Q&A">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=FC Director's Choice: Parinda: Q & A: Jio MAMI 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rz2Ik84srP8&t=639s | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/Rz2Ik84srP8| archive-date=14 November 2021 | url-status=live|website=YouTube |publisher=Film Companion}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] served as the associate director for songs in the film.<ref name="trend">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Gaurav |date=27 August 2003 |title=Parinda marked the beginning of a trend |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/27parinda.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107095444/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/27parinda.htm |archive-date=7 January 2015 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The editing was done by [[Renu Saluja]].<ref name="trend" /> For a shot in the film where Shroff slaps Kapoor, Kapoor completed 30 takes until he was satisfied with his performance.<ref name="trend" /> The screenplay of {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} was written by Chopra and [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]], who also acted in the film.<ref name="crew">{{Cite web |title=Parinda Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/parinda/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185306/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/parinda/cast/ |archive-date=12 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 November 1989 }}</ref> The dialogues were penned by [[Imtiyaz Husain]].<ref name="crew" /> Made on a production budget of {{INRConvert|1.2|m}}, the entire film was shot and set in Mumbai; it was distributed by [[Vinod Chopra Films]].<ref name=budget /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=25 November 2014 |title=From Bollywood to Hollywood, what are the top 10 films set in Mumbai? |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/nov/25/bollywood-hollywood-top-10-films-mumbai-india |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113221706/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/nov/25/bollywood-hollywood-top-10-films-mumbai-india |archive-date=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Parinda (1989) |last=Jackie Shroff, Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit, Nana Patekar |publisher=Vinod Chopra Films |place=India |medium=Motion picture}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = January 1989
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:12
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Tips Industries Limited]]
| producer = Weston Musicassettes, R. D. Burman
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The [[film score]] was composed by [[Manohari Singh]] and Babloo Chakravorty while the songs were composed by [[R. D. Burman]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Parinda (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by R.D. Burman on Apple Music |date=1989-11-03 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/parinda-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1536507519 |access-date=2026-03-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref> with their lyrics written by Khurshid Hallauri<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parinda – VC Films |url=https://www.vinodchoprafilms.com/movies/parinda/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>. The album consisted of seven songs, including two versions of "Kitni Hai Pyari Pyari"—one sad and one slow. The song "Tum Se Milke" also had a sad version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parinda (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7oC0qeR7i5Aj29SpbVu6DH |access-date=22 July 2019 |publisher=Spotify |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722141916/https://open.spotify.com/album/7oC0qeR7i5Aj29SpbVu6DH |url-status=live }}</ref> The vocals were performed by [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] and [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]].<ref name="trend" /> The soundtrack album of the film was released in January 1989 under the banner of Weston Musicassettes (now [[Tips Industries Limited]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parinda |url=https://gaana.com/album/Parinda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113221501/https://gaana.com/album/Parinda |archive-date=13 November 2017 |access-date=13 November 2017 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> It marked the debut of Shantanu Mukherjee (later known as [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]) and [[Sagarika Mukherjee]] as an adult playback singer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2020 |title=Lesser-known facts about the sensational singer with charming smile |url=https://www.newsd.in/happy-birthday-shaan-lesser-known-facts-about-the-sensational-singer-with-charming-smile/ |access-date=19 October 2021 |website=Newsd.in |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172452/https://newsd.in/happy-birthday-shaan-lesser-known-facts-about-the-sensational-singer-with-charming-smile/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Filmfare]]'' wrote about {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}{{'}}s music in their "100 Filmfare Days" series, stating, "RD Burman's music adds depth to {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda|italic=no}}'s drama".<ref name="filmfare">{{Cite news |date=2 July 2014 |title=100 Filmfare Days: 69- Parinda |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-69-parinda-6583-1.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112132235/https://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-69-parinda-6583-1.html |archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref> The music of "Tum Se Milke" is based on [[Leo Sayer]]'s 1977 single "[[When I Need You]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Leroy |date=24 September 2013 |title=Famous copied songs |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/famous-copied-songs-4225-7.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114040416/https://www.filmfare.com/features/famous-copied-songs-4225-7.html |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=13 November 2017 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kitni Hai Pyari Pyari
| extra1 = [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
| length1 = 04:14
| title2 = Pyar Ke Mod Pe
| extra2 = Suresh Wadkar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length2 = 06:31
| title3 = Sehra Mein Dulha Hoga
| extra3 = Suresh Wadkar, Shailendra Singh
| length3 = 06:32
| title4 = Tum Se Milke
| extra4 = Suresh Wadkar, Asha Bhosle
| length4 = 05:11
| title5 = Kitni Hai Pyari Pyari
| note5 = Sad
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shantanu Mukherjee]], [[Sagarika Mukherjee]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length5 = 01:39
| title6 = Kitni Hai Pyari Pyari
| note6 = Slow
| extra6 = Suresh Wadkar, Shailendra Singh
| length6 = 00:48
| title7 = Tum Se Milke
| note7 = Sad
| extra7 = Suresh Wadkar, Asha Bhosle, R. D. Burman
| length7 = 01:17
}}

== Release, reception and legacy ==
{{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} was released theatrically on 3 November 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parinda |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/Parinda/437852/#Overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113221549/http://www.blu-ray.com/Parinda/437852/#Overview |archive-date=13 November 2017 |access-date=13 November 2017 |website=[[Blu-ray]]}}</ref> In a 2010 interview, film critic and Chopra's wife [[Anupama Chopra]] noted, "there was so much buzz about {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}" before its release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sukumaran |first=Shradha |date=8 May 2010 |title=Sleeping with the Enemy |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]] |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/sleeping-with-the-enemy |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134217/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/sleeping-with-the-enemy |archive-date=18 October 2017}}</ref> After the film's release, Chopra went to Alankar cinema in [[Girgaon]] to see the audience's reactions, but found some people were not happy with it because the lead characters are killed.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Once Upon A Time in Bollywood: Vidhu Vinod Chopra |series=Once Upon a Time in Bollywood |date=10 January 2016 |publisher=[[92.7 BIG FM]]}}</ref>

{{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} is credited by several critics for introducing [[Realism (arts)|realism]] into mainstream Hindi cinema and redefining the portrayal of the underworld in films.<ref name="trend" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=30 March 2012 |title=How Vidhu Vinod's Parinda shaped Bollywood |work=[[News18]] |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/how-vidhu-vinods-parinda-shaped-bollywood-460586.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119160252/http://www.news18.com/news/india/how-vidhu-vinods-parinda-shaped-bollywood-460586.html |archive-date=19 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=10 April 2012 |title=Retro Review: 'Parinda' redefines underworld |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/retro-review-parinda-redefines-underworld-463887.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119160250/http://www.news18.com/news/india/retro-review-parinda-redefines-underworld-463887.html |archive-date=19 November 2017 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=3 March 2015 |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra on Expanding from Bollywood to Hollywood with 'Broken Horses' (Q&A) |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vidhu-vinod-chopra-expanding-bollywood-780647 |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204125328/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vidhu-vinod-chopra-expanding-bollywood-780647 |archive-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> It is also considered a landmark film and one of the best of Indian cinema.<ref name="filmfare" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehra |first=Sanat |date=16 May 2015 |title=How Mumbai Has Lent Character To Bollywood in Unique Ways |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/how-mumbai-has-lent-character-to-bollywood-in-unique-ways/16214185 |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614105209/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/how-mumbai-has-lent-character-to-bollywood-in-unique-ways/16214185 |archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> Cinematographer [[Sudeep Chatterjee]] felt that during the 1970s and 1980s "the image lost its importance". He credits {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} for changing that and said the film "introduced a completely new imagery, started a new trend."<ref name=DoP /> The film was included in [[News18]]'s 2013 list of the "100 greatest Indian films of all time", ''Mint''{{'s}} list of "70 iconic films of Indian cinema", ''Filmfare''{{'}}s "100 Filmfare Days" series, the "70 iconic movies of independent India" list and the book ''100 Bollywood Films'' by Rachel Dwyer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |date=12 August 2017 |title=70 Iconic movies of Independent India |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/70-movies-independence-day/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204044211/http://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/70-movies-independence-day/ |archive-date=4 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="filmfare" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-9.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425234438/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-9.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=12 February 2014 |website=[[News18]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2017 |title=70 iconic films of Indian cinema |work=Mint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bQ0uThQTjybnvoYe13twlJ/70-iconic-films-of-Indian-cinema.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026163502/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bQ0uThQTjybnvoYe13twlJ/70-iconic-films-of-Indian-cinema.html |archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=100 Bollywood Films |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |year=2005 |isbn=978-8-1743-6990-1}}</ref> Chopra, despite having made two critically acclaimed films, remained relatively unknown until {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}{{'}}s release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2016 |title=15 Bollywood Movies That Were Way Ahead of Their Time |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/15-Bollywood-Movies-That-Were-Way-Ahead-Of-Their-Time/#.a3pfnjq3o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222014/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/15-Bollywood-Movies-That-Were-Way-Ahead-Of-Their-Time/#.a3pfnjq3o |archive-date=18 November 2017 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=[[ScoopWhoop]]}}</ref> While reviewing [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]]'s 2007 novel ''[[Sacred Games (novel)|Sacred Games]]'', critic Carl Bromley called the film "hands down the most powerful and influential Hindi gangster film of the last two decades." He also mentioned that the book's legacy "might prove similar to {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}{{'}}s."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bromley |first=Carl |date=25 January 2007 |title=Bombay Confidential |work=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/bombay-confidential/ |access-date=2 March 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302225520/https://www.thenation.com/article/bombay-confidential/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called the film "in true sense a precursor to the mafia films [[Ram Gopal Varma]] experimented with".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Abhishek |date=26 June 2018 |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra's fall as director has coincided with his rise as an unconventional, daring producer |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/vidhu-vinod-chopras-fall-as-director-has-coincided-with-his-rise-as-an-unconventional-daring-producer-4595521.html |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926212905/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/vidhu-vinod-chopras-fall-as-director-has-coincided-with-his-rise-as-an-unconventional-daring-producer-4595521.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Filmmaker [[Nikkhil Advani]] credits {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} for changing his life and inspiring him to become a director.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxreBst-QnE |title=Nikkhil Advani: My Choice: Film Companion |date=21 December 2016 |publisher=Film Companion |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/VxreBst-QnE |archive-date=14 November 2021 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Director [[Dibakar Banerjee]] said in an interview that {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} was a game-changer for him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidwani |first=Abheet |date=13 March 2015 |title=Meet Dibakar 'fuck Bollywood' Banerjee |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/dibakar-fuck-bollywood-banerjee-interview-gq-india/#dibakar-banerjee-never-watches-a-film-once-its-been-made |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119160249/https://www.gqindia.com/content/dibakar-fuck-bollywood-banerjee-interview-gq-india/#dibakar-banerjee-never-watches-a-film-once-its-been-made |archive-date=19 November 2017 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ]]}}</ref> [[Anurag Kashyap]] said the first two Indian films which "impacted" him with their violence were {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} and ''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]'' (1990). He said the scene involving a dead body being dumped inside a wood machine, Patekar's character and the fire scene in the climax, had an emotional impact on him.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lm23ppm1Lw |title=Perfect Strokes: Anurag Kashyap: Anupama Chopra: Barre Select Large Short Films |date=21 November 2018 |publisher=Large Short Films |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/2lm23ppm1Lw |archive-date=14 November 2021 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film is credited for showing the way for realistic crime films in Hindi cinema in the following years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naidu |first=Rajesh |date=28 October 2014 |title=Changing face of Mumbai in Hindi cinema |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Changing-face-of-Mumbai-in-Hindi-cinema/articleshow/44959296.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104160542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Changing-face-of-Mumbai-in-Hindi-cinema/articleshow/44959296.cms |archive-date=4 November 2017}}</ref> Patekar's role as the psychopathic don is considered to be one of the best performances of his career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=25 February 2015 |title=Nana Patekar's Top 10 Movies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nana-patekars-top-10-movies/20150225.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222658/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/nana-patekars-top-10-movies/20150225.htm |archive-date=18 November 2017 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>{{Sfn|Somaaya|2016|p=2}}{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2014|p=97}} Film-critic Gayatri Gauri of ''Firstpost'' wrote, "{{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} was well-crafted, slickly-written and brilliantly executed".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gauri |first=Gayatri |date=10 April 2015 |title=Broken Horses review: Vidhu Vinod Chopra remakes his brilliant Parinda into an English dud |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/broken-horses-review-vidhu-vinod-chopra-remakes-his-brilliant-parinda-into-an-english-dud-2191373.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927114817/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/broken-horses-review-vidhu-vinod-chopra-remakes-his-brilliant-parinda-into-an-english-dud-2191373.html |archive-date=27 September 2017 |access-date=17 November 2017 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> It was selected as the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|official Indian submission]] for the 1990 [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] but was not nominated.<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Bollywood movies you didn't know were selected for Oscars from India |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/867334/10-bollywood-movies-you-didnt-know-were-selected-for-oscars-from-india/3/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185227/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/867334/10-bollywood-movies-you-didnt-know-were-selected-for-oscars-from-india/3/ |archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref>

Chopra co-wrote, produced and directed ''[[Broken Horses]]'' (2015), an English-language [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] remake of {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}. The film starred [[Vincent D'Onofrio]], [[Anton Yelchin]] and [[Chris Marquette]] (corresponding to the roles of Anna, Karan and Kishan, respectively). It was released on 9 April 2015, receiving generally unfavorable reviews and became a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Broken Horses 2015 |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/broken-horses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416194940/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/broken-horses |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref name="Parinda">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2015 |title=Broken Horses Is An Epic Disaster |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=1206 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165443/http://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=1206 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

In 2012, several films of Chopra were released theatrically as part of a retrospective, including {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Sujata |date=29 March 2012 |title=The Tatler: Revisiting films on the big screen |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-the-tatler-revisiting-films-on-the-big-screen-1668805 |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213014550/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-the-tatler-revisiting-films-on-the-big-screen-1668805 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2017, Chopra submitted the supplementary materials from six of his films to the preservation vaults of [[National Film Archive of India]]. The materials include lobby cards, film posters, song booklets, contact sheets, promotional catalogues and working stills from {{Lang|hi-latn|Khamosh}}, {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}}, ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' (1994), ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' (2000) and ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vidhu Vinod Chopra presents materials from his films to NFAI |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vidhu-vinod-chopra-presents-materials-from-his-films-to-nfai/article17845509.ece |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406121314/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vidhu-vinod-chopra-presents-materials-from-his-films-to-nfai/article17845509.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is also available on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parinda |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/20765647 |access-date=7 August 2019 |website=Netflix |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407132625/https://www.netflix.com/in/title/20765647 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Analysis ==
{{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} is noted for the realism it introduced to mainstream Hindi cinema; several critics drew parallels between the violence and the location in the film. Author and film professor Ranjani Mazumdar in her book ''Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City'' wrote that {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} uses some popular locations such as the Gateway of India, a nearby fountain and the Babulnath temple as "spaces of terror". She wrote, "These display sites, which are central to the cartography of Bombay, are turned into nodes of violence and death".{{Sfn|Mazumdar|2007|p=169}} Mazumdar also said the film destroyed the image of Bombay as the 'dream city' and turned it into a violent nightmare.<ref name="academia">{{Cite journal |last=Mazumdar |first=Ranjani |title=Ruin & the Uncanny City: Memory, Despair & Death in Parinda |journal=The Cities of Everyday Lives: Sarai Reader 02. CSDS, Delhi, India, 2002 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5045913 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119160252/http://www.academia.edu/5045913/Ruin_and_the_Uncanny_City_Memory_Despair_and_Death_in_Parinda |archive-date=19 November 2017 |access-date=16 November 2017 |publisher=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref> According to ''Filmfare'', the film blurs the lines of black and white for its heroes and adds shades of grey to the villain; writing, "As two brothers face-off on conflicting sides of morality, {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} speaks of themes like family values, bonding, unemployment, illegal trades etc."<ref name="filmfare" /> Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen note in their book ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' that {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} represented a "postmodern variation" of the crime genre in Hindi cinema.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=491}}

The film also explores the themes of childhood and memory; all its major characters are orphans.<ref name="academia" /> The city in the film is shattered into "dark, morbid spaces with all the characters framed within a light and shadow zone".<ref name="academia" /> Tapan K. Ghosh, in his book ''Bollywood Baddies: Villains, Vamps and Henchmen in Hindi Cinema'', said the film showcased the sociopolitical scenario of that time and showed "smuggling rivalry on a gruesome scale".{{Sfn|Ghosh|2013|p=11}} Authors Swaralipi Nandi and Esha Chatterjee, in their book ''Spectacles of Blood: A Study of Masculinity and Violence in Postcolonial Films'', drew metaphorical similarities between {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} and [[Martin Scorsese]]'s crime film ''[[Mean Streets]]'' (1973), saying both films explore the masculinity of young men who commit violence and reject societal norms because of a lack of guidance.{{Sfn|Nandi|Chatterjee|2014|p=146}} Through its frequent use of night shots and dark spaces, {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} uses the aesthetics of [[film noir]] in its visual style.{{Sfn|Miguel|2012|p=68}}

== Accolades ==
At the [[37th National Film Awards]], Patekar received the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for {{Lang|hi-latn|Parinda}} and Saluja the [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] Award. At the [[35th Filmfare Awards]], the film was nominated in six categories and won five of them.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[37th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Nana Patekar]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=37th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002235001/http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=29 January 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |pages=36–37}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| [[Renu Saluja]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=37th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002235001/http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=29 January 2012 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[35th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Best Film Award|Best Film]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
| {{nom}}
|{{Sfn|Lalitha|2002|p=144}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Director Award|Best Director]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="filmfare" />
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]
| [[Jackie Shroff]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="filmfare" />
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Nana Patekar]]
| {{won}}
|{{Sfn|Rishi|2012|p=91}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]]
| [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]]
| {{won}}
|{{Sfn|Lalitha|2002|p=144}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Editing Award|Best Editing]]
| [[Renu Saluja]]
| {{won}}
|{{Sfn|Nihalani|2003|p=620}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of submissions to the 62nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ&q=parinda+the+most+powerful+film&pg=PT473 |title=Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi-language film Trivia |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2014 |isbn=978-9-3511-8799-8 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224023133/https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ&q=parinda+the+most+powerful+film&pg=PT473#v=snippet&q=parinda%20the%20most%20powerful%20film&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Tapan K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0d6GAwAAQBAJ&q=parinda+1989&pg=PR11 |title=Bollywood Baddies: Villains, Vamps and Henchmen in Hindi Cinema |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2013 |isbn=978-8-1321-1326-3 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224023127/https://books.google.com/books?id=0d6GAwAAQBAJ&q=parinda+1989&pg=PR11 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lalitha |first=Gopalan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAplAAAAMAAJ&q=filmfare+best+screenplay+shiv+kumar+subramaniam+parinda |title=Cinema of Interruptions: Action Genres in Contemporary Indian Cinema |publisher=British Film Institute |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-85170-923-9 |page=144 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224023133/https://books.google.com/books?id=HAplAAAAMAAJ&q=filmfare+best+screenplay+shiv+kumar+subramaniam+parinda |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mazumdar |first=Ranjani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xenNBrRKOGoC&q=parinda+pigeons+film&pg=PA169 |title=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4529-1302-5 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224023132/https://books.google.com/books?id=xenNBrRKOGoC&q=parinda+pigeons+film&pg=PA169#v=snippet&q=parinda%20pigeons%20film&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Suketu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaE7DwAAQBAJ&q=maximum+city+suketu+mehta |title=Maximum City: Bombay Lost & Found |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2004 |isbn=978-9-3868-1584-2 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224023127/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaE7DwAAQBAJ&q=maximum+city+suketu+mehta |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Miguel |first=Helio San |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0_v3jr6TCAC&q=parinda+paved+the+way+for+satya&pg=PA68 |title=Mumbai |publisher=Intellect Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84150-632-6 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224023127/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0_v3jr6TCAC&q=parinda+paved+the+way+for+satya&pg=PA68 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nandi |first1=Swaralipi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UanDAAAQBAJ&q=parinda+influence&pg=PT146 |title=Spectacles of Blood: A Study of Masculinity and Violence in Postcolonial Films |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Esha |publisher=Zubaan |year=2014 |isbn=978-9-3830-7413-6 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224023133/https://books.google.com/books?id=_UanDAAAQBAJ&q=parinda+influence&pg=PT146#v=snippet&q=parinda%20influence&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-year=1994 |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821193440/https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Rishi |first=Tilak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&q=filmfare+best+supporting+actor+nana+patekar+parinda&pg=PA91 |title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224023150/https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&q=filmfare+best+supporting+actor+nana+patekar+parinda&pg=PA91#v=snippet&q=filmfare%20best%20supporting%20actor%20nana%20patekar%20parinda&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4PZDQAAQBAJ&q=nana+patekar+iconic+parinda&pg=RA2-PT107 |title=Once Upon a Time in India: A Century of Indian Cinema |publisher=Random House India |year=2016 |isbn=978-9-3859-9040-3 |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224023645/https://books.google.com/books?id=V4PZDQAAQBAJ&q=nana+patekar+iconic+parinda&pg=RA2-PT107#v=snippet&q=nana%20patekar%20iconic%20parinda&f=false |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Gulazāra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=filmfare+best+editing+renu+saluja+parinda&pg=PT644 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=978-8-1799-1066-5 |page=620 |ref={{Sfnref|Nihalani|2003|p=620}}}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vidhu Vinod Chopra}}
{{Vinod Chopra Films}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:1980s gangster films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
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[[Category:Indian gangster films]]

Mortimer Wheeler

2026-05-03T09:39:53Z

Saurabh pal: put up a entry...

{{Short description|British archaeologist (1890–1976)}}
{{featured article}}{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mortimer Wheeler
| image = Mortimer Wheeler in 1939.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Wheeler in 1939
| birth_name = Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler
| birth_date = 10 September 1890
| birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1976|7|22|1890|9|10}}
| death_place = [[Leatherhead]], England
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[University College London]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| signature =
| footnotes =
| spouse = {{ubl | {{marriage|[[Tessa Wheeler|Tessa Verney]]|1914|1936|end=died}} | {{marriage|[[Mavis Wheeler|Mavis de Vere Cole]]|1939|1942|end=div}} | {{marriage|[[Margaret Collingridge Wheeler|Margaret Collingridge]]|1945}}}}
| children = [[Michael Mortimer Wheeler]]
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|CH|CIE|MC|TD|FSA|FRS|FBA}}
| field = [[Archaeology]]
| work_institutions =
| prizes =
| religion =
| module = {{Infobox military person |embed=yes
| allegiance = Great Britain
|branch = [[British Army]]
|serviceyears = 1914–1921 1939–1948
|rank = [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]]
|unit = [[Royal Artillery]]
|commands = 42nd Mobile Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment
|battles = {{tree list}}
* [[History of the United Kingdom during the First World War|First World War]]
**[[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
***[[Battle of Passchendaele]]
**[[Italian front (World War I)|Italian Front]]
**[[Hundred Days Offensive]]
***[[Second Battle of Bapaume]]
*[[World War II|Second World War]]
**[[Western Desert campaign]]
***[[Second Battle of El Alamein]]
**[[Allied invasion of Italy]]
{{tree list/end}}
|awards = [[Military Cross]] [[Territorial Decoration]]
}}
| honorific prefix = [[Sir]]
}}

'''Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler''' (10 September 1890 – 22 July 1976) was a British [[archaeologist]] and officer in the [[British Army]]. Over the course of his career, he served as Director of both the [[National Museum of Wales]] and [[London Museum (1912–1976)|London Museum]], Director-General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], and the founder and Honorary Director of the [[UCL Institute of Archaeology|Institute of Archaeology]] in [[London]], in addition to writing twenty-four books on archaeological subjects.

Born in [[Glasgow]] to a middle-class family, Wheeler was raised largely in [[Yorkshire]] before moving to London in his teenage years. After studying [[classics]] at [[University College London]] (UCL), he began working professionally in archaeology, specialising in the [[Roman Britain|Romano-British]] period. During [[World War I]] he volunteered for service in the [[Royal Artillery]], being stationed on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], where he rose to the rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] and was awarded the [[Military Cross]]. Returning to Britain, he obtained his doctorate from UCL before taking on a position at the National Museum of Wales, first as Keeper of Archaeology and then as Director, during which time he oversaw [[excavation (archaeology)|excavation]] at the Roman forts of [[Segontium]], [[Y Gaer]], and [[Isca Augusta]] with the aid of his first wife, [[Tessa Wheeler]]. Influenced by the archaeologist [[Augustus Pitt Rivers]], Wheeler argued that excavation and the recording of [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|stratigraphic context]] required an increasingly scientific and methodical approach, developing the "[[Wheeler-Kenyon method|Wheeler method]]". In 1926, he was appointed Keeper of the London Museum; there, he oversaw a reorganisation of the collection, successfully lobbied for increased funding, and began lecturing at UCL.

In 1934, he established the Institute of Archaeology as part of the federal [[University of London]], adopting the position of Honorary Director. In this period, he oversaw excavations of the Roman sites at [[Lydney Park]] and [[Verulamium]] and the [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]] [[Hillforts in Britain|hill fort]] of [[Maiden Castle, Dorset|Maiden Castle]]. During [[World War II]], he re-joined the [[British Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] and rose to the rank of [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|brigadier]], serving in the [[North African Campaign]] and then the [[Allied invasion of Italy]]. In 1944 he was appointed Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, through which he oversaw excavations of sites at [[Harappa]], [[Arikamedu]], and [[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri]], and implemented reforms to the subcontinent's archaeological establishment. Returning to Britain in 1948, he divided his time between lecturing for the Institute of Archaeology and acting as archaeological adviser to Pakistan's government. In later life, his popular books, [[cruise ship]] lectures, and appearances on radio and television, particularly the [[BBC]] series ''[[Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?]]'', helped to bring archaeology to a mass audience. Appointed Honorary Secretary of the [[British Academy]], he raised large sums of money for archaeological projects, and was appointed British representative for several [[UNESCO]] projects.

Wheeler is recognised as one of the most important British archaeologists of the 20th century, responsible for successfully encouraging British public interest in the discipline and advancing methodologies of excavation and recording. Furthermore, he is widely acclaimed as a major figure in the establishment of South Asian archaeology. However, many of his specific interpretations of archaeological sites have been discredited or reinterpreted.

==Early life==

===Childhood: 1890–1907===
Mortimer Wheeler was born on 10 September 1890 in the city of [[Glasgow]], Scotland.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=623|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=15}} He was the first child of the journalist Robert Mortimer Wheeler and his second wife Emily Wheeler ({{nee}} Baynes).{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=15}} The son of a tea merchant based in [[Bristol]], in youth Robert had considered becoming a [[Baptist]] minister, but instead became a staunch [[Freethought|freethinker]] while studying at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. Initially working as a lecturer in [[English literature]], Robert turned to journalism after his first wife died in childbirth.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=623|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=15, 18}} His second wife, Emily, shared her husband's interest in English literature, and was the niece of [[Thomas Spencer Baynes]], a [[Shakespeare's reputation|Shakespearean]] scholar at [[St. Andrews University]]. Their marriage was emotionally strained, a situation exacerbated by their financial insecurity. Within two years of their son's birth, the family moved to [[Edinburgh]], where a daughter named Amy was born.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=15, 19–20}}
[[File:Ilkley Moor Swastika Stone.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.4|During childhood, Wheeler took an interest in the prehistoric carvings on [[Ilkley Moor]] in [[West Yorkshire]].]]
When Wheeler was four, his father was appointed chief [[Editorial|leader]] writer for the ''[[Newspapers of Yorkshire#Defunct newspapers|Bradford Observer]]''. The family relocated to [[Saltaire]], a village northwest of [[Bradford]], a cosmopolitan city in [[Yorkshire]], northeast England, then in the midst of the wool trade boom.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=623|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=16|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=75}} Wheeler was inspired by the moors surrounding Saltaire and fascinated by the area's archaeology. He later wrote about discovering [[Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles|a late prehistoric cup-marked stone]], searching for [[stone tool|lithics]] on [[Ilkley Moor]], and digging into a [[tumulus|barrow]] on Baildon Moor.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=17, 23}} Although in ill health, Emily Wheeler taught her two children with the help of a [[maid]] up to the age of seven or eight. Mortimer remained emotionally distant from his mother, instead being far closer to his father, whose company he favoured over that of other children.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=19–22}}

His father had a keen interest in [[natural history]] and a love of fishing and shooting, rural pursuits in which he encouraged Mortimer to take part. Robert acquired many books for his son, particularly on the subject of [[art history]],{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=18, 29}} with Wheeler loving to both read and paint.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=623|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=21}}

In 1899, Wheeler joined [[Bradford Grammar School]] shortly before his ninth birthday, where he proceeded straight to the second form.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=623|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=26|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=75}} In 1902, Robert and Emily had a second daughter, whom they named Betty; Mortimer showed little interest in this younger sister.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=26}} In 1905, Robert agreed to take over as head of the London office of his newspaper, by then renamed the ''Yorkshire Daily Observer'', so the family relocated to the southeast of the city in December 1905, settling into a house named Carlton Lodge on South Croydon Road, [[West Dulwich]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=623|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=31–32|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=75}} In 1908, they moved to 14 Rollescourt Avenue in nearby [[Herne Hill]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=38}} Rather than being sent for a conventional education, when he was 15 Wheeler was instructed to educate himself by spending time in London, where he frequented the [[National Gallery]] and the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=32–33}}

===University and early career: 1907–14===

[[File:Wilkins Building 1, UCL, London - Diliff.jpg|thumb|Wheeler undertook his BA and MA at University College London (pictured).]]

After passing the [[entrance exam]] on his second attempt, in 1907 Wheeler was awarded a scholarship to read [[classical studies]] at [[University College London]] (UCL), commuting daily from his parental home to the university campus in [[Bloomsbury]], central London.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=623|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=40|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=77}} At UCL, he was taught by the prominent classicist [[A. E. Housman]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=624|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=41}} During his undergraduate studies, he became editor of the ''Union Magazine'', for which he produced a number of illustrated cartoons.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=41–42}} Increasingly interested in art, he decided to switch from classical studies to a course at UCL's [[art school]], the [[Slade School of Fine Art]]; he returned to his previous subject after coming to the opinion that – in his words – he never became more than "a conventionally accomplished picture maker".{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=624|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=43–44}} This interlude had adversely affected his classical studies, and he received a [[Upper second-class honours|second class]] BA on graduating.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=45}}

Wheeler began studying for a [[Master of Arts]] degree in classical studies, which he attained in 1912.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=624|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=45|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=77}} During this period, he also gained employment as the personal secretary of the UCL Provost [[Gregory Foster]],{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=47}} although he later criticised Foster for transforming the university from "a college in the truly academic sense [into] a hypertrophied monstrosity as little like a college as a plesiosaurus is like a man".{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=40}} It was also at this time of life that he met and began a relationship with [[Tessa Wheeler|Tessa Verney]], a student then studying history at UCL, when they were both serving on the committee of the University College Literary Society.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=47|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=77}}

During his studies, Wheeler had developed his love of archaeology, having joined an [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavation]] of [[Viroconium Cornoviorum]], a [[Roman Britain|Romano-British]] settlement in [[Wroxeter]], in 1913.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=49}} Considering a profession in the discipline, he won a studentship that had been established jointly by the University of London and the [[Society of Antiquaries of London|Society of Antiquaries]] in memory of [[Augustus Wollaston Franks]]. The prominent archaeologist [[Arthur Evans|Sir Arthur Evans]] doubled the amount of money that went with the studentship. Wheeler's proposed project had been to analyse Romano-Rhenish pottery, and with the grant he funded a trip to the [[Rhineland]] in Germany, there studying the Roman pottery housed in local museums; his research into this subject was never published.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=624|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=49–51|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=79}}

At this period, there were very few jobs available within British archaeology; as the later archaeologist [[Stuart Piggott]] related, "the young Wheeler was looking for a professional job where the profession had yet to be created."{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=625}} In 1913 Wheeler secured a position as junior investigator for the [[Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England)|English Royal Commission on Historical Monuments]], who were embarking on a project to assess the state of all structures in the nation that pre-dated 1714. As part of this, he was first sent to [[Stebbing]] in [[Essex]] to assess Late Medieval buildings, although once that was accomplished he focused on studying the Romano-British remains of that county.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1pp=625–626|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=51–52|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=79}} In summer 1914, he married Tessa in a low-key, secular wedding ceremony, before they moved into Wheeler's parental home in Herne Hill.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=626|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=52–53|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3pp=79–80, 82}}

===First World War: 1914–1918===

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote="I cannot attempt to describe the conditions under which we are fighting. Anything I could write about them would seem exaggeration but would in reality be miles below the truth. The whole battlefield for miles is a congested mess of sodden, rain-filled shell-holes, which are being added to every moment. The mud is not so much mud as fathomless sticky morass ... If it were not for the [[Pillbox (military)|cement pill boxes]] left by [[Boche (slur)|the Boche]], not a thing could live many hours."|source=— Wheeler, in a letter to his wife, October 1917{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=57–58}} }}

After the United Kingdom's entry into [[World War I]] in 1914, Wheeler [[Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War|volunteered for the armed forces]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=53|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=83}} Although preferring solitary to group activities, Wheeler found that he greatly enjoyed soldiering,{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=626|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=55}} and on 9 November 1914 was commissioned a temporary [[second lieutenant]] in the University of London [[Officers' Training Corps|Officer Training Corps]], serving with its artillery unit as an instructor.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29045|date=19 January 1915 |page=688 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=53|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=83}} It was during this period, in January 1915, that a son was born to the Wheelers, and named Michael.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=55}} [[Michael Mortimer Wheeler|Michael Wheeler]] was their only child, something that was a social anomaly at the time, although it is unknown whether or not this was by choice.{{sfn|Carr|2012|pp=82–83}} In May 1915, Wheeler transferred to the 1st Lowland Brigade of the [[Royal Field Artillery]] ([[Territorial Force]]), and was confirmed in his rank on 1 July, with a promotion to temporary [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] from the same date.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29249|date=3 August 1915 |page=7583 |supp=|nolink=y}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, on 16 July, Wheeler was promoted to temporary [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29288|date=7 September 1915 |page=8964 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref> In this position he was stationed at various bases across Britain, often bringing his wife and child with him; his responsibility was as a battery commander, initially of field guns and later of [[howitzer]]s.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1pp=55–56|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=83}}

In October 1917 Wheeler was posted to the 76th Army Field Artillery Brigade, one of the [[Royal Field Artillery]] brigades under the direct control of the [[General Officer Commanding]], [[Third Army (United Kingdom)|Third Army]]. The brigade was then stationed in Belgium, where it had been engaged in the [[Battle of Passchendaele]] against German troops along the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. By now a substantive lieutenant (temporary captain), on 7 October he was appointed second-in-command of an [[artillery battery]] with the acting rank of captain,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30325|date=5 October 1917 |page=10360 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref> but on 21 October became commander of a battery with the acting rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30487|date=18 January 1918 |page=1077 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref> replacing a major who had been poisoned by [[mustard gas]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30884|date=3 September 1918 |page=10512 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref> He was part of the Left Group of artillery covering the advancing [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] infantry in the battle.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1pp=56–57|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=83}} Throughout, he maintained correspondences with his wife, his sister Amy, and his parents.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=59|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=85}} After the Allied victory in the battle, the brigade was transferred to Italy.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=60}}

Wheeler and the brigade arrived in Italy on 20 November, and proceeded through the [[Italian Riviera]] to reach [[Caporetto]], where it had been sent to bolster the Italian troops against [[Battle of Caporetto|a German and Austro-Hungarian advance]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=61–63}} As the [[Russian Republic]] removed itself from the war, the German Army refocused its efforts on the Western Front, so in March 1918 Wheeler's brigade was ordered to leave Italy, getting a train from [[Castelfranco Veneto|Castelfranco]] to [[Rouen|Vieux Rouen]] in France.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=63}} Back on the Western Front, the brigade was assigned to the [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Division]], again part of [[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy|Julian Byng]]'s Third Army, reaching a stable area of the front in April. Here, Wheeler was engaged in artillery fire for several months, before the British went on the offensive in August.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=63–68}} On 24 August, between the ruined villages of Achiet and [[Sapignies]], he led an expedition that captured two German field guns while under heavy fire from a castle mound; he was later awarded the [[Military Cross]] for this action:{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=69–71}}

{{Blockquote|For conspicuous gallantry and initiative. While making a reconnaissance he saw two enemy field guns limbered up without horses within 300 yards of the outpost line. He returned for two six-horse teams, and under heavy fire, in full view of the enemy, successfully brought back both guns to his battery position and turned them on the enemy. He did fine work.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31043|date=29 November 1918 |page=14268 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>}}

Wheeler continued as part of the British forces pushing westward until the German surrender in November 1918,{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=72–73}} receiving a [[mention in dispatches]] on 8 November.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31080|date=20 December 1918 |page=15032 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref> He was not demobilised for several months, instead being stationed at [[Pulheim]] in Germany until March; during this time he wrote up his earlier research on Romano-Rhenish pottery, making use of access to local museums, before returning to London in July 1919.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1pp=73–74|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=86}} Reverting to his permanent rank of lieutenant on 16 September,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31609|date=17 October 1919 |page=12882 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref> Wheeler was finally discharged from service on 30 September 1921, retaining the rank of major.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32521|date=15 November 1921 |page=9141 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>

==Career==

===National Museum of Wales: 1919–1926===

On returning to London, Wheeler moved into a top-floor flat near [[Gordon Square]] with his wife and child.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=77|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=87}} He returned to working for the Royal Commission, examining and cataloguing the historic structures of Essex.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=77|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=87}} In doing so, he produced his first publication, an [[Scholarly paper|academic paper]] on Colchester's Roman [[Balkerne Gate]] which was published in the ''Transactions of the [[Essex Society for Archaeology and History|Essex Archaeological Society]]'' in 1920.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=78}} He soon followed this with two papers in the ''[[Journal of Roman Studies]]''; the first offered a wider analysis of Roman Colchester, while the latter outlined his discovery of the vaulting for the city's Temple of [[Claudius]] which was destroyed by [[Boudica]]'s revolt. In doing so, he developed a reputation as a Roman archaeologist in Britain.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=78}} He then submitted his research on Romano-Rhenish pots to the University of London, on the basis of which he was awarded his [[Doctor of Letters|Doctorate of Letters]]; thenceforth until his knighthood he styled himself as Dr Wheeler.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=78–79}} He was unsatisfied with his job in the commission, unhappy that he was receiving less pay and a lower status than he had had in the army, so began to seek alternative employment.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=77, 79}}

{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Segontium Roman Fort - geograph.org.uk - 1287434.jpg
| width1 = 220
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Y Gaer, Brecon 385454.jpg
| width2 = 220
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = While Keeper of Antiquities, Wheeler oversaw excavation of the Roman forts at [[Segontium]] (left) and [[Y Gaer]] (right) in Wales.
}}

He obtained a post as the Keeper of Archaeology at the [[National Museum Wales|National Museum of Wales]], a job that also entailed becoming a lecturer in archaeology at the [[University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire]]. Taking up this position, he moved to [[Cardiff]] with his family in August 1920, although he initially disliked the city.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=626|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=79, 83|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=87}} The museum was in disarray; before the war, construction had begun on a new purpose-built building to house the collections. This had ceased during the conflict and the edifice was left abandoned during Cardiff's post-war economic slump.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=80}} Wheeler recognised that Wales was very divided regionally, with many Welsh people having little loyalty to Cardiff; thus, he made a point of touring the country, lecturing to local societies about archaeology.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=627|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=84}} According to the later archaeologist Lydia C. Carr, the Wheelers' work for the cause of the museum was part of a wider "cultural-nationalist movement" linked to growing [[Welsh nationalism]] during this period; for instance, the Welsh nationalist party [[Plaid Cymru]] was founded in 1925.{{sfn|Carr|2012|pp=90–91}}

Wheeler was impatient to start excavations, and in July 1921 started a six-week project to excavate at the Roman fort of [[Segontium]]; accompanied by his wife, he used up his holiday to oversee the project. A second season of excavation at the site followed in 1922.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=626|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=85–86|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=96}} Greatly influenced by the writings of the archaeologist [[Augustus Pitt-Rivers]], Wheeler emphasised the need for a strong, developed methodology when undertaking an archaeological excavation, believing in the need for strategic planning, or what he termed "controlled discovery", with clear objectives in mind for a project.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=81|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2pp=95–96}} Further emphasising the importance of prompt publication of research results, he wrote full seasonal reports for ''[[Archaeologia Cambrensis]]'' before publishing a full report, ''Segontium and the Roman Occupation of Wales''.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=86|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=96}} Wheeler was keen on training new generations of archaeologists, and two of the most prominent students to excavate with him at Segontium were [[Victor Erle Nash-Williams|Victor Nash-Williams]] and [[Ian Richmond]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=82}}

Over the field seasons of 1924 and 1925, Wheeler ran excavations of the Roman fort of [[Y Gaer]] near [[Brecon]], a project aided by his wife and two archaeological students, [[Nowell Myres]] and [[Christopher Hawkes]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=626|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=90|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3pp=100–102}} During this project, he was visited by the prominent Egyptologist [[Flinders Petrie|Sir Flinders Petrie]] and his wife [[Hilda Petrie]]; Wheeler greatly admired Petrie's emphasis on strong archaeological methodologies.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=91|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=104}} Wheeler published the results of his excavation in ''The Roman Fort Near Brecon''.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=95}} He then began excavations at [[Isca Augusta]], a Roman site in [[Caerleon]], where he focused on revealing the Roman amphitheatre. Intent on attracting press attention to both raise public awareness of archaeology and attract new sources of funding, he contacted the press and organised a sponsorship of the excavation by the [[middle-market newspaper]] the ''[[Daily Mail]]''. In doing so, he emphasised the folkloric and legendary associations that the site had with [[King Arthur]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1pp=95–96|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2pp=110–114}} In 1925, [[Oxford University Press]] published Wheeler's first book for a general audience, ''Prehistoric and Roman Wales''; he later expressed the opinion that it was not a good book.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=627|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=93}}

In 1924, the Director of the National Museum of Wales, [[William Evans Hoyle]], resigned amid ill health.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=92}} Wheeler applied to take on the role of his replacement, providing supportive testimonials from [[Charles Reed Peers]], [[Robert Carr Bosanquet|Robert Bosanquet]], and [[H. J. Fleure]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=92}} Although he had no prior museum experience, he was successful in his application and was appointed director.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=626|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=93|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=106}} He then employed a close friend, [[Cyril Fox]], to take on the vacated position of Keeper of Archaeology.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=93–94}} Wheeler's proposed reforms included extending the institution's reach and influence throughout Wales by building affiliations with regional museums, and focusing on fundraising to finance the completion of the new museum premises.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=92}} He obtained a £21,367 donation from the wealthy shipowner [[William Reardon Smith]] and appointed Smith to be the museum's treasurer, and also travelled to [[Whitehall]], London, where he successfully urged the [[British Treasury]] to provide further funding for the museum.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=94}} As a result, construction on the museum's new building was able to continue, and it was officially opened by King [[George V]] in 1927.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=94–95}}

===London Museum: 1926–1933===

[[File:Lancaster House London April 2006 032.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|[[Lancaster House]], where the London Museum was based]]

Upon the retirement of the Keeper of the [[London Museum (1912–1976)|London Museum]], Harmon Oates, Wheeler was invited to fill the vacancy. He had been considering a return to London for some time and eagerly agreed, taking on the post, which was based at [[Lancaster House]] in the [[St James's]] area, in July 1926.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=628|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=99–100|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=107}} In Wales, many felt that Wheeler had simply taken the directorship of the National Museum to advance his own career prospects, and that he had abandoned them when a better offer came along. Wheeler himself disagreed, believing that he had left Fox at the Museum as his obvious successor, and that the reforms he had implemented would therefore continue.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=101}} The position initially provided Wheeler with an annual salary of £600, which resulted in a decline in living standards for his family, who moved into a flat near [[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=107}}

Tessa's biographer L. C. Carr later commented that together, the Wheelers "professionalized the London Museum".{{sfn|Carr|2012|p=137}} Wheeler expressed his opinion that the museum "had to be cleaned, expurgated, and catalogued; in general, turned from a junk shop into a tolerably rational institution".{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=109}} Focusing on reorganising the exhibits and developing a more efficient method of cataloguing the artefacts, he also wrote ''A Short Guide to the Collections'', before using the items in the museum to write three books: ''London and the Vikings'', ''London and the Saxons'', and ''London and the Romans''.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=628|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=109–110}} Upon his arrival, the Treasury allocated the museum an annual budget of £5,000, which Wheeler deemed insufficient for its needs.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=112}} In 1930, Wheeler persuaded them to increase that budget, as he highlighted increasing visitor numbers, publications, and acquisitions, as well as a rise in the number of educational projects. With this additional funding, he was able to employ more staff and increase his own annual salary to £900.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=113}}

Soon after joining the museum, Wheeler was elected to the council of the Society of Antiquaries.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=110}} Through the Society, he became involved in the debate as to who should finance archaeological supervision of building projects in [[Greater London]]; his argument was that the [[City of London Corporation]] should provide the funding, although in 1926 it was agreed that the Society itself would employ a director of excavation based in Lancaster House to take on the position.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=110–112}} Also involved in the largely moribund [[Royal Archaeological Institute]], Wheeler organised its relocation to Lancaster House.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=123–124}} In 1927, Wheeler took on an unpaid lectureship at University College London, where he established a [[graduate diploma]] course on archaeology; one of the first to enroll was Stuart Piggott.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=127–128}} In 1928, Wheeler curated an exhibit at UCL on "Recent Work in British Archaeology", for which he attracted much press attention.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=127}}

[[File:RomanTheatreVerulamium-PS1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|Wheeler excavated at [[Verulamium]], later to become [[St Albans]]; the remains of the city's Roman theatre are shown.]]

Wheeler was keen to continue archaeological fieldwork outside London, undertaking excavations every year from 1926 to 1939.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=144}} After completing his excavation of the Carlaeon amphitheatre in 1928, he began fieldwork at the Roman settlement and temple in [[Lydney Park]], [[Gloucestershire]], having been invited to do so by the aristocratic landowner, [[Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe|Charles Bathurst]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=631|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=145|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3pp=156–160}} It was during these investigations that Wheeler personally discovered the Lydney Hoard of coinage.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1pp=48–49|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=166}} Wheeler and his wife jointly published their excavation report in 1932 as ''Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire'',{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=146}} which Piggott noted had "set the pattern" for all Wheeler's future excavation reports.{{sfn|Piggott|1977|pp=631–632}}

From there, Wheeler was invited to direct a Society of Antiquaries excavation at the Roman settlement of [[Verulamium]], which existed on land recently acquired by the Corporation of St Albans. He took on this role for four seasons from 1930 to 1933, before leaving a fifth season of excavation under the control of the archaeologist [[Kathleen Kenyon]] and the architect A. W. G. Lowther.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1pp=149–151, 158–159|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2pp=172–175}} Wheeler enjoyed the opportunity to excavate at a civilian as opposed to military site, and also liked its proximity to his home in London.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=152}} He was particularly interested in searching for a pre-Roman Iron Age [[oppidum]] at the site, noting that the existence of a nearby [[Catuvellauni]] settlement was attested to in both classical texts and numismatic evidence.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1pp=152–155|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=179}} With Wheeler focusing his attention on potential Iron Age evidence, Tessa concentrated on excavating the inside of the city walls; Wheeler had affairs with at least three assistants during the project.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=155–156}} After Tessa wrote two interim reports, the final excavation report was finally published in 1936 as ''Verulamium: A Belgic and Two Roman Cities'', jointly written by Wheeler and his wife.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=159|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=181}} The report resulted in the first major published criticism of Wheeler, produced by the young archaeologist [[Nowell Myres]] in a review for ''[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]]''; although stating that there was much to praise about the work, he critiqued Wheeler's selective excavation, dubious dating, and guesswork. Wheeler responded with a piece in which he defended his work and launched a personal attack on both Myres and Myres's employer, [[Christ Church, Oxford]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=634|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=159–162|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3pp=188–189}}

===Institute of Archaeology: 1934–1939===
[[File:Aerial photograph of Maiden Castle from the west, 1937.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Wheeler led excavations at the Iron Age hill fort of [[Maiden Castle, Dorset|Maiden Castle]] in [[Dorset]]. Photograph by Major George Allen, October 1937.]]
Wheeler had long desired to establish an academic institution devoted to archaeology that could be based in London.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=129}} He hoped that it could become a centre in which to establish the professionalisation of archaeology as a discipline, with systematic training of students in methodological techniques of excavation and conservation and recognised professional standards; in his words, he hoped "to convert archaeology into a discipline worthy of that name in all senses".{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=630}} He further described his intention that the Institute should become "a laboratory: a laboratory of archaeological science".{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=6}}
Many archaeologists shared his hopes, and to this end Petrie had donated much of his collection of Near Eastern artefacts to Wheeler, in the hope that it would be included in such an institution.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=129}}

Wheeler was later able to persuade the University of London, a federation of institutions across the capital, to support the venture, and both he and Tessa began raising funds from wealthy backers.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=130}} In 1934, the [[UCL Institute of Archaeology|Institute of Archaeology]] was officially opened, albeit at this point without premises or academic staff; the first students to enroll were Rachel Clay and Barbara Parker, who went on to have careers in the discipline.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=130}}

While Wheeler – who was still Keeper of the London Museum – took on the role of Honorary Director of the institute, he installed the archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon as secretary of the Management Committee, describing her as "a level-headed person, with useful experience".{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=132}} That June, he was appointed an Officer of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Order of Saint John]] (OStJ).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34064|date=26 June 1934 |page=4058 |supp=|nolink=y}}</ref>

After ending his work at Verulamium, Wheeler turned his attention to the late Iron Age hill-fort of [[Maiden Castle, Dorset|Maiden Castle]] near [[Dorchester, Dorset]], where he excavated for four seasons from 1934 to 1937.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=633|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=162, 172}} Co-directed by Mortimer and Tessa Wheeler, and the Curator of [[Dorset County Museum]] (Charles Drew), the project was carried out under the joint auspices of the Society of Antiquaries and the Dorset Field Club.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=163|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=212}} With around 100 assistants each season, the dig constituted the largest excavation that had been conducted in Britain up to that point, with Wheeler organising weekly meetings with the press to inform them about any discoveries.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=163, 166}} According to later historian Adam Stout, the Maiden Castle excavation was "one of the most famous British archaeological investigations of the twentieth century. It was the classic 'Wheeler dig', both in terms of scale of operations and the publicity which it generated."{{sfn|Stout|2008|pp=217–218}}

Wheeler's excavation report was published in 1943 as ''Maiden Castle, Dorset''.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=633|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=175|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=235}} The report's publication allowed further criticism to be voiced of Wheeler's approach and interpretations; in his review of the book, the archaeologist [[W. F. Grimes]] criticised the highly selective nature of the excavation, noting that Wheeler had not asked questions regarding the socio-economic issues of the community at Maiden Castle, aspects of past societies that had come to be of increasing interest to British archaeology.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=634|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=175–176|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3p=236}} Over coming decades, as further excavations were carried out at the site and archaeologists developed a greater knowledge of Iron Age Britain, much of Wheeler's interpretation of the site and its development was shown to be wrong, in particular by the work of the archaeologist Niall Sharples.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1p=177|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=235}}

In 1936, Wheeler embarked on a visit to the [[Near East]], sailing from [[Marseille]] to [[Port Said]], where he visited the [[Old Kingdom]] tombs of [[Sakkara]]. From there he went via [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] to Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria. During this trip, he visited various archaeological projects, but was dismayed by the quality of their excavations; in particular, he noted that the American-run excavation at [[Tel Megiddo]] was adopting standards that had been rejected in Britain twenty-five years previously.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=133}} He was away for six weeks, and upon his return to Europe discovered that his wife Tessa had died of a [[pulmonary embolism]] after a minor operation on her toe.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1pp=134, 138|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=231}} According to Tessa's biographer, for Wheeler this discovery was "the peak of mental misery, and marked the end of his ability to feel a certain kind of love".{{sfn|Carr|2012|p=241}} That winter, his father also died.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=139}} By the summer of 1937, he had embarked on a new romance, with a young woman named [[Mavis Wheeler|Mavis de Vere Cole]], widow of [[Horace de Vere Cole]], who had first met Wheeler when visiting the [[Maiden Castle, Dorset|Maiden Castle]] excavations with her then-lover, the painter [[Augustus John]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1pp=167, 181–184|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=234}} After she eventually agreed to his repeated proposals, the two were married early in 1939 in a ceremony held at [[Caxton Hall]], with a reception at Shelley House. They proceeded on a [[honeymoon]] to the Middle East.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=190–192}}
[[File:St John's Lodge, Regent's Park.jpg|left|thumb|250px|St. John's Lodge in Regent's Park, the first building to house the Institute of Archaeology]]
After a search that had taken several years, Wheeler was able to secure premises for the Institute of Archaeology: [[St John's Lodge, London|St. John's Lodge]] in [[Regent's Park]], central London. Left empty since its use as a hospital during the First World War, the building was owned by the Crown and was controlled by the [[First Commissioner of Works]], [[William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech|William Ormsby-Gore]]; he was very sympathetic to archaeology, and leased the building to the Institute at a low rent.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=628|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=131–132|3a1=Carr|3y=2012|3pp=149–150}} The St. John's Lodge premises were officially opened on 29 April 1937. During his speech at the ceremony, the University of London's Vice-Chancellor Charles Reed Peers made it clear that the building was only intended as a temporary home for the institute, which it was hoped would be able to move to Bloomsbury, the city's academic hub.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=140–141}} In his speech, the university's Chancellor, [[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone]], compared the new institution to both the [[Institute of Historical Research]] and the [[Courtauld Institute of Art]].{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=629}}

Wheeler had also become President of the [[Museums Association]], and in a presidential address given in [[Belfast]] talked on the topic of preserving museum collections in wartime, believing that Britain's involvement in a second European conflict was imminent.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=184}} In anticipation of this event, in August 1939 he arranged for the London Museum to place many of its most important collections into safe keeping.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=193–194}} He was also awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] from [[Bristol University]], and at the award ceremony met the Conservative Party politician [[Winston Churchill]], who was then engaged in writing his multi-volume ''[[A History of the English-Speaking Peoples]]''; Churchill asked Wheeler to help him in writing about late prehistoric and early medieval Britain, to which Wheeler agreed.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=184}}

After Maiden Castle, Wheeler turned his attention to France, where the archaeological investigation of Iron Age sites had lagged behind developments in Britain. There, he oversaw a series of surveys and excavations with the aid of Leslie Scott, beginning with a survey tour of [[Brittany]] in the winter of 1936–37.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1pp=634–635|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=178–179}} After this, Wheeler decided to excavate the oppidum at Camp d'Artus, near [[Huelgoat]], [[Finistère]]. In addition to bringing many British archaeologists to work on the site, he hired six local Breton workmen to assist the project, coming to the belief that the oppidum had been erected by local Iron Age tribes to defend themselves from the Roman invasion led by [[Julius Caesar]]. Meanwhile, Scott had been placed in charge of an excavation at the smaller nearby hill fort of Kercaradec, near [[Quimper]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=181, 184–187}} In July 1939, the project focused its attention on [[Normandy]], with excavations beginning at the Iron Age hill forts of Camp de Canada and [[Duclair]]. They were brought to an abrupt halt in September 1939 as the [[Second World War]] broke out in Europe, and the team evacuated back to Britain.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=192–194}} Wheeler's excavation report, co-written with Katherine Richardson, was eventually published as ''Hill-forts of Northern France'' in 1957.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=635|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=194–195}}

===Second World War: 1939–1945===

Wheeler had been expecting and openly hoping for war with [[Nazi Germany]] for a year before the outbreak of hostilities; he believed that the United Kingdom's involvement in the conflict would remedy the shame that he thought had been brought upon the country by its signing of the [[Munich Agreement]] in September 1938.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=189}} Volunteering for the armed services, on 18 July 1939 he returned to active service as a major (Special List).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34660|date=29 August 1939 |page=5925 |supp=|nolink=y}}</ref> He was assigned to assemble the 48th Light Anti-Aircraft Battery at [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]], where he set about recruiting volunteers, including his son [[Michael Mortimer Wheeler|Michael]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=196–198}} As the 48th swelled in size, it was converted into the 42nd Mobile Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment in the [[Royal Artillery]], which consisted of four batteries and was led by Wheeler – now promoted to the temporary rank of [[lieutenant-colonel]] (effective 27 January 1940) – as Commanding Officer.<ref>{{cite book|pages=522f|title=The Quarterly Army List: October 1942 (Part I)|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1942}}</ref>{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=198, 199}} Given the nickname of "Flash Alf" by those serving under him,{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=635|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=198}} he was recognised by colleagues as a ruthless disciplinarian and was blamed by many for the death of one of his soldiers from [[influenza]] during training.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=198–199}} Having been appointed secretary of the Society of Antiquaries in 1939 and then director in 1940, he travelled to London to deal with society affairs on various occasions.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=200}} In 1941 Wheeler was awarded a Fellowship of the British Academy.{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=638}} Mavis de Vere Cole – Wheeler's wife, had meanwhile entered into an affair with a man named Clive Entwistle, who lambasted Wheeler as "that whiskered baboon". When Wheeler discovered Entwistle in bed with her, he initiated divorce proceedings that were finalised in March 1942.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=200–202}}

In the summer of 1941, Wheeler and three of his batteries were assigned to fight against German and Italian forces in the [[North African Campaign]]. In September, they set sail from Glasgow aboard the [[RMS Empress of Russia|RMS ''Empress of Russia'']]; because the Mediterranean was controlled largely by enemy naval forces, they were forced to travel via the [[Cape of Good Hope]], before taking shore leave in [[Durban]]. There, Wheeler visited the local [[kraal]]s to compare them with the settlements of Iron Age Britain.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=203–205}} The ship docked in [[Aden]], where Wheeler and his men again took shore leave.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=206}} They soon reached the British-controlled [[Suez]], where they disembarked and were stationed on the shores of the [[Great Bitter Lake]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=207}} There, Wheeler took a brief leave of absence to travel to [[Jerusalem]], where he visited Petrie on his hospital deathbed.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=207–208}} Back in Egypt, he gained permission to fly as a front gunner in a [[Vickers Wellington|Wellington bomber]] on a bombing raid against Axis forces, to better understand what it was like for aircrew to be fired on by an anti-aircraft battery.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=208}}

[[File:Forum leptis magna.JPG|thumb|left|In North Africa, Wheeler sought to preserve archaeological remains, such as those of Leptis Magna (pictured), from being damaged by occupying troops.]]

Serving with the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]], Wheeler was present in North Africa when the Axis armies pushed the Allies back to [[El Alamein]]. He was also part of the Allied counter-push, taking part in the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] and the advance on Axis-held [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=209–216}} On the way he became concerned that the archaeological sites of North Africa were being threatened both by the fighting and the occupying forces. After the British secured control of Libya, Wheeler visited Tripoli and [[Leptis Magna]], where he found that Roman remains had been damaged and vandalised by British troops; he brought about reforms to prevent this, lecturing to the troops on the importance of preserving archaeology, making many monuments out-of-bounds, and ensuring that the [[Royal Air Force]] changed its plans to construct a radar station in the midst of a Roman settlement.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=635|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=216–218}} Aware that the British were planning to invade and occupy the Italian island of [[Sicily]], he insisted that measures be introduced to preserve the historic and archaeological monuments on the island.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=218}}

Promoted to the acting rank of [[brigadier]] on 1 May 1943,<ref>{{cite book|pages=522f|title=The Quarterly Army List: December 1946 (Part I)|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1946}}</ref> after the German surrender in North Africa, Wheeler was sent to [[Algiers]] where he was part of the staff committee planning [[Allied invasion of Italy|the invasion of Italy]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=635|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=219–220}} There, he learned that the [[India Office]] had requested that the army relieve him of his duties to permit him to be appointed Director General of Archaeology in India. Although he had never been to the country, he agreed that he would take the job on the condition that he be permitted to take part in the invasion of Italy first.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=635|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=220–221}} As intended, Wheeler and his 12th Anti-Aircraft Brigade then took part in the invasion of Sicily and then mainland Italy, where they were ordered to use their anti-aircraft guns to protect the [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|British 10th Corps]].{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=635|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=122–124}} As the Allies advanced north through Italy, Wheeler spent time in [[Naples]] and then [[Capri]], where he met various aristocrats who had anti-fascist sympathies.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=124–126}}

Wheeler left Italy in November 1943 and returned to London. There, he resigned as the director of the London Museum and focused on organising the Institute of Archaeology, preparing it for its adoption of a new director, [[V. Gordon Childe]], after the war. He also resigned as director of the Society of Antiquaries, but was appointed the group's representative to the newly formed [[Council for British Archaeology]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=226–227}} He developed a relationship with a woman named Kim Collingridge, and asked her to marry him. As she was a devout [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]], he officially converted to the religion, something which shocked many of his friends, who believed that he was being dishonest because he did not genuinely believe in the doctrines of the faith.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=227–229}} He then set sail for [[Bombay]] aboard a transport ship, the ''City of Exeter'', in February 1944.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=229}}

===Archaeological Survey of India: 1944–1948===

[[File:ArikameduRomanCeramic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|It was Wheeler who discovered evidence for Roman trade links at [[Arikamedu]] in southern India, as evidenced by ceramics such as this.]]

Wheeler arrived in Bombay in the spring of 1944. There, he was welcomed by the city's governor, [[John Colville, 1st Baron Clydesmuir|John Colville]], before heading by train to [[Delhi]] and then [[Shimla]], where the headquarters of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] were located.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=232–233}} Wheeler had been suggested for the job by [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]], the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], who had been acting on the recommendations of the archaeologist [[Leonard Woolley]], who had written a report lamenting the state of the archaeological establishment in the British-controlled subcontinent.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1pp=635–636|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=230–231|3a1=Guha|3y=2003a|3pp=4–5}} Wheeler recognised this state of affairs, in a letter to a friend complaining about the lack of finances and equipment, commenting that "We're back in 1850".{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=234}} He initially found much to dislike in India, and in his letters to friends in Britain expressed derogatory and [[racism|racist]] sentiments toward Indians: he stated that "they feed wrongly and think wrongly and live wrongly ... I already find myself regarding them as ill-made clockwork toys rather than as human beings, and I find myself bullying them most brutally."{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=234}} He expelled those staff members whom he deemed too idle, and physically beat others in an attempt to motivate them.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=234}}

From the beginning of his tenure, he sought to distance himself from previous Directors-General and their administrations by criticising them in print and attempting to introduce new staff who had no loyalty to his predecessors.{{sfn|Guha|2003a|pp=6–7}} Assigned a four-year contract, Wheeler attempted to recruit two archaeologists from Britain, [[Glyn Daniel]] and Stuart Piggott, to aid him in reforming the Archaeological Survey, although they declined the offer.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=233}} He then toured the subcontinent, seeking to meet all of the Survey's staff members.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=235}} He had drawn up a prospectus containing research questions that he wanted the Survey to focus on; these included understanding the period between the Bronze Age [[Indus Valley civilization]] and the [[Achaemenid Empire]], discerning the socio-cultural background to the [[Vedas]], dating the [[Indo-Aryan migration hypothesis|Aryan invasion]], and establishing a dating system for southern India before the 6th century CE.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=636|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=235}} During his time in office he also achieved a 25 per cent budget increase for the Archaeological Survey,{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=245}} and convinced the government to agree to the construction of a [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum of Archaeology]], to be built in New Delhi.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=252}}

In October 1944, he opened his six-month archaeological field school in [[Taxila]], where he instructed various students from across India in the methodologies of the discipline.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=637|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=240}} Wheeler became very fond of his students, with one of them, [[B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|B. B. Lal]], later commenting that "behind the gruff exterior, Sir Mortimer had a very kind and sympathetic heart".{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=241}} Throughout his period in India, his students were some of the only individuals to whom Wheeler warmed; more widely, he was annoyed by what he saw as the idleness, incompetence and corruption of Indian society.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=254}} Initially focusing on the northwest of the subcontinent, Wheeler was particularly fascinated by the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilization. On his initial inspection of the Indus Valley sites of [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]], he organised a very brief excavation which revealed fortifications around both settlements.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=236–237}} He later led a more detailed excavation at Harappa, where he exposed further fortifications and established a [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|stratigraphy]] for the settlement.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=637|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=250–251}}

Turning his attention to southern India, Wheeler discovered remnants of a Roman [[amphora]] in a museum, and began excavations at [[Arikamedu]], revealing a port from the 1st century CE that had traded in goods from the Roman Empire. The excavation had been plagued by severe rains and tropical heat, although it was during the excavation that World War II ended; in celebration, Wheeler gave all his workers an extra [[rupee]] for the day.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=637|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=238–244}} It has since been alleged that while Wheeler took credit for discovering the significance of this site, it had previously been established by [[A. Aiyappan]], the Superintendent of the Government Museum in Madras, and the French archaeologist Jouveau Dubreuil, with Wheeler intentionally ignoring their contribution.{{sfn|Srivathsan|2011}} He later undertook excavations of six megalithic tombs in [[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri]], [[Mysore]], which enabled him to gain a chronology for the archaeology of much of southern India.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=255–256}}

[[File:Mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Wheeler was fascinated by the Indus Valley civilisation, and excavated at [[Mohenjo-daro]].]]

Wheeler established a new archaeological journal, ''[[Ancient India (journal)|Ancient India]]'', planning for it to be published twice a year. He had trouble securing printing paper and faced various delays; the first issue was released in January 1946, and he would release three further volumes during his stay.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=637|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=245–246}} Wheeler married Kim Collingridge in Simla,{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=247}} before he and his wife took part in an Indian Cultural Mission to Iran. The Indian government had deemed Wheeler ideal to lead the group, which departed via train to [[Zahidan]] before visiting [[Persepolis]], [[Tehran]], [[Isfahan]], [[Shiraz]], [[Pasargadae]], and [[Kashan]]. Wheeler enjoyed the trip, and was envious of Tehran's archaeological museum and library, which was far in advance of anything then found in India. Crossing into Iraq, in [[Baghdad]] the team caught a flight back to Delhi.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=247–249}} In 1946, he was involved in a second cultural mission, this time to Afghanistan, where he expressed a particular interest in the kingdom of ancient [[Bactria]] and visited the archaeology of [[Balkh]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=252–254}}

Wheeler was present during the 1947 [[Partition of India]] into the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] and the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] and the accompanying ethnic violence between Hindu and Muslim communities.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=257}} He was unhappy with how these events had affected the Archaeological Survey, complaining that some of his finest students and staff were now citizens of Pakistan and no longer able to work for him.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=257}} He was based in New Delhi when the city was rocked by sectarian violence, and attempted to help many of his Muslim staff members escape from the Hindu-majority city unharmed. He further helped smuggle Muslim families out of the city hospital, where they had taken refuge from a violent Hindu mob.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=257–258}} As India neared independence from the [[British Empire]], the political situation had changed significantly; by October 1947 he was one of the last British individuals in a senior position in the country's governing establishment, and recognised that many Indian nationalists wanted him to leave as well.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=258}} For his work in India, Wheeler was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the final imperial honours list issued the day before Indian independence (gazetted in the [[1948 New Year Honours]]).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38161|date=30 December 1947 |page=9 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>

As their relationship had become increasingly strained, his wife had left and returned to Britain.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=259}} Although hoping to leave his post in India several months early, he was concerned for his economic prospects, and desperately searched for a new position. Through friends in the British archaeological community, he was offered a job as the Secretary of the [[Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales]], although he was upset that this would mean a drop in his professional status and income and decided to turn it down.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=259–260}} Instead, he agreed to take up a chair in the Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the Institute of Archaeology.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=638|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=260}} In addition, the Pakistani Minister of Education invited him to become the Archaeological Adviser to the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]]; he agreed also to take up this position, on the condition that he would only spend several months in the country each year over the next three.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=638|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=261}} On 1 September 1948, having exceeded the age limit, he relinquished his Territorial Army commission, ending his military service as a war-substantive lieutenant-colonel (honorary brigadier).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=39162|date=2 March 1951 |page=1162 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Territorial Decoration]] (TD) in September 1956.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=40877|date=11 September 1956 |page=5212 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>

==Later life==

===Between Britain and Pakistan: 1948–1952===

Returning to London, Wheeler moved into the [[Hallam Street]] flat where his son and daughter-in-law were living. Wheeler and the latter disliked each other, so in summer 1950 he moved out and began renting an apartment in Mount Street.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=271}} A year later he moved into his wife's house in [[Mallord Street]], in an unsuccessful hope of reigniting their relationship.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=279}}
Taking up his part-time professorship at the Institute of Archaeology, he began to lecture to students almost every day. There, he found that he developed a relationship of mutual respect with the director, Childe, despite their strong personal and professional differences.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=263–263}} In April 1949, after the retirement of Cyril Fox, Wheeler was nominated for the Presidency of the Society of Antiquaries, but lost to [[James Mann (curator)|James Mann]]; many archaeologists, including Childe and [[O. G. S. Crawford]], resigned from the Society in protest, deeming Wheeler to have been a far more appropriate candidate for the position. Wheeler was nevertheless elected director of the Society.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=265–266}} In 1950 he was awarded the [[Petrie Medal]],{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=278}} and was knighted in the [[1952 Birthday Honours]], with his investiture by the Queen taking place at [[Buckingham Palace]] on 8 July.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=39555|date=30 May 1952 |page=3008 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=39594|date=11 July 1952 |page=3748 |supp=|nolink=y}}</ref>{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=278}} That same year he was invited to give the [[Charles Eliot Norton|Norton lectures]] for the [[Archaeological Institute of America]], and while in the United States was also awarded the Lucy Wharton Drexel medal at Pennsylvania. He nevertheless disliked the country, and in later life exhibited [[anti-Americanism]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=278}}

[[File:Wheeler's Wall.JPG|thumb|right|Wheeler excavated at Stanwick Iron Age fortifications; the section pictured is today known as Wheeler's Wall.]]

Wheeler spent three months in the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] during early 1949, where he was engaged in organising the fledgling Pakistani Archaeological Department with the aid of former members of the Archaeological Survey and new students whom he recruited.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=264}} The Minister of Education, [[Fazlur Rahman (Pakistani politician)|Fazlur Rahman]], was sympathetic to Wheeler's plans, and the government agreed to establish a [[National Museum of Pakistan]] in [[Karachi]], which opened in April 1950.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=264, 270}} Wheeler himself was appointed the first President of the Pakistani Museums Association,{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=264}} and found himself as a mediator in the arguments between India and Pakistan over the redistribution of archaeological and historic artefacts following the partition.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=266–267}} He also wrote a work of archaeological propaganda for the newly formed state, ''Five Thousand Years of Pakistan'' (1950).{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=638|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=265}}

To instruct new Pakistani students in the methods of archaeology, in early 1950 Wheeler ran a training excavation at Mohenjo-daro; there, he was joined by the British student [[Leslie Alcock]], who spoke both [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] and who was appointed a site supervisor by Wheeler.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=267–269}} This excavation proved to be the only one for which Wheeler would not write and publish a full excavation report.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=270}} Instead, he made reference to its findings in his book ''The Indus Civilization'', published as part of the series The Cambridge History of India.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=638|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=270}} His relationship with the Pakistani government had become strained, so he declined to return to work for them for a third year.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=271}}

Wheeler had been keen to return to excavation in Britain. Based on the one he had organised in India, Wheeler developed an archaeological training course, which he ran at Verulamium in the summer of 1949 to instruct British students in the methodologies of excavation.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=267}} In summer 1950, he was invited by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments to direct a trial excavation at [[Bindon Hill]] in Dorset. It was a leisurely project which he treated as a seaside holiday.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=272}} He was invited by the Ancient Monuments Department of the [[Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Works]] to excavate the [[Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications]] in [[North Riding]], Yorkshire, which he proceeded to do over the summers of 1951 and 1952. Aided by many old friends and colleagues from within the British archaeological scene, he was joined by Alcock and Alcock's wife, among others. Wheeler published his report on the site in 1954.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=638|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=273–277}}

In 1949, Wheeler was appointed Honorary Secretary of the [[British Academy]] after [[Frederic G. Kenyon]] stepped down from the position.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1pp=638–639|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=267, 281}} According to Piggott, the institution had "unhappily drifted into senility without the excuse of being venerable",{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=639}} and Wheeler devoted much time attempting to revitalise the organisation and ensured that [[Charles Webster (historian)|Charles Webster]] was appointed president. Together, Wheeler and Webster sought to increase the number of younger members of the academy, increasing the number of Fellows who were permitted to join and proposing that those over 75 years of age not be permitted to serve on the organisation's council; this latter measure was highly controversial, but, though defeated in 1951, Wheeler and Webster were able to push it through in 1952.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=639|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=280, 283–284}} In doing so, Piggott stated, Wheeler helped rid the society of its "self-perpetuating [[gerontocracy]]".{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=639}} To help him in these projects, Wheeler employed a personal assistant, Molly Myers, who remained with him for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=282}}

===Popular fame: 1952–1969===

In 1956, Wheeler retired from his part-time professorship at the Institute of Archaeology.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=320}} Childe was also retiring from his position of director that year, and Wheeler involved himself in the arguments surrounding who should replace him. Wheeler vocally opposed the nomination of W.F. Grimes, deeming his career undistinguished; instead, he championed Glyn Daniel as a candidate, although ultimately Grimes was selected.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=320–323}} That year, Wheeler's marriage broke down, and he moved from his wife's house to a former brothel at 27 Whitcomb Street in central London.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=319–320}} From 1954 to 1959, he served as the President of the Society of Antiquaries, and after resigning supported Ian Richmond as his replacement; however, [[Joan Evans (art historian)|Joan Evans]] was selected.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=640|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=330–331}} From 1964 to 1966 he served as Chairman of the [[Ancient Monuments Board]], stepping down when he concluded that he was too old for the role.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=640|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=331–332}}
In December 1963, Wheeler underwent a [[prostate]] operation that went wrong, and was hospitalised for over a month.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=341–342}}
In November 1967, Wheeler became a [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH),{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=312}} and in 1968 he became a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS).{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=639|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=356}}

====Media fame and public archaeology====

Wheeler became famous in Britain as "the embodiment of popular archaeology through the medium of television".{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=640}} In 1952, Wheeler was invited to be a panelist on the new [[BBC]] television series ''[[Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?]]''. Based on the American quiz programme ''[[What in the World? (television show)|What in the World?]]'', the show was hosted by Glyn Daniel and featured three experts in archaeology, anthropology, and natural history being asked to identify artefacts that had been selected from various museums. Wheeler is alleged to have prepared for the show by checking beforehand which objects had been temporarily removed from display. The show proved popular with British audiences, and would air for six more years.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=640|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=298–301|3a1=Bahn|3y=1999|3p=59}} It brought Wheeler to public attention, resulting in a Television Personality of the Year award for him in 1954.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=640|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=301}} He also appeared in an episode of ''[[Buried Treasure (TV programme)|Buried Treasure]]'', an archaeology show also hosted by Daniel, in which the pair travelled to [[Denmark]] to discuss [[Tollund Man]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=302–303}} In 1957, he appeared in a second episode of ''Buried Treasure'', for which he travelled to Pakistan to discuss that nation's archaeology, and in 1958 again appeared in an episode, this time on the site of [[Great Zimbabwe]] in [[Southern Rhodesia]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=303–305}} In 1959 he presented his own three-part series on ''The Grandeur That Was Rome'', for which he travelled to [[Hadrian's Wall]], [[Pompeii]], and Leptis Magna; the show failed to secure high ratings, and was Wheeler's last major foray into television.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=305–307}} Meanwhile, he also made appearances on BBC radio, initially featuring on the [[John Irving]] series ''The Archaeologist'', but later presenting his own eight-part series on Roman Britain and also appearing on the series ''Asian Club'', which was aimed primarily at newly arrived [[British Asian|migrants from the Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=303}}

[[File:Persepolis 1.JPG|thumb|left|Wheeler wrote a book on the city of Persepolis in Iran.]]

From 1954 onward, Wheeler began to devote an increasing amount of his time to encouraging greater public interest in archaeology,{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=314}} and it was in that year that he obtained an agent.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=315}} Oxford University Press also published two of his books in 1954. The first was a book on archaeological methodologies, ''Archaeology from the Earth'', which was translated into various languages.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=314–315}} The second was ''Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontier'', discussing evidence for Roman activity at sites such as Arikamedu and Segontium.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=638|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2p=315}} In 1955 Wheeler released his episodic autobiography, ''Still Digging'', which had sold over 70,000 copies by the end of the year.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=316–317}} In 1959, Wheeler wrote ''Early India and Pakistan'', which was published as part as Daniel's "Ancient Peoples and Places" series for [[Thames and Hudson]]; as with many earlier books, he was criticised for rushing to conclusions.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=638|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=324–325}}

He wrote the section entitled "Ancient India" for Piggott's edited volume ''The Dawn of Civilisation'', which was published by Thames and Hudson in 1961,{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=331, 338}} before writing an introduction for Roger Wood's photography book ''Roman Africa in Colour'', which was also published by Thames and Hudson.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=338–339}} He then agreed to edit a series for the publisher, known as "New Aspects of Antiquity", through which they released a variety of archaeological works.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=339}} The rival publisher [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] had also persuaded Wheeler to work for them, securing him to write many sections of their book ''Splendours of the East''.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=339}} They also published his 1968 book ''Flames Over Persepolis'', in which Wheeler discussed Persepolis and the [[Persian Empire]] in the year that it was conquered by [[Alexander the Great]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=340}}

In 1954, the tour company [[Swan Hellenic|R.K. Swan]] invited Wheeler to provide lectures on the archaeology of ancient Greece aboard their Hellenic cruise line, which he did in 1955.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=308–309}} In 1957, he then gave a guided tour of the archaeology of the Indian subcontinent for the rival tour company Fairways and [[Swinford]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=309}} After Swans appointed him to the position of chairman of their Hellenic Cruise division, he made two fortnight tours a year, in spring and summer.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=309–310}} In late 1969 he conducted the Swans tour to the Indian subcontinent, visiting the south and east of the republic as well as [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=313}} During this period, Wheeler had kept in contact with many of his friends and colleagues in India and Pakistan, helping to secure them work and funding where possible.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=344–347}}

Wheeler had continued his archaeological investigations, and in 1954 led an expedition to [[the Somme]] and [[Pas de Calais]] where he sought to obtain more information on the French Iron Age to supplement that gathered in the late 1930s.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=317–318}} Pakistan's Ministry of Education invited Wheeler to return to their country in October 1956. Here, he undertook test excavations at [[Charsada]] to determine a chronology of the site.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=637|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=325–329}} In 1965, he agreed to take on the position of President of the Camelot Research Committee, which had been established to promote the findings of excavations at [[Cadbury Castle, Somerset|Cadbury Castle]] in [[Somerset]] run by his friends [[Ralegh Radford]] and Alcock; the project ended in 1970.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=342–343}} He also agreed to sit as Chairman of the Archaeological Committee overseeing excavations at [[York Minster]], work which occupied him into the 1970s.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=344}} Wheeler had also continued his work with museums, campaigning for greater state funding for them.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=332}} While he had become a trustee of the institution in 1963,{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=640}} he achieved publicity for vocally criticising the [[British Museum]] as "a mountainous corpse", lambasting it as being poorly managed and overcrowded with artefacts. The [[BBC]] staged a public debate with the museum director [[Frank Francis]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=332–333}}

====British Academy and UNESCO====

[[File:Abusimbel.jpg|thumb|right|Wheeler was part of the UNESCO team that had the Abu Simbel temples and their sculptures moved to protect them from flooding (pictured).]]

As Honorary Secretary of the British Academy, Wheeler focused on increasing the organisation's revenues, thus enabling it to expand its remit. He developed personal relationships with various employees at the British Treasury, and offered the academy's services as an intermediary in dealing with the [[Egypt Exploration Society]], the [[British School at Athens]], the [[British School at Rome]], the [[British School at Ankara]], the [[British School in Iraq]], and the [[British School at Jerusalem]], all of which were then directly funded independently by the Treasury. Accepting this offer, the Treasury agreed to double its funding of the academy to £5,000 a year.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=284–285}} Approaching various charitable foundations, from 1955 Wheeler also secured funding from both the [[Pilgrim Trust]] and the [[Nuffield Foundation]], and in 1957 then secured additional funding from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=287–289}}

With this additional money, the academy was able to organise a survey of the state of the humanities and social sciences in the United Kingdom, authoring a report that was published by Oxford University Press in 1961 as ''Research in the Humanities and the [[Social science|Social Sciences]]''.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=290–291}} On the basis of this report, Wheeler was able to secure a dramatic rise in funding from the British Treasury; they increased their annual grant to £25,000, and promised that this would increase to £50,000 shortly after.{{sfnm|1a1=Piggott|1y=1977|1p=639|2a1=Hawkes|2y=1982|2pp=291–292}} According to his later biographer [[Jacquetta Hawkes]], in doing so Wheeler raised the position of the academy to that of "the main source of official patronage for the humanities" within the United Kingdom,{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=287}} while Piggott stated that he set the organisation upon its "modern course".{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=639}}

To improve Britain's cultural influence abroad, Wheeler had been urging the establishment of a British Institute of History and Archaeology in East Africa, touring [[East Africa]] itself in August 1955. In 1956, the academy requested £6,000 from the Treasury to fund this new institution, to which they eventually agreed in 1959. The institute was initially established in [[Dar es Salaam]] in 1961, although later relocated to [[Nairobi]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=293–294}} Meanwhile, Wheeler had also been campaigning for the establishment of a British Institute of Persian Studies, a project which was supported by the British Embassy in Tehran; they hoped that it would rival the successful French Institute in the city. In 1960, the Treasury agreed, with the new institution being housed on the premises of the [[University of Tehran]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=294–297}} He further campaigned for the establishment of a British Institute in Japan, although these ideas were scrapped amid the British financial crisis of 1967.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=297}}

Wheeler retained an active interest in the running of these British institutions abroad; in 1967 he visited the British School in Jerusalem amid the [[Six-Day War]] between Israel and its Arab neighbours,{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=350–351}} and in January 1968 visited the Persian institute with the archaeologist [[Max Mallowan]] and Mallowan's wife [[Agatha Christie]], there inspecting the excavations at [[Siraf]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=352–353}} In 1969 he proceeded to the Italian city of Rome to inspect the British School there.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=360}} That year, he resigned as Honorary Secretary of the academy. The position became a salaried, professional one, with the numismatist [[Derek Allen]] taking on the position.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=358}}

Recognising his stature within the archaeological establishment, the government appointed Wheeler as the British representative on a [[UNESCO]] project to undertake a programme of rescue archaeology in the [[Nile Valley]] ahead of the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]], which was going to flood large areas of Egypt and Sudan.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=334–337}} Personally securing UK funding for the project, he deemed it an issue of national and personal shame when he was unable to persuade the British government to supply additional funding for the relocation of the [[Abu Simbel temples]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=334–337}} In October 1968, he took part in a UNESCO visit to Pakistan to assess the state of [[Mohenjo-daro]], writing the project's report on how the archaeological site could best be preserved.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=256–357}} His involvement with UNESCO continued for the rest of his life, and in March 1973 he was invited to the organisation's conference in Paris.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=371}}

===Final years: 1970–1976===

During his final years, Wheeler remained involved in various activities, for instance sitting on the advisory panel of the ''Antiquity'' journal and the Management Committee of the Royal Archaeological Institute.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=361}} In March 1971, the archaeologist [[Barry Cunliffe]] and a number of his undergraduate students at the [[University of Southampton]] organised a conference on the subject of "The Iron Age and its Hillforts" to celebrate Wheeler's eightieth birthday. Wheeler attended the event, whose conference proceedings were published as a [[festschrift]] for the octogenarian.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=362–363}} In spring 1973, Wheeler returned to BBC television for two episodes of the archaeology-themed series ''[[Chronicle (UK TV series)|Chronicle]]'' in which he discussed his life and career. The episodes were well received, and Wheeler became a close friend of the show's producer, David Collison.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=363–368}} 1974 saw Wheeler appear in a series of six [[BBC]] TV interviews with presenter and broadcaster [[Magnus Magnusson]] called "Sir Mortimer and Magnus" during which he talked anecdotally about his life and work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 1974 |title= Sir Mortimer and Magnus |url=https://imdb.com/title/tt5103260 |access-date= 4 June 2024 |website= IMDb |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1970s, Wheeler became increasingly forgetful and came to rely largely on his assistant, Molly Myres, to organise his affairs.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=371}} Amid increasing ill health, in September 1973 he moved full-time into Myres's house in [[Leatherhead]], [[Surrey]], although he continued to use his central London flat during day-trips to the city.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=373}} There, he wrote a final book, ''My Archaeological Mission to India and Pakistan'', although much of the text was culled from his previous publications; it was published by Thames and Hudson in 1976.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=374–375}} Following a stroke, Wheeler died at Myers' home on 22 July 1976.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=377}} In memoriam, the British Academy, Royal Academy, and Royal Society flew their flags at [[half-mast]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=377}} Wheeler's funeral was held with full military honours at a local crematorium, while a larger memorial service was held in [[St James's Church, Piccadilly]] in November.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=377}}

==Personal life==
[[File:Mortimer Wheeler bust.jpg|thumb|right|Bronze bust of Wheeler at the [[UCL Institute of Archaeology]]'s library]]
Wheeler was known as "Rik" among friends. He divided opinion among those who knew him, with some loving and others despising him, and during his lifetime, he was often criticised on both scholarly and moral grounds.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=1–2, 10}}

Archaeologist Sir [[Max Mallowan]] asserted that he "was a delightful, light-hearted and amusing companion, but those close to him knew that he could be a dangerous opponent if threatened with frustration".{{sfn|Mallowan|1977|p=vi}}
His [[wikt:charm offensive|charm offensive]]s were often condemned as being insincere.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=8}}

During excavations, he was known as an authoritarian leader but favoured those who he thought exhibited bravery by standing up to his authority.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=9–10}} Hence, he has been termed "a benevolent dictator".{{sfn|Guha|2003a|p=9}} He was meticulous in his writings, and would repeatedly revise and rewrite both pieces for publication and personal letters.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=4}} Throughout his life, he was a heavy smoker.{{sfn|Carr|2012|p=108}}

Wheeler expressed the view that he was "the least political of mortals".{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=257}} Despite not taking a strong interest in politics, Wheeler was described by his biographer as "a natural conservative"; for instance, during his youth he was strongly critical of the [[Suffragette]]s and their cause of greater legal rights for women.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|pp=45–46}}

Nevertheless, he was "usually happy to advance young women professionally", something that may have been based largely on his sexual attraction toward them. He expressed little interest in his relatives; in later life, he saw no reason to have a social relationship with people purely on the basis of family ties.{{sfn|Carr|2012|pp=76, 94–95}}

Wheeler was married three times. In May 1914, Wheeler married [[Tessa Wheeler|Tessa Verney]]. Tessa became an accomplished archaeologist, and they collaborated until her death in 1936. Their only child, [[Michael Mortimer Wheeler]], was born in January 1915; he became a barrister.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=271}} Following Tessa's death, in 1939, Wheeler married [[Mavis Wheeler|Mavis de Vere Cole]].{{sfn|Carr|2012|p=234}} Their relationship was strained; Cole's diaries revealed that Wheeler hit her when she annoyed him, which he was later shocked at having done.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=189}}

In 1945, Mortimer Wheeler married his third wife, [[Margaret Collingridge Wheeler|Margaret Collingridge]]. Although they became estranged in 1956, Collingridge's [[Christian views on divorce#Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism prevented divorce]]. Meanwhile, Wheeler was well known for his conspicuous promiscuity, favouring young women for [[one-night stands]], many of whom were his students.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawkes|1y=1982|1pp=10–12|2a1=Carr|2y=2012|2p=234}} He was further known for having casual sex in public places. That behaviour led to much emotional suffering among his various wives and mistresses of which he was aware.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=12}}

==Reception and legacy==

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote="He was a true innovator in archaeology, an inspired teacher, [and] had the dramatic gifts to enable him to spread his own enthusiasm among multitudes. He developed powers of command and creative administration that brought him extraordinary successes in energising feeble institutions and creating new ones."|salign = right|source=— Jacquetta Hawkes, 1982.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=4}}}}

Wheeler has been termed "the most famous British archaeologist of the twentieth century" by archaeologists Gabriel Moshenska and [[Tim Schadla-Hall]].{{sfn|Moshenska|Schadla-Hall|2011|p=46}} Highlighting his key role in encouraging interest in archaeology throughout British society, they stated that his "mastery of public archaeology was founded on his keen eye for value and a showman's willingness to package
and sell the past".{{sfn|Moshenska|Schadla-Hall|2011|p=47}} This was an issue about which Wheeler felt very strongly; writing his obituary for the ''Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society'', the English archaeologist Stuart Piggott noted that Wheeler placed "great importance to the archaeologist's obligation to the public, on whose support the prosecution of his subject ultimately depended."{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=640}}

Piggott believed that Wheeler's greatest impact was as "the great innovator in field techniques", comparing him in this respect to Pitt-Rivers.{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=641}} Piggott stated that the "importance of Wheeler's contribution to archaeological technique, enormous and far-reaching, lies in the fact that in the early 1920s he not only appreciated and understood what Pitt-Rivers had done, but saw that his work could be used as a basis for adaptation, development and improvement."{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=626}} L. C. Carr stated that it was for his methodological developments, oft termed "the Wheeler Method", that Wheeler was best known; in this she contrasted him with those archaeologists who were best known for their associations with a specific archaeological site, such as Arthur Evans and [[Knossos]] or Leonard Woolley and [[Ur]].{{sfn|Carr|2012|p=245}}

Wheeler was well known for his publications on archaeological matters; Carr stated that both Wheeler and his first wife emphasised "technical rigour and a full presentation of materials unearthed, as well as a literary discussion of their meaning calculated to appeal to a larger audience."{{sfn|Carr|2012|p=235}} Focusing on Wheeler's publications regarding South Asian archaeology, Sudeshna Guha noted that he "produced an assemblage of image-objects that embodied the precision he demanded from excavation photography."{{sfn|Guha|2003b|pp=47–48}}
Mallowan noted that "Immediate and swift presentation of results was more important to him than profound scholarship, although his critical sense made him conscious that it was necessary to maintain high standards and he would approve of nothing that was slipshod."{{sfn|Mallowan|1977|p=vi}} [[Jacquetta Hawkes]] commented that he made errors in his interpretation of the archaeological evidence because he was "sometimes too sure of being right, too ready to accept his own authority".{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=99}} She asserted that while Wheeler was not an original thinker, he had "a vision of human history that enabled him to see each discovery of its traces, however small, in its widest significance."{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=4}}

{{Quote box|width=246px|align=left|quote="Despite his very short stay as Director General, [Wheeler] infused an element of urgency into the Indian archaeological scene. With him archaeology in India became exciting, worth doing for its own sake. This excitement is apparent in the articles that he wrote, and still affects those who know the scene." |salign=left |source=— [[Dilip K. Chakrabarti]], 1982{{sfn|Chakrabarti|1982|p=337}} }}

Piggott claimed that Wheeler's appointment as Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India represented "the most remarkable archaeological achievement of his career, an enormous challenge accepted and surmounted in the autocratic and authoritarian terms within which he could best deploy his powers as administrator and excavator. No other archaeologist of the time, it seems fair to remark, could have come near to attaining his command of incisive strategy and often ruthless tactics which won him the bewildered admiration and touching devotion of his Indian staff."{{sfn|Piggott|1977|p=638}} The Indian archaeologist Dilip K. Chakrabarti later stated that Wheeler's accomplishments while in India were "considerable", particularly given the socio-political turmoil of independence and partition.{{sfn|Chakrabarti|1982|p=337}} Chakrabarti stated that Wheeler had contributed to South Asian archaeology in various ways: by establishing a "total view" of the region's development from the [[Palaeolithic]] onward, by introducing new archaeological techniques and methodologies to the subcontinent, and by encouraging Indian universities to begin archaeological research. Ultimately, Chakrabarti was of the opinion that Wheeler had "prepared the archaeology of the subcontinent for its transition to modernity in the post-Partition period."{{sfn|Chakrabarti|1982|p=337}} Similarly, Peter Johansen praised Wheeler for systematising and professionalising Indian archaeology and for "instituting a clearly defined body of techniques and methods for field and laboratory work and training."{{sfn|Johansen|2003|p=197}}

On Wheeler's death, H. D. Sankalia of [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]], [[Pune]], described him as "well known among Old World archaeologists in the United States", particularly for his book ''Archaeology from the Earth'' and his studies of the Indus Valley Civilisation.{{sfn|Sankalia|1977|p=894}} In its 2013 obituary of the English archaeologist [[Mick Aston]], ''British Archaeology'' magazine – the publication of the [[Council for British Archaeology]] – described Aston as "the Mortimer Wheeler of our times" because despite the strong differences between their personalities, both had done much to bring archaeology to the British public.{{sfn|''British Archaeology''|2013|p=16}} However, writing in 2011, Moshenska and Schadla-Hall asserted that Wheeler's reputation has not undergone significant revision among archaeologists, but that instead he had come to be remembered as "a cartoonish and slightly eccentric figure" whom they termed "Naughty Morty".{{sfn|Moshenska|Schadla-Hall|2011|p=46}}
Carr described the Institute of Archaeology as "one of the [Wheeler] couple's most permanent memorials."{{sfn|Carr|2012|p=146}}

===Mortimer Wheeler Archaeological Lectures===
On the proposal of Council of the British Academy, a lecture series was established to commemorate Sir Mortimer Wheeler's 80th birthday. The lectures were given annually from 1971 to 1991 and then discontinued as a series of single lectures. In 1992 and again in 2001, Wheeler Lectures were keynote presentations in British Academy archaeological conferences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mortimer Wheeler Archaeological Lectures|website=The British Academy|url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/events/lectures/listings/mortimer-wheeler-archaeological-lectures/}}</ref>

===Biographies and studies===

[[File:SIR MORTIMER WHEELER 1890-1976 Archæologist lived here.jpg|thumb|A [[blue plaque]] marks Wheeler's former residence in the [[City of Westminster]], London.]]

In 1960, Ronald William Clark published a biography titled ''Sir Mortimer Wheeler''.{{sfn|Clark|1960}} [[FitzRoy Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan]], reviewed the volume for the journal ''[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|Man]]'', describing "this very readable little book" as being "adulatory" in tone, "but hardly more so than its subject deserves."{{sfn|Raglan|1961|p=60}} In 1982, the archaeologist Jacquetta Hawkes published a second biography, ''Mortimer Wheeler: Adventurer in Archaeology''. Hawkes admitted she had developed "a very great liking" for Wheeler, having first met him when she was an archaeology student at the [[University of Cambridge]].{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=1}} She believed that he had "a daemonic energy", with his accomplishments in India being "almost superhuman".{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=3}} Ultimately, she thought of him as being "an epic hero in an anti-heroic age" in which growing social [[egalitarianism]] had stifled and condemned aspects of his greatness.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=2}}

In the 2000 film ''[[Hey Ram]]'', the lead character, Saket Ram (played by [[Kamal Haasan]]) and his friend, Amjad Khan (played by [[Shah Rukh Khan]]) are shown as employees of Wheeler, who was portrayed by Lewis K. Elbinger, before the [[Religious violence in India#Partition of British India (1947)|1947 Hindu–Muslim riots]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Bollywood Hungama|2a1=Vasudevan|2y=2011|2p=259}} In a 2003 volume of the ''South Asian Studies'' journal, Sudeshna Gusha published a research article examining Wheeler's use of photography in his excavations and publications in the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Guha|2003b}}
In 2011, the academic journal ''[[Public Archaeology (journal)|Public Archaeology]]'' published a research paper by Moshenska and Schadla-Hall that analysed Wheeler's role in presenting archaeology to the British public.{{sfn|Moshenska|Schadla-Hall|2011}} Two years later, the ''[[Papers from the Institute of Archaeology]]'' issued a short [[comic strip]] by Moshenska and Alex Salamunovich depicting Wheeler's activities in studying the archaeology of Libya during World War II.{{sfn|Moshenska|Salamunovich|2013}}

==Bibliography==

A bibliography of Wheeler's published books was included by Piggott in his obituary,{{sfn|Piggott|1977|pp=641–642}} and again by Hawkes in her biography.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=378}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year of publication
! Title
! Co-author(s)
! Publisher
|-
| 1923
| ''Segontium and the Roman Occupation of Wales''
| –
| {{sort|Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion|The Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (London)}}
|-
| 1925
| ''Prehistoric and Roman Wales''
| –
| Clarendon Press (Oxford)
|-
| 1926
| {{sort|Roman Fort Near Brecon|''The Roman Fort Near Brecon''}}
| –
| {{sort|Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion|The Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (London)}}
|-
| 1927
| ''London and the Vikings''
| –
| London Museum (London)
|-
| 1930
| ''London in Roman Times''
| –
| London Museum (London)
|-
| 1932
| ''Report on the Excavations of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire''
| {{sortname|Tessa |Wheeler|nolink=1}}
| Oxford University Press for the Society of Antiquaries (London)
|-
| 1935
| ''London and the Saxons''
| –
| London Museum (London)
|-
| 1936
| ''Verulamium: A Belgic and Two Roman Cities''
| {{sortname|Tessa |Wheeler|nolink=1}}
| Society of Antiquaries (London)
|-
| 1943
| ''Maiden Castle, Dorset''
| –
| Society of Antiquaries (London)
|-
| 1950
| ''Five Thousand Years of Pakistan''
| –
| Christopher Johnson (London)
|-
| 1953
| {{sort|Indus Civilization|''The Indus Civilization''}}
| –
| Cambridge University Press (Cambridge)
|-
| 1954
| {{sort|Stanwick Fortifications, North Riding of Yorkshire|''The Stanwick Fortifications, North Riding of Yorkshire''}}
| –
| Society of Antiquaries (London)
|-
| 1954
| ''Archaeology From the Earth''
| –
| Oxford University Press (Oxford)
|-
| 1954
| ''Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontiers''
| –
| G. Bell and Sons (London)
|-
| 1955
| ''Still Digging: Adventures in Archaeology''
| –
| Michael Joseph (London)
|-
| 1957
| ''Hill Forts of Northern France''
| {{sortname|Katherine M. |Richardson|nolink=1}}; M. Aylwin Cotton
| Society of Antiquaries (London)
|-
| 1959
| {{cite book |title=''Early India and Pakistan: To Ashoka'' |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/33695 |language=en}}
| –
| Thames and Hudson (London)
|-
| 1962
| ''Charsada: A Metropolis of the North-West Frontier''
| –
| Government of Pakistan and the British Academy (London)
|-
| 1964
| ''Roman Art and Architecture'' {{small|('[[World of Art|The World of Art Library]]' series)}}
| –
| Thames and Hudson (London)
|-
| 1966
| ''Alms for Oblivion: An Antiquary's Notebook''
| –
| Weidenfeld and Nicolson (London)
|-
| 1968
| ''Flames Over Persepolis''
| –
| Weidenfeld and Nicolson (London)
|-
| 1970
| {{sort|British Academy|''The British Academy, 1949–1968''}}
| –
| Oxford University Press for the British Academy (London)
|-
| 1976
| {{cite book |title=My Archaeological Mission to India and Pakistan |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/my-archaeological-mission-india-and-pakistan}}
| –
| Thames and Hudson (London)
|}

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|25em}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |first=Paul |last=Bahn |title=The Bluffer's Guide to Archaeology |location=London |publisher=Oval |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-902825-47-2 }}
* {{cite news |title=A Life in Archaeology: Michael Antony Aston |year=2013 |author=British Archaeology |journal=British Archaeology |volume=132 |pages=16–17 |publisher=Council for British Archaeology }}
* {{cite book |title=Tessa Verney Wheeler: Women and Archaeology Before World War Two |last=Carr |first=Lydia C. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-964022-5 }}
* {{cite journal |title=The Development of Archaeology in the Indian Subcontinent |last=Chakrabarti |first=Dilip K. |year=1982 |journal=World Archaeology |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=326–344 |jstor=124387 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1982.9979837}}
* {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Ronald William |title=Sir Mortimer Wheeler |publisher=Roy Publishers |location=New York |year=1960 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Imposing the Habit of Science: Sir Mortimer Wheeler and Indian Archaeology |last=Guha |first=Sudeshna |year=2003a |journal=Bulletin of the History of Archaeology |publisher=Ubiquity Press |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=4–10 |doi=10.5334/bha.13102 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |title=Mortimer Wheeler's Archaeology in South Asia and its Photographic Presentation |last=Guha |first=Sudeshna |year=2003b |journal=South Asian Studies |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=43–55 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2003.9628620|s2cid=162370123 }}
* {{cite book |title=Mortimer Wheeler: Adventurer in Archaeology |last=Hawkes |first=Jacquetta |year=1982 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-297-78056-4 }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201833 | title=Hey! Ram Cast & Crew | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | access-date=5 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605011412/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201833 | archive-date=5 June 2015 | ref={{Sfnref|Bollywood Hungama}} }}
* {{cite journal |title=Recasting the Foundations: New Approaches to Regional Understandings of South Asian Archaeology and the Problem of Culture History |last=Johansen |first=P.G. |year=2003 |journal=Asian Perspectives |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |volume=42 |number=2 |pages=192–206 |doi=10.1353/asi.2003.0038 |hdl=10125/17188 |s2cid=145503159 |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17188/1/AP-v42n2-193-206.pdf |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |title=Sir Mortimer Wheeler |last=Mallowan |first=Max |journal=Iran |publisher=British Institute of Persian Studies |volume=15 |year=1977 |pages=v–vi |jstor=4300558 }}
* {{Cite journal |title=Mortimer Wheeler's Theatre of the Past |last1=Moshenska |first1=Gabriel |last2=Schadla-Hall |first2=Tim |journal=Public Archaeology |publisher=Maney |volume=10 |number=1 |year=2011 |pages=46–55 |doi=10.1179/175355311x12991501673221|s2cid=162295661 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Wheeler at War |last1=Moshenska |first1=Gabriel |first2=Alex |last2=Salamunovich |journal=Papers from the Institute of Archaeology |publisher=Ubiquity Press |volume=23 |number=1 |year=2013 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.5334/pia.436|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |title=Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler |last=Piggott |first=Stuart |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |publisher=The Royal Society |volume=23 |year=1977 |pages=623–642 |jstor=769628 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1977.0023 |doi-access=free|s2cid=73835587 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Review of ''Sir Mortimer Wheeler'', by Ronald W. Clark |author=Raglan |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |journal=Man |volume=61 |year=1961 |page=60 |jstor=2795801 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Sir Mortimer Wheeler 1890–1976 |last=Sankalia |first=H. D. |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=79 |issue=4 |year=1977 |pages=894–895 |jstor=673283 |publisher=Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association |doi=10.1525/aa.1977.79.4.02a00090|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite news |title=Setting the Record Straight on the Arikamedu Finds |last=Srivathsan |first=A. |date=1 July 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2151055.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919015043/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2151055.ece |archive-date=19 September 2015 |access-date=2 July 2011 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stout |first=Adam |title=Creating Prehistory: Druids, Ley Hunters and Archaeologists in Pre-War Britain |location=Malden and Oxford |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4051-5505-2 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Melodramatic Public: Film Form and Spectatorship in Indian Cinema |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |last=Vasudevan |first=Ravi |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-230-24764-2 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Jane McIntosh, 'Wheeler, Sir (Robert Eric) Mortimer (1890–1976)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, September 2012 [https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/31825 accessed 11 March 2013]

==External links==
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p017g9gd/sir-mortimer-and-magnus-6-schliemann-and-gladstone "Sir Mortimer and Magnus" interview] on BBC iPlayer
* [https://arthistorians.info/wheelerm Dictionary of Art Historians]
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp56190/sir-robert-eric-mortimer-wheeler?search=sas&sText=mortimer+wheeler&OConly=true Mortimer Wheeler] – [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]|before=[[K. N. Dikshit]]|after=[[N. P. Chakravarti]]|years=1944–1948}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wheeler, Mortimer}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Archaeologists from Glasgow]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish antiquarians]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British Army brigadiers of World War II]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Academics of the UCL Institute of Archaeology]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of the Indus Valley civilisation]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12)]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Society of Antiquaries of London]]
[[Category:Members of the Cambrian Archaeological Association]]
[[Category:British television presenters]]
[[Category:People educated at Bradford Grammar School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Directors general of the Archaeological Survey of India]]
[[Category:People associated with Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of South Asia]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]
[[Category:BAFTA winners (people)]]
[[Category:20th-century British archaeologists]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Archaeological Institute]]
[[Category:Mohenjo-daro]]
[[Category:Harappa]]

Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum

2026-05-02T11:31:17Z

Saurabh pal: New

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ThendralVanthuEnnaiThodumNew.jpg
| genre = [[Action film|Action]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| inspired_by = [[Khelaghor]]
| writer = [[Blues Productions]] Nandhan Shridharan (season 1) V.S Kumaran (season 2)
| story = Nandhan Sridharan M. Kasthoori
| director = Abdul Kabeez Hafees
| creative_director =
| starring = Vinoth Babu [[Pavithra Janani]]
| theme_music_composer = Ilayavan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 686
| executive_producer = G. Pradeep Milroy Peter
| producer = R.Raajesh Box Studio and Samukha Entertainment
| editor = Vijay Krishnan Anand Raj
| cinematography = V.S Saravana Kumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Thalir Productions (season 1) Box Studios and Sumukha Entertainment (season 2)
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|08|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|11|11|df=y}}
}}

'''''Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum''''' ({{Translation|''The Breeze Will Come and Touch Me''}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language television series which aired on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vijay-tv-serial-promo-shows-forced-marriage-tamil-nadu-cop-reminds-them-of-law-101627297314524.html|title= Vijay TV serial promo shows forced marriage, Tamil Nadu cop reminds them of law |website=Hindustan Times|access-date= 26 July 2021|date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-serial-promo-justifying-harassment-of-women-and-varun-kumar-ips-remind-428142.html|title=கட்டாய தாலி கட்டுனா பொண்டாட்டியாம்.. விஜய் டிவி சீரியலால் சர்ச்சை.. போலீஸ் எஸ்.பி. வைத்த "குட்டு"|website= One India Tamil|access-date= 24 July 2021|date=29 July 2021}}</ref> It is a remake of the television series [[Khelaghor]] which originally aired on [[Star Jalsha]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay TV serial promo shows forced marriage, Tamil Nadu cop reminds them of law|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vijay-tv-serial-promo-shows-forced-marriage-tamil-nadu-cop-reminds-them-of-law-101627297314524.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727064254/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vijay-tv-serial-promo-shows-forced-marriage-tamil-nadu-cop-reminds-them-of-law-101627297314524.html|archive-date=27 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|date=26 July 2021 }}</ref> although the plot eventually deviates from the original plotline. The series premiered on 16 August 2021 and concluded on 11 November 2023, spanning 686 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil TV show 'Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum' to go off-air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-thendral-vandhu-ennai-thodum-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/105066202.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=8 November 2023 }}</ref>

''Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum'' was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Chirugaali Veechene'', which aired on [[Star Maa]] from 10 October 2022 to 2 May 2023. However, ''Chirugaali Veechene'' was cancelled after airing only 177 episodes out of the planned 686. ''Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum'' began re-airing on [[Colors Tamil]] on 23 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=DIN |date=23 June 2025 |title=கலர்ஸ் தொலைக்காட்சியில் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் விஜய் டிவி சீரியல்கள்! |script-title=ta:கலர்ஸ் தொலைக்காட்சியில் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் விஜய் டிவி சீரியல்கள்! |trans-title=Vijay TV serials airing on Colors TV! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jun/23/muththazhagu-thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-serial-retelecast-in-colors-tv |url-access= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628120744/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jun/23/muththazhagu-thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-serial-retelecast-in-colors-tv |archive-date=28 June 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
=== Season 1 (Episodes 1–454) ===
''Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum'' is set in [[Kanchipuram]] and begins with the introduction of the protagonists, Abhinaya "Abhi" and Vetriselvan "Vetri" . Abhi, the eldest daughter of Sankaranarayanan "Sankar", a reputed judge known for his honesty, integrity, and discipline, lives with her mother Padma. She has just returned from the United States of America after completing her higher education. Abhi is bold, mature, and straightforward, yet sweet, calm, and traditional in nature. Her marriage has been arranged with her childhood friend Darshan, a lawyer who is the brother-in-law of Surya, Abhi's cousin, and a businessman managing Sankar's enterprises.

On the other hand, Vetri is a rowdy and the trusted right-hand man of Poongavanam, a powerful local politician and don (crime boss). Vetri and Poongavanam use their influence to combat illegal activities such as drug and liquor smuggling, kidnapping, and prostitution, aiming to benefit the community. Vetri's family includes his father Aranganathan, a retired schoolteacher who disapproves of his son's rowdyism; and his mother Kamala, who adores Vetri and often criticises her husband for his strict treatment of their son. Vetri has two elder brothers: Kalaiselvan "Kalai", who is lazy and lacks steady employment; and Anbuselvan "Anbu", a real-estate broker. Kalai's wife, Nandhini, is diligent and caring, treating Vetri like her own son. Anbu's wife, Chitra, is selfish and gossipy, neglecting household duties.

Radha, Vetri's neighbour and childhood friend, works as an [[Auto Driver|auto driver]] and has harboured one-sided feelings for Vetri since childhood.

Abhi and her family visit the temple to ensure her wedding proceeds smoothly. Simultaneously, Vetri heads to the same temple on Poongavanam's orders because Poongavanam's driver has eloped with a minister's daughter and the minister plans to marry her there. Inside the temple, a mysterious sage (wise person) encounters Abhi and predicts that she will marry a rogue, though Abhi initially disregarded. Abhi dismisses the sage's prediction, and later assists the eloping couple in their marriage ceremony.

However, Vetri arrives and threatens the [[newlywed]]s, even attempting to remove the [[thali]] from the bride. Abhi intervenes and slaps Vetri for his persistent attempts to take off the bride's thali. In the midst of their argument, Vetri takes a thali from the temple deity (Thirunankata Amma), and ties it around Abhi, arguing that it is merely a chain. Abhi's family and Vetri's gang, which includes Gopalakrishna "Chithapu", Peithevan "Pei", Quarter, and Seenu, are shocked by his actions.

A furious Surya decides to file a police complaint against Vetri, leading to his arrest. Meanwhile, Sankar forbids Abhi from entering the house unless she removes the thali. Despite persuasion from her family to undergo rituals to remove it, Abhi realises her faith in the thali, considering it a divine gift. Refusing to remove it, she leaves her home, angering her father, who disowns her, along with most of the family, except Darshan, Padma, and her widowed aunt Sivagami, who is Surya's mother.

Abhi manages to bail Vetri out, but he shows no gratitude and demands that she discard the thali. Another sage predicts that Vetri will marry a woman who will bring prosperity into his life, though Vetri remains unaware of this prophecy.

Abhi decides to take revenge on Vetri for ruining her life and forcibly inserts herself into Vetri's neighbourhood, waiting outside his house in the rain despite attempts by him and his gang to shoo her away. However, the next morning, Vetri's rival Senba harasses Abhi, prompting Kamala to bring her inside their house. Abhi quickly gains the support of most members of Vetri's household with her mature and calm demeanour, except for Vetri himself and Chitra, who continuously schemes to eject her from the house.

Over the following months, Abhi tries to reform Vetri and help him understand the concept of love, but he angrily rebuffs her efforts and refuses to acknowledge her as his wife. However, when Vetri brutally assaults Praveen, the son of powerful [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Asokan and Poongavanam's rival, for raping a young girl, Abhi witnesses the attack and testifies against Vetri in court despite pleas from Kamala and Vetri's gang not to do so, leading to his arrest.

Vetri's entire family, except for Aranganathan, turns against Abhi, but she remains resolute in her decision. However, Vetri is unexpectedly acquitted with the assistance of Sankar, shocking everyone. Sankar, despite his hatred for Vetri and refusal to forgive him for ruining Abhi's life, defends Vetri in court because he supports his actions against Praveen.

Later, Asokan kidnaps Abhi to seek revenge against Vetri, but Vetri manages to rescue her, deepening his animosity towards her even further. Kamala, Vetri, and Chitra oppose Abhi's return to the house but reluctantly allow her to stay after Aranganathan intervenes on her behalf.

Later, in a conversation with Nandhini, Abhi learns the reasons behind Vetri's involvement in rowdyism, his loyalty to Poongavanam, and Aranganathan's animosity towards him. Previously, Vetri was an academically brilliant student whose success brought joy to the family, especially Aranganathan, who favored him as his favorite son. However, Vetri fell victim to drug peddlers who operated near his college, selling [[ganja]] and other narcotics to students. Refusing their drugs, Vetri intervened when they attempted to sell ganja to a female student, leading to a confrontation where Vetri thrashed the peddlers. In retaliation, the peddlers framed Vetri for drug smuggling, resulting in his arrest.

Poongavanam, who fought against drug smuggling, bailed Vetri out of jail. Despite Poongavanam's support, Aranganathan disowned Vetri, refusing to believe his innocence and ejecting him from the house. This marked the beginning of their discord. Vetri found acceptance in Poongavanam's home and, upon completing his education, chose to become a rowdy and work for Poongavanam as a sign of gratitude. Despite Poongavanam's advice to pursue a legitimate job, Vetri embraced rowdyism, believing in Poongavanam who accepted him when his family did not.

Learning about Vetri's troubled past, Abhi empathises with him and begins to develop feelings for him, despite his lingering animosity towards her. Meanwhile, Sankar is kidnapped by thugs hired by a powerful corporate magnate, retaliating against Sankar's verdict against his company. Vetri rescues Sankar with the condition that Abhi leaves him. Tearfully, Abhi reluctantly departs Vetri's home and returns to her family, where she is welcomed back by everyone, including Sankar and Surya.

Sankar and Surya decide to arrange Abhi's marriage to Shakthi, her cousin settled in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], who is also Vetri's childhood friend unaware of his rowdy past and his history with Abhi. Despite Abhi's objections, she is coerced into accepting the marriage by Sankar. Meanwhile, Kamala and Aranganathan plan to marry Vetri to Radha, despite Vetri's resistance, hoping marriage will reform him. Both weddings are scheduled on the same day at the same temple.

While evading the police, Vetri is shot in the leg and is badly wounded. He contacts Abhi, who rescues and treats him at her home without her family's knowledge. This experience makes them both realise their love for each other but they are too proud to admit it. Vetri discovers Shakthi is marrying Abhi but remains silent about his past with her out of loyalty. Despite loving Abhi, Vetri decides to marry Radha to not disappoint her. However, on the wedding day, Vetri cannot contain his love for Abhi any longer and interrupts his wedding to declare his feelings just as Shakthi is about to tie the thali around Abhi's neck.

Relieved and overjoyed, Abhi leaves her wedding and reunites with Vetri, leading to their disownment by both families. Hurt by Vetri's actions, Radha turns against him and seeks revenge.

Poongavanam assists the reunited couple by sending them to stay with his friend in [[Ponneri]] for a few days. However, when Vetri becomes personally involved in the activities of a powerful local don named Ponnaiya, even going so far as to severely injure him, Abhi convinces him to return home. Except for Kalai and Nandhini, the rest of the family refuses to accept them, with Kamala particularly adamant about not allowing them back into the house.

With Kalai and Nandhini's help, Abhi and Vetri set up their new home—a tent on the terrace—which frustrates Kamala and Chitra. Abhi encourages Vetri to find a job and avoid conflicts, which he agrees to, but he refuses her suggestion to leave Poongavanam behind. Understanding Abhi's decision, Poongavanam refrains from involving Vetri in criminal activities. However, Vetri struggles to find steady employment due to his criminal record.

Abhi also assists Nandhini in establishing a tailoring business, which becomes profitable thanks to Abhi's business acumen, bringing newfound prosperity to Vetri's family. Kalai, shedding his laziness, actively participates in the business as well.

Meanwhile, Poongavanam's nephew Bhavani arrives in Kanchipuram from [[Mumbai]], having escaped a police encounter in [[Dharavi]]. Bhavani, a hardened criminal, engages in illegal activities such as drug and liquor smuggling, kidnapping, etc., without his uncle's knowledge. He even gains the support of Seenu for his operations. Vetri discovers Bhavani's illicit activities but hesitates to expose him because Poongavanam admires Bhavani and sees him as his successor, especially since Poongavanam has no sons.

Simultaneously, Aranganathan decides to legally marry Vetri and Abhi, as their marriage is not recognised by society. On the eve of the wedding, Vetri learns about Seenu's betrayal. Seenu reveals that Bhavani plans to assassinate Poongavanam and take control of his crime syndicate. Vetri expels Seenu and rushes to Bhavani's hideout, where a confrontation ensues. During the altercation, Vetri accidentally kills Bhavani with a blow to the head using a log. Distraught by the act of taking another person's life, even an enemy's, Vetri decides to keep the murder a secret from Abhi and everyone else and proceeds with the wedding the next day.

Poongavanam eventually discovers that Vetri killed Bhavani but does not understand the circumstances. Feeling betrayed, Poongavanam turns against Vetri. Vetri renounces his life of crime, becomes a mini-truck driver, returns home at Aranganathan's request (who reconciles with Vetri for abandoning his rowdyism), and leads a peaceful life with Abhi. Abhi soon becomes pregnant, bringing joy to Vetri and the family. Kamala also forgives Abhi and Vetri. Sankar and Abhi's family also accept Vetri, and Sankar resolves to clear Vetri of all charges, so that he can pursue the [[Civil Services Examination]] and become an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer.

Despite finding happiness and contentment, Vetri remains haunted by guilt over Bhavani's death.

Meanwhile, Bhavani's long-lost identical twin brother, Parameswaran "Parama", arrives in Kanchipuram with the intent to avenge his brother's death at the hands of Vetri. In his pursuit, he meets Radha, initially planning to use her to get to Vetri, but ends up falling in love with her. Radha reciprocates Parama's feelings, and he becomes involved in illegal activities similar to his brother's.

At the same time, Darshan, now an IPS officer, is appointed as the new [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP) for [[Kanchipuram District]]. He takes charge of investigating Bhavani's murder, with Vetri as the prime suspect. However, further investigation reveals discrepancies in Vetri's testimony—he did not have a knife when Bhavani was killed, and it was determined that Bhavani was stabbed, not fatally struck by Vetri's blow during the fight. Abhi and Sankar recognise these inconsistencies, and realise that Vetri is innocent.

Sankar decides to represent Vetri as his lawyer. With Poongavanam's support (who has learned about Bhavani's true nature and forgiven Vetri), they delve into the case. During the investigation, Vetri is shocked to discover that Nandhini was Bhavani's actual killer. Bhavani's men had mistakenly assaulted Kalai, believing him to be Abhi (as ordered by Bhavani), prompting Nandhini's desire for revenge. She followed Vetri to Bhavani's hideout, witnessed their altercation, and, to protect Vetri and seek retribution, fatally stabbed Bhavani when he attempted to shoot Vetri.

Upon hearing Nandhini's confession, Vetri decides to shoulder the blame for Bhavani's death. He understands the family's dependence on Nandhini and fears Kalai's devastation if she were arrested. Promising Nandhini to keep her secret, including from Abhi, Vetri falsely admits in court that he killed Bhavani in self-defense. He is sentenced to six years in prison.

Heartbroken by Vetri's apparent betrayal and believing he lied to protect Bhavani's true murderer (unaware that Nandhini is the culprit), Abhi leaves Vetri's home, deeply saddened.

=== Season 2 (Episodes 455–686) ===
'''6 years later'''

After serving six years for falsely confessing to Bhavani's murder on behalf of Nandhini, Vetri is released from prison. He meets with Kalai and Nandhini, who inform him that Abhi left their home after his arrest, and they don't know her whereabouts. Vetri also learns that Aranganathan died during his imprisonment, and Kalai couldn't arrange for him to attend the last rites. Refusing to return home, Vetri searches Kanchipuram for Abhi and eventually finds her house.

There, Vetri discovers that Padma also died while he was in prison. Sankar, now retired and still resentful of Vetri for lying in court about Bhavani's murder, informs Vetri that he doesn't know Abhi's location, but reveals that she aborted their child before disappearing. Devastated by this revelation, Vetri's love for Abhi turns into profound hatred, and he leaves her house, refusing to continue searching for her.

Distraught and disillusioned, Vetri reverts to his previous life as a rowdy, adopting vices like smoking and drinking. Over time, he ascends to become Kanchipuram's primary rowdy, eventually succeeding Poongavanam, who has also died.

'''2 years later'''

Unknown to anyone, including her own family, a heartbroken Abhi spent the next eight years in both [[Rajasthan]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] following Vetri's arrest. During this time, she successfully cleared the [[Civil Services Examination]] and became a [[Indian Administrative Service|collector]]. It is also revealed that she did not abort her child. Before disappearing, she instructed her father to lie to Vetri about aborting their child, wanting to sever ties completely.

Abhi and Vetri's daughter, named Sudarvizhi "Sudar", is now eight years old. After a confrontation with a powerful figure in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Abhi is transferred back to Kanchipuram District by the government. Reluctantly accepting the transfer, as she wants to avoid her old life, Abhi moves to Kanchipuram with Sudar and Vijayalakshmi "Viji", who cares for Sudar.

Further revelations show that Radha married Parama and is now a councillor. She struggles to oppose Vetri's actions, while Parama continues his criminal activity without Radha's knowledge.

During a riot at a temple, Abhi orders the closure of the temple. Vetri defies her orders and breaks the seal to reopen it. After eight years, their paths cross again, and Abhi arrests Vetri for disobeying her orders. She also apprehends Chithapu, Quarter, and Pei based on a complaint filed by Radha, accusing them of extortion. They are all released on bail, facilitated by Kanmani, a lawyer whom Vetri supported in her legal studies when she was younger.

Kanmani accommodates Vetri and his henchmen in her house, much to her father's dismay, as he struggles to tolerate Vetri's drunken behaviour. It is revealed that Kanmani harbours unrequited love for Vetri.

Parama devises a plot to have Vetri killed in retaliation for Bhavani's death. When his henchmen attempt to execute the plan, Sudar warns Vetri, enabling him to fend off the attackers. However, Sudar herself gets injured in the process. This incident brings Vetri and Sudar closer together. They begin spending a lot of time together, forming a strong bond without Abhi's knowledge, unaware that they are father and daughter.

Vetri remains unaware that Sudar's mother is Abhi and believes Viji to be her mother. Through their growing relationship, Sudar gradually influences Vetri to abandon his drinking habits and undergo positive changes in his life.

Abhi and Vetri simultaneously uncover a drug scam, involving drug-infused chocolates sold to children. Seeking revenge, the mastermind behind the scam, Ponnaiya from Vetri's past, decides to eliminate Abhi. Initially failing with Parama's assistance, Ponnaiya orchestrates a plan, where his men crash a lorry into the car carrying Abhi and Sudar. While Abhi escapes with minor injuries, Sudar sustains severe injuries and falls into a coma.

Vetri rushes to the hospital upon hearing about the accident. There, he discovers that Sudar is Abhi's daughter, and is overjoyed to learn that Sudar is his own daughter as well. However, Kanmani, present at the hospital, fears a potential reconciliation between Vetri and Abhi. She fabricates a story, claiming that Sudar is indeed Abhi's daughter but not Vetri's biological child. Kanmani falsely asserts that Sudar's father is Dr. Tharun, who had been Abhi's friend during her time in Andhra Pradesh and is not married to her. To further deceive Vetri, Kanmani shows him a photoshopped image of Tharun supposedly marrying Abhi, and reiterates the lie that Vetri's biological child was aborted.

Believing Kanmani's deceit, Vetri is devastated but resolves to maintain his bond with Sudar and vows to protect her. Meanwhile, Sudar miraculously recovers and returns home. Abhi, with Kanmani's assistance, uncovers Ponnaiya's involvement in the lorry crash and has him arrested for his crimes.

The incident involving Ponnaiya prompts Abhi to seek enhanced security for Sudar, and tasks Tharun with finding a new bodyguard. Upon Viji's recommendation, Tharun selects Vetri for the role, without knowing about Vetri's history with Abhi or his past as a rowdy. Abhi initially hesitates to hire Vetri, fearing that Sudar may develop a close bond with him and eventually discover their true relationship. However, she reluctantly agrees under the condition that Vetri keeps his past a secret from everyone, especially Sudar, and focuses solely on his duties.

Vetri moves into Abhi's house and proves to be an exceptional bodyguard for Sudar, strengthening their bond further. However, Kanmani collaborates with Parama and publishes an article in the newspaper falsely accusing Vetri of killing Bhavani. This accusation becomes the last straw for Abhi, who dismisses Vetri from his position and expels him from her house, despite pleas from Sudar and Viji.

Meanwhile, Vetri plans to arrange Kanmani's marriage and ensure her settlement in life. However, Kanmani insists on marrying only Vetri, and sabotages two marriage proposals he arranges for her. Kanmani and her father pressure Vetri to marry her. Initially refusing, Vetri eventually agrees under pressure from Kamala, who believes Kanmani's false claim that Abhi has remarried, and from Sudar, who wants Vetri to marry Kanmani so he won't feel lonely.

Viji and Nandhini are shocked upon hearing the news and try to persuade Abhi to cancel the wedding and reconcile with Vetri, but she refuses. Viji, aware of Kanmani's plot to keep Abhi and Vetri apart, rushes to the wedding to expose Kanmani. She confronts Chitra at the wedding hall and manages to convince her of Kanmani's deceitful intentions. However, when Chitra confronts Kanmani, she is knocked unconscious. Kanmani manipulates Kamala and the family into believing that Viji is trying to stop the wedding.

Meanwhile, Vetri, suspicious of Kanmani's behaviour, hires a hacker to trace the mysterious calls that Kanmani made to interfere with Abhi's and Vetri's relationship and disrupt her marriage proposals. The hacker traces the calls back to Kanmani. This, combined with Chitra revealing Kanmani's lies to Vetri, infuriates him. He confronts Kanmani, who anticipated these events, and deflects blame onto her father. The wedding is called off, but Sudar's true identity remains unknown.

The incidents at the wedding hall slowly prompt Vetri to investigate whether Sudar is his daughter. When he attempts to gather information from Viji and Sudar about Sudar's mother, Viji refuses to divulge the truth, insisting that Vetri should hear it directly from Abhi. Meanwhile, Sudar, following Abhi's instructions, falsely claims that Viji is her mother.

On several occasions, Vetri asks Abhi about Sudar's parentage, but Abhi repeats the lie that their child was aborted and expresses her unforgiving stance toward Vetri for his perceived betrayal. Kanmani, scheming to prevent Vetri from discovering that Sudar is his daughter, stokes (pokes) Vetri's lingering resentment toward Abhi. She frames Vetri for selling illegal liquor, which was actually sold by Parama and which resulted in the deaths of six people. Despite Vetri's efforts to destroy the liquor in front of Abhi, Kanchipuram SP Kabilan and witnesses, Kanmani's plot implicates Vetri as a wanted criminal.

Vetri flees to Rajasthan, where Sudar is rumored to have been born, with Abhi and Kabilan in pursuit. He manages to obtain Sudar's birth certificate, but before he can examine it, Kabilan arrests him and subdues him when he attempts to escape. Abhi retrieves the birth certificate to prevent Vetri from seeing it. During their return journey to Kanchipuram, Parama's henchmen confront Abhi and Kabilan, incapacitating Kabilan and abducting Abhi.

Vetri regains consciousness, confronts the henchmen, rescues Kabilan and Abhi, and retrieves the birth certificate in the ensuing struggle. The birth certificate confirms that he is indeed Sudar's father. Overwhelmed with happiness upon discovering the truth, Vetri regrets abandoning Abhi and Sudar. Realizing Vetri's innocence, Kabilan and Abhi release him.

The trio returns to Kanchipuram, where Vetri's newfound knowledge brings profound reconciliation and understanding.

Meanwhile, Madhu, Bhavani's widow, arrives in Kanchipuram seeking vengeance on Vetri for killing her husband. Kanmani, aware of Madhu's arrival and driven by her desire to have Vetri for herself, manipulates Madhu into targeting Abhi and Sudar instead of Vetri. Kanmani believes that isolating Vetri from Abhi and Sudar will leave him vulnerable.

Initially, Kanmani tries to force Abhi's transfer out of Kanchipuram by orchestrating kidnappings and falsely implicating Abhi. When this fails, Kanmani sends Madhu to infiltrate Abhi's household disguised as a tribal woman named Shenbagam. Madhu's role as a servant in Abhi's household is part of Kanmani's plan to drive a wedge between Abhi and Viji, aiming to eliminate Viji so that she can proceed with her deadly intentions against Abhi and Sudar.

Madhu's efforts succeed in causing friction between Viji and Abhi, leading Viji to consider leaving Abhi's household. However, Vetri intervenes, persuading Viji to stay for Sudar's sake. Eventually, Viji returns to Abhi's home, and Abhi forgives her.

In parallel, Parama is involved in smuggling temple idols to foreign countries. Radha, personally investigating the smuggling case, discovers Parama's involvement. Confronting him, Radha learns about his illegal activities and how he framed Vetri for many of them. Disgusted by Parama's actions, Radha decides to expose him to Vetri but is captured and imprisoned by Parama in an abandoned factory.

Despite being held captive, Radha manages to contact Vetri and informs him about Parama's crimes and Kanmani's plan to harm Abhi and Sudar. Vetri rushes to the factory but arrives too late—Radha dies in his arms after being stabbed. Before her death, Radha tries to warn Vetri about the danger facing Abhi and Sudar.

Abhi and Kabilan, knowing Vetri's character, believe in his innocence regarding Radha's murder. Vetri, convinced of Parama's love for Radha despite his criminal activities, also believes in Parama's innocence. Together with Kabilan, Vetri investigates Radha's murder and Shenbagam's true identity (suspecting Madhu's presence in Abhi's house for ulterior motives).

Realizing that Vetri has uncovered her crime and that her ambitions of marrying him are shattered, Kanmani attempts to kill Vetri, Abhi, and Sudar. However, she is arrested before she can carry out her plan. Parama is also apprehended for his involvement in the temple idol smuggling.

This series of events brings justice and closure, with Kanmani, Madhu, and Parama facing the consequences of their actions, and Vetri finding vindication while protecting Abhi and Sudar.

With all of Abhi's enemies out of the way, she decides to dismiss Vetri and cut ties with him and Sudar. She also opts for a transfer to [[Northeast India]] to distance herself from Vetri. Hurt by Abhi's repeated attempts to separate him from Sudar, Vetri snaps and reveals to Abhi that he is Sudar's father. However, he insists that he never mentioned this fact to Sudar and has no intention of doing so. Abhi promises Vetri that she won't disclose the truth to Sudar, but gives Sudar one month to "find her father". If Sudar fails to do so, she will have to accompany Abhi to the Northeast.

After a month passes, with Vetri keeping his promise and Sudar unable to discover the truth, Abhi prepares to leave for the Northeast despite protests from Sudar and Viji. However, on their way to the airport, they are ambushed by Kanmani, who has been released on bail, and her accomplices. Kanmani stabs Abhi multiple times in the abdomen and escapes. Vetri arrives just in time to rush Abhi to the hospital, where her condition is critical.

Meanwhile, Nandhini, feeling guilty for her role in separating Vetri and Abhi, breaks her promise to Vetri and confesses to Kalai that she killed Bhavani years ago. Kalai urges Nandhini to inform Abhi of the truth to prevent her from leaving Kanchipuram. However, they realise Abhi's critical condition and rush to the hospital. Abhi calls Sudar into her room and reveals that Vetri is her father. She admits that although Vetri wasn't a good husband, she believes he will be a good father to Sudar if she doesn't survive.

Sudar seeks confirmation from her grandfather, Sankar Narayanan, about Vetri being her father, shocking everyone in Vetri's family. Kamala and Nandhini are overjoyed by the revelation. Nandhini uses this revelation to blackmail Vetri into meeting Abhi or facing Kabilan.

Nandhini meets Abhi and discloses the truth about Bhavani's murder. Abhi is devastated and breaks down, regretting how she treated Vetri. She realises that Vetri took the blame for someone else, and now knows it was Nandhini. Abhi and Vetri apologise to each other, reconciling their relationship.

Later, Kanmani attempts to sneak into the hospital to kill Abhi. However, Parama, who has escaped from prison, arrives and kills Kanmani for her role in Radha's death. Parama surrenders himself to the police, bringing closure to the ordeal.

Abhi makes a successful recovery. She and Kabilan decide to drop the murder charges against Nandhini, while Sankar once again exonerates Vetri from all his cases so that he can pursue his dream of becoming an IPS officer. Vetri and Abhi, reunited, along with Sudar and Viji, return to Vetri's home. They live happily ever after with Kamala, Kalai, Nandhini, Anbu, Chitra, Kalai and Nandhini's daughter Malar, and Anbu and Chitra's newborn son.

The series concludes with Vetri, now an IPS officer, being appointed as the SP for Kanchipuram. He and Abhi, still serving as the collector for Kanchipuram District, depart for work together. Vetri's reformed family and gang, along with Viji, bid them a happy farewell.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Vinoth Babu as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Vetriselvan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] "Vetri" Aranganathan – A rowdy turned police officer and ex-convict who took the blame for Bhavani's murder; Araganathan and Kamala's youngest son; Kalai and Anbu's brother; Abhi's husband; Sudar's father
* [[Pavithra Janani]] as [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Abhinaya "Abhi" Vetriselvan – Kanchipuram's [[District magistrate|district collector]]; Sankar Narayan and Padma's elder daughter; Deepthi's sister; Surya's cousin; Vetri's wife; Sudar's mother
* Samridha Sam as Sudarvizhi "Sudar" Vetriselvan – Abhi and Vetri's daughter
* Shaurya Shashank Ramesh as
** Bhavani – Parama's identical twin brother, Madhu's husband (2021-22) (Dead)
** Parameswaran "Parama" – Bhavani's identical twin brother; Radha's husband (2022-23)
* Maria Juliana as Kanmani – Vetri's one-sided lover (Dead)

=== Supporting ===
* Krithika Laddu as Vijayalakshmi aka Viji – Abhi's sister-figure; Sudar's caretaker
* Tharshika as Radha Parameswaran – Vetri's ex-fiancée; Parama's wife (Dead)
* Reehana B as Madhu/Shenbagam - Bhavani's wife turned widow; Vetri's arch-rival
* Sasindhar Pushpalingam as Tharun – A physician from Hyderabad; Abhi's friend and brother-figure
* Feroz Khan as [[Superintendent of police (India)|Kanchipuram SP]] Kabilan – Abhi's friend and helper
* Auditor Sridhar as Judge Sankar Narayan – Sivagami's brother; Padma's widower; Abhi and Deepthi's father; Sudar's grandfather
* J.Lalitha as Padma Sankar Narayan – Sankar's wife; Abhi and Deepthi's mother; Sudar's grandmother (Dead)
* Shravnitha Srikanth as Deepthi Sankar Narayan – Sankar Narayan and Padma's younger daughter; Abhi's sister; Surya's cousin (2021–2023)
* Anjali Varadharajan as Sivagami – Sankar Narayan's sister; Surya's mother; Abhi and Deepthi's aunt (2021–2023)
* [[Dev Anand]] Sharma as Surya – Sivagami's son; Abhi and Deepthi's cousin; Varsha's husband
* Bharani Elangovan as Varsha Surya – Chidhambaram and Chandra's daughter; Tharshan's sister; Surya's wife
* Supergood Kannan as Poongavanam – A local politician; Vetri's mentor (Dead)
* Premalatha as Poongavanam's wife
* [[L. Raja]] as Aranganathan – Kamala's husband; Kalai, Anbu and Vetri's father; Sudar's grandfather (Dead)
* [[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Kamala Aranganathan – Aranganathan's widow; Kalai, Anbu and Vetri's mother; Sudar's grandmother
* Sathya Sudha as Kalaiselvan "Kalai" Aranganathan – Aranganathan and Kamala's eldest son; Anbu and Vetri's Elder brother; Nandhini's husband (2021–2023)
* Rajkumar Manoharan as Anbuselvan "Anbu" Aranganathan – Aranganathan and Kamala's second son; Kalai's youngest brother and Vetri's elder brother; Chitra's husband (2021–2023)
* Remyaa Joseph as Nandhini Kalaiselvan – Kalai's wife; Bhavani's murderer (2021–2023)
* Syamantha Kiran<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-19 |title=Syamantha Kiran is excited about her new show 'Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum'; see post |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/syamantha-kiran-is-excited-about-her-new-show-thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-see-post/articleshow/85401242.cms |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Chithra Anbuselvan – Anbu's wife (2021–2023)
* Krishna Kishore / Manoj Kumar as Tharshan Chidhambaram – Lawyer turned police officer; Chidhambaram and Chandra's son; Varsha's brother; Abhi's ex-fiancé
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as Chidhambaram – Chandra's husband; Tharshan and Varsha's father
* Rekha Suresh as Chandra Chidhambaram – Chidhambaram's wife; Tharshan and Varsha's mother
* Gowthami Vembunathan as Eeswari – Radha's mother
* Kausalya Senthamarai / [[S. N. Parvathy]] as Aranganathan's mother; Kalai, Anbu and Vetri's grandmother
* Dhanasekar as Gopalkrishna – Vetri's fellow henchman
* Paranthaman as Quarter – One of Vetri's henchmen
* Krishna Kumar as Pei (Peiathevan) – One of Vetri's henchmen

=== Cameo ===
* [[VJ Vishal]] as Shakthi, Vetri's childhood friend, Abhi's cousin (9 June – 6 July 2022)
* Hensha Deepan as Ramya, a criminal who was hired by Vetri's rival, Senba, to coerce him and have him arrested for adultery (14 – 25 December 2021)
* [[Aranthangi Nisha]] as Angel
* Singapore Deepan

== Production ==
=== Release ===
''Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum'' was announced to be released on 16 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-11 |title=Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum to premiere on August 16 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-to-premiere-on-august-16/articleshow/85239680.cms |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Vinoth Babu was cast as the male lead, playing Vetri, marking his second collaboration with Abdul Hafeez after they worked together on ''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum (TV series)|Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-16 |title=Vinoth Babu announces his new project Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vinoth-babu-announces-his-new-project-thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum/articleshow/85369722.cms |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=ஒளிபரப்புக்கு முன்பே சர்ச்சையில் சிக்கிய விஜய் டிவி சீரியல்... சுடச்சுட அப்டேட் கொடுத்த சின்னத்திரை நடிகை! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-new-serial-thendral-vandhu-ennai-thodum-vinoth-babu-pavithra-serial-promo-1-sre-537801.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=News18 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> Pavithra Janani was cast as the female lead, playing Abhi, marking her fifth serial after her role as Malar in [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|''Eeramana Rojave'']].

For the second season of the show, Maria Julianna was cast to play Kanmani, a lawyer with a one-sided love for Vetri, while Sudar Sam was brought in to play Sudar, the child of Abhi and Vetri.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-15 |title=Bigg Boss Julie to make a special appearance in 'Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum'; deets inside |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-julie-to-make-a-special-appearance-in-thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-deets-inside/articleshow/97942700.cms |access-date=2023-05-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-14 |title=விஜய் டிவி முன்னணி சீரியலில் அறிமுகமாகும் பிக் பாஸ் ஜூலி.. இரண்டாவது சீசனில் இப்படி ஒரு திருப்பமா? |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/bigg-boss-julie-acting-in-the-serial-thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-2-498748.html |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=TamilOneIndia |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=சுடர் பாப்பாவா இது? சீரியலுக்கு பின்னால் இருக்கும் பிளாஷ்பேக்.. ஓபன் டாக் கொடுத்த அம்மா! - மனிதன் |url=https://manithan.com/article/thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-sudar-interview-1682488769 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Manithan |language=ta}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In the launch promo of ''Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum'', Vetri argues with an [[Elopement|eloping couple]] at the temple, claiming that love marriage is invalid. He attempts to remove the thali from the eloping woman's neck, when Abhinaya intervenes and slaps him. In anger, Vetri takes the thali from the deity's neck and puts it around Abhi's neck, saying angrily, "Just tying a yellow rope is enough. Now I will be your husband, I've put a [[Bindi (decoration)|Bindi]] as well, go away."<ref>{{Citation |title=Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum - Launch Promo |date=25 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhuYl3vOk1c |access-date=2023-06-12 |language=en}}</ref>

The concept received widespread criticism from feminists, who slammed it as outdated, along with criticism for the initial concept the show is based on.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/netizens-troll-vijay-tv-for-new-serial-thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-teaser/articleshow/84770947.cms|title=விஜய் டிவியை கழுவி ஊற்றும் நெட்டிசன்கள்! புது சீரியல் டீசர் தான் காரணம்|website=tamil.samayam.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/vijay-tvs-new-serial-thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-upsets-audience/|title=இது பொறுக்கித்தனம், இப்படி ஒரு கெளவமான சீரியலை ஒளிபரப்ப கூடாது – சர்ச்சையில் சிக்கிய விஜய் டிவியின் புதிய சீரியல்|website=tamil.behindtalkies.com|date=26 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-serial-promo-justifying-harassment-of-women-and-varun-kumar-ips-remind-428142.html|title=கட்டாய தாலி கட்டுனா பொண்டாட்டியாம்.. விஜய் டிவி சீரியலால் சர்ச்சை.. போலீஸ் எஸ்.பி. வைத்த "குட்டு"|website= One India Tamil|access-date=24 July 2021|date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/tn-ips-viral-tweet-over-thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-promo.html|title="இந்த மாதிரிலாம் தாலி கட்டுனா 3 வருஷம் ஜெயில்!".. சீரியல் ப்ரோமோவுக்கு ஐபிஎஸ் Viral ரியாக்‌ஷன்!|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vijay-tv-serial-promo-shows-forced-marriage-tamil-nadu-cop-reminds-them-of-law-101627297314524.html|title=Vijay TV serial promo shows forced marriage, Tamil Nadu cop reminds them of law|website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=26 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum Teaser: Twitterati Slams The Tamil TV Series For Being 'Regressive And Toxic' {{!}} LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/tv/thendral-vanthu-ennai-thodum-teaser-twitterati-slams-the-tamil-tv-series-for-being-regressive-and-toxic-2677435.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Vijay TV's absurd serial shows 'forced marriage', IPS officer reminds them of the law |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-tvs-absurd-serial-shows-forced-marriage-ips-officer-reminds-them-law-152934 |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=September 2025|reason=There are seven citations in the last sentence of this paragraph.}}

== Crossovers ==
''Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum'' ''had'' crossover with ''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu|Namma Veettu Ponnu]]'', which took place from 15 November 2021 to 27 November 2021.<ref>{{Citation|title=Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum – Namma Veettu Ponnu {{!}} Mega Sangamam – Promo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jzt1TthAMxU|website=YouTube| date=14 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-25}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum'' has ranked among the most-watched serials in the Vijay TV noon band. The onscreen pair of Vetri and Abhi has captivated the audience. The series is also noted for its diverse shooting locations, such as Kodaikanal, the seaside, and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ரசிகர்களை வியக்க வைக்கும் தென்றல் வந்து என்னை தொடும் சீரியல் குழுவினர் |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/thendral-vandhu-ennai-thodum-serial-shooting-spot-1687260750 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Cineulagam |language=ta}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:35%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:30%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:15%;"| Notes
! style="background:#87CEEB; width:15%;"| Ref.
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Khelaghor]]'' খেলাঘর
| 30 November 2020
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 4 September 2022
| Original
|
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum'' தென்றல் வந்து என்னை தொடும்
| 16 August 2021
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 11 February 2023
| rowspan="4"| Remake
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil TV show 'Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum' to go off-air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-thendral-vandhu-ennai-thodum-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/105066202.cms|website=The Times of India|date=8 November 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Neenadena]]'' ನೀನಾದೇನಾ
| 16 May 2023
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 29 June 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Serial 'Neenadena' to premiere today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/neenadena-to-premiere-today-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-show/articleshow/100265956.cms/|website=Times of India|date=16 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]'' പവിത്രം
| rowspan="2"| 16 December 2024
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| Ongoing
|
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Nuvvunte Naa Jathaga'' నువ్వుంటే నా జాతగా
| [[Star Maa]]
| 21 February 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=స్టార్ మాలో సరికొత్త సీరియల్.. బిగ్ బాస్ టైమ్‌లోనే టెలికాస్ట్.. ఎప్పటి నుంచంటే?|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-maa-new-serial-nuvvunte-naa-jathaga-bigg-boss-fame-arjun-kalyan-serial-starting-from-16th-december-121733990780564.html|website=Hindustan Times|language=te|date=12 December 2024}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt17493716}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/thendral-vandhu-ennai-thodum/1260066530 ''Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Bengali-languages television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Jasjit Singh (commodore)

2026-05-02T03:45:24Z

Saurabh pal: New some bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian Air Force officer (1934–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| name = Jasjit Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]]
| image = File:DG CAPS.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Air Commodore Jasjit Singh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|07|08}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2013|8|4|1934|7|8}}
| burial_place =
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates =
| allegiance = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| branch = {{Air force|India}}
| service_years = 1956-1988
| rank = [[File:India-AirForce-OF-6-collected.svg|30px]] [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| service_number = 5100
| unit = [[No. 3 Squadron IAF|3 Squadron]]
| commands = [[No. 7 Squadron IAF|No.17 Squadron]]
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
** [[Operation Cactus-Lilly]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Padma_Bhushan_Ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Padma Bhushan]] [[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vir_Chakra_ribbon_bar.svg|20px]] [[Vir Chakra]] [[File:Vayusena_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| memorials =
| spouse =
| children =
| relations = [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Jasjit Singh]] (son)
| other_work =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| module =
}}

[[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] '''Jasjit Singh''', [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Vayusena Medal|VM]] (8 July 1934 – 4 August 2013) was an [[Indian Air Force]] officer, writer and [[military strategist]]. In his military career, he was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. He last served as the director of operations of the IAF.

He later headed the [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] from 1987 to 2001 as its director. In 2001, he founded the think tank [[Centre for Air Power Studies (India)|Centre for Air Power Studies]] in New Delhi and served as its director general till his death in 2013.<ref name=toi/>

==Military career==
Singh was born on 8 July 1934. He was commissioned into the [[Indian Air Force]] on 1 April 1956. Selected into the fighter stream of the IAF, he trained as a [[fighter pilot]]. In the early years of his career, he served as a Flight Commander in an operational Squadron in the Eastern Sector in 1961-62. He later served as a flying instructor at the Flying Instructors School at [[Tambaram Air Force Station]]. He attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]] in 1968.<ref name="BR profile">{{cite web |title=Service Record for Air Commodore Jasjit Singh 5100 GD(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/5100 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=28 August 2023 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

===Vir Chakra===
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], Singh was a part of [[No. 3 Squadron IAF]]. He was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] for gallantry. The citation for the [[Vir Chakra]] reads as follows:<ref name="Citation">{{cite web |title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/247 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref>

{{Quotation|Date of Award: 17-12-1971

{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''SQUADRON LEADER JASJIT SINGH''' 
'''(5100) FLYING (PILOT)'''}}
During the operations against Pakistan in 1971, Squadron Leader Jasjit Singh flew a number of operational missions over heavily defended enemy areas. In spite of heavy ground opposition he pressed home his attacks and destroyed a number of enemy tanks, gun positions and bunkers. He also supervised the servicing of aircraft and thus ensured maximum serviceability of aircraft for operations.

Throughout, Squadron Leader Jasjit Singh displayed gallantry, professional skill and devotion to duty of a high order.|sign=|source=}}

===Post-war career===
On 20 January 1975, Singh was appointed [[commanding officer]] of [[No. 17 Squadron IAF]]. After over two years in command of the squadron, he was promoted to the rank of Group Captain and moved to Air headquarters as the Director (Flight Safety). He subsequently served as the Director (Offensive Operations), and as Director (Air Induction), both at Air HQ.

==Post-retirement==
[[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Bhushan to Air Commodore Jasjit Singh, at investiture ceremony in New Delhi on March 29, 2006.jpg|thumb|The President, [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] presenting [[Padma Bhushan]] to Air Commodore Jasjit Singh, at investiture ceremony in [[New Delhi]] on 29 March 2006]]
Singh founded the Air Force [[think tank]], [[Centre for Air Power Studies (India)|Centre for Air Power Studies]], and also remained longest continuously serving director of [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] (IDSA) from 1987 to 2001.<ref name=toi>{{cite news | title = PM condoles Air Commodore Jasjit Singh's death, calls him inspirational military leader| url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pm-condoles-jasjit-singh-s-death-calls-him-inspirational-military-leader-113080500428_1.html |date= 5 August 2013| access-date = 9 July 2020 | newspaper = Business Standard | agency=IANS }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Former Directors of IDSA
| url = http://www.idsa.in/formerdirectors | access-date = 2013-08-08|publisher= Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Strategic thinker Jasjit Singh passes away|publisher= DNA India|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1869842/report-strategic-thinker-jasjit-singh-passes-away |date=4 Aug 2013 | access-date = 2013-08-08}}</ref>

In 2006, he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Singh authored multiple books during his time heading the think tanks [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] and the [[Centre for Air Power Studies (India)|Centre for Air Power Studies]].

* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=AWACS, the new destabiliser|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqtIAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Lancer Press|isbn=978-81-85096-01-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Air Power in Modern Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jnCkHkkNn0C|year=1988|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-047-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Developments In Asia-Pacific Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMyOAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Lancer International|isbn=978-81-7062-079-2}}
* {{cite book|author1=Jasjit Singh|author2=Vatroslav Vekarić|title=Non-provocative Defence: The Search for Equal Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vh4vqSVT94QC&pg=PA25|year=1989|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-080-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=India and Pakistan: Crisis of Relationship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWEkDNZhojEC&pg=PA100|year=1990|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-118-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Superpower detente and future of Afghanistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgNuAAAAMAAJ|year= 1990|publisher=Published by Patriot Publishers on behalf of Indian Centre for Regional Affairs|isbn=978-81-7050-119-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Asian Security: Old Paradigms and New Challenges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RtaQuRvgD4C&pg=PA97|year=1991|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-114-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Jasjit Singh|author2=Thomas Bernauer|title=Security of Third World countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHXfAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Dartmouth}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Bridges across the Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=woDjAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Nuclear India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m23fAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Knowledge World|isbn=978-81-86019-11-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Kargil 1999: Pakistan's Fourth War for Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBFuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Knowledge World|isbn=978-81-86019-22-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=India's Defence Spending: Assessing Future Needs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3jfAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Knowledge World|isbn=978-81-86019-25-2}}
* {{cite book|author1=Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema|author2=Jasjit Singh|title=Defence Expenditure in South Asia: An Overview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2rfAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies|isbn=978-955-8051-11-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Reshaping Asian Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GffAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Knowledge World|isbn=978-81-87966-03-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Air Power and Joint Operations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIHfAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Knowledge World|isbn=978-81-87966-17-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Innovation and knowledge diffusion in the global economy: a thesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNW0AAAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Harvard University}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Defence from the Skies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKDfAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Knowledge World|isbn=978-81-87966-51-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Military Leadership for Tomorrow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngIqQQAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Limited|isbn=978-81-87966-58-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Jasjit Singh|title=Bharatiya Parmanu Shastra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mB5prdMO0jYC|year=2009|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7315-289-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=Jasjit Singh|author2=Centre for Air Power Studies (New Delhi, India)|title=Essays on China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJZ-MwEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=KW Publishers|isbn=978-93-81904-23-7}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jasjit}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air commodores]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Military strategists]]
[[Category:Military theorists]]
[[Category:Indian military writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in other fields]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vir Chakra]]

Shiv Prasad Kosta

2026-04-28T09:30:28Z

Saurabh pal: Stub

{{Short description|Indian space scientist (born 1931)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{unreliable sources|date=July 2015}}
{{more footnotes|date=July 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image =
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Shiv Prasad Kosta
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1931|04|25}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh]], India
| workplaces = {{ubl|ISRO (director)
|[[Shri Ram Institute of Technology]] (director)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sritgroup.net/ |title = Shri Ram Group Amongst Top 10 Engineering Colleges in M.P., Jabalpur}}</ref>
|[[Charotar University of Science and Technology]] (advisor)<ref>{{cite web |title=Charusat |url=http://www.charusat.ac.in/ |publisher=[[Charotar University of Science and Technology]] |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606045735/https://www.charusat.ac.in/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}}}

Dr. '''Shiv Prasad Kosta''' (born 25 April 1931) is a space scientist, educationist and a technocrat and currently the Group Director of [[Shri Ram Institute of Technology]] in [[Jabalpur]] and [[Charotar University of Science and Technology]], [[Changa, Gujarat]]. During his whole career as a scientist, he has made contributions in different organizations, including the national strategic Space Research Centre of India [[ISRO]]. Former President Dr. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and former Chief Election Commissioner [[T. N. Seshan]] were his colleagues in ISRO from 1981 to 1995.

==Educational and family background==

Kosta was born 25 April 1931 in Garha, a part of Sanskardhani in Jabalpur. He belonged to a poverty-stricken family of a farmer. While talking about his early education, Kosta Sir has completed his primary, middle, secondary and higher secondary education from Government Technical High School Kala Niketan. Kosta passed his high school technical examination from Government Technical High School Jabalpur in 1952 and joined Government Science College (formerly known as Robertson College), where he obtained M.Sc. in physics and electronics from Sagar University of M.P. in 1958.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

==Professional career as engineer and scientist==

Kosta started his professional career as a research assistant in 1958 by joining the Ministry of Education in New Delhi through the UPSC. In the year 1962, he travelled to Germany and received a scholarship from the Indo-German exchange to deliver his services and explore technological skills in Stuttgart and Munich. Here, he worked as a development engineer for a period of about one year, from 1961 to 1962. He proceeded with his work as an engineer in the Andrew Corporation of Chicago from 1962 to 1963. In 1964, Kosta joined the National Physics Laboratory of India in New Delhi as a junior scientist and worked for a period of 3 months. After this, in September 1964, he delivered his skills as Senior Scientist and Officer in CEERI (Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute) of Pilani in Rajasthan.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

==Contribution in the ISRO centre of India==

In 1971, Kosta joined as principal technical officer and deputy director of the first Indian Satellite Project [[Aryabhata (satellite)]] in [RO. Later on, he was promoted as Group Director of ISRO Satellite Centre in Bangalore and contributed his skills and ideas for Remote Sensing Satellites and application satellite projects, as Communication Satellite, [[Bhaskara (satellite)]] and [[Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isro.org/Spacecraft/apple|title=Apple - ISRO|work=isro.org}}</ref> Furthermore, starting from 1981 to 1987, Kosta delivered his services in headquarters of ISRO located in Bangalore. During the entire career of Kosta in ISRO, he got the opportunity to work as a team with large numbers of countrywide and international scientists, including the scientist-cum-former president Dr. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

==Other services==

After successful accomplishment of various projects under ISRO, Kosta was the Director in the Department of Electronics, now [[Department of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]] from 1987 to 1990. In 1990, he took the position of Vice Chancellor of Jabalpur University of the M.P. Government. Kosta worked in the University until 1994 and then joined as Director General of M.M. Vedic University Jabalpur (M.P.). He made contributions to Vedic University up to the year 2000. Currently, Kosta works under two institutions i.e. Director in [[Shri Ram Institute of Technology]] in [[Jabalpur]] and Chief Technical Advisor in Sagar Group of Institutes in [[Bhopal]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=ICIREMPS 2K18 - 5th International Conference of Inter Disciplinary Research In Engineering, Management, Pharmacy & Science | url=https://www.sirtbhopal.ac.in/uploads/iciremps/brochure.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304024847/http://www.sirtbhopal.ac.in:80/uploads/iciremps/brochure.pdf | archive-date=2018-03-04}}</ref> and [[Charotar University of Science & Technology]] in [[Changa, Gujarat]].
Apart from this , Dr. Shiv Prasad Kosta has also contributed for his religion. He has , on his personal fund , constructed a vastly spread temple in the center of the city Jabalpur , where he has built lots of big statutes of Gods . Mr. Kosta is great disciple of Mata Kaali and his temple is been names after the almighty as "MAHA KAALI MANDIR"
Locals say that there is very deep unbelievable story attached to Mr. Kosta and his temple .
Many foreigners have been visiting Mr. Kosta in his temple since years.
[Address of temple - Devtal , Garha ,Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh, India]

==Publications==
Kosta has remained the author of about 10 different books published in Hindi on different ISRO Projects, books on various Indian satellites, like [[Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment]], [[Bhaskara (satellite)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/bhaskara-ii|title=Bhaskara-II - ISRO|work=isro.gov.in|access-date=24 July 2015|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730163804/http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/bhaskara-ii}}</ref> and [[Aryabhata (satellite)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1|title=Aryabhata - ISRO|work=isro.org}}</ref> In addition, he was the author of famous books on Communication Satellite and SLV3. Lastly, his publication will include the first Rocket launched by Dr. Kalam.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/ | title=Dr.APJ.Abdulkalam Official Website | Dr.Kalam Speeches | Dr.Kalam Thoughts | access-date=24 July 2015 | archive-date=3 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803004009/http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/ }}</ref>

==Research work==
During the research work, Kosta guided large numbers for M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees. Three of his bright students have gained the opportunity to serve as Principal in the Electronics Department under [[Rani Durgavati]] University.

===Tuneable dual-band antenna novel===
Kosta, along with his partners, presented an engineered novel about a tunable, metamaterial and dual-band type of antenna working primarily on the array of split ring resonator or SRR. Negative SRR stack of antenna adds enhanced tuning ability to it, even with a marginal trade-off between cross polarization and antenna gain.{{sfn|Upadhyaya| Kosta| Jyoti| Palandöken|2016}}{{sfn|Upadhyaya| Dwivedi| Kosta| Kosta|2012b}}

===Patch antenna with negative refractive-index applications in wideband===
Kosta contributed to the introduction of a patch antenna loaded with materials delivering a negative [[refractive index]]. He and his other partners opined that the antenna suits perfectly for countless ultra-wideband applications, while the operation achieved via a deflected ground plane combined with a CNC split resonator.{{sfn|Upadhyaya| Kosta| Jyoti| Palandöken|2014}}{{sfn|Upadhyaya| Dwivedi| Kosta| Patel| 2012a}}

===Overview and analysis on best utilization of split ring resonators===
This research paper, created by Kosta and his colleagues Dwivedi and Upadhyaya, is primarily about the best utilization of split ring resonators within multiple materials with negative permeability. In addition, the citation focuses on various concepts and production procedures related to an isotropic medium of negative permeability, CPW support propagation of a particular left-handed wave and wire media that exhibits negative permittivity.

===Human blood-based amplifier===
Kosta's team have developed for the first time an amplifier circuit in discrete format based on human blood plasma that operates on IC or integrated Circuit configuration mode. Human blood contains large numbers of negative and positive charge carriers as atomic ions or molecules, to serve as electrically conducting mediums. Hence, experts can use them to develop various electronic circuit devices and specific application circuits. Indeed, the newly designed electronic circuits will have many applications related to biomedical engineering, health or medical science and various other related techniques.<ref name="shivprasadkosta">{{cite web|url=http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/k/Kosta:Shiv_Prasad|title=dblp: Shiv Prasad Kosta|author=Shiv Prasad Kosta|work=uni-trier.de}}</ref>

===Liquid (human blood) memristor analysis ===
Kosta and his colleagues have used therapeutic methodology to make a physical model network containing alignment of three different memristors in parallel and in series combination to study the function of its components.
The citation highlights the characteristics of liquid (human blood) memristor or its proper combination to fulfil specific or potential applications in the sector of biomedical electronics, artificial brain, man and machine interface and envisaged signal processing and lots more.<ref name="shivprasadkosta"/>{{sfn|Kosta| Bhatele| Gupta| Nair|2014}}

===Human blood-based electronic transistor===
Kosta and his team have, for the first time, studied the 'human blood-based electronic transistor' (HBBET). Effects of variables like blood temperature, blood flow rate, and distance between the forming probes on the input/output characteristics, as well as current gain factor ''β'' of the transistor, are studied. Emerging applications of bio-material human tissue blood electronic circuits towards cyborg implants, human-machine interface, human disease detection/healing, human health sensors and digital signal processing are visualised.<ref name="shivprasadkosta"/>{{sfn|Kosta| Bhatele| Chuadhari| Upadhyay|2012}}{{sfn|Kosta| Kosta| Bhatele| Dubey|2011}}

==Awards and honours==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=May 2019}}
{|
|+ style="font-size:115%;" colspan=3 | '''Awards and Honours'''
|-
!Award name!!Organization/Place!!Years
|-
|Robes of Honour||[[Aeronautical Society of India]] ||197
|-
|Distinguished Achievement for Aryabhata (satellite)||Project ISRO||1976
|-
|Medal||USSR Academy of Science[[Russian Academy of Science]]||1978
|-
|Science Talent||Gwalior Development Council||1979
|-
|Soviet Land Nehru Award||Moscow||1982
|-
|Education Excellence Award||AIBC Foundation, New Delhi||2006
|-
|Dr. Atma Ram Science Award||U.P. Gov't Lucknow||1992
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal
| first1 = SP
| last1 = Kosta
| first2 = YP
| last2 = Kosta
| first3 = M
| last3 = Bhatele
| first4 = YM
| last4 = Dubey
| first5 = A
| last5 = Gaur
| first6 = S
| last6 = Kosta
| first7 = J
| last7 = Gupta
| first8 = A
| last8 = Patel
| first9 = B
| last9 = Patel
| title = Human blood liquid memristor
| date = 2011
| journal = International Journal of Medical Engineering and Informatics
| volume = 3
| issue = 1
| pages = 16–29
| doi = 10.1504/IJMEI.2011.039073
}}
* {{cite journal
| first1 = SP
| last1 = Kosta
| first2 = M
| last2 = Bhatele
| first3 = JP
| last3 = Chuadhari
| first4 = T
| last4 = Upadhyay
| first5 = D
| last5 = Soni
| first6 = SP
| last6 = Nema
| first7 = YP
| last7 = Kosta
| first8 = KN
| last8 = Patel
| first9 = PR
| last9 = Vaghela
| first10 = JR
| last10 = Patel
| first11 = BS
| last11 = Patel
| first12 = L
| last12 = Thakre
| first13 = S
| last13 = Kosta
| first14 = SD
| last14 = Choubey
| first15 = T
| last15 = Nigam
| first16 = H
| last16 = Mehta
| title = Human blood-based electronic transistor
| date = 2012
| journal = International Journal of Medical Engineering and Informatics
| volume = 4
| issue = 4
| pages = 373–386
| doi = 10.1504/IJMEI.2012.050278
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Kosta
| first1 = SP
| last2 = Manavadaria
| first2 = M
| last3 = Pandya
| first3 = K
| last4 = Kosta
| first4 = YP
| last5 = Kosta
| first5 = S
| last6 = Mehta
| first6 = H
| last7 = Patel
| first7 = J
| title = Human blood plasma-based electronic integrated circuit amplifier configuration
| date = 2013
| journal = Journal of Biomedical Research
| volume = 27
| issue = 6
| pages = 520–522
| pmc = 3841478
| pmid = 24285951
| doi = 10.7555/JBR.27.20130058
}}
* {{cite journal
| title = Physical model of human blood electronic memristors network
| first1 = SP
| last1 = Kosta
| first2 = M
| last2 = Bhatele
| first3 = P
| last3 = Gupta
| first4 = P
| last4 = Nair
| first5 = S
| last5 = Kosta
| first6 = SD
| last6 = Choubey
| first7 = L
| last7 = Thakre
| first8 = PR
| last8 = Vaghela
| first9 = KN
| last9 = Patel
| first10 = BK
| last10 = Dave
| first11 = J
| last11 = Chavda
| first12 = C
| last12 = Bhatt
| first13 = T
| last13 = Nigam
| journal = International Journal of Biomechatronics and Biomedical Robotics
| date = 2014
| volume = 3
| issue = 2
| pages = 74–79
| doi = 10.1504/IJBBR.2014.064919
}}
* {{cite conference
| chapter = Miniaturization of Tri Band Patch Antenna Using Metamaterials
| first1 = TK
| last1 = Upadhyaya
| first2 = VV
| last2 = Dwivedi
| first3 = SP
| last3 = Kosta
| first4 = YP
| last4 = Kosta
| title = 2012 Fourth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks
| conference = Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), 2012 Fourth International Conference on
| date = 3–5 November 2012b
| pages = 45–48
| isbn = 978-1-4673-2981-1
| location = [[Mathura]]
| doi = 10.1109/CICN.2012.147
| publisher = IEEE
}}
* {{cite journal
| title = The Future of Satellite Communication Antennas: Negative Refractive Index Metamaterials – A Review
| first1 = TK
| last1 = Upadhyaya
| first2 = VV
| last2 = Dwivedi
| first3 = SP
| last3 = Kosta
| first4 = Z
| last4 = Patel
| date = 2012a
| journal = International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
| volume = 2
| issue = 1
| pages = 180–183
| url = http://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume2Issue1/IJETAE_0112_34.pdf
}}
* {{cite journal
| title = Negative refractive index material-inspired 90-deg electrically tilted ultra wideband resonator
| first1 = TK
| last1 = Upadhyaya
| first2 = SP
| last2 = Kosta
| first3 = R
| last3 = Jyoti
| first4 = M
| last4 = Palandöken
| date = 2014
| journal = Optical Engineering
| volume = 53
| issue = 10
| article-number = 107104
| publisher = International Society for Optics and Photonics
| doi = 10.1117/1.OE.53.10.107104
| bibcode = 2014OptEn..53j7104U
| doi-access = free
}}
* {{cite journal
| title = Novel stacked ''μ''-negative material-loaded antenna for satellite applications
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279956800
| first1 = TK
| last1 = Upadhyaya
| first2 = SP
| last2 = Kosta
| first3 = R
| last3 = Jyoti
| first4 = M
| last4 = Palandöken
| date = 2016
| journal = International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies
| volume = 8
| issue = 2
| pages = 229–235
| publisher = CUP
| doi = 10.1017/S175907871400138X
| s2cid = 110683315
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin|30em}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.bkbiet.ac.in/iccs-2013/keynotes-invited-talks/|title=Keynotes & Invited Talks|work=B K Birla Institute of Engineering & Technology, Pilani}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/20141113344420.htm|title=Quantum Holds Day Long Technical Talk|work=indiaprwire.com}}
* {{cite web|url=http://pt.slideshare.net/amresh-kumar/quantum-holds-day-long-technical-talk|title=Quantum Global Campus holds day long technical talk|author=Amresh Kumar|work=slideshare.net|date=14 November 2014}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/dr-sp-kosta-and-dr-yp-kosta-with-other-key-circuit-news-photo/90557797|title=90557797 Dr SP Kosta and Dr YP Kosta with other Key circuit Scientest at...|author=The India Today Group|work=Getty Images}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/dr-sp-kosta-and-dr-yp-kosta-with-other-key-circuit-news-photo/90519378|title=90519378 Dr SP Kosta and Dr YP Kosta with other Key circuit Scientest at...|author=The India Today Group|work=Getty Images}}
* {{cite web|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20041206/science.html|title=A Green Promise|work=digitaltoday.in}}
* {{Cite web| title=International Conference on Communication Systems | date=2013-10-18 | url=http://www.bkbiet.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ICCS-2013_Program-Schedule_FINAL.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724165227/http://www.bkbiet.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ICCS-2013_Program-Schedule_FINAL.pdf | archive-date=2015-07-24}}
* {{cite web|url=http://geodeg.com/search.php?q=bhopal&language=&country=95&n=60|title=bhopal - GPS Places and POI in India|work=geodeg.com}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245318402|title=Natural soil electronic active device diode|author=S. P. Kosta|date=1 September 2006|work=ResearchGate}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kosta, Shiv Prasad}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian space scientists]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]

Chori Chori Chupke Chupke

2026-04-27T10:21:47Z

Saurabh pal: put up a entry - done

{{short description|2001 film by Abbas-Mustan}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chori Chori Chupke Chupke
| image = Chori Chori Chupke Chupke.jpg
| alt = Theatrical release poster, featuring the principal cast
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Abbas–Mustan]]
| producer = Nazim Rizvi
| story = [[Neeraj Vora]]
| screenplay = [[Shyam Goel]]
{{Infobox
| decat=yes
| child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by
| data1=[[Javed Siddiqui]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Salman Khan]]
* [[Rani Mukerji]]
* [[Preity Zinta]]
}}
| music = '''{{small|Songs:}}''' [[Anu Malik]] '''{{small|Score:}}''' Surendra Sodhi
| cinematography = Thomas A. Xavier
| editing = Hussain A. Burmawala
| studio = Emaar Films International
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|03|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke (2001) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/chori-chori-chupke-chupke-2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015022314/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/chori-chori-chupke-chupke-2001 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}13 crore<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |last=Joseph |first=Manu |date=25 December 2000 |title=Scenes of the Mafia |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/scenes-of-the-mafia/210608 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015022155/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/scenes-of-the-mafia/210608 |archive-date=15 October 2020}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|37.5|c|year=2001}} <ref name="CCCCBOI">{{Cite web |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902061003/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=662 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke''''' ({{Translation|''Secretly and Stealthily''}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Abbas–Mustan]], with screenplay and story from [[Shyam Goel]] and [[Neeraj Vora]] respectively. Starring [[Salman Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Preity Zinta]] in lead roles, the film's music is composed by [[Anu Malik]] and lyrics are penned by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. Telling the story of a married couple hiring a young prostitute as a [[Surrogacy|surrogate mother]], the film generated controversy during its release for dealing with the [[taboo]] issue of [[Surrogacy in India|surrogate childbirth in India]].

Initially set to release on 22 December 2000, ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke''<nowiki/>'s release was delayed for several months when producer Nazim Rizvi and financier [[Bharat Shah]] were arrested and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] seized the film's prints on the suspicion that the production had been funded by [[Chhota Shakeel]] of the [[Organised crime in India|Mumbai underworld]]. The film was released in March 2001 to a wide audience and emerged as a commercial success, becoming the [[List of Hindi films of 2001|sixth highest-grossing film of 2001 in India]].

Critical praise was majorly directed towards Zinta's performance as a prostitute-turned-surrogate mother, earning her a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] nomination at the [[47th Filmfare Awards]], the only nomination for the film. The film has often been associated with surrogacy in Indian popular culture. This film was remade as a television drama series named ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]'' in which [[Sidharth Shukla]] portrayed as Raj, [[Rashami Desai]] as Priya and [[Jasmin Bhasin]] as Madhubala.

== Plot ==
Raj and Priya, who come from well-to-do Indian families, meet at a wedding and fall in love. Soon after they marry, Priya becomes pregnant. Early in the pregnancy, Priya miscarries and becomes permanently infertile. On Dr. Balraj Chopra's advice, they decide to look for a [[surrogate mother]] to bear Raj's child and hide Priya's infertility from his conservative family. Since the process of [[artificial insemination]] could be revealed in the Indian media due to the family's renown and position in society, the couple agree that pregnancy should be achieved by means of sexual relations between Raj and the surrogate mother. Raj meets Madhubala "Madhu", a prostitute, who agrees to carry Raj's baby in exchange for money. After some much-needed behavioral grooming and a makeover, Madhu meets Priya—who is unaware of Madhu's background—and the three depart for [[Switzerland]] in order to carry out their plan secretly.

Soon Madhu is pregnant with Raj's child, and he happily tells his family that Priya is expecting. Meanwhile, Raj's business partner Ajay Sharma begins to sexually harass Madhu and she decides to leave Switzerland, mistakenly believing that Raj told his friend that she is a prostitute. Eventually, Priya finds out about Madhu's past, but still believes that Madhu should carry their child and begs her to stay. When Madhu is at home by herself, Raj's friend assaults her but Raj arrives in time to save her. Overwhelmed by Raj's kindness, Madhu falls in love with him.

Raj's family suddenly arrives in Switzerland. While Priya reaches for [[Simulated pregnancy|pregnancy-simulating]] pillows, the family meets the heavily pregnant Madhu who is introduced to them as a friend staying with them while her husband is travelling for business. Raj's grandfather Kailashnath and father Ranjit arrange a Godbharaai, a religious [[baby shower]] ceremony. They ask Raj, Priya, and Madhu to return with them to India, where the ritual must be held as formally required by tradition.

The ceremony is very important so Priya sends Madhu as herself. An emotional Madhu becomes conflicted about giving up her child. Finding Madhu's room empty and the money dumped on the bed, a frantic Priya pursues her to the train station and slaps Madhu when she confesses that she loves Raj. By the time Raj arrives, Madhu has gone into [[Preterm birth|premature labour]]. The doctor announces that either Madhu or the child can be saved, and Priya asks him to save Madhu. However, both mother and baby survive. Frustrated, Madhu gives the baby to Priya, who quickly settles into a hospital bed with "her" baby. Dr. Balraj Chopra lies to Raj's family that while Priya gave birth, Madhu's child was [[stillborn]].

When Madhu is ready to leave, she promises Raj that she will not go back to prostitution. When he takes her to the airport, he realizes that she loves him and kisses her forehead. Madhu leaves happily.

== Cast ==
The cast is listed below:<ref name="Cast&Crew01">{{Cite web |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chori-chori-chupke-chupke/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015022431/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chori-chori-chupke-chupke/cast/ |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=9 March 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke Cast |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015022516/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=662 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>
{{div col begin}}
* [[Salman Khan]] as Raj Malhotra
* [[Rani Mukerji]] as Priya Malhotra
* [[Preity Zinta]] as Madhubala Singh "Madhu"
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Asha Malhotra
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Ranjit Kumar Malhotra
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Pappu Bhai
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Kailashnath Malhotra
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Dr. Balraj Chopra
* [[Apara Mehta]] as a prostitute
* [[Ruby Bhatia]] as a news reporter
* [[Deepti Bhatnagar]] as a dancer in the song "Mehendi"
* [[Adi Irani]] as Ajay Sharma
{{div col end}}

==Production==
Director duo [[Abbas–Mustan]] had almost completed ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' by October 1999 when they declared ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' as their next project.<ref name="Tribune99">{{Cite news |last=Mittal |first=Madhur |date=3 October 1999 |title=Abbas–Mastan's masti |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct03/sunday/bolywood.htm |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> The three leads, Salman Khan, Rani Mukerji, and Preity Zinta, previously starred together in the romantic comedy ''[[Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega]]'' (2000).<ref name="Tribune99" /> Producer Nazim Rizvi clarified that the casting of the three actors happened before they signed for the latter film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Renuka |first=Methil |date=27 November 2000 |title=Action replay |language=en |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20001127-salman-khan-rani-mukherjee-and-preity-zinta-to-play-winsome-threesome-again-778489-2000-11-27 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015022624/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20001127-salman-khan-rani-mukherjee-and-preity-zinta-to-play-winsome-threesome-again-778489-2000-11-27 |archive-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> Khan, Mukerji and Zinta were paid {{INRConvert|1.5|c}}, {{INRConvert|0.24|c}}, and {{INRConvert|0.25|c}} for their roles, respectively (all sums unadjusted for inflation).<ref name="pay">{{Cite web |date=December 2000 |title=Under suspicion |url=http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/dec/0112cccc/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010124095900/http://www.indiafm.com/scoop/dec/0112cccc/index.shtml |archive-date=24 January 2001 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Zinta was initially reluctant to play her role, as she was unsure she was suited to play a prostitute, but she eventually accepted it at the directors' persuasion. To prepare for it, she visited several bars and nightclubs in Mumbai's [[Red-light district|red-light areas]] to study the lingo and mannerisms of sex-workers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |date=9 January 2003 |title=Bharat Shah case: Preity Zinta sticks to her stand |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/shah/20030109.htm |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2005 |title=Why Preity refused to play a prostitute... |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/why-preity-refused-to-play-a-prostitute-news-bollywood-kkfv5gbagdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919212414/http://www.sify.com/movies/why-preity-refused-to-play-a-prostitute-news-bollywood-kkfv5gbagdf.html |archive-date=19 September 2013 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |agency=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref>

''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' was made on a budget of {{INRConvert|13|c|year=2001}}.<ref name="budget" /> Principal photography started in early 2000 and lasted two months.<ref name="Cast&Crew01" /><ref name="pay" /> Location filming, performed by Thomas A. Xavier, took place in both [[Mahabaleshwar]] and Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Amrish |title=[[The Act of Life]] |last2=Sabharwal |first2=Jyoti |date=24 May 2006 |publisher=Stellar Publishers |isbn=978-81-902247-4-1 |page=335 |language=en |author-link=Amrish Puri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahmood |first=Abdulla |date=16 May 2008 |title=Bollywood hot spots over the years |work=[[Gulf News]] |url=https://gulfnews.com/travel/bollywood-hot-spots-over-the-years-1.21285 |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015025710/https://gulfnews.com/travel/bollywood-hot-spots-over-the-years-1.21285 |archive-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> The film was edited by Hussain A. Burmawala, and Surendra Sodhi composed the background score.<ref name="Cast&Crew01" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Param |first=Arunachalam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNvyDwAAQBAJ |title=BollySwar: 2001–2010 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |year=2019 |isbn=978-81-938482-0-3 |page=20}}</ref>

Initially, [[Shah Rukh Khan]] was offered the lead role as Raj Malhotra, who had previously worked in the directors' two films ''[[Baazigar]]'', and ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''. However, he declined due to lack of dates, and then Salman Khan was approached and has accepted the offer.

==Themes and influence==
The film generated some controversy before and during its release for being one of the only [[Hindi]]-language films dealing with the [[taboo]] issue of [[Surrogacy in India|surrogate childbirth in India]], in addition to [[prostitution in India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shikha |first=Sharma |date=2020 |title=Raising awareness on surrogacy through films |url=https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:mcomm&volume=14&issue=2&article=006 |journal=Mass Communicator: International Journal of Communication Studies |volume=14 |issue=2 |issn=0973-9688}}</ref><ref name="Shamim">{{Cite news |last=Shamim |first=M. |date=11 March 2001 |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke — and how! |url=http://hindu.com/2001/03/11/stories/14112185.htm |access-date=11 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111003656/http://hindu.com/2001/03/11/stories/14112185.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref> Surrogacy in the film is not achieved through artificial insemination but sexual intercourse, and author Aditya Bharadwaj argued that the film draws an analogy between surrogacy and prostitution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharadwaj |first=Aditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aG4yCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179 |title=Conceptions: Infertility and Procreative Technologies in India |date=2016 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-78533-231-9 |pages=179 |language=en}}</ref> Anindita Majumdar, author of the book ''Surrogacy'' (2018), wrote, "In popular Indian culture, surrogacy has come to be associated with the 2001 Hindi language film ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke''".<ref name="Majumdar18">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Anindita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPqNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 |title=Surrogacy |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909654-1 |pages=19–23 |language=en}}</ref> According to author Daniel Grey, that Madhubala was a prostitute before becoming a surrogate "reinforces a stereotyped and erroneous popular association between the two roles that has contributed to considerable prejudice on the Subcontinent against women who act as surrogates".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grey |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7szDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Infertility in History: Approaches, Contexts and Perspectives |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-52080-7 |editor-last=Davis |editor-first=Gayle |pages=249 |language=en |editor-last2=Loughran |editor-first2=Tracey}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', some of film's scenes were said to have been borrowed from ''[[Pretty Woman]]'' (1990) and the storyline inspired by ''[[Doosri Dulhan]]'' (1983).<ref name="remake">{{Cite news |last=Rustam |first=Chhupa |date=25 March 2001 |title=Double trouble all the way |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/03/25/stories/14252183.htm |access-date=11 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020313014617/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/03/25/stories/14252183.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=13 March 2002}}</ref> According to Krämer, the similarities between ''Pretty Woman'' and ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' are limited to replicated scenes in "merely one plot strand among many", in an otherwise different story.<ref name="Kramer" /> In another book by Majumdar, ''Transnational Commercial Surrogacy and the (Un)Making of Kin in India'' (2017), she discusses the similarity between ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' and ''Doosri Dulhan''. Majumdar describes the surrogate mothers as "fallen women" who are first portrayed as aberrant women with no interest in motherhood, who gradually develop a sense of maternal instinct during the process of pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Anindita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlNUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |title=Transnational Commercial Surrogacy and the (Un)Making of Kin in India |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909142-3 |pages=14–15 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[India Today]]'' described Zinta's character of Madhubala as [[hooker with a heart of gold]], as did academic Lucia Krämer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=2 April 2001 |title=The courtesan club |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20010402-preity-zinta-joins-group-of-heroines-who-played-role-of-courtesan-girl-775422-2001-04-02 |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015023447/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20010402-preity-zinta-joins-group-of-heroines-who-played-role-of-courtesan-girl-775422-2001-04-02 |archive-date=15 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kramer">{{Cite book |last=Krämer |first=Lucia |title=The Oxford Handbook of Adaptation Studies |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-933100-0 |editor-last=Leitch |editor-first=Thomas |editor-link=Thomas Leitch |page=258 |language=en |chapter=Adaptation in Bollywood |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FkjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA258}}</ref> Sociologist Steve Derné wrote in his book ''Globalization on the Ground: New Media and the Transformation of Culture, Class, and Gender in India'' that through the character of Madhubala, ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' becomes one of the films which portray "excessively sexual, greedy women who are redeemed by being remade as consumers". Derné further credited the film with melding the stereotypical "heroine" and "vamp" roles of Hindi heroines in contrast to how they were portrayed in previous decades, describing Zinta as a "legitimate heroine" in the film.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Derne |first=Steve D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 |title=Globalization on the Ground: New Media and the Transformation of Culture, Class, and Gender in India |date=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-0038-6 |pages=107–108 |language=en}}</ref> S. Banaji spoke of a "transformation in the 'moral' consciousness of the prostitute".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banaji |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saXtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |title=Reading 'Bollywood': The Young Audience and Hindi Films |date=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-50120-1 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> [[Bhawana Somaaya]], while critical of the film's "regular packaging of commercial clichés", commended it for the unique portrayal of the wife, played by Mukerji, who is the sole decision-maker in the family throughout the entire process of surrogacy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_FkAAAAMAAJ |title=Cinema: Images & Issues |date=2004 |publisher=Rupa & Company |page=34 |isbn=9788129103703 |language=en |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chori Chori Chupke Chupke
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2000
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=51|s=41}}
| label = [[Universal Music India]]
| producer = Anu Malik
}}
The soundtrack for ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' was composed by [[Anu Malik]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].<ref name="Cast&Crew01" /> It was released in 2000 by [[Universal Music India]].<ref name="iTunes">{{Cite web |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture) |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/chori-chori-chupke-chupke-soundtrack-from-motion-picture/1442870128 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015023609/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/chori-chori-chupke-chupke-soundtrack-from-motion-picture/1442870128 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around two million units sold, the soundtrack became the sixth highest-selling music album of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=20 December 2016 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)<ref name="iTunes" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chori Chori Chupke Chupke
| extra1 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Babul Supriyo]]
| length1 = 7:35
| title2 = Dekhne Walon Ne
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], Alka Yagnik
| length2 = 6:13
| title3 = No. 1 Punjabi
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
| length3 = 7:12
| title4 = Diwani Diwani
| extra4 = [[Anu Malik]], [[Anaida]]
| length4 = 5:26
| title5 = Diwana Hai Yeh Man
| extra5 = Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
| length5 = 6:58
| title6 = Love You Love You Bolo
| extra6 = Anu Malik, Alka Yagnik
| length6 = 5:59
| title7 = Mehandi Mehandi
| extra7 = Jaspinder Narula
| length7 = 8:57
| title8 = Dulhan Ghar Aayi
| note8 = Version 1
| extra8 = Jaspinder Narula
| length8 = 1:41
| title9 = Dulhan Ghar Aayi
| note9 = Version 2
| extra9 = Anu Malik
| length9 = 1:40
| total_length = 51:41
}}

==Release==
[[File:Salman Khan, Rani Mukerji and Preity Zinta.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Salman Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]] and [[Preity Zinta]] (l-r) at the audio release of ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' in 2000]]
The film's initial release date of 22 December 2000<ref name=rediff>{{Cite web |last=Rediff Entertainment Bureau |date=13 December 2000 |title=Showbuzz! Chori Chori Chupke Chupke producer arrested |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/13riz.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226024239/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/13riz.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> was delayed when producer Nazim Rizvi was arrested in December and film financier [[Bharat Shah]] was arrested in January; both were charged with receiving funding from [[Chhota Shakeel]] of the [[Organised crime in India|Mumbai underworld]] and pressuring leading Bollywood actors—specifically, Khan—to appear in the film and for the profits to be shared with Shakeel.<ref name=rediff/><ref name="Bharat">{{Cite news |last=Harding |first=Luke |date=14 March 2001 |title=Dirty money cleans up for Bollywood blockbuster |language=en |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/14/filmnews.film |url-status=live |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510162843/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/14/filmnews.film |archive-date=10 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=guilty>{{Cite journal |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |date=2014 |title=The Guilty Secret: The Latter Career of the Bollywood's Illegitimacy |url=https://ari.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/wps14_230.pdf |journal=Asia Research Institute |series=230 |language=en |location=Bangalore, India}}</ref><ref name=today>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2001 |title=Diamond daddy |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20011231-diamond-merchant-bharat-shah-held-for-aiding-underworld-don-chhota-shakeel-776546-2001-12-31 |url-status=live |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012170450/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20011231-diamond-merchant-bharat-shah-held-for-aiding-underworld-don-chhota-shakeel-776546-2001-12-31 |archive-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> Rizvi had reportedly been under telephone surveillance by the [[Mumbai Police]] for a number of months.<ref name="Bharat"/> The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] seized the film's [[Release print|prints]] and delivered them to the court receiver.<ref name="Bharat"/> The [[Negative (photography)|negatives]] were released on 12 February 2001 on a judicial order.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2001 |title=Judge allows release of 'Chori Chori Chupke Chupke' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/12shah.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228051024/https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/12shah.htm |archive-date=28 December 2004 |access-date=12 October 2020 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> In its ruling, the court ordered all profits from the film to go to the [[Maharashtra]] state government.<ref name="Bharat"/> Rivzi and Shah were still incarcerated when ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' opened to the public on 9 March 2001.<ref name="Bharat"/> The film was released with an opening credit thanking the Special Court, [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act|MCOCA]], the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)#Crime Branch CID|Crime Branch]], the Mumbai Police, and the court receiver, "without whose untiring efforts and good office this picture would never have been made".<ref name=guilty/>

The film's release took place amid protests due to its alleged funding by the underworld.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2001 |title="Chori Chori" opens amid protests |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010310/main6.htm |url-status=live |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215233951/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010310/main6.htm |archive-date=15 December 2007}}</ref> Due to the controversy surrounding its delayed release—and the recurrent publicity around it—the film was expected to be a big success, with 325 prints sold before release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Debashis |date=6 March 2001 |title=Chupke Crores For Chori Chori |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chupke-crores-for-chori-chori/cid/934281 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015023850/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chupke-crores-for-chori-chori/cid/934281 |archive-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> The director duo held a special screening of the film two days prior to its release for the senior brass of the Mumbai Police, to fulfill a promise made earlier in order to prove that no objectionable content appeared in the film, as could have been projected.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nahta |first=Komal |author-link=Komal Nahta |date=8 March 2001 |title=Special screening of CCCC for top cops |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/mar/08cccc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012214955/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/mar/08cccc.htm |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

Certified [[Central Board of Film Certification#Certificates and guidelines|U]] (suitable for all age groups) by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=20 December 2000 |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke given U certificate by the Censor |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/chori-chori-chupke-chupke-given-u-certificate-by-the-censor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015025041/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/chori-chori-chupke-chupke-given-u-certificate-by-the-censor/ |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' opened to a wide audience and emerged a commercial success and one of the highest-grossing [[List of Bollywood films of 2001|films of 2001]].<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |title=Top Hits 2001 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=2000-2009&year=2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115193406/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=2000-2009&year=2001 |archive-date=15 November 2016 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office Collection India 2001 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/filterbycountry/IND/2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529030338/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/filterbycountry/IND/2001/ |archive-date=29 May 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> Still, despite a strong opening, the film gradually lost public interest; it eventually grossed {{INRConvert|31|c}} against its {{INRConvert|13|c}} budget, with additional $1.4 million earned overseas, leaving its worldwide gross in 2001 at {{INRConvert|37.51|c|year=2001}}.<ref name="CCCCBOI" /> ''[[Box Office India]]'' concluded the film's final commercial performance with the verdict "semi hit".<ref name="BOI" />

== Reception ==
[[File:Preity Zinta 2001.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Photo of Zinta at the audio release of ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' in 2001|Critics particularly praised Zinta's performance as Madhubala]]
Critics praised the uniqueness of the film for dealing with the rarely-touched subject of surrogacy, but disliked the execution. Preity Zinta's performance, in what was seen as an unconventional role, was especially noted by a number of critics, with high praise for her portrayal of the gradual change her character goes through over the course of the story.<ref name="Different">{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=3 August 2001 |title=Preity Zinta Different Strokes |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010803/fcover1.html |url-status=dead |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011031180954/http://www.screenindia.com/20010803/fcover1.html |archive-date=31 October 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kothari |first=Jitendra |year=2001 |title=Preity Zinta: Taking Charge |work=India Today |agency=TNT Movies |url=http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/starofthemonth/propreity.shtml |url-status=dead |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010626153748/http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/starofthemonth/propreity.shtml |archive-date=26 June 2001}}</ref> Film critic [[Sukanya Verma]], who was left with "mixed emotions" after seeing the film, noted Zinta's role as "the meatiest part of all", finding her transformation throughout the film "amazingly believable".<ref name="Sukanya">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |date=9 March 2001 |title=Preity Trite |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/09cccc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012127/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/09cccc.htm |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=25 January 2008 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Padmaraj Nair of ''[[Screen India|Screen]]'' called Zinta the film's "real scene-stealer" for having delivered "a stunning performance".<ref name="Padmaraj">{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Padmaraj |date=23 March 2001 |title=Desi version of Surrogate Mother |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010323/review.htm |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030103111004/http://www.screenindia.com/20010323/review.htm |archive-date=3 January 2003}}</ref> Vinayak Chakravorty of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' hailed Zinta's "admirable zest" as the "trumpcard of the film".<ref name="Vinayak">{{Cite news |last=Chakravorty, Vinayak |date=9 March 2001 |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewscccc.shtml |url-status=dead |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010820232724/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewscccc.shtml |archive-date=20 August 2001}}</ref> [[Dinesh Raheja]] of ''India Today'' credited Zinta with giving the film "its electric charge".<ref name="Raheja">{{Cite news |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |author-link=Dinesh Raheja |date=2001 |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke — A Preity Show |work=India Today |url=http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewcccc.shtml |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010409225755/http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewcccc.shtml |archive-date=9 April 2001}}</ref> Likewise, [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted Zinta for keeping "the adrenalin gushing" and wrote of "riveting moments" where she "shows flashes of a fine performance".<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Nikhat |author1-link=Nikhat Kazmi |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke |url=http://www.indiatimes.com:80/movies/reviews/choriccc1.html |access-date=7 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=The Times Group |date=9 March 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011109105211/http://www.indiatimes.com:80/movies/reviews/choriccc1.html |archive-date=9 November 2001}}</ref> [[Ziya Us Salam]] of ''The Hindu'', though similarly fond of Zinta for putting "life into her character of Madhubala", found the actress less convincing in "mouthing the inanities used by the women of the street".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Us Salam |first=Ziya |date=16 March 2001 |title=Film review: Chori Chori Chupke Chupke |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/03/16/stories/09160223.htm |access-date=21 July 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420213348/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/03/16/stories/09160223.htm |archive-date=20 April 2008}}</ref> M. Shamim, writing for the same publication, believed Zinta had "put her body and soul into the streetwalker's flaming-red dress".<ref name="Shamim" />

The duo of Salman Khan and Rani Mukerji faced some criticism from Sukanya Verma, who lamented their underdeveloped roles. She considered Mukerji to be "handicapped with a role that doesn't give her much scope besides weeping and sobbing" and stated that Khan's performance lacked substance.<ref name="Sukanya" /> Raheja described Khan as "overtly subdued" as opposed to his recent comic roles, but wrote of Mukerji, "The emotions that drive Rani Mukherji's character are not given either a layered detailing or an adequate exposition so she comes across as pale as the pastel-coloured dresses she favours".<ref name="Raheja" /> Chakravorty similarly noted Khan for playing against type.<ref name="Vinayak" /> Kazmi similarly disliked their characters in contrast to Zinta's: "From a street-walker to sensitive young girl and then a jealous lover - stray vignettes of flesh and blood form from Preity which come as a respite in a terrain dominated by an ever-say-cheese and forever understanding Rani and an unruffled, mumbling Salman who plays the perfect gentleman with the zeal of a zombie."<ref name="TOI"/> Padmaraj Nair, however, praised the actors in addition to Zinta, noting Khan for his "understated" performance, and arguing that Mukerji is "at her best".<ref name="Padmaraj" />

''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' was reviewed positively by a number of critics. [[Taran Adarsh]] from the entertainment portal [[Bollywood Hungama]] was positive of the film, concluding it "lives up to the towering expectations thanks to the solid drama".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=8 March 2001 |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chori-chori-chupke-chupke/critic-review/chori-chori-chupke-chupke-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015024709/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chori-chori-chupke-chupke/critic-review/chori-chori-chupke-chupke-movie-review/ |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> Several reviewers appreciated the film for its portrayal of the big family and its overall positive atmosphere, including Kazmi, who found it to be a "modern ode to the ancient Indian family" and admired its "overwhelming feel-goodness".<ref name="Bharat" /><ref name="TOI"/> Likewise, Us Salam noted the film's "loads of good music, beautiful locales, sweet smiles and lovely feel", and Shamim shared similar sentiments, appreciating the directors for not allowing "any moral issue to cloud the narrative" and filling "the screen with mesmerising charm and beauty of the lifestyle of a well-knit family".<ref name="Shamim" />

Less positive views were expressed in relation to the film's stereotypical approach and poor execution of the story. Verma found the presentation of the story to be "absurd".<ref name="Sukanya" /> Nair was ambivalent towards the film in this regard: "On the one hand, the film stands by family values and desi culture while, on the other, it goes in for cheap gimmicks like hiring a cabaret dancer as a solution for bearing a child just to lure the front benchers and the masses". Still, he ultimately noted an "engrossing" second half and commended the directors for having "done their best to bring a fair amount of conviction while putting it across on the screen".<ref name="Padmaraj" />

Vinayak Chakravorty, who gave the film a three-star rating, noted its resemblance to ''Doosri Dulhan'' and criticised it for occasionally coming across as "a veritable rerun of the stereotypes". Raheja was critical of the film's lack of subtlety but believed the directors are "masters of pace and don't allow your attention to wander".<ref name="Raheja" /> Suman Tarafdar of ''[[Filmfare]]'' was particularly critical of the film, calling it "saccarine" and "a film for anyone gullible enough to believe in fairy lands", and noting that Zinta gave "the only slightly noteworthy performance".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tarafdar |first=Suman |date=2001 |title=Chori Chori Chupke Chupke |language=en |work=[[Filmfare]] |publisher=The Times Group |agency=Indiatimes Movies |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/movies/reviews/choriccc.html |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011023070945/http://www.indiatimes.com/movies/reviews/choriccc.html |archive-date=23 October 2001}}</ref>

==Accolades==
Khan was named the [[Bollywood Movie Award – Most Sensational Actor|Most Sensational Actor]] at the [[Bollywood Movie Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Bollywood Movie Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124901/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]}}</ref> At the [[47th Filmfare Awards]], Zinta was nominated in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] category, the only nomination for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preity Zinta: Awards & nominations |url=http://www.indiafm.com/celebrities/awards/10155/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526234522/http://www.indiafm.com/celebrities/awards/10155/index.html |archive-date=26 May 2008 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

==Legacy==
''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' has often been associated with surrogacy in Indian popular culture.<ref name="Majumdar18" /> It has been screened at a number of events since its release. In 2002, it was one of 30 films screened at a three-month-long Bollywood event organised by the [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Swiss Government]] in [[Zürich]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times News Network |date=23 May 2002 |title=Bollywood bug bites Switzerland |language=en |work=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/Bollywood-bug-bites-Switzerland/articleshow/10713564.cms |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015025309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/Bollywood-bug-bites-Switzerland/articleshow/10713564.cms |archive-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> It was later screened at the 2005 [[ISAFF|Independent South Asian Film Festival]] and the 2012 Fiji Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISAFF 2005 – Festival Launch Party |url=https://tasveer.org/isaff-2005-festival-launch-party |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=Tasveer.org |publisher=[[ISAFF|Independent South Asian Film Festival]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Stolz |first=Ellen |date=5 October 2012 |title=FNU Film Festival On |work=[[Fiji Sun]] |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2012/10/05/fnu-film-festival-on/ |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>

Zinta's role has been noted as one of her notable works. In a column about Zinta, published in an August 2001 issue of ''Screen'' magazine, [[Roshmila Bhattacharya]] asserted, "If ''Chori Chori Chupke Chupke'' found a following in conventional circles, it's thanks to Preity’s handling of yet another 'brave' role".<ref name="Different" /> In a 2003 column for [[Sify]] about the portrayal of sex-workers in Hindi films, Subhash K. Jha wrote of Zinta that in spite of being "uncomfortable about using all the foul language ... Once she entered the zone of the rented womb Preity had a ball. This remains her best performance yet".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=30 October 2003 |title=Playing the streetwalker |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13295633 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040307010103/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13295633 |archive-date=7 March 2004 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |language=en}}</ref> Published in the same year, a column analysing Zinta's career by ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'' found her to be "manifested [her]self most prominently ... in [the film]", adding, "Here was Preity essaying a character with tremendous scope for performance, but the scenes in which she excelled was when she did her bubbly act in the initial stages of the film".<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 2003 |title=Not just Pretty! |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |url=http://www.stardustindia.com/display_garam.asp?issue=August2003&id=3 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907155409/http://www.stardustindia.com/display_garam.asp?issue=August2003&id=3 |archive-date=7 September 2006}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite news |last1=Raval |first1=Sheela |last2=Chopra |first2=Anupama |author-link2=Anupama Chopra |date=22 January 2001 |title=Bollywood body blow |language=en |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20010122-film-financier-diamond-merchant-bharat-shah-arrest-for-underworld-links-shakes-bollywood-775894-2001-01-22 |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015100326/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20010122-film-financier-diamond-merchant-bharat-shah-arrest-for-underworld-links-shakes-bollywood-775894-2001-01-22 |archive-date=15 October 2020}}
*{{Cite book |last=Raval |first=Sheela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2LuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT213 |title=Godfathers of Crime: Face to Face with India's Most Wanted |date=2015 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5009-977-3 |pages=174–176 |language=en}}
*{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=The Bharat Shah case |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/bharat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131120540/https://www.rediff.com/news/bharat.htm |archive-date=31 January 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}

== External links ==
{{portal|Bollywood}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0256692}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|id=201689}}

{{Abbas–Mustan}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Abbas–Mustan]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Films about surrogacy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:2001 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films about the upper class]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]

Silagrant

2026-04-25T12:33:43Z

Saurabh pal: Created

{{Short description|Villages in Kamrup Metropolitan district}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Silagrant
| other_name = Sila Grant
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1770|91.68925|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metro]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = Amingaon
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 54
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 6504
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781031
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 0361
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303427
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]]
| area_total_ha = 243
| registration_plate = AS-25
}}
'''Silagrant''' also known as '''Sila Grant''' is a census village in North-[[Guwahati]] of [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]], [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Octogenarian still fighting for compensation for IIT land |url=https://assamtribune.com/octogenarian-still-fighting-for-compensation-for-iit-land |access-date=6 February 2026 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421145838/https://assamtribune.com/octogenarian-still-fighting-for-compensation-for-iit-land |archive-date=21 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=[[Assam Gazette|The Assam Gazette]] |date=April 1963 |publisher=[[University of California]] |page=1304 |language=en}}</ref>

As per [[2011 Census of India]], the village has population of total 6,504 people, out of which 3,271 are males and 3,233 are females.<ref>{{cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Kamrup Metropolitan - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41001/download/44632/PCA_CDB-1823-F-Census.xlsx |website=Census Digital Library |publisher=[[Census of India]] |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Human settlement]]
[[Category:Villages in Kamrup Metropolitan district]]

Hubli-Dharwad Central Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:25Z

Saurabh pal: New basic data nd citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hubli-Dharwad Central
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 73
| map_image = 72-Hubli-Dharwad Central constituency.svg
| mla = [[Mahesh Tenginakai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Jagadish Shettar]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:249371}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}
'''Hubli-Dharwad Central Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is a part of [[Dharwad district]] and [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031751910300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321025130/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031751910300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2009|title=BJP makes early start |date=17 March 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="3" | [[Jagadish Shettar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || Mahesh Tenginakai
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli-Dharwad Central <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hubli-Dharwad Central">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hubli-Dharwad Central |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1073.htm?ac=73 |accessdate=25 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425062437/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1073.htm?ac=73 |archivedate=25 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahesh Tenginakai |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 95,064 |percentage = 59.27% |change = {{increase}}7.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jagadish Shettar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,775 |percentage = 37.89% |change = {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,251 |percentage = 0.78% |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,289 |percentage = 21.38% |change = {{increase}}6.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,181 |percentage = 64.64% |change = {{increase}}3.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,401}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 249,371 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli-Dharwad Central <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jagadish Shettar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 75,794 |percentage = 51.31% |change = {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Mahesh Nalwad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,488 |percentage = 36.89% |change = {{increase}}5.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajanna M. Koravi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,754 |percentage = 7.28% |change = {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,028 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,306 |percentage = 14.42% |change = {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,992 |percentage = 60.97% |change = {{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,710}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,736 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli-Dharwad Central <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jagadish Shettar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,201 |percentage = 45.86% |change = {{decrease}}8.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Mahesh Nalwad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,447 |percentage = 31.87% |change = {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shams Tabrez Samsi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,898 |percentage = 6.22% |change = {{decrease}}4.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Patil |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 5,481 |percentage = 4.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sirajahmed Mulla |party = Independent politician |votes = 967 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,754 |percentage = 13.99% |change = {{decrease}}10.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,400 |percentage = 55.33% |change = {{decrease}}3.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,910}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,179 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hubli-Dharwad Central <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jagadish Shettar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 58,747 |percentage = 54.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munavalli Shankranna Ishwarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,738 |percentage = 30.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koravi. M. M. (Rajanna) |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,938 |percentage = 11.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakkundi Rahimansab Khadarsab |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,089 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Premanath Chikkatumbal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 808 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,009 |percentage = 24.24% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,348 |percentage = 58.40% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,301}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,818 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dharwad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|15.35|75.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hubli–Dharwad]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

List of countries by foreign exchange reserves

2026-04-19T11:41:50Z

Saurabh pal:

{{Short description|Foreign exchange reserves of various countries}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
[[File:Comparative analysis of forex reserves held by top 20 countries as of June 2024.jpg|thumb|350x350px|'''Comparison of forex reserves of top 20 countries''']]
{{Foreign exchange}}

[[Foreign exchange reserves]], also called Forex reserves, in a strict sense, are foreign-currency deposits held by nationals and [[monetary authority|monetary authorities]]. However, in [[Populism|popular]] usage and in the list below, it also includes [[gold reserve]]s, [[special drawing rights]] (SDRs) and [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] reserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available and also arguably more meaningful.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreign-exchange-reserves.asp |title=Foreign Exchange Reserves: What They Are, Why Countries Hold Them |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327063155/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreign-exchange-reserves.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> These foreign-currency deposits are the [[financial asset]]s of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different [[reserve currency|reserve currencies]] (e.g., the [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]], the [[euro]], the [[pound sterling]], the [[Japanese yen]], the [[Indian rupee]], the [[Swiss franc]], and the [[Chinese renminbi]]) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g., the local currency issued and the various [[bank reserves]] [[deposit account|deposited]] with the Central bank by the [[government]] or [[financial institution]]s). Before the end of the [[gold standard]], [[gold]] was the preferred reserve currency.

Foreign-exchange reserves is generally used to intervene in the [[foreign exchange market]] to stabilize or influence the value of a country's currency. [[Central banks]] can buy or sell foreign currency to influence [[exchange rate]]s directly. For example, if a currency is depreciating, a central bank can sell its reserves in foreign currency to buy its own currency, creating demand and helping to stabilize its value. High levels of reserves instill confidence among investors and traders. If market participants believe that a country has sufficient reserves to support its currency, they are less likely to engage in speculative attacks that could lead to a sharp [[depreciation]]. In times of economic uncertainty or [[financial volatility|financial market volatility]], central banks can use reserves to smooth out fluctuations in the exchange rate, reducing the impact of sudden capital outflows or shocks to the economy. Adequate reserves ensure that a country can meet its [[International Payment and Exchange|international payment]] obligations, which helps maintain a stable exchange rate by preventing panic in the foreign exchange market. Having substantial reserves allows central banks to implement [[monetary policies]] more effectively. They can afford to maintain interest rates or engage in other measures without the immediate fear of depleting reserves, which can influence market expectations positively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreign-exchange-reserves.asp |title=Foreign Exchange Reserves: Purpose |access-date=27 Oct 2024 }}</ref>

==Forex reserves by country==
All the figures below have been converted to U.S. dollars, as different countries report data in different [[List of circulating currencies|currencies]]. The U.S. dollar equivalents have been calculated using currency [[exchange rate]]s as well as the [[gold]] price at the reported date. Not all countries keep gold as reserves, to avoid physical storage costs and the risks associated with it. In these cases no values are shown in the '''excluding gold''' columns.

{{static row numbers}} {{sort under}} {{Table alignment}} {{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text sort-under-center col1left col2left hover-highlight" "style="font-size: 100%"
! class="unsortable" ! rowspan="3" |Country (as recognized by the [[United Nations|UN]])
! rowspan="3" |Continent
! colspan="4" |Foreign exchange reserves
! class="unsortable" ! rowspan=3 | {{abbr|Last reported date|Data valid as of}}
! class="unsortable" ! rowspan=3 | {{abbr|Ref.| Data is taken from external references}}
|- class="static-row-header"
! colspan="2" | Including gold
! colspan="2" | Excluding gold
|- class="static-row-header"
! {{abbr|US$ million|Converted to USD using the currency exchange rate and gold price on the reported date}}
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Change|Changes from previous dataset reported weekly/monthly/quarterly/yearly}}
! {{abbr|US$ million|Converted to USD using the currency exchange rate on the reported date}}
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Change|Changes from previous dataset reported weekly/monthly/quarterly/yearly}}
|-
| {{CHN}}
|[[Asia]]|| 3,643,149 || {{increase}} 41,079 || 3,389,306 || {{increase}} 31,221 || 31 Aug 2025 || <ref>{{cite web |title=International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity |url=https://www.safe.gov.cn/safe/2025/0206/25744.html |publisher=[[State Administration of Foreign Exchange|SAFE]] |website=www.safe.gov.cn/en |access-date=2024-03-02 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103309/http://www.safe.gov.cn/en/ForexReserves/index.html |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{JAP}}
|[[Asia]]|| 1,394,750 || {{increase}} 19,774 || 1,259,248 || {{increase}} 16,230|| 31 Jan 2026 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Reserves / Foreign Currency Liquidity |url=https://www.mof.go.jp/english/policy/international_policy/reference/official_reserve_assets/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Ministry of Finance |language=en}} </ref>
|-
| {{CHE}}
|[[Europe]]|| 1,077,735 || {{Increase}} 13,935 || 932,282 || {{Increase}}24,490 || 31 Dec 2025 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Official reserve assets and other foreign currency assets |url=https://data.snb.ch/en/topics/snb#!/cube/snbimfra |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.snb.ch/en |publisher=[[Swiss National Bank]] |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004161322/https://data.snb.ch/en/topics/snb#!/cube/snbimfra |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{RUS}}
|[[Europe]]/[[Asia]]|| 755,400 || {{increase}} 39,900 || 434,487 || {{increase}} 1,517 || 6 Apr 2026 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Inter national Reserve Bank of Russian Federation |url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/hd_base/mrrf/mrrf_7d/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |publisher=[[Central Bank of Russia]] |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112004214/https://www.cbr.ru/eng/hd_base/mrrf/mrrf_7d/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{IND}}
|[[Asia]]|| 700,946 || {{Increase}}8,663 || 593,588 || {{Increase}}7,497 || 17 Apr 2026 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Weekly Statistical Supplement |url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/WSSView.aspx?Id=28384 |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref>
|-
| {{TWN}}
|[[Asia]]|| 605,490 || {{decrease}} 4,390 || 544,300 || {{decrease}} 1,071 || 26 Feb 2026 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Exchange Reserves - the Republic of China (Taiwan) |url=https://www.cbc.gov.tw/tw/cp-302-184024-a2f97-1.html |access-date=11 November 2024}} </ref>
|-
| {{SAU}}
|[[Asia]]|| 434,547 || {{decrease}} 21,728 || 434,116 || {{decrease}} 21,728 || 7 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Assets |url=https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-us/indices/pages/reserve_assets.aspx |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.sama.gov.sa |publisher=[[Saudi Central Bank]] |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001120718/https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Indices/pages/reserve_assets.aspx |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{HKG}}
|[[Asia]]|| 421,400 || {{increase}} 5,126 || 416,216 || {{increase}} 85 || 8 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity |url=https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/2024/11/20241107-3/|access-date=2024-11-09 |website=www.hkma.gov.hk/eng |publisher=[[Hong Kong Monetary Authority]]}} </ref>
|-
| {{KOR}}
|[[Asia]]|| 415,700 || {{decrease}} 4,300 || 410,900 || {{decrease}} 790 || 5 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Official Foreign Reserves |url=https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=10083373&menuNo=400069 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.bok.or.kr |publisher=[[Bank of Korea]]}} </ref>
|-
| {{BRA}}
|[[Americas]]|| 388,571 || {{increase}} 7,465 || 344,173 || {{decrease}} 361 || 1 Oct 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=BANCO CENTRAL DO BRASIL |url=https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.bcb.gov.br |publisher=[[Central Bank of Brazil]] |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721234432/https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SGP}}
|[[Asia]]|| 383,721 || {{decrease}} 5,907 || 374,809 || {{decrease}} 156 || 7 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Official Foreign Reserves |url=https://www.mas.gov.sg/statistics/reserve-statistics/official-foreign-reserves |access-date=2023-11-11|website=www.mas.gov.sg |publisher=[[Monetary Authority of Singapore]] (MAS) |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033149/https://www.mas.gov.sg/statistics/reserve-statistics/official-foreign-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{DEU}}
|[[Europe]]|| 345,338 || {{increase}} 9,863 || 91,071 || {{decrease}} 9,275 || 1 Oct 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Reserves |url=https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/621650/77948fe6377bf3092272b2694519ead7/mL/waehrung-data.pdf |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=www.bundesbank.de |publisher=Deutsche Bundesbank}} </ref>
|-
| {{ITA}}
|[[Europe]]|| 279,631 || {{increase}} 14,225 || 79,064 || {{increase}} 1,240 || 1 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bank of Italy - Official reserves (Riserve ufficiali) |url=https://infostat.bancaditalia.it/inquiry/home?spyglass/taxo:CUBESET=&ITEMSELEZ=&OPEN=false/&ep:LC=EN&COMM=BANKITALIA&ENV=LIVE&CTX=DIFF&IDX=1&/view:CUBEIDS=TRUF0100 |access-date=2024-11-09}} </ref>
|-
| {{FRA}}
|[[Europe]]|| 272,693 || {{increase}} 1,132 || 66,641 || {{increase}} 143 || 1 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=International reserves |url=http://webstat.banque-france.fr/fr/#/node/DATASETS_RA_T |access-date=13 November 2024|publisher=[[Bank of France]] |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307094112/https://webstat.banque-france.fr/fr/#/node/DATASETS_RA_T |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MEX}}
|[[Americas]]|| 255,605 || {{increase}} 1,495 || 236,200 || {{increase}} 9 || 30 Jan 2026 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Boletín Semanal sobre el Estado de Cuenta del Banco de México |url= https://www.banxico.org.mx/publicaciones-y-prensa/estado-de-cuenta-semanal/%7B82A99AA0-FC7A-29C6-1ABE-E11F5341D86E%7D.pdf |website=Banco de México |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{USA}}
|[[Americas]]|| 253,767 || {{decrease}} 811 || 242,726 || {{decrease}} 811 || 22 Aug 2025 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. International Reserve Position |url=https://home.treasury.gov/data/us-international-reserve-position |access-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |website=www.home.treasury.gov |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027022415/https://home.treasury.gov/data/us-international-reserve-position |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ISR}}
|[[Asia]]|| 231,880 || {{increase}} 1,560 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 6 Oct 2025 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bank of Israel |url=https://www.boi.org.il/en/communication-and-publications/press-releases/6-10-25-en/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=www.boi.org.il |language=he}} </ref>
|-
| {{THA}}
|[[Asia]]|| 237,866 || {{decrease}} 598 || 217,231 || {{increase}} 540 || 8 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=International Reserves |url=https://app.bot.or.th/BTWS_STAT/statistics/BOTWEBSTAT.aspx?reportID=94&language=ENG |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.bot.or.th |publisher=[[Bank of Thailand]] |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803121003/https://app.bot.or.th/BTWS_STAT/statistics/BOTWEBSTAT.aspx?reportID=94&language=ENG |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{POL}}
|[[Europe]]|| 223,200 || {{increase}} 4,800 || 188,140 || {{increase}} 1,257 || 7 Jan 2025 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity |url=https://nbp.pl/en/statistic-and-financial-reporting/balance-of-payments-statistics/international-reserves-and-foreign-currency-liquidity |access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103143616/https://nbp.pl/en/statistic-and-financial-reporting/balance-of-payments-statistics/international-reserves-and-foreign-currency-liquidity/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{TUR}}
|[[Asia]]|| 218,158 || {{increase}} 34,137 || 76,585 || {{increase}} 12,670 || 30 Jan 2026 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Turkish International Reserves |url=https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/bf6edde1-ccf9-42ef-a587-5142d9321dfa/IRFCL_Developments.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-bf6edde1-ccf9-42ef-a587-5142d9321dfa-pMJAgcY |publisher=[[Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]] |access-date=2026-02-09}} </ref>
|-
| {{ARE}}
|[[Asia]]|| 210,000 || {{increase}} 5,340 || 199,400 || {{increase}} 87 || 1 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Official International Reserves |url=https://centralbank.ae/en/news-and-publications/publications/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702235253/https://centralbank.ae/en/news-and-publications/publications/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{UK}}
|[[Europe]]|| 189,228 || {{increase}} 4,870 || 161,908 || {{decrease}} 5,910 || 1 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK International Reserves |url=https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/uk-international-reserves/2024/october-2024 |publisher=Bank of England |website=www.bankofengland.co.uk |access-date=2024-03-05 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326092231/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/uk-international-reserves/2024/october-2024 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{IDN}}
|[[Asia]]|| 159,246 || {{increase}} 3,382 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monetary Indicators |url=https://www.bi.go.id/id/statistik/indikator/indikator-moneter.aspx |access-date=1 Mar 2024 |website=Bank of Indonesia |archive-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012111449/https://www.bi.go.id/id/statistik/indikator/indikator-moneter.aspx |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CZE}}
|[[Europe]]|| 149,416 || {{decrease}} 507 || 145,012 || {{decrease}} 168 || 1 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=ČNB |url=https://www.cnb.cz/en/statistics/bop_stat/international_reserves/drs_rada_en.htm |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Czech National Bank |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181601/https://www.cnb.cz/en/statistics/bop_stat/international_reserves/drs_rada_en.htm |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{NLD}}
|[[Europe]]|| 125,451 || {{increase}} 212 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Selected euro area statistics and national breakdowns|url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/ecb_statistics/escb/html/table.en.html?id=JDF_RA6_RESERVE_ASSETS&period=2024-02|date=2024-03-01|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326124957/https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/ecb_statistics/escb/html/table.en.html?id=JDF_RA6_RESERVE_ASSETS&period=2024-02|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CAN}}
|[[Americas]]|| 123,084 || {{decrease}} 4,990 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Official International Reserves |date=9 November 2024 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/services/publications/monthly-official-international-reserves.html |access-date=9 November 2024}} </ref>
|-
| {{MYS}}
|[[Asia]]|| 119,700 || {{increase}} 17,459 || 113,877 || {{increase}} 14,225 || 1 Oct 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Reserves of Bank Negara Malaysia as at 30 September 2024 |url=https://www.bnm.gov.my/-/international-reserves-of-bank-negara-malaysia-as-at-30-september-2024 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=[[Central Bank of Malaysia]]}} </ref>
|-
| {{PHL}}
|[[Asia]]|| 112,434 || {{decrease}} 328 || 101,081 || {{decrease}} 41 || 1 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross International Reserves |url=https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Statistics/sdds/table12_data.aspx |website=[[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607134954/https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Statistics/sdds/table12_data.aspx |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ESP}}
|[[Europe]]|| 100,983 || {{increase}} 2.380 || 77,348 || {{increase}} 2,300 || 1 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International reserves and foreign currency liquidity |url=https://www.bde.es/webbe/en/estadisticas/compartido/datos/pdf/a1726e.pdf |publisher=Banco de España |access-date=2024-03-01 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326105056/https://www.bde.es/webbe/en/estadisticas/compartido/datos/pdf/a1726e.pdf |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{IRQ}}
|[[Asia]]|| 100,000 || {{decrease}} 15,000 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 25 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraq Central Bank says regulated dollar transactions rising |date=25 Mar 2024 |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/03/iraq-central-bank-says-regulated-dollar-transactions-rising |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326100907/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/03/iraq-central-bank-says-regulated-dollar-transactions-rising |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ROU}}
|[[Europe]]|| 95,127 || {{increase}} 3,585 || 78,224 || {{increase}} 1,203 || 31 Jan 2026 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Press Releases - International Reserves |url=https://www.bnr.ro/2637-international-reserves |publisher=[[National Bank of Romania]] (BNR) |access-date=2026-02-09}} </ref>
|-
| {{VNM}}
|[[Asia]]|| 93,342 || {{decrease}} 1,241 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Weekly Information on Banking Operations |url=https://www.sbv.gov.vn/webcenter/faces/home/sm/prerel/otherpre?_afrLoop=47441641672281466#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D47441641672281466%26_adf.ctrl-state%3D128y02j8af_653 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326110904/https://www.sbv.gov.vn/webcenter/faces/home/sm/prerel/otherpre?_afrLoop=47441641672281466#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D47441641672281466%26_adf.ctrl-state%3D128y02j8af_653 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{DNK}}
|[[Europe]]|| 93,196 || {{increase}} 763 || 88,450 || {{increase}} 273 || 1 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Denmark Foreign Exchange Reserves|url=https://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/what-we-do/stable-prices-monetary-policy-and-the-danish-economy/foreign-exchange-reserve-and-danmarks-nationalbank-s-balance-sheet|access-date=11 November 2024}} </ref>
|-
| {{BEL}}
|[[Europe]]|| 82,000 || {{increase}} 14,200 || 67,200 || {{decrease}} 79 || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=International Reserves of Belgium |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/belgium/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326135037/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/belgium/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{NOR}}
|[[Europe]]|| 80,110 || {{increase}} 1430 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Oct 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Norway Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/norway/foreign-exchange-reserves#:~:text=in%20Sep%202024%3F-,Norway%20Foreign%20Exchange%20Reserves%20was%20measured%20at%2080.1%20USD%20bn,table%20below%20for%20more%20data.}} </ref>
|-
| {{PER}}
|[[Americas]]|| 73,483 || {{increase}} 201 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Activos Externos netos de corto plazo (miliones US$) [monthly series]. BN |url=https://estadisticas.bcrp.gob.pe/estadisticas/series/mensuales/resultados/PN00002MM/html |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204185433/https://estadisticas.bcrp.gob.pe/estadisticas/series/mensuales/resultados/PN00002MM/html |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{LBY}}
|[[Africa]]|| 70,524 || {{decrease}} 238 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website, International reserve |url=https://cbl.gov.ly/en/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/1Q-2022-Economic-Bulletin.pdf |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Central bank of Libya |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813065518/https://cbl.gov.ly/en/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/1Q-2022-Economic-Bulletin.pdf |url-status=dead}} </ref>
|-
| {{ALG}}
|[[Africa]]|| 68,028 || {{increase}} 1,880 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Official foreign exchange reserves |url=https://www.bank-of-algeria.dz/reserves-officielles-de-change/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413094729/https://www.bank-of-algeria.dz/reserves-officielles-de-change/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ZAF}}
|[[Africa]]|| 67,450 || {{increase}} 1,186 || 54,862 || {{increase}} 143 || 31 Mar 2025 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official gold and foreign exchange reserves of the South African Reserve Bank as at 31 March 2025 |url=https://www.resbank.co.za/en/home/publications/publication-detail-pages/Financial-Markets/Notices/Information-Notice/2025/information-notice-gold-and-foreign-exchange-reserves-march-2025 |access-date=2025-04-07 |language=english}} </ref>
|-
| {{AUS}}
|[[Oceania]]|| 65,018 || {{increase}} 119 || 57,998 || {{decrease}} 267 || 7 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Official Reserve Assets |website=[[Reserve Bank of Australia]] |date=7 November 2024 |url=https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/frequency/reserve-assets.html |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308212849/https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/frequency/reserve-assets.html|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{QAT}}
|[[Asia]]|| 64,560 || {{increase}} 8,931 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Qatar Central Bank Foreign Reserves Surge by 4.91 Percent in February 2024 |url=https://www.qna.org.qa/en/News%20Area/News/2024-03/10/0033-qatar-central-bank-foreign-reserves-surge-by-491-percent-in-february-2024 |access-date=2024-03-01 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326130122/https://www.qna.org.qa/en/News%20Area/News/2024-03/10/0033-qatar-central-bank-foreign-reserves-surge-by-491-percent-in-february-2024 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SWE}}
|[[Europe]]|| 62,438 || {{decrease}} 271 || 52,395 || {{decrease}} 209 || 7 Nov 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-23|title=Official reserve assets (weekly report)|url=https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/statistics/riksbanks-balance-sheet/official-reserve-assets-weekly-report|access-date=15 November 2024|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306234753/https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/statistics/riksbanks-balance-sheet/official-reserve-assets-weekly-report/|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{COL}}
|[[Americas]]|| 57,269 || {{increase}} 124 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 8 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Official Reserve Assets |url=https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/publicaciones-investigaciones/informe-reservas-internacionales/2023 |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202204426/https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/publicaciones-investigaciones/informe-reservas-internacionales/2023 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{PRT}}
|[[Europe]]|| 53,710 || {{decrease}} 7,800 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=International Reserves of Portugal |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/portugal/foreign-exchange-reserves/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216140342/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/portugal/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{KWT}}
|[[Asia]]|| 46,420 || {{increase}} 1,112 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Bank of Kuwait: Monthly |url=https://www.cbk.gov.kw/en/statistics-and-publication/dynamic-statistical-releases/monthly |access-date=2024-03-01 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308105006/https://www.cbk.gov.kw/en/statistics-and-publication/dynamic-statistical-releases/monthly |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CHL}}
|[[Americas]]|| 42,527 || {{increase}} 2,373 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chile Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/chile/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=2024-03-01 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326125649/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/chile/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{HUN}}
|[[Europe]]|| 41,344 || {{increase}} 4,749 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Reserves - Foreign Exchange Liquidity |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/hungary/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326131813/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/hungary/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{UKR}}
|[[Europe]]|| 40,507 || {{decrease}} 1,212 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Bank of Ukraine |url=https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/mijnarodni-rezervi-ukrayini-zrosli-uprodovj-2023-roku-na-42-ta-perevischili-405-mlrd-dol-ssha |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105125737/https://bank.gov.ua/en/news/all/mijnarodni-rezervi-ukrayini-zrosli-uprodovj-2023-roku-na-42-ta-perevischili-405-mlrd-dol-ssha |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BGR}}
|[[Europe]]|| 35,395 || {{decrease}} 692 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulgaria Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bulgaria/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326135032/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bulgaria/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{EGY}}
|[[Africa]]|| 35,310 || {{increase}} 3,161 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt's international reserves |date=5 March 2024 |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/130805/Net-international-reserves-increase-by-60M-by-end-of-February |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326133530/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/130805/Net-international-reserves-increase-by-60M-by-end-of-February |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{NGA}}
|[[Africa]]|| 34,980 || {{increase}} 465 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's FX reserve|date=2024-03-01|url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/03/21/nigerias-fx-reserve-to-increase-to-35-01-billion-by-end-of-march-cbn-deputy-governor/|access-date=2024-03-01|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326130826/https://nairametrics.com/2024/03/21/nigerias-fx-reserve-to-increase-to-35-01-billion-by-end-of-march-cbn-deputy-governor/|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{AUT}}
|[[Europe]]|| 34,856 || {{increase}} 954 || 34,671 || {{decrease}} 187 || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=International Reserves of Austria |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/austria/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326135035/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/austria/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SRB}}
|[[Europe]]|| 34,519<ref>https://www.vesti-online.com/uvecane-devizne-rezerve-srbije/</ref> || {{increase}} 4.213 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 28 Feb 2026 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=FX reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/serbia/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326145550/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/serbia/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{KAZ}}
|[[Asia]]|| 34,500 || {{decrease}} 938 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan's international reserves |url=https://daryo.uz/en/2024/02/09/draft |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326132635/https://daryo.uz/en/2024/02/09/draft |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{UZB}}
|[[Asia]]|| 32,195 || {{decrease}} 950 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=International Reserves of Republic of Uzbekistan |url=https://cbu.uz/en/statistics/intlreserves/1626804/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073405/https://cbu.uz/en/statistics/intlreserves/1626804/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BGD}}
|[[Asia]]|| 32,120 || {{increase}} 440 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 23 Oct 2025 || <ref>{{cite web |title=BGD's International reserves |url=https://www.bssnews.net/business/324029}} </ref>
|-
| {{MAR}}
|[[Africa]]|| 32,037 || {{increase}} 213 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Morocco's International reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/morocco/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806203554/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/morocco/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{NZL}}
|[[Oceania]]|| 31,712 || {{increase}} 1,916 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand's official overseas reserves |url=https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/statistics/series/international-position/new-zealands-official-overseas-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326155902/https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/statistics/series/international-position/new-zealands-official-overseas-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{IRN}}
|[[Asia]]|| 24,300 || {{increase}} 1,641 || 23,600 || {{increase}} 210 || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's forex reserves|date=17 October 2023 |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/85261868/Iran-s-forex-reserves-increasing-due-to-oil-non-oil-exports|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=30 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330123655/https://en.irna.ir/news/85261868/Iran-s-forex-reserves-increasing-due-to-oil-non-oil-exports|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MAC}}
|[[Asia]]|| 24,283 || {{decrease}} 1,566 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Macau's International reserves |url=https://www.amcm.gov.mo/en/research-statistics/statistics-page/official-statistics-summary-page |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326142615/https://www.amcm.gov.mo/en/research-statistics/statistics-page/official-statistics-summary-page |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GTM}}
|[[Americas]]|| 21,390 || {{increase}} 1,300 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guatemala Reserves |date=13 March 2024 |url=https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/guatemala/international-reserves/#:~:text=In%20Guatemala%2C%20international%20reserves%20were,information%2C%20visit%20our%20dedicated%20page. |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326154759/https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/guatemala/international-reserves/#:~:text=In%20Guatemala%2C%20international%20reserves%20were,information%2C%20visit%20our%20dedicated%20page. |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ARG}}
|[[Americas]]|| 20,846 || {{decrease}} 2,090 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/argentina/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326145552/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/argentina/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{TKM}}
|[[Asia]]|| 20,600 || {{decrease}} 45 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html |access-date=12 March 2014 |archive-date=13 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005020/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html |url-status=dead}} </ref>
|-
| {{PAK}}
|[[Asia]]|| 19,850 || {{increase}} 3885 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 17 Oct 2025 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liquid Foreign Exchange Reserves|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/forex.pdf}} </ref>
|-
| {{KHM}}
|[[Asia]]|| 18,496 || {{decrease}} 67 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title= Cambodia foreign exchange and gold |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2024/English/1KHMEA2024001.ashx/}} </ref>
|-
| {{JOR}}
|[[Asia]]|| 18,765 || {{increase}} 187 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan's foreign currency reserves |url=https://jordantimes.com/news/local/jordans-foreign-currency-reserves-reach-18-billion-%E2%80%94-cbj |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326152240/https://jordantimes.com/news/local/jordans-foreign-currency-reserves-reach-18-billion-%E2%80%94-cbj |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{NPL}}
|[[Asia]]|| 18,400 || {{increase}} 1,857 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 11 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title='Worry' as Nepal's forex reserves soar to record Rs1.84 trillion |url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2024/03/11/worry-as-nepal-s-forex-reserves-soar-to-record-rs1-84-trillion |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326151254/https://kathmandupost.com/money/2024/03/11/worry-as-nepal-s-forex-reserves-soar-to-record-rs1-84-trillion |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{OMA}}
|[[Asia]]|| 16,163 || {{increase}} 548 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oman Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/oman/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806210551/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/oman/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{URY}}
|[[Americas]]|| 15,449 || {{decrease}} 1.176 || 15,441|| {{decrease}} 11 || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Bank of Uruguay |url=https://www.bcu.gub.uy/Paginas/Default.aspx |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020071908/https://www.bcu.gub.uy/Paginas/Default.aspx |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{LBN}}
|[[Asia]]|| 14,738 || {{decrease}} 692 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanon Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/lebanon/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326192001/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/lebanon/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{DOM}}
|[[Americas]]|| 14,371 || {{increase}} 1,145 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Dominican Republic - Foreign exchange reserves|url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Dominican-Republic/topics/Economy/Short-term-indicators/Foreign-exchange-reserves|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326155902/https://knoema.com/atlas/Dominican-Republic/topics/Economy/Short-term-indicators/Foreign-exchange-reserves|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ANG}}
|[[Africa]]|| 14,200 || {{decrease}} 40 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 15 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Angola's FX Reserve Drops to 14.2B as of March 2024|url=https://forextv.com/forex-analysis/angolas-fx-reserve-drops-to-14-2b-as-of-march-2024/|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326155902/https://forextv.com/forex-analysis/angolas-fx-reserve-drops-to-14-2b-as-of-march-2024/|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CRI}}
|[[Americas]]|| 13,200 || {{increase}} 320 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fitch Upgrades Costa Rica to 'BB'; Outlook Stable |url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-upgrades-costa-rica-to-bb-outlook-stable-28-02-2024 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326183440/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-upgrades-costa-rica-to-bb-outlook-stable-28-02-2024 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{IRL}}
|[[Europe]]|| 12,599 || {{decrease}} 130 || 11,874 || {{decrease}} 2 || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Official External Reserves |website=Central Bank of Ireland |url=https://www.centralbank.ie/statistics/data-and-analysis/competitiveness-reserves-and-national-debt/official-external-reserves |access-date=2022-07-31 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207225215/https://www.centralbank.ie/statistics/data-and-analysis/competitiveness-reserves-and-national-debt/official-external-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{AZE}}
|[[Asia]]|| 11,650 || {{increase}} 142 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=azerbaijan Foreign Exchange Reserves|date=4 March 2024|url=https://turan.az/en/finance/central-bank-of-azerbaijan-raises-its-foreign-exchange-reserves-by-29|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326183440/https://turan.az/en/finance/central-bank-of-azerbaijan-raises-its-foreign-exchange-reserves-by-29|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CIV}}
|[[Africa]]|| 9,800 || {{decrease}} 18 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ivory Coast Foreign Exchange Reserves|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ivory-coast/foreign-exchange-reserves|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326192019/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ivory-coast/foreign-exchange-reserves|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{PRY}}
|[[Americas]]|| 9,707 || {{increase}} 805 || 9,168 || {{increase}} 7 || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paraguay Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/paraguay/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073404/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/paraguay/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{PRK}}
|[[Asia]]|| 9,109 || {{increase}} 73 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Северная Корея распродает золотой запас|url=http://www.rosbalt.ru/business/2024/03/0110045.html|access-date=2024-03-01}} {{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} </ref>
|-
| {{BIH}}
|[[Europe]]|| 8,711 || {{decrease}} 391 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bosnia-and-herzegovina/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326183440/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bosnia-and-herzegovina/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BLR}}
|[[Europe]]|| 8,697 || {{increase}} 165 || 4,333 || {{increase}} 19 || 31 Aug 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belarus Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/belarus/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326192016/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/belarus/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{TUN}}
|[[Africa]]|| 8,623 || {{increase}} 539 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 21 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/tunisia/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073404/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/tunisia/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{FIN}}
|[[Europe]]|| 7,995 || {{decrease}} 22 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/finland/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326154759/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/finland/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SVK}}
|[[Europe]]|| 7,650 || {{increase}} 441 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slovakia Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/slovakia/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326192004/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/slovakia/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{HND}}
|[[Americas]]|| 7,390 || {{decrease}} 580 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 21 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=INTERNATIONAL RESERVES -Honduras|url=https://www.bch.hn/|access-date=26 Mar 2024|language=es|archive-date=1 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601225940/https://www.bch.hn/|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{TAN}}
|[[Africa]]|| 7,022 || {{increase}} 600 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 22 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Weekly Commentary – 22nd March 2024 |date=26 March 2024 |url=https://actserv.co.ke/weekly-commentary-22nd-march-2024/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073404/https://actserv.co.ke/weekly-commentary-22nd-march-2024/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ISL}}
|[[Europe]]|| 6,847 || {{increase}} 24 || 6,668 || {{increase}} 9 || 15 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERNATIONAL RESERVES -Iceland |url=https://www.cb.is/statistics/statistics/2024/03/15/International-reserves/?stdID=7 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326183441/https://www.cb.is/statistics/statistics/2024/03/15/International-reserves/?stdID=7 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MMR}}
|[[Asia]]|| 6,700 || {{increase}} 800 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web| url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc| title=Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) - Data| access-date=18 December 2015| archive-date=30 June 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630124629/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc| url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{LKA}}
|[[Asia]]|| 6,467 || {{increase}} 475 || 6,425 || {{increase}} 2 || 31 Oct 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/statistics/wei/WEI_20241108_e.pdf|title=Weekly Economic Indicators|access-date=8 November 2024}} </ref>
|-
| {{PAN}}
|[[Americas]]|| 6,143 || {{decrease}} 200 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Panama: Statement Of the 2024 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/03/03/cs030324-panama-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2024-article-iv-mission |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326185510/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/03/03/cs030324-panama-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2024-article-iv-mission |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{VEN}}
|[[Americas]]|| 5,908 || {{decrease}} 776 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unprecedented 24 hour Stability in Venezuelan Exchange Market |url=https://currencymart.net/news/bolivar/2024-03-15/unprecedented-24hour-stability-in-venezuelan-exchange-market.html |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326183441/https://currencymart.net/news/bolivar/2024-03-15/unprecedented-24hour-stability-in-venezuelan-exchange-market.html |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{TTO}}
|[[Americas]]|| 5,800 || {{decrease}} 44 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 18 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago's Mixed Economic Outlook |date=18 March 2024 |url=https://www.firstcitizensgroup.com/tt/news-insights/trinidad-and-tobagos-mixed-economic-outlook/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326183440/https://www.firstcitizensgroup.com/tt/news-insights/trinidad-and-tobagos-mixed-economic-outlook/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MDA}}
|[[Europe]]|| 5,600 || {{decrease}} 600 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 30 Aug 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Moldova International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity |date=30 August 2024 |url=https://www.infotag.md/finances-en/314400/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326185511/https://www.infotag.md/finances-en/314400/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MUS}}
|[[Africa]]|| 5,591 || {{decrease}} 196 || 5,497 || {{decrease}} 27 || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mauritius/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326192022/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mauritius/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BHR}}
|[[Asia]]|| 5,500 || {{increase}} 128 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 25 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahrain Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bahrain/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326183443/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bahrain/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ALB}}
|[[Europe]]|| 5,290 || {{decrease}} 200 || 5,290 || {{increase}} 47 || 31 Apr 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Albania's FX reserves|url=https://disclosure.spglobal.com/ratings/en/regulatory/article/-/view/type/HTML/id/3142888|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326192516/https://disclosure.spglobal.com/ratings/en/regulatory/article/-/view/type/HTML/id/3142888|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GEO}}
|[[Europe]]|| 5,224 || {{decrease}} 25.58 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 25 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia's foreign currency reserves |date=25 March 2024 |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/223728.html |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326185510/https://www.azernews.az/region/223728.html |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MNG}}
|[[Asia]]|| 5,120 || {{increase}} 500 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 20 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://montsame.mn/en/read/339922|title=Foreign Exchange Reserves Exceed USD 5 Billion|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326191803/https://montsame.mn/en/read/339922|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BOT}}
|[[Africa]]|| 5,080 || {{decrease}} 267 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Economic Stats |url=https://www.bankofbotswana.bw/publications |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326185516/https://www.bankofbotswana.bw/publications |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{JAM}}
|[[Americas]]|| 4,921 || {{increase}} 300 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 5 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fitch Upgrades Jamaica to 'BB-'; Outlook Positive. |url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-upgrades-jamaica-to-bb-outlook-positive-05-03-2024 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326193814/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-upgrades-jamaica-to-bb-outlook-positive-05-03-2024 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{LTU}}
|[[Europe]]|| 4,900 || {{decrease}} 440 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lithuania Economic numbers |url=https://finmin.lrv.lt/media/viesa/saugykla/2024/3/vi_WsmYmy3s.pdf |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326191803/https://finmin.lrv.lt/media/viesa/saugykla/2024/3/vi_WsmYmy3s.pdf |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{VAT}}
|[[Europe]]|| 4,339 || {{increase}} 950 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vatican Foreign Exchange Reserve Rise by 39 million|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202112010732.html|access-date=22 December 2021|archive-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125234422/https://allafrica.com/stories/202112010732.html|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ARM}}
|[[Asia]]|| 4,298 || {{increase}} 600 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 25 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia Foreign Reserve |url=https://www.moneymarket.am/?tid=4&language=Eng&page=menuinfo&id1=1&id2=3&id3=5 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326191802/https://www.moneymarket.am/?tid=4&language=Eng&page=menuinfo&id1=1&id2=3&id3=5 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{NIC}}
|[[Americas]]|| 3,980 || {{increase}} 1,100 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fitch Affirms Nicaragua at 'B-'; Revises Outlook to Positive |url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-affirms-nicaragua-at-b-revises-outlook-to-positive-05-06-2023 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229005205/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-affirms-nicaragua-at-b-revises-outlook-to-positive-05-06-2023 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GRC}}
|[[Europe]]|| 3,926 || {{increase}} 107 || 3,869 || {{decrease}} 8 || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greece Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/greece/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326192007/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/greece/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{LVA}}
|[[Europe]]|| 3,913 || {{increase}} 13 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Latvia Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/latvia/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326202321/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/latvia/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{UGA}}
|[[Africa]]|| 3,700 || {{decrease}} 259 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Uganda Foreign Reserve |url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-affirms-uganda-at-b-outlook-negative-01-03-2024 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326193816/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-affirms-uganda-at-b-outlook-negative-01-03-2024 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{AND}}
|[[Europe]]|| 3,689 || {{increase}} 11 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 20 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Andorra Foreign Exchange Reserves|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/AND|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122185918/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/AND|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BRN}}
|[[Asia]]|| 3,664 || {{increase}} 107 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunei Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/brunei/bank-lending-rate |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326190456/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/brunei/bank-lending-rate |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CMR}}
|[[Africa]]|| 3,459 || {{decrease}} 180 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International reserves- Camron. |doi=10.1016/j.ememar.2024.101130 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1566014124000256 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326200642/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1566014124000256 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ETH}}
|[[Africa]]|| 3,430 || {{decrease}} 170 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=NBE says FX reserve is close to USD 3.4 billion. |date=27 January 2024 |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/38455/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326193814/https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/38455/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GHA}}
|[[Africa]]|| 3,368 || {{increase}} 452 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ghana/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326190450/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ghana/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ECU}}
|[[Americas]]|| 3,305 || {{increase}} 747 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecuador Foreign Exchange Reserves|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ecuador/foreign-exchange-reserves|access-date=26 March 2024|archive-date=26 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326190453/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ecuador/foreign-exchange-reserves|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{KGZ}}
|[[Asia]]|| 2,976 || {{increase}} 193 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyrgyzstan Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/03/04/pr2468-kyrgyz-republic-imf-executive-board-concludes-2023-article-iv-consultation |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326200641/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/03/04/pr2468-kyrgyz-republic-imf-executive-board-concludes-2023-article-iv-consultation |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{HRV}}
|[[Europe]]|| 2,935 || {{increase}} 159 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Croatia's International reserves |date=2 August 2024 |url=https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-reserves-by-country}} </ref>
|-
| {{SLO}}
|[[Europe]]|| 2,519 || {{increase}} 62 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Slovenia: Technical Assistance Report |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/technical-assistance-reports/Issues/2024/03/01/Republic-of-Slovenia-Technical-Assistance-Report-Data-Driven-Risk-Assessment-545522 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326200642/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/technical-assistance-reports/Issues/2024/03/01/Republic-of-Slovenia-Technical-Assistance-Report-Data-Driven-Risk-Assessment-545522 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SLV}}
|[[Americas]]|| 2,510 || {{increase}} 39 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=El Salvador Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/gaab4429.doc.htm |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326200642/https://press.un.org/en/2023/gaab4429.doc.htm |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CUB}}
|[[Americas]]|| 2,500 || {{decrease}} 10,391 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 15 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba Country Report 2024 |url=https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/CUB#pos14 |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326191803/https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/CUB#pos14 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{KEN}}
|[[Africa]]|| 2,490 || {{increase}} 1,073 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 5 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=TREASURY MARKET UPDATE |url=https://www.dibkenya.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/DAILY-TREASURY-MARKET-UPDATE-05TH-MARCH-2024.pdf |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327040441/https://www.dibkenya.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/DAILY-TREASURY-MARKET-UPDATE-05TH-MARCH-2024.pdf |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{PNG}}
|[[Oceania]]|| 2,339 || {{increase}} 500 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=PNG's views on foreign exchange |date=18 July 2023 |url=https://devpolicy.org/evaluating-the-bank-of-pngs-views-on-foreign-exchange-20230719/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326200642/https://devpolicy.org/evaluating-the-bank-of-pngs-views-on-foreign-exchange-20230719/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{HAI}}
|[[Americas]]|| 2,296 || {{decrease}} 1,256 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haiti Official Reserve Assets |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/haiti/bpm6-balance-of-payments-detailed-presentation/ht-bop-financial-account-official-reserve-assets/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326203745/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/haiti/bpm6-balance-of-payments-detailed-presentation/ht-bop-financial-account-official-reserve-assets |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{EST}}
|[[Europe]]|| 2,065 || {{decrease}} 145 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Estonia Foreign Exchange Reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/estonia/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327041944/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/estonia/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{NAM}}
|[[Africa]]|| 2,019 || {{decrease}} 25 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Namibia Reserves |url=https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/namibia/international-reserves/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327040439/https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/namibia/international-reserves/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BAH}}
|[[Americas]]|| 1,758 || {{increase}} 85 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Exchange Control Administration (2024) |url=https://www.centralbankbahamas.com/news/press-releases/press-release-further-relaxation-of-exchange-control-administration-2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327040440/https://www.centralbankbahamas.com/news/press-releases/press-release-further-relaxation-of-exchange-control-administration-2024 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BOL}}
|[[Americas]]|| 1,769 || {{decrease}} 471 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bolivia forex reserve |url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/bolivia-29-02-2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327040439/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/bolivia-29-02-2024 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MAD}}
|[[Africa]]|| 1,620 || {{increase}} 127 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 19 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Stable Exchange Rates Reign For MGA |url=https://currencymart.net/news/malagasy-ariary/2024-03-20/stable-exchange-rates-reign-for-mga.html |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327040439/https://currencymart.net/news/malagasy-ariary/2024-03-20/stable-exchange-rates-reign-for-mga.html |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MNE}}
|[[Europe]]|| 1,558 || {{increase}} 26 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Montenegro Outlook |url=https://disclosure.spglobal.com/ratings/en/regulatory/article/-/view/type/HTML/id/3133500 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073406/https://disclosure.spglobal.com/ratings/en/regulatory/article/-/view/type/HTML/id/3133500 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MRT}}
|[[Africa]]|| 1,493 || {{increase}} 37 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Mauritania Länderbericht - BTI Transformation Index |url=https://bti-project.org/de/reports/country-report/MRT |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327040445/https://bti-project.org/de/reports/country-report/MRT |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{TJK}}
|[[Asia]]|| 1,482 || {{decrease}} 19 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary sector Tajikistan |url=https://nbt.tj/en/statistics/monetary_sector.php |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327040440/https://nbt.tj/en/statistics/monetary_sector.php |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{RWA}}
|[[Africa]]|| 1,458 || {{decrease}} 7 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda forex reserve |date=27 February 2024 |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/02/monetary-policy-government-interventions-bring-inflation-under-control-but-not-tamed/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327040440/https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/02/monetary-policy-government-interventions-bring-inflation-under-control-but-not-tamed/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ZAM}}
|[[Africa]]|| 1,433 || {{decrease}} 16 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia forex reserve |url=https://www.boz.zm/Monetary_Policy_Report_February_2024.pdf |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327042156/https://www.boz.zm/Monetary_Policy_Report_February_2024.pdf |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GUI}}
|[[Africa]]|| 1,425 || {{increase}} 33 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 15 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Guinea forex reserve |url=https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/GIN#pos14 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327042155/https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/GIN#pos14 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GAB}}
|[[Africa]]|| 1,377 || {{decrease}} 90 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Gabon forex reserve |url=https://orbitax.com/taxhub/countrychapters/GA/Gabon/f422ca9b24bb422f820ed2741b8b2b00/Withholding-Taxes-594 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073413/https://orbitax.com/taxhub/countrychapters/GA/Gabon/f422ca9b24bb422f820ed2741b8b2b00/Withholding-Taxes-594 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CYP}}
|[[Asia]]|| 1,271 || {{increase}} 200 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Euro is back on the scene for global central banks |date=7 March 2024 |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/03/07/euro-is-back-on-the-scene-for-global-central-banks/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327042156/https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/03/07/euro-is-back-on-the-scene-for-global-central-banks/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{LUX}}
|[[Europe]]|| 1,119 || {{decrease}} 34 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 5 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Luxembourg forex reserve |url=https://www.bcl.lu/en/Media-and-News/Press-releases/2024/03/res/index.html |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327042156/https://www.bcl.lu/en/Media-and-News/Press-releases/2024/03/res/index.html |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{LAO}}
|[[Asia]]|| 1,099 || {{increase}} 23 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Laos forex reserve |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/733302/laos-total-reserves/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327042155/https://www.statista.com/statistics/733302/laos-total-reserves/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CUW}}
|[[Americas]]|| 1,080 || {{increase}} 30 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 20 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Curaçao International Reserve Statement |url=https://exch.centralbank.cw/publications/press-releases/2024/pb-2024-008-cbcs-growth-continues-across-monetary-union |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330123705/https://exch.centralbank.cw/publications/press-releases/2024/pb-2024-008-cbcs-growth-continues-across-monetary-union |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{FIJ}}
|[[Oceania]]|| 1,065 || {{increase}} 22 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 5 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=The Fijian Economy |date=26 March 2024 |url=https://www.rbf.gov.fj/charts-on-the-fiji-economy-as-at-march-2024/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073940/https://www.rbf.gov.fj/charts-on-the-fiji-economy-as-at-march-2024/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{NER}}
|[[Africa]]|| 1,053 || {{increase}} 24 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Movement In Reserves |url=https://www.cbn.gov.ng/IntOps/Reserve.asp?MoveDate=3/27/2024%204:39:49%20AM |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073929/https://www.cbn.gov.ng/IntOps/Reserve.asp?MoveDate=3/27/2024%204:39:49%20AM |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ABW}}
|[[Americas]]|| 1,017 || {{increase}} 30 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 15 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Fitch Revises Aruba's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'BB+' |url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-revises-aruba-outlook-to-positive-affirms-at-bb-13-03-2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321113132/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-revises-aruba-outlook-to-positive-affirms-at-bb-13-03-2024 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BTN}}
|[[Asia]]|| 972 || {{decrease}} 3 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 10 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bhutan International Reserve Statement |url=https://businessbhutan.bt/money-supply-grew-modestly-in-the-economy/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327043852/https://businessbhutan.bt/money-supply-grew-modestly-in-the-economy/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{KOS}}
|[[Europe]]|| 950 || {{decrease}} 15 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Economic Engine of the Balkans |url=https://www.kosovo-online.com/en/news/kontext/serbia-economic-engine-balkans-4-3-2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327043851/https://www.kosovo-online.com/en/news/kontext/serbia-economic-engine-balkans-4-3-2024 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MLT}}
|[[Europe]]|| 937 || {{increase}} 9 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 20 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Malta forex reserves |date=19 March 2024 |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/money-market-report-week-ended-march-15-2024.1089431 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327043851/https://timesofmalta.com/article/money-market-report-week-ended-march-15-2024.1089431 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{LES}}
|[[Africa]]|| 785 || {{increase}} 11 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Fitch Affirms Lesotho at 'B'; Outlook Stable |url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-affirms-lesotho-at-b-outlook-stable-12-07-2023 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112090938/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-affirms-lesotho-at-b-outlook-stable-12-07-2023 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BAR}}
|[[Americas]]|| 770 || {{decrease}} 2 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Outlook for Barbados' Economy in 2024|url=https://www.centralbank.org.bb/news/general-press-release/outlook-for-barbados-economy-in-2024|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073935/https://www.centralbank.org.bb/news/general-press-release/outlook-for-barbados-economy-in-2024|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SMR}}
|[[Europe]]|| 716 || {{increase}} 243 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=San Marino forex reserves|url=https://knoema.com/atlas/San-Marino/International-reserves|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052108/https://knoema.com/atlas/San-Marino/International-reserves|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CPV}}
|[[Africa]]|| 712 || {{decrease}} 25 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Cape Verde forex reserves|date=12 March 2024|url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ab070a7d-27aa-4450-bb26-558df754016f|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052109/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ab070a7d-27aa-4450-bb26-558df754016f|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GMB}}
|[[Africa]]|| 698 || {{increase}} 6 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Gambia forex reserves|url=https://www.cbg.gm/|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322011817/https://www.cbg.gm/|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{PSE}}
|[[Asia]]|| 671 || {{decrease}} 12 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=indicators of the Palestinian economy |url=https://www.pma.ps/en/Statistics//MonthlyandQuarterlyData |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052111/https://www.pma.ps/en/Statistics//MonthlyandQuarterlyData |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{TLS}}
|[[Asia]]|| 654 || {{decrease}} 2 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Timor-Leste forex reserves|url=https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/vnrs/2023/VNR%202023%20Timor%20Leste%20Report_0.pdf|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=12 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912042724/https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/vnrs/2023/VNR%202023%20Timor%20Leste%20Report_0.pdf|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SUR}}
|[[Americas]]|| 647 || {{increase}} 30 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 8 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Suriname's Foreign Reserves|date=24 March 2024|url=https://caribbeantimes.com/suriname-imf-approves-more-funds-for-suriname/|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327092125/https://caribbeantimes.com/suriname-imf-approves-more-funds-for-suriname/|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SLE}}
|[[Africa]]|| 624 || {{decrease}} 2 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 2 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone forex reserves|url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Sierra-Leone/International-reserves|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052108/https://knoema.com/atlas/Sierra-Leone/International-reserves|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MLI}}
|[[Africa]]|| 604 || {{decrease}} 19 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Outlook for Mali's Economy |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/MLI |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327053610/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/MLI |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MDV}}
|[[Asia]]|| 588 || {{decrease}} 180 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Maldives' Foreign Reserves |date=11 January 2024 |url=https://corporatemaldives.com/governments-usable-reserves-fall-to-usd-140-million/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052109/https://corporatemaldives.com/governments-usable-reserves-fall-to-usd-140-million/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GUY}}
|[[Americas]]|| 553 || {{decrease}} 20 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 10 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Guyana forex reserves|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?locations=GY|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327070338/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?locations=GY|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SLB}}
|[[Oceania]]|| 551 || {{increase}} 24 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 8 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Solomon Islands forex reserves|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?locations=SB|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052110/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?locations=SB|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SYC}}
|[[Africa]]|| 546 || {{decrease}} 19 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Seychelles forex reserves|url=https://dsbb.imf.org/sdds/dqaf-base/country/SYC/category/ILV00|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052109/https://dsbb.imf.org/sdds/dqaf-base/country/SYC/category/ILV00|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{VAN}}
|[[Oceania]]|| 509 || {{decrease}} 2 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Vanuatu forex reserves|url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Vanuatu/reserves_monthly/|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052109/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Vanuatu/reserves_monthly/|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{COD}}
|[[Africa]]|| 505 || {{decrease}} 160 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 14 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Congo international reserves|date=22 March 2024|url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2024/03/22/congo-impressive-growth-in-its-international-foreign-exchange-reserves-in-2024/|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052109/https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2024/03/22/congo-impressive-growth-in-its-international-foreign-exchange-reserves-in-2024/|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{DJI}}
|[[Africa]]|| 504 || {{increase}} 3 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Djibouti forex reserves|url=https://knoema.com/data/foreign-exchange-reserves+djibouti|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073942/https://knoema.com/data/foreign-exchange-reserves+djibouti|url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MWI}}
|[[Africa]]|| 488 || {{increase}} 17 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi forex reserves |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/malawi-sees-economic-growth-32-this-year-2024-02-23/}} </ref>
|-
| {{SWZ}}
|[[Africa]]|| 467 || {{increase}} 27 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eswatini forex reserves |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?locations=SZ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327054654/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?locations=SZ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{AFG}}
|[[Asia]]|| 443 || {{decrease}} 32 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Oct 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Liquidity selected indicators - Afghanistan |url=https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=61545856 |access-date=9 November 2024}} </ref>
|-
| {{COG}}
|[[Africa]]|| 443 || {{increase}} 20 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of the Congo forex reserves |date=29 June 2023 |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/drc-gets-203m-imf-loan-to-boost-dwindling-forex-reserves-4288034 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327054655/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/drc-gets-203m-imf-loan-to-boost-dwindling-forex-reserves-4288034 |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SYR}}
|[[Asia]]|| 401 || {{decrease}} 16 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria forex reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/syria/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327054653/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/syria/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{FSM}}
|[[Oceania]]|| 395 || {{decrease}} 2 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federated States of Micronesia forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/atlas/micronesia-federated-states-of/international-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327054657/https://knoema.com/atlas/Micronesia-Federated-States-of/International-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CAF}}
|[[Africa]]|| 375 || {{increase}} 14 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Central African Republic forex reserves |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Central-African-Republic/reserves/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327054654/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Central-African-Republic/reserves/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{KNA}}
|[[Americas]]|| 365 || {{decrease}} 14 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Kitts and Nevis forex reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/saint-kitts-and-nevis/foreign-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327054655/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/saint-kitts-and-nevis/foreign-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{LBR}}
|[[Africa]]|| 342 || {{decrease}} 7 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Liberia/International-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327054654/https://knoema.com/atlas/Liberia/International-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GNB}}
|[[Africa]]|| 329 || {{decrease}} 3 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau forex reserves |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GNBBRASSMIMH |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327054655/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GNBBRASSMIMH |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ATG}}
|[[Americas]]|| 285 || {{increase}} 6 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/data/foreign-exchange-reserves+antigua-and-barbuda |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327080634/https://knoema.com/data/foreign-exchange-reserves+antigua-and-barbuda |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BLZ}}
|[[Americas]]|| 281 || {{increase}} 4 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belize forex reserves |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1390825/total-reserves-belize/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327055834/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1390825/total-reserves-belize/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{LCA}}
|[[Americas]]|| 258 || {{decrease}} 2 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Lucia forex reserves |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Saint-Lucia/reserves/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327055835/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Saint-Lucia/reserves/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{YEM}}
|[[Asia]]|| 250 || {{increase}} 5 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen forex reserves |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/yemen/foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327055834/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/yemen/foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GRN}}
|[[Americas]]|| 247 || {{increase}} 11 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grenada forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/data/grenada+foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327080637/https://knoema.com/data/grenada+foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{TON}}
|[[Oceania]]|| 226 || {{decrease}} 3 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tonga forex reserves |url=http://www.reservebank.to/index.php/financials/financial-markets/for-res.html |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061338/http://www.reservebank.to/index.php/financials/financial-markets/for-res.html |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{TOG}}
|[[Africa]]|| 208 || {{decrease}} 7 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Togo forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/data/togo+foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328175611/https://knoema.com/data/togo+foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{COM}}
|[[Africa]]|| 197 || {{decrease}} 5 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Comoros forex reserves |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/comoros/comoros-economic-outlook |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327055835/https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/comoros/comoros-economic-outlook |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{VIN}}
|[[Americas]]|| 192 || {{decrease}} 1 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines/International-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061338/https://knoema.com/atlas/Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines/International-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ERI}}
|[[Africa]]|| 189 || {{decrease}} 2 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eritrea forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Eritrea/International-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061337/https://knoema.com/atlas/Eritrea/International-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SAM}}
|[[Oceania]]|| 188 || {{increase}} 3 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Samoa forex reserves |url=https://www.cbs.gov.ws/assets/Uploads/DMS-3/3551Foreign-Exchange-Reserves.pdf |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126022233/https://www.cbs.gov.ws/assets/Uploads/DMS-3/3551Foreign-Exchange-Reserves.pdf |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{STP}}
|[[Africa]]|| 186 || {{increase}} 2 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=São Tomé and Príncipe forex reserves |url=https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/sao-tome-and-principe/international-reserves/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061223/https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/sao-tome-and-principe/international-reserves/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SDN}}
|[[Africa]]|| 172 || {{decrease}} 5 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan forex reserves |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SDNFAFARUSD |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061221/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SDNFAFARUSD |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{DMA}}
|[[Americas]]|| 168 || {{increase}} 6 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dominica forex reserves |url=https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/dominica/international-reserves/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061229/https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/dominica/international-reserves/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SEN}}
|[[Africa]]|| 164 || {{increase}} 12 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal forex reserves |url=https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/senegal/international-reserves/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061221/https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/senegal/international-reserves/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{ZIM}}
|[[Africa]]|| 159 || {{increase}} 8 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Zimbabwe/International-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061344/https://knoema.com/atlas/Zimbabwe/International-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{CHA}}
|[[Africa]]|| 143 || {{decrease}} 4 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chad forex reserves |url=https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/chad/international-reserves/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061226/https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/chad/international-reserves/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BDI}}
|[[Africa]]|| 105 || {{decrease}} 6 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burundi forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Burundi/International-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061341/https://knoema.com/atlas/Burundi/International-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SSD}}
|[[Africa]]|| 80 || {{increase}} 7 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 2 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Sudan forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/atlas/South-Sudan/International-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061339/https://knoema.com/atlas/South-Sudan/International-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BEN}}
|[[Africa]]|| 69 || {{increase}} 9 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benin forex reserves |url=https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/benin/international-reserves/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061231/https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/benin/international-reserves/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MSR}}
|[[Americas]]|| 54 || {{increase}} 5 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Montserrat forex reserves |url=https://www.indexmundi.com/montserrat/reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold.html |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328175443/https://www.indexmundi.com/montserrat/reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold.html |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{GNQ}}
|[[Africa]]|| 46 || {{decrease}} 2 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Equatorial-Guinea/International-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061343/https://knoema.com/atlas/Equatorial-Guinea/International-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{BUR}}
|[[Africa]]|| 42 || {{decrease}} 3 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso forex reserves |url=https://knoema.com/data/burkina-faso+foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328175446/https://knoema.com/data/burkina-faso+foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{SOM}}
|[[Africa]]|| 37 || {{increase}} 5 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia forex reserves |url=https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/somalia/international-reserves/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327061234/https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/somalia/international-reserves/ |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{KIR}}
|[[Oceania]]|| 8 || {{increase}} 2 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 1 Mar 2024 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiribati forex reserve |url=https://knoema.com/data/kiribati+foreign-exchange-reserves |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327163803/https://knoema.com/data/kiribati+foreign-exchange-reserves |url-status=live}} </ref>
|-
| {{MOZ}}
|[[Africa]]|| 4 || {{increase}} 0.8 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 31 Jul 2025 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mozambique forex reserve |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mozambique/foreign-exchange-reserves}} </ref>
|-
| {{MKD}}
|[[Europe]]|| 4 || {{increase}} 0.1 || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || 31 Aug 2025 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=North Macedonia forex reserve |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/macedonia/foreign-exchange-reserves}} </ref>
|}

==Top 5 forex reserves holders==
Top five countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves have reserves of at least 500 billion [[USD]] and higher and have maintained such an amount for at least a month.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi reserves fastest fall in two decades|date=29 April 2020|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/lite/story/saudi-foreign-reserves-fall-at-fastest-rate-in-two-decades/1/402413.html|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033744/https://m.businesstoday.in/lite/story/saudi-foreign-reserves-fall-at-fastest-rate-in-two-decades/1/402413.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wdi.worldbank.org/table/4.17|title=Development indicator provided by World Bank for China, Japan, Switzerland, India, & Russia|access-date=27 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327085824/https://wdi.worldbank.org/table/4.17|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Historical forex reserves.png |thumb| Foreign exchange reserves for the top 5 countries<ref>{{cite web |url = https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?end=1971&start=1971&view=map/ |title = Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) |website = World Bank |access-date = 24 Nov 2024}}</ref>|300x300px]]

=== China ===
[[Foreign-exchange reserves of China|China]] has the largest reserve since last 14 years.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Keith|last=Bradsher|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/19/business/dealbook/china-foreign-exchange-reserves.html|title=China's Foreign Exchange Reserves Dwindling Rapidly|date=18 February 2016|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607104552/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/19/business/dealbook/china-foreign-exchange-reserves.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Salvatore |last=Babones |date=May 24, 2018 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/salvatorebabones/2018/05/24/china-is-sitting-on-3-trillion-in-currency-reserves-but-is-that-enough/ |title=China Is Sitting On $3 Trillion In Currency Reserves, But Is That Enough? |website=Forbes |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607103050/https://www.forbes.com/sites/salvatorebabones/2018/05/24/china-is-sitting-on-3-trillion-in-currency-reserves-but-is-that-enough/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The main composition of Chinese forex reserves is approximately two-thirds [[United States dollar|USD]] and one-fifth [[Euro]]s with the rest made up of [[Japanese yen|Japanese Yen]] and the [[Pound sterling|British Pound]]. China was the second country to reach $500 billion and the first to reach $1 trillion in reserves. China is also the only country that reached net reserves of $2 trillion and $3 trillion. Chinese forex reserve reached over $3.993 trillion and possibly reached $4 trillion before July 2014 but there was no official figures to confirm it.

=== Japan ===
As of 2024, [[Japan]] holds one of the largest foreign exchange reserves globally—estimated between $1.2 trillion and $1.3 trillion—second only to [[China]]. Managed by the [[Bank of Japan]] (BOJ), these reserves are vital to the country's financial stability, supporting the yen, facilitating trade and investment, and serving as a buffer against economic shocks. Japan's reserves are highly diversified, consisting mainly of foreign currency assets such as U.S. dollars, euros, British pounds, and Australian dollars. A substantial portion is invested in U.S. Treasury securities, offering liquidity and returns. While Japan holds a relatively small proportion of gold—around 765 tons—it still considers it a traditional store of value. The country also holds [[Special drawing rights|Special Drawing Rights]] (SDRs), an IMF-backed international reserve asset. Japan’s reserve strategy has evolved over time, influenced by a deflationary domestic environment and global economic changes. Although the U.S. dollar remains dominant in Japan’s portfolio, the BOJ has gradually diversified into other currencies, including limited exposure to the [[Renminbi|Chinese yuan]]. Japan’s reserves have historically grown due to large trade surpluses, particularly with the U.S. and Asian markets. These reserves play a key role in stabilizing the yen and maintaining economic resilience amid shifting global conditions, such as changes in U.S. monetary policy or the rise of China in global trade. Overall, Japan’s foreign exchange reserves remain a cornerstone of its economic policy, aimed at ensuring liquidity, stability, and adaptability in a complex and interconnected global financial system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/03/08/business/forex-reserves-pass-1-trillion-milestone/|title=Forex reserves pass $1 trillion milestone|first=Shinichi|last=Terada|date=8 March 2008|website=The Japan Times|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607103047/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/03/08/business/forex-reserves-pass-1-trillion-milestone/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Switzerland ===
[[Switzerland]] has the third largest reserves in the world. Switzerland became the fifth country to reach $500 Billion in 2014 after Saudi Arabia and the third country to reach $1 trillion at the end of 2020. Swiss reserves are compiled in [[Swiss franc]]s. After the [[2008 financial crisis]], the Swiss franc has significantly appreciated against other currencies due to Switzerland's traditional perceived safety which has attracted speculative foreign capital; due to the inflows of investment income by Swiss firms, and due to the large surplus in the trade of goods. To protect the real economy from the sudden speculative appreciation of the currency, the [[Swiss National Bank]] began intervening in the currency markets, first with an explicit target of a maximum exchange rate against the euro of 1.20CHF/EUR until 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss National Bank discontinues minimum exchange rate and lowers interest rate to –0.75% |url=https://www.snb.ch/en/mmr/reference/pre_20150115/source/pre_20150115.en.pdf |website=snb.ch |access-date=7 August 2023 |location=Zurich |date=15 January 2015 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807133021/https://www.snb.ch/en/mmr/reference/pre_20150115/source/pre_20150115.en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> and then through implicit interventions. However, the resilience of the export sector and the continued inflows of capital, has meant that the Swiss Franc has kept appreciating.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/swiss-franc-rises-six-year-high-central-bank-stands-back-2021-11-29/| title=Analysis: Swiss franc rises to six year high as central bank stands back| website=[[Reuters]]| date=30 November 2021| last1=Revill| first1=John| access-date=9 December 2021| archive-date=9 December 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209232059/https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/swiss-franc-rises-six-year-high-central-bank-stands-back-2021-11-29/| url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of this, the SNB has been unable to dispose of its large accumulated foreign exchange reserves since their sale would lead to an even greater appreciation of the currency.

=== India ===
[[Foreign-exchange reserves of India|India]] has the world's fifth largest reserves. On 4 June 2021 reserves exceeded $600 billion for the first time and they became the fifth country after Switzerland to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/indias-forex-reserves-crosses-half-trillion-dollars-for-the-first-time/articleshow/76342768.cms?from=mdr|title=India's forex reserves crosses half trillion for the first time|access-date=15 June 2020|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325094012/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/indias-forex-reserves-crosses-half-trillion-dollars-for-the-first-time/articleshow/76342768.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[1991 Indian economic crisis]] country only had $5 billion of reserves left which led to [[Economic liberalisation in India|subsequent economic liberalisation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1772448|title=The need to act fast|date=27 August 2023|access-date=27 August 2023|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827061936/https://www.dawn.com/news/1772448|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then the reserves have seen a 127 times increase over 30 years. In April 2024, [[Foreign-exchange reserves of India#Statistics|Foreign-exchange reserves of India]] hit a fresh all-time high of $642.63 including 803.58 tons of [[gold reserves]]. Out of which 403.7 tons of [[gold]] is held with [[Bank of England]] and [[Bank for International Settlements]], and rest is held domestically. It is done to provide a sense of security and to ensure diversification of risk by spreading gold holdings across multiple locations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nayak|first=Gayatri|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/when-47-tonnes-of-gold-was-in-the-middle-of-road/articleshow/59447917.cms|title=India help 47 tons gold with Bank of England|date=July 5, 2017|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In May 2024, India decided to move all of its gold holding with the [[Bank of England]] to its domestic vaults, the first batch of 100 metric tonnes of its gold was moved back to India on 31 May 2024. This decision was primarily taken due to the West's unexpected [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sanctions during the Ukraine war]] on roughly $300 billion worth of Russian gold kept in various European countries, which caused a sense of insecurity within the Indian government and economic experts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-moves-100-metric-tonnes-of-gold-from-uk-to-domestic-vaults/article68236237.ece|title=India moves 100 metric tonnes of gold from U.K. to domestic vaults|website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Exchange Reserves of India |url=https://website.rbi.org.in/web/rbi/-/publications/weekly-statistical-supplement/foreign-exchange-reserves-27290?|access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref>

=== Russia ===
As of 2024, Russia’s foreign exchange reserves remain a crucial element of its financial stability, comprising foreign currencies, gold, and other liquid assets managed by the [[Central Bank of Russia]]. Prior to its 2022 invasion of [[Ukraine]], Russia had accumulated over $600 billion in reserves as a safeguard against economic shocks. However, following the invasion, [[Western world|Western nation]]s imposed severe sanctions, including freezing approximately $300 billion of these reserves held in the U.S. and [[Europe]]. In response, Russia shifted its strategy to reduce reliance on Western financial systems. It increased its gold reserves—considered a secure asset not subject to the same sanctions as currencies—and diversified into non-Western currencies, particularly the [[Chinese yuan]]. This shift aligned with Russia’s broader move to strengthen economic ties with countries in [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and the [[Middle East]], many of which are more open to using alternative currencies in trade. By 2024, Russia’s reserves were estimated between $570 billion and $600 billion, with a significant share in gold, yuan, [[Indian rupee]] and other non-traditional assets. The composition of these reserves continues to fluctuate due to changes in exchange rates and asset valuations. These diversified reserves help Russia stabilize the ruble, meet foreign debt obligations, and maintain the ability to intervene in currency markets when necessary. By reducing dependence on Western assets and financial infrastructure, Russia has bolstered its economic resilience and geopolitical independence in the face of ongoing sanctions and global financial pressures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian Reserves March Toward $600 Billion As Sanction Threats Loom, Fitch Says|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-reserves-march-toward-600-billion-as-sanction-threats-loom-fitch-says/30104457.html|website=www.rferl.org|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429075148/https://www.rferl.org/amp/russian-reserves-march-toward-600-billion-as-sanction-threats-loom-fitch-says/30104457.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Currency composition of forex reserves==
The Currency Composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) refers to the breakdown of the foreign exchange reserves held by central banks around the world, based on the currencies in which those reserves are denominated. These reserves are typically held in the form of deposits, bonds, and other liquid assets, and they play a critical role in managing a country's exchange rate policy, stabilizing its currency, and meeting international financial obligations. [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. COFER data for individual countries are strictly confidential. At present there are 149 reporters,{{Efn|name=fn1|149 COFER participant countries are Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor (Timor-Leste), Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire), Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North Korea), Korea, Republic of (South Korea), Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia (Federated States of), Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar (Burma), Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe.}} consisting of member countries of the IMF, non-member countries/economies, and other foreign exchanges reserve holding entities. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include [[renminbi]] (CNY).<ref name="IMF20170331">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/?sk=e6a5f467-c14b-4aa8-9f6d-5a09ec4e62a4 |title=IMF Data - Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) |date=22 December 2023 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204154819/https://data.imf.org/?sk=E6A5F467-C14B-4AA8-9F6D-5A09EC4E62A4 |url-status=live}}</ref> Monetary gold is not covered in COFER but included in reserved assets, a broader scope than that of COFER.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQs |work=Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves |publisher=International Monetary Fund |url=https://data.imf.org/?sk=E6A5F467-C14B-4AA8-9F6D-5A09EC4E62A4&sId=1408206202658 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423180002/https://data.imf.org/?sk=E6A5F467-C14B-4AA8-9F6D-5A09EC4E62A4&sId=1408206202658 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{| class="wikitable defaultcenter hover-highlight center" style="border: none;"
|-
!colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
!colspan=12 | [[Reserve currency#Global currency reserves|Currency composition of foreign exchange reserves (COFER)]] (billion U.S$.)<ref name=IMF20170331/>
|-
!{{flagicon|United States}}[[United States dollar|USD]] !!{{flagicon|EU}}[[Euro|EUR]] !!{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Japanese yen|JPY]] !!{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}[[Pound sterling|GBP]] !!{{flagicon|Canada}}[[Canadian dollar|CAD]] !!{{flagicon|China}}[[Renminbi|CNY]] !!{{flagicon|Australia}}[[Australian dollar|AUD]] !!{{flagicon|Swiss}}[[Swiss franc|CHF]] !!Other currencies !!{{abbr|Unallocated reserves|Unallocated reserves is the difference between the total foreign exchange reserves in the International Financial Statistics (IFS) world table on Foreign Exchange and the total allocated reserves in COFER. It includes foreign exchange reserves of those countries/territories that currently do not report to COFER but whose total foreign exchange reserves are included in the IFS world table.}} !!Total
|-
!rowspan=28 {{vert header|stp=1|va=middle|Time period}}
!rowspan=4 |2019
!Q1
|6,727.09||2,208.79||584.63||495.70||208.64||212.26||181.95||15.27||263.50||712.93
!11,610.77
|-
!Q2
|6,752.28||2,264.88||611.87||497.41||209.85||212.80||186.71||15.53||270.56||715.88
!11,737.76
|-
!Q3
|6,728.85||2,212.74||612.75||492.22||205.44||213.83||182.48||16.20||262.92||729.40
!11,656.82
|-
!Q4
|6,674.83||2,279.30||631.00||511.51||206.71||215.81||187.18||17.36||281.50||749.55
!11,824.74
|-
!rowspan=4 |2020
!Q1
|6,794.91||2,197.30||624.97||486.08||195.13||221.48||170.16||16.05||255.53||770.32
!11,731.94
|-
!Q2
|6,902.01||2,272.44||643.70||504.36||215.47||233.68||190.34||17.22||278.67||754.11
!12,011.98
|-
!Q3
|6,927.16||2,359.61||668.19||523.64||231.10||247.44||199.51||19.30||283.16||787.44
!12,246.56
|-
!Q4
|6,990.97
||2,526.41||715.35||561.39||246.57||271.60||216.87||20.74||314.63||841.14
!12,705.67
|-
!rowspan=4 |2021
!Q1
|6,971.79||2,404.80||686.30||554.28||250.01||293.32||214.89||19.44||335.82||851.50
!12,582.14
|-
!Q2
|7,070.33||2,458.88||672.20||560.90||270.01||314.81||218.44||23.13||357.57||865.83
!12,812.12
|-
!Q3
|7,087.77||2,462.44||681.42||561.66||264.29||320.15||214.26||23.77||354.77||860.67
!12,831.20
|-
!Q4
|7,087.14||2,486.88||671.77||576.22||286.93||336.10||218.02||24.51||362.96||886.73
!12,937.27
|-
!rowspan=4 |2022
!Q1
|6,868.97||2,328.35||626.44||569.45||286.02||330.03||221.91||29.48||387.80||858.65
!12,507.09
|-
!Q2
|6,645.02||2,187.63||572.65||538.73||275.75||308.22||209.14||27.63||358.62||858.26
!11,981.65
|-
!Q3
|6,426.89||2,086.40||560.11||489.95||260.92||281.12||204.78||24.78||358.59||841.74
!11,535.29
|-
!Q4
|6,460.21||2,252.06||608.17||543.11||262.62||287.81||217.08||25.31||383.64||877.79
!11,917.81
|-
!rowspan=4 |2023
!Q1
|6,630.89||2,186.33||610.39||605.02||270.60||287.12||221.62||28.26||389.07||877.53
!12,029.03
|-
!Q2
|6,641.89||2,207.25||597.15||533.64||278.51||272.99||219.70||21.26||403.72||887.06
!12,055.26
|-
!Q3
|6,497.94||2,150.47||598.73||530.36||274.36||260.12||222.35||20.30||426.63||920.27
!11,901.53
|-
!Q4
|6,687.11||2,287.57||652.90||553.91||295.25||261.73||241.78||26.38||442.77||883.06
!12,332.46
|-
!rowspan=4 |2024
!Q1
|6,774.82||2,253.79||654.52||562.48||295.64||247.10||248.42||21.93||439.56||885.35
!12,383.61
|-
!Q2
|6,675.82||2,265.29||641.07||565.92||306.85||245.17||256.45||22.43||486.89||881.90
!12,347.42
|-
!Q3
|6,786.40||2,372.30||690.00||589.70||324.40||257.80||268.70||19.80||534.70||905.90
!12,750.11
|-
!Q4
|6,631.30||2,275.90||667.10||542.40||317.90||249.60||235.90||19.70||532.80||892.10
!12,364.11
|-
!rowspan=4 |2025
!Q1
|6,720.31||2,334.61||599.09||603.70||306.13||246.31||235.27||20.85||573.41||898.61
!11,639.72
|-
!Q2
|6,773.33 || 2,540.42 || 670.07 || 580.23 || 313.82 || 255.37 || 250.93 || 19.54 || 621.70 || 919.30
!12,944.76
|-
!Q3
| || || || || || || || || ||
!
|-
!Q4
| || || || || || || || || ||
!
|}

{{pie chart
| thumb = right
| radius = 125
| caption =Forex reserve share by currencies<ref name=IMF20170331/>
| label1 = Claims in [[United States dollar|USD]] | value1 = 60.8 | color1 = #9edae5
| label2 = Claims in [[Euro|EUR]] | value2 = 20.8 | color2 = #17becf
| label3 = Claims in [[Japanese yen|JPY]] | value3 = 5.9 | color3 = #dbdb8d
| label4 = Claims in [[Pound sterling|GBP]] | value4 = 5.0 | color4 = #7f7f7f
| label5 = Claims in [[Canadian dollar|CAD]] | value5 = 2.7 | color5 = #f7b6d2
| label6 = Claims in [[Renminbi|CNY]] | value6 = 2.4 | color6 = #bcbd22
| label7 = Claims in [[Australian dollar|AUD]] | value7 = 2.2 | color7 = #c7c7c7
| label8 = Claims in [[Swiss franc|CHF]] | value8 = 0.2 | color8 = #e377c2
}}

===Key components of COFER===
The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] remains the dominant currency in global foreign exchange reserves, typically accounting for around 60% to 65% of total reserves, although this share has seen some gradual decline over the past few decades due to diversification trends. The [[euro]] is the second-largest currency held in reserves, making up around 20% to 25% of global reserves. The share of the euro fluctuates based on factors like the European Union's economic stability and the policies of the [[European Central Bank]]. The [[Renminbi|Chinese yuan]] (also known as the renminbi) has been increasingly used in foreign reserves, particularly after China became a part of the International Monetary Fund's [[Special drawing rights|Special Drawing Rights]] (SDR) basket in 2016. Its share is still relatively small compared to the USD and EUR, typically around 2% to 3%. The [[Japanese yen]] is another significant reserve currency, though its share is typically lower than the euro or yuan, usually around 4% to 5%. The [[Pound sterling|British pound sterling]] holds a smaller but still notable portion of global reserves, typically around 4% to 5%. Several other currencies, such as the [[Swiss franc]] (CHF), [[Canadian dollar]] (CAD), and [[Australian dollar]] (AUD), also make up a small but significant portion of foreign reserves. However, none of these currencies surpass the USD, EUR, or JPY in terms of global reserves. The SDR is an international reserve asset created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It is not a currency but rather a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF member countries. The SDR basket includes the U.S. dollar, euro, Chinese yuan, Japanese yen, and British pound. While SDRs are not used as widely as the major currencies, some countries include them in their reserves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Components of COFER|work=Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves |publisher=International Monetary Fund |url=https://data.imf.org/?sk=E6A5F467-C14B-4AA8-9F6D-5A09EC4E62A4&sId=1408206202658 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423180002/https://data.imf.org/?sk=E6A5F467-C14B-4AA8-9F6D-5A09EC4E62A4&sId=1408206202658 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Trends and shifts in currency composition===
In recent years, many central banks have diversified their foreign exchange reserves away from the U.S. dollar, driven by geopolitical risks, the desire to reduce dependency on the dollar, and the increasing importance of the [[Renminbi|Chinese yuan]]. However, this shift has been gradual, and the USD continues to dominate. Major events, such as the [[2008 financial crisis]], the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], and fluctuations in global trade patterns, have affected how countries allocate their foreign exchange reserves. For example, during periods of heightened uncertainty, central banks may increase their reserves in safe-haven currencies like the U.S. dollar and the Swiss franc. China's increasing global economic influence has prompted a rise in the use of the yuan for trade and reserve purposes. The International Monetary Fund's inclusion of the yuan in the SDR basket in 2016 further legitimized its use as a global reserve currency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends and Shifts in Currency Composition|work=Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves |publisher=International Monetary Fund |url=https://data.imf.org/?sk=E6A5F467-C14B-4AA8-9F6D-5A09EC4E62A4&sId=1408206202658 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423180002/https://data.imf.org/?sk=E6A5F467-C14B-4AA8-9F6D-5A09EC4E62A4&sId=1408206202658 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Why the composition matters===
The currency composition of foreign exchange reserves affects global financial markets, interest rates, and currency valuations. A high concentration in a single currency (especially the U.S. dollar) can lead to vulnerabilities in times of global economic stress. Conversely, diversification into other currencies may provide greater stability but also presents challenges in terms of liquidity and [[market depth]]. For example, during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries increased their foreign exchange reserves to prepare for potential financial disruptions, and the U.S. dollar surged temporarily as investors sought safety. However, over time, countries may seek to reduce their reliance on the U.S. dollar, especially if they are concerned about inflationary pressures or geopolitical risks linked to U.S. policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why the Composition Matters|work=Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves |publisher=International Monetary Fund |url=https://data.imf.org/?sk=E6A5F467-C14B-4AA8-9F6D-5A09EC4E62A4&sId=1408206202658 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423180002/https://data.imf.org/?sk=E6A5F467-C14B-4AA8-9F6D-5A09EC4E62A4&sId=1408206202658 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of circulating currencies]]
* [[List of countries by gold holdings]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita]]
* [[Foreign-exchange reserves of China]]
* [[Foreign-exchange reserves of India]]
* [[International Reserves of the Russian Federation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/IRProcessWeb/colist.aspx IMF's Data Template on International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity -- Reporting Countries]
*[http://dsbb.imf.org/pages/sdds/ReserveTemplates.aspx IMF's SDDS subscribers with links to their websites containing data on international reserves]
*[http://www.bis.org/cbanks.htm Central bank and monetary authority websites at the Bank for International Settlements website]
*[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?end=1971&start=1971&view=map The World Bank is one of the world’s largest sources of funding for developing countries.]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

[[Category:Lists of countries]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by economic indicator]]
[[Category:Foreign exchange reserves]]

Aashish Kaul

2026-04-16T19:50:31Z

Saurabh pal:

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox actor
| name = Aashish Kaul
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1995–present
}}

'''Ashish Kaul''' is an Indian television actor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2025-07-08 |title=Exclusive: After Arjit Taneja, Ashish Kaul to play father to Harshad Chopda in Sony TV's Bade Achhe Lagte Hain - Naya Season |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-after-arjit-taneja-ashish-kaul-to-play-father-to-harshad-chopda-in-sony-tvs-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-naya-season/2025/07/08 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> He has been associated with the Indian film and television industry since 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmarakshas 2 reunites Ashish Kaul and Pearl V Puri |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ashish-kaul-pearl-v-puri-to-work-togetherfeels-like-family-reunion-172280/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He is known for a wide variety of roles in popular [[Hindi]] television shows including ''Ghutan'', ''[[Kkusum]]'', ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'', ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'', ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'', ''[[Kumkum{{spaced ndash}}Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan|Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'', ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]], [[Barrister Babu]] and [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 7]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-09 |title=Ashish Kaul to play hero's father in Ram Kapoor's show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashish-kaul-to-play-heros-father-in-ram-kapoors-show/articleshow/46431544.cms |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He played the protagonist, Banne Khan, in ''Afsana Dilwalon Ka'', a 2001 [[Bollywood]] film directed by [[J. Om Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-17 |title=Brahmarakshas 2 to reunite one of the most loved on-screen father-son duo, Ashish Kaul and Pearl V Puri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/brahmarakshas-2-to-reunite-one-of-the-most-loved-on-screen-father-son-duo-ashish-kaul-and-pearl-v-puri/articleshow/79265766.cms |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1995
| ''[[Mano Ya Na Mano (1995 TV series)|Mano Ya Na Mano]]''
| Amit
| Episodes 46–50
|-
| 1996–1998
| ''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]''
|
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
| Amit Saxena
| Episode 85 – "Raktarekha"
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''
| Devan
| Episode 3 – "Bhediya"
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''[[Dollar Bahu]]''
| Rahul
|Rini's husband, RK & Lakshmi's son-in-law
|-
| 2001–2005
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
| Aryaman Oberoi
|
|-
|2002
| ''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]''
| Sameer
|
|-
|2002–2003
| ''[[Kitne Kool Hai Hum]]''
|
|
|-
| 2002–2004
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
| Rohan Garg
|
|-
| 2003–2005
| ''[[Kayaamat – Jabb Bhi Waqt Aata Hai]]''
| Devan Ahuja
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]''
| Deven
|Episodes 149–152 – "Qaid" parts 1–4
|-
| Vicky
| Episodes 265–268 – "Khopdi" parts 1–4
|-
| ''[[Rooh]]''
|
|Episode 19
|-
| ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''
| Arjun Deshmukh
| Cameo role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005–2006
| ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (TV Series)|Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]''
| Jagdish
|
|-
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Subroto Basu
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2005–2016
| rowspan="11" | ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Kaushal Gharendra
| Episodes 85, 86 and 88 – "Punarjanam" parts 1, 2 and 4
|-
| Prateek
| Episode 420 – "Body In The Suitcase"
|-
| Parthav
|Episode 426 – "The Case of Mysterious Gift"
|-
| Manik
| Episode 467 – "The Great Diamond Robbery"
|-
| Pramod
| Episode 476 – "Room With a View"
|-
| Mehul Kumar
| Episode 495 – "The Mysterious Body Farm"
|-
| Manoj / Kailash
| Episode 456 – "Murder of the Killer"
|-
| Dev
| Episode 857 – "Raaz 14 Saal Ke Qaidi Ka"
|-
| Tushar Rajeshwar
| Episode 925 – "Jaadui Box"
|-
| Saurav
| Episode 996 – "Aankho Ki Anhoni"
|-
| Dr. Vikas
| Episode 1285 – "Dahlia Road"
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006
| ''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]''
| Munna
|
|-
| ''[[K. Street Pali Hill]]''
| Advocate Satlani
| Cameo role
|-
| ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]''
| Advocate Verma
| Cameo role
|-
| ''[[Viraasat (2006 TV series)|Viraasat]]''
| Professor Vardhan
| Cameo role
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Vicky & Vetaal]]''
| Shekhar bajaj
| Episodic role
|-
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor]]''
| Sujeet
|
|-
|2008
| ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''
| Shatru Mishra
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]''
| Manoj
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| ''[[Haunted Nights]]''
| Advocate Vinod Sinha
| Episodes 141–145 – "Faisla" Part 1 – Part 5
|-
| ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''
| Bharat Sharma
| Cameo role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013–2014
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Har Yug Mein Aayega Ek – Arjun]]''
| Home Minister Mangesh Joshi
| Episode 16
|-
| Dr. Hariharan
| Episode 119
|-
|2013
| ''[[Haunted Nights]]''
| Mukesh
| Episodes 381–385 – "Aghortantra" Part 1–5
|-
| rowspan="10" |2013–2017
| rowspan="10" | ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Mani Bhushan
| Episode 450
|-
| Ramen Sharma
| Episode 522
|-
| Advocate Vinay Salaskar
| Episode 616
|-
| Varun Khanna
| Episode 789
|-
| Abhinav
| Episode 841
|-
| Aashish
| Episode 1422
|-
| Amit
| Episode 1694
|-
| Aashish
| Episode 1742
|-
| Lakshman Singh Shekhawat
| Episode 1890
|-
| Mr. Gupta
| Episode 1983
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
| Public Prosecutor Rajveer Rathore
| Episodes 322 and 323 – "Shrapit Khanzar" Part 1 and 2
|-
| Public Prosecutor Rajveer Rathore
| Episode 354 – "Gawah Ya Khooni"
|-
| 2014; 2015
| ''[[Qubool Hai]]''
| Nawab Raza Ibrahim
| Cameo role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014–2015
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Rohan's Father
| Episode 13
|-
| Mahir's Father
| Season 6, episode 7
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| ''[[Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane]]''
| Suraj Mehra
|
|-
| ''[[Tashan-E-Ishq]]''
| Dr. Akshay Luthra
| Episode 51
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| ''[[Agent Raghav – Crime Branch]]''
| Mr. Joshi
| Episode 39
|-
| ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| Mr. Chhabra
| Cameo role, episodes 99–101
|-
| 2016; 2017
| ''[[Khwaabon Ki Zamin Par]]''
|
| Cameo role
|-
|2017
| ''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]''
| Sujeet Chawla
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya]]''
| Raghavendra "Raghu" Singh
|
|-
|2019
| ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''
| [[Prahlad]]
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Bepannah Pyaar]]''
| Devraj Malhotra
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2020
| ''[[Barrister Babu]]''
| Shivraj Bhaumik
| Negative Role
|-
|''[[Pavitra Bhagya]]''
| Vishambhar Gehlot
| Supporting role
|-
| ''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]''
| Mr. Nathmal
| Supporting role
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2020–2021
| ''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]''
| Zonal Head
| rowspan = "2" | Supporting role
|-
| ''[[Brahmarakshas]]''
| Shakti Mehra
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021
| ''[[Lakshmi Ghar Aayi]]''
| Arun Tiwari
|Supporting role
|-
| ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]''
| Karamchand Raizada
| Supporting role
|-
| ''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
| Bodhraj Ganju
| Supporting role
|-
| rowspan="5"|2022
| ''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
| Vibhushan Tandon
|
|-
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka 2]]''
| Gautam Kapoor
|
|-
| ''[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]''
| Anand Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Cyber Vaar – Har Screen Crime Scene]]'' – Hospital Ransomeware: Part 1 & Part 2
| Episode 7 & Episode 8
|
|-
| ''[[Control Room (TV series)|Control Room]]''
|
| Cameo
|-
| 2022–2024
| ''[[Kismat Ki Lakiro Se]]''
| Anuj Tripathi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''
| Mr. Malhotra
|
|-
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
| Dr. Avinash
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4]]''
| Gautam Kapoor
|
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 7]]''
|Parmeet Suri
| Antagonist
|-
|}

== Film ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Param Vir Chakra (film)|Param Vir Chakra]]''
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Sanam Re]]''
| Akash's Father
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.ashishkaulactor.com/ Official website]{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaul, Aashish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri actors]]
[[Category:Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Anjali Tatrari

2026-04-07T06:23:44Z

Saurabh pal: starting basic biography needs work.

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjali Tatrari
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|07|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]], India<ref name="AT" />
| occupation = Indian Television Actress
| years_active = 2018–present
| known_for = ''[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]'' ''[[Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na]]'' ''[[Vanshaj]]''
}}

'''Anjali Tatrari''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. She is best known for her role as Niya Sharma in [[Sony TV]]'s comedy drama [[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]], Krisha Chaturvedi Rathore in [[Zee TV]]'s drama series, [[Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na]] and Yuvika Premraj Mahajan in [[Sony SAB]]'s drama series [[Vanshaj]].

She made her acting debut in 2018 with a minor role in [[Rohit Shetty]] film, [[Simmba]].

==Early life==
Anjali Tatrari was born in [[Pithoragarh]] and was brought up in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="AT">{{Cite news|title=Anjali Tatrari on her early life before acting: TV happened to me in a very weird manner|work=Times Of India|date=24 September 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-happened-to-me-in-a-very-weird-manner-anjali-tatrari/articleshow/86471733.cms|access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref> She started working as a [[fashion blogger]] and was studying for [[Chartered accountant|CA]] before she started her acting career.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaheer Sheikh to Anjali Tatrari; TV celebs and their career choices before stepping into acting|work=Times Of India|date=7 March 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaheer-sheikh-to-dipika-kakar-tv-celebs-and-their-career-choices-before-stepping-into-acting/etphotostory/81374721.cms|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Tatrari made her acting and film debut in 2018 with a minor role in ''[[Simmba]]''. She then made her web debut with the 2019 series ''[[Bhram (web series)|Bhram]]'', where she appeared as Ayesha Sayyed alongside [[Kalki Koechlin]]. She appeared alongside Emiway Bantai in the music video 'Jallad' (2019).

Anjali had her breakthrough in 2019 with her television debut ''[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]'', where she portrayed Niya Sharma opposite Vijay Tilani. It also stars [[Varun Badola]] and [[Shweta Tiwari]]. The show and cast performances received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to make a good TV show: The Mere Dad Ki Dulhan playbook|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/how-to-make-a-good-daily-soap-the-mere-dad-ki-dulhan-playbook-6707516/lite/|date=8 October 2020|work=Indian Express}}</ref> It went off-air in 2020.

In 2021, she appeared as Sargam Awasthi in ''Sargam Ki Sadhe Satii'' alongside Kunal Saluja. It went off-air after two months.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anjali Tatrari talks about Sargam Ki Sadhe Satii going off air in 2 months: An actor's life is very unpredictable|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anjali-tatrari-talks-about-sargam-ki-sadhe-satii-going-off-air-in-2-months-says-an-actors-life-is-very-unpredictable/articleshow/82764142.cms|date=19 May 2021|work=Times Of India}}</ref>
The same year, she bagged her next show as a lead. From November 2021 to August 2022, she was seen playing Krisha Chaturvedi in ''[[Tere Bina Jiya Jaaye Na]]'' opposite [[Avinesh Rekhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The multi-talented Anjali Tatrari turns into a camerawoman for a crucial sequence in 'Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-multi-talented-anjali-tatrari-turns-into-a-camerawoman-for-a-crucial-sequence-in-tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na/articleshow/89382414.cms|date=6 February 2022|work=Times Of India}}</ref>

Since June 2023 she is portraying Yuvika Premraj Mahajan in [[Sony SAB]]'s ''[[Vanshaj]]''.<ref name="Vanshaj">{{Cite news|title=Exclusive! Anjali Tatrari and Mahir Pandhi in Siddharth Kumar Tewary's next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-anjali-tatrari-and-mahir-pandhi-in-siddharth-kumar-tewarys-next/articleshow/99592228.cms|access-date=2023-05-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]''
| Niya Sharma
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Sargam Ki Sadhe Satii''
| Sargam Awasthi
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anjali Tatrari of Sargam Ki Sadhe Satii opens up about how her character is different from her previous ones|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/anjali-tatrari-sargam-ki-sadhe-satii-opens-character-different-previous-ones/|date=16 February 2021|work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na]]''
| Krisha Singh Rathore / Maya Singh Rathore
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anjali Tatrari outlines her double role of Krisha and Maya in 'Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anjali-tatrari-outlines-her-double-role-in-tere-bina-jiya-jaye-na/articleshow/88391533.cms|date=20 December 2021|work=Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Vanshaj]]''
| Yuvika "Yuvi" Mahajan / Chinki Kaur Arora/Yukti Multani
|
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
|2018
|''[[Simmba]]''
|{{unknown}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/simmba-poster-ranveer-singh-plays-a-quirky-cop-in-first-film-with-rohit-shetty/story-N3NkQhYb8wVrO8MxNNVm0K.html|title=Simmba first look: Ranveer Singh, Rohit Shetty film reminds you of Ram Lakhan, Singham|date=7 December 2017|website=hindustan times|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202706/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/simmba-poster-ranveer-singh-plays-a-quirky-cop-in-first-film-with-rohit-shetty/story-N3NkQhYb8wVrO8MxNNVm0K.html|archive-date=3 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Heat
|Riya
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
|2019
|''[[Bhram (web series)|Bhram]]''
|Ayesha Sayyed
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhram fame Anjali Tatrari: Initially, I tried hard to stay undeterred and focused|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/initially-i-tried-hard-to-stay-undeterred-and-focused-anjali-tatrari-101638375314857-amp.html|date=1 December 2021|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! Ref.
|-
|2018
|''Sathiya''
|Miss RK
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sathiya- Official Music Video: Miss RK, Anjali Tatrari & Vishal Bharadwaj| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QwjHoNAND40&ved=2ahUKEwjzoZPmiYL3AhWARmwGHcP0Cq8QwqsBegQIBhAF&usg=AOvVaw02p4zPGNMYtBlULGuVS3YU|date=4 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Jallad''
|Emiway Bantai
|
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]
*[[List of Hindi television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10828642}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tatrari, Anjali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women in television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

Soumik Sen

2026-03-20T17:39:08Z

Saurabh pal: adjust information for consistency and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|Indian screenwriter and film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
'''Soumik Sen''' is an Indian [[film director]], screenwriter, and [[music composer]]. He has written the screenplay for films such as
''[[Anthony Kaun Hai?]]'' (2006), ''[[Ru Ba Ru]]'' and ''[[Meerabai Not Out]]'' (2008) and ''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost]]'' (2010). In 2014 he directed and wrote the screenplay and composed the songs of the crime film ''[[Gulaab Gang]]''. Sen's debut picture was described by ''[[Indiatimes]]'' as "full of self deprecating humour and quiet confidence that stems from his script and leading lady, [[Madhuri Dixit-Nene]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-is-my-hero-juhi-is-pure-evil-gulaab-gang-director-soumik-sen-113888.html|title=Madhuri Is My Hero, Juhi Is Pure Evil: Gulaab Gang Director Soumik Sen|publisher= [[Indiatimes]] |date=27 November 2013|accessdate=14 June 2014}}</ref> He directed and composed songs for the 2019 release ''[[Why Cheat India]]''. He has also directed a Bengali film, "Mahalaya", the biopic of [[Birendra Krishna Bhadra]], produced by Nideas.
Sen also is the creator of Amazon Prime's hugely acclaimed show ''[[Jubilee ]]''.

In celebration of the 100th anniversary of Indian cinema, Sen was one of the top figures selected by [[CNN-IBN]] to draw up ''The 100 greatest Indian films of all time''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/photogallery/13200-100.html|title=Ishanou (1991)|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=17 April 2013|accessdate=14 June 2014}}</ref>

In the year 2024 he received the Pride of Bengal award from the Indian Chamber of Commerce in Kolkata.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Screenplay !! Director !! Composer !! Story !! Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Anthony Kaun Hai?]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Ru Ba Ru]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Meerabai Not Out]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Saluun]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|
|-
| 2016 || ''Badman'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Why Cheat India]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Skyfire (film)|Skyfire]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|
|-

| 2019 || ''[[Mahalaya (film)|Mahalaya]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|
|-

| 2021 || ''[[Nakaab (Indian web series)|Nakaab]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|
|-

| 2023 || ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Jazz City]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Web series on [[SonyLIV]]; based on [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express |first=Cinema |date=2025-12-17 |title=SonyLIV announces Jazz City, new series based on 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Dec/17/sonyliv-announces-jazz-city-new-series-based-on-1971-bangladesh-liberation-war |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2265536}}
* http://www.spectralhues.com/entertainment/celebrity-interview/2014/03/spectralhues-speaks-gulaab-gang-director-soumik-sen/

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Soumik}}
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film directors from West Bengal]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Salimgarh Fort

2026-03-15T14:41:35Z

Saurabh pal: added info

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Salimgarh Fort
|partof = [[Delhi]]
|location = New Delhi, India
|image = [[File:Entry to salimgarh Fort.JPG|Entry Gate to Salimgarh Fort from the Yamuna River side|300px]]
|caption = Entrance Gate to Salimgarh Fort
|map_type = India
|map_size = 300
|map_caption =
|type = [[Fort]] and Prison
|coordinates = {{coord|28.661|77.240|type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
|code =
|built = 1546 AD
|builder = [[Islam Shah Suri]] of the [[Sur Empire|Sur dynasty]]
|materials = Stones and Bricks
|height =
|used =
|demolished =
|condition =[[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in [[Red Fort Complex]]
|ownership = [[Government of India]]
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby = {{noflag}}[[Sur Empire]] (1546–1555) {{noflag}}[[Mughal Empire]] (1555–1857) {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[British Raj|Indian Empire]] (1857–1947)
{{flagcountry|India}} (1947–)
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants = Museum as Swatantrata Senani Smarak
|battles = [[Sur Empire]] siege of [[Delhi]] & British War against the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
|events =
|image2 = [[File:Bahadur Shah Gate linking Red Fort with Salimgarh FortJPG.jpg|300px]]
|caption2 = View of Bahadur Shah Gate at head of Arched bridge linking Salimgarh Fort and Red Fort
}}

'''Salimgarh Fort''' (also known as Salim's Fort) was built in 1546 CE in [[Old Delhi]], on what was then an island of the [[Yamuna River]], by [[Islam Shah Suri|Salim Shah Suri]], the son of [[Sher Shah Suri]]. The fort was constructed during a period when the [[Mughal Empire]] had been temporarily overthrown; in 1540 CE, Sher Shah Suri had defeated the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Humayun]] and established the rule of the [[Sur Empire]] rule in [[Delhi]]. The Surid dynasty continued until 1555 CE, when Humayun regained control by defeating Sikandar Suri, the last ruler of the dynasty.

During the Mughal period, particularly in later years, Salimgarh Fort continued to be of strategic significance. While constructing the [[Red Fort]] and the city of [[Shahjahanbad]], several Mughal rulers, including Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]—who completed Shahjahanabad in 1639 CE—are believed to have camped at the fort. It is also said that Humayun camped there for three days before launching his successful campaign to recapture Delhi.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/red_fort.pdf|title=Press Release on Inscription of the Red Fort in the World Heritage List −2007|access-date=28 May 2009|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410034319/http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/red_fort.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="fanshaw">{{Cite book|author= Fanshawe. H.C|title= Delhi, Past and Present|access-date=28 May 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC&dq=Salimgarh+Fort&pg=PA1|work =Salimgarh Fort|pages =1 to 3|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year=1998|isbn= 978-81-206-1318-8}}</ref><ref name="baksi">{{Cite book|author= Shiri Ram Bakshi|title= Delhi Through Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7yEG1eBKxkC&dq=Salimgarh+Fort&pg=PA213|work=Salimgarh Fort|page=213|publisher= Anmol Publications PVT. LTD|year=1995|isbn= 978-81-7488-138-0|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Arch">{{Cite book|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood|author=Y.D.Sharma|work=Salimgarh and Lal-Qila or Redfort|pages=148–149|access-date=31 May 2009|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|year=2001|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780|archive-date=31 August 2005}}</ref><ref name="Lucy">{{Cite book|title= Delhi – A thousand years of Building|author=Lucy Peck|work=Salimgarh|pages=135, 181, & 241|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|access-date=31 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="asi">
{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf|title=Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments|work=Red Fort & Salimgarh Fort|pages=37–38 & 40|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi Circle|year=2006|access-date=5 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011160921/http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead}}
</ref>

The Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] later converted the fort into a prison, a practice that was continued by the British after they took control of the fort in 1857. Salimgarh Fort is now part of the [[Red Fort Complex]]. The complex was declared a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2007, obligating the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) to undertake well-planned conservation measures for its preservation.<ref name="heritage" /><ref name="salim">{{Cite book|author=Patrick Horton |author2=Richard Plunkett |author3=Hugh Finlay|title= Delhi|access-date=28 May 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&dq=Salimgarh+Fort&pg=PA93|work=Salimgarh Fort|page=93|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2002|isbn= 978-1-86450-297-8}}</ref>

==History==
The location chosen for building the fortification was in the Delhi plains, with an elevation ranging between {{convert|80|-|110|ft|m}}, bordered by the Yamuna River on one side and the northern spur of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] range on the other. This topography—with exposed rock formations at the fort site, proximity to the northeast-trending ridge, and alignment with the [[Jama Masjid]]—was seen as ideal for protection against erosion by the Yamuna. Moreover, the combination of a river on one side and a mountain ridge on the other provided a natural defensive barrier, compelling any invading force to follow the river course. Considering these strategic advantages, Salimgarh Fort was constructed in 1546.<ref name=fanshaw/><ref name=baksi/><ref name=mohan/>

After regaining his empire, Humayun renamed Salimgarh Fort as Nurghar, since Sher Shah Suri—the founder of the Sur Empire and father of Salim Shah Suri, who built the fort—had earlier ousted Humayun from his kingdom in 1540 CE. As a result, Humayun decreed that the fort's original name should not be used in his court.<ref name=fred>{{Cite book|author= Alfred Frederick|author2=Pollock Harcourt |title= The New Guide to Delhi|year= 1866|access-date=5 June 2009|work=The Fort of salimgarh|page =[https://archive.org/details/newguidetodelhi01harcgoog/page/n99 79]|url=https://archive.org/details/newguidetodelhi01harcgoog|quote= Travelogue by Finch 1611 Gates of Delhi.|publisher= PaperbackshopUS|isbn= 0-559-47419-9}}</ref>

[[File:Yamuna River with railway bridge in the background.JPG|left|250px|thumb|View of the [[Yamuna River]] from Salimgarh Fort, with the railway bridge in the background]]
During British rule, the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], which was eventually suppressed by 1858, led to significant activity at the fort. The last Mughal emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar II]], was taken prisoner at Humayun's Tomb. During the rebellion, Salimgarh Fort became a centre of wartime operations. From the British perspective, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]'s "complicity with the mutinous soldiers was obvious." He is said to have operated from this fort and convened meetings in August and early September 1857 to discuss war strategy. He reportedly observed artillery fire against the [[British Indian Army]] from the fort's ramparts.

On one occasion, when approached by army officers requesting their salaries, he made a symbolic gesture by offering to pawn his crown jewels and even sacrifice his life for the cause. The officers declined his offer, trusting the Emperor's sincerity. Subsequently, proclamations were issued declaring that the Emperor would lead an assault against the British and urging people of all castes and creeds to join the resistance.

By mid-September 1857, however, British troops were advancing on the fort. At that point, Bahadur Shah's trusted aide, Bakht Khan, advised him to retreat and prepare for guerrilla warfare in the open countryside. The Emperor, however, refused to flee. While he permitted his forces to evacuate, he himself relocated to Humayun's Tomb. The British Fourth Infantry eventually entered Salimgarh Fort through a single entry point. Similar circumstances were reported when the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] Fourth [[infantry regiment|Infantry Regiment]] had earlier entered the Red Fort via the [[Lahori Gate, Red Fort, Delhi|Lahore Gate]].<ref name="maulvi">{{Cite book|author=Gordon Sanderson|author2=Maulvi Shuaib |title=Delhi Fort|access-date=28 May 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_5ZeiDxdDAC&dq=Salimgarh+Fort&pg=PA78|pages=80, 81 & 82|publisher= Asia Publication Services|year=2000|isbn=81-206-1532-8}}</ref>

After the rebellion was quelled, the British initially used Salimgarh Fort as a military camp, housing [[artillery]] units. From 1945 onwards, it was repurposed as a penitentiary to hold prisoners of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA).<ref name="baksi" /><ref name="mohan" /><ref name="smith" />

==Structure==
[[File:The Arch Bridge that links Red Fort with Salimgarh Fort.JPG|thumb|right|250px|View of Salimgarh Fort with the arch bridge linking it to the [[Red Fort]]]]
Salimgarh Fort has a triangular layout, with thick walls constructed using [[rubble]] [[masonry]]. The fort features circular [[bastions]] and has undergone multiple phases of repair and restoration since its construction.

An arch bridge connects the fort to the Red Fort on its northeastern side. This bridge was built during the reign of Bahadur Shah Zafar, and the gate at this point is known as the Bahadur Shah Gate. The gate is constructed primarily of brick masonry, with selective use of red [[sandstone]].

During British rule, a railway line was laid through the area after the demolition of an earlier bridge. This construction divided Salimgarh Fort from the Red Fort and damaged a portion of the latter, an act that was at the time regarded as insensitive and detrimental to heritage preservation. The railway line effectively truncated the fort.<ref name="Arch" /><ref name="Lucy" /><ref name="salim" />

==As a prison==
During the reign of Aurangzeb, Salimgarh Fort was first converted into a prison. Aurangzeb imprisoned his brother [[Murad Bakhsh|Murad Baksh]] —who had supported him in his conflict against their elder brother [[Dara Shikoh]]—at this fort. Murad Baksh was reportedly captured while asleep after a drinking binge at Mathura. The official reason for his imprisonment was cited as "apostasy for abandoning the fundamental tenets of Islam". He was later transferred to [[Gwalior]], where he was executed.

It is also said that Aurangzeb imprisoned his eldest daughter, [[Zeb-un-Nissa|Zebunnisa]], at Salimgarh Fort for 21 years until her death. Zebunnisa, known for her poetry and interest in music, was reportedly confined for engaging in pursuits that clashed with Aurangzeb's orthodox and austere beliefs. Her sympathy towards her brother Muhammad Akbar, who had fallen out of favour with the emperor, is also believed to have contributed to her imprisonment.<ref name="baksi" /><ref name="Zebu">{{Cite book|author=Annie Krieger Krynick|author2=Enjum Hamid |title= Captive Princess; Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb|url= http://www.ecampus.com/book/0195798376/|access-date=31 May 2009|quote= The book revolves around Princess Zebunissa (1638–1702) who is defined as the symbol of female power of the Mughal dynasty and portrays their stature in the court life in the seventeenth century...For her the name signified a life dramatically suppressed, cut off from the world. Her mysterious and unexpected imprisonment is also described in this book: Zebunissa's fate changed drastically when she was sent to prison by her father Aurangzeb, where she died leaving a landmark near the Red Fort of Delhi.}}</ref><ref name="trial">{{cite web|url=http://www.buxtoninitiative.org/resources/media/the-trial-of-dara-shikoh.pdf|title=The Trial of Dara Shikoh:A Play in Three Acts|author=Dr. Akbar Ahmed|publisher=The Buxton Readings|page=53|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223141853/http://www.buxtoninitiative.org/resources/media/the-trial-of-dara-shikoh.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/70761/|title= Memories of Ferghana|date= 22 May 2005|access-date=31 May 2009|quote= MUSIC and dance? But wasn’t that ‘'unIslamic'’ in a country celebrating an Islamic revival, I’d thought back then, as I twirled at an Uzbek soiree at Kokand in the Ferghana Valley. My hostess had snatched up a daf (dafli in India) and was dancing slowly to a sad Persian song by Zebunissa 'Makhfi', an Uzbek-Tajik favourite. She was a princess of Delhi via Ferghana; Aurangzeb’s daughter, whom he jailed for 20 years in Salimgarh, next to the Red Fort, because of her Sufi sympathies. Aurangzeb had killed music in his realm. Zebunissa’s voice sang in her ancestral homeland, though lost to Delhi.}}</ref>

Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British briefly detained the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar II, at this fort after capturing him at Humayun's Tomb. He was later exiled to [[Yangon|Rangoon]] (present-day Yangon), Burma. Due to its use for detaining political prisoners, the fort has often been compared to the [[Tower of London]] in England, where many state prisoners were held and, in some cases, executed or left to die.

Before India attained independence from British rule, Salimgarh Fort was again used as a prison. From 1945 until August 1947, prisoners of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) were held here. In recognition of those who died in the prison, the fort has since been renamed Swatantrata Senani Smarak (Freedom Fighters' Memorial).<ref name="smith">{{Cite book|author=Ronald Villiam Smith|title= The Delhi that no-one knows|access-date=1 June 2009|work=Salimgarh|page =101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f70gjLC5chgC&dq=Salimgarh+Fort+RV+Smith&pg=PA104|publisher= Orient Blackswan|year=2005|isbn= 978-81-8028-020-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author= Renuka Nath|title= Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isoKAQAAIAAJ&q=Zebunnisa+imprisoned+at+Salimgarh+Fort|publisher= Inter-India Publications|year=1990|isbn= 978-81-210-0241-7|page=161|quote= She spent most of her time in her library, when she was imprisoned in the fort of Salimgarh. No doubt at that time her books were her only companion to console her.}}</ref>

There are also several legends associated with the fort, particularly regarding paranormal activity. One of the more well-known stories involves the spirit of [[Zeb-un-Nissa|Zebunnisa]], veiled in black, said to sing her poems on [[Moonlight|moonlit]] nights. Another tale recounts the sounds of moaning and groaning—believed to be those of INA soldiers who were tortured and died in captivity—heard in the area.<ref name="ghost">{{cite web|url=https://www.sd24th.com/2019/12/salimgarh-fort.html|title=मुस्लिम विरासत : स्वतंत्रता सेनानी स्मारक ..सलीम गढ़ किला|publisher=sd24th.com|date=29 December 2019|access-date=29 December 2019|trans-title=Muslim Heritage: Freedom Fighter Memorial. Salim Garh Fort}}</ref> These narratives have contributed to the fort's symbolic link between the Mughal and British eras in India's history.<ref name="red">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-25/india/27818992_1_comprehensive-conservation-management-plan-red-fort-c-babu-rajeev|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024015454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-25/india/27818992_1_comprehensive-conservation-management-plan-red-fort-c-babu-rajeev|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2012|title= Red Fort to reveal its secrets|access-date=30 May 2009|author=Maneesh pandey|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 June 2006}}</ref>

==Fort conservation measures==
[[File:View from outside of Salimgarh Fort.JPG|thumb|right|250px|An impressive view of Salimgarh Fort from the main road, showing its circular bastions]]
Salimgarh Fort was continuously occupied by military forces from the time of the First War of Independence in 1857 until 2005. Initially, it was under the control of the British Army, which established artillery units and used the fort as a prison. After India attained independence on 15 August 1947, the fort came under the control of the [[Indian Army]]. Over the years, several other government agencies, including the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), were also involved in its maintenance.

This overlapping administrative control created difficulties for the ASI, particularly when it approached [[UNESCO]] in 1992 to propose the fort’s inclusion on the World Heritage List. Due to the lack of full administrative control, the ASI had to withdraw its application. The situation hindered effective conservation and preservation efforts for Salimgarh Fort, the Red Fort, and other monuments within the Red Fort Complex.

The ASI submitted an affidavit to the courts stating: "It is impossible to maintain these portions of the fort unless and until they are completely vacated and handed over to the ASI for proper assessment of the damage already caused." The ASI further stated that the Ministry of Tourism, [[Government of India]], would re-approach UNESCO for World Heritage status once full jurisdiction was transferred and restoration work was completed.

In December 2003, the Indian Army officially handed over the fort to the ASI. Subsequently, in 2006, the ASI submitted a fresh proposal for World Heritage listing. The World Heritage Committee approved the Government of India's request during its session held from 23 to 27 June 2007 in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand. A press release issued by the ASI following the inscription stated:<ref name="heritage" /><ref name="milli">{{cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31May04-Print-Edition/1605200405.htm|title= Centre to secure world heritage status for Red Fort |access-date=30 May 2009|publisher= Milligazette Muslim Newspaper of India}}</ref><blockquote>"The core zone of about 50 hectares includes the Red Fort and Salimgarh Fort, while the buffer zone measuring over 40 hectares includes the immediate surroundings of the Red Fort and Salimgarh Fort. The Red Fort Complex, Delhi is classified as a cultural property with outstanding universal value. The inscription of the Red Fort on the World Heritage List is very significant for Delhi, as the Red Fort Complex becomes the third World Heritage Site in the city—an honour that no other single location in the country can claim."</blockquote>
Following the listing, and under the direction of the [[Supreme Court of India]], the ASI prepared a draft Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan (CCMP) based on a detailed assessment of the site's historical and cultural significance. The plan accounted for the roles and responsibilities of various departments and agencies previously operating within the fort. It also proposed the restoration of the historic bridge linking the Red Fort to Salimgarh Fort, recognising its symbolic value as a link between the Mughal and British periods.<ref name="heritage" /><ref name="red" />

Pending formal approval of the CCMP and prioritisation of its proposals, the ASI initiated several restoration works. These included conservation efforts in the Red Fort at an estimated cost of ₹27.5 million (approximately US$0.55 million), and in Salimgarh Fort at a cost of ₹8 million (approximately US$160,000), with the aim of completing them before the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="asi" />

==Museum==
[[File:Plaque at entrance to Salimgarh Fort.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Salimgarh Fort, named as Swatantrata Senani Smarak]]
The Swatantra Sangram Museum (Museum of the Freedom Struggle), located within the Salimgarh Fort precincts of the Red Fort Complex, was opened to the public on 2 October 1995. The site was chosen as it served as a prison where members of the Indian National Army (INA) were incarcerated by the British from 1945 until India’s independence on 15 August 1947. Many of the INA prisoners reportedly died within the fort's jail premises.

The initial identification of the museum's location was based on information provided by Colonel [[Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon]], who had indicated the area where the British conducted the INA trials for treason in 1945. However, after the museum was established, Colonel Dhillon later clarified that the actual site of the trial was in a different building adjacent to the existing museum.

In 2007, marking the 60th year of India’s independence, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) decided to relocate the museum to this newly identified site. The upgraded museum was planned to include: <blockquote>
"more documents for the new galleries, apart from providing better lighting, panelling, and displays for existing structures."
</blockquote> On this occasion, a new section on [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was also proposed, featuring full-scale depictions of significant events such as the [[Jallianwala Bagh]] massacre and the [[Dandi March|Salt Satyagraha]].

Following an intervention by the Prime Minister, the premises of Salimgarh Fort and the museum were formally opened to the public. To enhance visitor engagement, ASI introduced tourist guides at the Red Fort entrance to direct visitors to Salimgarh Fort, which remained relatively unknown compared to the more prominent Red Fort. Additionally, the long walking distance from the Red Fort gate to the museum had earlier discouraged public interest, a challenge that is now being addressed through improved signage and guided tours.<ref name="mahatma">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/india-at-60-red-fort-war-museum-to-get-gallery-on-mahatma/223342/.|title=India at 60: Red Fort war museum to get gallery on Mahatma|access-date=30 May 2009|author=Neha Sinha|publisher=Express India|date=2 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185320/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/india-at-60-red-fort-war-museum-to-get-gallery-on-mahatma/223342/|archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref>

==Access==
[[File:Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi View of the Delhi palace from Metcalfe House.png|thumb|Salimgarh Fort (on the left) and [[Red Fort]], separated by the [[Yamuna River]] spill channel (now closed and converted into a road), connected by an arched bridge, as viewed from Metcalfe's townhouse, 1843.<ref name="fort">{{cite book |last=Verma |first=Amrit |title=Forts of India |publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=1985 |isbn=81-230-1002-8 |location=New Delhi |page=9}}</ref>]]In the early years, Salimgarh Fort could only be accessed by boat. A bridge linking the Red Fort to Salimgarh Fort is believed to have been constructed by Emperor [[Jahangir]], father of Shah Jahan. However, some sources attribute its construction to Farid Khan, who held the fort as a [[Jagir|''jagir'']] (land grant).<ref name=baksi/> This original bridge was later replaced by a railway bridge at the same location. At present, an arched overbridge connects Salimgarh Fort to the Red Fort from its northeastern end. From this vantage point, the fort offers a commanding view of the Red Fort, the Yamuna River, and the surrounding areas.

However, the area is often noisy due to the continuous flow of heavy traffic along the arterial roads surrounding the complex, as well as vehicular movement over the steel bridge across the Yamuna nearby.<ref name="mohan">{{Cite book|author=Mohan|title= The world of walled cities: conservation, environmental pollution, urban renewal and developmental prospects|access-date=28 May 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RrrCdhQNNwC&dq=Salimgarh+Fort&pg=PA23|work=6.Saimgarh Fort |page =23|publisher= Mittal Publications|year=1992|isbn= 978-81-7099-462-6}}</ref>
The East India Railway was extended to Delhi through Salimgarh Fort. The railway line passed over part of the fort structure and was later extended to connect with the Rajputana Railway.<ref name="smith" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Another view of Salimgarh Fort with bastions2.JPG|Another view of Salimgarh Fort
File:Salimgarh Fort buildings.JPG|View showing buildings inside the fort
File:View of Gate and Bridge linkingSalimgarh Fort to Red Fort.JPG|View of Gate entry to bridge between [[Red Fort]] and Salimgarh Fort with a plaque declaring it as Swatantrata Senani Smarak
File:Full View of Arched bridge linking Salimgarh Fort and Red Fort2.JPG|Arched bridge linking Salimgarh and Red Forts on former [[Yamuna River]] channel now closed and converted into the main thoroughfare
File:Salimgarh Fort and the Red fort palace.jpg|Salimgarh Fort and the [[Red Fort]] palace
File:Colour Painting of salimgarh Fort linked to Red Fort.jpg|A colour painting showing Salimgarh Fort linked to Red Fort
</gallery>

==See also==

* Capital forts/palaces in Delhi, oldest first
** [[Purana Qila]], earliest Hindu rulers
*** [[Purana Qila#Indraprastha|Indraprastha]], earlier than 1000 BCE
*** [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Edicts & additions by Ashoka the Great]] (r. 268 to 232 BCE) of Maurya Empire
** [[Anangpur]], by Anangpal I of Tomara dynasty (r. 736-1152 CE)
** [[Qila Rai Pithora]]
*** Lal Kot, by Tomara dynasty (1152-1177 CE) as capital
*** Qila Rai Pithora, the Lal Kot expended by Prithviraj Chauhan (also called Rai Pithora, r. 1177–92 CE) of Chauhan dynasty
** [[Siri Fort]], by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316), second ruler of Khalji Dynasty
** [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], by Ghiyassudin Tughluq (r. 1320-25 CE) of Tughluq dynasty
** [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], by Feroz Shah Tughluq (r. 1351-88 CE) of Tughluq dynasty
** Salimgarh Fort, in 1546 CE by Salim Shah Suri (r. 1545-54 CE), son of Sher Shah Suri
** [[Red fort]], built in 1639-48 CE by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan when he moved his capital from Agra to Delhi
** [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], built in 1912–29 by colonial British raj
* [[History of Delhi]]
** [[Anangpur#Paleo|Paleolithic sites in & around Tughlaqabad Fort]]
** [[Baolis of Mehrauli#Stepwells|Stepwells of Delhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/v/019addor0005475u00016vrb.html Delhi Description of Salimgarh fort, Delhi Album of Thomas Metcalfe, 1843] [[British Library]]

{{Forts in India}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Mughal Empire|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Sur Empire]]
[[Category:Forts in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian National Army trials]]
[[Category:1546 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1546]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

Prabhat Roy

2026-03-10T11:48:18Z

Saurabh pal: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian Movie Director (born in 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabhat Roy
| native_name = প্রভাত রায়
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = PRABHAT ROY.jpg
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur|Jamshedpore]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Jharkhand]], [[India]])
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1946}}
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| occupation = [[Filmmaking|Filmmaker]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/cosmic-sex-was-refused-screening-at-nandan-for-aesthetic-reasons-says-director-prabhat-roy/articleshow/52894788.cms|title='Cosmic Sex' was refused screening at Nandan for aesthetic reasons, says director Prabhat Roy|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Shwet Paatharer Thala''|''Sandhyatara''|''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]''}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Jayashree Roy|1974|2022|reason = death}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Prabhat Roy: ৬ মাস কেটেছে রোগশয্যায়, প্রয়াত প্রভাত রায়ের স্ত্রী জয়শ্রী |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/eminent-director-prabhat-roys-wife-jayashree-roy-is-no-more-dgtl/cid/1341101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904075050/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/eminent-director-prabhat-roys-wife-jayashree-roy-is-no-more-dgtl/cid/1341101 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=2026-01-27 |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |title=স্বপ্ন ছিল, ২৫ বছরের মতো ৫০ বছরের বিবাহবার্ষিকীতেও নতুন শাড়িতে সাজাব জয়শ্রীকে: প্রভাত |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/prabhat-roy-shares-memories-of-his-late-wife-jayashree-roy-on-50th-marriage-annivarsery-dgtl/cid/1529994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010075755/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/prabhat-roy-shares-memories-of-his-late-wife-jayashree-roy-on-50th-marriage-annivarsery-dgtl/cid/1529994 |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=2026-01-27 |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref>
| awards = {{ubl|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|National Award]]|[[Anandalok Awards]]}}
}}

'''Prabhat Roy''' ({{langx|bn|প্রভাত রায়}}; born 1946 in Jamshedpore) is a former [[India]]n director who is known for his work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/prabhat-roy-80775|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531084846/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/prabhat-roy-80775|url-status=live|archive-date=31 May 2019|title=Prabhat Roy movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2344727.cms
|title=Prabhat Roy - Calcutta - Events - Society - Indiatimes Photogallery
|publisher=indiatimes.com
|accessdate=2008-11-14
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
Winner of two [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|National Awards]], he is known for handling social issues in his directorial ventures ''Shwet Patharer Thala'' (1992), ''Sandhyatara'' (1994) and ''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here are a few our favourite Rituparna Sengupta roles |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rituparna-senguptas-most-challenging-roles-and-how-she-aced-them-with-elan/cid/1896716 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=দে |first=সুস্মিতা |date=2025-06-15 |title=‘ওর হাতটা ‘লাঠি’র মতো শক্ত করে ধরে...’, একতাকে জীবনের ‘লাস্ট বাট বেস্ট এন্ট্রি’ বললেন প্রভাত রায় |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/director-prabhat-roy-and-his-daughter-ekta-bhattacharjee-shares-their-beautiful-bonding-on-fathers-day/200384075.cms |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref>

He began his career as an assistant director in the early 1970s. He claimed to fame after his directorial venture ''[[Protidan]]'' (1983) starring [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Victor Banerjee]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]] emerged to be a major box office success.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.seventymm.com/Actor/7916/Prabhat_Roy
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015847/http://www.seventymm.com/Actor/7916/Prabhat_roy
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2008-03-07
|title = Prabhat Roy
|publisher = www.seventymm.com
|accessdate = 2008-11-14
}}
</ref> He made commercial blockbusters such as ''Pratikar'' (1987), ''Pratik'' (1988), ''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]'' (1996) and ''[[Shubhodrishti]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite news |title=প্রভাতদার ছবিতে আমার পরে বুম্বা-ভিক্টর, হীনম্মন্যতায় ভুগেছি এমন নয়: চিরঞ্জিৎ |url=https://onedrive.live.com/?redeem=aHR0cHM6Ly8xZHJ2Lm1zL2IvYy84MGVkMGI0NmQ4ZDVlYWZkL0VRZHFLQzF2Qm45QnI2dzBBNnBNVktRQlJRWGNNNlFQc0ZOTTduOF9qYlZkb3c%5FZT1adlNZVjU&cid=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD&id=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21s2d286a07066f417fafac3403aa4c54a4&parId=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21169&o=OneUp |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> Other than feature films, he directed 16 telefilms and 3 TV series. He introduced [[June Malia]] and [[Priyanka Upendra|Priyanka Trivedi]] to showbiz.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life==
Prabhat lived in Barrackpore, North 24 parganas, West Bengal but born in Jamshedpur.
Prabhat studied at [[Ramakrishna Mission Siksha Mandir, Sarisha]].He holds a bachelor's degree in Commerce from [[Maharaja Manindra Chandra College]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of University of Calcutta |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/Affiliated%20college/College_frame.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218141029/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/Affiliated%20college/College_frame.htm |archivedate=2012-02-18 }}</ref>.

==Awards==
{|class="wikitable"
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Awards|National Award]]
|1993
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Feature Film on Family Welfare]]
|''Shwet Pathorer Thala''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="40thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602174839/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 June 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|1997
|''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="44thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm44thNFAAward.aspx|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505172151/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm44thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 May 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|Lux ETV Award
|2005
|Best Film
|''[[Manik (2005 film)|Manik]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Anandalok Puraskar|Anandalok Award]]
|2006
|Best Film
|''[[Shubhodrishti]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[7th Filmfare Awards Bangla]]
|2024
|Lifetime achievement Award
|
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Kalakar Award
|
|
|
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="List of Kalakar award winners">{{cite web|title=List of Kalakar award winners|url=http://kalakarawards.co/images/pastawardeeslist.pdf|publisher=Kalakar awards|accessdate=2 October 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|}

==Filmography==

=== As a director ===
{|class="wikitable"
!rowspan="2"|Year
!colspan="2"|Title
!rowspan="2"|Cast
!rowspan="2"|Language
!rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!Feature film
!TV series
|-
|1983
|''[[Protidan]]''
|
|[[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Ranjit Mullick]], [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Nasiruddin Shah]], [[Lily Chakravarty]], [[Anamika Saha]]
|
|
|-
|1985
|''Bandhan Anjana''
|
|[[Sharmila Tagore]]
| Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bandhan-anjana/|title=Bandhan Anjana|last=|first=|date=January 1985|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1986
|''[[Zindagani]]''
|
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Raakhee]]
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zindagani|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-MG6h0NQjE|website=YouTube|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1987
|''Pratikar''
|
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Shakuntala Barua]], [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|1988
|''Pratik''
|
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Raakhee]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Papiya Adhikari]]
|
|
|-
|1989
|''Aamar Shapath''
|
|[[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Shatabdi Roy]]
|
|
|-
|1989
|''Agnitrishna''
|
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Satabdi Roy]]
|
|
|-
|1989
|''Hum Intezaar Karenge''
|
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]]
|Hindi
|
|-
|1989
|''Pronomi Tomay''
|
|[[Arjun Chakraborty]], [[Reshma Singh]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|1990
|''Papi''
|
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Pallavi Chatterjee]]. [[Dipankar Dey]], [[Kaushik Banerjee]], [[Indrani Dutta]]
|
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Anutap]]''
|
|[[Raj Babbar]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]. [[Soumitra Bannerjee]], [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)]], [[Nirmal Kumar]]
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Shwet Paatharer Thala''
|
|[[Aparna Sen]], [[Dipankar Dey]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Indrani Haldar]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]], [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]], [[Meenakshi Goswami]], [[Lily Chakravarty]], [[Bhaskar Banerjee]], [[Gopa Aich]], [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)|Sanghamitra Bandyopadhya]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shwet Paathorer Thala|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tN6dN_iYDKQ|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1993
|''Duranta Prem''
|
|[[Deepak Sharma (actor)|Deepak Sharma]], Chandana Sen, [[Tapas Paul]], [[Rachna Banerjee]], [[Tota Roy Choudhury]], [[Dolon Roy]], [[Subhendu Chatterjee]], [[Shakuntala Barua]]
|
|
|-
|1994
|''Sandhyatara''
|
|[[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Manoj Mitra]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Sumanta Mukherjee]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sandhyatara-35720|title=Sandhyatara (1994)|last=|first=|date=|website=Cinestaan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401214838/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sandhyatara-35720|url-status=live|archive-date=1 April 2018|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1995
|
|''Andolan''
|[[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]''
|
|[[Victor Banerjee]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Pallavi Chatterjee]], [[Dulal Lahiri]], [[Dipankar De]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Haradhan Banerjee]], [[Manoj Mitra]], [[Nirmal Kumar]], [[Kaushik Banerjee]], [[Bodhisattva majumdar]], [[Debika Mitra]], [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)]], [[Gita Dey]], [[Tota Roy Choudhury]], [[June Malia]], [[Pushpita Mukherjee]], [[Koushik Sen]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/lathi/movieshow/66376447.cms|title=Lathi|last=|first=|date=|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1997
|''Joddha''
|
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty|Chiranjeet]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Priyanka Trivedi]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Lily Chakravarty]]
|
|
|-
|1997
|''Sedin Chaitramas''
|
|[[Sanjib Das Gupta]], [[Indrani Dutta]], [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)]], [[Dipankar De]]
|
|
|-
|1999
|''Khelaghar''
|
|[[Supriya Devi]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Pallavi Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Shudhu Ekbar Bolo]]''
|
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Mouli Ganguly]]
|
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Tumi Ele Tai]]''
|
| [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Tapas Paul]], [[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]], [[Santu Mukherjee]], [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)|Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay]], [[Arpita Chatterjee]]
|
|-
|2000
|''Shesh Thikana''
|
|[[Supriya Devi]], [[Jaya Seal Ghosh]], [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Shakuntala Barua]]
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Ek Mutho Chhabi]]''
|
|[[Rajatabha Dutta]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[June Malia]], [[Arunima Ghosh]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Indrani Halder]], [[Pallavi Chatterjee]], [[Samata Das]], [[Monami Ghosh]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Moumita Gupta]], [[Bikram Ghosh]], [[Kunal Mitra]], [[Koushik Sen]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]]
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Manik (2005 film)|Manik]]''
|
| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Debdoot Ghosh]], [[Samata Das]], [[Shyamal Dutta]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Monu Mukherjee]]
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Shubhodrishti (2005 film)|Shubhodrishti]]''
|
| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Sanjib Dasgupta]], [[Bharat Kaul]], [[Laboni Sarkar]], [[Biswajit Chakraborty]], [[Dilip Ray]]
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Priyotama''
|
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Laboni Sarkar]]
|
|
|-
|2007
|''Pitribhumi''
|
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]].[[Lily Chakravarty]], [[Shakuntala Barua]]
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Hangover (2010 film)|Hangover]]''
|
| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Subhra Kundu]], [[Joy Kumar Mukherjee]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]], [[Subhashish Mukherjee]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Supriyo Dutta]]
|
|
|-
|2011
|''Bhorer Alo''
|
|[[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Rohit Roy]], Anusmriti Sarkar
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Birat 22''
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Zee-Bangla-Originials-thriller-Birat-22-to-air-on-November-8/articleshow/49688341.cms|title=Zee Bangla Originals' thriller Birat 22 to air on November 8|last=|first=|date=|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|}

* He also directed 16 telefilms & 3 TV Series.

===Assistant Director===
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

===Actor===
* [[Abhimanyu (1989 film)|Abhimanyu]] (1989)
* [[Amanush (1975 film)|Amanush]] (1975)
*
===Legacy===
==Book==
*Clapstick : Autobiography of Prabhat Roy

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1110725}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120929005552/http://www.citwf.com/person55544.htm Prabhat Roy] at citwf
* [http://www.upperstall.com/people/raj-chakraborty Prabhat Roy] at upperstall
{{Prabhat Roy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Prabhat}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award]]
[[Category:Film directors from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]

Idu Entha Premavayya

2026-03-05T02:40:47Z

Saurabh pal: New some info needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Idu Entha Premavayya..!
| image = Idu Entha Premavayya.jpg
| alt =
| caption = OTT thumbnail
| native_name = 
| director = [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]]
| writer = Purushottham Kanagal (dialogues)
| screenplay = Kodlu Ramakrishna K. V. Raju [[Joe Simon (director)|Joe Simon]]
| story = Kodlu Ramakrishna
| based_on = 
| producer = Basavaraj Sogaladh Anand B. Sogaladh Sangayya C. Panchkatti Matt
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*[[Chippy Renjith|Shilpa]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = B. S. Basavaraj
| editing = Basavaraj Urs
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| studio = Shri Vaibhavalakshmi Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|4|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Idu Entha Premavayya..!''''' ({{Translation|What kind of love is this..!}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]] and starring [[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Chippy Renjith|Shilpa]]. The film's plot is inspired by the Hindi film ''[[Kaamchor]]'' (1982), which itself was a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Subhodayam]]'' (1980).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vbyDwAAQBAJ&dq=Idu+Entha+Premavayya&pg=PA1023-IA1|title=BollySwar: 1991 - 2000|first=Param|last=Arunachalam|page=1023|publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 }}</ref>

The film follows Arun, a lazy man, marries Apoorva, a rich woman, for her money. However, she discovers his true intentions and leaves him, making him realise his mistake and try to win her over again.<ref name="N"/>

==Plot==
Arun has been an aimless and lazy slacker all his adult life, and has no goals for his future. He lives with his brother, sister-in-law, and nephew Santhosh. On one occasion, he gate crashes one of his brother's supervisor's friend's wedding ceremony and finds out that the would-be groom is to live with his in-laws. To Arun's delight, he finds out that the bride Aparna has an unmarried sister Apoorva. They both are the daughters of a rich industrialist, [[Karanam]] Sadashiva Rai. Friendship develops between Arun and Apoorva and she helps him get a job in her father's company. Later Arun convinces her father, and marries her.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as Arun
*[[Chippy Renjith|Shilpa]] as Apoorva
*Charulatha as Aparna
*[[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]] as [[Karanam]] Sadashiva Rai
*[[Jai Jagadish]] as Aparna's husband
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Arun's brother
*[[Kunigal Nagabhushan]] as Sadashiva Rai's friend
*[[Dingri Nagaraj]] as Naga
*[[Padma Vasanthi]] as Arun's sister-in-law
*Master Santhosh as Santhosh
* Shivadhwaj
* Shrishailan
* M. S. Karanth
*[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] as [[Search Warrant]] Officer (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XT2cHpzDroo&t=6089s|title=Idu Entha Premavayya Kannada Full Movie {{!}} Ramesh Aravind {{!}} Shilpa {{!}} Romantic Kannada Movie|date=21 October 2016|work=Superhit Kannada Movies HD|access-date=15 April 2016|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
}}

==Production ==
The film was initially titled ''Idu Entha Premaa'', and was the debut production of Shri Vaibhavalakshmi Pictures. One of the film's producers, Sangayyapanchkatti Matt, used to work as a correspondent at [[Samyukta Karnataka]].<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/762F8FD883257EA365256940004B7BC2?OpenDocument|title=The film's moral is money|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 February 1999|via=cscsarchive.org|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

This was [[Ramesh Aravind]]'s first film to feature him wearing a cap. This was [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]]'s first film to have a court scene, and his first film to be shot outside of Bangalore after a song was canned in [[Ooty]]. Two scenes were shot at a temple in [[Banashankari]]: the scene where Ramesh Aravind chases a production boy and the scene where he tells jokes to [[Chippy Renjith|Shilpa]].<ref name="N"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Gurukiran]] and released under the Akash Audio music label.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Premavayya-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack/dp/B01BLHX4AS|title=Idu Entha Premavayya (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=23 April 1999|work=[[Amazon Music]]|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> The title track "Yeneno Kanasu Kandalu", was notably written by a female: Asha Kadpatti from [[Belgaum]].<ref name="N"/>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:42
| title1 = Andada Chandramancha
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Manjula Gururaj
| length1 = 4:31
| title2 = Bandaalo Bandaalo
| lyrics2 = [[Doddarangegowda]]
| extra2 = Mohammed Haneef, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length2 = 4:58
| title3 = Doctoru Aadarunu
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 4:18
| title4 = Ninna Aasegale
| lyrics4 = D Bharath
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| length4 = 5:07
| title5 = Soniya O Soniya
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Gurukiran, [[Anuradha Sriram]], Shankar Shanbhag
| length5 = 4:45
| title6 = Yeneno Kanasu Kandalu
| lyrics6 = Asha Kadapatti
| extra6 = [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
| length6 = 5:03
}}

== Home media ==
A scene from this film was posted by [[Colors Kannada]] on 15 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/ColorsKannadaCinema/videos/idu-entha-premavayya/2618623608408132/|title=ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕಿಂತ ರೆಟೈರ್‌ಮೆಂಟ್ ಬೆಟರ್ ಅಂತೆ!…|language=kn|work=[[Colors Kannada]]|via=[[Facebook]]|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> The film was telecast on [[Colors Kannada]] on 21 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/ColorsKannadaCinema/photos/a.324789711627138/1231045924334841/?type=3&locale=ms_MY|title=ರಮೇಶ್ ಅರವಿಂದ್ ಅಭಿನಯದ ಸೂಪರ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಇದು ಎಂಥಾ ಪ್ರೇಮವಯ್ಯ {{!}} ಇಂದು ಬೆಳಗ್ಗೆ 10ಕ್ಕೆ|date=21 July 2022|language=kn|work=[[Colors Kannada]]|via=[[Facebook]]|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt14814672}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]

Sherni (1988 film)

2026-03-03T23:46:53Z

Saurabh pal: Data

{{distinguish|Sherni (2021 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sherni
| image = Sherni.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Harmesh Malhotra]]
| producer = Pawan Kumar
| studio = Ramayan Chitra
| story = B. K. Rao
| screenplay = Ravi Kapoor
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] (dialogues)
| editing = Govind Dalwadi
| starring = [[Sridevi]] [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] [[Ranjeet]] [[Kader Khan]]
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography = Srinivas Mahapatra
| released = {{film date|1988|05|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Sherni''''' ({{translation|''Lionness''}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Harmesh Malhotra]]. The film stars [[Sridevi]] in the lead role, while [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Ranjeet]], [[Kader Khan]], and [[Tej Sapru]] appear in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Kalyanji-Anandji]].

The film marked the second collaboration between [[Sridevi]] and [[Harmesh Malhotra]] following the 1986 [[Nagina (1986 film)|Nagina]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/sherni/movieshow/61259034.cms | title=SherniUA | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

== Cast ==
Source<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Sherni (1988) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sherni-1988-hindi-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Sridevi]] as Durga
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as A.S.P Rajan aka Raju
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Banjara, Durga's Father
*[[Ranjeet]] as Vinodpal Singh
*[[Kader Khan]] as Thakur Dharampal Singh
*[[Ram Mohan]] as Durga's Gang-member
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Inspector S. K. Sinha
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Teja
*[[Jagdeep]] as Hajamat Lal
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Munshi
*Birbal as Constable Baburam
*[[Lalita Pawar]] as Old lady searching for her son
*[[Ram Mohan (hindi actor)|Ram Mohan]] as Hariya
*[[Iftekhar]] as Police Chief
*[[Jankidas]] as Kedarnath, Hariya's brother-in-law

== Soundtrack ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Mushkil Hai Mushkil"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Koi Mard Mila Na Aisa, Banka Jawan Tere Jaisa"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Ek Rupaiya Doge"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| "Gadi Gadi Chunar Sarkane Lage"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| "Tere Aane Se"
| Sadhana Sargam
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0187060}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Films directed by Harmesh Malhotra]]
[[Category:1988 action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Pepper Chicken

2026-03-02T05:32:16Z

Saurabh pal: slightly fix structure per standard format and added references per sources

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pepper Chicken
| image = Pepper Chicken (film cover).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Ratan Sil Sarma]]
| producer =
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*Dhanjit Das
*Ratan Sil Sarma
*Satish Yadav
}}
| starring = [[Dipannita Sharma]], [[Boloram Das]], [[Baharul Islam (actor)|Baharul Islam]], [[Ravi Sarma]], [[Monuj Borkotoky]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2020|11|06|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Pepper Chicken''''' is an Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi-language]] [[psychological thriller]] film directed by [[Ratan Sil Sarma]].<ref name="news18">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-27 |title='Pepper Chicken' was an Opportunity to Project Assam and Northeast to the Mainstream, Says Dipannita Sharma |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pepper-chicken-was-an-opportunity-to-project-assam-and-northeast-to-the-mainstream-says-dipannita-sharma-3118541.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=News18 }}</ref> It stars [[Dipannita Sharma]], [[Boloram Das]], [[Baharul Islam (actor)|Baharul Islam]], [[Ravi Sarma]], and Monuj Borkotoky.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} The film was released theatrically on 6 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title="Pepper Chicken" to release on ShemarooMe Box Office|url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/entertainment/pepper-chicken-to-release-on-shemaroome-box-office|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Media Infoline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MediaInfoline |date=2020-11-04 |title="Pepper Chicken" to release on ShemarooMe Box Office |url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/entertainment/pepper-chicken-to-release-on-shemaroome-box-office |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Media Infoline }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Pepper chicken is a story of a [[Radio personality|radio jockey]] who is getting married next day, she starts her journey by a cab leaving her job and the cab journey becomes horrific when they reach to a secluded place. The mystery of cab driver unravels with the story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-08 |title=Pepper Chicken - Movie review |url=http://filmytown.com/movies/pepper-chicken-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Filmy Town }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Dipannita Sharma]]
* [[Boloram Das]]
* [[Baharul Islam (actor)|Baharul Islam]]
* [[Ravi Sarma]]
* Monuj Borkotoky

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=12983052}}

[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]

{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Vanhnuailiana

2026-02-26T05:21:00Z

Saurabh pal: Stub

{{Short description|Chief of the Eastern Lushai Hills (d.1871)}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vanhnuailiana
| image = Vonoler’s Tomb.jpg
| title = Chief of Lungdup {{lang|lus|Lungdup Lal}}
| caption = Vanhnuailiana's tomb, photographed by Colonel H.G. Woodthorpe
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Lalsavunga]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = Rolianpuii
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1800}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1871|1800}}
| death_place = Lawihmun
| spouse = Rolianpuii
| spouse-type = Spouse
| consort =
| issue = Deuti, Lemkham, [[Ropuiliani]], Lalbura, Bengtewa
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Sailo
| father = [[Lalsavunga]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date = February 1872
| burial_place = Lawihmun
| signature =
}}
'''Vanhnuailiana''' ({{langx|en|'''Vonolel'''}}{{efn|variation: Vánhailen, Banoilen, Vanolel}}; {{literal translation|the greatest of all under the skies}};{{sfn|Zou|2018|p=141}} {{circa|1800}} - 1871) was the chief of the Eastern Lushai Hills. Vanhnuailiana expanded his influence over the Sukte and Poi tribes in the east and attempted incursions into Naga territories in Manipur. He was considered the most powerful chief in the Eastern Lushai Hills until his death in 1871. He presided over several conflicts during his period of chieftainship.

==Chieftainship==
Vanhnuailiana's father, [[Lalsavunga]], originally migrated his settlement from [[Champhai]] to [[Saitual]].{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=48}} It is estimated that Lalsavunga died in 1849 hence allowing Vanhnuailiana to inherit chieftainship.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=85}} Other sources place Lalsavunga's death earlier such as 1820 and Vanhnuailiana's rule beginning in 1818.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=132}} After the North-South War between his uncle Vuta and the Southern Chief Lalpuithanga, Vanhnuailiana left Saitual to Tualte. {{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=48}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=88}}

===Old Tualte===
Tualte was one of the largest settlements in pre-colonial Mizo history. The earliest confirmation of its existence was in 1861 despite existing before from an unknown date. The settlement was estimated to consist of over 1000 households.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}} Unlike other notable settlements, which were confederations, Vanhnuailiana was the sole chief of this settlement.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=91}} Vanhnuailiana's leadership in Tualte is accompanied by legendary figures in Mizo history known as ''Pasaltha'', which he inherited from his father, Lalsavunga. The settlement boasted 12 heroic personalities namely: Vanapa, Chawngduma, Keihawla, Tawkthiala, Zampuimanga, Chhunkeuva, Darbuta, Chalkhenga, Darruma, Darphawka, Darkuala and Zabiaka. However, Tualte was forced to disperse due to the onset of mautam famine in 1861.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=92-93}}

===Conquests in the Lushai Hills===
After the death of his father Lalsavunga, Vanhnuailiana kept his promise to his father or pushing up towards the north. Vanhnuailiana left Lamzawl in Saitual to push the Pawis. When the Pawis heard this they attacked the Lusei and killed them. Vanhnuailiana was angered at this and targeted their chief, who was known to walk in the countryside. They shot the chief but his men took cover behind the foot of a tree and fought against the Luseis. Eventually the Pawi were defeated and fled. The Pawis were chased by a party led by Vana Pa. Fighting continued for several days. The Pawi attempted to fight near Kawlkulh with an ambush but retreated after being fought back. The Pawi eventually crossed two rivers and settled for camp. The sentry on guard also fell asleep.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=84}} A pasalṭha named Tawkthiala proposed to Vana Pa for him to catch any guard in the fields and for him to shoot them. Vana Pa, however did not agree. As Tawkthiala and Chawngduma took their guns, Vana Pa decided to permitted to fire. The Pawi chief's friend who was sleeping on the floor was shot dead. The Luseis then went to a safe place and used the darkness as cover to fight before leaving the camp. The next morning, Tawkthiala attempted to fight again to fight as a leader and capture the body of their victim in the camp. However Vana Pa instead professed that many Pawis had died and their party was unharmed, as a result they returned back.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=85}}

Vanhnuailiana also began a war against the [[Sukte people|Sukte clans]]. Vanhnuailiana's house was burnt down during the night and the night patrol stated that a Sukte tribesman had committed the act. This prompted Vanhnuailiana to wage war on the Sukte tribes.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=94}} He commanded the [[Pasalṭha]] in the [[Zawlbuk]] to find any Sukte they could find north of Lentlang and to kill them. Vanhnuailiana recalled his men soon after realizing his orders had been too impulsive. However five men could not be called back. A skirmish occurred in which the Lusei men killed a Sukte before they faced retaliation. In a panic they fled and threw away two guns in which the Sukte shot one of the Lusei dead. Vanhnuailiana sent an ''upa'' to confess that the men were robbers not under his control but the Sukte refused to listen.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=113}}

Eventually a peace agreement was reached between Vanhnuailiana and the Sukte. A non-aggression pact was made with agreements to surrender captives and return runaway slaves escaping to enemy territories.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=55}}
[[File:Vanhnuailiana's Tomb - Lushai Chyrsalis.jpg|alt=Photo of Vanhnuailiana's Tomb c.1940|thumb|Photo of Vanhnuailiana's Tomb c.1940]]

===War of East and West===
Vanhnuailiana later moved from Tualte to Lundup (west of [[Kelkang]], near [[Buang]]). He sent his son Dothiauva (Deuti) to rule Kelkang.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=93}} Hostilities with the Western Lushai chiefs erupted due to [[Khalkam]]'s wish to take a maiden named Tuali who was betrothed to Vanhnuailiana's son, and migrations of settlements becoming too close during jhum cultivation.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=94}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=111}}Khalkam's attempt at capturing Tuali failed in the end.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=112}}

===Manipur Conflict===
Vanhnuailiana began expanding his influence in Manipur in 1853. Vanhnuailiana succeeded in driving out the previous tribes of the Manipur frontier, namely the Khongjai and Kom Kukis. Vanhnuailiana attempted to invade another Khongjai village where his war party suffered 10 deaths as opposed to 2 deaths of the settlement who possessed mounted men. An outpost was established at the point fo entry in the valley. In 1856, the village of Nomidong (which had previously been raided by Lushais before) was cut up and destroyed. The Manipuri officials did not ascertain the responsibility of the raid to the Lushais or Khongjais.{{sfn|Dun|1992|p=49}}

In 1858, the Lushais attacked the Thana of Kala Naga with 500 warriors and destroyed it. They would return three months later before the sepoy villages could be reinforced and overran them again. The Lushais returned a third time and burnt a village before being ambushed by Manipuri reinforcements. A total of ten Lushais were captured and were detained for 3-4 years. However, nine of them would escape custody before their sentence ended.{{sfn|Dun|1992|p=49}} The last remaining prisoner was a relative of Vanhnuailiana, so [[William McCulloch (political officer)|William McCulloh]] entered into negotiations with Vanhnuailiana who agreed to not raid into Manipuri territory. Vanhnuailiana upheld the agreement with McCulloh. The promise was kept till 1868. In 1868, the Lushais made raids on Mukti, Nungdang and burnt down the Kala Naga stockade.{{sfn|Dun|1992|p=50}} Chatterjee argues this was due to the replacement of McCulloh with Brown. Brown failed to control the warring hill tribes in their internal disputes which escalated conflict into raiding once more.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=86}}

===Anglo-Lushai Relations===
[[File:Illustration of Vonolel's tomb - Lushai Expedition.jpg|thumb|Vanhnuailiana's tomb illustrated during the [[Lushai Expedition]]]]
John Edgar, Deputy Commissioner of Edgar, described Vanhnuailiana as a great fighter whose extended his territories beyond [[Champhai]]. Early in his rule as chief, Vanhnuailiana subdued the petty chiefs of the Eastern Lushai Hills before directing his efforts south of his territory. The south of Vanhnuailiana's territory consisted of ''Poi'' ([[Chin people|Chin]]) tribes. Vanhnuailiana subdued the Pois and took many captive. He carried out a policy of displacement by resettling them across his territory. After subduing the ''Poi'' chiefs, Vanhnuailiana also successfully defeated the chiefs of the ''Sukte'' clan. Vanhnuailiana repeated his policy of resettling conquered chiefdoms into his newly expanded territory.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=86}}

Vanhnuailiana cooperated with the British in 1864 alongside [[Sukpilal]] in Silchar. Both chiefs were offered an annual grant of rs. 600 by preserving peace on the frontier and regularly sending tributes. However, the expansion of tea estates on the borders of the Lushai Hills deteriorated the relations of the two parties with the British.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=22}}

Vanhnuailiana met with Captain Stewart on 2 April 1866 in Silchar. Vanhnuailiana questioned whether Stewart had demanded tributes from Eastern Lushai chiefs such as Mulla. Vanhnuailiana pointed out that Mulla had requested an amount of tribute to be paid off to the British. Stewart, in response, assured Vanhnuailiana the tribute is Mulla's responsibility alone. Stewart provided Vanhnuailiana with immunity from giving tribute to the British. Vanhnuailiana's meeting with Stewart was seen as a sign of goodwill to continue conciliation and cooperation with the Lushai chiefs.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=45-47}}

==Biography==
{{Vonolel Family tree}}

===Death===
[[File:Vonolel tomb- illustrated history.jpg|thumb|Vanhnuailiana's Tomb illustrated in James Grant's "Cassell's Illustrated History of India, Volume 2"]]
Vanhnuailiana died during the onset of the [[Lushai Expedition]].{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=281}} His tomb was found well preserved with many posts and heads. The inside of the tomb held a broken Burmese idol. The tomb was decorated with a large [[gayal|mithun]] skull with horns impaling and carrying a human head and arm recently cut off. A foot was found outside the tomb. The expedition identified the remains of the headhunting remnants as the Sukte villagers who had been attacked earlier.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=282}} The expedition hoisted a British flag on a bare tree and declared that the goal of reaching Vanhnuailiana's stronghold had been reached in the name of Queen Victoria and the Viceroy.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=283}} The expedition burned down Vanhnuailiana's settlement but left his tomb intact, changing only the headhunted remains into a proper burial place.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=284}}

During the [[Lushai Expedition]] many of the Pois and Suktes resettled in Champhai were anxious to leave during the chaos of the expedition. Before the expedition, many were afraid of bringing harm to their families in attempting to escape to the [[Chin Hills]]. The Pois and Sukte villagers often defected to the military encampments under General Nuthall to escape.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=331-332}}

===Legacy===
[[Frederick Sleigh Roberts]] who participated in the [[Lushai Expedition]] named his horse, an arab charger, ''Vonolel'' in honour of the chief and his prestige.{{sfn|National Army Museum}}{{sfn|Hutchinson|1906|p=6}}

In 2021, the discovery of a new snake species in Mizoram was named ''Stoliczkia vanhnuailianai'' in honour of Vanhnuailiana.{{sfn|Pacha|2021}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=Mizoram under British Rule |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}
* {{citation |last=Dun |first=E. W. |title=Gazetteer of Manipur |publisher=Manas Publications |year=1992 |orig-year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32037 |via=archive.org }}
*{{cite book |last=Hutchinson |first=R.H Sneyd |date=1906 |title=An Account of the Chittagong Hill Tracts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZtEAQAAMAAJ |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Khiangte |first1=Hosana Lalenvela |title=Resistance to the Colonial Rule through Evasion and Denial of Service in the Southern Lushai Hills |url=https://www.academia.edu/113168495 |journal=Historical Journal Mizoram |volume=22 |issue=1 |access-date=20 December 2024|date=2021}}
*{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B |date=2005 |title=Culture and folklore of Mizoram |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2658-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of88DwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B |date=1989 |title=Mizo Lal Ropui |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467582/page/n1/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=R.T.M Press|language=Mizo}}
*{{cite book |last=Liangkhaia|date=1938 |title=Mizo Chanchin (Mizo History) |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP454-13-11#4 |location=Aizawl|page=56|language=Mizo}}
*{{Cite web |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/general-sir-frederick-sleigh-roberts-on-his-horse-Vanhnuailiana-182670 |title=General Sir Frederick Sleigh Roberts, on His Horse 'Vanhnuailiana' |last=National Army Museum |date= |website=Art UK |access-date=20 October 2024 |quote=Roberts purchased his Arab charger 'Vanhnuailiana' while he was still a major, soon after the Lushai Expedition in India (1871–1872). In this campaign he defeated the son of a locally renowned chief and named his horse after him.}}
*{{cite book |last=Nunthara |first=C |date=1996 |title=Mizoram: Society and Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PA24 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |page=42 |isbn=81-7387-059-4}}
*{{cite news |last=Pacha |first=Aswathi |date=6 July 2021 |title=In Mizoram, a new snake species gets named after local warrior Vanhnuailiana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/mizoram-new-snake-species-local-warrior-vanhnuailiana-7391734/ |work=Indian Express |location=Kochi |access-date=20 December 2024}}
*{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}
*{{cite book |last=Woodthorpe |first=R.S |date=1873 |title=The Lushai Expedition: 1871-1872 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458408 |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Blackett Publishers}}
*{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Zou |first=David Vumlallian |date=2018 |title=Modern Practices in North East India|location= |publisher=Routeledge|isbn=9781138294257|chapter=Vai phobia to Raj nostalgia: Sahibs, chiefs and commoners in colonial Lushai Hills}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:Eastern Lushai chiefs]]

S. Ramanan

2026-02-10T03:12:36Z

Saurabh pal: put up a entry

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (born 1937)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Ramanan|Sundararaman}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sundararaman Ramanan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sundararaman Ramanan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1937|7|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tiruvannamalai
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], [[Mumbai]];

[[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College]], [[Chennai]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[MS Narasimhan]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| signature =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Algebraic geometry]], [[moduli spaces]], [[Lie groups]]
| work_institutions = [[Chennai Mathematical Institute]], [[Chennai]]
[[Institute of Mathematical Sciences;|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]], [[Chennai]]
| prizes = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology,]] [[Srinivasa Ramanujan Medal,]] [[TWAS Prize|TWAS Prize for Mathematics]]
| religion =
}}

'''Sundararaman Ramanan''' (born 20 July 1937) is an Indian [[mathematician]] who works in the area of [[algebraic geometry]], [[moduli space]]s and [[Lie group]]s. He is one of India's leading mathematicians and recognised as an expert in algebraic geometry, especially in the area of moduli problems. He has also worked in differential geometry: his joint paper with MS Narasimhan on universal connections has been influential. It enabled SS Chern and B Simons to introduce what is known as the Chern-Simons invariant, which has proved useful in theoretical physics.<ref>[http://www.mat.csic.es/webpages/moduli2008/ramanan/ A conference in honour of S Ramanan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926120229/http://www.mat.csic.es/webpages/moduli2008/ramanan/ |date=26 September 2008}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
He is an alumnus of the [[Ramakrishna Mission School]] in Chennai and the [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College|Vivekananda College]] in Chennai, where he completed a BA Honours in mathematics.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} He completed his PhD at the [[TIFR|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], under the direction of [[Mudumbai Seshachalu Narasimhan|MS Narasimhan]]. He did his post-doctoral studies at the [[University of Oxford]], [[Harvard University]] and [[ETH Zurich]].{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

He later pursued a career at TIFR. He picked up the methods of modern differential geometry from the French mathematician [[Jean-Louis Koszul]],<ref>Koszul, J.-L. Lectures on fibre bundles and differential geometry. With notes by S Ramanan. Reprint of the 1965 edition. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Lectures on Mathematics and Physics, 20. Published for the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay; by Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986. Viii+127 pp. {{ISBN|3-540-12876-X}}</ref> and later successfully applied it for his research centred on algebraic geometry. He has also made contributions to the topics of [[Abelian variety]] and [[vector bundles]].

== Collaborations and influences ==
He collaborated with [[Raoul Bott]], who was at [[Harvard University]]. He has been a visiting professor at Harvard University, [[University of California at Berkeley]], the Institute of Advanced Study in [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[UCLA]], [[University of Oxford]], [[Cambridge University]], the Max Planck Institute and [[University of Paris]].{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} In 1978, he gave one of the invited talks at the International Congress of Mathematicians in [[Helsinki]]. In 1999, he spoke about some aspects of the work of [[André Weil]] on the occasion of his being awarded the Inamouri Prize.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Ramanan discovered and encouraged [[Vijay Kumar Patodi]], who proved part of the [[Atiyah-Singer index theorem]], Patodi did his PhD under the combined direction of Narasimhan and Ramanan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Patodi.html |title=Patodi biography |publisher=History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> Ramanan was [[M S Raghunathan|MS Raghunathan's]] senior colleague and influenced him considerably.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.tifr.res.in/~dani/msrfr.pdf|title=S. G. Dani on MS Raghunathan|access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

Ramanan wrote the book ''Moduli of Abelian Varieties'' with Allan Adler, published by Springer-Verlag, and a graduate-level book on algebraic geometry called ''Global Calculus'', published by the American Mathematical Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ams.org/bookstore?arg9=S._Ramanan&f=G&fn=105&p=0&pg1=CN&r=1&s1=Ramanan_S |title=AMS page on the book titled Global Calculus |publisher=Ams.org |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> He continues his contributions via teaching and mentoring at the [[Chennai Mathematical Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmi.ac.in/people/fac-profile.php?id=sramanan|title=Chennai Mathematical Institute faculty page|publisher=Cmi.ac.in|access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> where he is an adjunct professor, and at the [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai]].

== Awards ==
Ramanan received the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], India's highest science prize,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/MATHEMATICAL_SCIENCES.htm|title=List of Bhatnagar award recipients in mathematical sciences|publisher=Csir.res.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218182837/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/MATHEMATICAL_SCIENCES.htm|archive-date=18 February 2012|access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> in 1979; the [[TWAS Prize]] for Mathematics in 2001<ref name="Prizes and Awards">{{Cite web|url=http://twas.org/opportunities/prizes-and-awards|title=Prizes and Awards|date=2016|publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and the Ramanujan Medal in 2008.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

== Personal life ==
He is married to Anuradha Ramanan, a translator and former librarian. They have two daughters, Sumana Ramanan, a journalist, and [[Kavita Ramanan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.cmu.edu/users/kramanan/ |title=Kavita Ramanan |publisher=Math.cmu.edu |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> a noted mathematician who is a professor of applied mathematics at [[Brown University]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]].

==Selected publications==
*{{cite journal
| title=An infinitesimal study of the moduli of Hitchin pairs
| author=[[Indranil Biswas|I. Biswas]] & S. Ramanan
| journal=Journal of the London Mathematical Society
| year=1994
| volume=49
| issue=2
| pages=219–231
| doi=10.1112/jlms/49.2.219}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanan, S.}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Algebraic geometers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission schools alumni]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]

Dakshina Kannada

2026-02-06T14:47:39Z

Saurabh pal: basic expanded intro based on references further and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dakshina Kannada
| other_name = South Canara
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] of [[Karnataka]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Falnir skylines viewed from Kankanady.jpg
| photo2a = Kukke Subhramanya.JPG
| photo2b = Manglore beach.jpg
| photo3a = Jumma mazjid, Zinad Baksh, Bunder, Mangalore-3.jpg
| photo3b = 1000 pillar temple - moodabidri.jpg
| photo4a = Kudremukh (24190729314).jpg
|spacing = 1
|size = 250
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: View of Mangalore skyline from [[Kankanadi]], [[Tannirbhavi Beach]], [[Saavira Kambada Basadi]] in [[Moodabidri]], Western Ghats at [[Kudremukh]], Pool at [[Masjid Zeenath Baksh]], [[Kukke Subramanya Temple]],
| image_map = Dakshina Kannada in Karnataka (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|12.87|N|74.88|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative division|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kanara]], [[Tulunadu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Mangalore]]
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = {{hlist|[[Mangalore]]|[[Sullia]]|[[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]|[[Belthangady]]|[[Moodabidri]]|[[Bantwal]]|[[Mulki, Karnataka|Mulki]]|[[Ullal]]a|[[Kadaba]]}}
| government_type = District administration
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Darshan H V<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mullai-muhilan-takes-charge-as-deputy-commissioner-of-dakshina-kannada-district/article66979351.ece|title= Mullai Muhilan takes over as DC of Dakshina Kannada |access-date=8 July 2023| date=17 June 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]], {{Small|Mangalore City Police}}
| leader_name1 = Sudheer Kumar Reddy CH, IPS <ref>https://mangalorecitypolice.karnataka.gov.in/12/Meet%20Our%20Officers/en</ref>
| leader_name4 = [[Harish Poonja]] ([[Belthangady Assembly constituency|Belthangady]]), [[Umanatha Kotian]] ([[Moodabidri Assembly constituency|Moodabidri]]), [[Y. Bharath Shetty]] ([[Mangalore City North Assembly constituency|Mangalore City North]]), [[D. Vedavyas Kamath]] ([[Mangalore City South Assembly constituency|Mangalore City South]]), [[U. T. Khader]] ([[Mangalore Assembly constituency|Mangalore]]), ([[Mangalore City South Assembly constituency|Mangalore City South]]), [[U. Rajesh Naik]] ([[Bantval Assembly constituency|Bantval]]), [[Ashok Kumar Rai (Indian politician)|Ashok Kumar Rai]] ([[Puttur Assembly constituency|Puttur]]), Bhagirathi Murulya ([[Sullia Assembly constituency|Sullia]]) (SC)
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]], {{Small|Dakshina Kannada District Police}}
| leader_title3 = [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|MP]]
| leader_title4 = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|MLAs]]
| leader_name2 = Dr. Arun K, IPS
| leader_name3 = [[Captain Brijesh Chowta]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4559
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,089,649
| population_footnotes = <ref name="districtcensus" />
| population_density_km2 = 457
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| area_code = + 91 (0824)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = {{plainlist|
*KA-19 (Hampankatta, Mangalore south)
*KA-21 (Puttur, Sullia, Belthangady)
*KA-62 (Surathkal, Mangalore north)
*KA-70 (B C Road)}}
| unemployment_rate =
| blank1_name_sec2 = Airport
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Mangaluru Airport|Mangalore International Airport]]
| website = {{URL|https://dk.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=Report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in india {{!}} page 99 |url=https://minorityaffairs.gov.in/WriteReadData/RTF1984/9607554317.pdf |website=minorityaffairs.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec2 = Seaport
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Panambur|New Mangalore Port]]
| elevation_max_m = 1115
| official_name =
| population_urban = 996,086
| total_type = Total
}}
'''Dakshina Kannada''' district is located in the [[states and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]], with its headquarters in the coastal city of [[Mangaluru]]. The district covers an area nestled between the [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Arabian Sea]]. Dakshina Kannada receives abundant rainfall during the [[Indian monsoon]]. It is bordered by [[Udupi district]] (formerly a part of this district) to the north, [[Chikmagalur district]] to the northeast, [[Hassan district]] to the east, [[Kodagu]] to the southeast and [[Kasaragod district]] of [[Kerala]] to the south. According to the [[2011 census of India]], Dakshina Kannada district had a population of 2,089,649. It is the only district in Karnataka to have all modes of transport - road, rail, water and air - due to the presence of a major hub, Mangaluru. This financial district is also known as the Cradle of Indian banking.<ref>{{cite web |title=A saga ends in India's cradle of banking |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/a-saga-ends-in-india-s-cradle-of-banking-1568306728170.html |website=Live Mint |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>

== Geography ==
<gallery widths="205">
File:Sullia. Karnataka (3).jpg|Hilly region – [[Sullia]] Town
File:Tannirubhavi beach 02.JPG|Coastal plain – [[Tannirbhavi Beach]]
</gallery>
The district geography consists of seashores in the west and [[Western Ghats]] in the east. The [[soil]] is mostly [[laterite|lateritic]] type, characterised by high [[iron]] and [[aluminium]] content.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/DAKSHINA_KANNADA.pdf|title=Ground Water Information Booklet – Dakshina Kannada|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Government of India – Ministry of Water Resources|date=November 2009}}</ref>

The major rivers in the district are [[Netravathi]], [[Kumaradhara]], [[Phalguni river|Gurupura (Phalguni)]], [[Shambhavi River|Shambhavi]], Nandini or [[Pavanje]] and Payaswini; all flow into the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="pppinindia">{{cite web|url=http://pppinindia.com/pdf/karnataka/District%20Profiles/Dakshin%20Kannada.pdf|title=Dakshina Kannada District Profile|access-date=22 February 2015|publisher=Government of Karnataka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222120015/http://pppinindia.com/pdf/karnataka/District%20Profiles/Dakshin%20Kannada.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Uppinangadi]], the [[Netravati River|Netravathi]] and [[Kumaradhara River|Kumaradhara]] rivers rise during the monsoon and meet. This event is called "Sangam", which in Sanskrit means confluence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/14551/kumaradhara-nethravathi-rivers-merge-uppinangady.html|title=Kumaradhara, Nethravathi rivers merge at Uppinangady|access-date=5 October 2017|date=19 July 2009|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Near Mangaluru, an [[estuary]] is formed by the union of the rivers Netravathi and the Gurupura which merge into the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://mbai.org.in/uploads/manuscripts/Article-7696218637.pdf|title=Ecological observations on the phytoplankton of Nethravati – Gurupura estuary, south west coast of India|date=30 January 2009|publisher=Marine Biological Association of India|last1=Shruthi|first1=M S|last2=Rajashekhar|first2=M|journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India|volume=55|issue=2|pages=41–47|doi=10.6024/jmbai.2013.55.2.01768-07|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525120748/http://mbai.org.in/uploads/manuscripts/Article-7696218637.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[topography]] of the district is plain up to {{convert|30|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} inside the coast and changes to undulating hilly [[terrain]] sharply towards the east in the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mausam: quarterly journal of meteorology, hydrology & geophysics|volume=56|issue=1|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|year=2005|page=76}}</ref> [[Teak]], [[bamboo]] and [[rosewood]] trees are found in the hilly areas towards the east.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/santapau.pdf|title=Common Trees|access-date=25 May 2015|last=Santapau|first=H}}</ref> The [[Geological Survey of India]] has identified this district as a moderately earthquake-prone region and categorised it in the Seismic III Zone.<ref>{{cite map|publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]]|url=http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_GSI_BHUJ_SEISMIC_ZONES_MAP.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040904091404/http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_GSI_BHUJ_SEISMIC_ZONES_MAP.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2004|title=Seismic zoning map of India|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> In rural Dakshina Kannada, houses are in the midst of a farm field or [[plantation]]s of [[coconut]] or [[Areca nut|arecanut]], separated by a few hundred metres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parisara.kar.nic.in/PDF/Forest.pdf|title=Forest – State of the Environment Report – 2003 (Page 189)|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Parisara}}</ref>

Shirlalu village (in the [[Kudremukh]] range of Belthangady taluk<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/328920/it039s-veteran-vs-political-novice.html|title=It's veteran vs political novice in Belthangady|date=27 April 2013|access-date=17 October 2017|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>), with a maximum elevation of {{convert|1115|m|abbr=on}}, is the highest point in Dakshina Kannada.<ref name="shirlalu-map">{{cite web |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Shirlalu,+Karnataka/@13.0732455,75.1706048,27369m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ba4b35e76bee52f:0xda92619e31620c42!8m2!3d13.0845176!4d75.2420722 |title=Shirlalu – Google Maps}}</ref><ref name="shirlalu-elevation">{{cite web |url=https://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm |title=Elevation of Shirlalu village}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Dakshina Kannada features a [[Tropical monsoon climate|Tropical Monsoon climate (Am)]] according to the [[Köppen climate classification]].<ref name="CDO-M2">{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/24095/|title=Climate Table of Moodabidri, Karnataka, India|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Climate-Data.org}}</ref> The average annual rainfall in Dakshina Kannada is {{convert|4030|mm|in|0}}.<ref name="pppinindia" /> The rainfall varies from {{convert|3774.1|mm|in|0}} at the [[Mangalore]] coast, {{convert|4530|mm|in|0}} at [[Moodabidri]] and {{convert|4329|mm|in|0}} at [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] near the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="CDO">{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/24087/|title=Climate Table of Puttur, Karnataka, India|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Climate-Data.org}}</ref> The average humidity is 75% and peaks in July at 89%.<ref name="Weather-And-Climate">{{cite web|url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Humidity-perc,Mangalore,India|title=Average humidity over the year for Mangalore, India|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Weather-And-Climate}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Mangalore (1961–1990, extremes 1901–1981)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C = 36.3
| Feb record high C = 37.8
| Mar record high C = 37.4
| Apr record high C = 36.6
| May record high C = 36.7
| Jun record high C = 34.4
| Jul record high C = 35.6
| Aug record high C = 32.2
| Sep record high C = 34.6
| Oct record high C = 35.0
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 35.6
| year record high C = 37.8
| Jan high C = 31.7
| Feb high C = 31.7
| Mar high C = 31.9
| Apr high C = 32.8
| May high C = 32.3
| Jun high C = 29.9
| Jul high C = 28.6
| Aug high C = 28.5
| Sep high C = 29.2
| Oct high C = 30.4
| Nov high C = 31.7
| Dec high C = 32.0
| year high C = 30.9
| Jan low C = 21.7
| Feb low C = 22.7
| Mar low C = 24.4
| Apr low C = 25.7
| May low C = 25.4
| Jun low C = 23.7
| Jul low C = 23.1
| Aug low C = 23.1
| Sep low C = 23.1
| Oct low C = 23.4
| Nov low C = 23.0
| Dec low C = 22.4
| year low C = 23.5
| Jan record low C = 16.7
| Feb record low C = 16.7
| Mar record low C = 18.3
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| May record low C = 18.9
| Jun record low C = 18.4
| Jul record low C = 18.0
| Aug record low C = 19.8
| Sep record low C = 19.0
| Oct record low C = 18.8
| Nov record low C = 17.6
| Dec record low C = 16.7
| year record low C = 16.7
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.2
| Feb rain mm = 3.6
| Mar rain mm = 2.5
| Apr rain mm = 35.0
| May rain mm = 199.5
| Jun rain mm = 955.8
| Jul rain mm = 1160.3
| Aug rain mm = 792.6
| Sep rain mm = 331.5
| Oct rain mm = 184.0
| Nov rain mm = 75.2
| Dec rain mm = 33.9
| year rain mm = 3774.1
| Jan rain days = 0.0
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 2.0
| May rain days = 7.2
| Jun rain days = 24.5
| Jul rain days = 29.4
| Aug rain days = 25.4
| Sep rain days = 15.3
| Oct rain days = 10.1
| Nov rain days = 4.4
| Dec rain days = 1.3
| year rain days = 119.7
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 65
| Feb humidity = 68
| Mar humidity = 70
| Apr humidity = 71
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 82
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 85
| Sep humidity = 83
| Oct humidity = 80
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 67
| year humidity = 75
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M100–M101
| access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216160549/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20%281961-1990%29.pdf
| archive-date = 16 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20%281961-1990%29.pdf
| title = Climatological Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = July 2010
| pages = 531–532
| access-date = 11 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[Puttur, Karnataka]], India
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| collapsed = Y
| Jan high C = 31.3
| Feb high C = 31.8
| Mar high C = 32.7
| Apr high C = 33.1
| May high C = 32.4
| Jun high C = 29.3
| Jul high C = 28.0
| Aug high C = 28.2
| Sep high C = 28.8
| Oct high C = 29.9
| Nov high C = 30.8
| Dec high C = 31.2
| year high C =
| Jan low C = 20.8
| Feb low C = 22.0
| Mar low C = 23.6
| Apr low C = 25.2
| May low C = 25.2
| Jun low C = 23.5
| Jul low C = 23.0
| Aug low C = 23.1
| Sep low C = 23.0
| Oct low C = 23.2
| Nov low C = 22.4
| Dec low C = 21.0
| year low C =
| Jan rain mm = 0
| Feb rain mm = 1
| Mar rain mm = 6
| Apr rain mm = 63
| May rain mm = 208
| Jun rain mm = 938
| Jul rain mm = 1489
| Aug rain mm = 858
| Sep rain mm = 386
| Oct rain mm = 277
| Nov rain mm = 81
| Dec rain mm = 22
| year rain mm =
| source = Climate-Data.org – Climate Table of Puttur, Karnataka, India<ref name=CDO>{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/24087/|title=Climate Table of Puttur, Karnataka, India|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Climate-Data.org}}</ref>
}}

== History ==

=== Legend ===
[[File:Parshuramsaraswats.jpg|left|thumb|Parshurama asks Varuna to create the western coast from the sea]]
As per the ''Gramappadhathi'', Dakshina Kannada (along with the rest of the west coast) was created by [[Parashurama|Parshurama]] standing on top of the Western Ghats, and caused the land to rise from the sea by throwing his axe. It was then given to 64 families of Brahmins to settle. He created a temple on Kunjaragiri Hill in memory of his mother. Kutashila, spoken of in the [[Markandeya Purana]], is believed to be the town of [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]], the abode of [[Mookambika Temple, Kollur|Mookambika Devi]]. Several rivers in the district, including the Netravati, are believed to be mentioned in the Markandeya Purana. Other traditions in the local Paddanas speak of [[Mayurasharma]]'s inviting of Brahmins from [[Ahichchhatra]]a and his organisation of the district.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: South Kanara District |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/karnataka-state-gazetteer-south-kanara-district |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

=== Early history ===
The earliest recording of what would become Dakshina Kannada district is found in [[Sangam literature]], specifically in a poem of [[Mamulanar]]. [[M. Govinda Pai|M Govinda Pai]] identified the kingdom of Harita mentioned in the [[Harivamsa|Harivamsha]] as Dakshina Kannada, specifically correlating the word ''Mudugara'' with Moger, part of the title of the fishermen community in the district. Pai speculated as an alternative that the entire strip from North Kanara to Kanyakumari was inhabited by Nagas who worshipped snakes, and that the character Shankachuda mentioned in several works including the work [[Nagananda]], was from this region.<ref name=":1" /> Several scholars identified the Satiyaputras mentioned in Ashoka's edicts as belonging to this region.<ref name=":1" />

The region, owing to its position on the west coast, also finds mention in Greek sources. [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] mentioned pirates that infested the coast between the regions of Muziris and Nitiras, which many scholars have identified with the Netravati. [[Ptolemy]] mentions two ports: Barace and Maganur which modern-day scholars identified with Barsur and Mangalore, respectively. Ptolemy mentioned an inland centre of pirates called Oloikhera, which has been identified with Alvakheda, or territories of the Alupas. The region also finds mention in a play called the [[Charition mime|Chariton Mime]], which contains dialogue in a language scholars have variously interpreted as an early form of Kannada or Tulu.<ref name=":1" />

=== Alupas ===
[[File:Alupas. Uncertain ruler. 14th century.jpg|thumb|Alupa coins, 14th century]]
The [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] (ಆಳುಪರು) ruled the erstwhile Dakshina Kannada region between the 8th and 14th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhat |first=N. Shyam |title=South Kanara, 1799–1860: a study in colonial administration and regional response |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7099-586-9}}</ref> Their origins go back further, and if Greek identifications are to be believed the Alupas may have been prominent local chiefs since the 2nd century CE. The [[Halmidi inscription]] of 450 CE mentions an Alupa chief fighting as a commander of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] in a battle against the Kekayas and [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]]. In a stone inscription near Gudnapur dated to c. 500 CE, the Alupas are mentioned as subordinates to the Kadambas. In 602, the [[Mahakuta Pillar]] inscription refers to the Aluvas as being conquered by [[Kirttivarman I|Kirtivarman I]] of the Chalukyas. In the [[Aihole inscription]], it appears the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] had crushed an Alupa rebellion in the early 7th century. During the reign of [[Vinayaditya of Vatapi|Vinayadtiya]], it is mentioned how the Alupa chiefs helped the king restore peace after the disastrous war with the Pallavas. This Alupa ruler, Aluvarassa I, travelled from Mangalapura (modern Mangalore).<ref name=":1" /> After a civil war, and the overthrow of the Chalukyas by [[Dantidurga]] in 753, the Alupas entered into tributary relations with the Pallavas. Starting in the 9th century, the Alupas began to lose territory and [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] king [[Krishna II]] sent a military expedition which placed the Alupas firmly under Rashtrakuta control. When the Cholas occupied Alupa territory during the reign of [[Rajaraja I]], Bankideva Alupendra drove the Cholas out. In the late 11th and early 12th century, the Alupas had to acknowledge the suzerainty of the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Chalukyas of Kalyani]], before it was attacked by the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] and forced to acknowledge their suzerainty.<ref name=":1" /> An [[Old Malayalam]] inscription ([[Ramanthali inscriptions]]), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of [[Mangalore]], can be found at [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhimala]] (the former headquarters of [[Mushika dynasty]]) near [[Kannur]] in [[Kerala]].<ref name="laol">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.</ref>

=== Vijayanagara Empire ===
A 1204 inscription shows Mangalore had regained its position as capital from [[Barkur]]. Over the course of the 13th and 14th centuries, Alupa power declined steadily until Alupakheda was annexed by the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayangara Empire]]. The first Vijayanagara inscription in the district was from 1345 in [[Attavar]]a. For the next three centuries, the empire administered Tulu Nadu with a firm hand especially as Tulu Nadu was the conduit through which much of their western trade, and how they secured horses from Arabia. [[Harihara I|Harihara Raya]] built a fort at Barkur, and instituted a revenue system where half of crops went to the cultivators while the rest were divided between landlords, Brahmins and the state. [[Ibn Battuta|Ibn Batutta]] mentioned how the Muslim governor of 'Honore' paid tribute to a Vijayanagara revenue collector in Barkur with the title Wadiyar. While passing from Karwar to Kozhikode, he stayed in a port identified as 'Manjarur', identified as Mangalore, and noted the country to be prosperous but with few wheeled vehicles.<ref name=":1" />

Two hero stones dated to 1398 in [[Bhatkal]] record a rebellion in Tulu Nadu. At this time, the Alupa rule was basically ended and replaced with Barakur and Mangaluru {{Transliteration|hi|rajyas|italic=no}}, sometimes united into one Tulu Rajya. The governors were often transferred: during the reign of [[Deva Raya II|Devaraya II]], there were eight governors of Mangaluru {{Transliteration|hi|rajya|italic=no}}. During the usurpation of [[Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya|Saluva Narasimharaya]], he did much to improve the horse trade, which had suffered under previous rulers with his governor Mallappa Nayaka. When [[Krishnadevaraya]] came to power, he largely relied on the local feudal chiefs to remain obedient. Sadashiva Nayaka of Keladi ruled over Barakuru, Mangaluru, Chandragutti and Araga {{Transliteration|hi|rajyas|italic=no}}.<ref name=":1" />

=== Portuguese arrival ===
When the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] first arrived in the region, they described Tulunadu as a prosperous trading country populated by both Moors (Muslims) and Genitles (Hindus). They were received well by [[Krishnadevaraya]]. But when they discovered Muslim merchants in Mangalore and Barakur, they blockaded the rivers leading there in 1526, they conquered Mangalore facing some resistance. Franciscan friars began preaching in Mangalore and the surrounding regions, while the Portuguese began collecting tribute in grain and other goods. In 1530, the Portuguese stormed the Mangalore fort again facing resistance they easily annihilated. In 1547, [[Aliya Rama Raya]] entered into a treaty with the Portuguese by which all imports and exports passed through their hands. This treaty was highly unpopular among the local chiefs, who often resisted Portuguese tributary collection. Some chiefs even supported the alliance of sultanates which defeated Aliya Rama Raya at the [[Battle of Talikota]], hoping to get rid of Portuguese influence. In 1571, this failed when the Portuguese defeated Bijapur at Goa.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Ullal Queen Abbakka Devi.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Abbakka Chowta|Rani Abbakka]]]]

[[Abbakka Chowta|Rani Abbakka]], the [[Chowta dynasty (Tulu Nadu)|Chowta]] wife of [[Banga Arasa|Banga Raja]] and the Queen of [[Ullal]], fought the Portuguese. She stopped paying tribute to the Portuguese, causing them to send a fleet to Mangalore and force a settlement, but soon she aided the enemies of the Portuguese and again stopped tribute payment. In 1566, she defeated a Portuguese expedition and killed its commander, causing the Portuguese in Goa to send an armada to subdue her in 1567. On 15 January 1568, however, the Portuguese defeated the Rani and forced her to sign a new treaty.<ref name=":1" />

=== Nayakas of Keladi ===
The [[Nayakas of Keladi]] were a [[Veerashaiva]] family which had ruled a large portion of [[Tulu Nadu]] starting in the 16th century, when they had control over Mangalore and the rest of Tulu Nadu. Eventually in 1613, Venkatappa Nayaka I became independent and was the most powerful ruler in Tulu Nadu, taking territory which owed fealty to Bijapur and aiding Rani Abbakka. Under [[Shivappa Nayaka]], the Nayakas of Keladi, now with capital at [[Nagara, Karnataka|Bidnur]], conquered the entirety of Tulu Nadu. Shivappa Nayaka utterly defeated the power of the Portuguese in Tulu Nadu. His successor made a treaty with the Portuguese where they could set up unarmed factories in Mangalore and Basrur, but were not to convert the locals. His successor, [[Keladi Chennamma]], is famous for sheltering [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] and fending off [[Aurangzeb]]'s forces. She also put down rebellions of Tuluva chieftains. During this time Arab traders, who were kicked out by the Portuguese, burnt Mangalore and other trade towns. In 1714, due to trade disputes, the Portuguese bombarded Mangalore and defeated the ruler Basavappa Nayaka I, who promised to ban Arab traders from entering. From 1757 to 1763, while Queen Veerammaji was looking after the kingdom, the [[Ali Raja]] of Kannur along with Maratha followers led a devastating raid into the district. They plundered Manjeshwar and took a large booty from the Kollur Mookambika temple.<ref name=":1" />

=== Mysore rule ===
Due to this unrest, [[Hyder Ali]] was able to sack Bidnur in 1763 and annex Tulu Nadu the same year. He conquered Mangaluru, and set a governor Latif Ali Baig. This threatened English shipping in the Arabian Sea, so during the [[First Anglo-Mysore War|First Anglo Mysore War]] in 1766 Company soldiers from Bombay conquered Mangaluru. However, as soon as he heard the news of the capture of Bengaluru, [[Tipu Sultan]] made a lightning attack on Mangalore and forced the British to retreat only a week after they captured Mangalore. Hyder Ali then confiscated all Portuguese holdings in the region due to their support for the English. In 1770, Hyder Ali made a treaty with the British allowing for rice to be supplied from Mangalore to Bombay. The next year, he gave Portuguese some privileges back such as the ability to evangelize. However, in 1776, Hyder Ali revoked all these privileges, ejected the Portuguese from Mangaluru and built up a large navy in the region.<ref name=":1" />

During the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] starting in 1781 the British quickly took over most of Tulunadu, as well as Bidnur, due to the treachery of the fort's guardian Iyaz Khan. In March 1783, however, they were forced to capitulate the fort. Tippu also sent a large force to besiege Mangaluru, and after two months took the fort. Tippu's rule was harsh for the local chiefs, who he executed and dispossessed due to their perceived collaboration with the English.<ref name=":1" />

=== British Raj and early resistance ===
During the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, the British returned the lands to their feudal chiefs. After Tippu's defeat, the British gave the Raja of [[Coorg State|Coorg]] several maganes which had been taken from him by Hyder Ali and set up their administration, with Thomas Munro the first Collector of Kanara. However Vittala Hegde, who had fled when Tippu campaigned in Tulunadu and returned at the start of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, began to develop an armed following to retake his lands. His ally Subba Rao attacked the Tehsildar of Kadaba, but was defeated by a British ally, Kumara Hegde. In July 1800, the British pursued the last remnants of Vittala Hedge's army into Shishila Ghat, where they were defeated and many of the chief rebels were arrested.<ref name=":1" />

At this time, the district was in severe distress due to the many bloody wars waged across it. The British deputed an administrator to study the economic condition of Kanara district, which noted severe deprivation in the south but more commerce further north. The Company then imposed harsh revenue demands on the poor peasants, who were already reeling from depression. The peasants organised themselves and participated in a 'no-tax' campaign, forcing the British to rethink their tax policy on the poor. The British then invaded Coorg when its ruler objected to British interference and took all territory of the state below the Western Ghats, adding it to Kanara district.<ref name=":1" />

In 1837, the British faced the [[Amara Sullia Rebellion|Amara Sullia]] rebellion. After the British had deposed Kalyanaswami, a pretender to the throne of Coorg, he went to [[Bellare, Dakshina Kannada|Bellare]], and gathered a large number of supporters who marched on Puttur. Kalyanaswami defeated two companies of sepoys near Puttur, and Kalyanaswami then marched on Mangalore, causing the British to flee. For two weeks Kalyanaswami held Mangaluru, released prisoners and set the homes of British soldiers alight. When British forces came from Thalassery to Mangalore, his poorly armed forces melted away. Kalyanaswami and other prominent leaders were hanged while others were deported to Singapore.<ref name=":1" />

Before 1860, Dakshina Kannada was part of a district called [[Kanara]], which was under a single administration in the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rangacharya |first=V |title=Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency |url=https://indianhistorybooks.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/inscriptions-of-madras-presidency-vol-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525163945/https://indianhistorybooks.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/inscriptions-of-madras-presidency-vol-2.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> In 1860, the British split the area into [[South Canara]] and [[North Canara]], the former being retained in the Madras Presidency, while the latter was made a part of [[Bombay Presidency]] in 1862.<ref>{{cite news |title=History |volume=14 |page=357 |newspaper=Imperial Gazetteer of India |location=South Kanara |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_363.gif}}</ref> [[Kundapur Taluk]] was earlier included in North Kanara but was later re-included in South Kanara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/11125/3/Chapter%201_1%20-%2045p.pdf |access-date=6 October 2017 |volume=XI}}</ref> South Kanara included present Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Kasaragod districts and the [[Aminidivi]] Islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Template for district gazetteer – Lakshadweep |url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/Districtmapnew.pdf |access-date=5 October 2017 |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Lakshadweep}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rangacharya |first=V |title=Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency |date=9 December 2023 |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfTheMadrasPresidencyVol2 |volume=12}}</ref>

=== Independence movement ===
During the 1920s, several newspapers in the district drew inspiration from the freedom struggle such as ''Tilaka Sandesh'', ''Satyagrahi'' and others. South Kanara participated in the non-cooperation movement led in the district by [[Karnad Sadashiva Rao]]. All independence movements gained significant traction in the district, and Gandhi and Nehru both visited Mangalore during the Freedom struggle. In 1942 large numbers of leaders were jailed in the Quit India movement.<ref name=":1" />

=== Post-independence ===
In 1947 South Kanara joined India as part of Madras State. In 1956, the states were reorganised on linguistic lines. The Malayalam-majority Kasaragod subdivision became a part of Kerala, the Aminidivi Islands were joined with the Laccadive and Minicoy islands in a union territory, while the Tulu and Kannada majority Dakshina Kannada subdivision became a district of [[Mysore State]] in 1956 which later was renamed [[Karnataka]] in 1973.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2019 |title=Regional culture of Karnataka is diverse, unique: DC |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/regional-culture-of-karnataka-is-diverse-unique-dc-772711.html |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=States Reorganization Act 1956 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516123014/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/ |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=1 July 2008 |publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute}}</ref><ref name="kasaragod">{{cite web |last=M |first=Amruth |title=Forest-Agriculture Linkage and its Implications on Forest Management: A study of Delampady panchayat, Kasaragod district, Kerala |url=http://www.cds.ac.in/krpcds/publication/downloads/69.pdf |access-date=6 October 2017 |publisher=Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development Centre for Development Studies}}</ref> The Udupi district was formed from the northern taluks of Dakshina Kannada in 1997.<ref>Patsy Lozupone, Bruce M. Beehler, Sidney Dillon Ripley.(2004).[https://books.google.com/books?id=-jdHAAAAYAAJ&q=South+Kanara+ ''Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent'', p. 82]. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International. {{ISBN|1-881173-85-2}}.</ref> Later, the [[Karnataka]] Government, for the purpose of administration, split the greater Dakshina Kannada district into Udupi and present day Dakshina Kannada districts on 15 August 1997.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter III – Profile of Karnataka state |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/11142/13/13_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=5 October 2017 |publisher=Shodhganga}}</ref> Three taluks of the former district – [[Udupi taluk|Udupi]], [[Karkala taluk|Karkala]] and [[Kundapura taluk|Kundapura]] – formed the new [[Udupi district]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhat |first=N. Shyam |title=South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8170995868}}</ref>

== Administration ==
[[File:Dk-dist-map.png|Map showing the taluks of Dakshina Kannada District|left|thumb]]
The district comprises nine [[List of taluks of Karnataka|talukas]]: [[Mangaluru taluk|Mangaluru]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Sullia]], [[Bantwal]], [[Belthangady]], [[Kadaba]], [[Ullal]]a, [[Mulki, Karnataka|Mulki]] and [[Moodabidri]]. It used to include seven northern talukas ([[Udupi]], [[Kundapur]], [[Karkala]], [[Hebri]], [[Brahmavar]], [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kaup]] and [[Byndoor]]), but these were separated in August 1997 to form [[Udupi district]]. The office where taluk administration is hosted is called "Taluk Kacheri". The Taluk (Taluka or Tehsil) are further divided into Hobli's. Mangaluru, [[Surathkal]], Gurupura and Mulki are Hobli's under Mangaluru taluk. Panemamangalore, Vitla and Bantval are under Bantwal taluk. Puttur and Uppinangady are under Puttur taluk. Belthangadi, Kokkada and Venoor are under Belthangady taluk. Sulya and Panja Hobli's are under Sullia taluk. The newly formed taluks of Moodabidri, Ullala and Kadaba have one Hobli each. The office in which Hoblis function is called "Nada Kacheri". The district has 2 revenue subdivisions, namely Mangaluru and Puttur. Mangaluru subdivision has 5 taluks and Puttur subdivision has 4 taluks.

Important cities and towns in Dakshina Kannada include [[Mangaluru]], [[Surathkal]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Sullia]], [[Bantwal]], [[Vittal (town)|Vittal]], [[Moodabidri]], [[Shirthady]], [[Kinnigoli]], [[Uppinangadi|Uppinangady]], [[Nelliyadi|Nellyadi]], Kadaba, [[Belthangady]], [[Guruvayankere]], [[Venur]], [[Mulki, India|Mulki]], [[Dharmasthala]], [[Ujire]] and [[Subramanya, Karnataka|Subramanya]]. The district is well known for beaches, red clay roof tiles ([[Mangalore tiles]]), cashew nut and its products, banking, education, healthcare and cuisine. [[Mangalore]] being the second largest city of [[Karnataka]] and [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] are the largest and the major cities of Dakshina Kannada.

Dakshina Kannada District has 1 City Corporation (Mangaluru), 2 City Municipal Councils, 3 Town Municipal Councils, and 8 Town Panchayaths.

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,85,304|13=1911|14=5,16,051|15=1921|16=5,46,146|17=1931|18=5,96,400|19=1941|20=6,66,222|21=1951|22=7,55,100|23=1961|24=9,15,039|25=1971|26=11,63,668|27=1981|28=14,28,028|29=1991|30=16,56,165|31=2001|32=18,97,730|33=2011|34=20,89,649|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Dakshina Kannada has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,089,649, of which male and female were 1,034,714 and 1,054,935 respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Dakshina Kannada |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/604/download/2064/DH_2011_2921_PART_A_DCHB_DAKSHINA_KANNADA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[North Macedonia]].<ref>{{cite web|last=US Directorate of Intelligence|title=Country Comparison – Population|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2007|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 220th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert|457|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 9.8%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Dakshina Kannada has a [[sex ratio]] of 1018 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 88.62%. 47.67% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.09% and 3.94% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

The literacy rate of Mangaluru city is 94%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> According to the 2011 Indian Census, the district ranks second in [[per capita income]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Karnataka-Slips-to-Sixth-Spot-in-Per-Capita-Income/2016/03/21/article3338164.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324060434/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Karnataka-Slips-to-Sixth-Spot-in-Per-Capita-Income/2016/03/21/article3338164.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2016|title=Karnataka slips to 6th spot in Per Capita Income|date=20 October 2015|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref> second in [[Human Development Index|HDI]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/HDI-Bengaluru-Urban-DK-Udupi-Top-List/2015/10/20/article3089112.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213184112/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/HDI-Bengaluru-Urban-DK-Udupi-Top-List/2015/10/20/article3089112.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2015|title=HDI: Bengaluru Urban, DK, Udupi top list|date=20 October 2015|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref> first in literacy<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=174610|title=It's official: State's population is 6.10 cr, Dakshina Kannada most literate district|date=24 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=[[Daijiworld]]}}</ref> and third in sex ratio among all districts in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="dkratio">{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=98618|title=Bangalore has Lowest Sex Ratio, DK Highest Literacy Rate in State|date=6 April 2011|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref>

[[Tuluvas]], distributed among the [[Billava]], [[Mogaveera]], [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]], [[Kulala]], [[Tulu Gowda]] and [[Devadiga]] communities, are the largest ethnic group in the district. Of these the Billavas are the most numerous community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_365.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, South Kanara|access-date=4 September 2009|publisher=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> The [[Konkani people]], Brahmins, [[Holeya]]s, the hill-tribes ([[Koraga people|Koragas]]), [[Muslims]], [[Mangalorean Catholics]] and Arebhashe Gowdas comprise rest of the population.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1874840.ece|title=Mangaluru: It has come a long way|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 July 2007}}</ref> The Brahmins belong chiefly to the [[Shivalli Brahmins|Shivalli]], [[Saraswat Brahmin|Saraswat]], [[Havyaka Brahmin|Havyaka]], [[Chitpavan]], [[Daivadnya Brahmin|Daivadnya]] and [[Kota Brahmins|Kota]] sub-sections.<ref name="shodhganga">{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/18567/15/15_chapter%203.pdf|title=Chapter-3 Village: Land, Culture and Ecology|access-date=21 June 2015|publisher=Shodhganga}}</ref>

=== Religion and caste ===

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Dakshina Kannada (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|67.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|24.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|8.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Karnataka|Jainism]]|pink|0.50}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.10}}
}}

In Dakshina Kannada, Hindus form the majority, while Muslims and Christians form significant minorities. Muslims and Christians have greater presence in urban areas.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
The Beary community forms 90% of Dakshina Kannada's Muslim population. The [[Masjid Zeenath Baksh]], the oldest mosque in the region, was built in 644 CE, only 12 years after the death of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.karnataka.com/mangalore/zeenath-baksh-masjid/ |title=Zeenath Baksh Masjid {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid Mangalore {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid History|date=2 December 2017|work=Karnataka.com |access-date=29 October 2023|language=en-US}}</ref> Almost all Muslims in Dakshina Kannada are Sunni, following the [[Shafiʽi school|Shafi'i school]] of jurisprudence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bolar|first=Varija|date=2011|title=The Role of Islam in Karantaka|url=https://www.sobiad.org/eJOURNALS/journal_IJSS/arhieves/2011_2/varija_bolar.pdf|journal=International Journal of Social Studies and Humanity Studies|volume=3|issn=1309-8063}}</ref>
The majority of Christians in the district are Catholics, now called the [[Mangalorean Catholics]]. They trace their ancestry to Goa.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2017 |title=Mangalore hosts tenth national meeting of young Catholics |newspaper=The Herald (Malaysian Catholic Weekly) |url=http://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/mangalore-hosts-tenth-national-meeting-of-young-catholics/34287/2 |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref> A minority are Protestants, its followers were converted by missionaries in the late 1800s who established numerous educational institutions.<ref>{{cite book |year=1973 |title=South Kanara District Gazetteer |series=Karnataka State Gazetteer |volume=12 |chapter-url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_3.pdf |chapter=People |publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]]) |access-date=26 October 2008 |ref=sc |archive-date=25 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325022809/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_3.pdf |url-status=dead |page=93}}</ref>

Historically Jainism and Buddhism had a significant presence in the district. Jainism was the traditional religion of the [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] as well as the [[Chowta dynasty (Tulu Nadu)|Chowtas]]. The Chowtas ruled Dakshina Kannada during the Portuguese invasions of the 1500s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/early-tulu-inscription-720316.html|title=Early Tulu inscription discovered in M'luru|date=26 February 2019|access-date=29 October 2023|newspaper=Deccan Herald |last=J A |first=Naina}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/independence-day-2022-when-women-of-karnataka-led-the-way-in-the-struggle-for-independence-1136000.html|title=Independence Day 2022: When women of Karnataka led the way in the struggle for independence |date=14 August 2022|access-date=29 October 2023|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

The caste composition of region in total population is estimated as 18% [[Billava]], 12–14% [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], 11% [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC - ST]], 3–4% [[Mogaveera]], 2% [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s and other castes comprises the remaining 18–20 % of the population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-13 |title=Caste equations may trump Hindutva plank in coastal Karnataka |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/caste-to-play-crucial-role-in-karnataka-polls-billava-community-remains-undecided-101681326981563.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925140349/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/caste-to-play-crucial-role-in-karnataka-polls-billava-community-remains-undecided-101681326981563.html |archive-date=2023-09-25 |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Dakshina Kannada (2011)<ref name="languages" />
|label1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]] |value1 = 48.57 |color1 = deepskyblue
|label2 = [[Beary language|Beary]] |value2 = 16.07 |color2 = limegreen
|label3 = [[Malayalam]] |value3 = 9.97 |color3 = cornflowerblue
|label4 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value4 = 9.91 |color4 = salmon
|label5 = [[Kannada]] |value5 = 9.27 |color5 = darkslateblue
|label6 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value6 = 1.72 |color6 = red
|label7 = [[Urdu]] |value7 = 1.58 |color7 = green
|label8 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value8 = 1.13 |color8 = royalblue
|label9 = [[Hindi]] |value9 = 0.91 |color9 = orange
|label10 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value10 = 0.38 |color10 = steelblue
|label11 = Others |value11 = 0.49 |color11 = grey
}}

[[Tulu language|Tulu]] is the major language of the district and is spoken by 48.6% of the population. It is the oldest language of the district and has a long literary tradition. Tulu has several dialects and sociolects including a Northern dialect near Udupi and Southern dialect centred on Mangalore. It is the majority language in Bantwal, Beltangadi and Puttur taluks. Many have demanded the language's inclusion in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. [[Beary language|Beary]] is the next largest language, spoken by 22.4% of the population, and is spoken by the Muslim community who were traditionally traders. Although in origin related to [[Malayalam]], it has undergone significant influence from Tulu as well as [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and the languages of other foreign traders. It is not recognized as a language in the census. [[Konkani language|Konkani]] is the 3rd largest language, spoken by 9.9% of the population. The dialect of Konkani here has strong influence from Tulu and Kannada. [[Kannada language|Kannada]], even though the official language of the state, is only spoken by 9.3% of the population here. There are many dialects of Kannada spoken, some of which are [[Arebhashe dialect|Are Bhashe]], spoken by [[Tulu Gowda|Gowdas]], and [[Havigannada dialect|Havigannada]], spoken by the [[Havyaka Brahmins|Havyaka Brahmin]] community. [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] is 3.6% spoken by [[Maniyani (caste)|Maniyani]] (Yadava) and [[Chakkala Nair|Vaniya]] community mainly in regions bordering Kerala. [[Deccani language|Deccani Urdu]] is spoken by 1.6% mainly seen in Mangalore city and Moodabidri. [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] are also spoken by very small minorities.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> [[Koraga language|Koraga]] is an indigenous tribal language still spoken by some individuals in the district.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/in-mangaluru-its-private-buses-all-the-way/article26240748.ece|title=In Mangaluru, it's private buses all the way|date=11 February 2019|access-date=14 December 2019|newspaper=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>

== Education and research ==
[[File:St. Aloysius college.jpg|thumb|[[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius College, Mangalore]]|left]]
In Dakshina Kannada, primary and secondary education have reached every section of the society. Some of them are St Agnes [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] school, St Theresa [[Central Board of Secondary Education|ICSE]] School and St Aloysius School, Vivekananda college,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educareonline.in/kardist/dakshinakannada.html|title=Educare Online – Colleges in Dakshina Kannada|access-date=7 February 2016|publisher=Educare Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213914/http://www.educareonline.in/kardist/dakshinakannada.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/dakshina-kannada-pips-udupi-to-top-in-pu-performance/article5992466.ece|title=Dakshina Kannada pips Udupi to top in PU performance|access-date=6 October 2017|date=9 May 2014|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> A host of educational institutes offering courses in [[Medicine]], [[Engineering]], [[Pharmacy]], [[Nursing]], Hotel and Catering, Law and Management are in this district.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A brief history of scientific technology, research and educational progress of South Kanara|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|last1=Madhyastha|first1=M N |last2=Rahman|first2=M Abdul |last3=Kaveriappa|first3=K M|volume=17|issue=2|pages=260–267|year=1982}}</ref>

Dakshina Kannada is home to the [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka]] (NITK) [[Surathkal]], one of India's top engineering colleges.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/slideshow/techcolleges/Indias-10-top-engineering-colleges/itslideshowviewall/12003525.cms|title=India's 10 top Engineering colleges|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 February 2012}}</ref> The [[College of Fisheries]] is located at Yekkur near [[Kankanady]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kvafsu.kar.nic.in/College%20of%20Fisheries.htm|date=31 August 2006|title=College of Fisheries, Mangaluru|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fishereies University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004205650/http://www.kvafsu.kar.nic.in/college%20of%20fisheries.htm|archive-date=4 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cofmangalore.org/|title=College of Fisheries, Mangalore|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fishereies University|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202063953/http://cofmangalore.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mangalore University]] is a public university in [[Konaje]] near [[Mangaluru]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/mangalore-university-to-promote-rainwater-harvesting/article27942910.ece|title=Mangalore University to promote rainwater harvesting |newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=14 June 2019|access-date=14 December 2019|last=Vinayak|first=AJ}}</ref> It has jurisdiction over the districts of Dakshina Kannada, [[Udupi district|Udupi]] and [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090811840300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011010403/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090811840300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2004|title=Mangalore University all set to celebrate jubilee|date=8 September 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>

The district is home to research institutes such as the Directorate of Cashew Research at [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cashew.res.in/|title=ICAR: Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur, Karnataka|work=DCR|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603044820/http://www.cashew.res.in/|archive-date=3 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Central Plantation Crops Research Institute is in [[Vitla]] in the [[Bantwal]] taluk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcri.gov.in/|title=ICAR: Central Plantation Crops Research Institute|work=ICAR|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>[[File:NITK mangalore.jpg|thumb|[[NITK Surathkal]]]]The engineering colleges in the district include [[St. Joseph Engineering College]], [[KVG College of Engineering]], [[Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering]], [[Canara Engineering College]], [[P A College of Engineering]], [[Srinivas Group of College|Srinivas Institute of Technology]], Srinivas School of Engineering, Vivekananda College of Engineering & Technology, Shree Devi Institute of Technology, Alvas Institute of Engineering & Technology, Karavali Institute of Technology, Sahyadri College of Engineering and Management, Yenepoya Institute of Technology, [[AJ Institute of Engineering and Technology|A J Institute of Engineering and Technology]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=446876|title=Mangaluru: A J Institute of Engineering and Technology observes Cultural Day|date=11 April 2017|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> [[SDM College, Ujire|SDM Institute of Technology]], [[Bearys Institute of Technology]] and Prasanna College of Engineering & Technology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/colleges-around-mangalore-join-hands-for-campus-placements/article2911958.ece|title=Colleges around Mangalore join hands for Campus Placements|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=6 October 2017|last=Phadnis|first=Renuka|date=20 February 2012}}</ref>

The medical colleges in the district include [[A J Institute of Medical Science]], [[Father Muller Medical College]], [[KS Hegde Medical Academy]], [[Kasturba Medical College]], [[Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre]], [[Yenepoya University|Yenepoya Medical College]] & Research Institute, G R Medical College and KVG Medical College. [[Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore]], A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, A J Institute of Dental Sciences, [[Yenepoya University|Yenepoya Dental College]] & Research Institute and Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences are some of the dental colleges.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/dakshina-kannada-to-get-five-hospitals/article1807665.ece|title=Dakshina Kannada to get five hospitals|date=8 March 2007|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The District is also home to [[Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health]], which is the only specialized institute for public health academics, training and research in the district.

The Degree colleges in the district include [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius (Deemed University)]], [[St. Agnes College (Mangalore)|St Agnes College (Autonomous)]], SDM College, [[Canara College]], Besant College, Govinda Dasa College etc

== Cultures, traditions and rituals ==
[[File:Mangaluru tiles Home.jpg|thumb|left|Traditional house in Puttur]]Most people of this district follow traditional traditions, customs and rituals.<ref name="shodhganga" /> The district has many temples of Hindu gods and goddesses, which are ancient and have deep spiritualism attached to them. The people of Dakshina Kannada worship the Serpent God [[Murukan|Subramanya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/hundreds-of-devotees-throng-shiva-temples-in-dakshina-kannada/article361754.ece|title=Hundreds of devotees throng Shiva temples in Dakshina Kannada|access-date=5 October 2017|date=24 February 2009|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> According to legend, the district was reclaimed by [[Parashurama]] from the sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icicihfc.com/property_pdfs/manglore-report.pdf|title=History of Mangalore|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=ICICI|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105021/http://www.icicihfc.com/property_pdfs/manglore-report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the 17th-century [[Malayalam]] work ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', the lands of [[Kerala]] and [[Tulu Nadu]] were recovered from the sea by the axe-wielding warrior sage [[Parasurama]], the sixth [[Daśāvatāra|avatar]] of [[Vishnu]] (hence, Kerala is also called ''Parasurama Kshetram'' 'The Land of Parasurama'<ref>S.C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava (2006) "Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Volume 14.", p. 18</ref>). Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached.[[File:Yakshagana.jpg|thumb|right|Yakshagana artists]]

According to legend, this new area of land extended from [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] to [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Aiya VN |title=The Travancore State Manual |publisher=Travancore Government Press |pages=210–12 |year=1906 |access-date=12 November 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdzaPW-kEvQC}}</ref> The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parasurama invoked the Snake King [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]], who spat holy poison and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]] theorised, that [[Senguttuvan]] may have been inspired by the [[Parasurama]] legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=History of the Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. |last=Srinivisa Iyengar |first=P. T. |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1929 |isbn=978-8120601451 |location=Madras |page=515}}</ref> ''[[Nagaradhane]]'' or ''snake worship'' is practiced according to the popular belief of the ''[[Nāga|Naga Devatha]]'' to go underground and guard the species on the top.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=50662|title=Nagarapanchami Naadige Doddadu|access-date=28 January 2008|newspaper=Mangalorean.Com|last=Bhat|first=RK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209025322/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=50662|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2012 }}</ref> Rituals such as [[Buta Kola|Bhuta Kola]] are performed to satisfy the spirits. [[Kambala]], a form of buffalo race on muddy track in the paddy field is organised in 16 sites across the district.<ref>A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume – K. K. Kusuman – Mittal Publications, 1990 – p. 127-128"[https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&q=cock&pg=PA128]"</ref> [[cockfighting|Cock fight]] (Kori Katta in Tulu) is another pastime of the rural agrarian people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/09/stories/2006120901650100.htm|title=Colours of the season|access-date=9 July 2008|date=9 December 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240525225817/https://www.webcitation.org/67GsuDUce?url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/09/stories/2006120901650100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>[[File:Jumma mazjid, Zinad Baksh, Bunder, Mangalore-2.jpg|thumb|[[Masjid Zeenath Baksh]] is one of the oldest Masjids in the Indian subcontinent built around 644 AD|left]] [[Yakshagana]] is the popular folk art of this district.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/yakshagana-sapthaha-to-begin-at-ujire-from-monday/article7216447.ece|title=Yakshagana sapthaha to begin at Ujire from Monday|access-date=6 October 2017|date=17 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[Yakshagana]] is a night-long dance and drama performance practiced in Tulu Nadu with great fanfare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/07_folktheatre/karnataka/Yakshagana/yakshagana.html|title=Yakshagana|access-date=7 December 2007|publisher=SZCC, Tamil Nadu.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817224137/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/07_folktheatre/karnataka/Yakshagana/yakshagana.html|archive-date=17 August 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Plunkett|first=Richard|title=South India|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2001|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmL9KqczbRYC&q=yakshagana+unique&pg=PA53|isbn=1-86450-161-8}}{{dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Hulivesha|Pilivesha]] (literally, tiger dance) is a unique form of folk dance in the region fascinating the young and the old alike, which is performed during [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] and [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Human-tigers-face-threat-to-health/articleshow/354160109.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-26/bangalore/27235282_1_tigers-pai-skin|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|date=26 October 2001|title=Human 'tigers' face threat to health|access-date=6 October 2017|agency=TNN|first=Stanley G|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|last=Pinto}}</ref> Karadi Vesha (literally, bear dance) is another popular dance performed during [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]].<ref name="DAIJI">{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726|title=What's in a Name?|access-date=4 March 2008|last=D'Souza|first=Stephen|newspaper=Daijiworld|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305003349/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726|archive-date=5 March 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/2259/598/1/530-542.pdf|title=Tourism potentialities of Dakshina Kannada – A study with reference to Mangalore|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-date=27 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127165450/http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/2259/598/1/530-542.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The people of Dakshina Kannada also celebrate traditional Hindu festivals like [[Vishu|Bisu]], Yugadi ([[Ugadi]]), [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Ganesha Chaturthi]], [[Navaratri]] ([[Navratri|Dasara]]), [[Deepavali]], [[Aati kalenja|Aati]] Hunime, etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/250504/a-saga-glorious-tulu-calender.html|title=A saga of glorious Tulu calendar|date=18 May 2012|access-date=14 December 2019|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/vishu-festival-sets-in-on-traditional-note-in-uae|title=Vishu festival sets in on traditional note in UAE|date=14 April 2016|access-date=14 December 2019|newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref>

According to [[Malabar Muslims|Kerala Muslim]] tradition, the [[Masjid Zeenath Baksh]] at [[Mangaluru]] is one of the [[Islam in India|oldest mosques]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.karnataka.com/mangalore/zeenath-baksh-masjid/|title=Zeenath Baksh Masjid {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid Mangalore {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid History|date=2017-12-02|work=Karnataka.com|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who left from [[Dharmadom]] to [[Mecca]] and converted to [[Islam]] during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=978-0-7656-0104-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], Panthalayani ([[Koyilandy]]), and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> Two of them, Mangalore and [[Barkur]] lie in [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref name="ch" />

The 16th century work ''[[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]'' written by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] appears to be the first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangalore. It is written in [[Arabic]] and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of [[Kunjali Marakkar]] alongside the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]] from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize [[Tulu Nadu]] and [[Malabar coast]].<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011">A. Sreedhara Menon. ''Kerala History and its Makers''. D C Books (2011)</ref><ref name="frontline.in">A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala.
Books [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Roland E. Miller.
''Mappila Muslim Culture'' SUNY Press, 2015</ref>

== Transport ==
[[File:Mangalore Airport airside.jpg|thumb|[[Jet Airways]] at the [[Mangaluru Airport|Mangalore International Airport]]]]
The district is connected by air through the [[Mangaluru Airport|Mangalore International Airport]] at [[Bajpe]]. Airlines such as [[Air India]], [[SpiceJet]] and [[IndiGo]] offer daily flights to national and international destinations near the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airports Authority of India |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/mangalore_generalinfo.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108152634/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/mangalore_generalinfo.jsp |archive-date=8 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2015 |publisher=Airports Authority of India}}</ref>

Bus services in this district are run by private players namely [[Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association]] (DKBOA)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Dakshina-Kannada-Bus-Operators-Association-DKBOA-has-entered-the-world-wide-web-with-www-mangalorecitybus-com-/articleshow/32851756.cms|title=Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA) has entered the world wide web|access-date=10 March 2019|date=28 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|last=Shenoy|first=Jaideep}}</ref> and the state-run [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Wheels-of-change-turn-Karnataka-State-Road-Transport-Corporation-into-a-winner/articleshow/15085055.cms|title=Wheels of change turn Karnataka State Transport Corporation into winner|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|last=Ray|first=Aparajita}}</ref> The district had public limited (public listed) companies running transport business even before the independence of India in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canarasprings.in/?page_id=296|title=The Beginning|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=canarasprings.in|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502001625/http://www.canarasprings.in/?page_id=296|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The district has five national highways connecting parts of Karnataka and India. [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]] connects the district with [[Udupi]], [[Karwar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Goa]], [[Kannur]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/4-lane-nh-17-will-enable-high-speeds-between-80-100kmph/articleshow/57320273.cms|title=4-lane NH 17 will enable high speeds between 80-100kmph|access-date=20 October 2017|date=24 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|last=Malkarnekar|first=Gauree}}</ref> [[National Highway 169 (India)|NH-169]] connects [[Shimoga]] with Dakshina Kannada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/govt-looks-to-widen-three-nh-stretches/article6185337.ece|title=Govt. looks to widen three NH stretches|access-date=20 October 2017|date=7 July 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|last=Kamila|first=Raviprasad}}</ref> [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH-75]] connects the district with [[Vellore]], [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Kunigal]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] and [[Sakleshpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf|title=NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI|access-date=4 July 2008|publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[National Highway 73 (India)|NH-73]] connects Mangalore to [[Tumkur]] via [[Charmadi]], [[Mudigere]], [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] and [[Tiptur]]. Major ghat sections in Dakshina Kannada include [[Shiradi]] Ghat ([[Nelliyadi|Nelyadi]] to [[Sakleshpura]]), Charmadi Ghat ([[Charmadi]] to [[Kottigehara]]), Sampaje Ghat ([[Sampaje]] to [[Madikeri]]) and [[Bisle]] Ghat (Subramanya to [[Sakleshpura]], popularly known as [[Green Route]] by [[Backpacking (wilderness)|trekkers]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/shiradi-ghat-may-get-a-fourlane-concrete-road/article6593904.ece|title=Shiradi Ghat may get a four-lane concrete road|last=Rao|first=Mohit M.|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 November 2014}}</ref> [[National Highway 275 (India)|NH-275]] also connects Mangalore with Bengaluru via Mysore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangaloremysore-highway-to-be-upgraded-to-sixlane-on-ppp-basis/article6043414.ece|title=Bangalore-Mysore highway to be upgraded to six-lane on PPP basis|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It starts at [[Bantwal]] near [[Mangalore]] city and passes through [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Madikeri]], [[Hunsur]], [[Mysore]], [[Mandya]] and [[Channapatna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp#dsh|title=Details Of State Highways|work=[[Karnataka PWD]]|access-date=19 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502055107/http://www.kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp#dsh|archive-date=2 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> It ends at Bengaluru spanning a length of {{convert|378|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://krdcl.in/html/District_Details/Mysore/Mysore_details.html|title=WIDENING & IMPROVEMENTS TO MYSORE BANTWAL ROAD (SH 88)|work=KRDCL|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-date=28 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128035614/http://www.krdcl.in/html/District_Details/Mysore/Mysore_details.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| border=1 align=center style="border-collapse:collapse"
|+ '''Highways passing through Dakshina Kannada'''
! style="background:#7AC5CD; width:10%" |
Highway
! style="background:#7AC5CD; width:12%;" |
Starting Point
! style="background:#7AC5CD; width:15%;" |
Ending Point
|-
| align="center" style="height:50px" | '''[[National Highway 17 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 66 (previously NH 17)]]'''
| align="center" style="height:50px" |[[Panvel]], Maharashtra
| align="center" style="height:50px" | [[Kanyakumari]], Tamil Nadu
|-
| align="center" style="background:lemonchiffon;height:50px" | '''[[National Highway 48 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 75 (previously NH 48)]]'''
| align="center" style="background:lemonchiffon;height:50px" |[[Mangaluru]]
| align="center" style="background:lemonchiffon;height:50px" | [[Vellore]], Tamil Nadu
|-
| align="center" style="height:50px" | '''[[National Highway 275 (India)|National Highway 275]]'''
| align="center" style="height:50px" |[[Mangaluru]]
| align="center" style="height:50px" | [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| align="center" style="background:lemonchiffon;height:50px" | '''[[National Highway 169 (India)|National Highway 169 (previously NH 13)]]'''
| align="center" style="background:lemonchiffon;height:50px" |[[Mangaluru]]
| align="center" style="background:lemonchiffon;height:50px" | [[Shimoga]]
|-
| align="center" style="height:50px" | '''[[National Highway 73 (India)|National Highway 73]]'''
| align="center" style="height:50px" |[[Mangaluru]]
| align="center" style="height:50px" | [[Tumkur]]
|}

In 1907, the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] connected Mangalore with [[Kozhikode|Calicut (Kozhikode)]] along the coastline.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/railways-cross-a-milestone/article748488.ece|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|title=Railways cross a milestone|access-date=6 October 2017|date=12 April 2010|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> This railway line helped connect the district with other places of the Madras presidency during the [[Colonial India|colonial rule]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12705/10/10_chapter%202.pdf|title=Chapter II: Origin and Development of Southern Railway|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=Shodhganga}}</ref> The [[Konkan Railway]] (1998) connects Dakshina Kannada with [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Kerala]] by train.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/Transport/lowcarbon/Pdf's/ImpactAssessment.pdf|title=A case study of Konkan Railways|access-date=25 May 2015|publisher=UNEP – IIM Ahmedabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130737/http://www.unep.org/Transport/lowcarbon/Pdf's/ImpactAssessment.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There are direct trains from [[Mangaluru]] to [[Mumbai]], [[Thane]], [[Chennai]], [[Margao]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2387166.ece|title=Southern Railway to operate special trains|date=23 August 2011|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Train services operate daily to Bengaluru via Hassan and [[Kukke Subramanya]] after the conversion from [[metre gauge]] to [[broad gauge]] track.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/24/stories/2007112461660400.htm|date=24 November 2007|title=Bangalore-Mangalore train service from December 8|access-date=2 October 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029232050/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/24/stories/2007112461660400.htm|archive-date=29 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mangaluru Central (MAQ), Mangaluru Junction(MAJN), [[Surathkal railway station]](SL), Subrahmanya Road railway station are few prominent railway stations in the district of Dakshina Kannada (South Kanara).

The Dakshina Kannada district has a [[seaport]] at [[Panambur]] named [[New Mangalore Port]]. The seaport managed by New Mangalore Port Trust handles cargo, timber, petroleum and coffee exports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newmangalore-port.com/default.asp?channelid=2759&city=PORT|title=New Mangalore Port Trust (NMPT)|work=[[New Mangalore Port]]|access-date=13 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523214855/http://www.newmangalore-port.com/default.asp?city=PORT&channelid=2759|archive-date=23 May 2006|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It is one of the [[Ports in India|major seaports]] of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3984/8/08_chapter%201.pdf|title=Chapter 1 – Economic development through ports|publisher=Shodhganga|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>

== Historic sites and tourism ==
<gallery widths="205">
File:Dharmasthala Temple.jpg|Sri Manjunatha Temple at [[Dharmasthala]]
File:Kukke Subramanya Swami.jpg|[[Kukke Subramanya]] Temple
File:Kateel Durga Parameshwari 0145.JPG|Shree Durgaparameshwari Temple Kateel
File:Dasara Navaratri decorations Kudroli Temple Mangalore Karnataka.jpg|[[Gokarnanatheshwara Temple|Kudroli Temple]] in Mangaluru
File:Mangaladevi temple 1.jpg|Mangaladevi Temple
File:St Aloysius College Admin block.jpg|St Aloysius College
</gallery>
The following are historic places to visit in Dakshina Kannada:<ref name=pppinindia /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mangalore.adseva.in/dakshina-kannada-tourism|title=Tourism in Dakshina Kannada District|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222124958/http://mangalore.adseva.in/dakshina-kannada-tourism|archive-date=22 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Mangaladevi Temple]]: Mangalore was named after the Hindu deity Mangaladevi.
* [[Venur]]: Monolithic [[Venur#Bahubali Statue|Bahubali statue]].
* [[Kadri, Mangalore|Kadri]]: Temple of [[Kadri Manjunath Temple|Lord Sri Manjunatha]].
* [http://www.amrutheshwaratemple.in/ Shree Amrutheshwara Temple], Vamanjoor: Temple of [[Lord Shiva]].
* [[Moodabidri]]: Site of the ancient Jain temples and the [[Bhattaraka]] seat.
* [[Krishnapura matha]]: One of the matha (monastery) belonging to [[ashta matha]] of Udupi.
* [[Dharmasthala]]: The temple of Lord [[Dharmasthala Temple|Sri Manjunatheshwara]] is here.
* [[Kateel]]: Temple of Goddess Sri Durga Parameshwari.
* Kadeshivalaya: Kadeshivalaya temple at Bantwal
* [[Carstreet]]: Sri Kalikamba Vinayaka Temple [[Mangaluru]].
* [[Kudroli]]: Gokarnanatheshwars Temple.
* [[Mundkur]]: Sri Durga Parameshwari Temple.
* [[Karinjeshwara Temple]]: Temple of Lord Shiva Parvati on a huge rock.
* [[Ullal]]: Known for the Ullal beach and Someshwara beach.<ref name="tourism-pot">{{cite web|url=http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/2259/598/1/530-542.pdf|title=Tourism potentialities of Dakshina Kannada – A study with reference to Mangalore|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-date=27 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127165450/http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/2259/598/1/530-542.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Kukke Subramanya]]: Temple of the serpent Lord Subramanya is here.
* [[Mulki, India|Mulki]]: Durgaparameshwari Temple.
*Kemral, Mulki, Suragiri Mahalingeshwara Temple .
* [[St Aloysius Chapel]], Mangaluru.<ref name="tourism-pot" />
* [[Milagres Church (Mangalore)|Milagres Church]], Mangaluru<ref name="tourism-pot" />
* Sayyed Madani Mosque and Dargah, [[Ullal]].<ref name="tourism-pot" />
* [[Sultan Battery (Mangalore)|Sultan Battery]], Mangaluru<ref name="tourism-pot" />
* [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]: Temple of Lord Sri Mahalingeshwara is here.
* [[Uppinangadi]]: Sahasralingeshwara temple.
* Kepu, Ananthadi, Balnadu: Known for goddess Ullalthi temple and its unique heritage.<ref name="tourism-pot" />
* Puttur karavadtha valiyullahi darga shareef
* Somanatheswar Temple: Someshwara, [[Ullal]].
* Summer Sand Beach Resort at [[Ullal]].<ref name="tourism-pot" />
* [[Pilikula Nisargadhama]]: Pilikula, Moodushedde, Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/new-arrivals-at-pilikula-botanical-museum/article7128558.ece |title= New arrivals at Pilikula Botanical Museum|access-date=6 October 2017|date=22 April 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|last=Kamila|first=Raviprasad}}</ref>
* [[Kudupu]] temple: Kudupu, Mangaluru.<ref name="tourism-pot" />
*[[Shri Rajarajeshwari Temple]] Polali: Temple of Shri Rajarajeshwari.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/home-minister-appreciates-polali-temples-heritage/articleshow/68338419.cms |title=Home minister appreciates Polali Temple's heritage |access-date=10 March 2019 |date=10 March 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Kumbladi Balasubrahmanya.<ref name="tourism-pot" />
* Charvaka Kapileshwara Devasthaana.<ref name="tourism-pot" />
* Shri Kshetra Daipila.<ref name="tourism-pot" />
* Masjidu Thaqwa Pumpwell Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=43286&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Newly+Constructed+%27Takwa+Masjid%27+Inaugurated+at+Pumpwell|title=Mangalore: Newly Constructed 'Takwa Masjid' Inaugurated at Pumpwell|date=7 February 2008|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>
* Bellye Palli (Big Masjid) Bunder Mangaluru.<ref name="tourism-pot" />
* Manjusha Car Museum, Dharmastala
* [[Srimanthi Bhai Memorial Government Museum]]
* [[Southadka|Sawthadka Shri Mahaganapathi Temple]].
* Mulki - Bappanadu Sri Durga Parameshwari Temple

;Nearby hill stations
Some of the hill stations in close proximity to this district corresponding to their elevation above sea level are [[Kudremukh]] peak {{convert|1894|m|abbr=on}}, [[Pushpagiri (mountain)|Pushpagiri]] {{convert|1712|m|abbr=on}}, [[Madikeri]] {{convert|1150|m|abbr=on}}, [[Mudigere]] {{convert|970|m|abbr=on}} and [[Sakleshpur]] {{convert|956|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Madikeri.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Madikeri, India |website=www.fallingrain.com |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/mudigere_karnataka_india.496751.html |title=Elevation of Mudigere, Karnataka, India |access-date=26 January 2021 |publisher=World Elevation Map Finder}}</ref>

== Agriculture ==
[[File:Rice-paddy-cult-mangalore-thulunad-india.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paddy field|Paddy]] cultivation in Dakshina Kannada]]
[[File:Arecanuttrees.jpg|thumb|right|[[Arecanut]] plantation of rural Dakshina Kannada]]
[[Agriculture]], which was once a major occupation of the people of Dakshina Kannada, has taken a backseat because of the influx of money from natives settled in other cities, states and countries.<ref name=agri1>{{cite web|url=http://agricoop.nic.in/Agriculture%20contingency%20Plan/KTK/KAR13-DAKSHINA%20KANNADA%2031.03.2011.pdf|title=Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: DAKSHINA KANNADA|access-date=31 January 2015|publisher=Agricoop|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201112953/http://agricoop.nic.in/Agriculture%20contingency%20Plan/KTK/KAR13-DAKSHINA%20KANNADA%2031.03.2011.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Significant number of people from this district work in the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] ([[Middle East]]) countries and other states of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://provglo.org/sites/default/files/ProGlo_Research_Report_6_Kalyanaraman_and_Koskimaki_Dakshina_Kannada_in_the_Gulf_0.pdf|title=Dakshina Kannada in the Gulf – Research Report No. 6|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=ProGlo|last1=Kalyanaraman|first1=Jananie|last2=Koskimaki|first2=Leah|date=January 2013}}</ref> [[Farm]]s and fields have been converted into residential plots and commercial (shopping) complexes around Mangalore city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Agriculture-festival-to-look-at-revival-of-paddy-farming-in-Dakshina-Kannada/articleshow/45920992.cms|title=Agricultute festival to look at revival of paddy farming in Dakshina Kannada|access-date=6 October 2017|date=17 January 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|last=Shenoy|first=Jaideep}}</ref> [[Horticulture]], though, has made some strides, and measures have been taken to improve the fruit plantation sector.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/clusters-formed-in-dakshina-kannada-to-promote-fruit-plantation-crops/article4030427.ece|title=Clusters formed in Dakshina Kannada to promote fruit plantation crops|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The main crops of Dakshina Kannada are [[rice|Paddy]], [[Coconut]], [[Arecanut]], [[Black Pepper]], [[Cashew]] and [[Cocoa bean|Cocoa]]. Rice is generally cultivated three seasons in a year, ''Karthika'' or ''Yenel'' (May–October), ''Suggi'' (October to January) and ''Kolake'' (January to April).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_368|title=South Kanara|access-date=4 September 2006|publisher=Digital South Asia Library (DSAL)}}</ref> ''[[Urad (bean)|Urad]]'' (Black gram) is grown in some areas during the season of Suggi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/25483/10/10_chapter_03.pdf|title=Chapter 3 – Profile of the study area: Coastal Karnataka|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> The [[Karnataka Milk Federation]] has a milk processing plant at [[Kulshekar]] in [[Mangaluru]]. This plant processes milk procured from the [[cattle]] owned by farmers of the district.<ref name=agri1 />

== Cuisine ==
{{Main|Mangalorean cuisine}}
[[File:Sweet2008.jpg|thumb|right|Malpuri, a sweet from Dakshina Kannada]]
Some of the well-known [[Tuluva]] community dishes in this district include [[Kori Rotti]] (dry rice flakes dipped in chicken gravy), Bangude Pulimunchi (spicy sour silver-grey mackerels), Beeja-Manoli Upkari, [[Neer dosa]], Boothai Gasi and Kadubu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/go-for-the-mangalore-diet/article28209933.ece|title=Go for the Mangalore diet|access-date=5 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 October 2005|last=Prashanth|first=G.N.}}</ref> In [[Coastal Karnataka]], the Mangalorean Fish Curry is a popular dish.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mangalore-fish-curry/article2498790.ece|title=Mangalore Fish Curry|access-date=25 May 2015|date=30 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|last=Arumugam|first=R}}</ref> The Konkani community's specialties include Daali thoy, Bibbe-upkari (cashew based), Val val, Avnas ambe sasam, Kadgi chakko, Paagila podi, Malpuri, [[Patrode]] and Chane gashi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/konkani-recipes-delight-visitors-at-festival/article4129152.ece|title=Konkani recipes delight visitors at festival|access-date=5 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 November 2012}}</ref> [[Mangalore bajji]], also known as Golibaje, is a popular snack made from [[maida flour|maida]], [[curd]], [[rice flour]], chopped [[onion]], [[coriander]] leaves, [[coconut]], [[cumin]], green [[chile pepper|chillies]], and [[salt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/dosas-at-indra-bhavan-have-retained-the-taste/article3298872.ece|title=Dosas at Indra Bhavan have retained the taste|last=M.|first=Raghava|access-date=6 October 2017|date=10 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Tulu people|Tulu]] vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known as [[Udupi cuisine]], is known and liked throughout the state and the coastal region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/election/2004/may/05udupi.htm|title=In Udupi, food is the greatest binder|access-date=6 October 2017|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=5 May 2004|last=Phadnis|first=Aditi}}</ref> Being a coastal district, fish forms the staple diet of most people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm|title=Typically home|access-date=5 May 2015|date=11 August 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043142/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

The [[Beary]] community have their own unique dishes. ''Pattir'', ''Pole'', ''Pulchepole'', ''Kalthappa'', ''Aapa'', ''Neyyappa'', ''Neypathir'', ''Irmandappa'', ''Pindi'', ''Erchi pindi'', ''Kunji pindi'', and ''Vodupole'' are some of the traditional breakfasts and are primarily made from rice. Various dishes made from fresh or dried fish are also extensively consumed. Molavtanni made from lentils or sprouted pulses is the traditional soup usually eaten along with rice. Kakka is the traditional gravy made from fish, chicken, egg or mutton. Like in other coastal cuisine, coconut and its products form integral part of the Beary cuisine.

Mangalorean Catholics' Sanna-Dukra Maas ("Sanna" means [[Idli]] fluffed with toddy or yeast and "Dukra Maas" means [[Pork]]) Pork Bafat and [[Sorpotel]] .<ref name="catholic-recipe">{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/appetizer/dukra-maas-a-savory-mangalorean-catholic-sunday-ritual|title=Dukra maas: a savory Mangalorean Catholic Sunday ritual|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=National Post}}</ref><ref name=biryani>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ramadan-flavours-fill-mangalore-streets/article4907745.ece|title=Ramadan flavors fill Mangalorestreets|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2012}}</ref> Pickles such as [[Papadum|Happala]], Sandige and Puli munchi are unique to Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726|title=What's in a Name?|access-date=4 March 2008|last=D'Souza|first=Stephen|publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd. Mangalore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305003349/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726|archive-date=5 March 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Commerce and industry ==
[[File:Vijaya bank Regional office Mangaluru.jpg|thumb|right|Vijaya Bank Founders Branch in Mangaluru city]]
[[File:Camco Puttur.jpg|thumb|left|Campco office at Puttur]]
[[File:Two men in a boat.jpg|thumb|left|Fishermen at Sasihitlu in Dakshina Kannada]]
The district along with Udupi district is known as "The Cradle of Indian banking".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gktoday.in/brief-history-of-banking-in-india-2/|title=Brief history of banking in India|access-date=6 October 2017|date=28 January 2017|work=GK Today}}</ref> Major nationalised banks of India such as [[Canara Bank]], [[Corporation Bank]], [[Syndicate Bank]], [[Vijaya Bank]] and private sector [[Karnataka Bank]] evolved from these two districts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gajdhane|first=Amol|url=http://su.digitaluniversity.ac/downloads/9%20_1.pdf|title=The Evolution of Banking in India|journal=Avishkar – Solapur University Research Journal|volume=2|year=2012|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529031223/http://su.digitaluniversity.ac/downloads/9%20_1.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Red clay tiles ([[Mangaluru tiles]]), [[Cashew]] processing factories and [[Beedi]] industry once flourished in this district.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nandi|first1=Arindam|last2=Ashok|first2=Ashvin|last3=Guindon|first3=G Emmanuel|last4=Chaloupka|first4=Frank J|last5=Jha|first5=Prabhat|url=http://www.cghr.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Jha-Estimates-of-the-economic-contributions-of-the-bidi-manufacturing-industry-in-India.pdf|title=Estimates of the economic contributions of the bidi manufacturing industry in India|journal=Tobacco Control|date=29 March 2014|volume=24|issue=4|pages=369–75|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051404|pmid=24789606|s2cid=13815006}}</ref>

Dakshina Kannada district has a per capita income of Rs. {{formatnum:218580}} which is second only to Bengaluru Urban district.<ref name=gsdp>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-urban-tops-state-in-per-capita-income-kalaburagi-last/article8376124.ece|title=Bengaluru Urban tops State in per capita income, Kalaburagi last|date=20 March 2016|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|last=Prabhu|first=Nagesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151020/nation-current-affairs/article/life-indices-bengaluru-dakshina-kannada-udupi-top|title=Life indices: Bengaluru, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi top|date=20 October 2015|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Despite ranking 8th in the list of most populous districts in Karnataka, the district is the second largest contributor to the state's [[Gross domestic product|GSDP]], with a contribution of 5.8%.<ref name=gsdp /> In other words, despite a low population share of 3.4%, the district's share in state GSDP stands at 5.8%.<ref name=gsdp />

As the district is on the shore of the Arabian sea, [[fishing]] is one of the major occupation of many people.<ref name="fishing-occup">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/8-rise-in-fish-catch-in-udupi-dakshina-kannada/article4791726.ece|title=8% rise in fish catch in Udupi, Dakshina Kannada|access-date=5 October 2017|date=7 June 2013|newspaper=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> The major fishing places are Bunder (Old harbour),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/work-on-kulai-fishing-habour-expected-to-comence-soon/articleshow/67965978.cms|title=Work on Kulai fishing habour [sic] expected to comence soon|access-date=14 December 2019|date=13 February 2019|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Panambur]], [[Surathkal]], [[Kotekar]] and Sasihitlu.

The major industries in Dakshina Kannada concentrated around Mangalore are [[Mangalore Chemical and Fertilizers]] Ltd. (MCF), [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd]]. (KIOCL),<ref name="kiocl">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/KIOCL-Mangalore-plant-may-get-iron-ore-from-Iran/articleshow/39633468.cms|date=4 August 2014|title=KIOCL Mangalore plant may get iron ore from Iran|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> The Canara Workshops Limited (manufacturers of Canara Springs), [[Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals]] Ltd. (MRPL), HPCL, BPCL,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Swachh-Bharat-Abhiyan-echoes-on-seashores-too/article14986790.ece|date=18 September 2016|title=Swachh Bharat Abhiyan echoes on seashores too|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[BASF]], TOTAL GAZ, Bharati Shipyard Limited (BSL) etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrpl.co.in/|date=31 January 2015|title=Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited|access-date=6 October 2017|publisher=MRPL}}</ref> There is a chocolate manufacturing plant at Puttur run by [[CAMPCO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.campco.org/index.php/chocolate|date=31 January 2015|title=The CAMPCO Ltd.|access-date=31 January 2015|publisher=[[Campco]]|location=Puttur, Karnataka, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121005404/http://www.campco.org/index.php/chocolate|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Major information technology and outsourcing companies have their facilities in Mangalore namely [[Infosys]], [[Cognizant]], Atlantic Data Bureau Services Pvt. Ltd., Lasersoft infosystems Ltd., [[Mphasis]] BPO and [[Endurance International Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/infosys-begins-work-on-its-second-campus-near-mangalore/article3071028.ece|date=5 September 2006|title=Infosys begins work on its second campus near Mangalore|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Two IT parks have been constructed, one Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP) at [[Ganjimutt]] and a second IT SEZ near [[Mangalore University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/31/stories/2006083118290300.htm|date=31 August 2006|title=Two more plans for EPIP cleared|access-date=29 September 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025134537/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/31/stories/2006083118290300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) plans to set up a multiproduct [[Special Economic Zone|SEZ]] (Special Economic Zone) with an investment of over Rs. 350 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/ONGCs-huge-outlay-for-Mangalore-SEZ/article15728700.ece|date=19 September 2006|title=ONGC's huge outlay for Mangalore SEZ|access-date=6 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Cities ==
* [[Mangaluru]]
* [[Bantwal]]
* [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]
* [[Pudu, Dakshina Kannada|Pudu]]
* [[Sullia]]

== Villages ==


{{cmn|colwidth=20em|
* [[Aramboor]]
* [[Belthangady]]
* [[Dharmasthala]]
* [[Elikkala]]<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 2723700 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_500_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Elikkala with population 500 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-18}}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Kakkinje]]
* [[Kudippady|Kudipady]]
* [[Moodabidri]]
* [[Punjalkatte]]
* [[Shamboor]]
* [[Thokur-62]]
}}

== See also ==
* [[Swami Vivekananda Planetarium]]
* [[U S Mallya Indoor Stadium]]
* [[Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning]] (CEOL)
* [[South Kanara District Chess Association]] (SKDCA)

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
|isbn= 9789839154801}}
* {{Citation
| author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
| title= Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Harold A. Stuart | year=1895
| title= Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1905
| title= Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177471/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1915
| title= Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16591/page/n5/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf
}}
* {{Citation |title=Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951)|last=Rajabhushanam|first=D. S.|publisher=Director of Statistics, Government of Madras|year=1963|location=Madras (Chennai)|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf}}
* Studies in Tuluva History and Culture (1975) by [[P. Gururaja Bhat]], Published by Padur Gururaj Bhat Memorial Trust, Udupi, Reprint year 2014.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Dakshina Kannada district}}
{{Wiktionary|Dakshina Kannada}}
* [https://dk.nic.in/ Official web site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193006/http://www.kar.nic.in/zpdk/ DK Zilla Parishad]

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district| ]]
[[Category:Tulu Nadu]]

K. P. Janaki Ammal

2026-02-05T05:18:19Z

Saurabh pal: further added layout for clarity also per sources

{{short description|Indian politician and women's rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. P. Janaki Ammal
| office = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for Madurai East
| term_start = 1967
| birth_date = Dec 9,1917,Thirunagari,Madurai
| death_date = 1 March 1992
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse = Gurusamy Naidu
| profession = Freedom Fighter and Politician
| office2 = President of All India Democratic Women's Association
}}
'''K. P. Janaki Ammal''' (1917-1992) was a politician from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and president of [[All India Democratic Women's Association]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/madurais-very-own-freedom-fighters/article3671344.ece | title=Madurai's very own freedom fighters | work=The Hindu | date=23 July 2012 | accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref> She represented [[Madurai East (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai East]] in the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] in 1967.<ref name="A life of sacrifice">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-life-of-sacrifice/article5754498.ece | title=A life of sacrifice | work=The Hindu | date=6 March 2014 | accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in 1917, she was the only child of Padmanabhan and Lakshmi. Her early life was spent in poverty. Her mother died when she was 8 years old, and she was raised by her grandmother. She dropped out of school in the eighth grade, in order to pursue music. She Palaniappa Pillai Boys Company for a salary of Rs.25 per month. She later went on to become the lead actress and earned over Rs. 300 per performance. She teamed up with S.S. Viswanathadas on stage to engage with the issue of caste-based untouchability.<ref name="A life of sacrifice" />

Janaki Ammal married a harmonium player from the troupe, Gurusamy Naidu.<ref name="A life of sacrifice" />

== Career ==
She is known as the first South Indian woman to be arrested by the British. She was first arrested in 1930 while performing in [[Tirunelveli]] and spent one year in jail.<ref name="A life of sacrifice" /> She was arrested for participating in anti-war propaganda in Trichy, under the Defence of India Rules.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/14211/12/12_chapter%205.pdf|title=Shodhganga}}</ref>

She was one of the active political members of the Individual [[Satyagraha]] Movement.<ref name=":1" /> In 1936, she joined the Congress party and worked as the office bearer in the Madurai Congress Committee. She then shifted to the [[Congress Socialist Party]]. She joined the Communist Party of India in 1940. After the party's split, she moved to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name="A life of sacrifice" />

Janaki Ammal and Ponmalai Paapa Umanath were founders of the Tamil Nadu Democratic Women's Association in 1974, where the former became its first president.<ref name="A life of sacrifice" />

== Personal life ==
During the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]], she sold off her jewelry and silk clothes to raise money for food for party cadres.<ref name="A life of sacrifice" />

Repeated arrests and never-ending hard work took a toll on her health. She died of asthma on 1 March 1992.<ref name="A life of sacrifice" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ammal, K.P. Janaki}}
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Madurai district]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]

Operation Blue Star

2026-02-02T01:58:46Z

Saurabh pal:

{{Short description|1984 Indian military operation}}{{pp-dispute|small=yes}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Tone|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Blue Star
| image = Operation Bluestar Aftermath on Akal Takht.jpg
| partof = the [[Khalistan movement]], the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]], and the [[Insurgency in Punjab, India|Insurgency in Punjab]]
| caption = [[Akal Takht]] being repaired by the [[Government of India|Indian government]] after the offensive; it was later pulled down and rebuilt by the [[Sikhism in India|Indian Sikh]] community.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Tatla|first=Darshan Singh| title=The politics of homeland: a study of the ethnic linkages and political mobilisation amongst Sikhs in Britain and North America|year=1993|publisher=[[University of Warwick]]|page=133|url=http://webcat.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1449488~S1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://akaltakhtsahib.com/architecture-history/|title=Architecture & History|website=akaltakhtsahib.com|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013191822/http://akaltakhtsahib.com/architecture-history/|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| date = 1{{ndash}}10 June 1984 ({{Age in months, weeks and days|year1=1984|month1=6|day1=1|year2=1984|month2=6|day2=10}})
| place = [[Akal Takht]], [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| result = Indian victory<ref name="Hassner 2006 pp. 149–166">{{cite journal | last=Hassner | first=Ron E. | title=Fighting insurgency on sacred ground | journal=The Washington Quarterly | publisher=Informa UK | volume=29 | issue=2 | year=2006 | issn=0163-660X | doi=10.1162/wash.2006.29.2.149 | pages=149–166| s2cid=110929395 }}</ref> {{bulleted list
|[[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] killed
|Harmandir Sahib complex secured after significant Indian and Sikh losses<ref name="Hassner 2006 pp. 149–166"/>
|Escalation of tensions between separatist Sikhs and the central government
|Start of the [[Insurgency in Punjab, India|Insurgency in Punjab]]}}
| combatant1 = {{tree list}}
*{{flag|India}} 
**{{army|India}}
**[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
**[[File:BSF Flag.svg|22px|border=|link=]] [[Border Security Force]]
**[[File: SFF LOGO.svg|22px|border=|link=]][[Special Frontier Force]]
**[[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]
{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{tree list}}
{{flagicon image|Nishan Sahib.svg}} [[Khalistani groups|Sikh militants]] 
**[[Damdami Taksal]]
**[[All India Sikh Student Federation]]
**[[Babbar Khalsa]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jerryson |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfjtDwAAQBAJ&dq=babbar+khalsa+nirankari&pg=PA643 |title=Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World |date=2020-07-15 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-5991-5 |language=en}}</ref>
**Sikh ex-military officers<ref name=brar>{{cite book |last1=Brar |first1=K. S. |title=Operation Blue Star: The True Story |date=2014 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |isbn=978-8174760685 |oclc=1181348326 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|56–57}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Dogra |first=Cander Suta |title=Operation Blue Star – the Untold Story |work=The Hindu |date=10 June 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|pp=19, 21, 77, 91, 200}}
{{tree list/end}}
| commander1 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
* [[Kuldip Singh Brar]]
* [[Ranjit Singh Dyal]]<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/15/world/temple-raid-army-s-order-was-restraint.html | title = Temple Raid: Army's Order was Restraint | work = The New York Times | date = 15 June 1984 | access-date = 6 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121113014213/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/15/world/temple-raid-army-s-order-was-restraint.html | archive-date = 13 November 2012 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]]}}
| commander2 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]]{{KIA}}
* [[Amrik Singh]]{{KIA}}
* [[Shabeg Singh]]{{KIA}}}}
| strength1 = {{Collapsible list|* [[9th Infantry Division (India)|9th Infantry Division]]{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=151}} Support provided by:
** 7th Infantry Division<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rikhye |first=Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMYgAAAAIAAJ |title=The Militarization of Mother India |date=1990 |publisher=Chanakya |isbn=978-81-7001-060-9 |pages=134 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[15th Infantry Division (India)|15th Infantry Division]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tully |first1=Mark |url=http://archive.org/details/amritsarmrsgandh00tull |title=Amritsar, Mrs. Gandhi's last battle |last2=Jacob |first2=Satish |date=1985 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Rupa & Co. |via=Internet Archive |pages=163}}</ref>
* 350th Infantry [[Brigade]]
* Element of 60th Engineer Regiment<ref name=voliii/>
* 7th Battalion of [[Garhwal Rifles]]
* 9th Battalion of [[Garhwal Rifles]]<ref name=voliii/>(failed, heavy casualties)<ref name=sidhu/>
* 26th Battalion of [[Madras Regiment]]<ref name=voliii/>{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=53}}(failed, heavy casualties)<ref name=sidhu/>
* 12th Battalion of [[Bihar Regiment]]<ref name=voliii/>{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=53}}
* 2 Companies of 15th Battalion of [[Kumaon Regiment]]{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=53}}
* 9th Battalion of [[Kumaon Regiment]]<ref name=voliii>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Gurmit Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-sikh-struggles-vol-iii |title=History Of Sikh Struggles Vol III |pages=98 |language=English}}</ref>{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=53}}
* 10th Battalion of [[Dogra Regiment]]<ref name=dogra>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Shankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC&dq=operation+blue+star+battalion&pg=PA199 |title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment |date=2005 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-268-0 |pages=198–199 |language=en}}</ref>
* 12th Battalion of [[Dogra Regiment]]<ref name=dogra/>
* 16th Battalion of [[Dogra Regiment]]<ref name=dogra/>
* 10th Battalion of [[Brigade of The Guards]] (failed, heavy casualties)<ref name=sidhu>{{Cite book |last=Sidhu |first=G.B.S. |url=http://archive.org/details/khalistan-conspiracy |title=The Khalistan Conspiracy – A Former R&aw Officer Unravels The Path To 1984 |date=2001-03-09 |isbn=9789390327737 |pages=172|publisher=HarperCollins }}</ref>
* 20th Battalion of [[Rajputana Rifles]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lance Naik Dilbagh Singh — Operation 'Bluestar' hero with steely resolve |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryanatribune/lance-naik-dilbagh-singh-operation-bluestar-hero-with-steely-resolve-846177}}</ref>
* 80 members of 1st Battalion [[Para (Special Forces)]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Richard M. |title=Elite forces : the world's most formidable secret armies |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7535-4764-9 |location=London |publisher=Virgin Digital |oclc=1028210354 |quote=[A]n 80 strong element of 1st Para-Commando Battalion was involved in Operation 'Blue Star'.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=R. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JsL8v_sg5wC&dq=commandos+killed+operation+blue+star&pg=PT288 |title=Elite Forces |date=2011-08-31 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-7535-4764-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=53}}(failed, heavy casualties)<ref name=sidhu/>
* 8th Battalion of [[Special Frontier Force]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnankutty |first=Pia |date=2022-11-14 |title=In the shadows of Bluestar, Kargil, LAC, India's 'secret' Special Frontier Force turns 60 |url=https://theprint.in/india/in-the-shadows-of-bluestar-kargil-lac-indias-secret-special-frontier-force-turns-60/1215934/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=53}}
* 56th Commando Company
* 175 [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] and artillery units with [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder]] guns
* 700 troops from [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF 4th Battalion]]{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=53}} and [[Border Security Force|BSF 7th Battalion]]{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=53}}
* 150 [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] officers
* 8 [[Vijayanta]] main battle tanks from [[16th Light Cavalry]] (1 squadron){{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=53}}<ref name=sidhu/>
* 8 [[BMP-1]] infantry fighting vehicles, 3 [[OT-64 SKOT]] armoured personnel carriers from [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment#Battalions converted to Mechanised Infantry Regiment|8th Mechanised Battalion]]
{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=53}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brar |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5y5uAAAAMAAJ |title=Operation Blue Star: The True Story |date=1993 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |isbn=978-81-85944-29-6 |pages=55, 121 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| strength2 = 80-200 militants<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Afsir |title=Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor |date=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8170621270 |pages=33–36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC}}</ref>{{rp|35}}<ref name="Punjab2003"/>{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=65}}{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|pp=53,72}}
| casualties1 = {{Bulleted list
|83 killed (initial White Paper claim)<ref name="WhitePaper1984"/><ref name="indianarmy.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/martyrs/home.aspx |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |access-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527161207/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/martyrs/Home.aspx |archive-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/1984-operation-blue-star-amritsar-1251681-2018-06-06 |website=India Today |access-date=12 September 2019|quote=Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army near about 83 and they put the number of civilian deaths at 493, though independent estimates ran much higher.}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |last1=Jaijee |first1=Inderjit Singh |title=Politics of Genocide: Punjab, 1984–1998 |date=1999 |publisher=Ajanta Publications |isbn=978-8120204157 |oclc=42752917 |language=English |url=https://archive.org/details/PoliticsOfGenocide-Punjab1984-1998/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|96}}
|700 killed (As per a disclosure by [[Rajiv Gandhi]]){{sfn|Chima|2008|p=114}}{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=96}}}}
----
{{Bulleted list
|White Paper initial claim: {{Plainlist|
* 249 injured<ref name = "tribune-army">{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070320/punjab1.htm | title = Army reveals startling facts on Bluestar |publisher= Tribune India |date= 30 May 1984 | access-date = 9 August 2009}}</ref>
* 1 [[Armored Personnel Carrier|APC]] ([[OT-64 SKOT]]) disabled}}
|Independent estimate: 800–900 injured<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidhu |first=G.B.S |url=http://archive.org/details/khalistan-conspiracy |title=The Khalistan Conspiracy: A Former R&aw Officer Unravels The Path To 1984 |date=2001-03-09 |pages=176}}</ref>}}
| casualties2 = {{Bulleted list
|4,712<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marwah |first1=Ved |author1-link=Ved Marwah |editor1-last=Fidler |editor1-first=David P. |editor2-last=Ganguly |editor2-first=Sumit |title=India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons Learned |date=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781134008094 |page=99 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |chapter=India's Counterinsurgency Campaign in Punjab |quote="According to the government, 4,712 persons, including a large number of innocent Sikh devotees, were killed."}}</ref>{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|pp=96, 151}} to 5,000+ civilians killed in the complex during the operation<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3) |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1316025338 |pages=205–241 |edition=Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |access-date=16 April 2020|author1-link=J. S. Grewal |quote= "...the total casualties of officers and men were about 700 and of civilians about 5,000."}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Karim|1991|p=35}}: "As far as the competence of the Army the less said the better. In an age where a handful of Israeli or German commandos could, through a well-planned action overcome a well-entrenched enemy thousands of miles away from them, the best our generals could do was to storm the Temple complex with tanks and armoured cars, blast the Akal Takht to get at Bhindranwale and 200 of his men. In crossfire upwards of 5,000 people, a majority of them pilgrims, including women and children, lost their lives.... Far from doing a competent job, our army commanders botched up a simple operation."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jaijee|1999|p=98}}: "Chand Joshi is a man who likes round numbers: his estimate is 700 troops killed and 5,000 civilians (in "Bhindranwale, Myth and Reality", New Delhi, 1984)."</ref>{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=196}}
|[[Puran Chand Joshi]] estimates another 1,000 Sikhs killed in the vicinity of the complex;<ref>{{harvnb|Jaijee|1999|p=98}}: "[Joshi] also mentions that in this operation about 1,000 people were killed in the vicinity of the Golden Temple during this period."</ref>
|Independent human rights organizations estimate over 10,000 killed total.{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=151}}}}
----
{{Bulleted list
|White Paper initial claims: 493+ killed (including 309 Sikh pilgrims){{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=151}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=The untold story before Operation Bluestar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20140210-operation-bluestar-indira-gandhi-singh-bhindranwale-army-800031-1999-11-30 |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> 
|However, independent estimates ran much higher<ref name="whathappenedbluestar">{{cite web |title=What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/1984-operation-blue-star-amritsar-1251681-2018-06-06 |website=India Today |access-date=9 February 2021 |language=en|quote=Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83 and the number of civilian deaths at 492, though independent estimates ran much higher.}}</ref> (see directly below)}}
| combatants_header = Parties to the civil conflict
| coordinates = {{coord|31|37|12|N|74|52|37|E|region:IN-PB|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Punjab#India
| map_label = Amritsar
| map_caption = Location of the operation within the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]##Location of the operation within India
}}

'''Operation Blue Star''' was a military operation by the [[Indian Armed Forces]] conducted between 1 and 10 June 1984, with the stated objective of removing [[Damdami Taksal]] leader [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and militants from the buildings of the [[Golden Temple]], the holiest site of [[Sikhism]], in [[Amritsar]]. The [[Akali Dal]] political party and other Sikh factions had been based there during the course of the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]]. The operation would mark the beginning of the [[Insurgency in Punjab, India]].{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=83|ps=: "Here, I concentrate on the epochal battle at the Golden Temple between the militants and the Indian Army that has spawned what we now know as the Khalistan movement."}}<ref>{{harvnb|Karim|1991|p=36}}: "Previously the conflict had been limited to a few radical groups, after [Operation Blue Star], it touched the whole of Punjab, with organized insurgency not taking root in Punjab until after the operation."</ref><ref name=retro120>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhupinder |title=Punjab Politics: Retrospect and Prospect |year=2010 |publisher=Readworthy |isbn=9789350180822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rik0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT120 |page=120 |quote="The creation of Khalistan, which Bhindrawale had not demanded openly, now became the main demand of the Sikhs.... The short-sighted, ill planned and ill executed 'Operation Blue Star' thus laid a solid foundation for the creation of terrorism in Punjab for the next few years."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sSXCwAAQBAJ|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|first1=Scott|last1=Gates|first2=Kaushik|last2=Roy|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|access-date=10 October 2017|via=Google Books|pages=163|isbn=978-1317005414}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|title=Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism |date=5 November 2016|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103012225/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

A long-standing movement advocating for greater political rights for the [[Khalsa|Sikh community]] had previously existed in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and in 1973, Sikh activists presented the Indian government with the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]], a list of demands for greater autonomy for Punjab. The resolution was rejected by the Indian government. In July 1982, [[Harchand Singh Longowal]], the president of the Sikh political party [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in the Golden Temple.<ref name="hots1839">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Khushwant |title=A History of the Sikhs Vol II: 1839–2004 |date=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press; Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0691030227 |oclc=769219183 |url=https://archive.org/details/a-history-of-the-sikhs-volume-2-1839-2004-by-khushwant-singh-book-drive.com/page/n313/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|332}} On 1 June 1984, after abortive negotiations with the Akalis, the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]] ordered the army to launch Operation Blue Star, attacking the Golden Temple and scores of other Sikh temples and sites across Punjab.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title =India | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | editor-last = Wolpert | editor-first = Stanley A. | year = 2009 }}</ref>

Underestimating the firepower possessed by the Sikh militants, Indian forces unsuccessfully assaulted the Temple using light weaponry but quickly resorted to using heavy arms, including [[tank]]s, [[helicopter]]s and [[artillery]] to dislodge the well-fortified Sikh militants. Combat devolved into protracted urban warfare, with the Indian forces committing significant forces to slowly gain ground. Eventually, the Sikh militants ran out of most of their ammunition on 6 June, and by 10 June fighting had largely ceased, with the Indian forces in control of the complex. Many civilians were subject to [[extrajudicial killing]]s by the military during the operation.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|pp=58–59}}<ref name="Dhillon1996">{{cite book|author=Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon|title=Truth About Punjab: SGPC White Paper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIKWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2|year=1996|publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar|page=245|id=GGKEY:5BNR2KUYRHJ}}</ref><ref name="AmarjitK_KillPlan">{{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Amarjit |title=The Punjab Story |date=2004 |publisher=Lotus |isbn=978-8174369123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNBbBAAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=70}}{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=76}}

The military action in the temple complex was criticized by Sikhs worldwide, who interpreted it as an assault on the Sikh religion and the entire Sikh community,<ref name="david">{{cite book | last = Westerlund | first = David | title = Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics. | publisher = C. Hurst & Co | year = 1996 | page = 1276 | isbn =978-1850652410 }}</ref> as well as the root cause for the subsequent insurgency,<ref name=critique>{{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Pashaura |editor2-last=Fenech |editor2-first=Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |page=578 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA575 |chapter='Khalistan' as Political Critique |quote="It is this light in which the radical demand for Khalistan must be understood. Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, who never took up the cry for Khalistan himself, often predicted that if the Golden Temple complex came under attack, the foundation for Khalistan would be laid. This formulation pointed to the responsibility for a rebellion in Punjab at the hands of the government, which is indeed how many Sikhs viewed the situation."}}</ref> which would gain further impetus during [[Operation Woodrose]]. Five months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated]] in an act of revenge by two Sikh bodyguards.<ref name="dnaindia.com" /> Her party, the [[Indian National Congress]], instigated and utilized public sentiment over Gandhi's death, leading to the ensuing [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]].<ref>Joseph, Paul (2016). ''The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives''. p. 433. {{ISBN|978-1483359885}}. "around 17,000 Sikhs were burned alive or killed"</ref>

Despite accomplishing its stated objectives, the operation has been described as "disastrous" for the Indian military and state.<ref name="Hassner 2006 pp. 149–166"/><ref name="Anderson 2013 p. 182">{{cite book | last=Anderson | first=L.D. | title=Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversity | publisher=Routledge | series=Exeter studies in ethno politics | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-415-78161-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiAEvKgVOmAC&pg=PA182 | access-date=2023-08-14 | page=182}}</ref> It greatly exacerbated tensions between the Indian government and the Sikh community, turning a series of police operations into widespread sectarian violence. The brutality of the operation and high civilian casualties spawned an insurgency in Punjab, which would be waged by Sikh militants for over a decade. The operation has been used as a case study highlighting the importance of respecting religious and cultural sensitivity prior to launching military operations.

The complex would later be raided twice more as part of [[Operation Black Thunder|Operation Black Thunder I and II]], with both operations having little to no civilian casualties or damage to the Temple despite larger amounts of militants than Operation Blue Star.<ref name="Hassner 2006 pp. 149–166" />

==Background==
In the years leading up to the operation, there was a significant buildup in agitation for greater autonomy for the Sikh community. Economic and social pressures driven by the [[Green Revolution]] led many young Sikh men to support varying degrees of self-determination for Sikhs and Punjab, with many even advocating independence from India.

The introduction of mechanised agricultural techniques led to uneven distribution of wealth in Punjab. Industrial development did not occur at the same pace of agricultural development in Punjab, as the Indian government was reluctant to set up heavy industries in Punjab due to its status as a high-risk border state with Pakistan.<ref name="Larry2007">{{cite book | author1=Sumit Ganguly | author2=Larry Diamond | author3=Marc F. Plattner | title=The State of India's Democracy | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgs1tFTh-JMC&pg=PA56 | access-date=18 August 2013 | date= 2007 | publisher=JHU Press | isbn=978-0-8018-8791-8 | pages=56 }}</ref> Meanwhile, a rapid increase in higher education opportunities without adequate rise in jobs resulted in an increase in unemployment among educated youth.<ref name="Jayanta484">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Jayanta Kumar |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |date=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-8131708347 |page=484 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072148/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan |url-status=live }}</ref> The resulting unemployed young Sikhs were drawn to militant groups, which formed the backbone of increasing militancy.<ref name="WolfeYang1996">{{cite book | author1=Alvin William Wolfe | author2=Honggang Yang | title=Anthropological Contributions to Conflict Resolution | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=521m3YG-N38C&pg=PA17 | access-date=18 August 2013 | year=1996 | publisher=University of Georgia Press | isbn=978-0-8203-1765-6 | pages=17 }}</ref>

In the 1950s, the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] party launched the [[Punjabi Suba movement]], demanding a new state within India with a majority of Punjabi speaking people, out of undivided [[East Punjab]] under the leadership of [[Sant Fateh Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/shiromani-akali-dal-since-1920-11011|title=Shiromani Akali Dal, since 1920|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> This movement resulted in fraught relations with the union government, and the [[Golden Temple]], the holiest site in Sikhism, was raided in 1955, and many of the movement's leaders were arrested. In 1966, after negotiations, the present Punjab state with a Sikh majority was formed. The Akali Dal came to power in the new Punjab state in March 1967,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/being-badals/articleshow/72922502.cms|title=Being Badals|last=Singh|first=I. P.|website=The Times of India|date=22 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref> but early governments didn't last long due to internal conflicts and power struggles within the party. Later, the party strengthened and party governments completed their full term and eventually came to play a major role in the developments to come.
{{Indira Gandhi series}}
After being routed in the [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972 Punjab election]], the Akali Dal put forward the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] in 1973 to demand more autonomy to Punjab.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=The Anandpur Sahib Resolution and Other Akali Demands|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.001.0001/acprof-9780195673098-chapter-20|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908059-5|access-date=5 April 2013|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106222911/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.001.0001/acprof-9780195673098-chapter-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The resolution was rejected by the Indian government. Activist [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] then joined the Akali Dal, and launched the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] movement in 1982, in a bid to urge the Indian government to implement the Anandpur Sahib Resolution.<ref name="Joshi, Chand 1984 p. 129">Joshi, Chand, ''Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality'' (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1984), p. 129.</ref>

==Prelude==
[[File:Golden temple Akal Takhat.jpg|thumb|Golden Temple with Akal Takht on the right, photographed in 2006]]

Following the events of the [[1978 Sikh-Nirankari clashes]] and the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]], Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in Sikh political circles with his policy of getting the [[Anandpur Resolution]] passed, failing which he wanted to declare a separate country of [[Khalistan]] as a [[homeland]] for Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Chand |title=Bhindranwale, Myth and Reality |date=1984 |isbn=978-0706926941 |page=129 |publisher=Vikas |oclc=1083883131 |language=English}}</ref> The resolution declared its goals within the context of remaining within the [[Federalism in India|federal union]] of India, and leaving the powers of foreign relations, defence, currency, and general communications subject to the jurisdiction of the Indian central government. [[Harchand Singh Longwal]], the leader of the Akali Dal, stated "[let] us make it clear once and for all that the Sikhs have no designs to get away from India in any manner. What they simply want is that they should be allowed to live within India as Sikhs, free from all direct and indirect interference and tampering with their religious way of life. Undoubtedly, the Sikhs have the same nationality as other Indians."<ref name="GSBasran2003">{{cite book | author1=G. S. Basran | author2=B. Singh Bolaria | title=The Sikhs in Canada: Migration, Race, Class, and Gender | url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsincanadamig00basr | url-access=registration | access-date=18 August 2013 | year=2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0195648867 |page=54 }}</ref> Nonetheless, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], viewed the Anandpur Sahib Resolution as a secessionist document.<ref name="Giorgio2008">{{cite book|author=Giorgio Shani | title=Sikh nationalism and identity in a global age |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhnationalismi00shan |url-access=limited | year=2008 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0415421904 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhnationalismi00shan/page/n67 51]–60 }}</ref>

India was also aware of Pakistani influence and armament operations among the Sikh militants. According to anthropologist Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, Kashmiri fighters were present in the Golden Temple complex in 1984; both the Punjab and Kashmir insurgencies shared links with the Pakistan [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] whose aegis provided arms and training.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=2014-03-27 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-100411-7 |pages=575 |language=en}}</ref>

===Guru Nanak Niwas===
Following [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash|the 1978 clashes]], Bhindranwale's followers had begun keeping firearms and fortified the [[gurdwara]] that served as the headquarters of the [[Damdami Taksal]] religious center.<ref name="Martin_Gus_encyclopedia">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Gus |title=The Sage Encyclopedia of Terrorism |date=2011 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-1483305646 |page=544 |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuLnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA544}}</ref>

In July 1982, [[Harchand Singh Longowal]] invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in the Golden Temple complex. He called Bhindranwale "our stave to beat the government" for the Dharam Yudh Morcha.<ref name=hots1839/>{{rp|332}} On 19 July 1982, Bhindranwale and approximately 200 armed militants resided in the Guru Nanak Niwas, a guest house for pilgrims,<ref name="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee 2022 h547">{{cite web | title=Sarai Info – Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee | website=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee | date=2022-07-06 | url=https://sgpc.net/sarai-info/ | access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref> within the precincts of the Golden Temple complex. Bhindranwale had effectively made the complex his headquarters.<ref name="Martin_Gus_encyclopedia"/> From there he met and was interviewed by international television crews.<ref name="itp1">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/jarnail.html|title=Prophet of Hate: J S Bhindranwale|last=Singh|first=Tavleen|publisher=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620164214/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/jarnail.html|archive-date=20 June 2008|access-date=22 December 2009}}</ref>

For some months the Akali, Babbar, and Bhindranwale factions lived on the eastern end of the complex, close to the serais next to the offices of the SGPC, whose president Gurbachan Singh Tohra was charged with maintaining peace and minimizing the friction between the factions.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=62}}

====A.S. Atwal====
On 25 April 1983, Punjab Police [[Deputy Inspector General]] [[A. S. Atwal]] was shot on the steps of the Darbar Sahib complex at point-blank range, then turned over by the assassins to ensure death, even as security guards stood just about 100 feet away.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=236}} The assassination was never solved. The government promptly blamed militant groups, though all militant factions, as well as the Akalis, Bhindranwale, and the AISSF, all immediately and vehemently denied all accusations and unequivocally condemned the incident.<ref name=dhillon115>{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Kirpal S. |title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978–1993 |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0143100362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3eBuAAAAMAAJ |page=115}}</ref>{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=236}}<ref name=chima82>{{cite book|last1=Chima |first1=Jugdep |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements|url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/the-sikh-separatist-insurgency-in-india/book234737|date=2008|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5150-953-0|page=82}}</ref>

Bhindranwale described it as being "the handiwork of the Government to malign Sikhs" and a pretext to raid the Golden Temple complex.<ref name=chima82/> Subsequent disclosures revealed that Atwal had in fact met with the Akalis and Bhindranwale for "secret" talks which would have potentially paved the way for a joint Akali-Congress government led by [[Parkash Singh Badal]]. To prevent this power-sharing arrangement, either militants who sought the full implementation of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution and revenge for police operations, or the Congress faction of the Chief Minister Darbara Singh, to prevent his imminent removal from his post by Indira Gandhi which the Akalis had been demanding, had both had motive to commit the act.<ref name=chima82/>

Bhindranwale was not alone in suspecting government involvement.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=236}} On the assassination, Longowal stated, "Whenever the situation becomes ripe for settlement, some violent incident takes place. I think there is a government conspiracy behind the DIG's murder." When asked who could be responsible, he implied Darbara Singh's involvement: "The one who is afraid of losing his seat (of power);" observers had noted that Darbara Singh had been on the verge of being replaced by the Congress high command, partly on Akali request and partly due to ineptitude.<ref name=dhillon115/> Bhindranwale condemned it as "the handiwork of the Punjab [Congress] government," and "an attempt to foil the Akali agitation and to malign the Sikhs." The president of the AISSF termed the shooting "anti-Sikh" and carried out by certain elements in the Congress party, demanding a judicial inquiry.<ref name=dhillon115/>

===Akal Takht===
[[File:AkalTakhtGoldenTempleComplex.jpg|thumb|A picture of the rebuilt Akal Takht in 2013. Bhindranwale and his followers occupied Akal Takht in December 1983.]]
On 15 December 1983, Bhindranwale was asked to move out of Guru Nanak Niwas house by members of the [[Babbar Khalsa]], who opposed Bhindranwale,{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=79}} and which acted with Longowal's support. SGPC president Tohra would then acquiesce to permit the set up of his headquarters in Akal Takht (a shrine representing the temporal power of God) in the Golden Temple. The temple high priest protested this move as a sacrilege since no Guru or leader ever resided in the Akal Takht on the floor above [[Granth Sahib]], but Tohra convinced the high priest to allow Bhindranwale to reside on the first floor of Akal Takht.<ref name=amritsarlaste>{{cite book |last1=Tully |first1=Mark |last2=Jacob |first2=Satish |title=Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle |date=1986 |publisher=Pan in association with Cape |edition=e-book |oclc=761263842 |language=English}}</ref>{{rp|110}}

As the Morcha continued, Akali protesters continued to fill jails as Sikhs faced increased surveillance and clashes throughout North India, and continued Akali-Congress talks failed to yield results, media reportage against Bhindranwale intensified,{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=257}} fueling demands from Parliament members of both houses for action against him. Despite this, Bhindranwale accused the media{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=112-113}} and the government{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=127}} of maligning him, the Inspector General of Punjab, P.S. Bhindar, personally selected by Indira Gandhi, issued a statement that there were no criminals hiding in the complex, and [[Rajiv Gandhi]] referred to Bhindranwale as simply a spiritual leader, with no arrest warrant of legal case against him, in March 1984. Bhindranwale and his men lived publicly in the open complex, granting interviews and attending rooftop sermons.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=257}}

Relations between Bhindranwale and Longowal began to weaken in April 1984, following the assassination of one of his gunmen, the responsibility of which the AISSF (which had been banned by the government in March in the course of the Morcha) laid firmly at the feet of Longowal, despite his denials.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=131}} Longowal by now feared for his own safety.<ref name=amritsarlast/>

Morcha director Longowal was negotiating with Gandhi to grant some concession for which he could claim credit, so he could claim victory, end the protest, and isolate Bhindranwale.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=131}} In an attempt to shore up continued support for his position as the director of the Morcha, Longowal convened a meeting of senior Sikh politicians, though 60 out of 140 would instead walk out to support Bhindranwale instead.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=131}}

While the government claimed that Bhindranwale and his followers had made the Golden Temple complex an [[arsenal|armoury]]<ref name="LA_accord">{{cite news |title=Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-08-21/news/mn-1021_1_sikh-militants |access-date=14 June 2018 |agency=Times Wire Services |newspaper=LA Times|date=21 August 1985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129025949/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-08-21/news/mn-1021_1_sikh-militants |archive-date=29 January 2016 |url-status=live|quote=The Punjab violence reached a peak in June, 1984, when the army attacked the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the holiest Sikh shrine, killing hundreds of Sikh militants who lived in the temple complex, and who the government said had turned it into an armory for Sikh terrorism.}}</ref> and headquarters,<ref name=amritsarlast/>{{Verify source|date=June 2020}} though amassing arms and usage as a base for waging war was part of the tradition of most historical gurdwaras, which display weapons caches used by the Gurus, depicting the centrality of Sikh sites to their struggles,<ref name="FairGanguly2008_44"/> and that neither British nor Indian officials had interfered with this tradition until 1983.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=239}}

A few leaders raised their voice against Bhindranwale in the Akal Takht complex and other gurdwaras across the state.{{Clarify|date=February 2021}} Among the prominent ones was Giani Partap Singh, a spiritual leader and former Jathedar of the Akal Takht, who criticized Bhindranwale for keeping guns in the Akal Takht. Partap was later killed{{by who?|date=June 2025}} along with other dissenters{{who?|date=June 2025}} including Harbans Singh Manchanda, the pro-Indira [[Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee]] president who opposed the Akali Morcha{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=122}} (whose killing was claimed by the [[Dashmesh Regiment]], of unclear provenance if not a catch-all term of the media),<ref name="DSGMC_IT_Manchanda">{{cite news |title=DSGMC president Harbans Singh Manchanda murder in Delhi sends security forces in a tizzy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840430-dsgmc-president-harbans-singh-manchanda-murder-in-delhi-sends-security-forces-in-a-tizzy-802973-1984-04-30 |access-date=10 July 2018 |publisher=India Today |date=30 April 1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195228/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840430-dsgmc-president-harbans-singh-manchanda-murder-in-delhi-sends-security-forces-in-a-tizzy-802973-1984-04-30 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Niranjan Singh, the Granthi of Gurudwara Toot Sahib, Granthi Jarnail Singh of Valtoha and Granthi Surat Singh of Majauli.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

The militants were able to claim safe haven in the complex due to the whole or partial support received by them from key Sikh religious leaders and institutions such as the [[SGPC]], [[AISSF]] and [[Jathedar of Akal Takht|Jathedar]] (head) of the [[Akal Takht]]. The support was either voluntary or forced by using violence or threat of violence.<ref name="FairGanguly2008_44">{{cite book|last1=Fair|first1=C. Christine|last2=Ganguly|first2=Šumit|title=Treading on hallowed ground: counterinsurgency operations in sacred spaces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2E1NpYuOrsC&pg=PA41|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=978-0195342048|pages=44–45}}</ref>

==Negotiations==
In January 1984, India's secret service [[Research & Analysis Wing]] (RAW) prepared a covert plan codenamed [[Operation Sundown]] involving special forces to abduct Bhindranwale from the Golden Temple complex.<ref>{{cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|title=Indira Gandhi considered secret commando raid before Operation Bluestar|date=February 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indira-gandhi-commando-raid-operation-bluestar-indian-army-golden-temple-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-raw-officials-179265-2014-02-01|publisher=India Today|access-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202035246/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indira-gandhi-commando-raid-operation-bluestar-indian-army-golden-temple-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-raw-officials/1/341065.html|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> A RAW unit was formed to rehearse Operation Sundown in the [[Sarsawa Air Force Base]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], but the operation never materialized due to Indira Gandhi's rejection.

The government sent a team led by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] to try to convince Bhindranwale to back out but he was adamant.<ref name="gill2017punjab">{{cite book |author1=Gill, K.P.S. |author2=Khosla, S |title=Punjab: The Enemies Within : Travails of a Wounded Land Riddled with Toxins |date=2017 |publisher=Bookwise (India) Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-8187330660 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3zHAQAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/blog/operation-blue-star-bhindranwale/123753/|title=Operation Blue Star wouldn't be there if Sikhs had gathered together to throw Bhindranwale|first=Rifat|last=Jawaid|date=16 May 2017}}</ref> The negotiations failed and the law and order situation in Punjab continued to deteriorate.<ref name="gill2017punjab"/> Indira Gandhi tried to persuade the Akalis to support her in the arrest of Bhindranwale peacefully. These talks ended up being futile.<ref name="gill2017punjab"/> In the days before the assault, government representatives met with Bhindranwale in a last ditch effort to negotiate a truce. The Sikhs would withdraw, believing they had seen a commando unit move into the city.<ref name="guardian-thatcher"/> Bhindranwale warned of a backlash by the Sikh community in the event of an armed assault on the Golden Temple.<ref>Walia, Varinder. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071219/aplus1.htm "Man who made efforts to avert Op Bluestar is no more"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829190812/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071219/aplus1.htm |date=29 August 2008 }}, "[[Tribune India]]", Amritsar, 18 December 2007.</ref> On 26 May, Tohra informed the government that he had failed to get Bhindranwale to agree to a peaceful resolution of the crisis, and that Bhindranwale was no longer under anyone's control.<ref name="RSSandhu_Bio"/> Faced with imminent army action and with Harchand Singh Longowal abandoning him, Bhindranwale declared "This bird is alone. There are many hunters after it."<ref name="RSSandhu_Bio">{{cite book |last1=Sandhu |first1=Ranbir S. |title=Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale – Life, Mission, and Martyrdom |date=May 1997 |pages=57–58 |url=http://www.sikhcoalition.org/documents/pdf/SantJarnailSingh.pdf |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032434/http://www.sikhcoalition.org/documents/pdf/SantJarnailSingh.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Indira Gandhi then gave her permission to initiate Operation Blue Star on the recommendation of [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Army Chief]] [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]. She was apparently led to believe and had assumed that the operation would not involve any civilian casualties.<ref name="IE_assent_pics">{{cite news |title=Operation Bluestar: Rare pictures from Express archives |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/photo-archives/operation-blue-star-rare-pictures-from-express-archives/3/ |access-date=12 July 2018 |work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713013524/https://indianexpress.com/photos/photo-archives/operation-blue-star-rare-pictures-from-express-archives/3/ |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The assumption was that when confronted Bhindranwale would surrender to the army.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=188}}

==Preparations==
===Fortification of Golden Temple===
An arsenal had been created within the Akal Takht over a period of several months. It was reported that trucks engaged for [[kar seva]] (religious service) and bringing in supplies for the daily langar were smuggling in guns and ammunition. The police never attempted to check these vehicles entering the Golden Temple,{{Weasel inline|text=|date=August 2020}} on instructions from superiors. During a random check one such truck was stopped and many [[Sten gun]]s and ammunition were found. The Indian government White Paper alleged that after Operation Blue Star it was found that the militants had set up a grenade manufacturing facility, and a workshop for the fabrication of Sten guns inside the Temple Complex.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=74}} However, the allegations of the militants being in possession of weapon workshops was never made prior to Operation Blue Star, and only after, with only the Army making these statements.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=75}} The statements of multiple civilian eyewitnesses instead were consistent that the militants were a small number of men and had limited arms that were used sparingly.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=75}}

====The Third Agency====
A cover story in ''Surya'' magazine, published soon after the Army operation, quoted "highly placed and highly disillusioned sources in the Research and Analysis Wing," claiming that most of the arms inside the complex had been smuggled in under the supervision of the Third Agency, created out of the outfit and controlled directly by the director of the Prime Minister's secretariat, to justify an assault. One week before the operation, the Punjab Police had intercepted two truck loads of weapons and ammunition in the Batala sub-division of Gurdaspur district. But the Third Agency officer in charge of Amritsar persuaded the director general of police (DGP) to release them and ensure their passage to the Darbar Sahib complex.{{sfn|Kumar|2003|p=34}}

I.G. Bhinder, a personal friend of the Gandhi family, had informed the central government upon discovering that weapons being transferred into the complex, publicly confirming that the government had full knowledge of the weapons. According to former IPS and IAS officer Gurtej Singh, the weapons had been smuggled by Indira Gandhi's own Third Agency to be deposited into the complex; he himself had been approached by the government agency to be a possible smuggler in the summer of 1983. A brigadier posing as a Sikh, accompanied by a mutual acquaintance, had feigned concern that potentially facing an imminent army operation, Bhindranwale had no weapons, and had offered Gurtej Singh a truckload of weapons to take to the complex in a kar-sewa truck, which Gurtej Singh declined. Singh would later learn that the weapons were deposited by the acquaintance himself.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|pp=236–237}}

====JS Aurora====
When Lieutenant General [[J S Aurora]] had visited the Golden Temple with his wife in December 1983, while Bhindranwale was living in the Guru Nanak Niwas, and looked at various areas of the complex, he had noticed no defensive preparations anywhere. Visiting again on 24 February 1984, while Bhindranwale resided at the Akal Takht building, he only saw sandbags on the ''langar'' complex which "did not appear very formidable", which he was told was placed for protection after the CRPF had fired on the complex that month. He would visit again a month after the operation, attributing the professional defenses that had been built between March and June to [[Shabeg Singh]] who had served under him.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=177}}

After Blue Star, Aurora would debunk reports of large amounts of sophisticated weapons stockpiled in the complex,{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=268}} commenting on the lack of sophisticated weapons, mentioning a number of light machine guns and two rocket launchers, but the lack of medium machine guns or mortars, with the only weapons bearing foreign markings being 60 self-loading rifles. He would ascribe most of the weaponry to either simply having been picked up from misplaced weapons drops during border wars, issued by the government to people living close to the border for security purposes, government gun-running, or from Punjab's long-established rural trade of unaccounted guns, used in family feuds, property disputes, [[dacoit]] bands and the like. Describing the weaponry seized after the operation, he stated, "Quite a lot, yes, but the impression that has been built up in the public mind of foreign governments deliberately arming the terrorists with a view to overthrowing the government is grossly overdone."{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=131}}

The Harmandir Sahib compound and some of the surrounding houses were fortified under the guidance of Major General [[Shabeg Singh]], who had joined Bhindranwale's group after dismissal from the army. During their occupation of Akal Takht, Bhindranwale's group had begun fortifying the building. ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' reported that [[light machine gun]]s and [[semi-automatic rifle]]s were known to have been brought into the compound,<ref>Kuldip Nayar and Khushwant Singh, ''Tragedy of Punjab'', Vision Books, New Delhi, 1984, p. 79.</ref> and strategically placed to defend against an armed assault on the complex. Amidst claims of foreign involvement and the heavier weapons having Pakistani or Chinese markings on them,<ref name="weapons">{{cite news |title=Operation Bluestar |publisher=India Today |date=1999}}</ref> according to Aurora only 60 self-loading riles were foreign made. The rest were Indian. He also said that there were no medium machine guns and only two RPGs. Arora says that the arsenal was not truly sophisticated.{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=55}} A Lt. Colonel part of the Operation later revealed that militants only had 4 light machine gun magazines. According to him a single light machine gun carries 12 magazines. He revealed that the main gun that was kept and used by militants was AK-47s.{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|pp=55–56}}

===Presence of troops===
According to Congress claims, holes were smashed through the marble walls of Akal takht to create [[Embrasure|gun positions]]. Walls were broken to allow entry points to the tiled courtyards. Secure [[machine gun nest]]s were created. All of these positions were protected by sandbags and newly made brick walls. The windows and arches of Akal Takht were blocked with bricks and [[sandbag]]s. Sandbags were placed on the turrets. Every strategically significant building of the temple complex, apart from the Harmandir Sahib in the center, had been fortified in a similar manner and allegedly defaced. The fortifications also included seventeen private houses in the residential area near the Temple.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} All the high rise buildings and towers near the temple complex were occupied. The militants manning these vantage points were in wireless contact with Shabeg Singh in Akal Takht.<ref name="Guha_IndiaGandhi"/>{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=159}} Under the military leadership of Major General Singh, ex-army veterans and deserters had trained Bhindranwale's men.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

The militants in the complex were anticipating an attack by government troops. The defences in the complex were created with the purpose of stalling an assault, giving time to provoke Sikhs in the villages and encourage them to march en masse towards the Golden Temple in support of the militants. Sufficient food to last a month was stocked in the complex.<ref name="Guha_IndiaGandhi">{{cite book |last1=Guha |first1=Ramachandra |title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |date=2008 |publisher=Macmillan |edition=illustrated, reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C|isbn=978-0330396110}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/732426/the-bhindranwale-cult-how-politics-allowed-an-obscure-preacher-to-challenge-indian-democracy|title=The Bhindranwale cult: How politics allowed an obscure preacher to challenge Indian democracy|first=Ramachandra|last=Guha|website=Scroll.in|date=7 June 2015 }}</ref>

During this period police and security forces stationed around the temple complex were allowed only within 200 yards. This was to avoid the 'desecration' of the temple by their presence. The security forces were prevented by the politicians from taking action in enforcing the law. Even self-defence from the militants was made difficult. On 14 February 1984, a police post near the entrance of the Temple was attacked by a group of militants. Six fully armed policemen were captured and taken inside. After twenty four hours the police responded and sent in a senior police officer for negotiation. He asked Bhindranwale to release his men, along with their weapons. Bhindranwale agreed and delivered the dead body of one of the hostages who had been killed. Later the remaining five policemen were released alive, but their weapons were kept.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=199}}

The fortifications of the temple denied the army the possibility of commando operations. The buildings were close together and had labyrinthine passages all under the control of the militants. Militants in the temple premises had access to langars, food supplies, and water from the Sarovar (temple pond). Militants were well stocked with weapons and ammunition. Any siege under these circumstances would have been long and difficult. The option of laying down a long siege was ruled out by the army due to the "fear of uprisings in the countryside".{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=140}}

===Intensification===
{{Main|Punjab insurgency}}

Police methods normally used on common criminals were used on protesters during the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]], creating state repression affecting a very large segment of Punjab's population. This resulted in retaliatory violence from a section of the Sikh population and the widening the scope of the conflict, creating fresh motives for Sikh youth to turn to insurgency.{{sfn|Karim|1991|pp=32–33}} The concept of Khalistan was still vague even while the complex was fortified under the influence of former Sikh army officials alienated by government actions who now advised Bhindranwale, Major General [[Shabeg Singh]] and retired Major General and Brigadier Mohinder Singh, and at that point the concept was still not directly connected with the movement he headed.{{sfn|Karim|1991|pp=32–33}} In other parts of Punjab, a "state of chaos and repressive police methods" combined to create "a mood of overwhelming anger and resentment in the Sikh masses against the authorities," making Bhindranwale even more popular, and demands of independence gain currency, even amongst moderates and Sikh intellectuals.{{sfn|Karim|1991|pp=32–33}}

On 12 May 1984, Ramesh Chander, son of [[Lala Jagat Narain]] and editor of media house [[Hind Samachar]] group, was murdered by pro-Bhindranwale militants. In addition, seven editors and seven news hawkers and newsagents were killed in a planned attack on the freedom of media house, to cripple it financially. Punjab Police had to provide protection for the entire distribution staff.<ref name="IT_media_terror">{{cite news |last1=Pachauri |first1=Pankaj |title=Terrorists adopt new strategy to intimidate media in Punjab |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19890815-terrorists-adopt-new-strategy-to-intimidate-media-in-punjab-816403-1989-08-15 |access-date=13 July 2018 |publisher=India Today |date=15 August 1989 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714021050/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19890815-terrorists-adopt-new-strategy-to-intimidate-media-in-punjab-816403-1989-08-15 |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Violent incidents including arson, bombings, and shootings increased over the following months.<ref name="CrenshawM385">{{cite book |last1=Crenshaw |first1=Martha |title=Terrorism in Context |date=2010 |publisher=Penn State Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC |isbn=978-0271044422 }}</ref> The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots, and 1,180 people were injured.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=147}}

On 30 May 1984, soon after Longowal had announced the ''Grain Roko Morcha'' to stop tax revenue and grain from leaving Punjab in protest, set for 3 June, Indira Gandhi had Zail Singh authorize military rule in Punjab. While he had reportedly remained unaware of the planned attack on the Darbar Sahib, some Akali leaders had known of the plan through secret communications with New Delhi. Tohra would inform G.S. Grewal, "I've come from meeting the Governor, I've told him it's not within our capacity to control Jarnail Singh now, if you want to do it, do it," though he and the other Akalis likely did not comprehend the nature and scale of the attack, as they barricaded themselves to save their lives in the complex for days during the operation.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=259}}

====Government claims====
According to government figures released after the operation in the White Paper, the combined figure of Sant Nirankaris and Hindu deaths before the operation was 165.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=147}} According to police records, over "fifty persons lost their lives or received serious injuries" in the period before the army action in Amritsar, including police informers and Hindus including Arya Samaj news editor [[Lala Jagat Narain]], his son and successor Ramesh Chander, and BJP MLA [[Harbans Lal Khanna]],{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=122}} There were claims of "killer squads",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jetly |first=Rajshree |date=2008 |title=The Khalistan Movement in India: The Interplay of Politics and State Power |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41421658 |journal=International Review of Modern Sociology |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=61–75 |jstor=41421658 |issn=0973-2047}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ganguly |first1=Sumit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpK7oyb0kvkC&pg=PA152 |title=India Since 1980 |last2=Mukherji |first2=Rahul |date=2011-08-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49866-1 |pages=152 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ganguly |first1=Sumit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT193 |title=India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons Learned |last2=Fidler |first2=David P. |date=2009-05-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-00808-7 |language=en }}</ref> which had originated when the media had sensationalized Bhindranwale's calls for youth self-defense against the police during the Dharam Yudh Morcha.<ref>{{harvnb|Kaur|2020|p=236|ps=: "Bhindranwale had given a call to Sikh youth to prepare themselves to forsake luxury consumerism and spend money on self-defense, by investing in a motorcycle and a revolver. At the same time, he stated, "Being armed, there is no greater sin for a Sikh than attacking an unarmed person, killing an innocent person, looting a shop, harming the innocent, or wishing to insult anyone's daughter or sister. Also, being armed, there is no sin greater than not seeking justice." But, for the media, simply reporting a call to arms made for sexier national and international headlines."}}</ref>

Almost all the murders remained unsolved,<ref>{{harvnb|Kaur|2020|p=259|ps=: "Almost all the murders remained unsolved, but the media and the court of public opinion were convinced: Sikh militants were habitually pulling Hindus from buses to unleash animalistic anger."}}</ref> and the incidents were regularly denounced by "all segments of the Sikh religio-political spectrum."{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|pp=117–119 |ps=: "Although all segments of the Sikh religio-political spectrum too condemned the misdeed in the strongest possible terms, a section of the media in Jalandhar did not desist from making fairly explicit insinuations about the involvement of Sikh militants in the foul deed."}} The government never provided evidence of the supposedly planned massacre of Hindus, which had been "the government's explanation for starting the operation," alleged by a single MP, that triggered Operation Blue Star, although the pace of attacks was increasing.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=148}} Congress member of parliament Amarjit Kaur, who referred to the Akali Dal as "the enemy within" and who had opposed the creation of the [[Punjabi Suba]], alleged that Bhindranwale wanted to start a civil war between the Hindus and Sikhs.<ref name="AmarjitK_KillPlan"/> Meanwhile, the number of killings had been rising all over the state, with sometimes more than a dozen a day.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} On 2 June in the last 24 hours before the announcement of the operation 23 people were killed.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=148}}

In June 1984, the army was called out to help the civil administration in Punjab in response to a request from the Punjab Governor, [[B. D. Pande]], "in view of the escalating violence by terrorists in Punjab".<ref name="BD Pande">{{cite news |title=New Delhi |work=The Times of India|date=3 June 1984}}</ref>

Militants{{Who|date=February 2021}} had already started the movement to drive Hindus out of certain areas to make way for Sikhs coming in from other states.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=33}} Due to the increased incidents of religious violence, exchange of population had already started in Punjab. New Khalistani currency was being printed and distributed.<ref name="Kiss_Khalistan"/> By May 1984, the establishment of an independent [[Khalistan]] seemed imminent, as the Indian government had "received intelligence" that Pakistan had been supporting the militants with arms and money, and if Khalistan declared its independence there was the risk of Pakistan recognizing the new country and sending the [[Pakistani Army]] into Indian Punjab to protect it.<ref name="Kiss_Khalistan">{{cite book |last1=Kiss |first1=Peter A. |title=Winning Wars amongst the People: Case Studies in Asymmetric Conflict |date=2014 |publisher=Potomac Books |isbn=978-1612347004 |page=100 |edition=Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIY6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 }}</ref>

===Army preparations===
According to the then-[[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]], [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha|S. K. Sinha]] the army had begun preparations for an attack on the Golden Temple 18 months prior.<ref name="bogey2">{{cite web |last1=Dhawan |first1=Prannv |last2=Singh |first2=Simranjit |title=Punjab's Politicians Are Using the Bogey of Militancy Again |url=https://thewire.in/politics/punjab-politics-militancy-mass-mobilisation |access-date=27 April 2020 |website=The Wire}}</ref> Two months prior to the Operation the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] had helicopters flying above the temple taking photographs. The [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) had surrounded the temple two months prior to the Operation.{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=65}} The facetious nature of the naming of the operation was revealed to Kirpal Dhillon, who would be appointed [[director general of police]] three weeks after the operation,{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=192}} by a semiretired major general who had held a key position in the army headquarters at the time, who had been discussing rumors of an army action (which had become common by early 1984{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=164}}) and its name with a junior deputy while passing by an advertisement for Blue Star air conditioners.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|pp=169–170}}

== Operation ==
[[File:New--Plan-of-Harmandar-rp.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Map of the Harmandir Sahib Complex]]
Operation Blue Star was launched to remove Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers who had sought cover in the Amritsar Harmandir Sahib Complex.

On 3 June, a 36-hour [[curfew]] was imposed on the state of Punjab with all methods of communication and public travel suspended.<ref name=brar/>{{rp|54}} The electricity supply was also interrupted, creating a total blackout and cutting off the state from the rest of the world. Complete media censorship was enforced.<ref name=brar/>{{rp|81–82}}

The army stormed Harmandir Sahib on the night of 5 June under the command of Major-General [[Kuldip Singh Brar]]. The forces had full control of Harmandir Sahib by the morning of 7 June. There were casualties among the army, civilians, and militants. Sikh leaders Bhindranwale and Shabeg Singh were killed in the operation.<ref name=ahmad>{{cite book | last = Ahmed | first = Ishtiaq | title = State, Nation, and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | year = 1996 | page = 130 | isbn = 978-1855675780 }}</ref>

===Generals===
The armed Sikhs within the Harmandir Sahib were led by Bhindranwale, former Maj. Gen. [[Shabeg Singh]], and [[Amrik Singh]], the President of the [[All India Sikh Students Federation]] from Damdami Taksal.

General [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]] was the Chief of the [[Indian Army]]. Lt. Gen. [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji|Krishaswamy Sundarji]], GOC [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], planned and coordinated Operation Blue Star.<ref name=mohan>{{cite book | last = Sharma | first = Cf. Brig. Man Mohan | title = What Ails The Indian Army | publisher = Trishul Publications | year = 1998 | pages = 273–275 | isbn = 978-8185384252 }}</ref> From the Indian Army Maj. Gen. [[Kuldip Singh Brar]] had command of the operation. On 31 May he had been summoned from [[Meerut]] and asked to lead the operation to remove the militants from the temple. Brar was a [[Jat Sikh]], the same caste as Bhindranwale, and was also acquainted with Shabeg Singh, having been his student at the [[Indian Military Academy]] at [[Dehradun]].<ref name="Guha_IndiaGandhi"/> Among the six generals leading the operation, four were Sikhs.<ref name="Robert2008">{{cite book | author1=Robert L. Hardgrave | author2=Stanley A. Kochanek | title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT187 | access-date=20 October 2012 | year=2008 | publisher=Cengage Learning | isbn=978-0495007494 }}</ref>{{rp|175}}

The army operation was further subdivided along two subcategories:<ref name="IT_Answers_Bluestar"/>

# '''Operation Metal''': to take out the militants including Bhindranwale from the Golden Temple complex. Brar's 9 Infantry Division was deputed for this.
# '''Operation Shop''': to attack extremist areas throughout the Punjab state and deal with remaining militants in the countryside.

In addition, the army carried out Operation Woodrose, in which units were deployed to the border areas, replacing the pickets routinely held by the paramilitary [[Border Security Force]] (BSF). The border pickets were held in at least company strength.<ref name="IT_Answers_Bluestar">{{cite news |title=Operation Bluestar: Answers to some unanswered questions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19840815-operation-bluestar-answers-to-some-unanswered-questions-803743-1984-08-15 |access-date=17 July 2018 |publisher=India Today |date=15 August 1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718001413/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19840815-operation-bluestar-answers-to-some-unanswered-questions-803743-1984-08-15 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 1 June ===
On 1 June 1984 the Indian security forces began the operation by firing into various buildings with the goal of assessing the training of the militants.<ref name="Punjab2003">{{cite book |author1=Ram Narayan Kumar |url=https://archive.org/details/ReducedToAshes-TheInsurgencyAndHumanRightsInPunjab/mode/2up |title=Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab : Final Report |author2=Amrik Singh |author3=Ashok Agrwaal |publisher=South Asia Forum for Human Rights |year=2003 |isbn=978-9993353577 |pages=34–36 |ref={{sfnref|Kumar|2003}}}}</ref>{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=56}}{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=259}} Eyewitness testimony of pilgrims inside the temple complex state that the Harmandir Sahib was fired on initially by security forces on 1 June and not 5 June as reported by the army.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=56}} The firing began at about 12:40 p.m. and went until about 8:40 p.m. It was by the C.R.P.F and they used [[Medium machine gun|M.M.G.]], [[Light machine gun|L.M.G.]] and rifles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |title=Giani Kirpal Singh's Eye-Witness Account of Operation Blue Star |publisher=CSJS |year=1999 |isbn=81-7601-318-8 |pages=1}}</ref> It resulted in the main shrine of the Harmandir Sahib sustaining 34 bullet marks.<ref name="Punjab2003"/> The action claimed the lives of eight pilgrims, including a woman and a child, inside the temple complex and injured 25 others.<ref name="Punjab2003"/>{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=259}} Devinder Singh Duggal, who was in-charge of the Sikh Reference Library located inside of the Golden Temple complex and an eye-witness to Operation Blue Star, stated that the militants were given instructions to not fire until the army or security forces entered the temple, in order to conserve their limited ammunition.<ref name="Punjab2003"/>{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=57}}{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=259}} Duggal stated "...when I heard in the news bulletin that there was unprovoked firing from inside the Temple, but that the security forces showed extreme restrain and did not fire a single shot, I was surprised at this naked lie."{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=57}} The deaths of at least three of the pilgrims was confirmed by the eyewitness testimony of a female Sikh student who had dressed their wounds and who later witnessed their deaths in Guru Nanak Nivas.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=57}} According to Kirpal Singh eleven were killed in the firing.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, Duggal stated that on 2 June 1984 a team of the BBC, including Mark Tully, were taken around the Darbar Sahib and shown 34 holes, some of them as big as three inches in diameter, caused by the bullets on all sides of the temple.<ref name="TruthAbPunjab243">{{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurdashan Singh|title=Truth About Punjab (SGPC White Paper)|publisher=Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee|place=Amristar}} p. 243</ref> Mark Tully noted, "The C.R.P.F. firing took place four days before the army actually entered the Temple".<ref name="TruthAbPunjab243"/>

The government waited as people entered the complex in large numbers in preparation for the June 3 commemoration of Guru Arjan's martyrdom; the army assault would not be launched in earnest until after the complex was at capacity.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=259}}

=== 2 June ===
The army had already sealed the international border from [[Kashmir]] to Ganga Nagar, [[Rajasthan]]. At least seven divisions of troops were deployed in villages of Punjab. The soldiers began taking control of the city of Amritsar from the paramilitary. A young Sikh officer posing as a pilgrim was sent in to reconnoitre the temple. He spent an hour in the complex noting defensive preparations. Plans were made to clear vantage points occupied by militants outside the complex before the main assault. Patrols were also sent to study these locations.<ref name="Guha_IndiaGandhi"/>

As the Indian army was sealing off exits out of Amritsar, it continued to allow pilgrims to enter the temple complex.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}} All outgoing trains from Amritsar had left by noon and other trains were cancelled.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}} The CRPF outside the temple had been replaced by the army who were taking into custody any visitors leaving the temple.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}} A pilgrim who survived the assault stated that he did not leave the temple because of the detention of visitors by the army.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}}

By nightfall media and the press were gagged and rail, road and air services in Punjab were suspended. Foreigners and non-resident Indians were denied entry. General Gauri Shankar was appointed as security advisor to the Governor of Punjab. The water and electricity supply was cut off.<ref>{{cite news | last = Hamlyn |first = Michael | title = Journalists removed from Amritsar: Army prepares to enter Sikh shrine | pages =36| work = The Times| date = 6 June 1984}}</ref><ref name=amritsarlast>{{cite book |last1=Tully |first1=Mark |last2=Jacob |first2=Satish |title=Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa Publications India |isbn=978-8129109170 |oclc=1199001043 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Gun battle rages in Sikh holy shrine| pages =1| work = The Times| date = 5 June 1984}}</ref> There were no warnings to civilians nor plans to evacuate them to limit casualties; rather, shoot-on-sight commands had been given to the army, whose quarantine would stop all rail, road, and foot traffic in Punjab by the next day.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=261}}

=== 3 June ===
According to an All Sikhs Student Federation member, 10,000 people had come from outside, including many women, with 4,000 of them young people.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}} The Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee estimates that approximately 10,000 to 15,000 pilgrims had come from Punjab's cities and villages to attend the [[Gurpurab]].<ref name="Dhillon1996" /> Along with the pilgrims were 1,300 Akali workers led by Jathedar Nachattar Singh who had come to participate in the Dharam Yudh Morcha and to court arrest.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=59}}<ref name="AmarjitK_KillPlan" /> The Akali jathas who were also present consisted of about 200 women, 18 children and about 1,100 men and were also forced to stay inside the temple complex.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}}<ref name="AmarjitK_KillPlan" /> Those who were inside were not allowed to go out after 10:00 pm on 3 June because of the curfew placed by the military.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}}

In addition, as of 3 June the pilgrims who had entered the temple in the days prior were unaware that Punjab had been placed under curfew.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=59}} Thousands of pilgrims and hundreds of Akali workers had been allowed to collect inside the Temple complex without any warning either of the sudden curfew or imminent Army attack.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=59}}

In the night the curfew was re-imposed with the army and para-military patrolling all of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The army sealed off all routes of ingress and exit around the temple complex.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=147}}

Army units led by Indian Army Lt. Gen [[Kuldip Singh Brar]] surrounded the temple complex on 3 June 1984. Just before the commencement of the operation, Lt. Gen Brar addressed the soldiers:

{{Blockquote|text=The action is not against the Sikhs or the Sikh religion; it is against terrorism. If there is anyone amongst them, who have strong religious sentiments or other reservations, and do not wish to take part in the operation he can opt out, and it will not be held against him.|sign=[[Kuldip Singh Brar]]|source=<ref name="GatesRoy2016">{{cite book|author1=Scott Gates|author2=Kaushik Roy|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317005414|page=167}}</ref>}}

However, no one opted out and that included many "Sikh officers, junior commissioned officers and other ranks".<ref name="GatesRoy2016"/>

=== 4 June ===
[[File:Akal takhat amritsar.jpg|thumb|Akal Takhat, Amritsar]]
The accounts of survivors inside of the temple complex were consistent with the military commencing its assault in the early morning of June 4,{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=59}} which would continue until the 7th.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=261}}

The army began bombarding the historic [[Ramgarhia Bunga]], the water tank, and other fortified positions with [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder]] artillery. After destroying the outer defences laid by Shabeg Singh, the army moved tanks and [[Armoured personnel carrier|APCs]] onto the road separating the Guru Nanak Niwas building.<ref name="ReferenceA">Dr. Sangat Singh, ''The Sikhs in History'', p. 377{{ISBN?}}</ref> The army helicopters spotted the massive movements, and General [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]] sent tanks and APCs to meet them.<ref>History of Sikhs, Sangat Singh</ref>

Duggal states that the army attack started at 4:00 am with a 25-pounder that fell in the ramparts of the Deori to the left of the Akal Takht Sahib.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=59}} Duggal further states that during the assault he saw a number of dead bodies of children and women in the Parikrama.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=59}} The army's assault had prevented Duggal from leaving the room in which he had taken shelter as he believed it would have resulted in his death.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=59}} Another eyewitness, Bhan Singh the Secretary of the SGPC, states that the army provided no warning of the start of the attack which prevented pilgrims and those who came as a part of the Dharam Yudh Morcha from exiting.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=60}} A female survivor recalled that it was not until the army began using explosives on the temple that they were aware that it had commenced its assault.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=60}} She further stated that within the Harmandir Sahib, there were some [[granthi]]s (priests), [[Ragi (Sikhism)|ragi]]s (singers), [[sevadar]]s (service volunteers) and yatris (pilgrims) but no armed militants.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=60}} Prithpal Singh, the sevadar on duty at the Akal rest house which housed pilgrims, stated that it was shelled by the military.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=60}} As of May 1985 during the recording of Prithpal's account, the Akal Rest house still bore the bullet marks caused by the Indian Army.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=61}}

====Lack of civilian forewarning====
On 4 June no warning was provided to the pilgrims to evacuate and the pilgrims were deterred of leaving as the Indian army would arrest anyone who left the temple complex.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=56}} Although officially the army stated that it made announcements, the eyewitness testimony of pilgrims who were arrested after the assault was used as the basis of a decision in the Amritsar district court in April 2017 which held that the army made no such announcements.<ref name="MyUser_Https:_August_12_2020c"/> The eyewitness testimony of survivors of the army's assault on the temple complex were consistent with stating that they were unaware of the start of the attack by the army until it took place without notice on the morning of 4 June.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=59}}

In response to the claim that on 4 and 5 June, messages asking pilgrims to leave the temple were played over loudspeakers,<ref name="Guha_IndiaGandhi"/> in 2017 the Amritsar District and Sessions Judge Gurbir Singh gave a ruling which stated that there was no evidence that the Indian army provided warnings for pilgrims to leave the temple complex before commencing their assault.<ref name="MyUser_Https:_August_12_2020c">{{cite web |date=21 December 2019 |title=In wrong place at wrong time: Forgotten story of Operation Blue Star's 'Jodhpur detainees' |website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/in-wrong-place-at-wrong-time-forgotten-story-of-operation-blue-stars-jodhpur-detainees/338905/ |access-date=August 12, 2020 }}</ref> Judge Gurbir Singh wrote in his ruling, "There is no evidence that army made any announcements asking ordinary civilians to leave Golden Temple complex before launching the operation in 1984...There is no written record of any public announcement by the civil authorities requesting the people to come out of the complex. No log of vehicle used for making such announcements is there...The event underlines the human rights violations by troops during the operation.<ref name="MyUser_Https:_August_12_2020c"/><ref name="JaijeeSuri2019">{{cite book|author1=Inderjit Singh Jaijee|author2=Dona Suri|title=The Legacy of Militancy in Punjab: Long Road to 'Normalcy'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAG1DwAAQBAJ|date=2019|publisher=Sage Publishing India|isbn=978-9353287153|page=51}}</ref><ref name=noproof>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Surjit|title='No proof of announcement for civilians before Op Bluestar': 33 yrs on, court orders relief for 40 Sikhs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/33-yrs-on-compensation-for-40-sikhs-held-illegally-from-golden-temple-no-proof-of-announcement-for-civilians-before-op-bluestar/story-LbmSYkl36g00lkUNifeouJ.html|website=The Tribune|date=12 May 2017|accessdate=18 February 2023}}</ref> The lack of evidence of any warning to vacate the temple complex was the basis of a compensatory award of ₹400,000 rupees (approximately $6,150 in 2017 currency) given to 40 Sikhs in 2017, 33 years later, who had been illegally detained by the Indian military in Jodhpur, Rajasthan for four to five years, even after their discharge had been ordered by courts.<ref name="MyUser_Https:_August_12_2020c"/><ref name=noproof/>

According to Kirpal S. Dhillon, who would be appointed [[Director general of police|DGP]] of the state three weeks after the operation,{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=192}} it was clear that there were no escape routes for pilgrims amid chaos, except if army had taken help of akalis, who were also trapped in the complex, which they did not.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=172}}

=== 5 June ===
Most civilian deaths would take place in the adjoining pilgrim rest houses, which would show no signs of direct shelling, corroborating civilian reports of close-range shooting massacres by the army. The hands of Sikh male pilgrims were tied by their own turbans as they were beaten and left for dead, or shot. Screams were heard from the rest houses by eyewitness accounts, as people were set alight in the rest houses.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=261}}

On 5 June the blind head Ragi of the Harmandir Sahib Amrik Singh and Ragi Avtar Singh, were struck by bullets inside of the Harmandir Sahib by the Indian army.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=62}} The army's targeting of the Harmandir Sahib with bullets was in contrast to the alleged restraint stated in the army issued White Paper on 10 July 1984.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=62}} As of 5 June pilgrims who had reached the temple on 3 June were still present hiding in rooms.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=63}} In one room 40–50 persons were huddled together including a six-month-old child during the army's assault.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=63}} A female survivor of the assault stated that the army asked people to leave their hiding spots and guaranteed safe passage and water; she recalled seeing the dead bodies of pilgrims who answered the announcements lying in the Parikrama the next morning.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=63}}

In the morning, shelling started on the building inside the Harmandir Sahib complex.<ref>Sangat Singh, p. 377</ref> The 9th division launched a frontal attack on the [[Akal Takht]], although it was unable to secure the building. The Golden Temple complex had honeycombed tunnel structures.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=90}}

====7:00 pm====

The BSF and CRPF attacked Hotel Temple View and Brahm Boota Akhara, respectively, on the southwest fringes of the complex. By 10:00 pm both the structures were under their control.<ref name=brar/>{{rp|81–82}} The army simultaneously attacked various other gurdwaras. Sources mention either 42 or 74 locations.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

====10:00 pm – 7:30 am====

Late in the evening, the generals decided to launch a simultaneous attack from three sides. Ten Guards, 1 Para Commandos and [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF) would attack from the main entrance of the complex, and 26 Madras and 9 Kumaon battalions from the hostel complex side entrance from the south. The objective of the 10 Guards was to secure the northern wing of the Temple complex and draw attention away from SFF who were to secure the western wing of the complex and 1 Para Commandos who were to gain a foothold in Akal Takht and in Harmandir Sahab, with the help of divers. 26 Madras was tasked with securing the southern and the eastern complexes, and the 9 Kumaon regiment with SGPC building and Guru Ramdas Serai. Twelve Bihar was charged with providing a cordon and fire support to the other regiments by neutralising enemy positions under their observance.<ref name=brar/>{{rp|61}}

An initial attempt by the commandos to gain a foothold at Darshani Deori failed as they came under devastating fire, after which several further attempts were made with varying degrees of success. Eventually, other teams managed to reach Darshani Deori, a building north of the Nishan Sahib, and started to fire at the Akal Takth and a red building towards its left, so that the SFF troops could get closer to the Darshani Deori and fire gas canisters at Akal Takth. The canisters bounced off the building and affected the troops instead.

Meanwhile, 26 Madras and 9 Garhwal Rifles (reserve troops) had come under heavy fire from the Langar rooftop, Guru Ramdas Serai and the buildings in the vicinity. Moreover, they took a lot of time in forcing open the heavy Southern Gate, which had to be shot open with tank fire. This delay caused a lot of casualties among the Indian troops fighting inside the complex. Three tanks and an APC had entered the complex.

Crawling was impossible as Shabeg Singh had placed light machine guns nine or ten inches above the ground. The attempt caused many casualties among the Indian troops. A third attempt to gain the Pool was made by a squad of 200 commandos. On the southern side, the Madras and Garhwal battalions were not able to make it to the pavement around the pool because they were engaged by positions on the southern side.

Despite the mounting casualties, General Sunderji ordered a fourth assault by the commandos. This time, the Madras battalion was reinforced with two more companies of the 7th Garhwal Rifles under the command of General Kuldip Singh Brar. However, the Madras and Garhwal troops under Brigadier A. K. Dewan once again failed to move towards the parikarma (the pavement around the pool).

Brigadier Dewan reported heavy casualties and requested more reinforcements. General Brar sent two companies of 15 Kumaon Regiment. This resulted in yet more heavy casualties, forcing Brigadier Dewan to request tank support. As one APC inched closer to the Akal Takht it was hit with an anti-tank [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]], which immediately immobilized it. Brar also requested tank support. The tanks received the clearance to fire their main guns (105 mm [[high-explosive squash head]] shells) only at around 7:30 am.<ref name=brar/>{{rp|81–110}}
[[File:Operation Blue Star.jpg|thumb|An [[OT-64 SKOT]] disabled by [[Rocket-propelled grenades|RPGs]]]]

According to Giani Puran Singh, a priest in Harimander Sahib, at 10;00 pm tanks began entering the temple complex. At the same time armored carriers began entering to.{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=75}}

====Popular uprising====
During the course of the operation, army conduct towards civilians found in the offices and rest houses, who had been ordered to "surrender" on the night of 5 June, worsened as reports of a popular uprising of Sikhs across Punjab and India heading to defend the Darbar Sahib.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=263}} Sikh villagers had begun to march to the site, grabbing whatever implements available, like staffs and sickles, to defend it. Many, including young and elderly, including women, were killed, as slogans in support of Sikhism and Bhindranwale was followed by machine gun fire and screams.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=263}} According to Khushwant Singh, throngs of up to 20,000 were stopped by helicopters, tanks, and armored cars. Army commanders, considering time to be running out before a mass uprising, decided to escalate the operation to any extent to end the operation that night, when Akali leaders, including Longowal, Tohra, and others, would be taken into custody around 1 a.m. on 6 June,{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=263}} possibly by force from a room in the [[Teja Singh Samundri]] Hall, into an [[armoured personnel carrier]].<ref name=paleimitation/>

=== 6 June ===
[[File:AB133 - Vijayanta MBT.JPG|thumb|The army used seven [[Vijayanta|Vijayanta Tanks]] during the operation<ref>{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Sangat | title = The Sikhs in History | publisher = Uncommon Books | year = 1992 | page = 378 | isbn = 978-8190065009 }}</ref>]]

The heavy artillery, reinforcements, and chemical weapons had not yet finished off the approximately 200 militants by 6 June; small groups of fighters, armed with mostly World War II-era guns, would continue to emerge from under the Akal Takht and engage with the army until death. Tanks would be driven onto the complex for the final assault.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=262}}

According to Maj. Gen. J. S. Jamwal, who commanded the 15th Infantry Division, as the assault got bogged down in the early hours, Brar began to panic, revealed in his voice when on the radio to the 10th Guards, "what should I do...get something done." He had apparently having "forgotten" of his reserves, two companies of the 9 Garhwal Rifles. When reminded of them, he then ordered them in, only then managing to reach an advantageous position.<ref name=brarpanic/>

At 10:00 am the "vigorous" battle ended. In the battle about 40-50 Sikhs fought the army continuously until they died or ran out of ammunition. Once this battle ended the army gained control of Darshani Deori, Clock Tower, and Atta Mandi.{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=75}}

Vijayanta tanks shelled the Akal Takht. It suffered some damage but the structure was still standing.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=90}} The [[Special Group (India)|Special Group]], a confidential special forces unit of the [[R&AW]], began its planned raid on this day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-blue-star-special-group-commandos-mossad-training-israel-1251738-2018-06-06|title=Israel's invisible hand behind Operation Blue Star of 1984|date=June 6, 2018|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>

Afterwards, the Indian military detained surviving pilgrims on the grounds that they were affiliated with the militants and subjected them to interrogations, beatings and executions.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=67–71}}

=== 7–10 June ===
The battle ended at around 1 a.m. on 7 June.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=262}} Few surviving snipers who had managed to hold off the army for 3 days were killed.{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=90}}

The army entered the Akal Takht. Dead bodies of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, Shabeg Singh and Amrik Singh were discovered in the building,{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=90}} and taken by the army.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=262}} Photographs smuggled out that year would include one of Shabeg Singh's body showing signs of likely post-capture torture, with a gouged eye and battered body.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=272}}

According to Giani Puran Singh a ''[[Granthi]]'' of the Golden Temple on June 7 at Ramgharia Bunga 4 Sikh held out at a trench they had dug. Giani Puran Singh was told by soldier to negotiate with them, but they pledged to die there. They killed multiple soldiers. The army failed to fight the Sikh so they attempted bombing them, but the Sikh still held out. They were eventually drawn out with chemical gas and were killed on June 10.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harjinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJdcCAAAQBAJ |title=Game of Love |date=2008 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |isbn=978-0-9554587-1-2 |pages=91–92 |language=en}}</ref>

President [[Zail Singh]] visited the temple premises after the operation, while making the round, he was shot at by a sniper from one of the buildings that the army had not yet cleared. The bullet hit the arm of an army colonel who led a Commando battalion. He was accompanying the president. On June 8, he was shot by the Sikh held out in Ramgharia Bunga.{{sfn|Tully|Jacob|1986|p=193}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The untold story before Operation Bluestar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20140210-operation-bluestar-indira-gandhi-singh-bhindranwale-army-800031-1999-11-29 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=India Today |date=30 November 1999 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From the India Today archives (1984) {{!}} Operation Bluestar: The inside story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-1984-operation-bluestar-the-inside-story-2386012-2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=India Today |date=29 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The Sikh held out were Major Singh Nagoke, Dalbir Singh, Swaran Singh Rode, Ram Singh Sultanpuri, and Nand Singh Patti.<ref name=":24">ਖਾੜਕੂ ਯੋਧੇ in Punjabi by Maninder Singh Baja</ref>

====Sikh Reference Library====
Around noon on 7 June, the army burned down the [[Sikh Reference Library]]. The library contained numerous artifacts and hundreds of original manuscripts, including letters signed by the Sikh gurus.{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=90}}{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=172}} It had been intact on the night of 6 June, when Devinder Singh Duggal, its director, had left; he would be arrested a week later for refusing to sign a receipt relinquishing the building to the army.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=265}} According to library staff, at least 13,000 books had vanished before the library was later set alight; the SGPC had corresponded with the central government for their return, as they were believed to be in possession of the Army, who was believed to have stuffed the books in more than 150 gunny bags and kept in [[Meerut]]. Much the remaining artifacts and racks bore bullet holes, and many paintings were incinerated or damaged beyond repair.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|pp=193–197}}

Jamwal had ordered an anti-tank shell fired into the Akal Takht, which would instead be "misdirected" and hit the Sikh Reference Library, causing the fire. The shell would be one of 20 shells fired at the Akal Takht, some of which would miss and land behind the complex, hitting the army's own positions.<ref name=brarpanic/>

=== Mutinies by Sikh soldiers ===
According to Hamish Telford, "Operation Blue Star placed every Sikh soldier in a moral quandary: they were asked to submerge their cultural identity for the sake of professional duty."<ref name=telfordobs>{{cite journal |last1=Telford |first1=Hamish |title=Counter-Insurgency in India: Observations from Punjab and Kashmir |journal=Journal of Conflict Studies |date=2001 |volume=21 |issue=1 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4293/4888}}</ref> Cases of spontaneous mutinies by Sikh soldiers, mostly raw recruits, were reported from different places. From eight army cantonments far from Punjab, approximately 4,000 young men, generally without a plan had set upon main roads to apparently reach Amritsar, and were intercepted and mostly arrested, with some casualties. Most had not used the weapons that they had been well-trained with, though the mutinies would still create some panic in Delhi.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=263}}

On 7 June, six hundred soldiers of the 9th Battalion of the [[Sikh Regiment]], almost the entire [[Army ranks and insignia of India#Other ranks|other ranks']] strength, mutinied in [[Sri Ganganagar]]. The largest mutiny took place in Sikh Regimental Centre at [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]] in [[Bihar]] where recruits for the Sikh Regiment are trained. There, 1,461 soldiers—1,050 of them raw recruits, stormed the armoury, killing one officer and injuring two before they set out for Amritsar. The leaders of the mutiny divided the troops into two groups just outside of [[Banaras]] to avoid a rumoured roadblock. One half was engaged by army artillery at Shakteshgarh railway station; those who managed to escape were rounded up by [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|21st Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]. The other half engaged with the artillery and troops of [[20th Indian Infantry Brigade|20th Infantry Brigade]], during which 35 soldiers (both sides) were killed.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1177/0095327X9201900106| issn = 0095-327X| volume = 19| issue = 1| pages = 123–137| last = Barua| first = Pradeep P.| title = Ethnic Conflict in the Military of Developing Nations: A Comparative Analysis of India and Nigeria| journal = Armed Forces & Society| date = October 1992| s2cid = 145283886}}</ref><ref name="Kundu"/><ref name=amritsarlast/>{{rp|195}} There were five more smaller mutinies in different parts of India. In total 55 mutineers were killed and 2,606 were captured alive.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/2644297| issn = 0004-4687| volume = 25| issue = 2| pages = 131–144| last = Hardgrave| first = Robert L.| title = India in 1984: Confrontation, Assassination, and Succession| journal = Asian Survey| date = 1985| jstor = 2644297}}</ref><ref name=Kundu>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/2760119| issn = 0030-851X| volume = 67| issue = 1| pages = 46–69| last = Kundu| first = Apurba| title = The Indian Armed Forces' Sikh and Non-Sikh Officers' Opinions of Operation Blue Star| journal = Pacific Affairs| date = 1994| jstor = 2760119}}</ref>

The captured mutineers were court-martialed, despite efforts by various groups including retired Sikh officers to get them reinstated.<ref name=amritsarlast/>{{rp|199}} In August 1985, 900 of the 2,606 mutineers were rehabilitated by the Central government as part of the [[Punjab accord|Rajiv-Longowal accord]].<ref name=Kundu/>

==Casualties==
===Domestic estimates===
The Indian army initially placed total casualties at<ref name="Guha_IndiaGandhi"/> 554 Sikh militants and civilians dead,<ref name="WhitePaper1984">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqSAngEACAAJ&q=493 |title=White Paper on the Punjab Agitation |date=1984 |publisher=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Government of India]] |page=169}}</ref> and 83 killed (4 officers, 79 soldiers) and 236 wounded among government forces. Kuldip Nayar cites Rajiv Gandhi as allegedly admitting that nearly 700 soldiers were killed.{{sfn|Chima|2008|p=114}} This number was allegedly disclosed by Gandhi in September 1984 as he was addressing the [[National Student Union of India]] session in [[Nagpur]].{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=96}} Per Ved Marwah the army suffered 35% casualties.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marwah |first=Ved |title=Uncivil wars : pathology of terrorism in India |date=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |others=Centre for Policy Research |isbn=81-7223-251-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=176 |oclc=52181797}}</ref>{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=96}}

Despite government efforts to control the narrative, offering supervised tours to journalists after a hasty cleanup,{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=267}} [[Brahma Chellaney]], the [[Associated Press]]'s South Asia correspondent, was the only foreign reporter who managed to stay on in [[Amritsar]] despite the media blackout.<ref name=casualities3>{{cite news | last = Hamlyn |first =Michael | title = Amritsar witness puts death toll at 1000| page =7| work = The Times| date = 12 June 1984}}</ref>{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=173}} His dispatches, filed by [[telex]], provided the first non-governmental news reports on the bloody operation in Amritsar. His first dispatch, front-paged by ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Times]] of London'' and ''[[The Guardian]]'', reported a death toll of at least 1200 from the complex alone,{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=267}} about twice of what authorities had admitted. According to the dispatch, about 780 militants and civilians and 400 troops had perished in fierce gun-battles.<ref>{{citation|title=Golden Temple Sikhs Surrender|author=Eric Silver| work=The Guardian|date=7 June 1984}}</ref> Chellaney reported that about "eight to ten" men suspected Sikh militants had been shot with their hands tied,<ref name=tiedandshot/> and bodies carried off in garbage trucks for mass-cremation.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=267}} In that dispatch, Mr. Chellaney interviewed a doctor who said he had been picked up by the army and forced to conduct postmortems despite the fact he had never done any postmortem examination before.<ref name=tiedandshot>{{cite news | last = Chellaney |first = Brahma | title = Sikhs in Amritsar 'tied up and shot'| work = The Times| date = 14 June 1984}}</ref> In reaction to the dispatch, the Indian government charged Chellaney with violating Punjab press censorship, two counts of fanning sectarian hatred and trouble, and later with sedition,<ref name=govtreaction2/> calling his report baseless and disputing his casualty figures.<ref name=govtreaction1>{{cite news| title = Indian Police Question Reporter on Amritsar| agency = Associated Press| work = The New York Times| date = 24 November 1984| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E6DA1638F937A15752C1A962948260| access-date = 14 January 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110103080208/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E6DA1638F937A15752C1A962948260| archive-date = 3 January 2011| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref> The government issued a warrant for his arrest, which the [[New York Times]] protesting vociferously, stating that Chellaney had been "doing his job too well".{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=267}} The [[Supreme Court of India]] ordered Chellaney to cooperate with Amritsar police, who interrogated him concerning his report and sources. Chellaney declined to reveal his source, citing journalistic ethics and the constitutional guarantee of freedom of the press. In September 1985 charges against Chellaney were dropped.<ref name=govtreaction2>{{cite news| title =India is set to drop prosecution of AP reporter in Punjab Case| agency =Associated Press| page =5| work =The New York Times| date =14 September 1985| url =http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F11FC3D5D0C778DDDA00894DD484D81| access-date =14 January 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110102045846/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F11FC3D5D0C778DDDA00894DD484D81| archive-date =2 January 2011| url-status =live| df =dmy-all}}</ref> The Associated Press stood by the accuracy of the reports and figures, which were "supported by Indian and other press accounts".<ref name=reportsverified>{{cite news | last = Stevens | title = India is said to drop prosecution of A. P. reporter in Punjab case =| page =5| work = The New York Times| date = 30 October 1984| quote= Mr. Chellaney reported a death toll of 1,200 at a time when the Indian Government said the figure was 576. He also reported that 8 to 10 Sikhs had been tied up and shot by soldiers. The Government called his dispatches false and inflammatory. The A. P. defended the accuracy of his reports, which were supported by Indian and other press accounts.}}</ref>

According to a close associate of Bhindranwale only 35 militants were killed, with the rest leaving in the early days of the Operation. They left because of a plan devised in which they would launch a revolution against the state to form Khalistan so the movement may live on. The belief of the militants was that it is better for some to live to fight another day. According to the associate all who left would go on to die in the Punjab Insurgency.{{sfn|Mahmood|1996|p=69}}

===Independent estimates===
Independent casualty figures were much higher.<ref>{{cite web |title=What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/1984-operation-blue-star-amritsar-1251681-2018-06-06 |website=India Today |date=6 June 2018 |access-date=9 February 2021 |language=en|quote=Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83 and the number of civilian deaths at 492, though independent estimates ran much higher.}}</ref> The Indian government that the high civilian casualties was due to militants in the Golden Temple using [[pilgrim]]s trapped inside the temple as [[human shield]]s,<ref name="Kiss_Khalistan"/> though the operation was conducted at a time when the Golden Temple was packed to capacity with pilgrims who were there to celebrate the annual martyrdom anniversary of Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=35}} According to Indian army generals, "it is possible" that militants were "depending upon the Sikh masses to form a human shield to prevent action by the army," as well as the presence of a "whole lot of moderate Akali leadership."{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=34}}

Delivering the findings of a review in 2014, [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|U.K. Foreign Secretary]] [[William Hague]] attributed high civilian casualties to the Indian Government's attempt at a full frontal assault on the militants, diverging from the recommendations provided by the [[British Army|U.K. Military]].<ref>Hague, William. 2014. "[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/alleged-uk-link-to-operation-at-sri-harmandir-sahib-amritsar-1984 Allegations of UK Involvement in the Indian Operation at Sri Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar 1984]." ([[White paper|Policy paper]]). Available as a [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277292/Cabinet_Secretary_report_to_PM_on_allegations_of_UK_involveme....pdf PDF]. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

"The FCO files (Annex E) record the Indian Intelligence Co-ordinator telling a UK interlocutor, in the same time-frame as this public Indian report, that some time after the UK military adviser's visit the Indian Army took over lead responsibility for the operation, the main concept behind the operation changed, and a frontal assault was attempted, which contributed to the large number of casualties on both sides."</ref><ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-26027631 Golden Temple attack: UK advised India but impact 'limited']." ''[[BBC News]]''. 7 June 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

"The adviser suggested using an element of surprise, as well as helicopters, to try to keep casualty numbers low—features which were not part of the final operation, Mr Hague said."</ref> The Indian military had created a situation where civilians were allowed to collect inside of the temple complex. On 3 June the Indian military allowed pilgrims to enter the temple complex.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}} The Indian military also allowed thousands of protestors whom were a part of the Dharam Yudh Morcha to enter the temple complex.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}} These protestors included women and children.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}} There was no warning provided to the pilgrims who entered on 3 June that a curfew was put in place by the military.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}} These pilgrims were prevented from leaving after the curfew had been placed by the army at approximately 10:00 pm.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=58}}

Sikhs residing in homes around the complex had also been victimized, as homes were looted and confiscated, with several residents bound by their own turbans and killed.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=265}} Pilgrims and visitors to dozens of other gurdwaras across Punjab had also been trapped and killed as the operations radiated out from Amritsar.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=265}} According to Inderjit Singh Jaijee, about 300 Hindu visitors to the complex from outside the state were also killed in the complex in volley fire.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|pp=262–263}}

===Disposal of bodies===
While fast, onsite mass cremations were impractical due to the number of dead, thick black clouds were witnessed near the Guru Nanak Niwas on 7 June. Bodies of the dead and dying were taken away often in municipal garbage vans, and mass-cremated surreptitiously. The government bribed and threatened local [[Dalit]] sweepers into handling the corpses, promising them possession of anything of value found on them.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=265}}

==Aftermath==
===Release of the White Paper===
Gandhi summoned small groups of high-profile Sikh intellectuals to assess reactions to June 1984.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=269}} In efforts to manage potential personal and political fallout, the government released its official White Paper on 10 July 1984. Called "Operation Whitewash" by the press,{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=269}}<ref name=paleimitation>{{cite web|last1=Gupta|first1=Shekhar|title=White Paper on Punjab agitation turns out to be a pale imitation of its promise|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840731-white-paper-on-punjab-agitation-turns-out-to-be-a-pale-imitation-of-its-promise-803183-1999-11-29|website=India Today|date=31 July 1984|accessdate=18 February 2023}}</ref> an in some circles " White Paper on black deeds,"{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=208}} it fully pushed the government's version of events,{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=269}} with a "welter of platitudes and unsubstantiated innuendo":<ref name=paleimitation/> solely blaming the Akalis for the course of events during the protest{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=269}} and evading Akali allegations of multiple withdrawals from agreements during talks by Indira Gandhi,<ref name=paleimitation/> while bureaucrats and lobbies ensured that nothing was said against any wing of the government in the paper;<ref name=paleimitation/> underreporting operation casualties; insinuating intrigues and foreign hands,{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=269}}<ref name=paleimitation/> though not substantiating them even slightly, "dismiss[ing them] with an air of high-sounding self-righteousness," failing to disclose that most captured weapons had been of Indian origin, a potential embarrassment to the army; and lashing out at the foreign press.<ref name=paleimitation/>

Another effort to seize the narrative, as the Sikh diaspora's rallies in North America and England, and contact with foreign press, ministers, and donors had become to gain traction into effective lobbying and human rights advocacy, was the mailing of approximately 50,000 copies of a videocassette in the mailboxes of North American Sikhs, attempting to rationalize the attack and the events leading up to it. "Unfortunately for India," according to Canadian journalists Zuheir Kashmeri and Brian McAndrew, authors of [[Soft Target (book)|''Soft Target'']], "the quality of the tapes was poor. Careless editing revealed several phony segments.... Accompanying the approximately fifty thousand cassettes was a glossy magazine entitled "The Sikhs in Their Homeland—India," which praised Sikhs' contributions to India and denounced the evil separatists, especially those outside India."{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=269}}

In September 1985, the government also banned a report by Citizens for Democracy, ''Oppression in Punjab'', arrested two people involved in putting it out, co-author B. D. Pancholi and press owner Om Prakash Gupta, and seized and destroyed copies of the report due to the "sensitive situation in the state", just prior to state elections. The work, with a foreword by Justice [[V. M. Tarkunde]], charged the government as the major cause of violence in Punjab during the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]], and opposition to the Congress charged the government with suppression of political dissent and "sustained attempts to suppress the civil rights of the people". tarkunde and four other co-authors were charged with sedition, but not arrested. Civil liberties activists who worked for the overturn of the ban were criticized by the government for naming and therefore "endangering the lives" of government officials who orchestrated anti-Sikh violence and in their reports. The report asserted that "clearly innocent" people had been arrested, and the state police had carried out "sadistic torture, ruthless killings, fake encounters, calculated ill treatment of women and children, and corruption and graft on a large scale".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weisman |first1=Steven R. |title=India Bans Critical Punjab Report |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/16/world/india-bans-critical-punjab-report.html |agency=The New York Times |date=16 September 1985}}</ref>

===Reconstruction controversy===
The Akal Takht, the holiest of the five Sikh ''[[Panj Takht|takhts]]'', was razed to the ground during the operation, and many holy relics destroyed. An old rallying point and symbol of resistance by armed force, and where the sixth Sikh guru had first raised an army to fight the Mughals, it had last been razed in 1764 by [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]. The sanctum sanctorum of the Golden Temple had also received numerous bullet marks.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|pp=193–197}}

The government's unilateral appointment of the Buddha Dal ''[[nihang]]'' faction, which was not on good terms with the mainstream Sikh priesthood,{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=220}} to oversee the repair of the Akal Takht, instead of leaving it to the SGPC, further aroused ire and resentment of the Sikh masses.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=241}} Its leader, Buta Singh, was seen as complicit by accepting tainted external funding and patronage by the central government for the repair, rather than relying on community self-funding and ''kar seva'' favored by Sikh tradition. He had discouraged participation at a conference of the Golden Temple's ''granthis'', who had strongly opposed him and would instead hold it at another historic gurdwara in Amritsar, as they were barred by the government from doing so at the Golden Temple. The government would attempt to downplay the success of this World Sikh Conference, while asking the media to inflate the attendance of Buta Singh's own 11 August 1984 convention, which would censure the SGPC and the Akalis. The reconstructed Akal Takht was torn down and rebuilt by the community and its donations, under the supervision of the Damdami Taksal and Thakar Singh Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh's successor.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|pp=223–224}} Some Sikhs wanted to leave the Akal Takht in ruins, as a testament to the government's actions.

===Operation Woodrose===
In the wake of Operation Blue Star, Punjab had become the target of another operation, [[Operation Woodrose]], this time targeting the countryside, which was swarmed with soldiers ordered to approach identifiable Sikhs as enemies and conduct cordon operations, mass arrests, torture, sexual harassment and assaults, and disappearances, traumatizing and antagonizing tens of thousands.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=269}}

===Assassinations===
The operation also led to the [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassination]] of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on 31 October 1984 by two of her Sikh bodyguards as an act of vengeance,<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation Blue Star (1984) Information, Photos & Videos|url=http://youthtimes.in/operation-blue-star-1984-information-photos-and-videos/|work=YouthTimes.in|access-date=7 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608061230/http://youthtimes.in/operation-blue-star-1984-information-photos-and-videos|archive-date=8 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/31/newsid_2464000/2464423.stm |title=1984: Indian prime minister shot dead |work=BBC News |access-date=9 August 2009 |date=31 October 1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117032809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/31/newsid_2464000/2464423.stm |archive-date=17 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> triggering the [[1984 Sikh massacre]]. The widespread killing of Sikhs, principally in the national capital [[Delhi]] but also in other major cities in North India, led to major divisions between the Sikh community and the [[Indian Government]]. The army withdrew from Harmandir Sahib later in 1984 under pressure from Sikh demands.<ref>"Sikhs, in rally, press the Army to quit temple", Sanjoy Hazarika, ''The New York Times'', 3 September 1984.</ref> The 1985 bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] is thought to have been a revenge action.

General [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]], the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] at the time of Operation Blue Star, was assassinated in 1986 in [[Pune]] by two Sikhs, [[Harjinder Singh Jinda]] and [[Sukhdev Singh Sukha]]. Both were sentenced to death, and [[Hanging|hanged]] on 7 October 1992.

In March 1986, Sikh militants again occupied and continued to use the temple compound which necessitated another police action known as [[Operation Black Thunder]] on 1 May 1986, Indian paramilitary police entered the temple and arrested 200 militants that had occupied Harmandir Sahib for more than three months.<ref name="NYT_Black">{{cite news |last1=Weishan |first1=Steven R. |title=Indian policemen raid Sikh temple |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/01/world/indian-policemen-raid-sikh-temple.html |access-date=5 July 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 May 1986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233804/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/01/world/indian-policemen-raid-sikh-temple.html |archive-date=5 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 2 May 1986 the paramilitary police undertook a [[Operation Black Thunder|12-hour operation]] to take control of [[Golden Temple|Harmandir Sahib]] at Amritsar from several hundred militants, but almost all the major radical leaders managed to escape.<ref>New York Times, 2 May 1986.</ref> In June 1990, the Indian government ordered the area surrounding the temple to be vacated by local residents in order to prevent militants activity around the temple.<ref>"India Uproots Thousands Living Near Sikh Temple", Barbara Crossette, ''New York Times'', 3 June 1990.</ref>

===Long term effects===
[[File:Golden temple aerial shot in Amritsar.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the Galliara park around the complex]]
The long-term results of the operation included:
# Intended to end the insurgency, the operation had the opposite effect, with attacks escalating.<ref name="Martin_Gus_encyclopedia"/> There was more violence in Punjab after Operation Blue Star than prior. Official estimates of the combined number of civilians, police, and terrorists killed increased from 27 in 1981, 20 in 1982, and 88 in 1983 to more than one thousand per year from 1987 to 1992.<ref name="ArtRichardson2007">{{cite book|author1=Robert J. Art|author2=Louise Richardson|title=Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons from the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl5tSd-1wwsC&pg=PA444|year=2007|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|isbn=978-1929223930|page=444}}</ref> The operation would "prove a disaster" on multiple fronts,{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=186}} and the execution and Blue Star and the subsequent [[Operation Woodrose]] would generate a chain of events that would fundamentally change the nature of the relationship between the Sikh community and the Indian government by undermining their faith in government institutions and their ability to assure justice and dignity within the polity.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=188}}
# Outraging Sikhs all over India, with most finding it unacceptable that the armed forces had desecrated the Golden Temple, thousands of young men joined the [[Khalistan movement]],<ref name="Kiss_Khalistan"/> with "organized insurgency not taking root in Punjab until after the operation."{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=36}} Sikhs became outraged with the military action in the bastion of Sikhi that provoked a wave of deep anguish, long-term resentment,<ref name="Angelo1997">{{cite book|author=Michael Angelo|title=The Sikh Diaspora: Tradition and Change in an Immigrant Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WH9e1lJ_hyIC&pg=PA58|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0815329855|pages=58–}}</ref> and feelings of betrayal and alienation;{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=255}} this community consternation that would majorly intensify the militancy. Bhindranwale's views regarding the government acquired significant credibility in the community afterwards,{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=186}} and as the operation's only ostensible achievement was the deaths of Bhindranwale and a few associated figures, his absence, the detainment of the Akalis, and troop conduct would channel Sikh anger and leave the field "wide open" for entry into militancy, as well as the formation of ''panthic'' committees to steer it.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=192}}
# The operation inflamed tensions in Punjab, though independence would only be declared by a [[Sarbat Khalsa]] in 1986, as 500,000 deployed Indian troops operated violently in Punjab, causing thousands of Sikh deaths between 1984 and 1992.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ajay |first=Sahni|date=2019-01-16|title=The real butchers of Punjab|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/comment/the-real-butchers-of-punjab-714330|work=Tribune India |location=Chandigarh|access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Garima |first=Satija|date=2022-03-12|title=Here Is Why People Don't Want Diljit Dosanjh To Play Jaswant Singh Khalra In His Biopic|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/diljit-dosanjh-jaswant-singh-khalra-biopic-protest-suicide-564279.html|work=India Times |location=India|access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>

Following the operation the central government demolished hundreds of houses and created a corridor around the compound called "Galliara" (also spelled Galiara or Galyara) for security reasons,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagga |first=Neeraj |date=4 February 2016 |title=Five years on, govt yet to announce closure of Galliara Project |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/five-years-on-govt-yet-to-announce-closure-of-galliara-project-191665 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> intended to remove the narrow lanes and bazaars that had been a major hindrance for the army during the operation. This was made into a public park and opened in June 1988.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sgpc-seeks-control-of-golden-temple-galliara-heritage-street-101627674792222.html | title=SGPC seeks control of Golden Temple galliara, heritage street | date=31 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/golden-temple-galiara-haven-for-drug-addicts-cops-claim-no-info-2908745/ | title=Golden Temple: Galiara haven for drug addicts, cops claim 'no info' | date=12 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=GS |date=23 March 2018 |title=Nanhi Chhaan's Golden Temple 'galliara' upkeep contract ends |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/nanhi-chhaan-s-golden-temple-galliara-upkeep-contract-ends-562238 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Temple's galiara, a picture of complete neglect |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-amritsar/20190124/281835759905392 |access-date=24 September 2023 |via=PressReader}}</ref> Describing the operation as "hardly worth the game", as the bulk of militants escaped through the many lanes and by-lanes around the complex, remaining unsecured due to poor reconnaissance.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=173}}

==Criticisms==
The operation has been criticized on several grounds including: its motivations, the government's choice of timing for the attack, the heavy casualties, the loss of property, and [[human rights violations]].

According to [[G. K. C. Reddy]],
{{quote|"'Operation Blue Star' will go down in history as one of the biggest massacre[s] of unarmed civilians by the organised military force of a nation. The word unarmed is used deliberately as the disparity in arms on the two sides was so great that those resisting army invasion of the Temple could hardly be termed as armed."{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=262}}}}

According to Joyce Pettigrew,
{{quote|"The army went into Darbar Sahib not to eliminate a political figure or a political movement but to suppress the culture of a people, to attack their heart, to strike a blow at their spirit and self-confidence."<ref>{{cite book | ref = har|last1=Pettigrew |first1=Joyce |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerilla Violence |date=1995 |publisher=Zed Books |location=London |isbn=978-1856493567 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DFtQgAACAAJ |page=8}}</ref>}}

===Timing===
According to human rights lawyer Ram Narayan Kumar,
{{quote|"The Operation Blue Star was not only envisioned and rehearsed in advance, meticulously and in total secrecy, it also aimed at obtaining maximum number of Sikh victims, largely devout pilgrims unconnected with the [ [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] ] political agitation."<ref name="Punjab2003"/>{{sfn|Kaur|2020|pp=262–263}}}}

Operation Blue Star was planned on a Sikh religious day—the martyrdom day of [[Guru Arjan Dev]], the founder of the [[Harmandir Sahib]]. Sikhs from all over the world visit the temple on this day. Many Sikhs view the timing and attack by the army as an attempt to inflict maximum casualties on Sikhs and demoralize them,<ref name="TruthAbPunjab">{{cite book|last=Dhillon|first=Gurdashan Singh|title=Truth About Punjab (SGPC White Paper)|publisher=Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee|place=Amristar}}</ref> and the government is in turn blamed for the inflated number of civilian casualties by choosing to attack on that day. Additionally, Longowal had announced the ''Grain Roko Morcha'', a statewide [[civil disobedience]] movement that would launch on 3 June 1984. Participants planned to block the flow of grain out of Punjab and refuse to pay land revenue, water and electricity bills.<ref name=hots1839/>{{rp|336}}<ref name=brar/>{{rp|31}}

When asked about why the army entered the temple premises just after Guru Arjan Dev's martyrdom day (when the number of devotees is much higher), General Brar said that it was just a coincidence and that while he could not "comment on the inside of politics", he "assume[d] that after taking everything into consideration, the prime minister and the government decided this was the only course of action left," with "perhaps" the army having only had three to four days to complete the operation. Based on "some sort of information", Bhindranwale was planning to declare Khalistan an independent country any moment with "a strong possibility" of support from Pakistan, and "Khalistani currency had already been distributed." This declaration "might" have increased chances of "large sections" of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] and security personnel siding with Bhindranwale; as "if there could be desertions in the army, then the police, who were in Punjab, who were privy to Bhindranwale's speeches, might have [also deserted]," as "they were also emotionally charged by what was happening".<ref name="rediff_interview_pakistan">{{cite web |url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03inter.htm |title = Pakistan would have recognised Khalistan |work = The Rediff Interview/Lieutenant General Kuldip Singh Brar (retired) |author = Amberish K Diwanji |publisher = [[Rediff.com]] |date = 3 June 2004 |access-date = 23 January 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090129052453/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03inter.htm |archive-date = 29 January 2009 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all}}</ref> The army waited for the surrender of militants on the night of 5 June but the surrender did not happen. The operation had to be completed before dawn. Otherwise, exaggerated messages of army besieging the temple would have attracted mobs from nearby villages to the temple premises. The army could not have fired upon these civilians. More importantly, Pakistan would have come in the picture, declaring its support for Khalistan.<ref name="rediff_interview_limit">{{cite web |url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/04inter1.htm |title = There is a limit to how much a country can take |work = The Rediff Interview/Lieutenant General Kuldip Singh Brar (retired) |author = Amberish K Diwanji |publisher = [[Rediff.com]] |date = 4 June 2004 |access-date = 23 January 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090201085439/http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/04inter1.htm |archive-date = 1 February 2009 |url-status = live |df = dmy-all}}</ref> He described the operation as traumatic and painful, but necessary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Operation Bluestar: Seven people who changed the course of Indian history in 1984 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/operation-bluestar-seven-actors-who-changed-the-course-of-indian-history-in-1984/story-x9fDB66mMGkZ9bMahSUzjL.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 June 2018 |language=en |date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/operation-bluestar-seven-actors-who-changed-the-course-of-indian-history-in-1984/story-x9fDB66mMGkZ9bMahSUzjL.html |archive-date=27 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Media censorship===
Before the attack by the army, a [[media blackout]] was imposed in Punjab.<ref name=HamlynMediaBlackout>{{cite news | last = Hamlyn |first = Michael | title = Journalists removed from Amritsar: Army prepares to enter Sikh shrine | page =36| work = The Times | date = 6 June 1984}}</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' reporter Michael Hamlyn reported that journalists were picked up from their hotels at 5 am in a military bus, taken to the adjoining border of the state of [[Haryana]] and "were abandoned there".<ref name=HamlynMediaBlackout/> The main towns in Punjab were put under curfew, transportation was banned, a news blackout was imposed, and Punjab was "cut off from the outside world".<ref>{{cite news | title = Gun battle rages in Sikh holy shrine| page =1| work = The Times | date = 5 June 1984}}</ref> A group of journalists who later tried to drive into Punjab were stopped at the road block at Punjab border and were threatened with being shot if they proceeded.<ref name=HamlynMediaBlackout/> Indian nationals who worked with the foreign media also were banned from the area.<ref name=HamlynMediaBlackout/> The press criticized these actions by government as an "obvious attempt to attack the temple without the eyes of the foreign press on them".<ref>{{cite news | last = Hamlyn |first = Michael | title = Journalists removed from Amritsar: Army prepares to enter Sikh shrine | page =36| work = The Times | date = 6 June 1984| quote= It is also apparent that the Indian authorities wish to invade the temple without the eyes of the foreign press upon them. No foreign correspondent is being allowed into Punjab now.}}</ref> The [[media blackout]] throughout Punjab resulted in spread of rumours. The only available source of information during the period was [[All India Radio]] and the [[Doordarshan]] channel.<ref>Anniversary Issue, ''India Today'', 26 December 2005, p. 136.</ref>

The confusion and chaos was exacerbated by the government disabling normal channels of information during the operation. As the army had taken over control of the state apparatus since the beginning of the month, all accredited reporters and correspondents, both foreign and domestic, were asked to leave.{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=173}}

===Conduct===
==== Sikh militants ====
The government issued White Paper alleged that on June 6, a group of some 350 people, including Longowal and Tohra surrendered to the army near the Guru Nanak Niwas.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=68}} The White Paper further alleged that to prevent the surrender, the militants opened fire and threw grenades at the group resulting in the deaths of 70 people, including 30 women and 5 children.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=68}} However, neither Bhan Singh nor Longowal during their recounting of the events that took place on June 6 made any reference to either surrendering to the military or an attack on civilians by the militants.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=68}}

The government issued White Paper alleged that on 8 June 1984, an unarmed army doctor was abducted by the militants and was hacked to death.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=68}} However, Giani Puran Singh who was called by the military to act as a mediator to facilitate the surrender of four militants in the basement of the Bunga Jassa Singh Ramgharia, stated that the "so called doctor" had been killed along with two other army personnel when they ventured close to the militant's hiding place.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=68}}

==== Indian Army ====
Former Indian Service Officer Ramesh Inder Singh,<ref>{{cite news |last= Cheema|first= Shazia Anwar|date= 7 June 2021 |title=Operation Blue Star is yet to be concluded |url=https://dnd.com.pk/operation-blue-star-is-yet-to-be-concluded/247656 |work= DND }}</ref> the then Deputy Commissioner (DC) of Amritsar in one of his interview with BBC said that even the Governor of (Indian) Punjab did not know that there would be military action and he indicated that the Operation was badly carried out and panic among foot soldiers was so evident that they were formalizing their plans on the bonnets of their vehicles.

Similar accusations of highhandedness by the army and allegations of human rights violations by security forces in Operation Blue Star and subsequent military operations in Punjab have been leveled by Justice [[V. M. Tarkunde]],{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|pp=8–10, 18–19}} Mary Anne Weaver,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weaver |first1=Mary Anne |title=India's Sikhs are bitter as Army tries to weed out 'militants' |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/1015/101540.html |website=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=31 July 2018 |date=15 October 1984}}</ref> human rights lawyer Ram Narayan Kumar,<ref>Ram Narayan Kumar, et al., Reduced to Ashes (Volume One), Asia Forum for Human Rights, Kathmandu, Nepal, May 2003, p. 75</ref> and anthropologists Cynthia Mahmood and Joyce Pettigrew.<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref>Cynthia Mahmood. ''Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants''. [[University of Pennsylvania Press]].</ref><ref name="Pettigrew1995">{{cite book|last=Pettigrew|first=Joyce|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab: unheard voices of State and Guerilla violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VBuAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1856493550}}</ref>

Some of the human rights abuses alleged to have been committed by the Indian army were:
* In April 2017 Justice Gurbir Singh stated that the army's failure to provide any announcement to pilgrims before commencing Operation Blue Star was a human rights violation.<ref name="MyUser_Https:_August_12_2020c"/>
* The Indian army mistreated pilgrims who were detained immediately after the fighting stopped on June 6 by failing to provide them any water. Some pilgrims were reduced to collecting drinking water from the canals that contained dead bodies and were filled with blood.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=69}}
* Ragi Harcharan Singh stated that on June 6 the Indian army gave its first announcement for evacuation since the commencement of Operation Blue Star. Singh states that he witnessed hundreds of pilgrims, including women, being shot at by the army as they emerged from hiding.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=70}}
* A female survivor witnessed Indian soldiers line up Sikh men in a queue, tie their arms behind their backs with their turbans, beat them with rifle butts until they bled and then executed by being shot.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=71}}{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=172}}
* Giana Puran Singh stated he along with 3–4 others were used as human shields for the protection of an officer who wanted to inspect the inside of the Darbar Sahib for anyone using a machine gun.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=72}}
* A member of the AISSF stated that on June 6 those who surrendered before the army were made to lie down on the hot road, interrogated, made to move on their knees, bit with rifle butts and kicked with boots on private parts and their heads. The detainees were made to have their arms tied behind their backs with their own turbans and denied water. At about 7:00 pm the detainees were made to sit on the Parikrama near the army tanks. Many were injured as there was still firing from the side of the Akal Takht.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=72}}{{sfn|Dhillon|2006|p=172}}
* Post-mortem reports showed that most of the dead bodies had their hands tied behind their backs, implying they had died after the army assault and not during. These bodies were in a putrid state at the time of post-mortem as they had been exposed in the open for 72 hours before being brought in.{{sfn|Tarkunde|Fernandes|Rao|Ghose|1985|p=76}}
* The Red Cross was stopped from aiding the wounded civilians by the army.{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=85}}
* Punjab officials who visited after the Operation complained to the army of 6 cases of rape during the Operation by soldiers that they had heard of.{{sfn|Jaijee|1999|p=78}}

The [[Indian Army]] responded to this criticism by stating that they "answered the call of duty as disciplined, loyal and dedicated members of the Armed Forces of India. ... our loyalties are to the nation, the armed forces to which we belong, the uniforms we wear and to the troops we command".<ref name=brar/>

=====Alcohol provisioning=====
Soldiers, having free rein, had trampled through the complex with their shoes on, smoking, and roughly mistreating the pilgrims trapped inside. After the operation, it was noted by Tully and Jacob that: "The army certainly had plenty of drink available. A notification of the Government of Punjab's Department of Excise and Taxation allowed for the provision of 700,000 quart bottles of rum, 30,000 quart bottles of whisky, 60,000 quart bottles of brandy and 160,000 bottles of beer, all free of excise duty ... 'for consumption by the Armed Forces Personnel deployed in Operation Blue Star.'"{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=267}}

=====Looting=====
The premises had also reportedly been stripped of all possible valuables, from donation boxes to kitchen utensils from the complex's langar.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=268}}

According to Jamwal, troops of the 26th Battalion of the Madras Regiment had engaged in looting the premises. The commanding officer was "severely admonished" by Jamwal and ordered to have the loot returned.<ref name=brarpanic>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Vikram Jit|title=Now, Jamwal vs Brar over Bluestar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/now-jamwal-vs-brar-over-bluestar/articleshow/28858776.cms|website=Times of India|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=18 February 2023}}</ref>

=====Honours to the soldiers=====
The soldiers and generals involved in the Operation were presented with gallantry awards, honours, decoration strips and promotions by the Indian president [[Zail Singh]], a Sikh, in a ceremony conducted on 10 July 1985. The act was criticized by authors and activists such as [[Harjinder Singh Dilgeer]], who accused the troops of human rights violations during the operation.<ref name="Dilg">"Indira Gandhi had since long been planning for an attack on Darbar Sahib..." Harjinder Singh Dilgeer (2012). ''Sikh History in 10 Volumes''. vol 7, pp. 168, 196–197.</ref>

===Strategy===
Blue Star encompassed 41 other gurdwaras all over Punjab in which more than 3 army divisions were deployed.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=34}} As later events conclusively proved, the operations was not only flawed in its very concept but marred by poor planning and execution.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=35}} According to [[Khushwant Singh]],

{{blockquote|"As far as the competence of the Army the less said the better. In an age where a handful of Israeli or German commandos could, through a well-planned action overcome a well-entrenched enemy thousands of miles away from them, the best our generals could do was to storm the Temple complex with tanks and armoured cars, blast the Akal Takht to get at Bhindranwale and 200 of his men. In crossfire upwards of 5,000 people, a majority of them pilgrims, including women and children, lost their lives.... Far from doing a competent job, our army commanders botched up a simple operation."{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=35}}}}

As reported by Indian Army Major General [[Afsir Karim]], among the main factors of planning and conduct which aggravated the impact of this operation, the foremost decision was to launch the assault on the day of the martyrdom day of [[Guru Arjan]], the builder of the temple, described as "sheer perversity", as a large number of pilgrims were bound to be injured and killed.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=35}} The date being chosen for its surprise factor, or the presence of pilgrims potentially preventing the militants from responding, showed "cynical disregard" for innocent lives, with "neither good soldiering nor honourable combat" on the part of the senior generals in charge of planning the operation.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=35}} They would later "make various statements, invent excuses, and shade the truth to hide inconvenient facts".{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=35}} The incompetence resulting in the burning of the [[Sikh Reference Library]] was taken as "vengeful vandalism" by the Sikh masses.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=35}} The additional Army action of [[Operation Woodrose]], where 37 other gurdwaras were subjected to a combing operation, also put the Sikhs on notice and created an atmosphere of terror, widening the scope of the conflict.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=36}}

There was "little doubt", according to Karim, that it was the operation, because of its lasting adverse effects on the Sikh masses, which put a majority of unemployed Sikh youth, disadvantaged by the economic results of the Green Revolution that the Dharam Yudh Morcha had been launched to ameliorate through the implementation of the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]], on the road to insurgency.{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=36}} After the operation a large number crossed the border for training and weaponry, as an operation where "thousands of Sikh youth were humiliated, harassed, and physically hurt was bound to intensify the conflict."{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=36}} Previously the conflict had been limited to a few radical groups and scattered, small-scale incidents; after, it affected all of Punjab, with "organized insurgency not taking root in Punjab until after the operation."{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=36}}

====Planning====
The military operation was a disastrous political decision and severely bungled;<ref>{{cite journal | last = Telford | first = Hamish | title= The Political Economy of Punjab: Creating Space for Sikh Militancy | journal= Asian Survey | year = 1992 | volume=46 |issue=11 |page=984 | doi = 10.2307/2645265 | jstor = 2645265 }}</ref> Lt. Gen. [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha|S. K. Sinha]] would later characterize the operation as both a political and military blunder,<ref name="harj203">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harjinder |title=Reflections on 1984 |date=2014 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |location=West Midlands, U.K. |isbn=978-0955458736 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzwCAAAQBAJ&q=sinha&pg=PA57}}</ref> and would cite Sundarji as flouting standard operating procedure laid out by Sinha,<ref name="harj203"/> seeking army promotion,<ref name="harj203"/> and to impress Indira Gandhi,<ref name="harj203"/> who wanted to appear politically strong to her electorate after frustrations in Kashmir. He would also ascribe his dismissal by Gandhi to his attempts to present his views of the Akali problem,<ref name="harj203"/> and his long personal friendships with Akalis,<ref name="harj203"/> which he believed irritated Gandhi.<ref name="harj203"/>

According to retired Lt. Gen. Shankar Prasad, "It was because of the disasters called [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya|Vaidya]] [who superseded Sinha] and Sundarji—who did not have the brains to pick on the plans left behind by Lt Gen. S.K. Sinha—that we had both a political folly compounded by a military botch-up."<ref name="swagger">{{cite news |last=Dutta |first=Sujan |title=Rethink on sledgehammer swagger –Bluestar disclosures renew debate on roles of celebrated generals |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rethink-on-sledgehammer-swagger-bluestar-disclosures-renew-debate-on-roles-of-celebrated-generals/cid/211790 |access-date=21 April 2020 |work=The Telegraph |publisher=Ananda Publishers |date=February 6, 2014}}</ref> He would blame Sundarji more for the operation than Vaidya, who he says "was taken in by Sundarji's swagger,"<ref name="swagger"/> and that both "were being politically subservient to the Prime Minister... maybe they wanted governorships or ambassadorships after serving their time."<ref name="swagger"/> Prasad also believed that the military high command should have refused to implement the order, and craft a more suitable operation in its place, instead of being pressured by deadlines from the political leadership.<ref name="swagger"/>

Maj. Gen. Jamwal would also criticize Brar, calling the operation "badly and hastily planned and executed", having opined to Brar prior to the operation, and contending that Brar's frontal assault had played to the advantage of the fighters in the complex, who rendered the 10th Guards unable to advance. Jamwal had also warned that even as Brar insisted on the direct orders of Sundarji, "that when things will go wrong, it will be your neck in the noose not that of Lt Gen Sundarji's." Upon these revelations in the press, Brar would diminish Jamwal as a "bitter, jealous man" who had "obviously something lacking" to not be promoted past Major General.<ref name=brarpanic/>

====Tactics====
In the UK cabinet secretary's report, contrary to the advice of a British military advisor in February 1984 of surgical strike involving a helicopter-borne commando operation had advised in February 1984, the Indian Army went into the temple "sledgehammer-style",<ref name="swagger"/> with massive casualties of civilians.<ref name="swagger"/> The assault on the Golden Temple would be later recognized as a major blunder on the part of the central government even by Congress leaders.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jetly |first=Rajshree |title=The Khalistan Movement in India: The Interplay of Politics and State Power |journal=International Review of Modern Sociology |date=2008 |volume=34 |issue=1 |page=67 |jstor=41421658 }}</ref>

===British involvement===
The accidental release of secret documents in the United Kingdom in 2014, after the 30-year rule, revealed that the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government was aware of the Indian government's intention to storm the temple and that a [[Special Air Service|SAS]] officer was tasked to advise the Indian authorities on it, with the communications between Gandhi and Thatcher dated to February 1984, four months before the reportedly urgent and unavoidable Army action.{{sfn|Kaur|2020|p=273}} According to a report by the Sikh Federation of UK, India was one of the biggest purchasers of military equipment for UK between 1981 and 1990. Most of the Foreign Office's documents on India from 1984 are classified in whole or in part.<ref name="guardian-thatcher">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/29/british-government-cover-up-amritsar-massacre-golden-temple-sas-india|title=British government 'covered up' its role in Amritsar massacre in India|first=Jamie|last=Doward|date=28 October 2017|website=The Guardian|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028232111/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/29/british-government-cover-up-amritsar-massacre-golden-temple-sas-india|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kharku]]
* [[Khalistan movement]]
* [[Golden Temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | author=Harjinder Singh Dilgeer | title=Sikh History in 10 volumes | year = 2012 | publisher=Sikh University Press | isbn=978-2930247472| author-link=Harjinder Singh Dilgeer }}: presents comprehensive details of the invasion of Indian Army (causes and events). Vols 7 to 10 also give precious information.
* {{cite book | editor = Kirapal Singh and Anurag Singh | title=Giani Kirpal Singh's eye-witness account of Operation Blue Star | year = 1999 | publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh | isbn=978-8176013185 }}: presents the version of Giani Kirpal Singh, the Jathedar of the Akal Takht.
* {{cite book | author=Johncy Itty | title=Operation Bluestar: the political ramifications | year=1985}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book | author=Man Singh Deora | title=Aftermath of Operation Bluestar | year=1992 | publisher=Anmol Publications | isbn=978-8170416456}}
* {{cite book | author1=Kuldip Nayar | author2-link=Khushwant Singh | author2=Khushwant Singh | title=Tragedy of Punjab: Operation Bluestar & after | year=1984 | publisher=Vision Books| author1-link=Kuldip Nayar }}{{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book | author1=Satyapal Dang | author2=Ravi M. Bakaya | title=Terrorism in Punjab | date=2000 | publisher=Gyan Books | isbn=978-8121206594 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Tarkunde |first1=V. M. |last2=Fernandes |first2=George |last3=Rao |first3=Amiya |last4=Ghose |first4=Aurbindo |last5=Bhattacharya |first5=Sunil |last6=Ahuja |first6=Tejinder |last7=Pancholi |first7=N. D. |title=Oppression in Punjab: A Citizens for Democracy Report to the Nation |date=1985 |publisher=Citizens for Human Rights and Civil Liberties |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0934839020 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Mallika |title=Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict: The Wheat Fields Still Whisper |date=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC_KDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-24674-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhs4b |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1592-2 |pages=69|jstor=j.ctt3fhs4b }}

==External links==
* [http://www.centralsikhmuseum.com/gallery/hi/operation-blue-star/ Operation Blue Star Gallery] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130608134930/http://www.centralsikhmuseum.com:80/gallery/hi/operation-blue-star Archive])
* [http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/related/photos/c1/Operation_Blue_Star/1/r/Operation-Blue-Star.html Operation Blue Star Photos]

{{Sikh politics}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Massacres in religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement]]
[[Category:History of Amritsar]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:1984 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1984]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Assassination of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Operations involving special forces of India]]
[[Category:Religious building bombings in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1984]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in India]]
[[Category:June 1984 in India]]
[[Category:Counterterrorism in India]]
[[Category:1984 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:1984 murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]
[[Category:1984 building bombings]]
[[Category:Urban warfare]]
[[Category:Censorship in India]]

Deities in Tirumala Venkateswara Temple

2026-01-31T22:25:42Z

Saurabh pal: enhanced formatting also and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Dieties in a Vaishnavite temple}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
[[File:Sri vari swarana radham879.jpg|thumb|Deity in procession at the temple]]
[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]] (Sri Venkateshwara Swami Temple) a landmark [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temple situated in the hill town of [[Tirumala]] at [[Tirupati]] in [[Chittoor district]] of Andhra Pradesh, India. The temple is dedicated to [[Venkateswara]], a form of god [[Vishnu]], who is believed to be appeared here to save mankind from the trials and troubles of ''[[Kali Yuga]]''.

The presiding deity, Venkateswara, is represented with five [[murti|deities]], including the main deity (''moolavirat'') and other deities known as ''Pancha Beramulu''. Besides Venkateshwara, the temple is also home to deities of [[Krishna]] and [[Rukmini]], [[Rama]], [[Sita]], [[Lakshmana]], [[Hanuman]], [[Vishwaksena]], [[Sugriva]], [[Angada]] Chakrathalvaar and ''Salagramulu''.

==Pancha beramulu==
===Moolavirat or Dhruva Beram===
{{main|Tirumala Dhruva Bera}}
The main stone deity of Lord [[Venkateshwara]] is called Dhruva Beram (''beram'' means "deity", and ''dhruva'' means "pole star" or "fixed"). The deity is about {{convert|8|ft}} from the toes to the top of the crown and is considered the main source of energy for the temple.

===Kautuka Beram or Bhoga Srinivasa===
{{main|Bhoga Srinivasa}}
This is a tiny one-foot (0.3 m) silver deity, which was given to the temple in 614 AD by Pallava Queen Samavai Perindevi, and has never been removed from the temple from the day it was installed. This deity is popularly known as ''Bhoga [[Srinivasa]]'', because it enjoys all the ''Bhoga'' (worldly pleasures) which the Moolavirat has. This deity sleeps in a golden cot every night and abhishekams twice daily as part of thomala seva and receives ''Sahasra Kalashabishekam'' every Wednesday. This deity is always placed near the left foot of Moolavirat and is always connected to the main deity by a holy ''Sambandha Kroocha''. The deity is always faced at an angle of 45 degrees towards the devotees, because it holds a ''Prayoga'' ("ready to strike") ''Chakra''.

===Snapana Beram or Ugra Srinivasa===
{{main|Ugra Srinivasa}}
This idol of the Lord represents the anger part of Lord Venkateswara. He remains inside the sanctum sanctorum, and comes out on only one day each year: on ''Kaishika Dwadasi'', before the sunrise. ''Snapana'' means "cleansing". The idol is cleansed daily with holy waters, milk, curd, ghee, sandalwood paste, turmeric, and so on.

===Malayappa Swami - Utsava Beram===

{{main|Malayappa swami}}
This is the form of the Lord which comes out of the temple to see the devotees. This deity is also called [[Malayappa swami|Malayappa]], and his consorts are Sridevi and [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]]. These three deities were found in a cave called Malayappan Konai in the holy Tirumala Hills. Originally Ugra Srinivasa was the Utsava Beram (the procession deity), and frequently disastrous fires were happening whenever the deity was taken out for processions. People prayed to the Lord for a solution. The Lord appeared in dreams, and ordered the people to find a suitable set of idols hidden in the holy Tirumala hills for the Utsavas (procession). The hunt began, and the villagers found the idol. They called it ''Malayappa'', which means "King of the Hills". After these idols were brought to the temple, the number of programmes increased including ''Nitya Kalyanaotsavam'', ''Sahasra Deepalankara Seva'', ''Arjita Brahmotsavam'', ''Nithyotsavam'', ''Dolotsavam'', and others. Jewels worth millions of rupees have been donated as offerings to these idols.

===Bali Beram or Koluvu Srinivasa===
{{main|Koluvu Srinivasa}}
This ''panchaloha'' idol resembles the main deity, and represents the presiding officer for all activities and rituals in the temple. The idol is also called ''Bali Beram''. Koluvu Srinivasa is regarded as the guardian deity of the temple that presides over its financial and economic affairs. Daily offerings are made to the deity, with a presentation of accounts known as ''Koluvu Seva''.

==Rama and related idols==
According to legend, the ''[[panchaloha]]'' idols of Rama, Lakshmana, Hanuman, Sugriva and Angada were commissioned by Sage Viswambara based on his vision. Rama and Lakshmana are seen with their bows in a standing posture, talking to the ''[[vanara]]'' ("monkey") trio. The monkey-king Sugriva is seen with folded hands after he prays to Rama, not to grant protection to [[Vibishana]]. The monkey-prince Angada is seen pointing his finger towards the southern sky indicating the arrival of Vibhishana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=VV |first=Ramanujam |date=1980-02-01 |title=Sri Rama in the Tirumala Temple |journal=TTD Sapthagiri |volume=47 |pages=32}}</ref> The idols were brought by a devotee to [[Ramanuja]] and [[Tirumalai Nambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=VV |first=Ramanujam |date=1989-05-01 |title=Sri Rama in the Tirumala Temple |journal=TTD Sapthagiri |volume=47 |pages=26}}</ref> The duo decided to make an idol of Sita. After performing the ritual of celestial marriage between Rama and Sita, the idols were installed in the newly constructed hall, ''Ramula vaari medaa'' (Rama's elevated platform) in the Tirumala temple.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=VV |first=Ramanujam |title=Sri Rama in the Tirumala Temple| journal=TTD Sapthagiri |volume=47 |pages=15 |date=1987-11-01}}</ref>

The idol of Rama in Tirumala is referred to as ''Sri Raghunatha'', Lord of Raghu (clan). Rama is seen in a {{Transliteration|te|stanaka}} (standing pose) and is described as being in the madhyama tala and [[tribhanga]] pose.<ref name = 'Tirumalatemple'>{{cite book |first=Dr N |last=Ramesan|title=The Tirumala Temple |year=1981 |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]|location=[[Tirumala]] |isbn=978-81-85427-95-9}}</ref> The left arm of the idol is raised to hold his bow and the right arm slopes downwards to hold the arrow. The face is tilted to the right slightly and is capped by a crown that accentuates the tilt. The feet are set wide on a lotus pedestal with the left foot overshooting it. The idol is usually seen with a bow in the left hand and an arrow in the right arm.

The idol of Sita is placed on the right hand side of Rama. The idol rests on a lotus pedestal. The uncrowned Sita has the right arm by the side and the left arm holding a lotus bud.

The idol of Lakshmana is placed on the left hand side of Rama. The idol is a smaller but similar to Rama. While the posture (madhyama tala and tribhanga pose) is similar to his elder brother, the idol differs from Rama in a few ways.

The deity of Hanuman is usually kept sideways on to the right side of Rama. The right hand is bent at the elbow and touches the mouth in a posture that conveys Hanuman's mark of respect for Rama. The left hand is in the ''Katyavalambita'' pose (left palm closed and resting on the waist and the outer side of the palm is seen to the onlookers)

The Deity of [[Sugriva]], the monkey-king and friend of Lord [[Rama]], is seen with folded hands in a stance resembling prayer to the Lord. According to the temple legend, the Deity is seen in a scene of the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]]. .

The exact date of the consecration of the Deity is unknown though it is believed to have been installed along with the deities of Rama, Sita and Lakshmana.<ref name = 'Tirumalatemple'/> The deities of Hanuman and [[Angada]] are also believed to have been installed at the same time in the ''Ramar medai'' (Elevated platform of Rama). When the deities of Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana were moved inside the ''garba griha'', Sugriva was moved briefly as well. In the mid-1990s, Sugriva along with other deities were moved to a room outside the sanctum sanctorum, where pilgrims are provided with blessings and ''thirtam'' (holy consecrated water).

==Krishna and Rukmini==
{{main|Tirumala Krishna Idol}}
There are idols of [[Krishna]] an incarnation of Vishnu and his consort Rukmini in the [[Garbhagriha]]. The idol of Lord Krishna is seen in the ''navanitha nritya'' (celestial dance) pose of a child. The lord is seen in the dancing pose with his left hand stretched out in a dancing pose and the left leg placed on the pedestal. The right leg is bent at the knee and doesn't rest on the pedestal. The right hand holds a dollop of butter. The idol of Rukmini devi has a lotus in the left hand while the right hand is in the blessing pose. The idol is on a lotus pedestal. The details of the exact date when the idol was consecrated, the history of the idol and whether it was found/made along with the Krishna idol is not known.

==Vishwaksena==

[[Vishwaksena]] is a trusted attendant of Vishnu and is believed to be Vishnu's attendant who is in-charge of the Lord's wealth. Vishwaksena is considered to be very powerful with the abilities to create and destroy life with his thought.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/062003/vaikuntha.htm|title=Vaikuntha as described by Ramanujam|publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD Sapthagiri]]|date=2003-06-01|accessdate=2007-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515224306/http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/062003/vaikuntha.htm|archive-date=15 May 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vishwaksena is also considered as the commander-in-chief of Vishnu's army.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/glossary.htm#glo_v |title=TTD Glossary - Vishvaksena |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] |accessdate=2007-05-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517082221/http://www.tirumala.org/glossary.htm#glo_v |archivedate=2007-05-17 }}</ref>

The image of Vishwaksena in the TTD temple used to be placed in the ''Ramar Medai'' (Elevated platform for Rama)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_tour_ramarmeda.htm |title=TTD-Ramar Medai |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] |accessdate=2007-05-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609083114/http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_tour_ramarmeda.htm |archivedate=2007-06-09 }}</ref> and is currently seen in the temple space outside the sanctum sanctorum. He is seen in the seated position with the right leg bent at the knee and resting freely from his seat but not touching the ground. The left leg is folded and goes beneath the right leg. The arms of the god is in the exact replica of ''Dhruva Bera'' (main deity)- the upper two holding a sankha and chakra, the right lower in ''Avgana hastam'' (blessing posture), and the left lower hand is in ''Gada hastam'' (palm resting on the hip).<ref name='vishvaksena temple'>{{cite web|url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_tour_vishwaksena.htm|title=Sri Vishwaksena Temple|publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]]|accessdate=2007-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224144130/http://tirumala.org/maintemple_tour_vishwaksena.htm|archive-date=24 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The exact date of installation of the deity is not known or recorded in the temple epigraphs.

The deity is included in the weekly ''Sahasra Kalashabhishekam'' along with [[Malayappa Swami]] and his consorts and the main deity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/sevas_weekdes.htm#sahasra |title=Weekly Seva Description - Sahasra Kalasabhishekam |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] |accessdate=2007-05-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515104539/http://www.tirumala.org/sevas_weekdes.htm#sahasra |archivedate=2007-05-15 }}</ref> The day prior to the start of the annual [[Brahmotsavam]], Vishwaksena along with the deities [[Shesha|Ananta]] (Vishnu's serpent), [[Garuda]] (Vishnu's vehicle) and [[Sudarshan Chakra]] (Vishnu's discus), are taken to the ''Vasanta [[mandapam]]'' (Spring hall) and oversee the ''Ankurarpana'' ceremony (sowing nine types of seeds for germination in decorated earthen plates). After the ceremony, Vishwaksena is taken in a procession when he is believed to inspect the correctness of all the arrangements made for the festival. After the procession Vishwaksena is honoured by an ''Asthanam'' (seat) in Tirumala-raya mandapam. After recital of holy chants, he goes to Ankurarpana mandapam with Ananta, Garuda and Sudarsana and stays there during the entire Brahmotsavam period.<ref name='vishvaksena temple'/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/102002/srivari.htm
|title=Srivari Brahmotsavam
|publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD Sapthagiri]]
|date=2002-10-01
|accessdate=2007-05-21
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015334/http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/102002/srivari.htm
|archivedate=2007-09-30
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

In the temple complex, on the north-east corner, there is a separate temple with an installed deity for Vishwaksena.<ref>{{cite book|last=N |first=Ramesan|title=The Tirumala Temple|publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]|year=1981|location=[[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]|page=230}}</ref> The temple is called ''Sri Vishwaksena Temple'' and daily prayers are offered to the deity as per the ''Vaikhanasa Agamam''.<ref name='vishvaksena temple'/> The deity in this temple is adorned with the garland adorned on the main deity, the previous day.<ref name='vishvaksena temple'/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}

[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]

Prithvi (missile)

2026-01-25T00:46:17Z

Saurabh pal: brief update structure based on references and added references per sources

{{Short description|Indian series of short-range missiles}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = ''Prithvi''
| image = File:Prithvi-II missile launch on 11 March 2011 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Prithvi II missile during a launch
| origin = {{flag|India}}
| type = [[Short-range ballistic missile]]
| used_by = [[Strategic Forces Command]]
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| propellant = [[Liquid fuel]] (Prithvi I, Prithvi II), [[Solid fuel]] (Prithvi III)
| production_date = 25 February 1988 (Prithvi I) 27 January 1996 (Prithvi II) 23 January 2004 (Prithvi III)
| service = 1994 (Prithvi I)
| engine = Single-stage [[liquid rocket]] (Prithvi I, Prithvi II), Two-stage [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid rocket]] (Prithvi III)
| engine_power =
| weight = 4,400 kg (Prithvi I) 4,600 kg (Prithvi II) 5,600 kg (Prithvi III)
| number = 30 (2017 est.)<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8-vgAACAAJ |title = The Military Balance 2017|isbn = 9781857439007|date = 2017-02-14| publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref>
| length = 9 m (Prithvi I) 8.56 m (Prithvi II, Prithvi III)
| height =
| diameter = 110 cm (Prithvi I, Prithvi II) 100 cm (Prithvi III)
| wingspan =
| speed =
| vehicle_range = 150 km (Prithvi I) 250–350 km (Prithvi II) 350–750 km (Prithvi III)
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling = [[High explosives]], penetration, [[cluster munition]], [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]], [[thermobaric]], [[chemical weapon]] and [[tactical nuclear weapon]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} - {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| guidance = Strap-down [[Inertial navigation system|INS]]
| detonation =
| accuracy = 50 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] (Prithvi I, Prithvi II) <10 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] (Prithvi II upgrade)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |title=Night trial of nuke capable Prithvi-II missile successful, second trial in a month's time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/17/night-trial-of-nuke-capable-prithvi-ii-missile-successful-second-trial-in-a-months-time-2211240.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |agency=ENS |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=16 October 2020}}</ref> 25 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] (Prithvi III)<ref>{{cite web |last1=CSIS |title=Prithvi-I/II/III |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/prithvi/ |website=Missile Threat |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
| launch_platform = 8 x 8 Tata [[transporter erector launcher]]
}}

'''Prithvi''' ({{Lit|[[Prithvi|Earth]]}}) is a tactical [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] short-range [[ballistic missile]] (SRBM) developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) of India under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]] (IGMDP). It is deployed by India's [[Strategic Forces Command]].

== Development and history ==
The Government of India launched the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]] in 1983 to achieve self-sufficiency in the development and production of wide range of [[ballistic missile]]s, [[surface-to-air missile]]s etc. Prithvi was the first missile to be developed under the program. [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] attempted to build a surface-to-air missile under [[Project Devil]].<ref name=br>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Prithvi.html|title=PRITHVI SRBM |access-date=2008-02-06 |author=Arun Vishwakarma |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212063803/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Prithvi.html  |archive-date = 2007-12-12}}</ref> Variants make use of either liquid or both liquid and solid fuels. Developed as a battlefield missile, it could carry a nuclear warhead in its role as a [[tactical nuclear weapon]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref>

=== Variants ===
The Prithvi missile project encompassed developing three variants for use by the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]]. The initial project framework of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program outlines the variants in the following manner.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011202044243/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm|url-status=dead|title=Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive, ''accessed'' 18 October 2006|archive-date=2 December 2001}}</ref>
*'''Prithvi I (SS-150)''' – Army version ''({{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} range with a payload of {{convert|1,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}})''
*'''Prithvi II (SS-250)''' – Air Force version ''({{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}}''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-successfully-test-fires-indigenously-developed-prithvi-ii-missile-2806807/|title=India successfully test fires indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile|date=2016-05-18|access-date=2016-08-05}}</ref> ''range with a payload of {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}})''
*'''Prithvi III (SS-350)''' – Naval version ''({{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} range with a payload of {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}})''

== Description ==
[[File:Agni and Prithvi.jpg|thumb|[[Agni (missile)|Agni]] and Prithvi missile models in [[DRDO]], [[Balasore]]]]

=== Prithvi I ===
'''Prithvi I''' is a single-stage liquid-fuelled surface-to-surface ballistic missile having a maximum warhead mounting capability of 1,000 kg, with a range of {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It has an accuracy of {{convert|10|–|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} and can be launched from [[transporter erector launcher]]s. This class of Prithvi missile was inducted into the [[Indian Army]] in 1994. As per [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]'s former chief [[Avinash Chander (DRDO)|Avinash Chander]], the tactical 150 km-range Prithvi missile will be replaced with the [[Prahaar (missile)|Prahaar]] missile, which is more capable and has more accuracy. According to Chander, the Prithvi I missiles withdrawn from service would be upgraded to be used for longer ranges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eshel |first=Tamir |date=2013-07-01 |title=After 17 years in service, the Prithvi I missile will give way to smaller and better Prahar - Defense Update |url=https://defense-update.com/20130701_prahar_to_replace_privthi.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As per reports, in the 1990s, 75 missiles were initially ordered and the order was subsequently increased. The missiles are generally paired with conventional warheads but can be equipped with nuclear warheads as well. The [[Regiment of Artillery (India)#Units|units]] under the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]], that are equipped with these missiles includes<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Nuclear Force Structure 2025 |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2016/06/indias-nuclear-force-structure-2025?lang=en |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=carnegieendowment.orgundefined |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=333rd Artillery Group - India Special Weapons Agencies |url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/india/agency/333.htm |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=nuke.fas.org}}</ref>

# 222 Missile Group
# 333 Missile Group ([[Secunderabad]] under XI Corps)<ref name="MT">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Prithvi-I |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/prithvi/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Missile Threat |language=en}}</ref>
# 444 Missile Group
# 555 Missile Group

=== Prithvi II ===
'''Prithvi II''' is a single-stage liquid-fuelled missile. Initially, it was developed for an extended range of {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} and maximum warhead capacity of 500 kg. This was gradually enhanced to a range of {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} and 500–1000 kg payload. It was developed with the [[Indian Air Force]] being the primary user.

It was first test-fired on 27 January 1996 and the developmental trials were completed in 2004. In a test, the missile was launched with an extended range of {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} and had improved navigation due to an improvement in [[inertial navigation system]]. The missile features measures to deceive [[anti-ballistic missile]]s.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The missile was inducted into India's [[Strategic Forces Command]] in 2003.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news | title=Prithvi-II training launch successful | date=12 August 2013 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/prithviii-training-launch-successful/article5014874.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|access-date = 14 August 2013}}</ref> After a failed test on 24 September 2010,<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=39106 |title=PIB Press Release |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref> two more missiles aimed at two different targets were launched on 22 December 2010 and were successful.<ref name=":0">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-22/india/28238152_1_strategic-force-command-integrated-test-range-ballistic-missiles | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-22/india/28238152_1_strategic-force-command-integrated-test-range-ballistic-missiles | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-11-04 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=India test-fires two Prithvi-II ballistic missiles | date=2010-12-22}}</ref> According to reports, the range has been increased to {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the payload capacity now ranges between 500 – 1000 kg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/improved-prithviii-successfully-test-fired/447208/ | title=Improved Prithvi-II successfully test fired | work=The Indian Express | date=2009-04-15 |access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author= TOI|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29637697_1_prithvi-ii-zero-circular-error-probability-single-digit-accuracy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107180224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29637697_1_prithvi-ii-zero-circular-error-probability-single-digit-accuracy|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-07| work= [[The Times of India]]|title=Nuclear-capable Prithvi-II test-fired | date =2011-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-12/india/28089257_1_prithvi-ii-nuclear-capable-integrated-test-range |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025035343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-12/india/28089257_1_prithvi-ii-nuclear-capable-integrated-test-range |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-25 |title=Two nuclear capable Prithvi-2 missiles successfully test fired - India |date=2009-10-12 |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2017/jun/02/indian-army-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-ballistic-missile-prithvi-ii-off-odisha-coast-1612026.html|title= Indian army successfully test fires nuclear capable ballistic missile Prithvi-II off Odisha coast|access-date=2 June 2017|date= 2 June 2017}}</ref> On 2 June, India successfully test-fired another Prithvi-II missile from the [[Integrated Test Range]] at [[Chandipur, Odisha]] at 9:50 am.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

On 20 November 2019, Strategic Forces Command carried out 2 night user trials of Prithvi-II missiles as part of its annual training cycle to test the combat readiness of its missile forces. Two Prithvi-II tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles were test fired from the [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR) on [[Abdul Kalam Island]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] off the coast of Odisha, according to government sources cited in local media reports. The trial of the surface-to-surface missile with a strike range of 350 km was carried out from a mobile launcher from Launch Complex III of the ITR between 7:00 pm and 7:15 pm.<ref name="India Test Fires Two Prithvi-II Short-Range Nuclear-Capable Ballistic Missiles">{{cite news |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=2019-11-21 |title=India Test Fires Two Prithvi-II Short-Range Nuclear-Capable Ballistic Missiles |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/india-test-fires-two-prithvi-ii-short-range-nuclear-capable-ballistic-missiles/ |access-date=21 November 2019 |work=The Diplomat }}</ref>

On 4 December 2019, another night trial was conducted off Odisha coast at 07:48 pm from Launch Complex III of Integrated Test Range in Chandipur.<ref name="India conducts another night trial of Prithvi-II missile">{{cite news |last1=Velira1 |title=India on Tuesday conducted a night trial of its indigenously developed, nuclear-capable surface-to-surface Prithvi-II missile off Odisha coast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-conducts-night-trial-prithvi-ii-missile-1624900-2019-12-04 |access-date=4 December 2019 |work=India Today }}</ref> The Strategic Forces Command conducted night trial of Prithvi II in full operational configuration from Launch Complex III of Integrated Test Range on 23 September 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Nuke capable Prithvi-II night trial successful|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/sep/24/nuke-capable-prithvi-ii-night-trial-successful-2201239.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 September 2020 }}</ref>

On 17 July 2025, [[India]] successfully test-fired the Prithvi-II short-range [[ballistic missile]] from the [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR) at [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]], [[Odisha]], as part of a routine user training launch. The test was conducted alongside the [[Agni-I (missile)|Agni-I missile]] under the aegis of the [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Test log of Prithvi II
!Test type
!Date
!Operator
!Status
!Notes
|-
|Developmental Trial
|27 January 1996
|DRDO
| rowspan="3" |Success
|
|-
| rowspan="19" |User Trial/Training
|12 October 2009 (I)
| rowspan="29" |[[Strategic Forces Command]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2009-10-12 |title=India test-fires two Prithvi- II missiles |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-testfires-two-prithvi-ii-missiles/article32683.ece |access-date=2016-05-18 |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|12 October 2009 (II)
|-
|24 September 2010
|Failure
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|22 December 2010 (I)
| rowspan="26" |Success
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|22 December 2010 (II)
|-
|9 June 2011
|<ref>{{cite web |author=Unacknowledged |date=9 June 2011 |title=Prithvi-II successfully launched |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2090796.ece |access-date=9 June 2011 |work=Business Line}}</ref>
|-
|25 August 2012
|<ref>{{cite news |date=2012-08-25 |title=Prithvi II successfully test-fired |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3820537.ece |access-date=2012-08-25 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|4 October 2012
|<ref name="hindu4">{{cite news |date=4 October 2012 |title=Prithvi-II ballistic missile test fired |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prithvi-ii-ballistic-missile-test-fired/article3964130.ece |access-date=4 October 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|7 October 2013
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuclear Capable Prithvi 2 Missile soars again successfully |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-prithvi-2-missile/ |access-date=7 October 2013 |work=The Biharprabha News}}</ref>
|-
|7 January 2014
|<ref name="ie23">{{cite news |date=7 January 2014 |title=India test-fires nuclear-capable Prithvi-II missile |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-testfires-nuclearcapable-prithviii-missile/1216373/ |access-date=7 January 2014 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|28 March 2014
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2014-03-28 |title=India test fires nuclear-capable Prithvi-II missile from Chandipur |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/La1vUTErS0IDMNn9atpGAK/India-test-fires-nuclearcapable-PrithviII-missile-from-Cha.html |access-date=2016-05-18 |website=livemint.com/}}</ref><ref name="ie23" />
|-
|26 November 2015
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2015 |title=India successfully test fires Prithvi |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-successfully-test-fires-n-capable-prithvi-ii-missile/}}</ref>
|-
|16 February 2016
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile successfully test-fired |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenously-developed-prithvi-ii-missile-successfully-test-fired/articleshow/51006905.cms |access-date=2016-02-16 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prithvi-II missile test-fired in Odisha |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Prithvi-II-missile-test-fired-in-Odisha/articleshow/51008892.cms |access-date=2016-02-16 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|18 May 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian army successfully test fires Prithvi-II ballistic missile |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Indian-army-successfully-test-fires-Prithvi-II-ballistic-missile/2016/05/18/article3439225.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519171639/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Indian-army-successfully-test-fires-Prithvi-II-ballistic-missile/2016/05/18/article3439225.ece |archive-date=19 May 2016 |access-date=2016-05-18 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-18 |title=India successfully test fires indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-successfully-test-fires-indigenously-developed-prithvi-ii-missile-2806807/ |access-date=2016-05-18 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2016 |title=India successfully test fires Prithvi-II missile from Chandipur |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/India-successfully-test-fires-Prithvi-II-missile-from-Chandipur/articleshow/52322704.cms |access-date=2016-05-18 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|21 November 2016 (I)
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=India successfully conducts twin trial of Prithvi-II missile |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/21/india-successfully-conducts-twin-trial-of-prithvi-ii-missile-1541015.html |access-date=2016-11-26 |newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2016-11-22 |title=Prithvi II's twin trial successfully test fired: 10 key points about India's indigenous missile |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/prithvi-ii-s-twin-trial-successfully-test-fired-10-key-points-about-india-s-indigenous-missile-116112200225_1.html |access-date=2016-11-26 |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>
|-
|21 November 2016 (II)
|-
|2 June 2017
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />
|-
|7 February 2018
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-07 |title=India successfully test-fires nuclear capable Prithvi-II |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-prithvi-ii/articleshow/62818448.cms |access-date=2018-02-07 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|21 February 2018
|{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |Night trail/Training
|21 November 2019 (I)
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="India Test Fires Two Prithvi-II Short-Range Nuclear-Capable Ballistic Missiles" />
|-
|21 November 2019 (II)
|-
|4 December 2019
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-04 |title=India conducts another night trial of Prithvi-II missile |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-conducts-night-trial-prithvi-ii-missile-1624900-2019-12-04 |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>
|-
|23 September 2020
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|16 October 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=Another night trial of Prithvi-II ballistic missile conducted off Odisha coast - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/another-night-trial-of-prithvi-ii-ballistic-missile-conducted-off-odisha-coast/ |access-date=2020-10-17 |website=Orissa POST |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|16 November 2021
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|15 June 2022
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|10 January 2023
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|22 August 2024 (7:46 pm)
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Prithvi-2 Missile Proves Its Accuracy Once Again in Night Test {{!}} Udaipur Kiran |url=https://udaipurkiran.com/prithvi-2-missile-proves-its-accuracy-once-again-in-night-test/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=udaipurkiran.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|17 July 2025
|17 July 2025
|[[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR)<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Successful test-firing of Prithvi-II & Agni-I Ballistic Missiles |date=2025-07-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2145662 |access-date=2025-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-18 |title=India tests nuclear-capable Agni-1 & Prithvi-2 ballistic missiles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-nuclear-capable-agni-1-prithvi-2-ballistic-missiles/articleshow/122720740.cms |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Prithvi III ===
'''Prithvi III''' is a two-stage surface-to-surface missile. The first stage is solid fueled with a 16 [[kilogram-force|metric ton force]] (157 [[kilonewton|kN]]) thrust motor. The second stage is liquid-fuelled. The missile can carry a 1,000 kg warhead to a distance of {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a 500 kg warhead to a distance of {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a 250 kg warhead up to a distance of {{convert|750|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

Prithvi III was first tested in 2000 from {{INS|Subhadra|P51|6}}, a {{Sclass|Sukanya|patrol vessel|1}}. The missile was launched from the updated reinforced helicopter deck of the vessel. The first flight test of the {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} variant was only partially successful.<ref name="nrdc.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/datab20.asp | title=Nuclear Data - Table of Indian Nuclear Forces, 2002 | publisher=NRDC | access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref> The full operational testing was completed in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/ballistic/prithvi.html |title=Prithvi |author= |date=12 Oct 2009 |work=Bharat Rakshak Missiles |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514165459/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/ballistic/prithvi.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref>

==Dhanush (missile) ==
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name=''Dhanush''
|image=File:Dhanush missile launch on 11 March 2011.jpg
|caption=Dhanush missile during a launch
|origin={{flag|India}}
|type=[[Short-range ballistic missile]] / [[anti-ship ballistic missile]]
|used_by= {{Navy|India}}
|designer= [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer=[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost=
|propellant=
|production_date=
|service=
|engine=
|engine_power=
|weight=4,500 kg
|length= 8.53m
|height=
|diameter=0.9m
|wingspan=
|speed=
|vehicle_range=*350 km with 1000 kg warhead.
*600 km with 500 kg warhead.
*750 km with 250 kg warhead.<ref name=IndiaToday16>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy successfully test fires Dhanush missile: All you need to know|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/education/story/dhanush/1/531950.html|access-date=13 February 2016|work=India Today|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030555/http://m.indiatoday.in/education/story/dhanush/1/531950.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|filling= Conventional ([[Blast wave|blast]], [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]], [[thermobaric]]) and [[tactical nuclear weapon]]
|guidance=
|detonation=
|launch_platform=
}}

'''Dhanush''' ({{Lit|Bow}}) is a variant of the surface-to-surface or ship-to-ship Prithvi III missile for the Indian Navy. It is capable of carrying both conventional as well as nuclear warheads with pay-load capacity of 500 kg-1000 kg<ref name=IndiaToday16/> and can strike targets in the maximum range of {{convert|750|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Dhanush is a system consisting of a stabilization platform and the missile. It is a customized version of the Prithvi and is certified for sea worthiness. Dhanush has to be launched from a hydraulically stabilized launch pad. Its low range acts against it and thus it is seen as a weapon either to be used to destroy an [[aircraft carrier]] or an enemy port. The Dhanush missile can be used as an anti-ship weapon as well as for destroying land targets depending on the range.<ref>{{cite web |title=India tests Prithvi missile's naval version Dhanush |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odisha-india-testfires-nuclear-capable-dhanush-missile/298131-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008025846/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odisha-india-testfires-nuclear-capable-dhanush-missile/298131-3.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |access-date=8 October 2012 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref> The missile has been tested from surface ships of the navy many times.

===Trial history===
A new variant of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme#Prithvi|Prithvi-III]] missile, named [[Dhanush (missile)|Dhanush]], was test fired from the ''Rajput'' in March 2007 and successfully hit a land-based target.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2007 |title=Dhanush, naval surface-to-surface missile, test fired successfully |url=https://www.domain-b.com/aero/20070331_fired.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728124203/http://www.domain-b.com/aero/20070331_fired.htm |archive-date=28 July 2012 |access-date=6 July 2019 |publisher=domain-b.com}}</ref>

The missile was successfully tested-fired from [[INS Subhadra|INS ''Subhadra'']], which was anchored about {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} offshore from the [[Integrated Test Range]] at [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]] on 13 December 2009. It was the sixth test of the missile.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/india/28077530_1_integrated-test-range-orissa-coast-naval-version | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025151136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/india/28077530_1_integrated-test-range-orissa-coast-naval-version | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-10-25 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Dhanush missile successfully test-fired | date=2009-12-14}}</ref>

The missile was test-fired successfully on 5 October 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear-capable Dhanush missile|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/india/34278476_1_nuclear-capable-prithvi-ii-chandipur-on-sea-in-balasore-district|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103072626/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/india/34278476_1_nuclear-capable-prithvi-ii-chandipur-on-sea-in-balasore-district|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref> on 23 November 2013,<ref>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear-capable Dhanush missile|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-successfully-tests-dhanush-ballistic-missile-113112300395_1.html|access-date=2013-10-23|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> 9 April 2015,<ref>{{cite news|title=Dhanush missile successfully test-fired from ship|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/dhanush-successfully-testfired-by-sfc-team/article7084822.ece/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150409123936/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/dhanush-successfully-testfired-by-sfc-team/article7084822.ece/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-09|access-date=2015-04-09|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> and 24 November 2015<ref name="2015-11-25_SD">[http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/India_test_fires_ship_based_nuclear_capable_missile_999.html India test fires ship-based nuclear-capable missile], SpaceDaily.com, 25 November 2015</ref> from [[INS Subhadra (P51)|INS Subhadra]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] off the [[Odisha]] coast.

Dhanush was again tested on 26 November 2015 from INS ''Subhadra'' in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/dhanush-274471-2015-11-26|title=Dhanush missile|work=India Today|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref>

A successful user trial was conducted from a naval ship on 23 February 2018 by the [[Strategic Forces Command]] off the Odisha coast.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dhanush-ballistic-missile-successfully-test-fired/articleshow/63043606.cms|title='Dhanush' ballistic missile successfully test-fired|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}

===Other Indian missile projects===
* [[Project Devil]]
* [[SS-45 Missile]]
* [[Project Valiant]]
* [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]]
* [[K Missile family]]

===Comparable missiles===
* {{lwc|Ghaznavi (missile)|Ghaznavi}}
* {{lwc|Abdali-I}}
* {{lwc|Shaheen-I}}
* {{lwc|J-600T Yıldırım}}
* {{lwc|Fateh-313}}
* {{lwc|Qiam 1}}
* {{lwc|B-611}}
* {{lwc|DF-11}}
* {{lwc|al-Husayn (missile)|al-Husayn}}
* {{lwc|Burkan-1}}
* {{lwc|Sky Spear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Prithvi missiles}}
* [https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/prithvi/ CSIS Missile Threat - Prithvi I/II/III]
* [http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/dhanush/ CSIS Missile Threat - Dhanush]

'''Technical:'''
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}
{{Indian missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prithvi (Missile)}}
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1990s]]

Shorea robusta

2026-01-07T14:43:09Z

Saurabh pal: updated details

{{Short description|Tree species native to South Asia}}
{{About|the plant commonly known as "sal"||Sal (disambiguation)}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Shorea robusta.jpg
|status = LR/lc
|status_system = IUCN2.3
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Ashton, P. |date=1998 |title=''Shorea robusta'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32097A9675160 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32097A9675160.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Shorea
|species = robusta
|authority = [[Albrecht Wilhelm Roth|Roth]]
|synonyms = ''Vatica robusta''
}}

'''''Shorea robusta''''', the '''sal tree''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 11 May 2019}}</ref> '''sāla''', '''shala''', '''sakhua''',<ref name=Swaminathan>{{cite book | title = Major Flowering Trees of Tropical Gardens | author1 = M. S. Swaminathan | author2 = S. L. Kochhar | pages = 39–40 | year = 2019 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn = 978-1-108-48195-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NoOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref> or '''sarai''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecoindia.com/flora/trees/sal-tree.html |title=Sal Tree |website=ecoindia.com |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> is a species of tree in the family [[Dipterocarpaceae]]. The tree is native to India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Tibet and across the Himalayan regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shorea robusta C.F.Gaertn. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:321425-1 |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>

== Evolution ==
Fossil evidence from [[lignite]] mines in the Indian states of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] indicate that sal trees (or at least a closely related ''[[Shorea]]'' species) have been a dominant tree species of forests of the [[Indian subcontinent]] since at least the early [[Eocene]] (roughly 49 million years ago), at a time when the region otherwise supported a very different biota from the modern day. Evidence comes from the numerous [[amber]] nodules in these rocks, which originate from the [[Dammar gum|dammar]] resin produced by the sal trees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sahni |first1=A. |last2=Patnaik |first2=R. |date=2022-06-01 |title=An Eocene Greenhouse Forested India: Were Biotic Radiations Triggered by Early Palaeogene Thermal Events? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361230160 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |language=en |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=753–759 |doi=10.1007/s12594-022-2064-4 |bibcode=2022JGSI...98..753S |s2cid=249536528 |issn=0974-6889}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Sal Tree (Shorea robusta) lower trunk.jpg|thumb|left|Sal Tree (Shorea robusta) lower trunk, India]]
[[File:Sal forests in Purulia, West Bengal, India.jpg|thumb|Sal forests in Purulia, India]]
''Shorea robusta'' can grow up to {{Convert|40|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall with a trunk diameter of {{Convert|2|m|feet|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shorea robusta in Flora of China @ efloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220012491 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.efloras.org}}</ref> The [[leaf|leaves]] are 10–25 cm long and 5–15 cm broad. In wetter areas, sal is [[evergreen]]; in drier areas, it is dry-season [[deciduous]], shedding most of the leaves from February to April, leafing out again in April and May.

The sal tree is known also as sakhua in northern India, including [[Madhya Pradesh]], Odisha and Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://infochangeindia.org/environment/stories-of-change/a-rakhi-for-trees.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527102145/http://infochangeindia.org/environment/stories-of-change/a-rakhi-for-trees.html |archive-date=2011-05-27 |title=InfoChange India News & Features development news India - A rakhi for trees}}</ref><ref>http://bjmirror0112.wordpress.com/ {{User-generated source|date=August 2022}}</ref> It is the state tree of two Indian states – Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.<ref>[[List of Indian state trees]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=June 2018}}

==Distribution and habitat==
This tree is native to the Indian subcontinent, ranging south of the [[Himalaya]], from Myanmar in the east to Nepal, India and Bangladesh. In India, it extends from [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Assam]], [[Bengal]], [[Odisha]] and [[Jharkhand]] west to the [[Shivalik Hills]] in [[Haryana]], east of the [[Yamuna]]. The range also extends through the [[Eastern Ghats]] and to the eastern [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] ranges of central India.<ref>Oudhia P., Ganguali R. N. (1998). Is Lantana camara responsible for Sal-borer infestation in M.P.?. Insect Environment. 4 (1): 5.</ref> It is often the dominant tree in the forests where it occurs. In Nepal, it is found mostly in the [[Terai]] region from east to west, especially, in the [[Sivalik Hills]] (Churia Range) in the subtropical climate zone. There are many protected areas, such as [[Chitwan National Park]], [[Bardia National Park]] and [[Shuklaphanta National Park]], where there are dense forests of huge sal trees. It is also found in the lower belt of the Hilly region and [[Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal|Inner Terai]].

==Culture==
===Hinduism===
In [[Hindu]] tradition, the sal tree is sacred. The tree is also associated with [[Vishnu]].<ref name=":0" /> The tree's common name, sal, comes from the word ''shala'', which means 'rampart' in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Krishna |first1=Nanditha |url= |title=Sacred plants of India |last2=Amirthalingam |first2=M |publisher=India Penguin |year=2014 |isbn= |location= |page=487 |oclc=}}</ref>

[[Jainism|Jains]] state that the 24th [[tirthankara]], [[Mahavira]], achieved enlightenment under a ''sal''.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

Some cultures in Bengal worship [[Sarna Burhi]], a goddess associated with sacred groves of Sal trees.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZyjAQAAQBAJ&q=Sarna+Burhi+goddess&pg=PA123|title=The Forest in Folklore and Mythology|last=Porteous|first=Alexander|date=2012-04-03|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-12032-4|language=en}}</ref>

There is a standard decorative element of Hindu [[Sculpture in India|Indian sculpture]] which originated in a [[yakshini]] grasping the branch of a flowering tree while setting her foot against its roots.<ref>Buddhistische Bilderwelt: Hans Wolfgang Schumann, ''Ein ikonographisches Handbuch des Mahayana- und Tantrayana-Buddhismus.'' Eugen Diederichs Verlag. Cologne. {{ISBN|3-424-00897-4}}, {{ISBN|978-3-424-00897-5}}</ref> This decorative sculptural element was integrated into [[Architecture of India|Indian temple architecture]] as ''[[salabhanjika]]'' or "sal tree maiden", although it is not clear either whether it is a sal tree or an asoka tree.<ref>Eckard Schleberger, ''Die indische Götterwelt. Gestalt, Ausdruck und Sinnbild'' Eugen Diederich Verlag. Cologne. {{ISBN|3-424-00898-2}}, {{ISBN|978-3-424-00898-2}}</ref> The tree is also mentioned in the ''[[Ramayana]]''—specifically, where Lord Rama (on request of deposed monkey-king [[Sugriva]] for proof he can kill Sugriva's older half-brother Vali) is asked to pierce seven ''sals'' in a row with a single arrow (which is later used to kill Vali, and still later to behead [[Ravana]]'s brother [[Kumbhakarna]])

In the [[Kathmandu Valley]] of Nepal, one can find typical Nepali pagoda temple architectures with very rich wooden carvings, and most of the temples, such as [[Nyatapola Temple]], are made of bricks and sal tree wood.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

===Buddhism===

[[File:Birth of Buddha at Lumbini.jpg|thumb|left|Queen Mahamāyā giving birth to the Buddha under sala tree while grasping the branch.]]
[[Buddhist philosophy|Buddhist]] tradition holds that [[Queen Māyā of Sakya]], while en route to her grandfather's kingdom, gave birth to [[Gautama Buddha]] while grasping the branch of a sal tree or an [[Saraca asoca|Ashoka tree]] in a garden in [[Lumbini]] in south Nepal.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Donald S. Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-15786-3|page=724}}</ref><ref name="scribd.com">Bhikkhu Nyanatusita, "What is the Real Sal Tree", ''Buddhist Publication Society Newsletter'', No. 63, 2010, accessed on 15.1.2017 at https://www.scribd.com/document/192654045/Nyanatusita-Bhikkhu-What-is-the-Real-Sal-Tree</ref>

Also according to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha was lying between a pair of sal trees when he died:
{{blockquote|Then the Blessed One with a large community of monks went to the far shore of the Hiraññavati River and headed for Upavattana, the Mallans' sal-grove near Kusinara. On arrival, he said to Ven. Ananda, "Ananda, please prepare a bed for me between the twin sal-trees, with its head to the north. I am tired, and will lie down."<ref>{{cite web|title=Maha-parinibbana Sutta: The Great Discourse on the Total Unbinding" (DN 16), translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu| language=en| url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.5-6.than.html| access-date = 2015-06-29}}</ref>}}

The sal tree is also said to have been the tree under which [[Kondanna Buddha|Koṇḍañña]] and [[Vessabhū Buddha|Vessabhū]], respectively the fifth and twenty-fourth Buddhas preceding [[Gautama Buddha]], attained enlightenment.

In Buddhism, the brief flowering of the sal tree is used as a symbol of [[impermanence]] and the rapid passing of glory, particularly as an analog of ''[[sic transit gloria mundi]]''. In Japanese Buddhism, this is best known through the opening line of ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'' – a tale of the rise and fall of a once-powerful clan – whose latter half reads {{Nihongo|"the color of the sāla flowers reveals the truth that the prosperous must decline."|沙羅雙樹の花の色、盛者必衰の理を顯す|sharasōju no hana no iro, jōshahissui no kotowari wo arawasu}},<ref>Chapter 1.1, Helen Craig McCullough's translation</ref> quoting the [[chengyu|four-character idiom]] {{Nihongo||盛者必衰|jōsha hissui}} from a passage in the [[Humane King Sutra]], {{Nihongo|"The prosperous inevitably decline, the full inevitably empty"|盛者必衰、実者必虚|jōsha hissui, jissha hikkyo?}}.

==Confusion with cannonball tree and other trees==
In Asia, the sal tree is often confused with the ''[[Couroupita guianensis]]'' or cannonball tree, a tree from tropical South America introduced to Asia by the British in the 19th century. The cannonball tree has since then been planted at Buddhist and Hindu religious sites in Asia in the belief that it is the tree of sacred scriptures. In Sri Lanka, Thailand and other [[Theravada]] Buddhist countries it has been planted at Buddhist monasteries and other religious sites. In India the cannonball tree has been planted at Shiva temples and is called Shiv Kamal or Nagalingam since its flowers are said to resemble the hood of a Nāga (divine cobra) protecting a Shiva lingam.<ref name="scribd.com"/><ref>L.B.Senaratne "The revered 'Sal Tree' and the real Sal Tree", ''Sunday Times'', Sunday September 16, 2007, Accessed cessed on 15.1.2017 at http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070916/News/news00026.html</ref>
An example of a cannonball tree erroneously named 'sal tree' is at the Pagoda at the Royal Palace of Phnom Penh in Cambodia.<ref>"Sal tree at Royal Palace Silver Pagoda", accessed on 17.1.2017 at https://samilux.wordpress.com/2009/09/20/sal-tree-at-royal-palace-silver-pagoda/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118062302/https://samilux.wordpress.com/2009/09/20/sal-tree-at-royal-palace-silver-pagoda/ |date=2017-01-18 }}</ref>

In Japan the sal tree of Buddhist scriptures is identified as the deciduous camellia (''[[Stewartia pseudocamellia]]''), called shāra, 沙羅, from Sanskrit śāla.<ref name="scribd.com"/>

The sal tree is also said to be confused with the [[Saraca asoca|Ashoka tree]] (''Saraca asoca'').<ref>Weise, Kai. "Managing the Sacred Garden of Lumbini", in ''Asian Heritage Management: Contexts, Concerns, and Prospects'', Routledge, 2013, p. 122.</ref>

==Uses==
Sal is one of the most important sources of [[hardwood]] timber in India, with hard, coarse-grained wood that is light in colour when freshly cut, but becomes dark brown with exposure. The wood is resinous and durable, and is sought after for construction, although not well suited to planing and polishing. The wood is especially suitable for constructing frames for doors and windows.

[[File:Shal leaf plate in illambazar santiniketan west bengal india.jpg|thumb|
Making of sal leave plate.]]

The dry leaves of sal are a major source for the production of leaf plates and bowls called [[patravali]] in India and Nepal. The used leaves/plates are readily eaten by goats and cattle. In Nepal, its leaves are used to make local plates and vessels called "tapari", "doona" and "bogata" in which rice and curry is served. However, the use of such "natural" tools have sharply declined during the last decade.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

Sal tree resin is known as sal [[dammar gum|dammar]] or Indian dammar,<ref name=Panda/> ''ṛla'' in Sanskrit. It is used as an [[astringent]] in [[Ayurvedic]] medicine,<ref>[http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Hindus-Materia.../Nat--Dipterocarpeae-Shorea-Robusta-Sans.html Sala, Asvakarna]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> burned as [[incense]] in Hindu ceremonies, and used to caulk boats and ships.<ref name=Panda>{{cite book |last=Panda |first=H. |date=2011 |title=Spirit Varnishes Technology Handbook (with Testing and Analysis) |location=Delhi, India |publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press |pages=226, 229–230 }}</ref>

Sal seeds and fruit are a source of lamp oil and vegetable fat. [[Shorea robusta seed oil|The seed oil]] is extracted from the seeds and used as cooking oil after refining.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px">
File:Managed Sal forest in Dehradun.jpg|Sal forests in [[Dehradun]], India
Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- trunk- strangulated by some ficus tree at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 119.jpg|Sal trunk constricted by a ficus tree at Jayanti
Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- new leaves with flower buds at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 120.jpg|New leaves with flower buds West Bengal, India
Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- old leaf at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 122.jpg|Old leaf at Jayanti
File:Shala Tree in full bloom.jpg| Sal tree in full bloom at [[Gazipur]], Bangladesh
File:India, tre dee, salabhanjika, periodo hoysala 1150-1200 da Karnataka.JPG|''Salabhanjika'' or "sal tree maiden", [[Hoysala]] sculpture, [[Belur, Karnataka]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian timber trees]]
* [[Shorea robusta seed oil|''Shorea robusta'' seed oil]]
* [[Yakshini]]

==References==
{{Reflist|26em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shorea robusta}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202715/http://www.haryana-online.com/Flora/sal.htm Haryana Online.com: Sal (śāl) trees]}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q909828}}

[[Category:Shorea|robusta]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Symbols of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Trees of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Trees in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Symbols of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Sacred trees in Hinduism]]

Asian art

2026-01-07T11:45:58Z

Saurabh pal:

{{short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
[[File:Chinesischer Maler des 11. Jahrhunderts (I) 001.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Li Cheng (painter)|Li Cheng]], ''Buddhist Temple in the Mountains'', 11th century, China, ink on silk, [[Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art]], [[Kansas City, Missouri]]]]
{{History of art sidebar}}
The '''history of Asian art''' includes a vast range of arts from various cultures, regions, and religions across the continent of Asia. '''Asian art''' is typically divided into broad blocks: [[East Asian art]] includes works from China, Japan, Korea and [[Tibetan art]], while [[Southeast Asian arts|Southeast Asian art]] includes the arts of Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Historically, [[South Asia]]n art mostly falls under [[Indian art]], which encompasses the arts of the [[Indian subcontinent]], while [[Central Asian art]] covers that region. West Asian art encompasses the arts of the [[Ancient Near East]] including [[Mesopotamian art]] and [[Persian art]], and more recently becoming dominated by [[Islamic art]].

In many ways, the history of Eastern art parallels the development of [[Western art]].<ref name="Sullivan">{{Cite book |last =Sullivan |first =Michael |title =The Meeting of Eastern and Western Art |publisher =[[University of California Press]] |year =1997 |isbn=0-520-21236-3 |edition =Revised and expanded |location =Berkeley |type =Paperback |author-link =Michael Sullivan (art historian)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last =Wichmann |first =Siegfried |title =Japonisme: The Japanese Influence on Western Art Since 1858 |date =1999 |publisher =Thames & Hudson |isbn =0-500-28163-7 |location =New York, NY |type =Paperback}}</ref> The art histories of Asia and Europe repeatedly intertwine, with Asian art greatly influencing European art, and ''vice versa''; the [[Eurasia]]n cultures mixed through methods such as [[Scytho-Siberian art | steppe-nomad migrations]],<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Knobloch
|first1 = Edgar
|author-link1 = Edgar Knobloch
|year = 2001
|title = Monuments of Central Asia: A Guide to the Archaeology, Art and Architecture of Turkestan
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gUY_AAAAMAAJ
|location = London
|publisher = I. B. Tauris
|page = 36
|isbn = 9781860645907
|access-date = 2 October 2025
|quote = Steppe art influenced Chinese art, and Chinese aesthetics in their turn influenced the art of the nomads. The question which side of this enormous migration-belt of art is more ancient, the European-Middle Eastern or the Chinese-Far Eastern, has occupied experts for decades.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Hupfauf
|first1 = Peter
|date = 3 June 2024
|title = The Art of the Eurasian Steppe: Its Influence on European Cultures
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IC0BEQAAQBAJ
|publication-place = Abingdon
|publisher = Taylor & Francis
|isbn = 9781040033029
|access-date = 2 October 2025
}}
</ref>
followed successively by the [[Silk Road transmission of art]], the cultural exchange of the [[Age of Discovery]] and [[Western imperialism in Asia| Western colonization]], and through the Internet and modern [[globalization]].<ref>{{Cite book |last =Sullivan |first =Michael |title =The Meeting of Eastern and Western Art |date =1989 |publisher =University of California Press |isbn =0-520-05902-6 |edition =Revised and expanded |location =Berkeley |type =Hardcover |author-link =Michael Sullivan (art historian)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last =Cotter |first =Holland |date =1994-07-10 |title =Art View; Eastern Art Through Western Eyes |work =The New York Times |url =https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05EED91E3CF933A25754C0A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 |access-date =October 27, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title =Ancient Near Eastern Art |url =http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/museum-departments/curatorial-departments/ancient-near-eastern-art |website =Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref>

Excluding [[prehistoric art]], the [[art of Mesopotamia]] represents the oldest forms of art in Asia.

==Upper Paleolithic Northeast Asia==
{{See also|Art of the Upper Paleolithic|Mal'ta–Buret' culture|Venus figurines of Mal'ta}}
[[File:Venus of Malta (Siberia, RUssia), cop, 076846.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the [[Venus figurines of Mal'ta]], circa 21,000 BCE]]
The first modern human occupation in the difficult climates of Northeast Asia is dated to circa 40,000 ago, with the early [[Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site|Yana culture]] of northern Siberia dated to circa 31,000 BCE. By around 21,000 BCE, two main cultures developed: the [[Mal'ta–Buret' culture|Mal'ta culture]] and slightly later the [[Afontova Gora|Afontova Gora-Oshurkovo culture]].<ref name="LAT">{{cite web |last1=Tedesco |first1=Laura Anne |title=Mal'ta (ca. 20,000 B.C.) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/malt/hd_malt.htm |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |date=October 2000 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Mal'ta–Buret' culture|Mal'ta culture]], centered around at [[Mal'ta]], at the [[Angara River]], near [[Lake Baikal]] in [[Irkutsk Oblast]], [[Southern Siberia]], created some of the first works of art in the [[Upper Paleolithic]] period, with objects such as the ''[[Venus figurines of Mal'ta]]''. These figures consist most often of [[mammoth]] ivory. The figures are about 23,000 years old and stem from the [[Gravettian]]. Most of these statuettes show stylized clothes. Quite often the face is depicted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Claudine |title=La femme des origines: images de la femme dans la préhistoire occidentale |date=2003 |publisher=Belin-Herscher |isbn=978-2-7335-0336-2 |page=113}}</ref> The tradition of [[Venus figurine|Upper Paleolithic portable statuettes]] being almost exclusively European, it has been suggested that Mal'ta had some kind of cultural and cultic connection with Europe during that time period, but this remains unsettled.<ref name="LAT"/><ref name="Jennett">{{Cite web|author=Karen Diane Jennett|title=Female Figurines of the Upper Paleolithic|url=https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3202/fulltext.pdf|website=[[Texas State University]]|date=May 2008|access-date=26 May 2016|pages=32–34}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==East Asian art==
=== Chinese art ===
{{Main|Chinese art|Chinese painting|Chinese ceramics|Chinese jade|Chinese calligraphy}}
[[File:清汪恭摹趙孟頫肖像軸-Copy of a Portrait of Zhao Mengfu MET DP216665.jpg|thumb|Copy of a portrait of [[Zhao Mengfu]] (趙孟頫), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|253x253px]]
Chinese art (Chinese: 中國藝術/中国艺术) has varied throughout its [[History of China|ancient history]], divided into periods by the ruling [[dynasties of China]] and changing technology. Different forms of art have been influenced by great philosophers, teachers, religious figures, and even political leaders. Chinese art encompasses [[fine art]]s, [[folk art]]s, and [[performance art]]s. Chinese art is art, whether modern or ancient, that originated from or is practiced in China or by Chinese artists or performers.

In the [[Song dynasty]], poetry was marked by a lyric poetry known as [[Ci (poetry)|Ci]] (詞) which expressed feelings of desire, often in an adopted persona. Also in the Song dynasty, paintings of more subtle expressions of landscapes appeared, with blurred outlines and mountain contours which conveyed distance through an impressionistic treatment of natural phenomena. It was during this period that in painting, emphasis was placed on spiritual rather than emotional elements, as in the previous period. [[Kunqu]], the oldest extant form of Chinese opera developed during the Song dynasty in [[Kunshan]], near present-day Shanghai. In the [[Yuan dynasty]], painting by the Chinese painter [[Zhao Mengfu]] (趙孟頫) greatly influenced later Chinese landscape painting, and the Yuan dynasty opera became a variant of Chinese opera which continues today as [[Cantonese opera]].

====Chinese painting====

[[Gongbi]] and [[Xieyi (painting)|Xieyi]] are two painting styles in Chinese painting.

Gongbi means "meticulous", the rich colours and details in the picture are its main features, its content mainly depicts portraits or narratives. Xieyi means 'freehand', its form is often exaggerated and unreal, with an emphasis on the author's emotional expression and usually used in depicting landscapes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Shu-Qiang |last2=Du |first2=Jun |last3=Huang |first3=Qing-Ming |last4=Huang |first4=Tie-Jun |last5=Gao |first5=Wen |date=2005 |title=Visual Ontology Construction for Digitized Art Image Retrieval |journal=Journal of Computer Science and Technology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=855–860 |doi=10.1007/s11390-005-0855-x|s2cid=12251260 }}</ref>

In addition to paper and silk, traditional paintings have also been done on the walls, such as the [[Mogao Caves|Mogao Grottoes]] in Gansu Province. The '''Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes''' were built in the [[Northern Wei|Northern Wei dynasty]] (386–534 AD). It consists of more than 700 caves, of which 492 caves have murals on the walls, totalling more than 45,000 square meters.<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1038/srep07752| title=The community distribution of bacteria and fungi on ancient wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes| year=2015| last1=Ma| first1=Yantian| last2=Zhang| first2=He| last3=Du| first3=Ye| last4=Tian| first4=Tian| last5=Xiang| first5=Ting| last6=Liu| first6=Xiande| last7=Wu| first7=Fasi| last8=An| first8=Lizhe| last9=Wang| first9=Wanfu| last10=Gu| first10=Ji-Dong| last11=Feng| first11=Huyuan| journal=Scientific Reports| volume=5| article-number=7752| pmid=25583346| bibcode=2015NatSR...5.7752M| s2cid=11977268| pmc=4291566}}</ref><ref name="fix1">{{Cite journal |last=Kenderdine |first=Sarah |date=2013 |title="Pure Land": Inhabiting the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang |journal=Curator: The Museum Journal |language=en |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=199–218 |doi=10.1111/cura.12020}}</ref> The murals are very broad in content, include Buddha statues, paradise, angels, important historical events, and even donors. The painting styles in early caves received influence from India and the West. From the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–906 CE), the murals began to reflect the unique Chinese painting style.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntire |first=Jennifer N. |date=n.d. |title=Mogao Caves at Dunhuang |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/tang-dynasty/a/mogao-caves-at-dunhuang |access-date=2019-05-31 |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref>{{wide image|Along the River During the Qingming Festival (Qing Court Version).jpg|6000px|Panorama of ''[[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]]'', an 18th-century reproduction of the 12th century original by Chinese artist [[Zhang Zeduan]]; Note: scroll starts from the right}}

====Chinese Calligraphy====
[[File:This Letter written by Mi Fei.jpg|thumb|234x234px|''On Calligraphy'' by [[Mi Fu]], [[Song dynasty]]]]
Chinese calligraphy can be traced back to the Dazhuan (large seal script) that appeared in the [[Zhou dynasty]]. After [[Qin Shi Huang|Emperor Qin]] unified China, Prime Minister Li Si collected and compiled Xiaozhuan (small seal) style as the new official text. The small seal script is very elegant but difficult to write quickly. In the [[Han dynasty|Eastern Han dynasty]], a type of script called the Lishu (Official Script) began to rise. Because it reveals no circles and very few curved lines, it is very suitable for fast writing. After that, the Kaishu style (traditional regular script) has appeared, and as its structure is simpler and neater, this script is still widely used today.<ref>Yee, C. (2019). Chinese calligraphy | Description, History, & Facts. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-calligraphy</ref><ref>Chiang, Y. (1973). ''Chinese calligraphy'' (Vol. 60). Harvard University Press.</ref>

==== Ancient Chinese crafts ====
[[File:White Porcelain Dish with Cloud and Crane Design in Underglaze Cobalt Blue.jpg|thumb|Blue and white porcelain dish]]
'''Jade'''

Early jade was used as an ornament or as sacrificial utensils. The earliest Chinese carved-jade object appeared in the Hemudu culture in the early [[Neolithic|Neolithic period]] (about 3500–2000 BCE). During the [[Shang dynasty]] (c. 1600–1046 BCE), Bi (circular perforated jade) and Cong (square jade tube) appeared, which were presumed to be sacrificial utensils, representing the sky and the earth. In the [[Zhou dynasty]] (1046–256 BCE), due to the use of higher hardness engraving tools, jades were carved more delicately and began to be used as a pendant or ornament in clothing.<ref>Cartwright, M. (2019). Jade in Ancient China. Retrieved from <nowiki>[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1088/jade-in-ancient-china/ worldhistory.org]</nowiki></ref><ref name=":1">Sullivan, M., & Silbergeld, J. (2019). Chinese jade. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-jade</ref> Jade was considered to be immortal and could protect the owner, so carved-jade objects were often buried with the deceased, such as a jade burial suit from the tomb of Liu Sheng, a prince of the [[Han dynasty|Western Han dynasty]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shan |first=Jun |date=December 6, 2018 |title=Importance of Jade in Chinese Culture |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/about-jade-culture-629197 |access-date=2019-06-01 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref>

'''Porcelain'''

Porcelain is a kind of ceramic made from kaolin at high temperature. The earliest ceramics in China appeared in the [[Shang dynasty]] (c.1600–1046 BCE). And the production of ceramics laid the foundation for the invention of porcelain. The history of Chinese porcelain can be traced back to the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC – 220 AD).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Valenstein |first=Suzanne G. |title=A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1988 |location=New York}}</ref> In the [[Tang dynasty]], porcelain was divided into celadon and white porcelain. In the [[Song dynasty]], [[Jingdezhen]] was selected as the royal porcelain production centre and began to produce blue and white porcelain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Porcelain |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/chinese-porcelain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230090128/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/chinese-porcelain |archive-date=2019-12-30 |access-date=2019-05-31 |website=Silk Roads |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref>

==== Modern Chinese art ====
After the end of the [[Qing dynasty|last feudal dynasty in China]], with the rise of the [[New Culture Movement|new cultural movement]], Chinese artists began to be influenced by Western art and began to integrate Western art into Chinese culture.<ref>Andrews, J. F., & Shen, K. (2012). ''The art of modern China''. Univ of California Press.</ref> Influenced by American jazz, Chinese composer [[Li Jinhui]] (Known as the father of Chinese pop music) began to create and promote popular music, which made a huge sensation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.playlistresearch.com/article/chinesepop.htm|title=History of Chinese Pop Music|website=www.playlistresearch.com|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref> At the beginning of the 20th century, oil paintings were introduced to China, and more and more Chinese painters began to touch Western painting techniques and combine them with traditional Chinese painting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-12-13 |title=A Century of Chinese Oil Painting |work=chinadaily.com.cn |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2007-12/13/content_11570014.htm |access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref> Meanwhile, a new form of painting, comics, had also begun to rise. It was popular with many people and became the most affordable way to entertain at the time.<ref>Lent, J. A., & Ying, X. (2017). ''Comics Art in China''. Univ. Press of Mississippi.</ref>

===Tibetan art===
{{Main|Tibetan art|Sand mandala}}
[[File:Amazing sand mandala.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tibetan Buddhist]] [[Sand mandala]] displaying its materials]]
[[File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|thumb|right|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225.]]

Tibetan art is the distinct art of [[Tibet]] ([[Tibet Autonomous Region]] in China) and other present and former [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] kingdoms ([[Bhutan]], [[Ladakh]], Nepal, and [[Sikkim]]). Tibetan art is first and foremost a form of [[sacred art]], reflecting the overriding influence of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] on these cultures. The Sand Mandala ([[Tibetic languages|Tib]]: ''kilkhor'') is a [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] tradition which symbolises the transitory nature of things. As part of [[Buddhist]] canon, all things material are seen as transitory. A sand [[mandala]] is an example of this, being that once it has been built and its accompanying ceremonies and viewing are finished, it is systematically [[Art destruction|destroyed]].

As [[Mahayana Buddhism]] emerged as a separate school in the 4th century BC it emphasized the role of [[bodhisattva]]s, compassionate beings who forgo their personal escape to [[Nirvana]] in order to assist others. From an early time various bodhisattvas were also subjects of statuary art. Tibetan Buddhism, as an offspring of Mahayana Buddhism, inherited this tradition. But the additional dominating presence of the [[Vajrayana]] (or Buddhist tantra) may have had an overriding importance in the artistic culture. A common bodhisattva depicted in Tibetan art is the deity [[Chenrezig]] (Avalokitesvara), often portrayed as a thousand-armed saint with an eye in the middle of each hand, representing the all-seeing compassionate one who hears our requests. This deity can also be understood as a [[Yidam]], or 'meditation Buddha' for Vajrayana practice.

Tibetan Buddhism contains [[Tantric Buddhism]], also known as [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism for its common symbolism of the ''vajra'', the diamond thunderbolt (known in [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] as the [[dorje]]). Most of the typical Tibetan Buddhist art can be seen as part of the practice of tantra. Vajrayana techniques incorporate many visualizations/imaginations during meditation, and most of the elaborate tantric art can be seen as aids to these visualizations; from representations of meditational deities ([[yidam]]s) to [[mandala]]s and all kinds of ritual implements.
[[File:Mantras caved into rock in Tibet.jpg|thumb|In [[Tibet]], many [[Buddhist]]s carve mantras into rocks as a form of devotion.]]
A visual aspect of Tantric Buddhism is the common representation of [[wrathful deities]], often depicted with angry faces, circles of flame, or with the skulls of the dead. These images represent the ''Protectors'' ([[Sanskrit|Skt]]. [[dharmapala]]) and their fearsome bearing belies their true compassionate nature. Actually, their wrath represents their dedication to the protection of the [[dharma]] teaching as well as to the protection of the specific tantric practices to prevent corruption or disruption of the practice. They are most importantly used as wrathful psychological aspects that can be used to conquer the negative attitudes of the practitioner.

Historians note that [[Chinese painting]] had a profound influence on Tibetan painting in general. Starting from the 14th and 15th century, Tibetan painting had incorporated many elements from the Chinese, and during the 18th century, Chinese painting had a deep and far-reaching impact on Tibetan visual art.<ref name=McKay>McKay, Alex. The History of Tibet. Routledge. 2003. p. 596-597. {{ISBN|0-7007-1508-8}}</ref> According to [[Giuseppe Tucci]], by the time of the Qing dynasty, "a new Tibetan art was then developed, which in a certain sense was a provincial echo of the Chinese 18th century's smooth ornate preciosity."<ref name=McKay/>

===Japanese art===
{{Main|Japanese art|Japanese painting|Ukiyo-e|Japanese sculpture|Ryukyuan lacquerware|Japanese calligraphy|Nihonga|List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)|List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures)}}
[[File:Birds and flowers of the four seasons.jpg|thumb|upright=3|left|Four from a set of sixteen sliding room partitions (''Birds and Flower of the Four Seasons''<ref>[https://www.wikiart.org/en/kano-eitoku/birds-and-flowers-of-the-four-seasons-1590 ''Birds and Flower of the Four Seasons'' at wikiart.org]</ref>) made for a 16th-century Japanese abbot. Typically for later Japanese landscapes, the main focus is on a feature in the foreground.]]

'''Japanese art''' and architecture include works of art produced in Japan from the beginnings of human habitation there, sometime in the 10th millennium BC, to the present. Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture in wood and bronze, ink painting on silk and paper, and a myriad of other types of works of art; from ancient times until the contemporary 21st century.

The art form rose to great popularity in the metropolitan culture of [[Edo]] (Tokyo) during the second half of the 17th century, originating with the single-color works of [[Hishikawa Moronobu]] in the 1670s. At first, only [[India ink]] was used, then some prints were manually colored with a brush, but in the 18th century [[Suzuki Harunobu]] developed the technique of polychrome printing to produce ''[[nishiki-e]].''
[[File:Hiroshige Snow falling on a town.jpg|thumb|[[Hiroshige]], ''Snow falling on a town'', c. 1833, [[ukiyo-e]] print]]
{{nihongo|'''Japanese painting'''|絵画|Kaiga}} is one of the oldest and most highly refined of the [[Japanese art]]s, encompassing a wide variety of genre and styles. As with the history of Japanese arts in general, the history of Japanese painting is a long history of synthesis and competition between native [[Japanese aesthetics]] and adaptation of imported ideas.

The origins of painting in Japan date well back into [[Japanese Paleolithic|Japan's prehistoric period]]. Simple stick figures and geometric designs can be found on [[Jōmon period]] pottery and [[Yayoi period]] (300 BC – 300 AD) ''[[dōtaku]]'' bronze bells. [[Mural]] paintings with both geometric and figurative designs have been found in numerous [[tumulus]] from the [[Kofun period]] (300–700 AD).

Ancient '''Japanese sculpture''' was mostly derived from the [[idol worship]] in [[Buddhism]] or animistic rites of [[Shinto]] deity. In particular, sculpture among all the arts came to be most firmly centered around Buddhism. Materials traditionally used were metal—especially [[bronze]]—and, more commonly, wood, often [[lacquer]]ed, [[gilding|gilded]], or brightly painted. By the end of the [[Tokugawa period]], such traditional sculpture – except for miniaturized works – had largely disappeared because of the loss of patronage by Buddhist temples and the nobility.

''[[Ukiyo]]'', meaning "floating world", refers to the impetuous young culture that bloomed in the urban centers of [[Edo]] (modern-day Tokyo), [[Osaka]], and [[Kyoto]] that were a world unto themselves. It is an ironic allusion to the [[homophone]] term "Sorrowful World" (憂き世), the earthly plane of death and rebirth from which Buddhists sought release.

===Korean art===
{{Main|Korean art|Korean painting|Korean calligraphy}}
[[File:Geumgangjeondo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jeong Seon]], ''General View of Mt. Geumgang'' (금강전도, 金剛全圖), Korea, c.1734]]

'''Korean art''' is noted for its traditions in pottery, music, calligraphy, painting, sculpture, and other genres, often marked by the use of bold color, natural forms, precise shape and scale, and surface decoration.

While there are clear and distinguishing differences between three independent cultures, there are significant and historical similarities and interactions between the arts of [[Korea]], China, and Japan.

The study and appreciation of [[Korean art]] is still at a formative stage in the West. Because of [[Korea]]'s position between China and Japan, Korea was seen as a mere conduit of Chinese culture to Japan. However, recent scholars have begun to acknowledge Korea's own unique art, culture, and important role in not only transmitting Chinese culture but assimilating it and creating a unique culture of its own. ''An art given birth to and developed by a nation is its own art.''

Generally, the history of '''Korean painting''' is dated to approximately 108 C.E., when it first appears as an independent form. Between that time and the paintings and frescoes that appear on the [[Goryeo]] dynasty tombs, there has been little research. Suffice to say that until the [[Joseon dynasty]] the primary influence was Chinese painting though done with Korean landscapes, facial features, Buddhist topics, and an emphasis on celestial observation in keeping with the rapid development of Korean astronomy.

Throughout the history of Korean painting, there has been a constant separation of monochromatic works of black brushwork on very often mulberry paper or silk; and the colourful folk art or ''min-hwa'', ritual arts, tomb paintings, and festival arts which made extensive use of colour.

This distinction was often class-based: scholars, particularly in [[Confucian art]], felt that one could see colour in monochromatic paintings within the gradations and felt that the actual use of colour coarsened the paintings, and restricted the imagination. Korean folk art, and painting of architectural frames was seen as brightening certain outside wood frames, and again within the tradition of Chinese architecture, and the early Buddhist influences of profuse rich thalo and primary colours inspired by the [[Indian art|Art of India]].

'''Contemporary art in Korea:''' The first example of [[Western-style oil painting]] in Korean art was in the self-portraits of Korean artist [[Go Hui-dong|Ko Hu i-dong]] (1886–1965). Only three of these works still remain today. These self-portraits impart an understanding of the medium that extends well beyond the affirmation of stylistic and cultural difference. By the early twentieth century, the decision to paint using oil and canvas in Korea had two different interpretations. One being a sense of enlightenment due to western ideas and art styles. This enlightenment derived from an intellectual movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Ko had been painting with this method during a period of Japan's annexation of Korea. During this time many claimed his art could have been political, however, he himself stated he was an artist and not a politician. Ko stated, "While I was in Tokyo, a very curious thing happened. At that time there were fewer than one hundred Korean students in Tokyo. All of us were drinking the new air and embarking on new studies, but there were some who mocked my choice to study art. A close friend said that it was not right for me to study painting in such a time as this." <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kee|first=Joan|date=April 2013|title=Contemporary Art in Early Colonial Korea: The Self Portraits of Ko Hui-dong|journal=Art History|volume=36|issue=2|pages=392–417|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8365.2013.00950.x}}</ref>

'''Korean pottery''' was recognized as early as 6000 BCE. This pottery was also referred to as comb-patterned pottery due to the decorative lines carved onto the outside. Early Korean societies were mainly dependent on fishing. So, they used pottery to store fish and other things collected from the ocean such as shellfish. Pottery had two main regional distinctions. Those from the East coast tend to have a flat base, whereas pottery on the South coast had a round base.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=Early Korean History|journal=Early Korean History|page=1}}</ref>

==Southeast Asian art==
{{Main|Southeast Asian arts||}}

=== Bruneian art ===
{{Main|Bruneian art||}}
Silver is a popular element in '''Bruneian art'''. [[Silversmith|Silversmiths]] make ornaments, flower vases and [[Gong|gongs]] (metal disk with a turned rim giving a resonant note when stuck). Another popular utensil is ''pasigupan,'' a type of mini pot that has a [[mandala]] print and holds tobacco.

Weaving skills have been passed across generations. Brunei produces fabric for making gowns and [[Sarong|sarongs]]. "The weaving and decoration of cloth as well as wearing, display, and exchange of it, has been an important part of Bruneian culture for years (Orr 96)." Weaving became significant in the 15th century. [[Antonio Pigafetta]] visited Brunei during his travels and observed how the clothes were made. One example was a Jongsarat, a handmade garment used for weddings and special occasions. It typically includes a hint of silver and gold. It can be used for wall coverings.

The two types of clothing in Brunei are called [[Batik]] and [[Ikat]]. Batik is dyed cotton cloth decorated through a technique known as [[Resist dyeing|wax-resist dyeing]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=C |first=Josiah |title=HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF THE ROYAL SULTANATE OF SULU INCLUDING RELATED EVENTS OF NEIGHBORING PEOPLES |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/Modules/Modules/MuslimMindanao/historical_timeline_of_the_royal.htm |access-date=2018-07-03 |website=www.seasite.niu.edu}}</ref> Ikat is made through a similar process as Batik, Instead of dyeing the pattern onto finished cloth, it is created during weaving.

===Cambodian art===
[[File:Fronton Cambodge Musée Guimet 9972.jpg|thumb|right|Stone carving at [[Banteay Srei]] ([[Angkor]])]]
{{Main|Cambodian art||}}

'''Cambodian art''' and the culture of [[Cambodia]] has had a rich and varied history dating back many centuries and has been heavily influenced by [[India]]. In turn, Cambodia greatly influenced [[Thailand]], Laos, and vice versa. Throughout Cambodia's long history, a major source of inspiration was from religion. Throughout nearly two millennia, Cambodians developed a unique [[Khmer people|Khmer]] belief from the syncreticism of indigenous [[animistic]] beliefs and the Indian religions of [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]]. Indian culture and civilization, including its language and arts, reached mainland Southeast Asia around the 1st century CE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/cambodia-faces-dark-episode-revival-traditional-arts-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003090015/https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/cambodia-faces-dark-episode-revival-traditional-arts-culture |archive-date=2019-10-03 |title=Cambodia Faces 'Dark Episode' With Revival of Traditional Arts, Culture|website=Voice of America|language=en|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref> It is generally believed that seafaring merchants brought Indian customs and culture to ports along the gulf of Thailand and the Pacific while trading with China. The first state to benefit from this was [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]]. At various times, Cambodian culture also absorbed elements from [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Chinese culture|Chinese]], [[Culture of Laos|Lao]], and [[Thailand|Thai]] cultures.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.widewalls.ch/cambodian-culture|title=Cambodian Culture and its Glorious Tradition of Artistic Practice|website=Widewalls|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>[[File:Bayon Angkor Relief1.jpg|thumb|left|Stone bas-relief at [[Bayon]] temple depicting the [[Cambodia|Khmer]] army at war with the [[Cham (Asia)|Cham]], carved c. 1200 CE]]

The history of the [[visual arts of Cambodia]] stretches back centuries to ancient crafts; Khmer art reached its peak during the [[Angkor]] period. Traditional Cambodian arts and crafts include textiles, non-textile [[weaving]], [[silversmithing]], [[stone carving]], [[lacquerware]], [[Pottery|ceramics]], [[wat]] [[murals]], and [[kite]]-making.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arts and Crafts in Cambodia |url=https://www.asiahighlights.com/cambodia/arts-and-crafts.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003090018/https://www.asiahighlights.com/cambodia/arts-and-crafts.htm |archive-date=2019-10-03 |access-date=2019-10-03 |website=Asia Highlights}}</ref> Beginning in the mid-20th century, a tradition of modern art began in Cambodia, though in the later 20th century both traditional and modern arts declined for several reasons, including the killing of artists by the [[Khmer Rouge]]. The country has experienced a recent artistic revival due to increased support from governments, NGOs, and foreign tourists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corey|first=Pamela|date=2014|title=The 'First' Cambodian Contemporary Artist|url=https://www.rossirossi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The_First_Cambodian_Contemporary_Artist.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715095707/https://www.rossirossi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The_First_Cambodian_Contemporary_Artist.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-15 |journal=Journal of Khmer Studies|via=Cornell University}}</ref>

==== Khmer sculpture ====
{{Main|Khmer sculpture||}}
'''Khmer sculpture''' refers to the stone sculpture of the [[Khmer Empire]], which ruled a territory based on modern Cambodia, but rather larger, from the 9th to the 13th century. The most celebrated examples are found in [[Angkor]], which served as the seat of the empire.

By the 7th century, Khmer sculpture begins to drift away from its Hindu influences – pre-Gupta for the Buddhist figures, Pallava for the Hindu figures – and through constant stylistic evolution, it comes to develop its own originality, which by the 10th century can be considered complete and absolute. Khmer sculpture soon goes beyond religious representation, which becomes almost a pretext in order to portray court figures in the guise of gods and goddesses.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000149285 |title=Rehabilitation and Preservation of Cambodian Performing Arts |last=UNESCO / Japan Funds-in-Trust |date=March 2002 |access-date=2019-10-03 |via=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> But furthermore, it also comes to constitute a means and end in itself for the execution of stylistic refinement, like a kind of testing ground. We have already seen how the social context of the Khmer kingdom provides a second key to understanding this art. But we can also imagine that on a more exclusive level, small groups of intellectuals and artists were at work, competing among themselves in mastery and refinement as they pursued a hypothetical perfection of style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khmer Art and Culture |url=https://www.tourismcambodia.com/culture/art-and-culture.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003090015/https://www.tourismcambodia.com/culture/art-and-culture.htm |archive-date=2019-10-03 |access-date=2019-10-03 |website=Tourism of Cambodia |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Fronton Cambodge Musée Guimet 9971.jpg|thumb|Relief from Angkor]]

The gods we find in Khmer sculpture are those of the two great religions of India, [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]]. And they are always represented with great iconographic precision, clearly indicating that learned priests supervised the execution of the works.<ref name=":2" /> Nonetheless, unlike those Hindu images which repeat an idealized stereotype, these images are treated with great realism and originality because they depict living models: the king and his court. The true social function of Khmer art was, in fact, the glorification of the [[aristocracy]] through these images of the gods embodied in the princes. In fact, the cult of the "deva-raja" required the development of an eminently aristocratic art in which the people were supposed to see the tangible proof of the sovereign's divinity, while the aristocracy took pleasure in seeing itself – if, it's true, in idealized form – immortalized in the splendour of intricate adornments, elegant dresses, and extravagant jewelry.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phungtian|first=Charuwan|title=Thai – Cambodian Culture Relationship through Arts|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/thai_cambodian_art.pdf|journal=Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.|via=Magadh University}}</ref>

The sculptures are admirable images of gods, royal and imposing presences, though not without feminine sensuality, making us think of important persons at the courts and persons of considerable power. The artists who sculpted the stones doubtless satisfied the primary objectives and requisites demanded by the persons who commissioned them. The sculptures represent the chosen divinity in the orthodox manner and succeed in portraying, with great skill and expertise, high figures of the courts in all of their splendour, in the attire, adornments, and jewelry of a sophisticated beauty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambodian Art & Architecture |url=https://www.insideasiatours.com/southeast-asia/cambodian-culture/art-and-architecture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003090014/https://www.insideasiatours.com/southeast-asia/cambodian-culture/art-and-architecture/ |archive-date=2019-10-03 |access-date=2019-10-03 |website=Inside Asia Tours}}</ref>

===Filipino art===
{{See also|Arts in the Philippines|List of National Cultural Treasures in the Philippines}}
[[File:Madonna with Child, anonymous Filipino artist, 1600s AD, ivory, silver - Cathedral of Seville - Sevilla, Spain - DSC07641.JPG|thumb|Madonna with Child ivory statue.]]
[[File:Ceiling Paintings 07 Nuestra Sra. del Santissimo Rosario Parish Church, Lila, Bohol (100 dpi).jpg|thumb|Lila Church ceiling paintings.]]
[[File:Miagao Church.jpg|thumb|[[Miagao Church]].]]
The earliest known [[Arts in the Philippines|Filipino arts]] are the rock arts, where the oldest is the [[Angono Petroglyphs]], made during the Neolithic age, dated between 6000 and 2000 BC. The carvings were possibly used as part of an ancient healing practice for sick children. This was followed by the [[Bontoc, Mountain Province|Alab Petroglyphs]], dated not later than 1500 BC, which exhibited symbols of fertility such as a pudenda. The rock arts are petrographs, including the charcoal rock art from [[Peñablanca]], charcoal rock art from [[Rizal, Palawan|Singnapan]], red hematite art at [[Anda, Bohol|Anda]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petroglyphs and Petrographs of the Philippines |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5018/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> and the recently discovered rock art from [[Monreal, Masbate|Monreal (Ticao)]], depicting monkeys, human faces, worms or snakes, plants, dragonflies, and birds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Officials call for protection, preservation of cave art in Monreal, Masbate |date=October 26, 2016 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/586490/officials-call-for-protection-preservation-of-cave-art-in-monreal-masbate/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707013726/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/586490/officials-call-for-protection-preservation-of-cave-art-in-monreal-masbate/story/ |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> Between 890 and 710 BC, the [[Manunggul Jar]] was made in southern [[Palawan]]. It served as a secondary burial jar, where the top cover depicts the journey of the soul into the afterlife through a boat with a [[psychopomp]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manunggul Jar |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Manunggul.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108103533/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Manunggul.html |archive-date=January 8, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=National Museum}}</ref> In 100 BC, the [[Kabayan Mummies|Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves]] were carved from a mountain. Between 5 BC-225 AD, the [[Maitum anthropomorphic pottery]] were created in Cotabato. The crafts were secondary burial jars, with many depicting human heads, hands, feet, and breast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthropomorphic Pots |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Pots.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729050557/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Pots.html |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=National Museum}}</ref>

By the 4th century AD, and most likely before that, ancient people from the Philippines have been making giant warships, where the earliest known archaeological evidences have been excavated from [[Butuan]], where the ship was identified as a [[balangay]] and dated at 320 AD.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2015 |title=Malay ancestors' 'balangay' declared PH's National Boat | mb.com.ph | Philippine News |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/malay-ancestors-balangay-declared-phs-national-boat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208192637/http://www.mb.com.ph/malay-ancestors-balangay-declared-phs-national-boat/ |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]]}}</ref> The oldest, currently found, artifact with a written script on it is the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], dated 900 AD. The plate discusses the payment of a debt.<ref name="Postma">{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Antoon |date=April–June 1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=182–203 |jstor=42633308}}</ref> The [[Butuan Ivory Seal]] is the earliest known ivory art in the country, dated between the 9th to 12th century AD. The seal contains carvings of an ancient script.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butuan Ivory Seal |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Seal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119091932/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Seal.html |archive-date=November 19, 2018 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=National Museum}}</ref> During this period, various artifacts were made, such as the [[Agusan image]], a gold statue of a deity, possibly influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |date=June 26, 2019 |title=The Gold Tara of Agusan |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/122195/the-gold-tara-of-agusan |website=inquirer.net}}</ref> From the 12th to 15th century, the [[Butuan Silver Paleograph]] was made. The script on the silver has yet to be deciphered.<ref name="nationalmuseum.gov.ph NCT">{{Cite web |title=National Cultural Treasures of Philippine Archaeology |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/NCT.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018055500/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/NCT.html |archive-date=October 18, 2018 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=National Museum}}</ref> Between the 13th–14th century, the natives of Banton, Romblon, crafted the [[Banton, Romblon|Banton cloth]], the oldest surviving [[ikat]] textile in Southeast Asia. The cloth was used as a death blanket.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |date=October 19, 2011 |title=History and design in Death Blankets |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/15599/history-and-design-in-death-blankets |website=inquirer.net}}</ref> By the 16th century, up to the late 19th century, Spanish colonization influenced various forms of art in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish Colonial Tradition in Philippine Visual Arts - National Commission for Culture and the Arts |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072402/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=15 January 2022 |website=ncca.gov.ph}}</ref>

From 1565 to 1815, Filipino craftsfolk were making the [[Manila galleons]] used for the trading from Asia to the Americas, where many of the goods went to Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medillo |first=Robert Joseph P. |date=2015-06-19 |title=Forgotten History? The Polistas of the Galleon Trade |url=https://www.rappler.com/moveph/96830-forgotten-history-polistas-galleon-trade/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Rappler}}</ref> In 1565, the ancient tradition of tattooing in the Philippines was first recorded through the [[Pintados]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Emma Helen |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803 |volume=2: 1521–1569 |page=126}}</ref> In 1584, [[Fort San Antonio Abad]] was completed, while in 1591, [[Fort Santiago]] was built. By 1600, the [[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras]] were made. Five rice terrace clusters have been designated as [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2019 |title=Demystifying the age of the Ifugao Rice Terraces to decolonize history |url=https://rappler.com/science/society-culture/demystifying-age-ifugao-rice-terraces |website=Rappler}}</ref> In 1607, the [[San Agustin Church (Manila)]] was built. The building has been declared as a [[World Heritage Site]]. The site is famous for its painted interior.<ref name="whc.unesco.org">{{Cite web |last=World Heritage |title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> In 1613, the oldest surviving [[suyat]] writing on paper was written through the [[University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents]].<ref name="fix3">{{Cite news |last=Sembrano |first=Edgar Allan M. |date=August 25, 2014 |title=UST documents in ancient 'baybayin' script declared a National Cultural Treasure |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/169646/ust-documents-in-ancient-baybayin-script-declared-a-national-cultural-treasure |url-status=live |access-date=August 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825214829/http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/169646/ust-documents-in-ancient-baybayin-script-declared-a-national-cultural-treasure |archive-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> Following 1621, the [[Monreal Stones]] were created in Ticao, Masbate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Potet |first1=Jean-Paul G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHGADwAAQBAJ |title=Baybayin, the Syllabic Alphabet of the Tagalogs |date=2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-244-14241-4 |page=115 |language=en |quote=but an examination reveals that they cannot be earlier than the 17th century because in the excerpt shown here, the letter ''nga'' (frames 1 and 3) has the /a/-deleter cross that Father LOPEZ introduced in 1621, and this cross is quite different from the diacritic placed under the character ''ya'' to represent the vowel /u/: /yu/ (frame 2).}}</ref> In 1680, the [[Arch of the Centuries]] was made. In 1692, the image of ''[[Our Lady of Porta Vaga|Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga]]'' was painted.<ref>Panlilio, Erlinda Enriquez (2003). "Consuming passions: Philippine collectibles", pg. 70. Jaime C. Laya. {{ISBN|971-27-1400-4}}.</ref>

[[Manaoag Church]] was established in 1701. In 1710, the [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Paoay Church]] was built. The church is known for its giant buttresses, part of the earthquake Baroque architecture.<ref name="whc.unesco.org" /> In 1720, the religious paintings at Camarin de la Virgen in Santa Ana were made.<ref name="ncca.gov.ph">{{Citation |title=[NCCA guidelines] |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NCCA-Board-Res-No-2017-330-PRECUP-Guidelines.pdf |access-date=2020-02-24 |mode=cs1 |via=ncca.gov.ph |archive-date=July 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728135218/http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NCCA-Board-Res-No-2017-330-PRECUP-Guidelines.pdf }}</ref> In 1725, the historical [[Santa Ana Church]] was built. In 1765, the World Heritage Site of [[Santa Maria Church]] was built. The site is notable for its highland structure.<ref name="whc.unesco.org" /> [[Bacarra Church]] was built in 1782. In 1783, the [[idjang]]s, castle-fortresses, of Batanes were first recorded. The exact age of the structures are still unknown.<ref name="Howard T. Fry 1985, pp.3-21">Howard T. Fry, "The Eastern Passage and Its Impact on Spanish Policy in the Philippines, 1758–1790", ''Philippine Studies,'' vol.33, First Quarter, 1985, pp.3–21, p.18.</ref> In 1797, the [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Miagao Church]] was built. The church is famous for its facade carvings.<ref name="whc.unesco.org" /> [[Tayum Church]] was built in 1803. In 1807, the Basi Revolt paintings were made, depicting the Ilocano revolution against Spanish interference on basi production and consumption. In 1822, the historical [[Paco Park]] was established. In 1824, the [[Las Piñas Bamboo Organ]] was created, becoming the first and only organ made of bamboo. By 1852, the ''[[Saint James the Apostle Parish Church (Paete)|Sacred Art paintings of the Parish Church of Santiago Apostol]]'' were finished. In 1884, both the ''Assassination of Governor Bustamante and His Son'' and ''[[Spoliarium]]'' won prizes during an art competition in Spain. In 1890, the painting, ''Feeding the Chicken'', was made. ''[[The Parisian Life (painting)|The Parisian Life]]'' was painted in 1892, while ''[[La Bulaqueña]]'' was painted in 1895. The clay art, ''[[The Triumph of Science over Death]]'', was crafted in 1890.<ref name="Reyes">{{cite book |last=Reyes |first=Raquel A. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tjWD-ngC4C&q=triumph+of+science+over+death+jose+rizal&pg=PA181 |title=Love, Passion and Patriotism: Sexuality and the Philippine Propaganda Movement, 1882 – 1892 |publisher=NUS Press, National University of Singapore (2008) |year=2008 |isbn=978-9971-69-356-5 |access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> In 1891, the first and only all-steel church in Asia, [[San Sebastian Church (Manila)]], was built. In 1894, the clay art ''Mother's Revenge'' was made.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mother's Revenge |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Mothers.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527155415/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Mothers.html |archive-date=May 27, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=National Museum}}</ref>

In the 20th century, or possibly earlier, the Koran of Bayang was written. During the same time, the Stone Agricultural Calendar of Guiday, Besao, was discovered by outsiders. In 1913, the [[Rizal Monument]] was completed. In 1927, the [[University of Santo Tomas Main Building]] was rebuilt, while its Central Seminary Building was built in 1933. In 1931, the royal palace [[Darul Jambangan]] of Sulu was destroyed.<ref name="Lacson">{{cite news |last1=Lacson |first1=Nonoy E. |date=July 4, 2018 |title='Pearl of Sulu Sea' show-cased |publisher=Manila Bulletin |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-bulletin/20180704/281818579580104 |access-date=February 22, 2020}}</ref> On the same year, the [[Manila Metropolitan Theater]] was built. ''[[The Progress of Medicine in the Philippines]]'' paintings were finished in 1953. [[Santo Domingo Church]] was built in 1954. In 1962, the ''International Rice Research Institute'' painting was completed, while the ''Manila Mural'' was made in 1968. In 1993, the [[Bonifacio Monument]] was created.<ref name="ncca.gov.ph" /><ref name="nationalmuseum.gov.ph NCT" />

===Indonesian art===
{{Main|Indonesian art}}
{{Further|Indonesian culture|Indonesian painting|List of Indonesian painters}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Prins Panji in een hof met drie vrouwen. TMnr 2110-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Balinese art|Balinese painting]] of Prince Panji meeting three women in the jungle]]

'''Indonesian art''' and culture has been shaped by long [[Social interaction|interaction]] between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences. [[Indonesia]] is central along ancient [[Trade route|trading routes]] between the Far East and the Middle East, resulting in many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of [[eastern religions|religions]], including [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and Islam, all strong in the major trading cities. The result is a complex cultural mixture very different from the original indigenous cultures.
Indonesia is not generally known for paintings, aside from the intricate and expressive [[Bali]]nese paintings, which often express natural scenes and themes from the traditional dances.

[[File:Kenyah mural painting.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kenyah people|Kenyah]] mural painting in Long Nawang, [[East Kalimantan]].]]
Other exceptions include indigenous [[Kenyah people|Kenyah]] paint designs based on, as commonly found among [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] cultures, endemic natural motifs such as ferns, trees, dogs, hornbills, and human figures. These are still to be found decorating the walls of Kenyah Dayak [[longhouse]]s in [[East Kalimantan]]'s Apo Kayan region.

Indonesia has a long-he [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]]s, but the art-form particularly flourished from the 8th century to the 10th century, both as standalone works of art, and also incorporated into temples.

[[File:Borobudur Relief Panel I.b119, 0972.jpg|right|thumb|Relief sculpture from [[Borobudur]] temple, c. 760–830 AD]]
Most notable are the hundreds of meters of relief sculptures at the temple of [[Borobudur]] in central [[Java]]. Approximately two miles of exquisite relief sculptures tell the story of the life of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and illustrate his teachings. The temple was originally home to 504 statues of the seated Buddha. This site, as with others in central Java, show a clear Indian influence.

Calligraphy, mostly based on the [[Qur'an]], is often used as decoration as Islam forbids naturalistic depictions. Some foreign painters have also settled in [[Indonesia]]. Modern Indonesian painters use a wide variety of styles and themes.

====Balinese art====
{{Main|Balinese art}}
[[File:Kerta Gosa, Ramayana Scene, Bali 1543.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Balinese painting of ''[[Ramayana]]'' scene from Kerta Gosha, depicting [[Rama]] versus Dasamukha (Ravana).]]
'''Balinese art''' is art of [[Hindu]]-[[Java]]nese origin that grew from the work of artisans of the [[Majapahit|Majapahit Kingdom]], with their expansion to [[Bali]] in the late 13th century. From the 16th until the 20th centuries, the village of Kamasan, Klungkung (East Bali), was the centre of classical Balinese art. During the first part of the 20th century, new varieties of Balinese art developed. Since the late twentieth century, [[Ubud]] and its neighboring villages established a reputation as the center of Balinese art. Ubud and [[Batuan, Bali|Batuan]] are known for their paintings, [[Mas, Indonesia|Mas]] for their woodcarvings, Celuk for gold and silversmiths, and Batubulan for their stone carvings. Covarrubias<ref name="Covarubias">
{{cite book
| last=Covarrubias
| first=Miguel
| author-link=Miguel Covarrubias
| title=Island of Bali
| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176030/page/n189
| publisher=Cassel
| year=1937
| page=165
}}</ref> describes Balinese art as, "... a highly developed, although informal Baroque folk art that combines the peasant liveliness with the refinement of classicism of Hinduistic Java, but free of the conservative prejudice and with a new vitality fired by the exuberance of the demonic spirit of the tropical primitive". Eiseman pointed out that Balinese art is actually carved, painted, woven, and prepared into objects intended for everyday use rather than as ''object d 'art.''<ref name="Eiseman">
{{cite book
| last=Eiseman
| first=Fred and Margaret
| title=Woodcarving of Bali
| publisher=Periplus
| year=1988
}}</ref>

In the 1920s, with the arrival of many western artists, Bali became an artist enclave (as [[Tahiti]] was for [[Paul Gauguin]]) for avant-garde artists such as [[Walter Spies]] (German), [[Rudolf Bonnet]] (Dutch), [[Adrien-Jean Le Mayeur]] (Belgian), [[Arie Smit]] (Dutch), and [[Donald Friend]] (Australian) in more recent years. Most of these western artists had very little influence on the Balinese until the post-World War Two period, although some accounts over-emphasise the western presence at the expense of recognising Balinese creativity.

This groundbreaking period of creativity reached a peak in the late 1930s. A stream of famous visitors, including [[Charlie Chaplin]] and the [[anthropologist]]s [[Gregory Bateson]] and [[Margaret Mead]], encouraged the talented locals to create highly original works. During their stay in Bali in the mid-1930s, Bateson and Mead collected over 2000 paintings, predominantly from the village of Batuan, but also from the coastal village of Sanur.<ref name="Geertz-Images_of_Power">
{{cite book
| last=Geertz
| first=Hildred
| title=Images of Power: Balinese Paintings Made for Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead
| publisher=University of Hawaii Press
| date=1994
| isbn=978-0-8248-1679-7
}}</ref>
Among western artists, Spies and Bonnet are often credited for the modernization of traditional Balinese paintings. From the 1950s onwards, Baliese artists incorporated aspects of perspective and anatomy from these artists.<ref name="JC">
{{cite book
| last = Couteau
| first = Jean
| title = Catalogue of the Museum Puri Lukisan
| publisher=Ratna Wartha Foundation (i.e. the Museum Puri Lukisan)
| date = 1999
| isbn = 979-95713-0-8
}}
</ref>
More importantly, they acted as agents of change by encouraging experimentation, and promoted departures from tradition. The result was an explosion of individual expression that increased the rate of change in Balinese art.

===Lao art===
{{Main|Lao art}}
[[File:Lan Xang - Seated Buddha - bronze.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lan Xang]] bronze Buddha, 17th century [[Laos]]]]
'''Laotian art''' includes [[Lao ceramics|ceramics]], [[Lao Buddhist sculpture]], and [[Lao music]].

Lao Buddhist sculptures were created in a large variety of material including gold, silver, and, most often, [[bronze]]. Brick-and-mortar was also a medium used for colossal images, most famous of these is the image of ''Phya Vat'' (16th century) in [[Vientiane]], although a renovation completely altered the appearance of the sculpture, and it no longer resembles a Lao Buddha. Wood is popular for small, votive Buddhist images that are often left in caves. Wood is also very common for large, life-size standing images of the Buddha. The most famous two sculptures carved in semi-precious stone are the Phra Keo (The [[Emerald Buddha]]) and the Phra Phuttha Butsavarat. The Phra Keo, which is probably of Xieng Sen ([[Chiang Saen]]) origin, is carved from a solid block of jade. It rested in Vientiane for two hundred years before the Siamese carried it away as booty in the late 18th century. Today it serves as the [[palladium (mythology)|palladium]] of the Kingdom of Thailand, and resides at the [[Grand Palace]] in Bangkok. The Phra Phuttha Butsavarat, like the Phra Keo, is also enshrined in its own chapel at the Grand Palace in Bangkok. Before the Siamese seized it in the early 19th century, this crystal image was the palladium of the Lao kingdom of [[Kingdom of Champasak|Champassack]].

Many beautiful Lao Buddhist sculptures are carved right into the [[Pak Ou caves]]. Near ''Pak Ou'' (mouth of the Ou river) the ''Tham Ting'' (lower cave) and the ''Tham Theung'' (upper cave) are near [[Luang Prabang]], Laos. They are a magnificent group of caves that are only accessible by boat, about two hours upstream from the center of [[Luang Prabang]], and have recently become more well-known and frequented by tourists. The caves are noted for their impressive [[Buddhist]] and [[Laotian art|Lao]] style sculptures carved into the cave walls, and hundreds of discarded [[Buddhist]] figures laid out over the floors and wall shelves. They were put there as their owners did not wish to destroy them, so a difficult journey is made to the caves to place their unwanted statues there.

=== Malaysian art ===
{{Main|Malaysian art}}
'''Malaysian art''' is primarily composed of [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay art]] and [[Dayak people|Bornean art]], holding similarities with the other styles from Southeast Asia, such that of [[Bruneian art|Brunei]], [[Indonesian art|Indonesia]], and [[Visual art of Singapore|Singapore]]. The history of art in Malaysia dates back to the Malay sultanates, with influences from [[Chinese art|Chinese]], [[Indian art|Indian]] and [[Islamic art|Islamic]] arts.

Traditional [[Malaysia|Malaysian]] art is mainly centred on the crafts of carving, weaving, and silversmithing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Activities: Malaysia Contemporary Art |url=http://www.tourism.gov.my/activities/index.php?xtvt_id=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726113259/http://www.tourism.gov.my/activities/index.php?xtvt_id=22 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=Tourism.gov.my}}</ref> Traditional art ranges from handwoven baskets from rural areas to the silverwork of the Malay courts. Common artworks included ornamental [[kris]] and [[beetle nut]] sets. Luxurious textiles known as ''Songket'' are made, as well as traditional patterned [[batik]] fabrics. Indigenous East Malaysians are known for their wooden masks. Malaysian art has expanded only recently, as before the 1950s Islamic taboos about drawing people and animals were strong.<ref name="Marshall">{{Cite book |last=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC |title=World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7614-7642-9 |location=New York |pages=1218–1222 |author-link=Marshall Cavendish Corporation}}</ref> Textiles such as the [[batik]], [[songket]], [[Pua Kumbu]], and [[tekat]] are used for decorations, often embroidered with a painting or pattern. Traditional jewelry was made from gold and silver adorned with gems, and, in East Malaysia, leather and beads were used to the same effect.<ref name="CultureandHeritage">{{cite web |title=About Malaysia: Culture and heritage |url=http://www.tourism.gov.my/about_malaysia/?view=culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228124254/http://www.tourism.gov.my/about_malaysia/?view=culture |archive-date=28 February 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=Tourism.gov.my}}</ref>

=== Myanmar art ===
{{Main|Art of Myanmar}}
[[File:Myanmar,_buddha_incoronato_e_ingioiellato_seduto_su_un_trono_d'elefante,_1890_ca.jpg|thumb|197x197px|[[Buddha]] on an elephant throne; c. 1890; [[Art Institute of Chicago]] (USA)]]
'''Art of Myanmar''' refers to visual art created in [[Myanmar]] (Burma). Ancient Burmese art was influenced by India and was often religious in nature, ranging from [[Hindu]] sculptures in the [[Thaton Kingdom]] to [[Theravada Buddhist]] images in the [[Sri Ksetra Kingdom]].<ref name="cooler2">{{cite web |last=Cooler |first=Richard |title=Chapter II The Pre-Pagan Period: The Urban Age of the Mon and the Pyu |url=http://seasite.niu.edu/burmese/Cooler/Chapter_2/Chapter_2.htm |publisher=Northern Illinois University |language=en |access-date=January 8, 2023 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326092124/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/burmese/cooler/chapter_2/chapter_2.htm }}</ref>

The Bagan period saw significant developments in many art forms from wall paintings and sculptures to [[stucco]] and wood carving.<ref name="cooler2" /> After a dearth of surviving art between the 14th and 16th century,<ref name="cooler3">{{cite web |last=Cooler |first=Richard |title=The Post Pagan Period - 14th To 20th Centuries Part 1 |url=http://seasite.niu.edu/burmese/Cooler/Chapter_4/Part1/post_pagan_period__part_1.htm |publisher=Northern Illinois University |language=en |access-date=January 8, 2023 |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307063531/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/burmese/Cooler/Chapter_4/Part1/post_pagan_period__part_1.htm }}</ref> artists created paintings and sculptures that reflect the Burmese culture.<ref name="Raymond">{{cite journal |last1=Raymond |first1=Catherine |date=1 May 2009 |title=Shan Buddhist Art on the Market: What, Where and Why? |url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5669/2/24Raymond_Shan.pdf |journal=Contemporary Buddhism |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=141–157 |doi=10.1080/14639940902916219|s2cid=144490936 }}</ref> Burmese artists have been subjected to government interference and censorship, hindering the development of art in Myanmar.<ref name="Ching">{{cite journal |last1=Ching |first1=Isabel |date=1 July 2011 |title=Art from Myanmar: Possibilities of Contemporaneity? |journal=Third Text |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=431–446 |doi=10.1080/09528822.2011.587688|s2cid=142589816 }}</ref> Burmese art reflects the central Buddhist elements including the [[mudra]], [[Jataka tales]], the [[pagoda]], and [[Bodhisattva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction and history of Buddhism & Burmese Art in Burma |url=http://www.burmese-buddhas.com/burma/buddhism-in-burma/ |access-date=2017-08-03 |website=www.burmese-buddhas.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Singaporean art===
[[File:National Language Class (1959) by Chua Mia Tee, National Gallery Singapore (23831641090).jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Chua Mia Tee]], ''National Language Class'', 1959, Oil on canvas, 112 x 153 cm, Installation view at the [[National Gallery Singapore]]]]
{{Main|Visual art of Singapore}}

The history of '''Singaporean art''' includes the indigenous artistic traditions of the [[Malay Archipelago]] and the diverse visual practices of itinerant artists and migrants from [[China]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and [[Europe]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Susanto |first=Melinda |title=Siapa Nama Kamu? Art in Singapore Since the 19th Century |publisher=National Gallery Singapore |year=2015 |isbn=978-981-14-0557-0 |location=Singapore |pages=30–41 |chapter=Tropical Tapestry}}</ref>

Singaporean art includes the sculptural, [[Textile arts|textile]], and [[Decorative arts|decorative art]] traditions of the [[Malay world]]; [[Portrait|portraiture]], [[Landscape painting|landscapes]], [[sculpture]], [[printmaking]], and [[natural history]] drawings from the country's British colonial period; along with Chinese-influenced [[Nanyang Style|Nanyang style]] paintings, [[Social realism|social realist art]], [[abstract art]], and [[photography]] practices emerging in the post-war period.<ref name=":6" /> Today, it includes the [[contemporary art]] practices of post-independence Singapore, such as [[performance art]], [[conceptual art]], [[installation art]], [[video art]], [[sound art]], and [[new media art]].<ref name=":45">{{Cite book |last=Toh |first=Charmaine |title=Siapa Nama Kamu? Art in Singapore Since the 19th Century |date=2015 |publisher=National Gallery Singapore |isbn=978-981-09-7384-1 |editor-last=Low |editor-first=Sze Wee |page=92 |chapter=Shifting Grounds}}</ref> The emergence of [[Modern art|modern]] Singaporean art, or more specifically, "the emergence of self-aware artistic expression"<ref name=":6" /> is often tied to the rise of art associations, art schools, and exhibitions in the 20th century, though this has since been expanded to include earlier forms of visual representation, such as from Singapore's historical periods.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Siapa Nama Kamu? Art in Singapore since the 19th Century |publisher=National Gallery Singapore |year=2015 |isbn=978-981-09-7352-0 |editor-last=Low |editor-first=Sze Wee |location=Singapore |pages=8–29 |chapter=Some Introductory Remarks}}</ref><ref name=":022">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2016 |title=T.K. Sabapathy |url=https://www.esplanade.com/offstage/arts/t-k-sabapathy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227025531/https://www.esplanade.com/offstage/arts/t-k-sabapathy |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=27 February 2021 |website=Esplanade Offstage}}</ref>

Presently, the [[contemporary art]] of Singapore also circulates internationally through art [[Biennale|biennales]] and other major international exhibitions. Contemporary art in Singapore tends to examine themes of "hyper-modernity and the built environment; alienation and changing social mores; [[Postcolonialism|post-colonial]] identities and [[multiculturalism]]."<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Teh |first=David |date=2017 |title=Insular Visions: notes on video art in Singapore |url=https://www.academia.edu/29987712 |journal=The Japan Foundation Asia Center Art Studies |volume=3 |via=Academia.org}}</ref> Across these tendencies, "the exploration of [[Performance art|performance]] and the performative body" is a common running thread.<ref name=":12" /> Singapore carries a notable history of [[performance art]], with the government historically having enacted a no-funding rule for that specific art form from 1994 to 2003, following a controversial performance artwork at the [[5th Passage]] art space.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Weng Choy |url=https://www.academia.edu/1330638 |title=Looking at Culture |date=1996 |publisher=Artres Design & Communications |isbn=981-00-6714-3 |editor-last=Krishnan |editor-first=S.K. Sanjay |location=Singapore |chapter=Chronology of a Controversy |editor-last2=Lee |editor-first2=Weng Choy |editor-last3=Perera |editor-first3=Leon |editor-last4=Yap |editor-first4=Jimmy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608200204/https://www.academia.edu/1330638/Chronology_of_a_Controversy |archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Lingham |first=Susie |date=November 2011 |title=Art and Censorship in Singapore: Catch 22? |url=http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/76/ArtAndCensorshipInSingaporeCatch22 |journal=ArtAsiaPacific |issue=76 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=September 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915073253/http://artasiapacific.com/Magazine/76/ArtAndCensorshipInSingaporeCatch22 }}</ref>

===Thai art===
{{Main|Thai art}}
[[File:Suphannahongsa bow.jpg|thumb|left|The bow of [[Royal Barge Procession|Royal Barge]] Suphannahong of Thailand. |222px]]
'''Thai art''' and [[Thai art|visual art]] was traditionally and primarily [[Buddhist art|Buddhist]] and Royal Art. Sculpture was almost exclusively of [[Buddha image]]s, while painting was confined to the [[illustration]] of books and decoration of buildings, primarily [[palace]]s and temples. Thai [[Buddha image]]s from different periods have a number of distinctive styles. Contemporary Thai art often combines traditional Thai elements with [[modern art|modern]] techniques.

Traditional Thai paintings showed subjects in two [[dimension]]s without [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]]. The size of each element in the picture reflected its degree of importance. The primary technique of [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]] is that of apportioning areas: the main elements are isolated from each other by space transformers. This eliminated the intermediate ground, which would otherwise imply perspective. Perspective was introduced only as a result of Western influence in the mid-19th century.

The most frequent narrative subjects for paintings were or are: the [[Jataka]] stories, episodes from the life of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], the Buddhist [[heaven]]s and [[hell]]s, and scenes of daily life.

The Sukhothai period began in the 14th century in the [[Sukhothai kingdom]]. Buddha images of the Sukhothai period are elegant, with sinuous bodies and slender, oval faces. This style emphasized the spiritual aspect of the Buddha, by omitting many small [[anatomy|anatomical]] details. The effect was enhanced by the common practice of [[Casting (metalworking)|casting]] images in metal rather than [[Wikt:carving|carving]] them. This period saw the introduction of the "walking Buddha" pose.

Sukhothai artists tried to follow the canonical defining marks of a Buddha, as they are set out in ancient [[Pāli|Pali]] texts:
*[[Human skin|Skin]] so smooth that dust cannot stick to it;
*[[human leg|Leg]]s like a deer;
*[[Thigh]]s like a [[banyan tree]];
*[[Shoulder]]s as massive as an elephant's head;
*Arms round like an elephant's trunk, and long enough to touch the knees;
*Hands like lotuses about to bloom;
*[[Fingertip]]s turned back like petals;
*[[human head|Head]] like an egg;
*Hair like a scorpion's stingers;
*[[Chin]] like a mango stone;
*[[Human nose|Nose]] like a parrot's beak;
*[[Earlobe]]s lengthened by the earrings of royalty;
*[[Eyelash]]es like a cow's;
*[[Eyebrow]]s like drawn bows.

Sukhothai also produced a large quantity of [[ceramic glaze|glaze]]d [[ceramic]]s in the [[Sawankhalok]] style, which were traded throughout Southeast Asia.

=== Timorese art ===
{{Main|Culture of East Timor}}
Art in [[East Timor]] began to popularize since the violence during the [[2006 East Timorese crisis]]. Children living in the country began [[Graffiti|graffiting]] walls into peace [[Mural|murals]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooi |first=Khoo Ying |title=How arts heal and galvanise the youth of Timor Leste |url=http://theconversation.com/how-arts-heal-and-galvanise-the-youth-of-timor-leste-73927 |access-date=2020-05-22 |website=The Conversation |date=June 12, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Guardian Staff |date=2008-12-18 |title=Art class in East Timor |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/18/easttimor-art |access-date=2020-05-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The [[East Timor Arts Society]] promotes the art in the area, and house many different artworks produced in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EAST TIMOR ARTS SOCIETY – Art Gallery |url=http://easttimorartssociety.com/ |access-date=2020-05-22 |language=en}}</ref>

===Vietnamese art===
{{Main|Vietnamese art}}
[[File:Ngoc Lu bronze drum surface.gif|thumb|upright|Ngoc Lu bronze drum's surface, 2nd to 3rd century BCE]]
[[File:Festival_Day_at_Hue.jpg|thumb|The painting depicts the festival scene in Huế]]
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| image1 = Tiger embroidery, Nguyen dynasty, 20th century - National Museum of Vietnamese History - Hanoi, Vietnam - DSC05589.JPG
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'''Vietnamese art''' is from one of the oldest of such cultures in the Southeast Asian region. A rich artistic heritage that dates to prehistoric times and includes: silk painting, sculpture, pottery, ceramics, woodblock prints, architecture, music, dance, and theatre.
[[File:To Ngoc Van thieu nu ben hoa hue.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Tô Ngọc Vân, ''Thiếu nữ bên hoa huệ (Young Woman with Lily)'', 1943, oil]]
[[Vietnamese art|Traditional Vietnamese art]] is art practiced in Vietnam or by Vietnamese artists, from ancient times (including the elaborate [[Đông Sơn drums]]) to post-[[History of Vietnam|Chinese domination]] art which was strongly influenced by [[Buddhist art|Chinese Buddhist art]], among other philosophies such as [[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]]. The art of [[Champa]] and [[French art]] also played a smaller role later on.

The Chinese influence on Vietnamese art extends into [[Vietnamese ceramics|Vietnamese pottery and ceramics]], calligraphy, and traditional architecture. Currently, Vietnamese lacquer paintings have proven to be quite popular.

The [[Nguyễn dynasty]], the last ruling dynasty of Vietnam (c. 1802–1945), saw a renewed interest in ceramics and porcelain art. Imperial courts across Asia imported Vietnamese ceramics.

Despite how highly developed the performing arts (such as imperial court music and dance) became during the Nguyễn dynasty, some view other fields of art as beginning to decline during the latter part of the Nguyễn dynasty.

Beginning in the 19th century, [[modern art]] and French artistic influences spread into Vietnam. In the early 20th century, the École Supérieure des Beaux Arts de l'Indochine (Indochina College of Arts) was founded to teach European methods and exercised influence mostly in the larger cities, such as [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vietnamartist.com/ArtHistory/Arthistory5.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304044904/http://vietnamartist.com/ArtHistory/Arthistory5.aspx|title=Art History – A Brief History Of Vietnam Fine Art|archive-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref>

Travel restrictions imposed on the Vietnamese during France's 80-year rule of Vietnam and the long period of war for national independence meant that very few Vietnamese artists were able to train or work outside of Vietnam.<ref name="vcw">{{cite journal|last=Ngoc|first=Huu|year=2000|title=Modern Painting: Tracing the Roots|journal=Vietnam Cultural Window|publisher=Thế Giới Publishers|volume=29|url=http://www.thegioipublishers.com.vn/en/magazines/detail.php?cat=1&idmagazines=267|access-date=April 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306013739/http://www.thegioipublishers.com.vn/en/magazines/detail.php?cat=1&idmagazines=267|archive-date=March 6, 2012|df=mdy-all}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100327130249/http://particulargallery.com/Articles/Articles5.aspx Full text available here]}}</ref> A small number of artists from well-to-do backgrounds had the opportunity to go to France and make their careers there for the most part.<ref name="vcw"/> Examples include Le Thi Luu, Le Pho, Mai Trung Thu, Le Van De, Le Ba Dang, and Pham Tang.<ref name="vcw"/>

Modern Vietnamese artists began to utilize French techniques with many traditional mediums such as silk, lacquer, etc., thus creating a unique blend of eastern and western elements.

====Vietnamese calligraphy====
Calligraphy has had a long history in Vietnam, previously using [[Chữ Hán]] along with [[Chữ Nôm]]. However, most modern Vietnamese calligraphy instead uses the Roman-character based [[Chữ Quốc Ngữ]], which has proven to be very popular.

In the past, with literacy in the old character-based writing systems of Vietnam being restricted to scholars and elites, calligraphy nevertheless still played an important part in Vietnamese life. On special occasions such as the [[Tết Nguyên Đán]], people would go to the village teacher or scholar to make them a calligraphy hanging (often poetry, folk sayings, or even single words). People who could not read or write also often commissioned scholars to write prayers which they would burn at temple shrines.

==South Asian art==
===Buddhist art===
{{Main|Buddhist art}}
{{See also|Thangka}}
[[File:MET DT5084.jpg|thumb|right|[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38344 Mandala of Chandra, God of the Moon], Nepal (Kathmandu Valley) via The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
'''Buddhist art''' originated in the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the centuries following the life of the historical [[Gautama Buddha]] in the 6th to 5th century BCE, before evolving through its contact with other cultures and its diffusion through the rest of Asia and the world. Buddhist art traveled with believers as the dharma spread, adapted, and evolved in each new host country. It developed to the north through Central Asia and into East Asia to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art, and to the east as far as Southeast Asia to form the Southern branch of Buddhist art. In India, Buddhist art flourished and even influenced the development of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] art, until Buddhism nearly disappeared in India around the 10th century CE due in part to the vigorous expansion of Islam alongside [[Hinduism]].

A common visual device in Buddhist art is the [[mandala]]. From a viewer's perspective, it represents schematically the ideal universe.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Blume|first1=Nancy|title=Exploring the Mandala|url=http://asiasociety.org/exploring-mandala|website=Asia Society|date=July 25, 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Violatti|first1=Cristian|title=Mandala|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/mandala/|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref> In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be employed for focusing the attention of aspirants and adepts, a spiritual teaching tool, for establishing a [[temenos|sacred space]], and as an aid to [[meditation]] and [[trance]] induction. Its symbolic nature can help one "to access progressively deeper levels of the unconscious, ultimately assisting the meditator to experience a mystical sense of oneness with the ultimate unity from which the cosmos in all its manifold forms arises."<ref>See David Fontana: "Meditating with Mandalas", p. 10</ref> The [[psychoanalyst]] [[Carl Jung]] saw the mandala as "a representation of the centre of the unconscious self,"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carl Jung and the Mandala |url=http://www.netreach.net/~nhojem/jung.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603102415/http://www.netreach.net/~nhojem/jung.htm |archive-date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=January 14, 2010 |website=netreach.net}}</ref> and believed his paintings of mandalas enabled him to identify emotional disorders and work towards wholeness in personality.<ref>See C G Jung: ''Memories, Dreams, Reflections'', pp.186–197</ref>

===Bhutanese art===
{{Main|Bhutanese art}}
[[File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|thumb|upright|Bhutanese [[thanka]] of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]]]]

'''Bhutanese art''' is similar to the [[art of Tibet]]. Both are based upon [[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhism]], with its pantheon of divine beings.

The major orders of Buddhism in Bhutan are [[Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa Kagyu]] and [[Nyingma]]. The former is a branch of the [[Kagyu|Kagyu School]] and is known for paintings documenting the lineage of Buddhist masters and the 70 [[Je Khenpo]] (leaders of the Bhutanese monastic establishment). The Nyingma order is known for images of [[Padmasambhava]], who is credited with introducing Buddhism into Bhutan in the 7th century. According to legend, Padmasambhava hid sacred treasures for future Buddhist masters, especially [[Pema Lingpa]], to find. The [[Terton|treasure finders]] ([[Terton|''tertön'']]) are also frequent subjects of Nyingma art.

Each divine being is assigned special shapes, colors, and/or identifying objects, such as lotus, conch-shell, thunderbolt, and begging bowl. All sacred images are made to exact specifications that have remained remarkably unchanged for centuries.
[[File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|thumb|upright|left| Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]].]]
Bhutanese art is particularly rich in bronzes of different kinds that are collectively known by the name ''Kham-so'' (made in [[Kham]]) even though they are made in Bhutan, because the technique of making them was originally imported from the eastern province of [[Tibet]] called Kham. Wall paintings and sculptures, in these regions, are formulated on the principal ageless ideals of Buddhist art forms. Even though their emphasis on detail is derived from Tibetan models, their origins can be discerned easily, despite the profusely embroidered garments and glittering ornaments with which these figures are lavishly covered. In the grotesque world of demons, the artists apparently had greater freedom of action than when modeling images of divine beings.

The arts and crafts of [[Bhutan]] that represent the exclusive "spirit and identity of the Himalayan kingdom" are defined as the art of ''Zorig Chosum'', which means the "thirteen arts and crafts of Bhutan"; the thirteen crafts are carpentry, painting, paper making, blacksmithing, weaving, sculpting, and many other crafts. The Institute of Zorig Chosum in [[Thimphu]] is the premier institution of traditional arts and crafts set up by the Government of Bhutan with the sole objective of preserving the rich culture and tradition of Bhutan and training students in all traditional art forms; there is another similar institution in eastern Bhutan known as Trashi Yangtse. Bhutanese rural life is also displayed in the '[[Folk Heritage Museum]]' in Thimphu. There is also a 'Voluntary Artists Studio' in Thimphu to encourage and promote the art forms among the youth of Thimphu.<ref name="Brown, p. 104">Brown, p. 104{{Incomplete short citation|date=November 2022}}</ref><ref name=Arts>{{cite web|title=Bhutan:Arts & Crafts|url=http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about-bhutan/arts-crafts|access-date=June 7, 2010|publisher=Tourism Council of Bhutan:Government of Bhutan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612135729/http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about-bhutan/arts-crafts|archive-date=June 12, 2010}}</ref>

===Indian art===
[[File:SungaAtalante.JPG|thumb|left|170px|Balustrade-holding [[Yaksha]], Madhya Pradesh, India, Shunga period (2nd–1st century [[BCE]]). [[Musee Guimet]].]]
[[File:Ajanta Padmapani.jpg|thumb|Fresco from [[Ajanta Caves]], c. 450–500]]
{{Main|Indian art|Indian painting|Rangoli}}
'''Indian art''' can be classified into specific periods, each reflecting certain religious, political, and cultural developments. The earliest examples are the [[petroglyph]]s such as those found in [[Bhimbetka]], some of them dating to before 5500 BC. The production of such works continued for several millennia.

The art of the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]] followed. Later examples include the carved [[column|pillars]] of [[Ellora]], Maharashtra [[States and territories of India|state]]. Other examples are the [[fresco]]es of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Ellora Caves]].

The contributions of the [[Mughal Empire]] to Indian art include [[Mughal painting]], a style of miniature painting heavily influenced by [[Persian miniature]]s, and [[Mughal architecture]].

During the [[British Raj]], [[modern Indian painting]] evolved as a result of combining traditional Indian and European styles. [[Raja Ravi Varma]] was a pioneer of this period. The [[Bengal School of Art|Bengal school of Art]] developed during this period, led by [[Abanindranath Tagore|Abanidranath Tagore]], [[Gaganendranath Tagore]], [[Jamini Roy]], [[Mukul Dey]], and [[Nandalal Bose]].

One of the most popular art forms in [[India]] is called [[Rangoli]]. It is a form of [[sandpainting]] decoration that uses finely ground white powder and colours, and is used commonly outside homes in India.

The visual arts (sculpture, painting, and architecture) are tightly interrelated with the non-visual arts. According to [[Kapila Vatsyayan]], "Classical Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, literature (kaavya), music, and dancing evolved their own rules conditioned by their respective media, but they shared with one another not only the underlying spiritual beliefs of the Indian religio-philosophic mind, but also the procedures by which the relationships of the symbol and the spiritual states were worked out in detail."

Insight into the unique qualities of Indian art is best achieved through an understanding of the philosophical thought, the broad cultural history, social, religious, and political background of the artworks.

Specific periods:

*[[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] of the ancient period (3500 [[BCE]] – present)
*Islamic ascendancy (712–1757 [[Common Era|CE]])
*The colonial period (1757–1947)
*Modern and Postmodern art in India
*Independence and the [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial]] period (Post-1947)

===Nepalese art===
{{See also|Culture of Nepal|Culture of Kathmandu}}
The ancient and refined traditional '''culture of [[Kathmandu]]''', for that matter in the whole of '''[[Nepal]],''' is an uninterrupted and exceptional meeting of the [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] ethos practiced by its highly religious people. It has also embraced in its fold the cultural diversity provided by the other religions such as [[Jainism]], [[Islam]], and [[Christianity]].

===Pakistani art===
{{Main|Pakistani art}}
'''Pakistani art''' has a long tradition and history. It consists of a variety of art forms, including [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]], [[pottery]], and [[textile arts]] such as woven silk. Geographically, it is a part of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian subcontinent art]], including what is now [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wille|first=Simone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eR7gCgAAQBAJ|title=Modern Art in Pakistan: History, Tradition, Place|date=2017-09-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-34136-9|language=en}}</ref>

==Central Asian art==
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=350|caption_align=center
| align = right
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| image2 = Seated_female_MET_DT867.jpg
| image3 = Ai_Khanum,_Heracles.jpg
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| footer=Female statuette of the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|BMAC]] (3rd-2nd millennium BC), a [[Greco-Bactria]]n statuette from [[Ai-Khanoum]] (2nd century BC), a statuette from [[Kosh-Agach]] (8th-10th century AD).
}}
{{Main|Central Asian art}}
Art in [[Central Asia]] is visual art created by the largely [[Turkic peoples]] of modern-day [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Mongolia]], [[Tibet]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Pakistan]] as well as parts of China and Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Asia |url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/asian-art/central-asia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003094513/https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/asian-art/central-asia/ |archive-date=2019-10-03 |access-date=2019-10-03 |website=Art Gallery NSW}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hakimov |first1=A. A. |chapter-url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVb%20silk%20road_arts%20and%20crafts%20BIS.pdf |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |last2=Novgorodova |first2=E. |last3=Dani |first3=A. H. |date=1996 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-103654-5 |volume=4: The Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century; Pt. I: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting |pages=424–471 |chapter=Arts and Crafts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813001532/http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVb%20silk%20road_arts%20and%20crafts%20BIS.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-13 }}</ref> In recent centuries, art in the region has been greatly influenced by [[Islamic art]]. Earlier, Central Asian art was influenced by Chinese, Greek, and Persian art, via the [[Silk Road transmission of art]].<ref name="1c">{{Cite web |last=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2012 |title=Central Asian Arts |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/102325/Central-Asian-arts |access-date=May 17, 2012 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> [[Scythian art]] could transmit styles very rapidly across a very wide area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berczi |first=Szaniszlo |date=2009 |title=Ancient Art of Central-Asia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261258519 |journal=[[Journal of Eurasian Studies]] |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=21–27 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

=== Nomadic folk art ===
Nomadic [[folk art]] was a vital aspect of Central Asian Art, reflecting the lifestyle of [[nomad]]ic groups residing within the region. Some characteristics that this art reflects include semi-precious stones, quilt, carved door, and embroidered carpets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2018 |title=Contemporary Art in Central Asia as an Alternative Forum for Discussions |url=https://voicesoncentralasia.org/contemporary-art-in-central-asia-as-an-alternative-space-for-discussions/ |access-date=2019-10-03 |website=Voices on Central Asia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quatr.us/central-asia/central-asian-art.htm|title=Central Asian Art|last=Carr|first=Karen|date=2017-05-31|website=Quatr.us Study Guides|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>

==West Asian/Near Eastern art==
===Art of Mesopotamia===
{{Main|Art of Mesopotamia}}

===Islamic art===
{{Main|Islamic art}}

===Iranian art===
{{Main|Persian art}}

===Arab art===
{{Main|Nabataean art|Arab art}}

===Art of Israel and the Jewish diaspora===
{{Main|Jewish art|Israeli art}}

==Gallery of art in Asia==
<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px">
File:Gu_wine_vessel_from_the_Shang_Dynasty.jpg|[[Shang dynasty]] (Yin) bronze ritual wine vessel, dating to the 13th century BC, Chinese
File:Soldier Horse.JPG|The [[Terracotta Army]] sculpture, 3rd century BC, Chinese
File:StandingBuddha.jpg|Standing [[Buddha statue|Buddha sculpture]], ancient region of [[Gandhara]], northern [[Pakistan]], 1st century CE, [[Musée Guimet]]
File:SeatedBuddhaGandhara2ndCenturyOstasiatischeMuseum.jpg|[[Buddha statue|Seated Buddha]], [[Gandhara]], 2nd century CE
File:Sri_lanka_aukana_buddha_statue.jpg|The Buddha statue of Avukana, 5th century, [[Sri Lanka]]
File:ASURA detail Kohfukuji.JPG|[[Asura (Buddhism)|Asura]] in [[Kōfuku-ji]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], 734, Japanese
File:Indischer Maler um 850 001.jpg|''Floating Figures Dancing,'' [[mural]], [[Wiktionary:circa|circa]] 850, [[Indian culture|Indian]]
File:Plaosan Bodhisattva 02.jpg|Boddhisattva of [[Plaosan]], 9th century [[Shailendra dynasty|Shailendra art]], Central Java, Indonesia.
File:Pressapochista1.jpg|[[Buddhist]] sculpture [[Silla dynasty]], 9th century, [[Korea]]n
File:Filippine, provincia di agusan, immagine hindu, statuetta in oro massiccio, xiii secolo.jpg|''[[Agusan image]]'' gold statue (9th-10th century), [[Arts in the Philippines|Philippines]]
File:Song Dynasty Porcelain Bottle.jpg|[[Song dynasty]] porcelain bottle with iron pigment over transparent colorless glaze, 11th century, Chinese
File:Kuo Hsi 001.jpg|''Autumn in the River Valley,'' [[Guo Xi]] (c. 1020–1090 AD), 1072 [[AD]], Chinese
File:Angkor Wat-222-Devata-2007-gje.jpg|[[Apsara]]s of [[Angkor Wat]], 12th century Cambodia
File:Prajnaparamita Java Side Detail.JPG|[[Prajnaparamita of Java|Pranjaparamita]] of [[Singhasari]], 13th century Java art, [[Indonesian art|Indonesia]]
File:CambodianBuddha.JPG|[[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], 14th century, [[Cambodia]]
File:Java, Majapahit Dynasty - Piggy Bank - 1980.16 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|[[Majapahit Terracotta]] [[piggybank]], 14th century East Java, Indonesia
File:Buddhaimage7.JPG|Budha performing ''[[Mudra|bhūmisparsa mudrā]]'' position. Ho Phra Kaeo temple, [[Vientiane]], Laos
File:Wat Si Chum in Sukhothai.jpg|Phra Achana [[Buddha image|Buddha]] in Wat Sichum, 13th century [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukhothai]], Thailand
File:Chinesischer Maler von 1238 001.jpg|Chinese [[Zen]] [[Buddhist]] [[Wuzhun Shifan]], 1238 AD, [[Song dynasty]]
File:Westindischer Maler um 1550 001.jpg|[[Gita Govinda]] manuscript c. 1500, [[Prince of Wales Museum]], [[Bombay, India]]
File:Chrysanthemum porcelain vase with three colors.jpg|[[Chrysanthemum]] styled porcelain vase, [[Ming dynasty]], 1368–1644 AD, Chinese
File:Kano White-robed Kannon, Bodhisattva of Compassion.jpg|''A White-Robed Kannon, [[Bodhisattva]] of Compassion,'' [[Kanō Motonobu]] (1476–1559), Japanese
File:Kano_Eitoku_010.jpg|A screen painting depicting people playing [[Go (board game)|Go]], [[Kanō Eitoku]] (1543–1590), Japanese
File:Hasegawa Tohaku - Pine Trees (Shōrin-zu byōbu) - right hand screen.jpg|Right panel of the {{nihongo|''Pine Trees screen''|松林図屏風|[[Shōrin-zu byōbu]]}} by [[Hasegawa Tōhaku]] (1539–1610), Japanese
File:Ch20_asago.jpg|''Genji Monogatari,'' [[Tosa Mitsuoki]], (1617–1691), Japanese
File:Pressapochista2.jpg|''An underworld messenger,'' [[Joseon dynasty]], [[Korea]]n
File:Christ Child, Philippines, c. 1580-1640 AD, ivory, gold, paint - Peabody Essex Museum - Salem, MA - DSC05210.jpg|Ivory carving of Christ Child with gold paint (c. 1580–1640), [[Arts in the Philippines|Philippines]]
File:After Rain at Mt. Inwang.jpg|''After Rain at Mt. Inwang,'' Cheong Seon (1676–1759), [[Korea]]n
File:2016 Official Portrait of Our Lady of Solitude of Porta Vaga.jpg|''[[Our Lady of Porta Vaga|Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga]]'' (c.1692), [[Arts in the Philippines|Philippines]]
File:Kerta Gosa, Hell Scene 1535.jpg|Hell scene on [[Kertha Gosa Pavilion]], [[Balinese art]], circa 18th century, Indonesia
File:Head of the Virgin Mary from the Philippines, 18th-19th century, carved ivory with inlaid glass eyes.JPG|Virgin Mary ivory head with inlaid glass eyes (18-19th century), [[Arts in the Philippines|Philippines]]
File:Avatars.jpg|The 10 [[Avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]], c. 19th century [[Jaipur, India|India]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Arts|Asia}}
*[[History of Asia]]

===Specific topics in Asian art===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[:Category:Arts in Asia by country]]
*[[Night in paintings (Eastern art)]]
*[[Scythian art]]
*[[History of Chinese art]]
*[[Culture of the Song dynasty]]
*[[Ming dynasty painting]]
*[[Tang dynasty art]]
*[[Lacquerware]]
*[[Mandala]]
*[[Emerald Buddha]]
*[[Urushi-e]]
*[[Gautama Buddha]]
*[[Buddhism and Hinduism]]
*[[List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)]]
*[[List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures)]]
{{div col end}}

===General art topics===
*[[History of painting]]
*[[Landscape painting]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | title= Art Reboot | location=Hong Kong/UK | publisher=[[OM Publishing]] | year=2022 | isbn=978-9-6279-5647-1|url=https://paviliongallery.com/catalogues/pavilion-summer-2022-4f5fj}}
*{{cite book | title= Arts of Korea | location=New York | publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] | year=1998 | isbn=0-87099-850-1 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/46962/rec/1}}
*{{cite book | author=Welch, Stuart Cary | title= India: Art and Culture, 1300–1900 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-944142-13-4 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/80045/rec/1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Art of Asia}}
*[http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/art.php Chinese Art and Galleries] at China Online Museum
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/asian_art Asian Art] at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
*[http://www.asia.si.edu Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution]
*[https://www.rmit.edu.vn/art-collection Contemporary Vietnamese Art Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707102016/https://www.rmit.edu.vn/art-collection |date=July 7, 2022 }} at RMIT University Vietnam

{{Asia in topic|Art of}}
{{Asia topics}}
{{Culture of Asia}}
{{History of Asia}}
{{Eastern world}}
{{Portal bar|Asia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Art of Asia}}
[[Category:Asian art| ]]
[[Category:Visual arts by region]]
[[Category:Chinese art]]
[[Category:Japanese art]]
[[Category:Korean art]]
[[Category:Tibetan art]]
[[Category:Cambodian art]]
[[Category:Laotian art]]
[[Category:Singaporean art]]
[[Category:Thai art]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:Buddhist art]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern art]]
[[Category:Art and architecture in the ancient Near East]]
[[Category:History of Asia by topic|Art]]

Ghatkopar metro station

2026-01-04T09:40:55Z

Saurabh pal:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Blue Line 1 terminal metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ghatkopar
| native_name = {{nobold|घाटकोपर}}
| style = Mumbai Metro One
| image = Ghatkopar metro station platform.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| caption = The island platform at Ghatkopar metro station

| address = Shraddhanand Road-Hirachand Desai Road, Ghatkopar (W), Near [[Ghatkopar railway station]], Mumbai, Maharashtra 400086
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|5|11.98|N|72|54|28.76|E|display=inline,title}}
| operator = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 1.svg|22px|link=Mumbai_Metro_One]] [[Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd]]
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 1|croute}}
| platforms = 1 [[island platform]]
| connections = {{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Central|route}} [[Ghatkopar railway station|Ghatkopar]]

| structure = [[Elevated]]
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible = Yes<ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Ghatkopar metro station layout|website=reliancemumbaimetro.com|access-date=December 25, 2023|url=https://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/images/station-layout/Ghatkopar.jpg}}</ref>

| code = GHK

| opened = {{Start date|2014|06|08|df=y}}
| passengers = 115,441<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro 1 ridership touches 90cr in 9 yrs of operation|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 December 2023 |first=Manthank |last=Mehta |access-date=20 January 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-1-ridership-touches-90cr-in-9-yrs-of-operation/articleshow/105740127.cms}}</ref>
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2023
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank = 1 out of 12

| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro One|line=1|left=Jagruti Nagar}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail|marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 1}}}}
}}

'''Ghatkopar''' is the elevated eastern terminal metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|Blue Line 1]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] serving the [[Ghatkopar]] suburb of [[Mumbai]], India. It was opened to the public on 8 June 2014. Ghatkopar is the busiest station on Line 1, with a daily passenger traffic of 115,441 in December 2023.

==History==
The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) acquired a 1,400-square-metre plot near the Ghatkopar railway station for the construction of the Ghatkopar metro station. The MMRDA initially believed that the land belonged to the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC). While the metro was being constructed, the [[Central Railway Zone]] (CR) wrote letters to the MMRDA, informing them that the land actually belonged to the CR. After CR submitted documents proving the same, the MMRDA agreed to compensate them for the plot. At a meeting between MMRDA and CR officials in April 2014, it was agreed that the former would pay {{INRconvert|18|c}} for acquiring the land as part of an inter-governmental agency deal. However, some CR officials were reportedly upset, as the amount was far lower than the market value of the land. As per market trends at the time, the land was estimated to be worth {{INRconvert|180|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="mid-day">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/cr-gave-away-rs-180cr-land-for-metro-station-for-a-mere-rs-18-crore/15298167|title=CR gave away Rs 180cr land for Metro station for a mere Rs 18 crore – News|date=15 May 2014|publisher=mid-day.com|accessdate=27 May 2014}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
In March 2017, MMOPL completed the installation of LED lights at the station. The replacement of the station's 1,718 lamps with LED lights halved its energy consumption. Only lamps were replaced; fixtures were not. The total reduction in the station's electricity consumption amounts to 120,000 units per year, providing the MMOPL with an annual saving of {{INRConvert|12|l}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai: LED lights reduce by half Ghatkopar Metro station's energy use|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-led-lights-reduce-by-half-ghatkopar-metro-stations-energy-use-4561006/|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=9 March 2017|date=9 March 2017}}</ref>

There are 7 sets of automated fare collection (AFC) gates at Ghatkopar station. Three more will be installed by the end of June 2014.<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ghatkopar-metro-station-to-get-3-more-fare-collection-gates-1995401|title=Ghatkopar Metro station to get 3 more fare collection gates | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|publisher=dnaindia.com|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref> The station has textured tiles, intended to provide grip to commuters who use wheelchairs. The station also has an elevator wide enough to accommodate a wheelchair, and a ramp from road level up to the elevator, enabling access for the disabled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Specials/3ee825zwXnt14uE3qJIRVI/Mapping-disabledfriendly-buildings-and-facilities.html|title = Mapping disabled-friendly buildings and facilities|date = 22 June 2014}}</ref>

=== Station layout ===
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 1|Left}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Jagruti Nagar}})
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Island platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" height=45|'''Platform 2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 1|Left}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Jagruti Nagar}})
|-
|
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=400 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Foot overbridge ===
The Ghatkopar station is connected with the western side of the [[Ghatkopar railway station]] through a 12-meter-wide foot overbridge (FOB).<ref>{{cite web|author=Ateeq Shaikh |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ghatkopar-railway-station-to-soon-to-be-integrated-with-metro-station-1973677 |title=Ghatkopar railway station to soon to be integrated with metro station |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=31 March 2014 |accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://freepressjournal.in/commuters-sandwiched-between-mumbai-metro-and-railways/ |title=Commuters sandwiched between Mumbai Metro and railways - Free Press Journal |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182511/http://freepressjournal.in/commuters-sandwiched-between-mumbai-metro-and-railways/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Andheri-Ghatkopar-stations-ill-prepared-for-commuter-surge/articleshow/36221743.cms|title=Andheri, Ghatkopar stations ill-prepared for commuter surge|work=The Times of India|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref> Commuters who want to exit the metro station from the main gate must purchase a platform ticket to cross the FOB and reach the road.<ref name="FOB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/taking-the-mumbai-metro-pay-up-for-using-rail-fob/15396190|title=Taking the Mumbai Metro? Pay up for using rail FOB|date=22 June 2014}}</ref>

Although the [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] (CR) had initially permitted metro commuters to use the FOB as a goodwill gesture, around two weeks after the metro's opening, they announced that commuters found using the FOB without a platform ticket or a railway pass would be fined. A CR official told ''[[Mid-Day]]'', "We have seen the flow of passengers, and we think that our local train passengers are facing a problem because of the sudden rush of Metro passengers. Therefore, we are now insisting that Metro passengers buy tickets to use the railway-owned overbridge." Railway Pravasi Sangh President Subhash Gupta told the paper, "I am aware of this issue and also took it up in the meeting with railway officials. The railway FOB here can't take the burden of thousands of additional Metro passengers. The rush has increased manifold after Metro services started."<ref name="FOB"/>

The Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation (MRVC) completed improvement works at the [[Ghatkopar railway station]] on 25 December 2023. The project aims to ease congestion caused by the spillover of commuters from the Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar Metro-1 into the rail premises. A new 12-metre-wide and 75-metre-long foot over bridge (FOB) was constructed to connect the east and west sides of the station, along with platforms 1/2/3/4. The FOB features a three-metre-wide staircase and escalators on platforms 2/3/4.<ref name="new FOB" />

In addition, an elevated deck was built to connect the new middle FOB and the existing bridge of Metro 1, aiming to provide respite to metro rail commuters. The upgraded station also features more ticket counters, food stalls, and shops. The first phase of these infrastructure additions, including Automated Ticket Vending Machines on the elevated deck, was carried out at a cost of ₹28 to 30 crore. The overall cost, including the second phase, was estimated to be ₹60-70 crore. The improvements are expected to alleviate the then stampede-like situation during peak hours and facilitate a smoother commute for both local train and metro passengers.<ref name="new FOB">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/upgraded-ghatkopar-station-to-be-thrown-open-on-dec-25-101702926208211.html |title=Upgraded Ghatkopar Station to be thrown open on Dec 25 |first=Shashank |last=Rao |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 December 2023 |access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref>

== Entrances and exits ==
*'''1A''' - Toward L.B.S. Marg, Sarvodaya Hospital {{Access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}<ref name=map/>
*'''1B''' - Near Bata Showroom<ref name=map/>
*'''2A''' - Near Bhau Vadapav<ref name=map/>
*'''2B/3''' - Near [[Ghatkopar railway station]] {{Access icon|15px|Wheelchair user access}}<ref name=map/>
*'''4''' - Near Khot Gali Market<ref name=map/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Mumbai Metro train arriving at Ghatkopar.jpg|Mumbai Metro train arriving at Ghatkopar
Ghatkopar metro Mezzanine.jpg|The Mezzanine at Ghatkopar metro station.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 1=yes}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Thoppumpady BOT Bridge

2026-01-01T07:28:23Z

Saurabh pal: Stub

{{distinguish|Thoppumpady Harbour Bridge|Cochin Bridge (India)}}
{{Short description|Bridge in Kochi, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox bridge
| bridge_name = BOT Bridge
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Mattancherry BOT Bridge.JPG
| image_size =
| alt = Thoppumpady BOT Bridge
| caption = Thoppumpady BOT Bridge
| official_name =
| other_name =
| carries =
| crosses =
| locale =
| owner =
| maint =
| id =
| website =
| architect =
| designer =
| engineering = Gammon Infrastructure Projects Ltd
| design =
| material =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| mainspan =
| spans =
| pierswater =
| load =
| clearance =
| below =
| life =
| builder = Gammon Infrastructure Projects Ltd
| fabricator =
| begin =
| complete =
| cost = 25.80 crore<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/mattancherry-bridge-takes-a-heavy-toll-on-commuters/article4847230.ece News Hindu]</ref>
| open = 1998
| inaugurated =
| toll =
| traffic =
| preceded =
| followed =
| heritage =
| collapsed =
| closed =
| replaces =
| map_cue =
| map_image =
| map_alt =
| map_text =
| map_width =
| coordinates =
| lat =
| long =
| references =
| extra =
}}

'''Thoppumpady BOT Bridge''', also known as '''Thoppumpady new Bridge''' is a bridge in [[Thoppumpady]], [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It connects the Kochi's western mainland to [[Willingdon Island]]. The new bridge was constructed in 1998; succeeding the old bridge of the same name, which is now known as the '''[[Thoppumpady Harbour Bridge]]''', built in 1940. The old bridge, which is a landmark of Kochi is now preserved as a heritage monument and carries only two and three wheelers.

The new Thoppumpady bridge is the first [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] bridge in Kerala. It was built as a joint project of the Government of Kerala, the [[Greater Cochin Development Authority]] and [[Gammon India]].<ref>{{cite news |first=K.G. |last=Kumar |title=BOT, the norm now |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/10/14/stories/2003101400511700.htm |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=2003-10-14 }}</ref>

==History==
As the old bridge was getting older and older, a new bridge was constructed and opened in 1998 when the old bridge was found weaker to carry heavy vehicles. Upon the arrival of the new bridge, the old bridge was partially closed and presently only four wheelers, two wheelers and light motor vehicles are allowed to cross through it.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jun 10, 2012 |title=Old Harbour bridge to become a heritage monument {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/old-harbour-bridge-to-become-a-heritage-monument/articleshow/13977160.cms |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The Old Harbour Bridge is a heritage monument which is still in use.

[[File:BOT Bridge DS.jpg|thumb|New Mattancherry Bridge at night.|right]]

==See also==
* [[Venduruthy Bridge]]
* [[Goshree bridges]]
* [[History of Kochi]]
* [[Robert Bristow (engineer)|Robert Bristow]]

==References==
{{commons category|Mattancherry Bridge}}
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|9.9372|N|76.2665|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Build–operate–transfer]]
[[Category:Bridges and flyovers in Kochi]]
[[Category:Toll bridges in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]
[[Category:Public–private partnership projects in India]]
[[Category:Mattancherry]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1943]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1998]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

List of airports in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu

2025-12-07T21:06:52Z

Saurabh pal: put up info...

{{Short description|None}}

[[File:Diu Airport Terminal.jpg|thumb|Diu Airport]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

The union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] has currently only one-functional airport at [[Diu, India|Diu]]. There's another [[Daman Airport|airport]] at [[Daman, India|Daman]] but it is not-operational. [[Daman Airport]] is proposed to be operationalised soon under the centre's [[UDAN]] scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/aai-to-award-udan-routes-from-daman-to-diu-and-ahmedabad-operating-to-new-civil-enclave-1089481|title=AAI to award UDAN routes from Daman to Diu and Ahmedabad, operating to new civil enclave|work=CAPA|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref> [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] district does not have an airport of its own yet.

==List==
The list includes the airports in [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] with their respective [[ICAO]] and [[IATA]] codes.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Airports in India:|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|publisher=Airports Authority of India|accessdate=11 September 2022}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+<big>List of airports in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</big>
|-
! Sl. no.
! Location in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
! Airport name
! [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]
! [[IATA airport code|IATA]]
! Operator
! Category
! Role
|-
| 1 ||[[Daman, India|Daman]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Daman Airport]]|| align="center" |VADN|| align="center" |NMB||[[Indian Coast Guard]]||Military airbase|| Defence
|-
| 2 ||[[Diu, India|Diu]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Diu Airport]]|| align="center" |VA1P|| align="center" |DIU||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport]]||Commercial/Defence
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu| ]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]

Anna Nagar East metro station

2025-12-04T23:03:28Z

Saurabh pal: cleanup

{{Short description|Chennai Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Anna Nagar East
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = Green|line2 = Inter}}
| style = Chennai Metro
| image = Anna Nagar East metro station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = A Block, Annanagar East, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600102
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0846|80.2194|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}; font-size:100%|[[Green Line (Chennai Metro)#Inter Corridor Line|'''Inter Corridor Line''']]|}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO metro station|St. Thomas Mount]] Platform-2 → [[Chennai Central metro station|M.G.R Chennai Central]]
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle = Free bicycle {{parking symbol}}
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|05|14}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[Single-phase electric power|Single-phase]] {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = SAE
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line=Green|left=Shenoy Nagar|right=Anna Nagar Tower|line2=Blue|left2=Shenoy Nagar|to-left2=Chennai Central|note-mid2=''(Inter-Corridor Service)''|right2=Anna Nagar Tower|to-right2=Kilambakkam}}
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Green Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Anna Nagar East''' is an underground metro station on the South-East Corridor of the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This station will serve the neighbourhoods of [[Anna Nagar]], [[Villivakkam]], and [[Kilpauk]]. The station has four entry and exit points.<ref>{{cite news| title = Metro stretch to have fewer entry points
| newspaper = The Hindu| location = Chennai| date = 8 May 2017| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-stretch-to-have-fewer-entry-points/article18407192.ece| accessdate = 10 May 2017}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Anna Nagar East track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Shenoy Nagar metro station|Shenoy Nagar]]
*'''P1'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P2'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Anna Nagar Tower metro station|Anna Nagar Tower]]
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → [[Chennai Central metro station|Chennai Central]] '''Next Station:''' [[Shenoy Nagar metro station|Shenoy Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO|St. Thomas Mount]] '''Next Station:''' [[Anna Nagar Tower metro station|Anna Nagar Tower]]
|}
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Anna Nagar]]
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Chennai Monorail]]
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[List of metro systems in India]]
* [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Anna+Nagar+East/@13.084561,80.219672,15z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3a5264078822719b:0xbda01077b89581e2!2sAnna+Nagar,+Chennai,+Tamil+Nadu!3b1!8m2!3d13.0891361!4d80.2095622!3m4!1s0x3a526426156a710f:0x5e5a404daae273b4!8m2!3d13.0845624!4d80.2196735|title= Anna Nagar East metro station}}

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|green line=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2017]]
[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

India women's national water polo team

2025-11-12T09:11:09Z

Saurabh pal: Added Entry!

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|India men's national water polo team}}
{{Infobox national water polo team
| Name = India
| Gender = women
| FINA code = IND
| Nickname =
| Image = Flag of India.svg
| Image_size =
| Image_label =
| Association = [[Swimming Federation of India]]
| Confederation = AASF
| Coach =
| Asst coach =
| Captain =
| Most caps =
| Top scorer =
| Home venue =
| FINA ranking =
| FINA ranking date =
| FINA highest =
| FINA highest year =
| FINA lowest =
| FINA lowest year =
| First game =
| Biggest win =
| Biggest defeat =
| Olympics apps =
| Olympics first =
| Olympics best =
| Regional cup name = [[Water polo at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
| Regional cup apps = 1
| Regional cup first = [[Water polo at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]]
| Regional cup best = 4th
| 2ndRegional cup name = [[Asian Water Polo Championship|Asian Championships]]
| 2ndRegional cup apps = 
| 2ndRegional cup first = 
| 2ndRegional cup best = 5th place ([[2012 Asian Swimming Championships|2012]])
| Website =
}}
The '''India women's national water polo team''' represents [[India]] in international women's [[water polo]]. [[Water polo in India|Water Polo in India]] is governed by the [[Swimming Federation of India]] (SFI).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/swimming-federation-of-india-pushes-for-water-polo-1045435.html|title=Swimming Federation of India pushes for water polo|access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/feb/16/swimming-federation-of-indiato-collaborate-with-serbian-federation-to-revive-water-polo-2419905.html|title=Swimming Federation of India to collaborate with Serbian federation to revive Water Polo|access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref> India's Women's team made their debut at the [[Water polo at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Asian Games]] where they finished fourth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://todor66.com/Water_Polo/Asia/Women_AG_2010.html|title=Women Water Polo Asia Games 2010 Guandzhou (CHN) - 15-17.11 Winner China|access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/when-china-funded-indian-water-polo-team-asian-games/|title=When China funded Indian Water Polo team at Asian Games|website=The Bridge|date=24 October 2020|access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref> They participated in their first Asian Championships in 2012 where they finished fifth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asiaswimmingfederation.org/assets/uploads/images/2f8ad86027b9eb38b843cbfc2a285301.pdf |title=The 9th Asian Awimming Champiosnships - Water Polo Results Book |access-date=2019-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327024310/http://asiaswimmingfederation.org/assets/uploads/images/2f8ad86027b9eb38b843cbfc2a285301.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-27 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

== Results ==

=== [[Water Polo at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] ===
*[[Water polo at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]] {{flagicon|CHN}} – 4th place

=== [[Asian Water Polo Championship|Asian Championships]] ===
*{{flagicon|UAE}} [[2012 Asian Swimming Championships|2012]] – 5th place
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[2025 Asian Aquatics Championships|2025]] – 8th place

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India|Water polo]]
[[Category:Women's national water polo teams]]
[[Category:National water polo teams in Asia]]
[[Category:National water polo teams by country]]
[[Category:Water polo teams in India| ]]

Jairamnagar

2025-10-16T20:55:15Z

Saurabh pal: refined information after review further and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Town and railway station in Chhattisgarh, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
'''Jairamnagar''' is a town and a railway station also named after that town. It is about 4.9 kilometers (3 miles) from Masturi and about 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) from [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]. The station code is JRMG.<ref name="c">Commercial & general directory of C. P. & Berar – Page 116|quote=This is the only railway station in the whole of India to have been named after a businessman, having a marble nameplate on the station platform.</ref><ref name="t">[https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=1939+re-named It was originally known as Paraghat before it was re-named Jairamnagar by Mr A. Duncan, Agent & General Manager, B.N. Railway...on 1 September 1939]</ref>

== History ==
On 1 September 1939, the [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] re-named it after [[Rai Bahadur Jairam Valji Chauhan]], a notable [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] railway contractor. Jairamnagar is the only railway station in India named after a businessman. The town was known as Paragaht before its 1939 renaming.<ref name="c" /><ref name="t" /> [[Rai Bahadur Jairam Valji Chauhan]] was once the sole proprietor of the Jairamnagar village; he owned mining sites of [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], [[manganese]], and [[limestone]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Times of India directory and yearbook including who's who, Volume 28|year=1941|page=1087|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RakSAAAAIAAJ&q=Jairamnagar+Jairam+Valjee|last1=Reed|first1=Sir Stanley}}</ref><ref>'' Diary of Golden Days at Jharia: A Memoir & History of Gurjar Rashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia'' – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta & Sinugra. (1998). Life sketch of Rai Bahadur Jairam Valji Chauhan. Page: 24.</ref><ref>[http://www.wikimapia.org/5141613/Tejas-Chouhan-s-Home-Vasant-Vilas-Jairam-Valji-Colony-Raigarh-Near-Railway-Station Location of Jairam Valji Colony]</ref>

== Demographics and economy ==
Jairamnagar has a large pond, previously a [[Quarry|limestone quarry]], that belonged to [[Rai Bahadur Jairam Valji Chauhan]]. The pond's water is used by locals for daily needs such as cooking, washing, and bathing. A [[Shivalinga]], built in 1922 by [[Jairam Valji Chauhan]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|22.034|N|82.296|E|display=title}}

[[Category: Villages in Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Tamil Nadu Gazette

2025-10-12T21:03:47Z

Saurabh pal: Stub

{{Short description|Government gazette of Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Tamil Nadu Gazette
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Gazette]]
| format =
| owners = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| founder =
| publisher = [[Department of Stationery and Printing]]
| editor =
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = {{start date and age|1800}}
| political_position =
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers =
| website = {{URL|http://www.tn.gov.in/stationeryprinting/gazette/gazette_list.php}}
}}

'''''Tamil Nadu Gazette''''' is a [[public journal]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/Default.aspx |title=Employeeloginform |access-date=1 December 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224081930/http://egazette.nic.in/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> published weekly by the Department of Stationery and Printing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deptpub.gov.in/Gazette.htm |title=Introduction |access-date=1 December 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116090043/http://deptpub.gov.in/Gazette.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a public journal, the ''Gazette'' prints official notices from the government. The gazette is printed by the Government of Tamil Nadu Press.

==History==
'''Gazette of Tamil Nadu''' was formerly known as '''The Fort St. George Gazette, Madras''' during the years 1832–1967. From 1967 it was known as '''Gazette of Tamil Nadu'''.

== Types ==

* Tamil Nadu Government Gazette
* Tamil Nadu Government Gazette Extraordinary

== Work ==

The Department of Stationery and Printing is headed by the Director of Stationery and Printing with the other senior Government officers. The gazette employs more than 1646 people<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/aboutus.htm |title=About us - History of Stationery and Printing Department |publisher=State government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-date=22 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922081548/http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/aboutus.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> under the supervision of the [[Department of Stationery and Printing]].

==See also==
* [[Gazette]]
* [[Department of Law (Tamil Nadu)]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Government Laws & Rules]]
* [[The Gazette of India]]
* [[Constitution of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/stationeryprinting/gazette/gazette_list.php The Gazette of Tamil Nadu]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/stationeryprinting/extraordinary/extraord_list.php Tamil Nadu Government Gazette Extraordinary]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/stationeryprinting/gazette/gazette_list.php Department of Stationery and Printing]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/ Government of Tamil Nadu]
* [http://www.lawnotes.in/Tamil_Nadu_Acts http://www.lawnotes.in/Tamil_Nadu_Acts LawNotes.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426095730/http://lawnotes.in/Tamil_Nadu_Acts |date=26 April 2014 }}
* {{usurped|1=[http://www.lawsofindia.org/state/26/Tamil%20Nadu.html http://www.lawsofindia.org/state/26/Tamil%20Nadu.html laws of india.org]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Nadu Gazette}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu state legislation]]
[[Category:Government of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government gazettes of India|Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Anant Raje

2025-10-03T07:37:59Z

Saurabh pal: cleanup lead for consistency

{{Short description|Indian architect and academic}}
{{moresources|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox architect
|name=Anant Damodar Raje
|image=Anant Raje. A pencil Sketch by Sarbjit Bahga.jpg
|birth_date= {{birth date|1929|9|17|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Mumbai]]
|death_date= {{death date and age|2009|6|27|1929|9|17|df=y}}
|death_place=
|alma_mater= [[Sir J. J. College of Architecture]]
|practice=
|significant_buildings=
|significant_projects=
|awards=
}}
'''Anant Damodar Raje''' (17 September 1929 – 27 June 2009) was an Indian [[architect]] and [[Academic staff|academic]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/With-Kahn-magic-Gnagar-would-have-rivalled-Chandigarh/articleshow/5911223.cms | newspaper=The Times Of India | title=With Kahn magic G'nagar would have rivalled Chandigarh | date=10 May 2010 | access-date=25 June 2018 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Anant Raje was born in [[Mumbai]], India. He graduated from the [[Sir J. J. College of Architecture]] in 1954.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Puri |first=Rajinder |date=November–December 1987 |title=Building on Tradition |magazine=Architecture + Design |volume=4 |page=14}}</ref>

==Career==
He worked with [[Louis Kahn]] in [[Philadelphia]], where he also taught at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. As Kahn's student, he devoted his life to see the completion of the [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]], which Kahn did not live to see completed.

For over thirty years he has taught at the Faculty of Architecture, [[CEPT University]], [[Ahmedabad]]. He also taught at the [[University of New Mexico]], in [[The United States of America]], and was a visiting professor at many universities in America and Europe.

==Major buildings==
* Executive Management Centre at the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[India]]
* [[Indian Institute of Forest Management]], [[Bhopal]], [[India]]
* [https://www.isid.ac.in/ The Indian Statistical Institute] in [[New Delhi]].
* Museum Of Minerals, Nagpur (unbuilt)
* Galbabhai Farmers' Training Institute in [[Banaskantha, Gujarat]]
*MAFCO wholesale market, Mumbai, India

==Death==
Raje died on 27 June 2009.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/He-was-a-teacher-and-an-institution/articleshow/4721898.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-01/surat/28153636_1_architecture-works-institution |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=He was a teacher and an institution |date=1 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}

==External links==
*[http://architexturez.net/documents/author/25363 Texts and Projects by Anant Raje] on Architexturez South Asia

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raje, Anant Damodar}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of CEPT University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]

{{India-architect-stub}}

Mohit Grewal

2025-09-23T08:34:16Z

Saurabh pal:

{{Short description|Indian freestyle wrestler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Mohit Grewal
| image = Mohit Grewal.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption = Grewal in August 2022
| headercolor =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|12|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bamla, [[Bhiwani]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Wrestler
| height = 1.67 m
| weight = 125 kg
| spouse =
| website =
| country = India
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]
| collegeteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[Freestyle Wrestling]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCount | total = yes
| [[Commonwealth Games]] | - | - | 1
}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]] | [[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 125 kg|125 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|Grand Prix}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Bolat Turlykhanov Cup|2022 Almaty]]|[[2022 Bolat Turlykhanov Cup#125 kg|125 kg]]}}
}}

'''Mohit Grewal''' (born 20 December 1999)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/mohit-mohit/2f61a9ed-8dfc-439c-92fd-4891ab3a3c03 |title=Mohit Mohit |website=Birmingham2022.com |publisher=[[Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Limited]] |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806204551/https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/mohit-mohit/2f61a9ed-8dfc-439c-92fd-4891ab3a3c03 |url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian freestyle [[wrestler]], who competes in the 125 kg category. He won a bronze medal in the [[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham Commonwealth Games]].<ref name=CGR>{{Cite web |title=Birmingham 2022 Results |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=results.birmingham2022.com |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801215841/https://results.birmingham2022.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/cwg-2022-mohit-grewal-picks-up-125-kg-wrestling-bronze-in-birmingham-5696473.html |title=CWG 2022: Mohit Grewal Picks up 125 Kg Wrestling Bronze in Birmingham |publisher=News18 |date=6 August 2022 |accessdate=6 August 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805211550/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/cwg-2022-mohit-grewal-picks-up-125-kg-wrestling-bronze-in-birmingham-5696473.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/cwg-2022-will-bring-gold-next-time-says-wrestler-mohit-grewal-after-winning-bronze/videoshow/93385771.cms |title=CWG 2022: Will bring gold next time, says Wrestler Mohit Grewal after winning bronze |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=6 August 2022 |accessdate=7 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806204823/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/cwg-2022-will-bring-gold-next-time-says-wrestler-mohit-grewal-after-winning-bronze/videoshow/93385771.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/cwg-2022-pm-modi-congratulates-wrestler-mohit-grewal-for-winning-bronze/1071568/ |title=CWG 2022: PM Modi congratulates wrestler Mohit Grewal for winning bronze |publisher=The Print |date=6 August 2022 |accessdate=7 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806220718/https://theprint.in/india/cwg-2022-pm-modi-congratulates-wrestler-mohit-grewal-for-winning-bronze/1071568/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2022 Commonwealth Games ===
After a win against Alexios Kaoslidis of [[Cyprus at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Cyprus]] in the Quarterfinals,<ref name=CGR /> he was knocked out by [[Amar Dhesi|Amarveer Dhesi]] of [[Canada at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Canada]] in the Semi-Finals.<ref name=CGR /> Grewal then went on to win the bronze medal in the bronze medal match against Aaron Johnson of [[Jamaica at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Jamaica]].<ref name=CGR />

== International competitions ==

=== Commonwealth Games ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Competition
!Venue
!Event
!Rank
|-
|2022
|[[2022 Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Birmingham]]
|[[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 125 kg|125kg]]
|{{bronze03}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IWD|name=Mohit}}
* {{UWW|mohit-mohit|Mohit Mohit}}
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|44527|Mohit Grewal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grewal, Mohit}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Sport wrestlers from Haryana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

M. C. Balan

2025-09-14T14:10:13Z

Saurabh pal: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''M. C. Balan''' was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from the [[Nagercoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagercoil constituency]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] in the [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> He was defeated by [[A. Chidambaranatha Nadar]] in the [[1962 Madras State legislative assembly election|1962 election]] in the [[Nagercoil (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagercoil]] legislative assembly constituency.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf 1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> He was defeated by [[K. Kamaraj]] in the [[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]] parliamentary constituency in the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1971|1971 Indian general election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf Volume I, 1971 Indian general election, 5th Lok Sabha]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balan, M. C.}}
[[Category:Politicians from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Lhalung Monastery

2025-08-11T09:19:44Z

Saurabh pal: put up entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Lhalung Monastery
|image = Old statues Lhalung.jpg

|alt =
|caption = Old statues. Lhalung Gompa.
|map_type =
|coordinates = {{Coord|32.146|78.235|display=title}}
|map_caption = Location within India
|mapsize =
|location_country = [[India]]
|location= [[Spiti]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
|founded_by =
|founded = 10th century
|date_renovated =
|sect =
|lineage=
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|no._of_monks =
|architecture =
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}} __NOTOC__
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
'''Lhalung Monastery''', '''Lhalun Monastery''' or '''Lalung Monastery''' (also known as the '''Sarkhang''' or '''Golden Temple'''), was one of the earliest monasteries founded in [[Spiti]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, by the great Tibetan Buddhist ''lotswa'' (translator) [[Rinchen Zangpo]], the king of western Himalayan Kingdom of [[Guge]] during the late 10th century CE. The altitude of the neighbouring village of Lhalun is 3,658 metres (12,001 feet).<ref>Kapadia (1999), p. 82.</ref>

The name Lhalun literally means 'land of the gods' (''lha'' = deities, devtas; ''lung'' = land, area) and it is said that the Lhalung Devta is head of all the [[Devata|Devtas]] of the valley and emerges from the Tangmar mountain beyond the village. This mountain is said to change colour depending on the moods of the devtas or deities; red showing anger, yellow, happiness, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treknature.com/gallery/photo156064.htm|title=TrekNature | Learning about nature through photography}}</ref>

The village has 45 homes is 14 km from the main road and is the largest in the Lingti valley. At some places remains of an ancient wall encircling all the monastery buildings may be found. It is probable that, like Tabo, it was designed as a ''choshor'' site, a place for learning and debate as opposed to a simple village monastery or a chapel for worship by the local people. There is also a sacred tree here which may be as old as the earliest monastery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://footlooseindia.com/indiatours/transhimalsafari.htm |title=Indian Himalaya Safaris to Kinnaur, Spiti and Dharamsala - Private Journeys & Independent Travel in Indian Himalayas - Shimla, Kinnaur, Spiti, Manali, Dharamsala to Amritsar Tour |accessdate=2010-01-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204001853/http://footlooseindia.com/indiatours/transhimalsafari.htm |archivedate= 4 February 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spitiecosphere.com/travel_fixed_departures_spiti_safari.htm |title=Ecosphere Spiti Eco-Livelihoods |accessdate=2009-07-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513012441/http://www.spitiecosphere.com/travel_fixed_departures_spiti_safari.htm |archivedate=13 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<blockquote>
"The Lha-lun monastery, built by Rin-chen-bZang-po, was originally a Kah-dam-pa ([[Kadampa]]) establishment to which the Great Lotsaba belonged. But it might have turned into a Sa-kya-pa ([[Sakyapa]]) stronghold in the 14th century. Some of the damaged temples at Lha-lun may be the spoils of that period. In the 17th century, this monastery was annexed to the Ge-lug-pa (Gelugpa) fold by the Mongold despite the Sa-kya-pa ([[Sakyapa]]) resistance and, a loss of a few more temples. Thus out of the nine temples of the Lotsaba's time, only one now remains...."<ref>Handa (1987), p. 86.</ref></blockquote>

For a sketched floor plan of the one remaining temple of Lhalung Monastery see Handa (1987), p. 87.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Lalung Gompa Guru Rinpoche.jpg|Altar with [[Guru Rinpoche]]
File:Lhalung Gompa.jpg|Young woman making offerings. Lhalung Gompa. 2004.
File:Lalung Gompa Abbott in his room.jpg|Abbot of Lhalung Gompa. 2004.
File:Lhalung old statue.jpg|Lhalung. Old statue.
File:Lhalung Gompa prayer wheel.jpg|Lhalung Gompa prayer wheel
File:Lhalung - gilded wooden figures.jpg|Lhalung – gilded wooden figures
File:Lalung Gompa mandala wall painting.jpg|Lalung Gompa [[mandala]] wall painting
</gallery>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Handa, O. C. (1987). ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-85182-03-5}}.
*Kapadia, Harish. (1999). ''Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya''. Second Edition. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7387-093-4}}.

==External links==
* {{commons category inline|Lhalung Monastery}}

{{Buddhist monasteries in Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Buddhism in Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in India]]

Tomb of Khan-i Jahan Tilangani

2025-08-10T20:11:14Z

Saurabh pal: Done

{{Sources exist|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{infobox building
| image = Dome of Khan Jahan Tilangani's tomb visible from the basti (3545063101).jpg
| caption =
| location = [[Nizamuddin West]], [[Delhi]]
| location_country = India
}}
[[File:Domes_of_TIlangani's_tomb_(16059169051).jpg|thumb|Domes of Tilangani's tomb]]
'''Tomb of Khan-i Jahan Tilangani''' is the tomb of [[Malik Maqbul Tilangani]], known by his title Khan-i Jahan. The tomb is located at Nizamuddin West in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bunce |first=Fredrick W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1x9UAAAAMAAJ |title=Islamic Tombs in India: The Iconography and Genesis of Their Design |date=2004 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0245-4 |language=en}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2023|reason=Allows self-publishing with no editorial oversight.|certain=yes}}
==History==
The tomb was completed in 1388.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-03 |title=Encroached Tughlaq-era tomb gets new lease of life |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/encroached-tughlaq-era-tomb-gets-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/69625629.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was the earliest octagonal tomb in modern-day India. The only octagonal tomb predating it in the Indian subcontinent is the [[tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archnet > Site > Khan-i Jahan Maqbul Tilangani Mausoleum |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/5009 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.archnet.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

The tomb is heavily encroached.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-03 |title=Encroached Tughlaq-era tomb gets new lease of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/encroached-tughlaq-era-tomb-gets-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/69625629.cms |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Description==
The tomb is the first octagonal tomb in India. [[Percy Brown (art historian)|Percy Brown]] states that while it might have been a purely Indian invention, it is also possible that its octagonal design was inspired by the [[Dome of the Rock]] in Jerusalem. This style was later adopted and further perfected by the Sayyid, Lodi, and Sur dynasties.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Burton-Page |first=John |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/924b5090-0b5f-4bb3-9486-9b8c0c708e92/1000348.pdf |title=Indian Islamic Architecture - Forms and Typologies, Sites and Monuments |publisher=Brill |pages=8–9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Percy |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/18429.pdf |title=Indian Architecture (Islamic period) |author-link=Percy Brown (art historian)}}</ref>

The tomb consists of an octagonal burial chamber, with an octagonal verandah surrounding it. The verandah has three arched entrances on each side.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archnet > Site > Khan-i Jahan Maqbul Tilangani Mausoleum |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/5009 |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.archnet.org}}</ref> A small dome is provided for all eight sides of the verandah.

It is surmounted by a dome which is crowned by an [[amalaka]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|28.58996|77.24233|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Tombs in Delhi]]
[[Category:14th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]

{{improve categories|date=October 2023}}

P. Chandrasekhara Rao

2025-08-09T10:13:19Z

Saurabh pal:

{{Short description|Indian jurist (1936–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}

'''Patibandla. Chandrasekhara Rao''' (22 April 1936 – 11 October 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/oct/12/eminent-jurist-patibandla-chandrasekhara-rao-passes-away-in-hyderabad-1884380.html|title=Eminent jurist Patibandla Chandrasekhara Rao passes away in Hyderabad|website=newindianexpress.com|access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref> was an Indian [[jurist]]. He was from Veerullapadu village, [[Guntur]]-[[Krishna District]] of coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]] of what was then called [[Madras Presidency]].

From October 1996 until 2017 he was a [[judge]] at the [[International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea]] (ITLOS). He was the president of ITLOS from 1999 to 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsnlu.ac.in/padma-bhushan-dr-patibandla-chandrasekhara-rao/|title=Padma Bhushan Dr. Patibandla Chandrasekhara Rao|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225205811/https://dsnlu.ac.in/padma-bhushan-dr-patibandla-chandrasekhara-rao/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also an honorary visiting professor at [[Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University]], [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dsnlu.ac.in/faculty/padma-bhushan-dr-patibandla-chandrasekhara-rao/ | title=Padma Bhushan Dr. Patibandla Chandrasekhara Rao — Faculty Member detail | access-date=28 September 2015 | archive-date=4 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004203520/https://dsnlu.ac.in/faculty/padma-bhushan-dr-patibandla-chandrasekhara-rao/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Studies==
Rao graduated from the [[University of Madras]] in two subjects, with a double bachelors in [[Bachelor of Arts|Arts]] as well as [[Bachelor of Laws|Law]]. Thereafter he did further studies, on completion of which he was awarded a Masters in Law and subsequently a [[doctorate]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ITLOS Tribunol judge Dr. Chandrashekhara Rao|url=https://www.itlos.org/en/the-tribunal/members/judge-p-chandrasekhara-rao/|website=itlos.org|publisher=International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea|access-date=25 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214182624/https://www.itlos.org/en/the-tribunal/members/judge-p-chandrasekhara-rao/|archive-date=14 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Chandrasekhara Rao initially worked as a researcher for the ''[[Indian Society of International Law]]'' from 1963 to 1967. He then joined the Ministry of External Affairs (India) where he worked as a Law Officer (1967–1971) and subsequently Assistant Legal Adviser (1971–1976) in the Legal and Treaties Division. During this time, he acted as counsel for the Government of India in the case concerning an Appeal relating to the Jurisdiction of the [[ICAO]] (India v. Pakistan) before the International Court of Justice in 1972.<ref name=itlos>{{cite web|title=Biodata page of ITLOS Judge Chadrashekhara Rao|url=https://www.itlos.org/en/the-tribunal/members/judge-p-chandrasekhara-rao/|website=Official website for ITLOS|publisher=ITLOS — The Hague|access-date=25 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214182624/https://www.itlos.org/en/the-tribunal/members/judge-p-chandrasekhara-rao/|archive-date=14 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Thereafter Rao was appointed [[Legal Adviser]] to the [[Permanent Mission]] of India at the [[United Nations]] ([[New York City]]) from 1972 to 1976. He continued to hold high level posts in the [[Indian government]]'s [[Ministry of justice|Ministry of Justice]], including Deputy Legislative Counsel, Additional Legal Adviser, Joint Secretary and Legal Adviser, Additional Secretary (1976–1988), Secretary (1988–1996), Union Ministry of Law and Sole Arbitrator in Government contracts (1979–1983). He was the Secretary-General of the International Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution, New Delhi (1995–1996).<ref name="itlos" />

Since 1 October 1996, Rao has been a judge at the [[International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea]].<ref name="itlos" />

Rao has also been a [[visiting professor]] from 1994 to 1995 at [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]]; [[Kakatiya University]] ([[Warangal]]) and [[University of Madras]] in 1995–96. From 1994 to 2000 he was president of the ''[[Indian Society of International Law]]''.

==Awards==
Rao was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India on 25 January 2012 for his contribution to the area of public affairs.

==Books==
Rao has authored several books<ref name="itlos" /> on International law including
* The New Law of Maritime Zones, 1982
* The Indian Constitution and International Law, 1993
* The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996: A Commentary, 1997
* Alternative Dispute Resolution: What it means and how it works (ed.), 1996
* The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Law and Practice (co-ed.), 2000
* The Rules of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: A Commentary (co-ed.), 2006

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110521214545/http://www.itlos.org/general_information/judges/rao_en.shtml ITLOS – Judge P. Chandrasekhara Rao] Biography at the website of the ITLOS
* [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx] Press release from the Press Information Bureau — Govt of India
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/oct/12/eminent-jurist-patibandla-chandrasekhara-rao-passes-away-in-hyderabad-1884380.html]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, P. Chandrasekhara}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea judges]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Indian judges of United Nations courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]

Thapki Pyar Ki 2

2025-07-13T14:07:56Z

Saurabh pal: Stub

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ThapkiPyaarKiSeason2.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Ved Raj
| developer =
| writer = Lakshmi Jaikumar Pavni Mehandiratta Manoj Tripathi Gurmeet Kaur Udayan
| director = Sanjay Satavase
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Jigyasa Singh]] [[Prachi Bansal]] [[Aakash Ahuja]]
| theme_music_composer = Souvyk Chakraborty Puneet Dikshit
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 173
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Ved Raj
| cinematography =
| editor = {{ubl|Sanjay Singh|Krishna Mahto}}
| camera = Multi camera
| runtime =
| company = Shoonya Square Productions
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|10|4}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|4|8}}
| channel =
| related = ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]''
}}

'''''Thapki Pyar Ki 2''''' ({{translation}} ''A Pat of Love 2'') is an Indian television series which premiered on 4 October 2021 on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/colors-to-launch-thapki-pyaar-ki-season-2-in-october/|title=Colors to launch "Thapki Pyar Ki" season 2 in October|website=Biz Asia|date=14 September 2021 }}</ref> Produced by Shoonya Square Productions, it is the [[spiritual sequel]] to the 2015 series ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/aakash-ahuja-to-play-male-lead-in-colors-thapki-pyaar-ki-2/|title=Aakash Ahuja to play male-lead in Thapki Pyaar Ki 2|website=Biz Asia|date=14 August 2021 }}</ref> It stars [[Jigyasa Singh]] and [[Prachi Bansal]] as Vaani Agarwal aka Thapki, and [[Aakash Ahuja]] as Purab Singhania.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/thapki-pyar-ki-to-return-with-a-new-season-jigyasa-singh-to-play-the-protagonist/articleshow/84915307.cms|title=Thapki Pyar Ki to return with new season; Jigyasa Singh to play protagonist|website=Times Of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Blessed with a melodious voice, Vaani "Thapki" Tripathi stammers whenever nervous, that is a major obstacle on her path of dreams. Her role-model Veena Devi, a [[Padma Shri]] awardee has a rich and handsome son, Purab. Thapki's mother Jaya lost her voice when her father Mukul left them years ago. He now lives with his second wife's daughter Hansika, a [[gold digger]] and Purab's colleague.

Upon hearing Thapki's voice, Veena is deeply impressed and wants Thapki to marry Purab who instead chooses to marry Hansika even though he doesn't love her. As per Veena's plans in a turn of events, Thapki weds Purab. Veena discovers her stuttering and now wants to throw her out. Purab agrees to leave her but then changes his decision due to a promise he made to thapki's mother Jaya to support Thapki. They help each other in every moment. Slowly Purab and Thapki fall in love with each other.

==Cast==
=== Main ===
* [[Jigyasa Singh]] / [[Prachi Bansal]] as Thapki Purab Singhania ([[Birth name|née]] Agarwal): Mukul and Jaya's daughter; Anjali's step-daughter; Hansika's half-sister; Ashok and Sudha's niece; Anshul and Preeti's cousin; Purab's first wife; Vinod and Veena's daughter-in-law; Sargam's sister-in-law (2021-2022)
* [[Aakash Ahuja]] as Purab Singhania: Vinod and Veena's elder son; Sargam's brother; Pramod and Neeraj's nephew; Sagar and Armaan's cousin; Jayanti's grandson; Vaani and Hansika's husband; Mukul, Jaya and Anjali's son-in-law (2021-2022)

===Recurring===
*[[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Veena Devi Singhania – Vinod's wife; Purab and Sargam's mother; Sagar's aunt (2021 - 2022)
*Arup Pal as Vinod Singhania – Jayanti's elder son; Pramod and Neeraj's brother; Veena's husband; Sargam and Purab's father; Sagar's uncle (2021 - 2022)
*Shital Antani as Sapna Singhania – Pramod's widow; Neeraj's wife; Sagar and Armaan's mother; Purab and Sargam's aunt (2021 - 2022)
*Preetesh Manas / Samaksh Sudi as Sagar Singhania – Sapna and Pramod's son; Priyanka's husband; Armaan's half-brother; Purab and Sargam's cousin brother; Preeti's ex-boyfriend (2021) / (2021 - 2022)
* Neha Yadav as Priyanka Sagar Singhania – Sagar's wife (2021 - 2022)
*Additi Chopra as Sargam Singhania – Veena and Vinod's younger daughter; Purab's sister; Sagar's cousin sister (2021 - 2022)
* [[Farida Dadi]] as Jayanti Singhania – Vinod, Pramod and Neeraj's mother; Purab, Armaan, Sargam and Sagar's grandmother (2021 - 2022)
*Rajvir Yadav as Shankar Kumar: Singhania family's servant (2021 - 2022)
*Pratish Vora as Ashok Tripathi – Jaya's brother; Sudha's husband; Anshul and Preeti's father; Thapki's maternal uncle (2021 - 2022)
* Urvashi Upadhyay as Sudha Tripathi – Ashok's wife; Preeti and Anshul's mother; Thapki's maternal aunt (2021 - 2022)
*Somesh Sharma as Anshul Tripathi – Ashok and Sudha's elder son; Preeti's brother; Thapki's maternal cousin brother (2021 - 2022)
*Nandini Maurya as Preeti Tripathi: Ashok and Sudha's daughter; Sagar's ex-lover (2021 - 2022)
*Akshaya Bhingarde as Jaya Tripathi Agarwal – Ashok's sister; Mukul's first wife; Thapki's mother; Hansika's step mother (2021 - 2022)
*[[Rudra Kaushish]] as Mukul Agarwal – Jaya and Anjali's husband; Thapki and Hansika's father (2021 - 2022)
*Rachana Mistry as Hansika Agarwal Singhania – Anjali and Mukul's daughter; Jaya's step daughter;Thapki's half sister; Purab's second wife (2021 - 2022)
*Tulika Patel as Anjali Mukul Agarwal – Mukul's second wife; Hansika's mother; Thapki's step mother (2021 - 2022)
*Unknown as Armaan Singhania — Sapna and Neeraj's son; Sagar's half-brother; Sargam and Purab's cousin; Thapki's ex-fiancee (2021)

==Production==

===Development and casting===
Production of the series began in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/season-two-of-thapki-pyar-ki-on-board-1473655|title=Thapki Pyaar Ki 2 on board|website=ABP LIVE|date=2 August 2021|access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref>

When the second season was in [[pre-production]], [[Jigyasa Singh]] who played Thapki in the [[Thapki Pyar Ki|first season]], was then appearing in another Colors soap opera ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki|Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'' as Heer Singh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/will-jigyasa-singh-quit-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-ki-to-play-the-protagonist-in-thapki-pyar-ki-2/articleshow/84920467.cms|title=Will Jigyasa Singh quit Shakti- Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki to play the protagonist in Thapki Pyar Ki 2?|website=Times Of India|date=31 July 2021 |access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref> Later when her character was killed off in August-end, she signed the second season of this series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Jigyasa Singh on her role in Thapki Pyaar Ki 2: This time my character will be strong and outspoken {{!}} PINKVILLA|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/actress-jigyasa-singh-her-role-thapki-pyaar-ki-2-time-my-character-will-be-strong-and-outspoken-896333?amp|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.pinkvilla.com|date=17 September 2021 }}</ref> [[Aakash Ahuja]] was cast as Purab Singhania and [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] was cast as Veena Singhania. [[Jigyasa Singh]] quit the show in February 2022 owing to health issues.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In February 2022, [[Prachi Bansal]] replaced [[Jigyasa Singh]] as Thapki.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-prachi-bansal-replaces-jigyasa-singh-in-thapki-pyar-ki-2/articleshow/89565550.cms|title=Exclusive! Prachi Bansal replaces Jigyasa Singh in Thapki Pyar Ki 2|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=14 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Vikram Udyog Nagari

2025-06-14T07:26:41Z

Saurabh pal: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vikram Udyog Nagari
| native_name =
| other_name =
| nickname = VUN
| settlement_type = Planned City
| founder =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4040|N|75.5433|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ujjain]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for = [[Vikramaditya]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Ujjain Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malvi language|Malvi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya_Pradesh|MP]]-13
| website = {{URL|http://www.ujjain.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vikram Udyog Nagari''' is an upcoming business district in [[Ujjain]], [[India]]. The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] has allotted 1,200 acres for the development of an industrial area on the [[Dewas-Ujjain Road]] near [[Narwar]] village.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ujjain-s-knowledge-city-renamed-vikram-udyog-nagari-114050500951_1.html Ujjain's 'Knowledge City' renamed 'Vikram Udyog Nagari']</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/vikram-udyogpuri-near-ujjain-to-be-developed-as-smart-city-114081901052_1.html Vikram Udyogpuri near Ujjain to be developed as Smart City]</ref> [[Japan Bank for International Cooperation]] and [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] will lend funds for the project.

== History ==

Originally named ''Vikramaditya Knowledge City'', the area was envisioned as an educational hub. Due to reduced investment prospects, it was renamed to ''Vikram Udyog Nagari'' or ''Vikram Industrial City''.

Stakeholders in the project include the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] and the [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor]] Trust. The district is projected to include office space, residential areas, supporting facilities and educational institutions such as Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs), engineering colleges and medical colleges. It will also form part of [[Ujjain Smart City]] project. This will be the first planned city in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>[http://www.indiantollways.com/2014/09/10/govt-sets-ball-rolling-for-smart-city-project-in-ujjain/ Govt sets ball rolling for smart city project in Ujjain]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|http://www.ujjain.nic.in/}}

{{Madhya Pradesh}}
{{City of Ujjain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikram Udyog Nagari}}
[[Category:Ujjain district]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Economy of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vikramaditya]]
[[Category:Industry in India]]

Chuchat Yakma

2025-04-04T06:41:41Z

Saurabh pal: put up a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chuchat Yakma
| native_name = Chuchot Yokma
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.988628|N|77.287842|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Leh]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2162
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 863
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chuchat Yakma''', also known as '''Chuchot Yokma''', is a village in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |accessdate=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909100301/http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is located in the [[Leh]] [[tehsil]].

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Chuchot Yokma has 428 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 83.34%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2162 || 1054 || 1108
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 259 || 124 || 135
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 2066 || 1005 || 1061
|-
| Literates || 1586 || 868 || 718
|-
| Workers (all) || 944 || 526 || 418
|-
| Main workers (total) || 656 || 409 || 247
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 209 || 58 || 151
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 5 || 1 || 4
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 13 || 6 || 7
|-
| Main workers: Other || 429 || 344 || 85
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 288 || 117 || 171
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 142 || 43 || 99
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 12 || 7 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 44 || 1 || 43
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 90 || 66 || 24
|-
| Non-workers || 1218 || 528 || 690
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Leh tehsil]]

Haryana Tourism Corporation

2025-02-26T12:17:16Z

Saurabh pal: added references

{{Short description|Indian company}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Haryana Tourism Corporation
| logo = Haryana_tourism_logo.JPG
| type = [[Government of Haryana|Haryana Government undertaking]]
| location =[[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| founded = {{start date|1974|09|1|df=yes}}
| key_people =Ram Sarup Verma, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| area_served =[[Haryana]], [[India]]
| image = Morni Hills and Tikkar Taal, Haryana, India - 8.jpeg
| image_caption = Haryana Tourism Resort at Tikkar Taal, Panchkula District. (Near Chandigarh).
}}

'''Haryana Tourism Corporation''' ('''HTC''') is an agency of the [[Government of Haryana]], India established in 1974. The organisation operates 44 tourist facilities spread across the state of [[Haryana]]. These facilities offer visitors lodging, dining, and recreational activities amongst other services.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India]]
* [[Surajkund hot spring]]
* [[Anagpur Dam]] - 2 km from [[Surajkund]]
* [[Asigarh Fort]] at [[Hansi]]
* [[Tosham rock inscription]] at [[Tosham]]

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5457#experience=Highway%20Tourism Highway Tourism]

==External links==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[http://haryanatourism.gov.in Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141109052207/http://harsamadhan.gov.in/ HarSamadhan] Haryana Govt's online Complaints portal
{{div col end}}

{{Tourism in India}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1974 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourism in Haryana]]
[[Category:State agencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:State tourism development corporations of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1974]]

Devarayanadurga

2025-01-08T20:52:46Z

Saurabh pal:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devarayanadurga
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Jadakanadurga
| nickname = Devarayanadurga
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Yoga_Narasimha_Temple_Devarayanadurga.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Devarayanadurga
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.375|N|77.213|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tumakuru district|Tumkuru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram
| governing_body = Panchayat of Aregujjanahalli
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 69th:Tumakuru
| area_total_km2 = 2.3
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 219
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 174th:Tumakuru
| population_density_km2 = 95
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN CODE]]
| postal_code = 572 146
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0816
| registration_plate = KA-06
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Devarayanadurga''' is a temple town and hill station located in the district of [[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]] in the state of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]]. The rocky hills are surrounded by forest and the hilltops are dotted with several temples including the [[Yoganarasimha Temple, Devarayanadurga|Yoganarasimha]] and the Bhoganarasimha temples.It has an altitude of 1204 metres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Devarayanadurga Temple|url=http://www.karnataka.com/tumkur/devarayanadurga-temple/|access-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629212443/http://www.karnataka.com/tumkur/devarayanadurga-temple/|archive-date=29 June 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

''Devarayanadurga'' translates to "Devaraya's fort" in [[Kannada]]; the town got its current name after the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] ruler [[Chikka Devaraja|Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar]] captured it in one of his victories. The place is thought by many to be haunted.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-21|title=Devarayanadurga{{!}} Devarayanadurga Temples{{!}} Trekking Devarayanadurga|url=https://www.karnataka.com/tumkur/devarayanadurga/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Karnataka.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Location ==
Devarayanadurga is located 15 kilometers (9 mi) from [[Tumakuru]] city and at an altitude of 3,940 feet,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/217834/of-history-spirituality-natural-beauty.html | title=Of history, spirituality & natural beauty | date=9 January 2012 }}</ref> and about 73 kilometres (45 mi) from [[Bengaluru]] city, the capital of [[Karnataka]].

==See also==
[[Namada Chilume]]

==References==
{{commons category|Devarayanadurga}}
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hill stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]

Maval taluka

2024-06-27T04:58:55Z

Saurabh pal: rework citations per standard format after review

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maval taluka
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| native_name =
| image_map = Maval tehsil in Pune district.png
| map_caption = Location of Maval in [[Pune district]] in [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 =
| population_total = 377559
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_urban =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
| total_type = Total
}}
'''Maval taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in Mawal subdivision of [[Pune district]] of state of [[Maharashtra]] in India.

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the taluka comprised 187 villages, a figure that was unchanged from 2001.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311054952/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-11 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |page=10 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part B: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref> There were also three [[census town]]s at that time - [[Vadgaon Maval|Wadagaon]], [[Khadkale]] and [[Kusgaon Budruk]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311054952/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-11 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2725_PART_B_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |page=420 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part B: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref> The census towns had their own governing bodies, whilst the [[gram panchayat]]s which governed the villages numbered 100; there were two villages - [[Ahirvade]] and [[Kamshet, Mawal|Kamshet]] - which had no official governing body.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411165725/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-11 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |page=1202 |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra: District Census Handbook Part A: Pune |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Maval taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|7.12}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|4.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|1.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.89}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.72}}
}}

Maval taluka has a population of 377,559 according to the 2011 census. Maval had a literacy rate of 82.38% and a sex ratio of 902 females per 1000 males. 46,644 (12.35%) are under 7 years of age. 157,775 (41.79%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 9.62% and 7.74% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Pune |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/820/download/2927/DH_2011_2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Maval taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 82.93 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 8.90 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value3 = 1.24 |color3 = maroon
|label4 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value4 = 0.97 |color4 = skyblue
|label5 = [[Kannada]] |value5 = 0.95 |color5 = darkslateblue
|label6 = Others |value6 = 5.01 |color6 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 82.93% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 8.90% [[Hindi]], 1.24% [[Marwari language|Marwari]], 0.97% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and 0.95% [[Kannada]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Talukas in Pune district]]
* [[List of villages in Mawal taluka]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=A Note on the 'Twelve Mavals' of Poona District |first=Ian |last=Raeside |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=12 |issue=3 |year=1978 |pages=393–417 |jstor=312227 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00006211}}

{{Talukas in Pune district}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Pune district]]

Deva Devali

2023-06-10T07:47:50Z

Saurabh pal: Enhanced article with new information

#REDIRECT [[Kartika Purnima]]{{R from misspelling}}