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Vikrant-class aircraft carrier

2026-05-05T17:55:00Z

Saurabh jain:

{{Short description|Planned Indian aircraft carrier class}}
{{For|the decommissioned [[Majestic-class aircraft carrier|''Majestic''-class aircraft carrier]]|INS Vikrant (1961)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}{{italic title|string=Vikrant}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Vikrant (R11) and INS Vikramaditya (R33) during joint exercise (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'']] with air wing.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Vikrant''-class aircraft carrier
| builders = [[Cochin Shipyard Limited]]
| operators = [[File:Naval Ensign of India.svg|20px|left|Indian Navy Ensign]] [[Indian Navy]]
| class_before = {{ship|INS|Vikramaditya|R33|6}}
| class_after = {{ship|INS|Vishal}}
| built_range =
| in_service_range = 2022–present
| in_commission_range =
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned = 2
| total_ships_completed = 1
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 1
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| type = [[Aircraft carrier]]
| displacement = {{cvt|45,000|MT|LT|lk=on}}
| length = {{convert|262|m|ftin}}
| beam = {{convert|62|m|ftin}}
| height =
| draught = {{convert|8.4|m|ftin}}
| draft =
| depth = {{convert|25.6|m|ftin}}
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion = *4{{nbsp}}×{{nbsp}}[[General Electric LM2500]] [[Gas Turbine]] (88 MW)
*2 × [[Elecon Engineering|Elecon]] [[Combined gas and gas|COGAG]] Gearbox<ref>{{Cite web |title=LM2500 Engines To Power India's First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/08/lm2500-engines-to-power-indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/ |website=Naval News |language=en |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129154336/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/08/lm2500-engines-to-power-indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Two shafts
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|30|kn|abbr=on|lk=in}}<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|date=2021-06-25|title=Indigenous Aircraft Carrier, to be named INS Vikrant, is biggest ship made in India|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-named-ins-vikrant-is-biggest-ship-made-in-india/article34970142.ece|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628174202/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-named-ins-vikrant-is-biggest-ship-made-in-india/article34970142.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| range = {{convert|8,000|nmi|km}}<ref name=DN449/>
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 1,400 (including air crew)
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *Elta [[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR]] [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] multifunction radar
*[[Selex ES|Selex]] [[Selex RAN-40L|RAN-40L]] 3D [[L-Band]] Air Surveillance Radar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cochinshipyard.com/uploads/anualreport/973b9f482337cbdec7c3c7761a973555.pdf|title=Annual Report 2019–20|publisher=Cochin Shipyard Ltd|access-date=25 September 2020|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018204756/https://cochinshipyard.com/uploads/anualreport/973b9f482337cbdec7c3c7761a973555.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| EW = *[[DRDO]] Shakti EW suite<ref name="The Hindu" />
*[[Kavach (anti-missile system)|Kavach anti-missile system]]<ref name="theprint01" >{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2022-09-02 |title=Floating airfield — PM Modi commissions INS Vikrant, India's first indigenous aircraft carrier |url=https://theprint.in/defence/floating-airfield-pm-modi-commissions-ins-vikrant-indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/1112678/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204055059/https://theprint.in/defence/floating-airfield-pm-modi-commissions-ins-vikrant-indias-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/1112678/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Maareech ATDS|Maareech Advanced Torpedo Defence System]]<ref name="theprint01" />
| armament = * 2 × 16 [[Vertical launching system|VLS]] [[Barak 8]] surface-to-air missiles
* 3 × [[AK-630]] [[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Aircraft Carriers Under Construction: 2013 |url=http://world-defece-review.blogspot.com/2013/02/list-of-aircraft-carriers-under.html |publisher=World Defense Review |accessdate=17 May 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519090716/http://world-defece-review.blogspot.com/2013/02/list-of-aircraft-carriers-under.html#ixzz2nvBh8WNd |archivedate=19 May 2015 }}</ref>
*5 x [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = *INS ''Vikrant'':<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-08-10/indians-discuss-future-carrier-plans|title=Indians Discuss Future Carrier Plans|work=Aviation International News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813192120/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-08-10/indians-discuss-future-carrier-plans|archivedate=13 August 2012}}</ref>
*36 aircraft:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Nisha |date=2022-08-25 |title=India's indigenous aircraft carrier Vikrant to be commissioned on Sept 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-vikrant-to-be-commissioned-on-sept-2-101661418602860.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051708/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-vikrant-to-be-commissioned-on-sept-2-101661418602860.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Fixed-wing:
**[[MiG-29K]]
**[[HAL Tejas]] (trials)
**[[Rafale M]] (already ordered)<ref name="TH" >{{Cite news |date=2023-07-15 |title=India selects naval version of Rafale: Dassault Aviation |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-selects-naval-version-of-rafale-dassault-aviation/article67083110.ece |access-date=2023-07-15 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715082834/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-selects-naval-version-of-rafale-dassault-aviation/article67083110.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[HAL TEDBF]] (in development)
* Rotary-wing:
** [[Kamov Ka-31]]
** [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk#MH-60R|MH-60R]]
** [[HAL Dhruv]]
| aircraft_facilities = Flight deck area: {{convert|12500|m2|sqft |abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanathan |first=Manoj |date=2022-08-25 |title=Inside Vikrant, India's first indigenous airbase on high seas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Aug/25/inside-vikrant-indias-first-indigenous-airbase-on-high-seas-2491046.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| notes =
}}
}}

The '''''Vikrant'' class''' ({{Lit|Courageous}}) (formerly ''Project 71 Air Defence Ship (ADS)'' or ''Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC)'') is a [[Ship class|class]] of [[aircraft carrier]] being built for the [[Indian Navy]]. The class represents the largest warships and the first aircraft carriers to be designed and built in [[India]].

Preparations for building the lead vessel of the class, {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}, started in 2008, and the keel was laid in February 2009. The carrier was floated out of its [[dry dock]] on 29 December 2011, launched on 12 August 2013 and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 2 September 2022.<ref name=hindu-float>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2758985.ece|title=Navy floats out first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier|work=The Hindu|date=30 December 2011|accessdate=31 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104111832/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2758985.ece|archivedate=4 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="PTICommission">{{cite news|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/13670227_PM-Commissions-INS-Vikrant.html|title=PM Commissions INS Vikrant|publisher=Press Trust of India|date=2 September 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904050713/http://www.ptinews.com/news/13670227_PM-Commissions-INS-Vikrant.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TOILaunch">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-launches-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-INS-Vikrant/articleshow/21774409.cms India launches first indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820063657/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India-launches-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-INS-Vikrant/articleshow/21774409.cms |date=20 August 2016 }} Times of India 12 August 2013</ref> The scale and complexity of the project caused problems which delayed the construction for the carrier. Technical difficulties, the cost of refitting the Soviet-built carrier {{INS|Vikramaditya}}, and billions in cost overruns delayed plans for the first of the vessels to enter service.<ref name="TOI-2023">{{cite news|last1=Pandit|first1=Rajat|title=India without aircraft carrier for 8 months|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-without-aircraft-carrier-for-8-months/articleshow/53407213.cms|website=The Times of India|date=27 July 2016 |accessdate=17 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204174147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-without-aircraft-carrier-for-8-months/articleshow/53407213.cms|archivedate=4 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120728/DEFREG03/307280002/Should-India-Building-Another-Carrier-?odyssey=nav%7Chead|title=Should India Be Building Another Carrier?|work=Defense News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-launched-in-august-ak-antony/391008-3.html|archivedate=2 February 2014}}</ref>

==Background==
In 1989, India announced a plan to replace its ageing British-built [[aircraft carriers]], {{ship|INS|Vikrant|R11|2}} and {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22|2}}, with two new 28,000 ton ''Air Defence Ships'' (ADS) that would operate the [[BAe Sea Harrier]] aircraft. The first vessel was to replace ''Vikrant'', which was set to decommission in early 1997. Construction of the ADS was to start at the [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL) in 1993 after the Indian Naval Design Organisation had translated this design study into a production model. Following the [[1991 India economic crisis|1991 economic crisis]], the plans for construction of the vessels were put on hold indefinitely.

In 1999, then Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]] revived the project and sanctioned the construction of the Project 71 ADS.<ref name="br-iac">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html |title=Indian Aircraft Carrier (Project-71) |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185025/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html |archivedate=17 February 2012 }}</ref> By that time, given the ageing [[Sea Harrier]] fleet, the letter of intent called for a carrier that would carry more modern jet fighters. In 2001, CSL released a graphic illustration showing the 32,000-ton [[STOBAR]] (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) design with a pronounced [[Flight Deck#Ski-jump ramp|ski jump]].<ref>{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ads.htm |title=Air Defense Ship |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=1 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228050344/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ads.htm |archivedate=28 December 2010 }}</ref> The aircraft carrier project finally received formal government approval in January 2003. By then, design updates called for a 37,500 ton carrier to operate the [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG-29K]]. India opted for a three-carrier fleet consisting of one carrier battle group stationed on each seaboard, and a third carrier held in reserve, in order to continuously protect both its flanks, to protect economic interests and mercantile traffic, and to provide humanitarian platforms in times of disasters, since a carrier can provide a self-generating supply of fresh water, medical assistance or engineering expertise to populations in need for assistance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasFutureAircraftCarrierForceandtheNeedforStrategicFlexibility_irehman_010610|title=India's Future Aircraft Carrier Force and the Need for Strategic Flexibility|work=idsa.in|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406065524/http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasFutureAircraftCarrierForceandtheNeedforStrategicFlexibility_irehman_010610|archivedate=6 April 2013}}</ref>

In August 2006, then [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]], [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Arun Prakash]] stated that the designation for the vessel had been changed from Air Defence Ship (ADS) to Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC). The euphemistic ADS had been adopted in planning stages to ward off concerns about a naval build-up. Final revisions to the design increased the displacement of the carriers from 37,500 tons to over 40,000 tons. The length of the ship also increased from {{convert|252|m|ft}} to over {{convert|260|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=48166 |title=Antony lays keel of first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier |publisher=Pib.nic.in |accessdate=1 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114043451/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=48166 |archivedate=14 January 2011 }}</ref>

==Design and description==
[[File:INS Vikrant CGI.png|thumb|A schematic representation of ''Vikrant'''s flight deck.]]INS ''Vikrant'', displaces about {{Convert|40,000|MT|LT|lk=out}}, is {{convert|262|m|ftin}} long and has a tailored air group of up to thirty aircraft. The IAC-I features a [[STOBAR]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2013/08/aicraft-carrier-liaoning-vs-indian-ins-vikrant.html|title=Comparison of Chinese Aircraft Carrier Liaoning and Indian INS Vikrant|publisher=The World Reporter|date=25 August 2013|accessdate=25 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828195035/http://www.theworldreporter.com/2013/08/aicraft-carrier-liaoning-vs-indian-ins-vikrant.html|archivedate=28 August 2013}}</ref> (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) configuration with a [[Ski-jump ramp|ski-jump]]. The deck is designed to enable aircraft such as the MiG-29K to operate from the carrier. It will deploy up to 30 fixed-wing aircraft,<ref name="sp'snavalforces">{{cite web|title=Force Projection and Modernization of Indian Navy|url=http://www.spsnavalforces.com/ebook.asp?Id=140203043725-c916f52beb13022808869dac8e2950ae&Name=sp_s_naval_forces_01_-_2014&Info=SP%27s%20Naval%20Forces%20February%20-%20March%202014&t=1359441862394&r=85&mob=10055951&year=2014|publisher=SP's Naval Forces|accessdate=4 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504171903/http://www.spsnavalforces.com/ebook.asp?Id=140203043725-c916f52beb13022808869dac8e2950ae&Name=sp_s_naval_forces_01_-_2014&Info=SP%27s%20Naval%20Forces%20February%20-%20March%202014&t=1359441862394&r=85&mob=10055951&year=2014|archivedate=4 May 2014}}</ref> primarily the [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]], besides carrying 10 [[Kamov Ka-31]] or [[Westland Sea King]] helicopters. The Ka-31 will fulfill the [[airborne early warning]] (AEW) role and the Sea King will provide [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) capability.<ref name="hindu-keel" /><ref>{{cite news | title=Vikramaditya and Liaoning - forces of the future | author=Rakesh Krishnan Simha | work=Russia & India Report | date=5 December 2012 | accessdate=12 May 2015 | url=http://indrus.in/articles/2012/12/05/vikramaditya_and_liaoning_-_forces_of_the_future_19567.htm | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-launched-in-august-ak-antony/391008-3.html | archivedate=2 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Carrier air group==
[[File:HAL Tejas NP-1 takes-off from the Shore Based Test Facility at INS Hansa, Goa.JPG|thumb|right|Naval variant of Tejas taking-off during test-flight from a shore-based ski-jump facility at [[INS Hansa]], Goa]]

India considered a number of aircraft for operation from its [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']] and the planned indigenous aircraft carrier. India evaluated the Russian [[Sukhoi Su-33]], but chose the lighter [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]] as ''Vikramaditya'' was smaller and lacked an [[aircraft catapult]].<ref name=sp-su33>{{cite news|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/20091013.aspx|title=MiG-29 Shuts Down The Su-33|date=13 October 2009|accessdate=31 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105001550/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/20091013.aspx|archivedate=5 November 2012}}</ref> On 18 January 2010, it was reported that India and Russia were close to signing a deal for 29 MiG-29K fighters to operate from IAC-I.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Russia-to-ink-12-bn-deal-for-29-more-MiG-29Ks/articleshow/5460879.cms | work=The Times of India | first1=Rajat | last1=Pandit | title=India, Russia to ink $1.2 bn deal for 29 more MiG-29Ks | date=18 January 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-launched-in-august-ak-antony/391008-3.html | archive-date=2 February 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In addition, the navy signed a deal for six naval-variants of the [[HAL Tejas]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Sandeep Unnithan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-launched-next-year-navy-chief-62141-2009-12-01 |title=First indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched next year: Navy chief: LATEST HEADLINES: India Today |work=India Today |date=2 December 2009 |access-date=1 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126052127/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/73256/Top%2BStories/First%2Bindigenous%2Baircraft%2Bcarrier%2Bto%2Bbe%2Blaunched%2Bnext%2Byear%3A%2BNavy%2Bchief.html |archive-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref> In June 2012, ''Flight Global'' reported that the Indian Navy was considering the use of [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale M]] (Naval variant) on these carriers.<ref name=FM>{{cite news|title=IAC enters trial as navy eyes Rafale|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/indian-aircraft-carrier-enters-sea-trials-as-navy-eyes-rafale-372925/|accessdate=1 August 2012|newspaper=Flight magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623224451/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/indian-aircraft-carrier-enters-sea-trials-as-navy-eyes-rafale-372925/|archivedate=23 June 2012}}</ref> On 28 April 2025, India signed a defense agreement with France to procure 26 Rafale-M, valued at approximately ₹63,000 crore. This included 22 single-seat jets and 4 twin-seat jets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rafale-Marine: Enhancing India's Naval Strength |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=154353&ModuleId=3 |website=Public Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>

In December 2016, the navy announced that the [[HAL Tejas]] is overweight for carrier operations, and other alternatives will be looked at.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-rejects-Tejas-says-overweight-fighter-does-not-meet-its-requirements/articleshow/55756350.cms|title=Navy rejects Tejas, says 'overweight' fighter does not meet its requirements|work=The Times of India|date=2 December 2016 |accessdate=22 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206075145/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-rejects-Tejas-says-overweight-fighter-does-not-meet-its-requirements/articleshow/55756350.cms|archivedate=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-rules-out-deploying-overweight-tejas-on-aircraft-carriers-4407349/|title=Navy rules out deploying 'overweight' Tejas on aircraft carriers|date=2 December 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=22 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220195429/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-rules-out-deploying-overweight-tejas-on-aircraft-carriers-4407349/|archivedate=20 December 2016}}</ref>

==Construction==

=== INS ''Vikrant'' ===
{{main|INS Vikrant (2013)}}
Amongst the first construction problems experienced was the lack of supply of carrier-grade steel due to the inability of [[Russia]] to supply the [[ABS Steels|AB/A grade steel]]. Finally, the [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]] (DMRL) worked with the [[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL) to create suitable production facilities for the steel in India.<ref name=hindu-float/><ref name=hindu-keel>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092955681400.htm |title=Keel-laying of indigenous aircraft carrier in December |work=The Hindu |date=29 September 2008 |accessdate=1 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725081847/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092955681400.htm |archivedate=25 July 2010 }}</ref> The SAIL Steel Plants of the Steel at [[Bhilai Steel Plant|Bhilai]], [[Rourkela]], [[Durgapur Steel Plant|Durgapur]] and [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]] manufactured 26,000 tonnes of three special steels being used for the hull, flight deck and floor compartments of the carrier.<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikrant's first victory: being built from Indian steel|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ins-vikrant-s-first-victory-being-built-from-indian-steel-113080701287_1.html|accessdate=7 August 2013|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=7 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811162648/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ins-vikrant-s-first-victory-being-built-from-indian-steel-113080701287_1.html|archivedate=11 August 2013}}</ref>

The [[keel]] for ''Vikrant'' was laid by Defence Minister A.K. Antony at the [[Cochin Shipyard]] on 28 February 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090085124 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908225312/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090085124 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |title=India overhauls coastal security, Navy gets charge |publisher=NDTV.com |date=28 February 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20090226/120325539.html |title=India to lay keel of new aircraft carrier on Saturday |agency=RIA Novosti |date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605175227/http://en.rian.ru/world/20090226/120325539.html |archivedate=5 June 2011 }}</ref> The ship uses modular construction, with 874 blocks joined together for the hull. By the time the [[keel]] was laid, 423 blocks weighing over 8,000 tonnes had been completed.<ref name=Herald_Elite_club>{{cite news|title=India joins elite warships club|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar12009/scroll20090301121399.asp| accessdate=15 July 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/69BQxFzE0?url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar12009/scroll20090301121399.asp |archivedate= 15 July 2012|date=1 March 2009}}</ref> The construction plan called for the carrier to be launched in 2010, when it would displace some 20,000 tonnes, as a larger displacement could not be accommodated in the building bay. It was planned that after about a year’s development in the refit dock, the carrier would be launched when all the major components, including underwater systems, would be in place. Outfitting would then be carried out after launch. As per the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS), sea trials were initially planned to commence in 2013, with the ship to be commissioned in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sandeep Unnithan |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29613&sectionid=4&issueid=93&Itemid=1 |title=Keel laying of indigenous aircraft carrier next week |work=India Today |date=18 February 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727031555/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29613&sectionid=4&issueid=93&Itemid=1 |archivedate=27 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_indigenous-aircraft-carrier-s-nucleus-ready_1448720 |title=Indigenous Aircraft Carrier's nucleus ready - India - DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=7 October 2010 |accessdate=1 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210144906/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_indigenous-aircraft-carrier-s-nucleus-ready_1448720 |archivedate=10 February 2011 }}</ref>

In March 2011, it was reported that the project had been affected by the delay in delivery of the huge main gearboxes for the carrier. The supplier, Elecon Engineering, had to work around a number of technical complexities due to the length of the propulsion shafts.<ref name=hindu-schedule>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1530996.ece|title=Indigenous aircraft carrier a year behind schedule|work=The Hindu|date=12 March 2011|accessdate=31 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214055340/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1530996.ece|archivedate=14 December 2013}}</ref> Other issues resulting in delays included an accident with a diesel generator and an issue with its alignment.<ref name=hindu-arihant>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2681534.ece|title=INS Arihant on track|work=The Hindu|date=3 December 2011|accessdate=31 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214055336/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2681534.ece|archivedate=14 December 2013}}</ref> In August 2011, the defence ministry reported to the [[Lok Sabha]] that 75% of the construction work for the hull of the lead carrier had been completed and the carrier would be first launched in December 2011, following which further works would be completed until commissioning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-launch-this-dec_723865.html|title=Indigenous aircraft carrier launch this Dec|work=Zee News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609184600/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-launch-this-dec_723865.html|archivedate=9 June 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-completed-by-dec-govt/773900.html First indigenous aircraft carrier to be completed by Dec: Govt, IBN Live News] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107013318/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-completed-by-dec-govt/773900.html |date=7 November 2012 }}</ref> On 29 December 2011, the completed hull of the carrier was first floated out of its dry dock at CSL, with its displacement at over 14,000 tonnes.<ref name="bs-gears">{{cite news |date=26 December 2011 |title=Elecon to supply gears for India's first aircraft carrier |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/elecon-to-supply-gears-for-indias-first-aircraft-carrier/459654/ |accessdate=5 January 2012 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Interior works and fittings on the hull would be carried out until the second half of 2012, when it would again be dry-docked for integration with its propulsion and power generation systems.<ref name=DN449>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/449/india-floats-out-its-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-from-cochin.html|title=India Floats out Its First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 'INS Vikrant' From Cochin|work=defencenow.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213103829/http://www.defencenow.com/news/449/india-floats-out-its-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-from-cochin.html|archivedate=13 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=hindu-float/>

[[File:ഐ.എൻ.എസ്. വിക്രാന്ത് കൊച്ചി കപ്പൽ ശാലയിൽ ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2013.jpg|thumbnail|INS ''Vikrant'' during its launch in August 2013]]In July 2012, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that construction of ''Vikrant'' has been delayed by 3 years, and the ship would be ready for commissioning by 2017. Then again in November 2012, ''[[NDTV]]'' reported that cost of the aircraft carrier had increased and the delivery has been delayed by at least five years and is expected to be with the Indian Navy only after 2018 as against the scheduled date of delivery of 2014.<ref name="Ndtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-aircraft-carrier-more-costly-already-delayed-294997|title=Indian aircraft carrier: More costly, already delayed|author=Sudhi Ranjan Sen|date=20 November 2012|work=NDTV.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709004118/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-aircraft-carrier-more-costly-already-delayed-294997|archivedate=9 July 2014}}</ref> Work has begun for next stage which includes installation of the integrated propulsion system. Italian defence company [[Avio]] is installing the integrated platform management system (IPMS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/indian-carrier-sails-from-russia-for-final-sea-trials-48281/ |title=Indian Carrier Sails from Russia for Final Sea Trials |date=8 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234408/http://www.defencetalk.com/indian-carrier-sails-from-russia-for-final-sea-trials-48281/ |archivedate=3 March 2016 }}</ref>[[File:INS Vikrant being undocked at the Cochin Shipyard Limited in 2015 (08).jpg|thumb|INS ''Vikrant'' during its undocking in June 2015|left]]In July 2013, Defence Minister A K Antony announced that ''Vikrant'' would be launched on 12 August at the Cochin Shipyard. After its launch, ''Vikrant'' would be re-docked for completion of rest of the work including the flight deck. According to Vice Admiral Robin Dhowan, about 83% of the fabrication work and 75% of the construction work has been completed. He said that 90% of the body work of the aircraft carrier had been designed and made in India, about 50% of the propulsion system, and about 30% of the fighting capability of the carrier was Indian. He also said that the ship will be equipped with a long range missile system with multi-function radar and a [[close-in weapon system]] (CIWS). The ship was launched by Elizabeth Antony, wife of [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[A K Antony]] on 12 August 2013.<ref name="TIE2020" />

In July 2016, the Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG) published a 2014 project plan, supplied by the [[Cochin Shipyard]], that shows an expected completion date in 2023, though the Navy hopes to partially commission the ship before this date.<ref name="TOI-2023" />

The carrier is powered by four [[General Electric LM2500]] gas turbines on two shafts, generating over 80MW of power. The gearboxes for the carriers were designed and supplied by [[Elecon Engineering]].<ref name="hindu-float" /><ref name="bs-gears" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Vikramaditya and Liaoning - forces of the future |url=http://indrus.in/articles/2012/12/05/vikramaditya_and_liaoning_-_forces_of_the_future_19567.html |accessdate=5 August 2012 |publisher=IndRus}}</ref>

=== Repeat order (IAC-II) ===
In December 2022, it was first reported that the Indian Navy is planning for a repeat order of INS ''Vikrant'' before immediately going for {{INS|Vishal}} due to budgetary constraints and the satisfactory performance of newly commissioned ''Vikrant''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-04 |title=Superior aircraft carrier put on hold, Indian Navy looks at repeat order of INS Vikrant |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/superior-aircraft-carrier-on-hold-indian-navy-looks-at-repeat-order-of-ins-vikrant-2305123-2022-12-04 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2023-10-16 |title=Navy plans for 3rd aircraft carrier on course |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Oct/16/navy-plans-for-3rd-aircraft-carrier-on-course-2624350.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

By November 2023, a ₹400 billion worth proposal for the new carrier, with an improved design,<ref name=":0" /> was on track to be approved by the Defense Acquisition Council — the country's top defense decision-making body chaired by [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]], [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2023 |title=India to add $5 billion aircraft carrier to fleet to counter China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-add-5-billion-aircraft-carrier-to-fleet-to-counter-china/articleshow/105568818.cms |access-date=28 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Sudhi Ranjan |date=28 November 2023 |title=India to Add $5 Billion Aircraft Carrier to Fleet to Counter China |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-28/india-said-to-add-5-billion-aircraft-carrier-to-counter-china |access-date=30 December 2023 |publisher=Bloomberg News}}</ref> It was expected that {{INS|Vikramaditya}} will reach its end of operational lifetime when IAC-II could be commissioned allowing the Navy to maintain a fleet of two aircraft carriers.<ref name=":0" />

The new carrier, which can hold at least 28 [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jets]] and helicopters, will displace 45,000 tons. The ship, provisionally called IAC-II,<ref name=":0" /> would initially employ the [[Dassault Rafale|French Rafale]], which will be replaced by [[HAL TEDBF]] fighters in the 2030s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kaylan |date=28 November 2023 |title=Indian Navy's proposal on second indigenous aircraft carrier cleared by Defence Procurement Board |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-navys-proposal-on-second-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-cleared-by-defence-procurement-board-2788167 |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

As of March 2024, Indian Navy has been submitted the proposal to acquire another aircraft carrier to [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. It will have an increased indigenous content than INS ''Vikrant'' (IAC-1). The major components which will be indigenised includes arresting gear system (so far acquired from [[Shipbuilding in Russia#Western region (center in St. Petersburg)|Proletarsky Zavod]]), restraining gear used to launch aircraft and [[precision approach radar]]. Such radars for the aircraft carriers will face an import ban from 2031 under Positive Indigenisation List of the defence ministry. Three units of each of these equipment will be ordered to replace their foreign counterparts in the existing carriers. Their development will be completed by 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=9 October 2023 |title=India Closer to Procuring Third Aircraft Carrier, More MPA |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/10/india-closer-to-procuring-third-aircraft-carrier-more-mpa/ |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy proposes 2nd Aircraft Carrier to bolster self-reliance in defence |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indian-navy-proposes-2nd-aircraft-carrier-to-bolster-self-reliance-in-defence/ |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref>

On 3 February 2025, IAC-II was being seen as a replacement for ''Vikramaditya''. The latter has a remainder of 10–12 years of operational life which is also the timeline required to commission an aircraft carrier from project sanction to commissioning. This implied the intent of the Navy to maintain a fleet centred on two aircraft carriers.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-02-03 |title=US firm replaces Indian Navy's crashed drone |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/usfirm-replaces-indian-navy-s-crashed-drone-101738521095761.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-02 |title=Navy Gets Replacement For MQ-9B Drone That Crashed In September |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/navy-gets-replacement-for-mq-9b-drone-that-crashed-in-september-enn25020204351 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-02-03 |title=Indian Navy drops plans of third aircraft carrier, second IAC will replace Vikramaditya |url=https://theprint.in/defence/indian-navy-drops-plans-of-third-aircraft-carrier-second-iac-will-replace-vikramaditya/2477397/?amp |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Ships of the class==

{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2" style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse;"
|- style="background:#069; color:white;"
! Name
! Pennant
! Tonnage
! Laid down
! Launched
! Sea trials
! Commissioning
!Homeport
! Status
|-
|''[[INS Vikrant (2013)|Vikrant]]''
|R11
|45,000
|28 February 2009
|12 August 2013<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-launched-in-august-ak-antony/391008-3.html |title=Indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched in August: AK Antony |publisher=CNN-IBN |accessdate=18 November 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-launched-in-august-ak-antony/391008-3.html |archivedate=2 February 2014 }}</ref>
|2019 <ref name="TIE2020">{{cite news|title=Hopeful of getting INS Vikrant by 2020, says Navy chief|agency=Express News Service|work=The Indian Express|date=1 June 2017}}</ref>
|2 September 2022<ref name="PTICommission"/>
|[[INS Kadamba|Karwar]]
|In active service
|-
|IAC-2
|TBD
|45,000
|TBD
|TBD
|TBD
|TBD
|TBD
|Proposed
|}

==See also==
* [[List of aircraft carriers by country#India|List of aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy]]
* [[Chinese aircraft carrier Shandong]] (indigenous Chinese STOBAR carrier)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/making-of-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/0/ Making of Indigenous Aircraft Carrier], ''Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991-2000'', Vice Adm (Retd) [[Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani|G M Hiranandani]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185025/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html ''Vikrant''-class aircraft carrier Bharat Rakshak]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ads.htm History as Air Defense Ship on Global Security]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/r-vikrant-2.htm Global Security]

===Videos===
* [http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/86556/india-set-to-launch-its-very-own-aircraft-carrier.html India set to launch its very own aircraft carrier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929021708/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/86556/india-set-to-launch-its-very-own-aircraft-carrier.html |date=29 September 2012 }}
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videoshow/4212733.cms Video animation of the first ''Vikrant''-class aircraft carrier]

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Aircraft carrier classes in service|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikrant Class Aircraft Carrier}}
[[Category:Aircraft carrier classes]]
[[Category:Aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2015]]

1994 Kupwara massacre

2026-04-23T14:06:01Z

Saurabh jain: Made New Pg First Draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = kupwara massacre
| location = [[kupwara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| date = 27 January 1994
| partof = [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| target = [[Civilians]]
| type = [[Mass shooting]]
| fatalities = 27 killed
| injuries = 38 wounded
| perpetrators = {{flagdeco|India}} [[Indian Army]]
}}

'''Kupwara massacre''' refers to the killing of 27 civilians, including three policemen, by the [[Indian Army]] in [[Kupwara]] town, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], on 27 January 1994. The incident occurred a day after the local population observed a [[Strike action|strike]] on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]. The massacre is considered one of the darkest days in the history of Kupwara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2018-01-27 |title=How investigation into 27 Jan 1994 Kupwara massacre was scuttled |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/how-investigation-into-27-jan-1994-kupwara-massacre-was-scuttled/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-06-06 |title=Kupwara shuts to remember Jan 27 1994 massacre victims Lastupdate:- Mon, 28 Jan 2013 18:30:00 GMT GreaterKashmir.com |url=http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jan/28/kupwara-shuts-to-remember-jan-27-1994-massacre-victims-74.asp |access-date=2024-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606222909/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jan/28/kupwara-shuts-to-remember-jan-27-1994-massacre-victims-74.asp |archive-date=6 June 2013 }}</ref>

==Background==
On 25 January, the [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]], part of the [[Indian Army]], warned locals against observing a strike on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day (26 January)]] and threatened dire consequences. Defying the warning, the people of Kupwara observed a complete shutdown on January 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-28 |title=Kupwara Massacre 1994: A day after R-day, 27 civilians were killed in Army firing - Rising Kashmir. Latest News, Breaking News From Kashmir's very own English Daily. |url=https://risingkashmir.com/kupwara-massacre-1994-a-day-after-r-day-27-civilians-were-killed-in-army-firing/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228062841/https://risingkashmir.com/kupwara-massacre-1994-a-day-after-r-day-27-civilians-were-killed-in-army-firing/ |archive-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref>

==The Massacre==
At approximately 11:00 AM on 27 January 1994, as shopkeepers were beginning to open their businesses, soldiers posted on Road Opening Party (ROP) duty, including personnel from the [[3 Medium Regiment (India)|31 Medium Regiment]], opened fire from all the directions. Among the dead were traders, government employees, police personnel, and civilians. Witnesses described horrifying scenes of bloodshed and chaos. A forest guard, Ghulam Muhammad Mir, was killed after being mistaken for a policeman due to his khaki uniform. Survivors reported that soldiers prevented anyone from assisting the injured, even as some victims succumbed to their injuries in front of their loved ones. Another survivor noted that the soldiers appeared to be avenging the Republic Day strike and deliberately targeted civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-06 |title=Kupwara shuts to remember Jan 27 1994 massacre victims Lastupdate:- Mon, 28 Jan 2013 18:30:00 GMT GreaterKashmir.com |url=http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jan/28/kupwara-shuts-to-remember-jan-27-1994-massacre-victims-74.asp |access-date=2024-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606222909/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Jan/28/kupwara-shuts-to-remember-jan-27-1994-massacre-victims-74.asp |archive-date=6 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kupwara Massacre 1994 |url=https://www.kljp.org/articles/kupwara-massacre-1994 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=www.kljp.org}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
After the massacre, local police registered FIR No. 19/94 under sections of the [[Ranbir Penal Code|Ranbir Penal Code (RPC)]], including charges of murder (302) and attempted murder (307). The Criminal Investigation Department (CID) confirmed that the firing was unprovoked and unjustified, but the Indian Army refused to cooperate with the investigation. The case was closed in 1997 without any charges filed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2018-01-27 |title=How investigation into 27 Jan 1994 Kupwara massacre was scuttled |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/how-investigation-into-27-jan-1994-kupwara-massacre-was-scuttled/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2012, the CID informed the [[State Human Rights Commission Tamil Nadu|State Human Rights Commission (SHRC)]] that the [[3 Medium Regiment (India)|31 Medium Regiment]], under 2nd Lieutenant Colonel S. Bakhshi, was responsible for the killings. However, the Indian Army invoked the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) to block prosecution<ref>{{citation |author=Amnesty International |title=The Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir |publisher=Amnesty International |year=1995 |url=https://www.amnesty.org |quote=Amnesty International reported on the Kupwara massacre, describing the unprovoked firing by the Indian Army, resulting in the deaths of 27 individuals, with no accountability for those responsible.}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[1993 Bijbehara massacre]]
*[[1990 Gawkadal massacre]]
*[[1990 Handwara massacre]]
*[[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[1993 Sopore massacre]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord|34.526|74.255|type:event_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kupwara massacre, 1994}}
[[Category:Kupwara district|Massacre, 1994]]
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:1994 murders in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1994]]
[[Category:January 1994 in India]]
[[Category:January 1994 crimes]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims]]

Romulus Whitaker

2026-04-21T17:42:19Z

Saurabh jain: Created post

{{Short description|American-born Indian herpetologist}}
{{For|the New Zealand herpetologist|Anthony Whitaker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Romulus Whitaker
| image = Mr._Romulus_Whitaker.JPG
| image_upright =
| caption = Whitaker in 2013
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Romulus Earl Whitaker
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|05|23}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], United States
| citizenship = United States (former) India
|education=BSc (wildlife management)
|alma_mater=[[Pacific Western University]]
|occupation=[[Herpetologist]], [[wildlife conservation|Conservationist]]
|employer=
|known_for=Wildlife film-making, Herpetology, [[Rolex Awards for Enterprise|Rolex Award]]
| spouse = Zahida "Zai" Whitaker {{nee|[[Tyabji family|Futehally]]}} (m. 1974; divorced) Janaki Lenin
| relatives = [[Zafar Futehally]] (father-in-law)
| family = [[Tyabji family]] (through Zai)
}}
''' Romulus Earl Whitaker''' (born 23 May 1943) is an American-born Indian [[herpetology|herpetologist]], [[wildlife conservation]]ist, who founded the [[Madras Snake Park]], co-founded the [[Andaman and Nicobar Environment Trust]] (ANET), and the [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]]. In 1984, he was selected by the [[Rolex Awards for Enterprise]] as an associate laureate for his work in establishing the Irula snake-catchers cooperative. In 2008, he was selected again for his efforts to create a network of [[rainforest]] research stations throughout India.<ref name="Dickie">{{cite web |url=http://rolexawards.com/en/the-laureates/romuluswhitaker-the-project.jsp |title=Romulus Whitaker, Unconventional conservationist |last=Dickie
|first=Phil |year=2008 |work=The Rolex Awards for Enterprise |publisher=The Rolex Institute |access-date=29 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213232031/http://rolexawards.com/en/the-laureates/romuluswhitaker-the-project.jsp |archive-date=13 February 2009}}</ref> In 2005, he won a [[Whitley Awards (UK)|Whitley Award]] for outstanding leadership in nature conservation. He used this award to found the [[Agumbe#Rainforest research station|Agumbe Rainforest Research Station]] in [[Karnataka]], for the study of [[king cobra]]s and their habitat. For his work in wildlife conservation, he received the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2018 by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2018 |title=Minutes of CSG Steering Committee Meeting, Santa Fe, Argentina, 6 May 2018: 3.5. Zoos |journal=CSG Steering Committee Meetings |author=Crocodile Specialist Group |issue=2018 |page=10 |url=http://www.iucncsg.org/365_docs/attachments/protarea/63f5094d55e6caf77c34e6a6131efa10.pdf}}</ref>

==Background and personal life==
Whitaker (known as "Rom") was born in [[New York City]], United States, to an American couple. His mother, Doris Norden, was an artist, and his father served in the United States Army. He has one older sister, Gail (b. 1939). After his parents divorced, his mother (who had custody of her children) married Rama Chattopadhyay, son of [[Harindranath Chattopadhyaya|Harindranath]] and [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]].<ref name="Meet Rom Whitaker">{{cite web |title=Meet Rom Whitaker |url=https://www.sanctuaryasia.com/people/interviews/1590-meet-rom-whitaker.html |website=www.sanctuaryasia.com |access-date=18 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The family, including Rom and Gail, initially settled in New York City. In 1951, after the birth of Rom's half-sister Nina, they all moved to Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]). Rom's stepfather, Rama Chattopadhyay, was a pioneer in color film processing; he established India's first colour motion-picture processing lab in [[Worli]], Mumbai. Rom's half-brother Neelkanth was born in Mumbai in 1953.

Rom continued his education (begun in New York City) at the [[Kodaikanal International School]] (class of 1960). He studied briefly at the [[University of Wyoming]]. He served briefly in the Merchant Navy and worked from 1963 to 1965 at the [[Bill Haast#The Serpentarium|Miami Serpentarium]] with [[Bill Haast]], whom he affectionately calls "guru".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitaker |first1=Romulus |title=Snakes, drugs and rock 'n' roll |last2=Lenin |first2=Janaki |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2024 |pages=288–307}}</ref> During the early Vietnam era, as an American citizen of the correct age, he was drafted into the U.S. Army, where he trained and served as a medic on a military base hospital in Texas and later Japan.{{sfn|Whitaker|Lenin|2024|p=322-331}} He returned to India aboard the Greek freighter ''Hellenic Leader'' in 1967, and he has lived here ever since.{{sfn|Whitaker|Lenin|2024|p=343-357}} He is now a naturalized Indian citizen.

In 1974, Whitaker married Zai Whitaker, and the couple had two sons, Nikhil and Samir.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alvares |first1=Rahul |title=Free from School |date=2005 |publisher=1st World Publishing |isbn=978-1-4218-0180-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k99SOoVxlMoC&q=Romulus+Whitaker+son+samir&pg=PA94 |access-date=8 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> However, the marriage failed, and the couple were divorced. He later married again and lives with Indian writer Janaki Lenin on the outskirts of Mysore.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/there-are-no-other-books-like-my-husband-and-other-animals-in-the-indian-market-janaki-lenin_5935.html | title=There are no other books like 'My husband and other animals' in the Indian market: Janaki Lenin | publisher=Zee News | date=25 December 2012 | access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Theres-never-a-dull-moment-in-life-Janki-Lenin/articleshow/18219541.cms | title=There's never a dull moment in life: Janaki Lenin | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 February 2013 | access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref>

In 1986, well into his 40s, Whitaker earned a [[B.Sc.]] in [[wildlife management]] from [[Pacific Western University]]. This was merely a by-product of his lifelong passion for wildlife, especially of the reptilian variety. He is also a licensed amateur radio operator, holding an Indian callsign, VU2WIT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qrz.com/db/VU2WIT|title = VU2WIT Callsign Page}}</ref>

==Work in India==
[[File:Gharial and Turtle at the Crocodile Bank - Mamallapuram - India.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Gharial]] and turtles at the Crocodile Bank]]
Whitaker was the founding director of the Snake Park in [[Chennai]]. The park was conceived to educate the public and to help the [[Irulas|Irula]] tribe, who are known for their expertise in tracking and catching snakes. The [[tribals]] had been left jobless after the Wildlife Act of 1972, which banned trade in snakeskins. Whitaker helped the Irula tribe to get involved in extracting [[snake venom]] used for the production of [[antivenom]] drugs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitaker |first=Romulus |last2=Andrews |first2=Harry V. |date=1995 |title=The Irula Co-operative Venom Centre, India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0030605300021001/type/journal_article |journal=Oryx |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300021001 |issn=0030-6053}}</ref> Rom was a co-founder of the [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] Centre for Herpetology, actively involved in crocodile breeding and conservation programs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iqbal |first=Sarah |date=2018 |title=Romulus Whitaker |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26978349 |journal=Current Science |volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=1028–1030 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref><ref name="COL">{{cite news |url= http://archives.chennaionline.com/science/Environment/romulus.asp |title= Romulus Whitaker - His Story |last= Raghavan, T. L. |year=2009 |work= Environment |publisher= Chennai Online |access-date=29 January 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081214182945/http://archives.chennaionline.com/science/Environment/romulus.asp |archive-date = 14 December 2008 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all}}</ref>

Whitaker coordinated an effort to save the [[gharial]], a [[critically endangered species]] of [[Crocodilia]]n, with less than 250 individuals left in 1970, with numbers now over 3,000.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7755393.stm |title=Mystery of crocs' mass die-off |date=2008 |work=Science and Environment |publisher=[[BBC]] News |access-date=29 January 2009}}</ref>
[[File:King Cobra agumbe.jpg|left|thumb|250px|King Cobra at Agumbe Rainforest Research Station]]
On 27 December 2010, the Minister for Environment and Forests, [[Jairam Ramesh]], during a visit with Rom at the Madras Crocodile Bank, announced the formation of a National Tri-State Chambal Sanctuary Management and Coordination Committee for gharial conservation on {{ Convert | 1,600 | km2 }} of the [[Chambal River#National Chambal Sanctuary|National Chambal Sanctuary]] for gharials along the [[Chambal River]] in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. The committee will comprise representatives of the states' water resources ministries, state departments of irrigation and power, [[Wildlife Institute of India]], [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]], the Gharial Conservation Alliance, Development Alternatives, [[Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment]], [[Worldwide Fund for Nature]], and the divisional forest officers of the three states. The committee will plan strategies for the protection of gharials and their habitat. This will involve further research on the species and its ecology, and socioeconomic evaluation of dependent riparian communities. Funding for this new initiative will be mobilized as a subscheme of the Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats in the amount of Rs.50 to 80 million (US$1 to 1.7 million) each year for five years. This project has long been advocated by Rom Whitaker.
<ref name="Lenin">{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=152136454836182 |title=New Government of India initiative for gharial conservation |last=Lenin
|first=Janaki |date=2010 |work=Janaki Lenin's Facebook Notes |publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank, Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name=sanctuary>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/article995890.ece |title=A sanctuary coming up for Ghariyals|last=Oppilli, P. |date=2010 |work=S & T, Energy & Environment |publisher=The Hindu, Chennai |access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref>

==Professional affiliations==
Whitaker is a member of the advisory committee and the editorial board of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]], and advisor to the Irula Tribal Women's’ Welfare Society. He co-founded the Palni Hills Conservation Council. He is chief technical advisor of Irula Snake Catchers’ Industrial Cooperative Society and convenor of the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]], Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chapter.<ref name="ROM"/> He is a member of the [[IUCN Species Survival Commission|International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission]] (IUCN/SSC) - Snake Specialist Group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=https://www.iucnsnake.org/members |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Iucn Snake Specialis |language=en}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
In 1989, Whitaker produced and directed the Tamil feature film ''The Boy and the Crocodile'' (''Dost Magarmacch'') for the Children's Film Society of India which won the Silver Elephant Award at the 6th International Children's Film Festival, New Delhi and the UNICEF Best Feature Film Award.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2017 |title=Dost Magarmach screened at Tribal Museum |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/dost-magarmach-screened-at-tribal-museum.html}}</ref>

He was a co-producer of the 1996, 53-minute, Super 16-mm wildlife documentary, ''King Cobra'', made for the [[National Geographic Channel]] Explorer program. This film on the natural history of the king cobra, the largest venomous snake in the world, received the [[Emmy Award]] for Outstanding News and Documentary Program Achievement, 1998. It also received Best Photography Award, Progetto Natura 8th Stambecco d'Oro Nature Film Festival, Turin, 1997; it was nominated for Best Cinematography, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival 1997; Emmy Nomination for Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft-Cinematographers and News and Documentary, 1998, and Best Animal Behaviour, Wildscreen Film Festival 1998.

In February 2007, he was the subject of a critically acclaimed documentary produced by [[Icon Films]] and [[WNET]] (and broadcast as ''Supersize Crocs'' on [[PBS]]'s ''[[Nature (TV series)|Nature]]'' series) on oversized crocodiles, which was filmed in India, [[Ethiopia]], and [[Australia]].

In 2008 he was in the BBC Natural World documentary ''Crocodile Blues'', on the mixed fortunes of the gharial. In January 2009, Whitaker was in another ''Nature'' documentary, ''The Dragon Chronicles'', on real-life reptiles, such as [[Komodo dragons]] and flying lizards that inspired tales of [[dragons]].

In February 2011, Icon Films and [[BBC]] ''Natural World'' followed Whitaker during his ongoing research into the causes and prevention of snake bites in India and produced the film ''One Million Snakebites''. In 2013 he did an episode on leopards, ''Leopards: 21st Century Cats'', in the same series.<ref>{{Citation |title=Leopards: 21st Century Cats |work=Natural World |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8656840/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |others=Rom Whitaker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wollaston |first=Sam |date=2013-05-18 |title=TV review: Leopards: 21st Century Cats |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/may/18/leopards-21-century-cats-review |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

He has authored several scientific articles and popular books on reptiles, especially on snakes, including the comprehensive field guide, titled ''Snakes of India - The Field Guide'' in 2004.
<ref>Whitaker, Romulus; [[Ashok Captain|Captain, Ashok]] (2004). [http://tucsonherpsociety.org/Villa%202005_18(4)42.pdf ''Snakes of India: The Field Guide''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134034/http://tucsonherpsociety.org/Villa%202005_18(4)42.pdf |date=28 July 2011 }} Chennai: Draco Books.</ref> on the [[List of snakes of South Asia|snakes of India]].<ref name="ROM">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.seedwiki.com/wiki/wildlife_central/romulus_whitaker
|title=Earl Whitaker
|work=Resume
|publisher=Wildlife Central
|access-date=29 January 2009}}
</ref><ref name="KIS">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.kis.in/people/alumni/pdfs/KIS%20Alumni%20Profile%20-%20Romulus%20Whitaker%20(Class%20of%201960).pdf
|title=Alumni Profile: Romulus "Rom" Whitaker (Class of 1960)
|date=August 2008
|work=KIS Alumni Newsletter
|publisher=KIS Alumni Association
|access-date=29 January 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124095601/http://kis.in/people/alumni/pdfs/KIS%20Alumni%20Profile%20-%20Romulus%20Whitaker%20%28Class%20of%201960%29.pdf
|archive-date=24 November 2010 }}
</ref> The first of a three part autobiography was published in 2024 titled S''nakes, Drugs and Rock'' ''<nowiki/>'n' Roll.''

In 2018, he received the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian awards in India for distinguish services in wildlife conservation.<ref name="6 Padma awardees">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/6-padma-awardees-are-pride-and-joy-of-tamil-nadu/articleshow/62658549.cms | title=6 Padma awardees are pride and joy of Tamil Nadu | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 January 2018 | access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>

==Honors, awards, and other recognitions==
* Whitley Award (considered as top U.K. conservation prize) in 2005 for his work.<ref>{{cite web|title=King Cobra Research Station, Western Ghats, India|url=https://whitleyaward.org/winners/king-cobra-research-station-india/|website=whitleyaward|date=31 December 2004|publisher=Whitley Fund for Nature|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref>
* The Peter Scott Award for Conservation Merit in 1988.
* Order of the Golden Ark, Netherlands in 1985
* Salim Ali Award in 2010
* Associate laureate in Rolex Awards in 1984 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=romulus whitaker|url=http://www.rolexawards.com/profiles/associate_laureates/romulus_whitaker|website=rolex awards|publisher=Rolex Awards for Enterprise|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref>
* A species of Indian boa, ''[[Eryx whitakeri]]'', and a gecko ''[[Hemidactylus whitakeri]]'' are named in his honour<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Whitaker, R.", p. 284).</ref>
* Romulus Whitaker was awarded the Padma Shri (the fourth-highest civilian award) by the government of India for his work done in the field of wildlife conservation in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2018|title=Chennai: Padma Shri for Whitaker gladdens ecologists' hearts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/260118/chennai-padma-shri-for-whitaker-gladdens-ecologists-hearts.html|access-date=31 January 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External sources==
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1170/is_n6_v24/ai_16364232 I married a croc man - Romulus Whitaker] Whitaker, Zai. Dec 1994. National Wildlife Federation
*[http://www.agumberainforest.com Agumbe Rainforest Research Station (ARRS) Web Portal]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Whitaker, Romulus}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:American emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]
[[Category:Indian herpetologists]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Indian people of American descent]]
[[Category:20th-century American zoologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kodaikanal International School alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from New York City]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Former United States citizens]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Natural History Society]]
[[Category:Tyabji family]]

Bahadurpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:38Z

Saurabh jain: Made Initial Pg Needs Work

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bahadurpur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 85-Bahadurpur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Madan Sahni]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = 85 [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 310,848
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Madan Sahani.jpg
| abolished = 
}}

'''Bahadurpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Darbhanga district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 85 Bahadurpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Bahadurpur and Hanuman Nagar [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Bahadurpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 14 [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Bahadurpur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/bahadurpur.htmll|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Madan Sahni]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Bhola Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Madan Sahni]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Bahadurpur<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Madan Sahni]]
|votes = {{formatnum:96300}}
|percentage = 45.24
|change = +6.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Bhola Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:84289}}
|percentage = 39.6
|change = +2.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Chatur Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:6312}}
|percentage = 2.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Amir Haider
|votes = {{formatnum:5579}}
|percentage = 2.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pranay Prabhakar Alias Rahul Jee
|votes = {{formatnum:2759}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vinai Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2379}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Gulam Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:2320}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1993}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change = -1.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12011}}
|percentage = 5.64
|change = +4.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:212863}}
|percentage = 70.52
|change = +11.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Bahadurpur<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Madan Sahni]]
|votes = {{formatnum:68538}}
|percentage = 38.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Ramesh Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:65909}}
|percentage = 37.03
|change = -8.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Devendra Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:16873}}
|percentage = 9.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Binay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4938}}
|percentage = 2.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Baldeo Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3570}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Sablog Party
|candidate = Vikram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2443}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Sahani
|votes = {{formatnum:2288}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party
|candidate = Ram Prabhanjan Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:1699}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3873}}
|percentage = 2.18
|change = -0.97
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2629}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change = -9.44
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178011}}
|percentage = 59.34
|change = +1.42
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Bahadurpur<ref name="election2015">[https://ceobihar.nic.in/PDF/Stat_Assem_GE_Bihar_2015.pdf Bihar Assembly Election 2015]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhola Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:71547}}
|percentage = 45.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Hari Sahni]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:54558}}
|percentage = 35.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Shyam Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:5595}}
|percentage = 3.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Rajiv Kumar Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3529}}
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Baidyanath Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3519}}
|percentage = 2.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arun Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:2950}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:1953}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4910}}
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16989}}
|percentage = 10.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155714}}
|percentage = 57.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

{{coord|26|06|06|N|85|53|54|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Shara, Ladakh

2026-04-12T14:18:16Z

Saurabh jain: new - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.7766608|N|78.0715562|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kharoo|Kharu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leh.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/village/|title=Villages | District Leh, Union Territory of Ladakh | India}}</ref>
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 5117
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 290
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 878
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shara''' is a village in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], located in the Indian administered part of the [[Kashmir conflict|disputed]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council|accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref> It is located in the [[Kharoo|Kharu]] [[tehsil]].

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Shara has 57 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 75.38%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 290 || 134 || 156
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 26 || 14 || 12
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 290 || 134 || 156
|-
| Literates || 199 || 108 || 91
|-
| Workers (all) || 152 || 72 || 80
|-
| Main workers (total) || 46 || 31 || 15
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 43 || 29 || 14
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 106 || 41 || 65
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 89 || 33 || 56
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 15 || 6 || 9
|-
| Non-workers || 138 || 62 || 76
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kharu tehsil]]

Chuar Rebellion

2026-03-29T16:01:43Z

Saurabh jain:

{{Short description|1767-1833 peasant rebellion}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Revolution
| name =
| partof = [[Indian independence movement]]
| subtitle =
| image = Southwest Bengal, 1776, by Rennell.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = [[Estate (land)|Estate]] on [[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map.
| scope =
| type =
| place = [[Dhalbhum |Dhalbhum Estate]], [[Midnapore district]], [[Manbhum District]] & [[Bishnupur Estate]] in [[British India]] (present-day [[West Bengal]] & [[Jharkhand]] in [[India]])
| location2 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|86|31|E|display=title,inline|type:adm2nd_region:IN-WB}}
| coordinates2 = 
| map_type = India
| map_size =
| map_caption = Location of the rebellion
| map_label = Dhalbhum, Bishnupur, Midnapore & Manbhum
| map_label2 = 
| goals = [[Self-governance]]
| target =
| date = 1766–1834 (68 years)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacherje |first1=S. B. |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |date=1 May 2009 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-4074-7 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=1766&pg=SL1-PA97 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Book Chronicle |date=1997 |publisher=Vivek Trust |pages=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FtXAAAAMAAJ&q=Chuar+bhumij+revolt |language=en}}</ref>
| time =
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone =
| result = Surrendered and [[Estate (land)|estates]] transferred to [[Jungle Mahals|Jungle Mahals District]], and later transferred to [[South-West Frontier Agency]] & [[Burdwan District]]
| fatalities = Unknown
| injuries = Unknown
| side1 = *[[Ghatshila Raj]]
*[[Dhalbhum Raj]]
*[[Midnapore Raj]]
*[[Bishnupur kingdom]]
*[[Barabhum Raj]]
*Various other [[Raja]]s, [[Zamindar]]s, [[Sardar]]s, [[Ghatwals and Mulraiyats|Ghatwal]]s & [[Paiks]]
| side2 = {{flag|East India Company}}
| leadfigures1 = {{unbulleted list
|Jagannath Singh Patar{{Executed}}
|Subal Singh{{Executed}}
|Samangunjan
|Raja Jagannath Dhal
|[[Durjan Singh]]
|Lal Singh
|Baidyanath Singh
|[[Rani Shiromani]]{{POW}}
|[[Madhav Singha Dev]]{{POW}}
|[[Ganga Narayan Singh]]{{KIA}}
|Raghunath Singh{{Executed}}
}}
| leadfigures2 =
*Lt. Ferguson
*Lt. Rooke
*Captain Morgan
*Captain Forbes
*CO. Sidney Smith
*[[sepoys]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Sashi Bhusan |title=Civil Disturbances During the British Rule in India (1765 - 1857) |pages=56 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/civil-disturbances-during-british-rule-india-1765-1857 |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-06 |access-date=2025-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506120224/https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/civil-disturbances-during-british-rule-india-1765-1857 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Captain Goodyear
* Lt. Nun<ref name="Patar"/>
| arrests = [[Subal Singh]], [[Rani Shiromani]], [[Madhav Singha Dev]], Raghunath Singh
| charged = [[Treason]], [[Hanging]]
}}

'''Chuar rebellion''', also called the '''Chuar Bidroha''' was a series of peasant movements between 1766 and 1834 by the tribal inhabitants of the countryside surrounding the [[Jungle Mahals]] settlements of [[Dhalbhum]], [[Midnapore]], [[Bishnupur kingdom|Bishnupur]] and [[Manbhum]] against the rule of the [[East India Company]] (EIC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adivasi Resistance in Early Colonial India Comprising the Chuar Rebellion of 1799 by J.C.Price and Relevant Midnapore District Collectorate Records from the Eighteenth Century |url=https://www.ompublications.in/product/books/OM24333 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=www.ompublications.in |archive-date=2023-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025020531/https://www.ompublications.in/product/books/OM24333 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Ananda |title=Adivasi resistance in early colonial India: comprising the Chuar Rebellion of 1799 by J.C. Price and relevant Midnapore District Collectorate records from the eighteenth century |last2=Price |first2=J. C |date=2017 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-93-5098-167-2 |language=English |oclc=982448451}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Nisith Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOzsAAAAMAAJ&q=chuar+revolt+1760-1833 |title=Agrarian Bengal Under the Raj |last2=Palit |first2=Chittabrata |date=1986 |publisher=Saraswat Library |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The literal meaning of ''Chuar'' or ''Chuad'' or ''Chuhad'' is a barbaric, an uncultured or a robber. During the British rule, [[Bhumij people|Bhumijas]] of the [[Jungle Mahals|Jungle Mahal]] area were called '''chuars''' (low caste people), their main occupation was hunting of animals and birds and farming in the forests, but later some Bhumij became [[zamindar|''zamindars'']] and some started working as [[Ghatwals and Mulraiyats|''Ghatwals'']] (feudal lords) and ''Paiks'' (soldiers).<ref>{{Cite web |title=चुआर या चुआड़ विद्रोह Chuar rebellion |date=13 March 2022 |url=https://www.sarkarilibrary.in/2022/03/chuar-rebellion.html |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929123352/https://www.sarkarilibrary.in/2022/03/chuar-rebellion.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When the [[East India Company]] started collecting revenue for the first time in 1765 in the Jangal Mahal district of Bengal, then in this conspiratorial way of the British, the water, forest, land grab activities were first opposed by the people of [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] tribe and the revolution was blown against the British rulers in 1769. When the British asked who these people were, their stoic landlords addressed them as ''Chuar'' (meaning rude or wicked in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]) out of hatred and contempt, after which the name of that rebellion was 'Chuar Rebellion'.

==Background==
===Great famine of 1770-71===
{{See also|Great Bengal famine of 1770}}
Before the end of 1770, it was officially recorded that one-third of the population had vanished. Depopulation became the greatest concern for the British East India Company. Despite the ongoing famine, the Company continued to pressure local rulers, including the weakened Rajas of Bishnupur and Birbhum, as well as the old zamindars (who had been responsible for tax collection during the Mughal era), to increase revenue.<ref name="BFA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.54596.LATEST!7.forest%20tenures%20in%20west%20bengal.pdf |title=Forest Tenures in the Jungle Mahals of South West Bengal |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045940/https://www.uea.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.54596.LATEST!7.forest%20tenures%20in%20west%20bengal.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In Birbhum alone, by 1771, only 4,500 out of 6,000 rural villages remained. Depopulation continued until 1785, and the lands of around 1,600 abandoned villages reverted to jungle.<ref name="BFA"/> In Bishnupur, hundreds of villages were entirely deserted, and even in the larger towns, fewer than one-fourth of the houses remained occupied. Among the worst affected areas in Bengal were Purnia and Bishnupur, both of which suffered immensely from the famine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Nani Gopal |title=Some of the Results of the Great Bengal and Bihar Famine of 1770 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1949 |volume=12 |pages=239–244 |jstor=44140542 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140542 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=Peter James |title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828 |journal=Bengal |date=2 November 2006 |pages=150–161 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521253307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&q=1799 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |language=en|isbn=
9781139055659|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Company’s revenue demand for 1768-69 was set at £1,524,567, and the actual receipts exceeded that amount. However, by 1770, the receipts had drastically dropped to just £65,355, even though the demand remained at £1,380,269. Despite a good harvest in 1771, vast areas of cultivable land were left unused. By 1772, Warren Hastings estimated that one-third of the population had perished by that time.<ref name="BFA"/>

== Rebellion ==
[[File:Jungleterry District Map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|1779 map of the [[Jungle Terry]] District]]
In 1767, the tribal revolt started in [[Dhalbhum]] and [[Barabhum]] and later spread to [[Manbhum]], [[Midnapore]] and [[Bishnupur kingdom|Bishnupur]] districts of [[Jungle Mahals|Jungle Mahal]]. Jagannath Singh Patar at Dhalbhum, Subal Singh at Kuilapal and Shyam Gunjam Singh at Dhadka led this rebellion in 1767-71. The Chuar people intensified this rebellion in the surrounding areas of [[Manbhum]], [[Raipur, Bankura|Raipur]] and [[Panchet]]. In 1782-85, Mangal Singh along with his allies also led this rebellion. The Chuar Rebellion was at its peak in 1798–99 under the leadership of [[Durjan Singh]], Lal Singh and Mohan Singh, but was crushed by the British Company's forces.

In early 1799, the ''Chuars'' were organized at three places around [[Midnapore]]: [[Bahadurpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Bahadurpur]], [[Salboni]] and [[Karnagarh]]. From here they launched guerrilla attacks. Among these was the residence of [[Rani Shiromani]] in Karnagarh, who actively led them. According to the letter written by the then collector, the Chuar rebellion continued to grow and by February 1799, they had occupied a continuous wide area of many villages around Midnapore. In March, Rani attacked with about 300 rebels and looted all the weapons of the Company's soldiers in the garh (local fort) of Karangarh. This sequence of attacks and plunder continued till December 1799. It was later led by Jagannath Patar's son Baidyanath Singh and grandson Raghunath Singh. Later, other zamindars, along with the Ghatwals and Paiks, spread this revolt to the entire [[Jungle Mahals|Jungle Mahal]] and the surrounding areas, which lasted till 1809. Even after this, the rebellion continued in some areas of [[Bengal]] in a sporadic form.

=== Rebellion at Bishnupur (1788-1809) ===
{{Main|Madhav_Singha_Dev#Revolt}}{{See also|Chaitanya_Singha_Dev#Revolt_and_Unrest_(1799–1800)}}
Between 1788 and 1809, the Chuars and Paiks of the Bishnupur and Midnapore parganas revolted against the British East India Company under the leadership of Madhav Singha Dev.{{Sfn|Das|1984|p=86}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mahotsav |first1=Amrit |title=Disturbances in Bishnupur, 1788-1790 |url=https://amritkaal.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?11954 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India}}</ref>
After the 1810 revolt led by Baijnath Singh of Dampara, which prompted the deployment of military forces, the Ghatwali system in Jaibalea, [[Bishnupur Estate|Bishnupur]], was dismantled by [[East India Company]]. In its place, new police stations were established across various estates, and the daroga police system was reinstated.<ref name="Agam Prakashan">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24NDAAAAYAAJ&q=Baijnath+dampara |title=India's Struggle for Freedom: Role of Associated Movements |date=1985 |publisher=Agam Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ganga Narayan Hungama (1832–1833) ===
{{Main|Bhumij Revolt}}
In 1832–33, the Bhumij Revolt was led by [[Ganga Narayan]] in the [[Manbhum]] and Jungle Mahal areas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Sashi Bhusan |title=Civil Disturbances During the British Rule in India (1765 - 1857) |pages=101 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/civil-disturbances-during-british-rule-india-1765-1857 |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-06 |access-date=2025-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506120224/https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/civil-disturbances-during-british-rule-india-1765-1857 |url-status=live }}</ref> With support from various local castes and tribal groups, he led a series of attacks against British forces and their collaborators.<ref name="Orans" /><ref name="Bhatta">{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Birendra Ku |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KSBuAAAAMAAJ |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Puruliya |publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers |year=1985 |pages= 100–103|language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18270 |archive-date=31 Oct 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> His movement gained significant victories across [[Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[Orissa]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |first=West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDZuAAAAMAAJ |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Bānkurā by Amiya Kumar Banerji |year=1968 |publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers |language=en}}</ref> and the entire Jungle Mahal was out of the British control.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Binod Sankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGTxUHzhYXwC |title=Changing Profile of the Frontier Bengal, 1751-1833 |date=1984 |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}</ref> The revolt forced the British to withdraw the land sale law, inheritance law, excise duty on lac, salt law, and jungle law.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aquil |first1=Raziuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6PSDwAAQBAJ |title=An Earthly Paradise: Trade, Politics and Culture in Early Modern Bengal |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Tilottama |date=2020-02-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-07180-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=Tara Sankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X94tAAAAMAAJ |title=The British Rule and the Economy of Rural Bengal: A Study of Mallabhum from 1757 to 1833 |date=1982 |publisher=Marwah Publications |isbn=978-0-8364-1036-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Outcome==
{{Main|Jungle Mahals}}
[[File:Bengal Province 1931.png|thumb|Birbhum, Bankura, Midnapore, Howrah, Hooghly, Burdwan under [[Burdwan district]] in 1931.]]
By Regulation XIII of 1833, the district of Jungle Mahals was broken up, and a new administrative unit known as the [[South-West Frontier Agency]] was formed.<ref>{{harvp|Das|1984|page=90}}</ref><ref name="Auto1">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajiv For |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.98808/|title=Indias Struggle For Freedom Vol. 3 |date=1985}}</ref> The estates of Senpahari, Shergarh and [[Bishnupur Estate|Bishnupur]] were transferred to [[Burdwan District]] and the remainder constituted the [[Manbhum District]].<ref name=omalley>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', ''Bengal District Gazetteers'', pp. 21-41, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref>
{{Rebellions in British India}}

== Leaders ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of leaders in the conflict
!Sl. No.
!Revolt
!Leader
![[zamindar]]
!Active years
!Outcome
!{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
|1
| rowspan="4"|Revolt of the Rajas of Dhalbhum<ref name="Disturbances">{{cite web |title=Civil Disturbances During the British Rule in India (1765 - 1857) |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/civil-disturbances-during-british-rule-india-1765-1857 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en |access-date=2025-01-12 |archive-date=2024-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506120224/https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/civil-disturbances-during-british-rule-india-1765-1857 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Jagannath Pater/ {{ill|Jagannath Singh Patar|hi|जगन्‍नाथ सिंह (क्रांतिकारी)}}
|(Dampara)[[Ghatshila]]/Dhalbhum
|1766–1790
|Hanged
|{{Sfn|Jha|1967|p=9}}<ref name="Patar">{{cite web |title=Digital District Repository Detail |url=https://amritkaal.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?25628 |website=amritkaal.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Subla Singh/{{ill|Subal Singh|hi|सुबल सिंह}}
|Kuilapal
|1767–1770
|Hanged
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=The Unsung Hero of Purulia-Subal Singh |url=https://amritkaal.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?25347 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216025417/https://amritkaal.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?25347 |archive-date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2025-01-10 |work=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Jha|1967|p=9}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakashan |first=Team Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBVNDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jagannath+Patar&pg=PA34 |title=Superfast Jharkhand Gk-Competitive Exam Book 2021: Superfast Jharkhand GK-Competitive Exam Book 2021 by Team Prabhat Prakashan: Superfast Jharkhand GK - Comprehensive Guide for Competitive Exams |date=2021-01-19 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3
|Samangunjan/ Sham Ganja
|Dhadka/Barabhum pargana
|1767–1771
|Defeated
|{{Sfn|Jha|1967|p=9}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Society |first1=Bihar Research |title=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society |date=1960 |publisher=Bihar Research Society. |pages=317 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcSP3qy1HsMC&q=Samangunjan |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Disturbances" />
|-
|4
|[[Dhalbhumgarh#History|Raja Jagannath Dhal]]
|[[Dhalbhum]]
|1767
|Defeated
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=बणणवाल |first=अदर्ण सनी |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LA0EAAAQBAJ |title=झारखंड का संपूणण आततहास (प्रागैततहातसक काल से वतणमान तक) |publisher=Nitya Publications |isbn=978-93-90390-59-5 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhh_mgEACAAJ |title=Tribal Movements in India: Visions of Dr. K.S. Singh |date=2012 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-972-9 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|5
|rowspan="2"|Rebellion of the Chuars
|Lal Singh
|Satarkhani/Barabhum
|1782–1799
|Defeated
|{{Sfn|Das|1984|p=86}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Barid Baran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iensAAAAMAAJ&q=lal+singh+chuar |title=Socio-economic Condition of South West Bengal in the Nineteenth Century |date=2005 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-86791-52-3 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Durjan Singh]]
|Raipur/[[Bishnupur Kingdom|Bishnupur]]
|1798–1799
|Defeated
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=দাস |first=দেবব্রত |title=ব্রিটিশদের বিরুদ্ধে অস্ত্র ধরে রাইপুর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/purolia-birvhum-bankura/%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B0-1.107425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318185456/https://www.anandabazar.com/district/purolia-birvhum-bankura/%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B0-1.107425 |archive-date=2022-03-18 |access-date=2025-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History-BANKURA |url=https://www.wbcsmadeeasy.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/HISTRY-BAN.pdf |website=WBCSMadeEasy |access-date=2025-01-13 |archive-date=2025-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113153105/https://www.wbcsmadeeasy.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/HISTRY-BAN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Das|1984|p=86}}
|-
|7
| rowspan="3"|Rebellion at Bishnupur
|[[Rani Shiromani]] (lady)
|[[Karnagarh]]
|1799–1812
|Died in jail
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o4SEAAAQBAJ&q=Rani+Shiromani&pg=PT223 |title=Bengali Culture Over a Thousand Years |date=2018-01-25 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-86906-12-0 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Madhav Singha Dev]]
|[[Bishnupur Kingdom|Bishnupur]]
|1801–1809
|Died in jail
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guha |first=Abhijit |title=Article on Chuar Rebellion in Forward Press(PDF).pdf |journal=Forward Press |url=https://www.academia.edu/37020658 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124222943/https://www.academia.edu/37020658 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Samira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0_o9Qj1LOEC |title=Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur |last2=Biswas |first2=Rabiranjan |last3=Mallik |first3=Gautam Kumar |date=2009 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-294-3 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Das|1984|p=86}}
|-
|9
|Baidyanath Singh/ Baijnath Singh
|Dampara/Dhalbhum
|1809–1810
|Defeated
|<ref name="Agam Prakashan"/><ref name="Patar" />
|-
|10
|rowspan="2"|Revolt of Ganganarayan
|[[Ganga Narayan]]
|Barabhum
|1830–1833
|Defeated
|{{Sfn|Jha|1967|p=9}}
|-
|11
|Raghunath Singh [<nowiki/>[[:bn:রঘুনাথ সিং (ভূমিজ)|bn]]]
|Dampara/Dhalbhum
|1831–1834
|Hanged
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-23 |title=चुहाड विद्रोह के महानायक वीर शहीद रघुनाथ सिंह मुंडा की चालकबेडा में मूर्ति का अनावरण |url=https://newsrajdhani.com/index.php/2020/09/23/chuhad-uprising/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Rajdhani News |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109152334/https://newsrajdhani.com/index.php/2020/09/23/chuhad-uprising/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-09 |title=State govt to honour heroes of Chuhar rebellion |url=https://avenuemail.in/state-govt-to-honour-heroes-of-chuhar-rebellion/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109152331/https://avenuemail.in/state-govt-to-honour-heroes-of-chuhar-rebellion/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Patar"/>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bhumij rebellion]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of Jharkhand]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Binod Sankar |title=Changing Profile of the Frontier Bengal, 1751-1833 |date=1984 |publisher=Mittal Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGTxUHzhYXwC&q=lal+singh+satarkhani+chuar+barabhum&pg=PA86 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Jagdish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veC1AAAAIAAJ&q=Raghunath++jagannath+pater |title=The Bhumij Revolt, 1832-33: Ganga Narain's Hangama Or Turmoil |date=1967 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |language=en}}

==Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Birendra Ku |url=http://purulia.nic.in/services/downloadforms/distgazetprl.pdf |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Puruliya |publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers |year=1985 |pages=94–104 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124081101/http://purulia.nic.in/services/downloadforms/distgazetprl.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=21 October 2022 }} 
* {{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=Amrita |date= January 2020 | title=Adivasi resistance in the Jungle Mahals 1767–1799 |journal=NSOU-Open Journal | volume= 3 |issue=1|url=http://www.wbnsou.ac.in/openjournals/Issue/1st-Issue/January2020/Amrita-final.pdf |issn=2581-5415 }}
* {{Cite journal |first1=Supta |last1=Bhattacharya |first2=Ananda |last2=Bhattacharya |date=1–19 August 2021 |url=http://joais.in/Journal/JAIS-Aug%25202021%2520Article%25201%2520A.pdf |journal=Journal of Adivasi and Indigenous Studies |issn=2394-5524 |title=The Adivasi Resistance in Jungle Mahal: A Case Study of Chuar Rebellion |volume=XI |issue=2 |access-date=21 October 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064555/http://joais.in/Journal/JAIS-Aug%202021%20Article%201%20A.pdf |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Sashi Bhusan |title=Civil Disturbances During the British Rule in India (1765 - 1857) |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/civil-disturbances-during-british-rule-india-1765-1857 |date= 1955 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}
*{{cite web |title=Justice And Police In Bengal 1765-1793 |date= 1960|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226838/page/n361/mode/2up?q=Bishnupur}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sutapa |title=The Adivasis of Bengal in the mMid- nineteenth Century with special reference to Bhumiz |journal=Journal of Historical Studies and Research |date=2023 |volume=3 |issue=3 |issn=2583-0198 |url=https://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/70-78HSRV3-N3Sutapa-Bhattacharya.pdf |access-date=9 October 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Narottam Sinha |title=The Chuar Rebellion of the Jungle Mahal: A Historical Study Narottam Sinha Mahapatra |journal= Pratidhwani = The Echo |date=2022 |volume=X |issue=II |issn=2278-5264 |url=https://www.thecho.in/files/15.-Narottam-Sinha-Mahapatra.pdf |access-date=14 November 2025}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rebellions by ethnic group]]
[[Category:Bhumij]]
[[Category:18th century in British India]]
[[Category:Peasant revolts in India]]

Seshadri Express

2026-03-29T03:07:29Z

Saurabh jain: added references

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Seshadri Express
| image= [[File:Kakinada bound Seshadri Express at Samalkot Junction with WDP1 twin locomotives.jpg|300px|]]
| caption = Seshadri Express pulled by [[WDP-1|WDP-1A]] at [[Samalkot Junction railway station|Samarlakota Junction]]
| type = Express
| status = Operating
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] & [[Karnataka]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2002|12|24}} (initial service between [[Kakinada Town railway station|Kakinada Town]] and [[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati]]) {{Start date and age|df=yes|2005}} (extended to [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]]) {{Start date and age|df=yes|2022|10|02}} (change of terminus from [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] to [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru|SMVT Bengaluru]])
| last =
| operator = [[South Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Kakinada Town railway station|Kakinada Town]] '''(CCT)'''
| stops =35
| end = [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru|SMVT Bengaluru]] '''(SVMB)'''
| distance = {{convert|959|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 18 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class =
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering =
| observation = [[LHB coach]] (from January 2026)
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = 4
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 17209 / 17210
| speed = {{convert|50|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:Seshadri Express Route map.jpg|300px|'''Seshadri Express''' Route map]]
| map_state =
| sharing = 17235/17236 SMVT Bengaluru–Nagercoil Express [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kochuveli-nagercoil-intercity-special-06429/59867/1009/801 06426/06427 Nagercoil–Kollam Express Special] [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kochuveli-nagercoil-intercity-special-06429/59867/1009/801 06429/06430 Kochuveli–Nagercoil Express Special]
}}

The '''Seshadri Express''' is a train in India, named after the Seshadri Hills of Tirupati. The train's inaugural run was between [[Andhra Pradesh]]'s coastal city of [[Kakinada]] to temple pilgrimage city of [[Tirupati]]. In 2005, it was extended to [[Bengaluru]] in neighboring [[Karnataka]]. From 2 October 2022 its terminal has changed to [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal]]. Seshadri Express is more often or not late {{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

== History ==
It was started in 2002. Prior to the Seshadri Express, a link express from Kakinada, which consisted of twelve compartments, was connected to the [[Tirumala Express]] which runs from {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}} to {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} and {{stnlnk|Samalkot Junction}}, these two trains were coupled and run together till Tirupati Main. Keeping in mind the growing demand for a new train to the pilgrim centre, the government introduced the '''Seshadri Express''' in 2002 and extended it up to Bengaluru. The train thus runs through the loop path of [[Nidadavolu]], [[Tanuku]], [[Bhimavaram]], [[Gudivada]], and [[Vijayawada]] to cater to the needs of the Godavari and [[Krishna district]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Coach composition ==
The Seshadri Express runs between Kakinada and Bengaluru, the IT capital of India, Bangalore, via Tirupati. It is currently being operated with 17209 / 17210 train numbers. It is one of the busiest trains, running with 23 coaches at full capacity at all times.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} It has eight AC, eleven sleeper, two second-class general compartments, and two luggage cum brake vans.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Seshadri express and Nagercoil to SMVT Bengaluru trains have been upgraded to LHB coaches from January 2026. The most likely coach composition is four unreserved coaches, six 3AC coaches, three 2AC coaches and one 1AC coach and eight sleeper coaches and two car generators (24 [[LHB coach]]es) along with end to end WAP-7 or WAP-4 electric locomotive.

earlier this train runs with [[ICF coach]] and was pulled by [[WDP-1]] , since 2018 ICF Utkrisht was introduced this train get an upgrade and it was hauled by [[WAP-4]] and in 2026 they gets an [[LHB coach]] upgrade

==Route==

* '''[[Kakinada Town railway station|Kakinada Town]]'''
* [[Samalkot Junction railway station|Samarlakota Junction]]
* [[Anaparti railway station|Anaparthi]]
* [[Rajamahendravaram railway station|Rajamahendravaram]]
* [[Nidadavolu Junction railway station|Nidadavolu Junction]]
* [[Tanuku railway station|Tanuku]]
* [[Bhimavaram Town Halt railway station|Bhimavaram Town Halt]]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/akividu-akvd/1302 Akividu]
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kaikaluru-kklr/1301 Kaikaluru]
* [[Gudivada Junction railway station|Gudivada Junction]]
* [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada Junction]]
* [[Tenali Junction railway station|Tenali Junction]]
* [[Bapatla railway station|Bapatla]]
* [[Chirala railway station|Chirala]]
* [[Ongole railway station|Ongole]]
* [[Singarayakonda railway station|Singarayakonda]]
* [[Kavali railway station|Kavali]]
* [[Nellore railway station|Nellore]]
* [[Gudur Junction railway station|Gudur Junction]]
* [[Srikalahasti railway station|Srikalahasti]]
* [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Junction]]
* [[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati]]
* [[Pakala Junction railway station|Pakala Junction]]
* [[Chittoor railway station|Chittoor]]
* [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/gudiyattam-gym/987 Gudiyattam]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/vaniyambadi-vn/429 Vaniyambadi]
* [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kuppam-kpn/989 Kuppam]
* [[Bangarapet Junction railway station|Bangarapete Junction]]
*[[Tyakal railway station|Tyakal]]
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/malur-mlo/991 Maluru]
* [[Whitefield railway station (India)|Whitefield]]
* [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapura]]
* '''[[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru]]'''

==Timings==

*Train 17210<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indiarailinfo.com/train/seshadri-express-17210-cct-to-sbc/1545/1200/136 |title = Time Table of Train No. 17210}}</ref> Seshadri Express departs Kakinada Town at 17:25 to reach Tirupati at 5:15 am and SVMT Bengaluru at 12:25 pm the next day.
*In return, Train No. 17209<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indiarailinfo.com/train/seshadri-express-17209-sbc-to-cct/1544/136/1200 |title = Time Table of Train No. 17209}}</ref> Seshadri Express departs SVMT Bengaluru 11:30 am, Tirupati at 5:15 pm and Kakinada Town at 6:30 am the next day.
Hence, this train acts as a night express between Godavari district places and the pilgrimage centre of Tirupati, and also as an Intercity express between Tirupati and Bangalore.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sesadri express near kr puram.jpg|Sesadri Express near KR Puram
File:Seshadri Exp. (31865484931).jpg|Seshadri Express
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seshadri Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Kakinada]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2002]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]

The Park Hotels

2026-03-28T09:59:40Z

Saurabh jain:

{{Short description|Indian boutique hotel chain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Apeejay Surrendra Park Hotels Ltd.
| logo = The Park Hotels.jpg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| genre =
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|PARKHOTELS}}|{{BSE|544111}}}}
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1 November 1967}}
| founder = Surrendra Paul
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = India,
| location =
| locations = 30
| area_served = India, Taiwan, South Korea, Mongolia, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, UAE, Brazil, Bahrain, Israel, Kuwait, Fiji, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Qatar, Oman, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Bangladesh, Ghana, Egypt, France, Spain, UK, Italy, Portugal, and Trinidad and Tobago
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Priya Paul]]{{wbr}} (chairperson)|Vijay Dewan{{wbr}} (managing{{wbr}} director)}}
| industry = [[Hospitality]]
| products = [[Hotels]] and [[resorts]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Apeejay Surrendra Group]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|theparkhotels.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''The Park Hotels''' is a chain of contemporary luxury five-star [[boutique hotel]]s in India belonging to the [[Apeejay Surrendra Group]], headquartered in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Park Hotels buys second hotel in Maharashtra|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/the-park-hotels-buys-second-hotel-in-maharashtra/314279/ |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=19 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Business hotel chains use tech to cut costs, keep customers |url=http://www.livemint.com/2007/06/18000916/Business-hotel-chains-use-tech.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=18 June 2007}}</ref><ref name=pr>{{cite web |title=Priya Paul, the force behind Park Hotels|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2005/jul/23spec3.htm |date=23 July 2005 |publisher=[[Rediff]] Money}}</ref> It comprises 30 hotels, including owned and leased, in 20 cities across four brands—The Park, The Park Collection, Zone by the Park and Zone Connect by the Park.<ref>{{cite news |title=Apeejay Surrendra Park Hotels to ramp up portfolio to 4,603 keys in 5 years |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/apeejay-surrendra-park-hotels-to-ramp-up-portfolio-to-4-603-keys-in-5-years-124020501567_1.html |access-date=6 February 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:The Park Hotel Kolkata.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The Park Hotel Kolkata on [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]]]]
The hotel business was started by Surrendra Paul in 1967, with the opening of the group's first hotel, The Park, a 150-room hotel on the fashionable [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]] in [[Kolkata]], on 1 November; the hotel at Visakhapatnam was added in 1968, while The Park New Delhi commenced operations in 1987.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Muthalaly |first1=Shonali |title=Park here for the extraordinary: on The Park hotels turning 50 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/park-here-for-the-extraordinary-on-the-park-hotels-turning-50/article19998196.ece |access-date=6 February 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=7 November 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

After the death of Surrendra Paul, his daughter [[Priya Paul]] succeeded him in 1990. Subsequently, The Park Bangalore was added in 2000, while [[The Park, Chennai|The Park Chennai]] was commissioned in 2002.<ref name=pr/><ref>{{cite news |title=The First Lady of boutique |url=http://www.expresshospitality.com/20060331/hospitalitylife03.shtml |publisher=Express Hospitality ([[Indian Express Group]]) |date=16–31 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Innovating constantly... |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/canvas/2003/01/18/stories/2003011800160400.htm |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=18 January 2003}}</ref> The Park Bangalore was designed by [[Terence Conran]].<ref name=pr/><ref>{{cite news |title=Aquazone at the Park Hotel, Bangalore, India |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/spaspy/6513216/Aquazone-at-the-Park-Hotel-Bangalore-India.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112084540/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/spaspy/6513216/Aquazone-at-the-Park-Hotel-Bangalore-India.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2009 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=9 November 2009 | location=London | access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref>

[[File:The Park Hotel.jpg|thumb|The Park Hotel in Delhi with [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]] in front.]]
The Park New Delhi took up the restoration of the 1724 built astronomical observatory, [[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)|Jantar Mantar]], in 2000, after an [[MoU]] with the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{cite news |title=Reviving the magic of Jantar Mantar |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fe/daily/20001022/fco22005.html |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=22 October 2000}}</ref>

==List of hotels==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
! City/location !! Hotel name !! Rooms !! Opening year
|-
|1
| [[Bangalore]] || The Park, Bangalore || 109 || 1999
|-
|2
| [[Chennai]]|| [[The Park, Chennai]] || 215 || 2002
|-
|3
| [[Goa]] || The Park Calangute, Goa || 30 || 2011
|-
|4
| [[Goa]] || The Park Baga River, Goa || 30 || 2011
|-
|5
| [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] || The Park, Hyderabad || 268 || 2010
|-
|6
| [[Jodhpur]]|| Zone - by The Park, Jodhpur || 90 || 2017
|-
|7
| [[Kolkata]] || The Park, Kolkata || 200
|| 1967
|-
|8
| [[Navi Mumbai]] || The Park, Navi Mumbai || 80 || 2007
|-
|9
| [[Mumbai]] || The Park, Mumbai || 60|| 2019
|-
|10
| [[New Delhi]] || The Park, New Delhi || 220 || 1987
|-
|11
| [[Raipur]] || Zone - by The Park, Raipur || 185 || 2018
|-
|12
| [[Visakhapatnam]]|| The Park, Visakhapatnam || 66 || 1980

|-
|13
|[[Jaipur]]|| Zone - by The Park, Jaipur || 48 || 2014
|-
|14
|[[Kolkata]]|| Zone - by The Park, Kolkata|| 116 || 2003
|-
|15
|[[Patiala]]|| Ran Baas The Palace Hotel||28<ref name="j397">{{cite web | title=ASPHL to manage the Ran Baas part of Qila Mubarak, Patiala as a Heritage hotel | website=BW Hotelier | date=13 March 2025 | url=https://www.bwhotelier.com/article/asphl-to-manage-the-ran-baas-part-of-qila-mubarak-patiala-as-a-heritage-hotel-338935 | access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref>||2022
|}

==Recognition==
The Park Kolkata was awarded the "National Tourism Award" (2003–04) for outstanding performance as the Best Boutique Hotel in the country by the Department of Tourism, [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tourism award for The Park |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/01/28/stories/2005012801251700.htm |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=28 January 2005}}</ref> The Park Kolkata won The Best Business Hotel award at Travel+ leisure India south Asia's luxury travel event 'India's Best Awards 2018' in New Delhi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/the-park-kolkata-wins-best-business-hotel-award/article25577469.ece#|title = THE Park Kolkata wins 'Best Business Hotel' award|date = 23 November 2018}}</ref>

In 2006, ''[[Forbes]]'', listed "Atrium" in The Park Chennai, with its menu designed by Italian chef [[Antonio Carluccio]], amongst India's top 10 Most Expensive Restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Dining: India's Most Expensive Restaurants |author=Saabira Chaudhuri |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/12/18/india-restaurants-wealth-forbeslife-food-cz_sc_1218indiaeatery.html |date=2006-12-18 |work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> In 2010, ''[[The Independent]]'', listed The Park Hyderabad amongst its list of "100 holiday ideas for 2010".<ref>{{cite news |title=100 holiday ideas for 2010: Hotels|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/hotels/100-holiday-ideas-for-2010-hotels-1855859.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/hotels/100-holiday-ideas-for-2010-hotels-1855859.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Independent]] |date=3 January 2010 |location=London |first=Juliet |last=Kinsman |access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrity Fashion Diva and Icon 2019 {{!}} The Park Hotels {{!}} Hyderabad |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4T64AQOAh54&t=95s |agency=The Hans India |ref=11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Park Hotels}}
[[Category:Hotel chains in India]]
[[Category:Hotels in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2024 initial public offerings]]

Ex post facto law

2026-03-26T19:09:55Z

Saurabh jain: rework section also and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Law with retroactive effect}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ex post facto'' law}}
{{Redirect|Ex Post Facto|the operating system emulator |XPostFacto|the ''Star Trek Voyager'' episode|Ex Post Facto (Star Trek: Voyager){{!}}Ex Post Facto (''Star Trek: Voyager'')}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
An '''''ex post facto'' law'''<ref>(from {{Langx|la|ex post facto|lit=After the fact}})</ref> is a [[law]] that retrospectively changes the legal consequences or status of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law. In [[criminal law]], it may [[Criminalization|criminalize]] actions that were legal when committed; it may aggravate a [[crime]] by bringing it into a more severe category than it was in when it was committed; it may change the [[punishment]] prescribed for a crime, as by adding new penalties or extending sentences; it may extend the [[statute of limitations]]; or it may alter the [[rules of evidence]] in order to make conviction for a crime likelier than it would have been when the deed was committed.

Conversely, a form of ''ex post facto law'' called an [[amnesty law]] may decriminalize certain acts. Alternatively, rather than redefining the relevant acts as non-criminal, it may simply prohibit prosecution; or it may enact that there is to be no punishment, but leave the underlying conviction technically unaltered. A [[pardon]] has a similar effect, except it applies in just one case instead of a class of cases. Other legal changes may alleviate possible punishments retroactively, for example by replacing the death sentence with lifelong imprisonment. Such legal changes are also known by the Latin term '''''in mitius'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qu'est-ce que la rétroactivité in mitius ? - Dissertation |url=https://www.doc-du-juriste.com/blog/conseils-juridiques/dissertation-juridique-retroactivite-in-mitius-06-03-2018.html |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=www.doc-du-juriste.com |language=fr}}</ref>

Some [[common law|common-law]] [[jurisdiction]]s do not permit retroactive criminal legislation, though new [[precedent]] generally applies to events that occurred before the judicial decision. ''Ex post facto'' laws are expressly forbidden by the [[United States Constitution]] in Article 1, Section 9, Clause 3 (with respect to federal laws) and Article 1, Section 10 (with respect to state laws). In some nations that follow the [[Westminster system]] of government, ''ex post facto'' laws may be possible, because the doctrine of [[parliamentary supremacy]] allows [[Parliament]] to pass any law it wishes, within legal constraints.{{clarify|date=July 2025}}{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} In a nation with an entrenched [[bill of rights]] or a written [[constitution]], ''ex post facto'' legislation may be prohibited or allowed, and this provision may be general or specific. For example, Article 29 of the Constitution of Albania explicitly allows retroactive effect for laws that alleviate possible punishments.

''Ex post facto'' criminalization is prohibited by [[Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights]], Article 15(1) of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ratnapala |first1=Suri |title=Ratnapala, Suri --- "Reason and Reach of the Objection to Ex Post Facto Law" [2007] UQLRS 1; (2007) 1 (1) The Indian Journal of Constitutional Law, 140-168 |journal=Classic.austlii.edu.au |date=2007 |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UQLRS/2007/1.html}}</ref> and [[Article 9 of the American Convention on Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Article 9 Freedom from Ex Post Facto Laws {{!}} IACHR |url=https://iachr.lls.edu/violations-inter-american-convention-human-rights/article-9-freedom-ex-post-facto-laws |website=iachr.lls.edu |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> While American jurisdictions prohibit ''ex post facto'' laws, European countries apply the principle of '''''lex mitior''''' ("the milder law"). It provides that, if the law has changed after an offense was committed, the version of the law that applies is the one that is more advantageous for the accused. This means that ''ex post facto'' laws apply in European jurisdictions to the extent that they are the milder law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Westen |first1=Peter |work=New Criminal Law Review: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal |title=Lex Mitior: Converse of ex post facto and window into criminal desert |date=May 2015 |pages=167–213 |doi=10.1525/nclr.2015.18.2.167}}</ref>

==''Ex post facto'' laws by country==

===Australia===
[[Australia]] has no strong constitutional prohibition on ''ex post facto'' laws, although narrowly retrospective laws might violate the constitutional [[separation of powers]] principle. Australian courts normally interpret statutes with a strong presumption that they do [[non-retroactivity|not apply retrospectively]].

Retrospective laws designed to prosecute what was perceived to have been a blatantly unethical means of [[tax avoidance]] were passed in the early 1980s by the [[Fraser Government|Fraser government]] (see [[Bottom of the harbour tax avoidance]]). Similarly, legislation [[criminalization|criminalising]] certain war crimes retrospectively has been held to be constitutional (see ''[[Polyukhovich v Commonwealth]]'').

Australia participated in drafting the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and was an original signatory in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australia and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights|url=https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/publications/australia-and-universal-declaration-human-rights|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022053/https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/publications/australia-and-universal-declaration-human-rights|archive-date=12 November 2020|access-date=18 November 2020|website=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]]|language=en|quote=Australia was also one of eight nations involved in drafting the Universal Declaration.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Our commitment to human rights|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/themes/human-rights/Pages/human-rights|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119005656/https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/themes/human-rights/Pages/human-rights|archive-date=19 November 2020|access-date=19 November 2020|website=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|language=en|quote=Australia's commitment to human rights is enduring: we were an original signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.}}</ref> The Declaration includes a prohibition on retrospectively holding anyone guilty of a [[Crime|penal offence]] that was not an offence at the time it was committed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights at 70: 30 Articles on 30 Articles - Article 11|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23903|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201119004524/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23903|archive-date=19 November 2020|access-date=18 November 2020|website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]|language=en-US|quote=The second paragraph of Article 11 is a ban on retroactive laws...Paragraph 2 says: "No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed."}}</ref> The [[Australian Human Rights Commission]] states the Declaration is an "expression of the fundamental values which are shared by all members of the international community" but "does not directly create legal obligations for countries."<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?|url=https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/what-universal-declaration-human-rights|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119013424/https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/what-universal-declaration-human-rights|archive-date=19 November 2020|access-date=19 November 2020|website=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]]|language=en|quote=The Universal Declaration is not a treaty, so it does not directly create legal obligations for countries...it is an expression of the fundamental values which are shared by all members of the international community.}}</ref>

Australia is a party to the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].<ref>{{cite web|title=International human rights system|url=https://www.ag.gov.au/rights-and-protections/human-rights-and-anti-discrimination/international-human-rights-system|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119021740/https://www.ag.gov.au/rights-and-protections/human-rights-and-anti-discrimination/international-human-rights-system|archive-date=19 November 2020|access-date=19 November 2020|website=[[Attorney-General of Australia|Australian Government Attorney-General's Department]]|language=en|quote=Australia is a party to...the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).}}</ref> The implementation of retrospective criminal laws is expressly prohibited by the Covenant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Retrospective Laws|url=http://www.haveyougotthatright.com/retrospective-laws|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201119022350/http://www.haveyougotthatright.com/retrospective-laws|archive-date=19 November 2020|access-date=19 November 2020|website=Have You Got That Right?|language=en-US|quote=Article 15(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights expressly prohibits the implementation of retrospective criminal laws.}}</ref> Australia is also a party to the [[First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].<ref>{{cite web|title=International human rights system|url=https://www.ag.gov.au/rights-and-protections/human-rights-and-anti-discrimination/international-human-rights-system|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119021740/https://www.ag.gov.au/rights-and-protections/human-rights-and-anti-discrimination/international-human-rights-system|archive-date=19 November 2020|access-date=19 November 2020|website=[[Attorney-General of Australia|Australian Government Attorney-General's Department]]|language=en|quote=Australia is also a party to...the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.}}</ref> The Protocol enables individuals subject to the [[jurisdiction]] of a [[State (polity)|state party]] to file [[complaint]]s with the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]] for that state party's non-compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|url=https://www.equalrightstrust.org/content/optional-protocol-international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201119024730/https://www.equalrightstrust.org/content/optional-protocol-international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights|archive-date=19 November 2020|access-date=19 November 2020|website=Equal Rights Trust|date=27 March 2009|language=en|quote=The Optional Protocol sets up a mechanism by which individuals can file complaints with the Human Rights Committee against states (which have ratified the optional protocol) for non-compliance with the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Notably, the mechanism is available to all "individuals subject to the jurisdiction" of the State party rather than only citizens.}}</ref>

===Brazil===
According to the 5th Article, section XXXVI<ref name=casa>[http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituicao.htm#art5xxxvi ide Emenda Constitucional nº 107, de 2020] Casa Civil (in Portuguese)</ref> of the [[Constitution of Brazil|Brazilian Constitution]], laws cannot have ''ex post facto'' effects that affect acquired rights, accomplished juridical acts and ''res judicata''.

The same article in section XL<ref name=casa/> prohibits ''ex post facto'' [[criminal law]]s. Like France, there is an exception when retroactive criminal laws benefit the accused person.

===Canada===
In [[Canada]], ''ex post facto'' criminal laws are constitutionally prohibited by [[Section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|section 11(g)]] of the [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. Also, under section 11(i) of the Charter, if the punishment for a crime has varied between the time the crime was committed and the time of sentencing following a conviction, the convicted person is entitled to the lesser punishment. Due to [[Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|section 1]] and [[Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|section 33]] of the [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms]] these rights are not absolute, and may be overridden.

The Canada [[sex offender registry]], which went into effect on December 15, 2004, is somewhat retroactive. When the registry was created, all offenders who were on the [[Ontario]] sex offender registry, which was created in 2001, were required to register on the national registry. In addition, sex offenders in all provinces who were serving a sentence (whether imprisoned or on probation or parole) on December 15, 2004, were required to register, regardless of when their offense and conviction occurred. However, the registry was not retroactive to anybody who had completed their sentence by late 2004 and was not on the Ontario registry.<ref name="macleans.ca">{{cite web |url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/a-national-embarrassment/ |title=There's a problem with Canada's sex offender registry - Macleans.ca |website=macleans.ca |date=9 January 2008 }}</ref> Canadian courts have never ruled on the somewhat retroactive nature of the sex offender registry, since this seems to have never been challenged.

Sex offender registration was not mandatory for sex offenders until 2011, and had to be ordered by a judge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doubleaspect.blog/tag/sex-offender-registration/|title=sex offender registration|first=Leonid|last=Sirota|website=Double Aspect|date=30 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="macleans.ca"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/40-3/bill/S-2/royal-assent/page-ToC|title=Government Bill (Senate) S-2 (40-3) - Royal Assent - Protecting Victims From Sex Offenders Act - Parliament of Canada|website=parl.ca}}</ref> Sex offender registration was seemingly mandatory for people convicted before December 15, 2004, who were serving a sentence on that date, but was only optional for sex offenders convicted between December 15, 2004, and January 1, 2011.

Because section 11 of the Charter is among the sections that can be overridden under [[Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|section 33]] (the notwithstanding clause), Parliament could in theory enact ''ex post facto'' laws by invoking section 33. However, the federal Parliament, which has exclusive jurisdiction over criminal law, has never attempted to enact an ''ex post facto'' law (or any other law) using section 33.

The Charter prohibition applies only to criminal law. Changes to [[Civil law (common law)|civil law]] in Canada can be, and occasionally are, enacted ''ex post facto''. In one example, convicted murderer [[Colin Thatcher]] was ordered to forfeit proceeds from a book he had published (after being paroled from prison) under a [[Saskatchewan]] law. Although the law was passed long after Thatcher's murder conviction, the courts have ruled that such laws prescribe only [[civil penalty|civil penalties]] (as opposed to additional criminal penalties) and are thus not subject to Charter restrictions.

===Croatia===
Article 90 of the [[Constitution of Croatia]] states that "only individual provisions of a law may have a retroactive effect for exceptionally justified reasons". According to Croatian legal scholar {{ill|Branko Smerdel|hr}}, this means that "a law cannot be applied retroactively as a whole, and regulations enacted pursuant to statutory authority can never be applied retroactively".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.pravo.unizg.hr/_download/repository/Constitutional_law_of_28_EU_states_-_Croatia.pdf|title=Constitutional Law of 28 EU States|chapter=Croatia|last=Smerdel|first=Branko|page=206|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=7 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507144816/https://www.pravo.unizg.hr/_download/repository/Constitutional_law_of_28_EU_states_-_Croatia.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Denmark===
{{main|Danish collaborator trials}}
Following the [[liberation of Denmark]] from [[Denmark in World War II|Nazi occupation]] in 1945, the [[Folketing]], heavily influenced by the [[Frihedsrådet|Frihedsråd]], passed a [[special law]] (Lov Nr. 259 af 1. Juni 1945 om Tillæg til Borgerlig Straffelov angaaende Forræderi og anden landsskadelig Virksomhed, colloquially ''landsforræderloven'' (the traitor law) or ''strafferetstillægget'' (the penal code addendum)), temporarily reintroducing the [[death penalty]] (previously abolished in 1930) for acts of treason committed during German occupation. Passed on 1 June 1945, the law applied to actions performed subsequent to 9 April 1940, unless those actions were done under orders from the government prior to 29 August 1943. With this authorization, 103 death sentences were issued, of which 46 were carried out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/retsopgoerets-love-straffelovstillaegget-1945-til-1946/|title=Retsopgørets love - straffelovstillægget 1945 til 1946|access-date=16 August 2021|date=25 August 2011}}</ref>

===Finland===
Generally, the Finnish legal system does not permit ''ex post facto'' laws, especially those that would expand criminal responsibility. They are not expressly forbidden; instead, the ban is derived from more general legal principles and basic rights. In civil matters, such as taxation, ''ex post facto'' laws may be made in some circumstances.

Historically there have been three exceptional instances when ''ex post facto'' criminal laws have been used in Finland.

# Following the [[Finnish Civil War]] of 1918, the [[Parliament of Finland]] passed a law setting up tribunals to try suspected rebels. These tribunals issued death sentences in many cases, although very few of those accused could have committed a crime that carried the [[Capital punishment in Finland|death penalty]] under Finnish law in force during the war. Several hundred people were executed under what was arguably an ''ex post facto'' legal arrangement. During the war, and before the tribunals were set up, thousands of people had been executed without trial by both sides. However, once this phase of the civil war ended, amnesty laws were passed. Thus, the legality of the actions of the government or the participants of either side of the war cannot be legally contested anymore.
# After [[World War II]], Finland was under pressure to convict political leaders whom the Allied powers considered responsible for Finnish involvement in the war. An ''ex post facto'' law was passed in the autumn of 1945 to permit [[War-responsibility trials in Finland|prosecution for war responsibility]], and eventually eight politicians were convicted. In another post-war case, the [[Weapons Cache Case|weapons cache case]], an ''ex post facto'' law was passed in 1947 so that military personnel could be prosecuted for unofficially preparing for guerrilla resistance in case of Soviet occupation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sotasyyllisinä tuomittujen ohella tulisi muistaa myös muita hyvitystä kaipaavia oikeudenloukkauksia Suomen historiassa |url=https://oikeusministerio.fi/-/vid-sidan-om-dem-som-domts-for-krigsansvarighet-bor-ocksa-andra-rattskrankningar-som-kraver-gottgorelse-i-finlands-historia-uppmarksammas |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241113174815/https://oikeusministerio.fi/-/vid-sidan-om-dem-som-domts-for-krigsansvarighet-bor-ocksa-andra-rattskrankningar-som-kraver-gottgorelse-i-finlands-historia-uppmarksammas |archive-date=2024-11-13 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Oikeusministeriö |language=fi-FI}}</ref><ref>{{cite report
|title=Sotasyyllisyysoikeudenkäynti
|author=Lindstedt, Jukka
|author2=Löytömäki, Stiina
|publisher=Oikeusministeriö
|series=Selvityksiä ja ohjeita
|number=22/2010
|year=2010
|isbn=978-952-466-833-0
|issn=1798-7059
|language=fi
|url=https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/server/api/core/bitstreams/948fe7ce-48f1-4459-96d7-a41cedb5e751/content
}}</ref>
# During World War II, desertion, draft dodging and conscientious objection were punishable by death or jail. Amnesty laws were passed after World War II to free deserters and draft dodgers from imprisonment and further prosecution and allow them to return home without further legal consequences.

===France===
In [[France]], so-called "''lois rétroactives''" (retroactive laws) are technically prohibited by Article 2 of the [[Code Civil]], which states that: "Legislation provides only for the future; it has no retrospective operation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/content/download/1950/13681/version/3/file/Code_22.pdf|title=Link to Civil Code}}</ref> In practice, however, since the Code Civil does not have the status of constitutional legislation and can therefore be overruled by subsequent laws, the {{lang|fr|[[Conseil Constitutionnel]]|italic=no}} has determined that retroactive laws can be passed within certain limits – such as in the case of financial or tax legislation –, particularly where it is considered to be in the "general interest"; this has been demonstrated by a series of decisions handed down by the Conseil Constitutionnel concerning retroactive tax laws.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/a-la-une/janvier-2013-la-retroactivite-fiscale-dans-la-jurisprudence-du-conseil-constitutionnel.135573.html |title=Janvier 2013: La rétroactivité fiscale dans la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel |language=fr |date=January 2013}}</ref>

However, in criminal law, ''ex post facto'' sanctions are effectively forbidden as per Article 112-1 of the [[French Penal Code]], except in cases wherein the retroactive application benefits the accused person (called retroactivity ''in mitius'').<ref name = Soyer>{{cite book |last=Soyer |first=Jean-Claude |title=Droit pénal et procédure pénale |publisher=L.G.D.G. |series=Lextenso Editions |edition=21 |date=2012 |location=Paris |pages=75–78 |language=fr}}</ref> They are also considered unconstitutional, since the principle of non-retroactivity is laid down in Article 8 of the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]], which has constitutional status under French law.<ref name="Terré">{{cite book |last=Terré |first=François |title=Introduction générale au droit |publisher=Dalloz |series=Précis |edition=8 |date=2001 |location=Paris |pages=204–5 |language=fr}}</ref> The ''[[épuration légale]]'' trials held after the 1944 [[liberation of France]] introduced the status of ''[[indignité nationale]]'' for [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|Nazi collaborators]] as a way to avoid ''ex post facto'' law.

===Germany===
Article 103 of the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|German basic law]] requires that an act may be punished only if it has already been punishable by law at the time it was committed (specifically: by ''written'' law, [[Germany]] following civil law).

[[Robert A. Taft]], at the time a U.S. Senator from Ohio, asserted that the [[Nuremberg Trials]] following [[World War II]] were based on ''ex post facto'' law because the Allies did not negotiate the [[Nuremberg Charter]], which defined crimes against humanity and created the International Military Tribunal, until well after the acts charged. Others, including the International Military Tribunal, argued that the London Charter merely restated and provided jurisdiction to prosecute offenses that were already made unlawful by the [[Kellogg–Briand Pact]], the [[Covenant of the League of Nations]], and the various [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Conventions]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}

[[William O. Douglas]] complained that the Allies were guilty of "substituting power for principle" at Nuremberg Trials because the actions of the defendants were lawful in the 1930s Germany. He contended that the Nuremberg Trials were implementing laws after the fact (that is, ex post facto) "to suit the clamor of the time." American Chief Justice [[Harlan Stone]], likewise, called the Nuremberg Trials a "fraud" because of the ex post facto laws.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Linder |first1=Douglas |title=The Nuremberg Trials: An Account |url=https://famous-trials.com/nuremberg/1901-home |website=Famous Trials}}</ref>

The problem of ''ex post facto'' law was also relevant in the 1990s after [[German reunification]] as there was a discussion about the trials against [[East Germany|East German]] [[Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic|border troops]] who killed fugitives on the [[Inner German border|Inner-German border]] ([[Schießbefehl#After reunification|''Mauerschützen-Prozesse'']] – ''Wall-shooters'/ -guards' trials''). German courts in these cases recurred to the [[Radbruch formula]].<ref>Benjamin Lahusen [http://www.zeit.de/2009/46/A-Radbruch/komplettansicht "Aus Juristen Demokraten machen"]</ref>

===Hungary===
In 2010, the [[National Assembly (Hungary)|Hungarian National Assembly]] established a 98% punitive tax on any income over two million forints received either as a retirement package or as severance pay in the previous five years in the government sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realdeal.hu/20101109/controversial-98-tax-on-govt-severance-pay-made-retroactive-to-2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111025059/http://www.realdeal.hu/20101109/controversial-98-tax-on-govt-severance-pay-made-retroactive-to-2005|url-status=dead|title=Webtar.hu|archive-date=November 11, 2010|website=realdeal.hu}}</ref>

===India===
In India, without using the expression "''ex post facto law''", the underlying principle has been adopted in the article 20(1) of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] in the following words:
{{blockquote|No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of commission of the offence.}}

Further, what article 20(1) prohibits is conviction and sentence under an ''ex post facto'' law for acts done prior thereto, but not the enactment or validity of such a law. There is, thus, a difference between the Indian and the American positions on this point; whereas in the United States, an ''ex post facto'' law is in itself invalid, it is not so in India. The courts may also interpret a law in such a manner that any objection against it of retrospective operation may be removed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l60-Protection-against-ex-post-facto-laws.html|title=Protection against ex-post-facto laws|website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref>

An example for retrospective law in India is the [[Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of Certain Lands) Act, 1978]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/karigr/actsrules/otheracts/scst.htm|title=Department of Stamps and Registration, Government of Karnataka|access-date=2014-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326062205/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/karigr/actsrules/otheracts/scst.htm|archive-date=2014-03-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the state of [[Karnataka]].

===Indonesia===
The [[Constitution of Indonesia|Indonesian Constitution]] prohibits trying citizens under retroactive laws in any circumstance. This was tested in 2004 when the conviction of [[Masykur Abdul Kadir]], one of the [[2002 Bali terrorist bombing|Bali bombers]], under retroactive [[Anti-terrorism legislation|anti-terrorist legislation]] was quashed.<ref>Indonesian Constitutional Court Decision No 013/PUU-I/2003 (Masykur Abdul Kadir Case)</ref>

===Iran===
''Ex post facto'' laws, in all contexts, are prohibited by Article 169 (Chapter 11) of the [[Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian Constitution]].

===Ireland===
During the [[Irish Civil War]], [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|Anti-Treaty IRA]] members [[Rory O'Connor (Irish republican)|Rory O'Connor]], [[Liam Mellows]], [[Richard Barrett (Irish republican)|Richard "Dick" Barrett]] and [[Joseph McKelvey]] were executed ex post facto and without trial, just two days into the existence of the [[Irish Free State]]. Despite being imprisoned for over four months, following their deaths the [[3rd Dáil|Third Dáil]] retrospectively approved their executions for a crime that had only been legislated against. Largely, the executions were considered retribution for the assassination of the legislator, Deputy [[Seán Hales]] TD the previous day.

The imposition of retroactive criminal sanctions is prohibited in the subsequent [[Constitution of Ireland|Irish Constitution]], introduced by [[Eamonn De Valera]], in Article 15.5.1°. Retroactive changes of the civil law have also been found to violate the constitution when they would have resulted in the loss in a right to damages before the courts, the [[Supreme Court (Ireland)|Irish Supreme Court]] having found that such a right is a constitutionally protected property right.

===Israel===
[[Israel]] enacted the 1950 [[Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law]] for the purpose of punishing acts that occurred during the [[Second World War]] and the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], when Israel did not exist as a state. The law was used to punish [[Adolf Eichmann]] and others.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

===Italy===
Article 25, paragraph 2, of the [[Constitution of Italy|Italian Constitution]], establishing that "nobody can be punished but according to a law come into force before the deed was committed", prohibits indictment pursuant a retroactive law. Article 11 of preliminary provisions to the [[Italian civil code|Italian Civil Code]] and Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Statute of taxpayer's rights, prohibit retroactive laws on principle: such provisions can be derogated, however, by acts having force of the ordinary law; on the contrary, non-retroactivity in criminal law is thought absolute.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/10805861|title=Irretroattività della norma penale e redazione legislativa|first=Giampiero|last=Buonomo|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref>

===Japan===
Article 39 of the [[constitution of Japan]] prohibits the retroactive application of laws. Article 6 of [[Criminal Code of Japan]] further states that if a new law comes into force after the deed was committed, the lighter punishment must be given.

===Lithuania===
Lithuania has no constitutional prohibition on ''ex post facto'' laws. However, as a signatory of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] and as a member of the European Union whose [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|Charter of Fundamental Rights]] has the effect of law, any retroactive law could still be struck down. Retroactive criminal sanctions are prohibited by Article 2, Part 1 (Chapter 1) of the [[Criminal Code]] of the [[Republic of Lithuania]]. Retroactive administrative sanctions are prohibited by Article 8 of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Lithuania.

Lithuanian lawyer Dainius Žalimas contends that there has been retroactive application of the law on Genocide (and subsequently adopted articles of the Criminal Code) against participants in Soviet repressions against Lithuanian guerilla fighters and their supporters, and gives examples of such decisions. The Article 99 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania was introduced only on September 26, 2000, and therefore cannot be used in events of 1944–1953.

===Mexico===
According to the first and second paragraphs of the 14th Article of the [[Constitution of Mexico|Mexican Constitution]], retroactive application of the law is prohibited if it is detrimental to a person's rights, but a new law can be applied if it benefits the person.

===Netherlands===
Article 4 of the Law on General Provisions (in effect since 1838) states that "The law has no retroactive effect".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001833/2012-01-01|title=Wet algemene bepalingen|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|website=wetten.overheid.nl}}</ref>

Article 1 of [[Dutch Criminal Code|Criminal Law]] states that no act is punishable without a pre-existing law, and that in the case an act was punishable but the law was changed after the criminal act the "most favorable" (to the suspect) of the two laws will apply.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/2019-11-01/#BoekEerste_TiteldeelI_Artikel1|title=Wetboek van Strafrecht|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|website=wetten.overheid.nl}}</ref>

In [[Burgerlijk Wetboek|Civil Law]] there is no such provision.

===New Zealand===
Section 7 of the Interpretation Act 1999 stipulates that enactments do not have retrospective effect. The [[New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990]] also affirms New Zealand's commitment to the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] and [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], with section 26 preventing the application of retroactive penalties. This is further reinforced under section 6(1) of the current Sentencing Act 2002 which provides, "[p]enal enactments not to have retrospective effect to disadvantage of offender" irrespective of any provision to the contrary.

Section 26 of the Bill of Rights and the previous sentencing legislation, the Criminal Justice Act 1985, caused significant digression among judges when the [[Parliament of New Zealand|New Zealand Parliament]] introduced legislation that had the effect of enacting a retrospective penalty for crimes involving an element of home invasion. Ultimately, the discrepancy was restricted with what some labelled artificial logic in the cases of ''R v Pora'' and ''R v Poumako''.

===Norway===
Article 97 of the [[constitution of Norway|Norwegian Constitution]] prohibits any law to be given retroactive effect. The prohibition applies to both criminal and civil laws, but in some civil cases, only particularly unreasonable effects of retroactivity will be found unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norwegian Supreme Court case 2009/1575 |url=http://www.domstol.no/upload/HRET/saknr2009-1663-plenum.pdf |publisher=domstol.no}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
Article 12 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|Constitution of Pakistan]] prohibits any law to be given retroactive effect by stating:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html|title=Chapter 1: "Fundamental Rights" of Part II: "Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy"|website=pakistani.org}}</ref>
* 12.1 – No law shall authorize the punishment of a person:-
* 12.1.a – for an act or omission that was not punishable by law at the time of the act or omission; or
* 12.1.b – for an offence by a penalty greater than, or of a kind different from, the penalty prescribed by law for that offence at the time the offence was committed.

===Philippines===
The 1987 [[Constitution of the Philippines]] categorically prohibits the passing of any ''ex post facto'' law. Article III ([[Bill of rights|Bill of Rights]]), Section 22 specifically states: "No ''ex post facto'' law or [[bill of attainder]] shall be enacted."

However, the [[Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012|Cybercrime Prevention Act]], which went into effect on October 3, 2012, is criticized for being ''ex post facto''.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

===Poland===
Retroactive application of law is prohibited by the Article 3 of the Polish [[civil code]], and the [[legal rule]] prohibiting such retroactive application is commonly memorised as a [[Latin]] sentence ''Lex retro non agit'' ("A law does not apply retroactively"). The said article, however, allows retroactive application of an Act of Parliament if it is expressly understood from its text or purpose.

===Portugal===
Article 18 of the [[Constitution of Portugal|Portuguese Constitution]] forbids the retroactive application of any law the restricts right; article 29 of the Portuguese Constitution forbids retroactive application of criminal law; article 103 forbids the application of retroactive taxes.

===Romania===
Article 15 (2) of the [[Constitution of Romania|Romanian Constitution]] provides that the law shall only act for the future, except for the more favourable criminal or administrative law.

===Russia===
''Ex post facto'' punishment in criminal and administrative law is prohibited by article 54 of the [[Constitution of Russia|Russian Constitution]]; ''ex post facto'' tax laws by article 57 of the constitution. Criminal law which improves the position of the convicted has retroactive force according to article 10 of the [[Criminal Code of Russia|Russian Criminal Code]].

===Spain===
Article 9.3 of the [[Spanish Constitution]] guarantees the principle of non-retroactivity of punitive provisions that are not favorable to or restrictive of individual rights. Therefore, "ex post facto" criminal laws or any other retroactive punitive provisions are constitutionally prohibited.

As well as [[Statute law]] mentioned above, this now also includes '[[Precedent|court-made law]]'. The [[Parot doctrine (Spain)|Parot doctrine]], in which terrorists were denied the right (enshrined in a 1973 Statute) to earn a reduction in the length of their sentences by a Spanish court ruling in 2006 was judged by the [[European Court of Human Rights]] to be contrary to relevant articles on [[European Convention on Human Rights#Article 7 – retroactivity|retroactivity]] & [[European Convention on Human Rights#Article 5 – liberty and security|liberty and security]] in 2013.

===South Africa===
Section 35(3) of the [[South African Bill of Rights]] prohibits ''ex post facto'' criminal laws, except that acts which violated international law at the time they were committed may be prosecuted even if they were not illegal under national law at the time. It also prohibits retroactive increases of criminal punishments.

===Sweden===
In [[Sweden]], retroactive penal sanctions and other retroactive legal effects of criminal acts due the State are prohibited by chapter 2, section 10 of the [[Constitution of Sweden#Instrument of Government|Instrument of Government]] (''Regeringsformen''). Retroactive taxes or charges are not prohibited, but they can have retroactive effect reaching back only to the time when a new tax bill was proposed by the government. The retroactive effect of a tax or charge thus reaches from that time until the bill is passed by the parliament.

As the [[Swedish Act of Succession]] was changed in 1979, and the throne was inherited regardless of sex, the inheritance right was withdrawn from all the descendants of [[Charles XIV John]] (king 1818–44) except the current king [[Carl XVI Gustaf]]. Thereby, the heir-apparent title was transferred from the new-born [[Prince Carl Philip]] to his older sister [[Crown Princess Victoria]].

The [[Riksdag|Swedish Riksdag]] voted in 2004 to abolish [[inheritance tax]] by January 1, 2005. However, in 2005 they retro-actively decided to move the date to December 17, 2004. The main reason was abolishing inheritance tax for the many Swedish victims of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], which took place on December 26.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

===Turkey===
''Ex post facto'' punishment is prohibited by Article 38 of the [[Constitution of Turkey]]. It states:
* c1. No one shall be punished for any act which does not constitute a criminal offence under the law in force at the time committed; no one shall be given a heavier penalty for an offence other than the penalty applicable at the time when the offence was committed.
* c2. The provisions of the above paragraph shall also apply to the statute of limitations on offences and penalties and on the results of conviction.
Thus, the article does not prohibit ''in mitius'' laws, i.e. cases wherein the retroactive application benefits the accused person.

===Ukraine===
Article 58 of the [[Constitution of Ukraine]] says: "Laws and other regulatory acts shall have no retroactive force except where they mitigate or nullify the responsibility of a person. No one shall bear responsibility for acts that, at the time they were committed, were not deemed by law to be an offence."

===United Kingdom===
In the [[United Kingdom]], ''ex post facto'' laws are permitted by virtue of the doctrine of [[parliamentary sovereignty]]. Historically, all [[Act of Parliament|acts of Parliament]] before 1793 were ''ex post facto'' legislation, inasmuch as their date of effect was the first day of the session in which they were passed. This situation was rectified by the [[Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793]].

Some laws are still passed retrospectively: e.g., the Pakistan Act 1990 (by which the United Kingdom amended its legislation consequent to the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] having re-admitted Pakistan as a member) was one such law; despite being passed on 29 June 1990, section 2 subsection 3 states that "This Act shall be deemed to have come into force on 1st October 1989", nine months before it was enacted.<ref name=NA_PA1990 >{{cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1990 |chapter=14 |section=2 |act=Pakistan Act 1990}}</ref>

Retrospective ''criminal'' laws are prohibited by Article 7 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], to which the United Kingdom is a signatory, but some legal authorities have stated their opinion that parliamentary sovereignty takes priority even over this.<ref>[[Tom Denning, Baron Denning|Lord Denning]] in ''Macarthys Ltd v Smith'' [1979] ICR 785 at p. 789, quoted in {{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Josephine |first2=Lorna |last2=Woods |first3=Christian |last3=Twigg-Flesner |title=EU Law |edition=9th |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-927959-3 |chapter=Section 4.4.2: Effect of the European Communities Act 1972, s.2(1) and (4) |quote=If the time should come when our Parliament deliberately passes an Act with the intention of repudiating the Treaty or any provision in it or intentionally of acting inconsistently with it – and says so in express terms – then ... it would be the duty of our courts to follow the statute of our Parliament. |page=79}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmeuleg/38-xiv/5020802.htm |title=Select Committee on European Scrutiny Minutes of Evidence: Examination of Witnesses (Questions 229-239): Rt hon Jack Straw MP and Mr David Frost |access-date=2008-01-09 |first=Jack |last=Straw |author-link=Jack Straw |date=2005-02-08 |work=House of Commons Publications |quote=I think your Committee will be familiar with what Lord Denning, then Master of the Rolls, said in McCarthy v Smith: 'If the time should come when our Parliament deliberately passes an Act with the intention of repudiating the Treaty or any provision of it or with the intention of acting inconsistently with it—it says so in express terms—I should have thought it would be the duty of our courts to follow the statute in our Parliament.' That much is clear. Other consequences would follow in those circumstances, which arise from our signature on the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaty, Article 27, which says that you have to respect the international obligations into which you have entered.}}</ref> For example, the [[War Crimes Act 1991]] created an ''ex post facto'' jurisdiction of British courts over [[war crime]]s committed during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Another important example of a case which shows the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy in action is in relation to ''[[Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate]]'', where the decision of the courts was overridden with retrospective effect by the [[War Damage Act 1965]], which changed the law on compensation resulting from [[scorched earth]] actions in Burma during the war. More recently, the [[Police (Detention and Bail) Act 2011]] retroactively overrode a controversial court judgment resulting from an error in the drafting of the [[Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984]] that would potentially have invalidated thousands of criminal convictions. A court faced with an ''ex post facto'' act of Parliament could theoretically issue a [[declaration of incompatibility]] with Article 7, but would still be required to enforce it, as UK courts do not have the power of [[judicial review]] with respect to primary legislation.

Another example of an ''ex post facto'' criminal law in the UK is the [[Criminal Justice Act 2003]]. This law allows people acquitted of murder and certain other serious offences to be retried if there is "new, compelling, reliable and substantial evidence" that the acquitted person really was guilty. This Act applies retroactively and can be used to re-prosecute people who were acquitted before it came into force in 2005, or even before it was passed in 2003. As a result, two of the defendants who were acquitted in the [[murder of Stephen Lawrence]] were allowed to be retried, even though this murder occurred in 1993 and the defendants had been acquitted in 1996. Many people have criticized the Criminal Justice Act because of its essential abolition of prohibition against both ex post facto and [[double jeopardy]] laws.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8982608/Stephen-Lawrence-murder-change-in-double-jeopardy-law-allowed-Gary-Dobson-prosecution.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8982608/Stephen-Lawrence-murder-change-in-double-jeopardy-law-allowed-Gary-Dobson-prosecution.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Stephen Lawrence murder: change in double jeopardy law allowed Gary Dobson prosecution|first=Tom|last=Whitehead|date=3 January 2012|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Taxation law has on multiple occasions been changed to retrospectively disallow [[tax avoidance]] schemes.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8496921.stm | work=BBC News | title=Will retrospective taxes affect us all? | date=5 February 2010 | access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> The most significant example known concerns double-taxation treaty arrangements where the [[Finance Act 2008]] with [[BN66]] retrospectively amended 1987 legislation, creating large tax liabilities for 3,000 people where no liability existed before.

===United States===
[[Thomas Jefferson]], one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]], stated in 1813 that:
{{blockquote|The sentiment that ''ex post facto'' laws are against natural right is so strong in the United States, that few, if any, of the State constitutions have failed to proscribe them. ... The federal constitution indeed interdicts them in criminal cases only; but they are equally unjust in civil as in criminal cases, and the omission of a caution which would have been right, does not justify the doing what is wrong. Nor ought it to be presumed that the legislature meant to use a phrase in an unjustifiable sense, if by rules of construction it can be ever strained to what is just.| [[Thomas Jefferson]] | [[q:Thomas Jefferson#Letter to Isaac McPherson (1813)|Letter to Isaac McPherson]], August 13, 1813 }}
[[United States Congress|Congress]] is prohibited from passing ''ex post facto'' laws by clause 3 of [[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article I]], [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 9: Limits on Federal power|Section 9]] of the [[United States Constitution]]. The states are prohibited from passing ''ex post facto'' laws by clause 1 of [[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article I]], [[Article 1 Section 10|Section 10]]. This is one of the relatively few restrictions that the United States Constitution made to both the power of the federal and state governments before the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]]. Over the years, however, when deciding ''ex post facto'' cases, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] has referred repeatedly to its ruling in ''[[Calder v. Bull]]'', in which Justice [[Samuel Chase]] held that the prohibition applied only to criminal matters, not civil matters, and established four categories of unconstitutional ''ex post facto'' laws.<ref>''[[Calder v. Bull]]'', {{ussc|3|386|1798}}.</ref> The case dealt with the Article I, Section 10, prohibition on ''ex post facto'' laws, because it concerned a Connecticut state law.

As a result of ''Calder v. Bull'', several retroactive taxes have been passed by the US Congress, starting with the 1913 Revenue Act, which imposed the first income tax. By 1935, prohibitions on retroactive taxation had been declared "dead." In 1938, the US Supreme Court claimed the standard on retroactive taxation was "retroactive application is so harsh and oppressive as to transgress the constitutional limitation." In practice, this has resulted in virtually all retroactive taxes being upheld, and in one case a 1993 revision of tax law that applied retroactively to 1984 was upheld.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.heritage.org/taxes/report/retroactive-tax-increases-and-the-constitution | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030205203/http://www.heritage.org/taxes/report/retroactive-tax-increases-and-the-constitution | url-status=unfit | archive-date=October 30, 2017 | title=Retroactive Tax Increases and the Constitution }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/retroactive-tax-laws-but-they-can-t-do-3996868/ | title=Retroactive Tax Laws – but They Can't do That, Can They? }}</ref>

Not all laws with retroactive effects have been held to be unconstitutional. One current U.S. law that has a retroactive effect is the [[Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act]] of 2006. This law imposes new registration requirements on convicted [[sex offenders]] and also applies to offenders whose crimes were committed before the law was enacted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/4472/text|title=Text - H.R.4472 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006|date=July 27, 2006|website=congress.gov}}</ref> The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Smith v. Doe]]'' (2003) that requiring sex offenders to register their whereabouts at regular intervals, and the posting of personal information about them on the Internet, do not violate the constitutional prohibition against ''ex post facto'' laws, because these laws do not impose any kind of punishment.<ref>''[[Smith v. Doe]]'', {{ussc|538|84|2003}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.onecle.com/constitution/article-1/59-ex-post-facto-laws.html|title=Ex Post Facto Laws - United States Constitution|website=law.onecle.com}}</ref>

In ''Starkey v. Oklahoma Department of Corrections'', the [[Oklahoma Supreme Court|Supreme Court of the State of Oklahoma]] found the Oklahoma Sex Offender Registration Act, or SORA, to be punitive in nature, if not in intent. While the law in question had been ruled as not being retroactive in nature, the Oklahoma Department of Corrections had been applying the new legislation retroactively. The court found that "the Department's retroactive application of the level assignment provisions of 57 O.S. Supp. 2007, 582.1 – 582.5, as amended, violates the ex post facto clause."<ref>''[https://law.justia.com/cases/oklahoma/supreme-court/2013/109556.html Starkey v. Oklahoma Department Of Corrections]'', 2013 OK 43 (2013); [http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=470336 OSCN Document]</ref>

Controversy has also arisen with regard to [[sexually violent predator laws|sexually violent predator (SVP) laws]], which allow the indefinite commitment of a person with a mental abnormality which predisposes them to molest children. This issue arose in the case ''[[Kansas v. Hendricks]]''.<ref name="Hendricks">''[[Kansas v. Hendricks]]'', {{ussc|521|346|1997}}.</ref> In ''Hendricks'', a man with a long history of sexually molesting children was scheduled to be released from prison shortly after the enactment of [[Kansas]]'s SVP act. Rather than being released, he was committed on the grounds that he had a mental abnormality. Hendricks contested the law on ''ex post facto'' and double jeopardy grounds. The [[Kansas Supreme Court|Supreme Court of Kansas]] invalidated the Act, but the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] reversed the decision and ruled that the law was constitutional on the basis that the law did not impose a criminal punishment.<ref name="Hendricks" />

A further example is the [[Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban]], where firearms prohibitions were imposed on those convicted of misdemeanor domestic-violence offenses and on subjects of restraining orders (which do not require criminal conviction). These individuals can now be sentenced to up to ten years in a [[Federal Bureau of Prisons|federal prison]] for possession of a firearm, regardless of whether the weapon was legally possessed when the law was passed.<ref>{{Uscsub|18|922|g|8}}, {{Uscsub2|18|922|g|9}}, and {{Uscsub2|18|924}}.</ref> The law has been legally upheld because it is considered regulatory, not punitive; it is a [[status offense]].<ref>''[[United States v. Emerson]]'', 270 F.3d 203 (5th Cir. 2001).</ref>

Another example is the [[Copyright Term Extension Act]], which was retroactive since it affected both new works and existing ones, but it was upheld by decision [[Eldred v. Ashcroft]]. Also, the [[Uruguay Round Agreement Act]], which restored copyright in foreign works, removing them from the [[public domain]], was upheld by another decision, [[Golan v. Holder]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}

The US military also recognizes ex post facto law. [[Common law]] states that Courts-martial will not enforce an ex post facto law, including increasing amount of pay to be forfeited for specific crimes. (See [https://www.ucmjdefense.com/resources/army-jag-school-criminal-law-deskbook-volume/military-justice-system-overview/6214-2.html United States v. Gorki 47 M.J. 370]).

Finally, in ''[[Calder v. Bull]]'', the court expressly stated that a law that "mollifies" a criminal act was merely retrospective, and was not an ''ex post facto'' law.<ref>''Calder'', 3 U.S.</ref> Scholars have argued that, as a historical matter, the phrase ''ex post facto'' referred to civil as well as criminal laws.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zoldan|first1=Evan|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2469141|title=The Civil Ex Post Facto Clause|ssrn=2469141|journal=Wisconsin Law Review|date=2015}}</ref>

In [[United States administrative law|administrative law]], federal agencies may apply their rules retroactively if Congress has authorized them to; otherwise, retroactive application is generally prohibited. Retroactive application of regulations is disfavored by the courts for several reasons. The courts uphold retroactive regulation where Congress has expressly granted such retroactive power to the agency, as they did in ''[[Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital]]''.<ref>''Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital'', {{ussc|488|204|1988}}.</ref>

The rules as they relate to the effects of ''ex post facto'' upon the [[United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines|U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines]] can be found in {{ussg|1b1.11}}.

See also ''[[Bouie v. City of Columbia]]'', ''[[Rogers v. Tennessee]]'', ''[[Stogner v. California]]'', ''[[Republic of Austria v. Altmann]]'', ''[[James Bamford]]'' and ''[[Samuels v. McCurdy]]''.

=== Vietnam ===
''Ex post facto'' laws are defined in Article 152, 2015 Law on Promulgation of Legal Documents:

# Only in cases of '''extreme necessity to ensure the common good of society''', to '''exercise the rights and interests''' of organizations and individuals prescribed in laws and resolutions of the National Assembly, legal documents of central government rules are retroactive.
# The retroactive effect is prohibited in the following cases: a) Impose legal liability for acts that at the time of committing such acts the law does not stipulate liability; b) Impose higher legal liability.
# Legislative documents of People's Councils, People's Committees at all levels, local governments in special administrative-economic units are not retroactive.

There has been no case that new law stated it has a retroactive effect. But the second item of this Article has been widely used in court system (''in mitius'' laws).

==Treatment by international organizations and treaties==

===International criminal law===
In [[international criminal law]], the [[Nuremberg trials]] prosecuted [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] perpetrated in World War II. Although the [[Nuremberg Charter]], the [[procedural law]] under which the trials were held, postdated [[V-E Day]], the tribunal rejected the defence that the criminal law was ''ex post facto'', arguing it derived from earlier treaties like the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]]. The [[International Criminal Court]] established in 2002 that it cannot prosecute crimes committed before 2002.

===Universal Declaration of Human Rights and related treaties===
Article 11, paragraph 2 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] provides that no person be held guilty of any criminal law that did not exist at the time of offence nor suffer any penalty heavier than what existed at the time of offence. It does however permit application of either domestic or international law.

Very similar provisions are found in Article 15, paragraph 1 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], replacing the term "penal offence" with "criminal offence". It also adds that if a lighter penalty is provided for after the offence occurs, that lighter penalty shall apply retroactively. Paragraph 2 adds a provision that paragraph 1 does not prevent trying and punishing for an act that was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations. Specifically addressing the use of the death penalty, article 6, paragraph 2 provides in relevant part that a death sentence may only be imposed "for the most serious crimes in accordance with the law in force at the time of the commission of the crime".

===African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights===
Article 2, paragraph 7 of the [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]] provides in part that "no one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed."

===American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man===
Article 25 of the [[American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man]] provides in part that "[n]o person may be deprived of his liberty except in the cases and according to the procedures established by pre-existing law." The right to be tried in accordance to "pre-existing law" is reiterated in article 26.

===Arab Charter on Human Rights===
Article 15 of the [[Arab Charter on Human Rights]] provides that "[n]o crime and no penalty can be established without a prior provision of the law. In all circumstances, the law most favorable to the defendant shall be applied."

===European Convention on Human Rights===
Effectively all European states (except [[Belarus]]), including all [[European Union]] and [[European Economic Area]] states, are bound by the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. [[Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 7 of the Convention]] mirrors the language of both paragraphs of Article 15 of the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights, with the exception that it does not include that a subsequent lighter penalty must apply.

==Grammatical form and usage==
The ''[[Digest (Roman law)|Digesta Iustiniani]]'' (15.3.10.8.3, 20.1.22.pr2) ("Digest of [[Justinian I|Justinian]]") contains the two-word phrase ''ex postfacto'': "out of a postfactum" (an after-deed), or more naturally, "from a law passed afterward". This same work, however, also makes use of the three-word phrase ''ex post facto'', (2.14.17.4.2, 4.6.17.1.1, ''passim''), suggesting that ''post'' might best be understood as an adverb. Other adverbial usages of ''post'' include the [[Ancient Rome|Classical Roman]] author and senator [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]] employing phrases such as ''multis post annis'' (''[[De re publica|De Re Publica]]'' 2.5.8 and elsewhere). Thus, ''ex post facto'' or ''ex postfacto'' is natively an adverbial phrase, a usage demonstrated by the sentence "He was convicted ''ex post facto'' (from a law passed after his crime)." The law itself would rightfully be a ''lex postfacta'' in Latin, although English generally uses the phrase "an ex post facto law".

In Poland the phrase ''[[:pl:Lex retro non agit|lex retro non agit]]'' ("the law does not operate retroactively") is used.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mattila|first=Heikki E. S.|author2=Christopher Goddard|title=Comparative Legal Linguistics|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2006|page=154|isbn=978-0-7546-4874-1}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Law}}
* [[A priori and a posteriori|''A priori'' and ''a posteriori'']]
* {{annotated link|Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793}}
* ''[[Ex ante]]''
* ''[[Nulla poena sine lege]]'' – the principle that no one may be punished for an act which is not against the law
* [[Richard Roose]]
* [[Rokotov–Faibishenko case]]
* [[Grandfather clause]], which specifically allows things allowed before a law
* [[Bill of attainder]], a legislative act which convicts and sentences a person without trial

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|ex post facto|retroactivity}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Ex Post Facto|short=x}}

{{Criminal procedure (investigation)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ex Post Facto Law}}
[[Category:Ex post facto law| ]]
[[Category:Brocards (law)]]
[[Category:Constitutional law]]
[[Category:Criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Latin legal terminology]]

[[it:Ex post]]
[[ja:法の不遡及]]

Tsumyoki

2026-03-25T16:23:03Z

Saurabh jain:

{{short description|Indian rapper (born 2001)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tsumyoki
| image = Nathan Mendes in 2024.jpg
| caption = Tsumyoki with his [[MTV EMA]] award, 2024
| birth_name = Nathan Joseph Mendes
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mapusa]] ([[B.A.]])
| other_names = {{flatlist|
* Yoki
* Gamsham Pakleshwali Bagarjack Joshi Jogi Kumar Lover The II<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AMPwQK5dYY&feature=youtu.be | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801183628/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AMPwQK5dYY&feature=youtu.be | archive-date=1 August 2023 | title=Answering fans questions! (QnA) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=3 August 2020 }}</ref>}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|6|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Margao, Goa]], India
| website = {{URL|twitter.com/YokiMafia}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| origin = Margao, [[South Goa]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Folk music|folk]]|[[Underground hip hop|indie]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|singer-songwriter|record producer}}
| background = person
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|piano|ukulele}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| label = [[Divine (rapper)#Gully Gang Entertainment|Gully Gang]]
| current_member_of = [[Tsumyoki#Goa Trap Culture|Goa Trap Culture]]}}
}}

'''Nathan Joseph Mendes''' (born 2 June 2001), known professionally as '''Tsumyoki'''{{efn|(pronounced sue-ma-yoki)}} or simply '''Yoki''', is an Indian rapper, singer-songwriter, and record producer. He gained popularity from his single track release, "White Tee" (2019), and received further media attention through his album ''Daboij'' (2021), the [[EP]] ''Way Too Messy'' (2021), featuring fellow [[Goan]] rapper Kidd Mange, and the single "Pink Blue" (2022), featuring Bharg. According to Tsumyoki, his stage name alludes to ideas of "vision, productivity, and a positive mindset".

Tsumyoki is one of the leading artists from [[Goa]] and is credited for revolutionizing the English genre of [[Hip hop music]] in the Indian coastal state of Goa. He is the first [[Goan]] music artist and the youngest member at age 19, to be signed by [[Divine (rapper)|DIVINE]]'s record label, [[Divine (rapper)#Gully Gang Entertainment|Gully Gang Records]] in 2021.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Kusnur |first=Narendra |date=2023-11-24 |title=When the Goan gets tough...: A Wknd interview with rapper Tsumyoki |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/when-the-goan-gets-tough-a-wknd-interview-with-rapper-tsumyoki-101700842432990.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He was also featured in ''Goan Insider'''s 50 Most Influential People of 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=Goan Insider's 50 Most Influential People of 2021 |url=https://goaninsider.com/cover-story/50-most-influential-people-of-2021-in-goa/ |access-date=2023-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> and has been described by ''ItsGoa'' magazine as Goa's best rapper.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=Humans of Goa – Tsumyoki – The Youngest in The Gully Gang Family |url=https://itsgoa.com/indian-rapper-from-goa/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=ItsGoa |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nathan Joseph Mendes was born on 2 June 2001 in [[Margao, Goa]], to Gianna Mendes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Britney |title=Xperience Sessions With Indie Artist Tsumyoki |url=https://indigomusic.com/xperience-sessions/xperience-sessions-with-indie-artist-tsumyoki |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=indigomusic.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> He has an elder sister, Sneha, a filmmaker based in [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Meet Sneha Mendes |url=https://canvasrebel.com/meet-sneha-mendes/ |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=CanvasRebel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Verus |date=2024-01-04 |title=Tsumyoki: Rap & Rhythm ⋆ The Teenager Today |url=https://theteenagertoday.com/tsumyoki-rap-rhythm/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The Teenager Today |language=en-US}}</ref> His maternal grandfather, Joe, was also a musician and died in 2018.<ref name=":14" /> Tsumyoki completed his [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]] (HSSC) from The King's School in [[São José de Areal]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Tsumyoki (our ex student – Nathan Mendes), whose song played in our campus today. |url=https://twitter.com/thekingschool/status/1572625618344484866 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> He later graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from [[St. Xavier's College, Mapusa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Year B.A. |url=http://www.xavierscollege-goa.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/tyba21.pdf |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=xavierscollege-goa.com|date=10 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Career==
===2018–2019: Early career===
Tsumyoki started his career in music in his late teenage years, beginning at age 17. His primary aim was to explore various music genres beyond just [[rap]]. He credits his mother and family for supporting him throughout his musical career and considers artists like [[XXXTentacion]], [[Juice WRLD]], [[Drake (musician)|Drake]], [[Eminem]], [[Post Malone]], [[Ski Mask the Slump God]] and [[Michael Jackson]] as his role models. During an interview, Tsumyoki shared how he commenced his career with {{INRConvert|8000|year=2018}}, struggling to afford essential technical equipment. He had to depend on his mother as he needed more money to start his musical career with proper equipment. He then performed for her to convince her to pay for his equipment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goans lend their own flavour to Hip hop |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Goans-lend-their-own-flavour-to-Hip-hop/192542 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Tsumyoki breaks stereotypes about Goans in his latest rap – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/tsumyoki-breaks-stereotypes-about-goans-in-his-latest-rap/articleshow/76942149.cms |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Times of India |date=13 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Tsumyoki first began pursuing music as a hobby in 11th grade. He discussed the difficulties he encountered when trying to establish himself in the rap scene with the ''[[The Navhind Times]]'', recounting instances of waiting outside clubs with a [[USB flash drive]] containing his music in the hopes of catching the attention of popular artists. In addition, he notes the lack of widespread backing for [[Music of Goa|indigenous musicians]] in [[Goa]] who crafted their own music, requiring him to work towards gaining visibility.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Beats that rock |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |date=22 October 2021 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2021/10/23/magazines/zest/beats-that-rock/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===2019–2020: Rise to success===
Tsumyoki's breakthrough came from his single track release, "White Tee", in 2019. The idea behind the track was a hook, "White Tee, Bish get off”, he had in mind. The music video was mainly shot in [[Fatorda]] and other locations, featuring participation from several of his supporters. Tsumyoki further stated in an interview that, "White Tee signifies a mindset, for example, if you're wearing something white, you ought to not get dirty. Similarly, it means you don't need people's negativity affecting your perspective".<ref name=":5" />

In October 2019, Tsumyoki scheduled the release of the music video for "Save Me" but the project was subsequently postponed. He claims that his stage name "Tsumyoki" was inspired after "waking up on a regular day and looking at himself in the mirror". The [[Japanese name|Japanese influence]] was intentional. In the beginning, he harbored reservations about incorporating his stage name but gradually embraced it more as his fame grew. Tsumyoki's music is influenced by [[American culture]] and he attempted to bring forth more elements of [[Indian culture]] in his work.<ref name=":5" />

At the age of 18, Tsumyoki started performing at clubs and judged several college events. One of his first two gigs was with DJ Skeletron. Tsumyoki and the latter collaborated in the single track "Go Hard" which was released on 4 August 2019. Following this, a [[gastropub]] in [[Candolim]] offered him his first show.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Rap culture needs to develop in Goa: Tsumyoki |url=https://www.thegoan.net/rap-culture-needs-to-develop-in-goa-tsumyoki/54757.html |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2020, Tsumyoki produced "Ketta", a single by Bongisio, a [[Merces (Goa)|Merces]] based music artist. The single was [[Mastering (audio)|mastered]] and recorded by 2jaym. Before Tsumyoki embarked on his music career, he lacked any [[Goan]] rappers to serve as influences since there were no popular artists in that category during that period. He has collaborated with local music artists, producers and influencers like JD, 2Jaym, Elttwo, ZaDaRapper and ZB Memes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konkani rap song takes centre stage |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |date=6 January 2021 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2021/01/07/magazines/buzz/konkani-rap-song-takes-centre-stage/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2021–present: ''Way Too Messy'', ''A Message from the Moon'' and other work ===
On 4 September 2021, Tsumyoki released his 15-minute maiden [[Extended play|EP]], ''Way Too Messy'', it included five tracks with themes of [[cancel culture]], ambition and self discovery. The inspiration behind it was when he and Kidd Mange, were invited to the [[Divine (rapper)#Gully Gang Entertainment|Gully Gang]] camp, wherein they were involved in making music. The decision to produce the EP was made at that juncture, and it was well-received by the Gully Gang team. Within two days, three songs were finalized, and the remaining two were subsequently incorporated.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Divine's Gully Gang signs Goa rapper Tsumyoki for maiden EP 'Way Too Messy' |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=874109 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

Tsumyoki participated in the 2021 Goa Rap Cypher, where he played a role in both production and performance. Together with nine local artists,<ref name=":7" /> they used this platform to raise awareness about significant challenges such as the [[Save Mollem#Background|Mollem situation]] affecting the region of [[Goa]].<ref name=":6" />

In 2022, Tsumyoki released the upbeat single "Pink Blue" featuring Bharg, which became a hit and has amassed 9 million streams on Spotify as of January 2026.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Riddhi |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Tsumyoki: The Heartfelt Pop Artist Who’s Proudly Representing Goa |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/tsumyoki-goa-new-album-pink-blue-1234767927/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>

On 2 June 2023, Tsumyoki released his third studio album, ''A Message from the Moon'', which toggles between the [[soft pop]], [[afropop]], and trap sounds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=November 12, 2023 |title=Singer-songwriter Tsumyoki On His Album 'A Message From The Moon': 'I've Gone Through Trauma And...' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/singer-songwriter-tsumyoki-on-his-album-a-message-from-the-moon-ive-gone-through-trauma-and-exclusive-8655980.html |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> In the same year, in September, he released the deluxe version of the album which featured four new tracks, featuring Bharg, rappers [[Seedhe Maut|Calm]], [[Yashraj]], and [[Connor Price]], including a remix of "Pink Blue", which featured Price.<ref name=":9" />

In May 2024, Tsumyoki released the single, "WHAT CAN I SAY". This featured Indian rapper and YouTuber Arpit Bala as the lead single from his EP ''HOUSEPHULL'', which was released the following month.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Mary Ann |date=May 26, 2025 |title=Future of Music 2025: Meet Rolling Stone India’s Artists |url=https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/future-of-music-2025-meet-rolling-stone-india-artists-77289/l/tsumyoki/ |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=[[Rolling Stone Australia]]}}</ref>

In 2025, Tsumyoki released the single "Don't Even Text", featuring Indian indie singer Gini, which blended his indie rap sound with sleek melodies, and became a hit. He performed the single alongside Gini at the 2025 YouTube Fanfest. Tsumyoki also contributed background vocals for the trailer of the 2025 Hindi film ''[[Dhurandhar]]''.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ekta |date=November 21, 2025 |title=Meet The New Generation Of Indian Pop Artists Who Took Over 2025 |url=https://elle.in/life-culture/meet-the-new-generation-of-indian-pop-artists-who-took-over-2025-10799778 |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guha |first=Chiragg |date=December 25, 2025 |title=Behind the Beat: Inside Dhurandhar’s Viral Soundtrack |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/culture/music/inside-dhurandhars-viral-soundtrack-with-composer-shashwat-sachdev/ |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=Lifestyle Asia}}</ref>

==Goa Trap Culture==
Tsumyoki is one of the founding members of the [[boy band]] Goa Trap Culture (GTC) or the GTC crew. As of February 2021, the band includes local [[Goan]] music artists Elttwo, 2jaym, and Kidd Mange. They are best known for their 2021 album ''Daboij'', which features a mix of genres such as pop, rock, [[Independent music|indie]], [[R&B]]/[[Soul music|soul]], hip- hop, rap, and [[trap music]]. The album also features guest artists including Vash and Yelhomie, and production from CapsCtrl on some of the beats.<ref name=":4" />

Some of the popular tracks from the album were "Jackets" and "Flex Bomb" which were particularly favored by the GTC crew. These tracks showcased the influence of diverse music genres such as pop/[[emo]] and rap/hip- hop. In an interview with ''Goan Insider'', the crew expressed that the album's title was derived from the camaraderie that united them. 'Daboij' simply means 'The Boys'. The initial work on the album began before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and took about a year to complete.<ref name=":4" />

The band also mentioned that [[XXXTentacion]], [[Tyler, the Creator]], [[MF Doom]], Anson Seabra, [[J. Cole]], [[Juice Wrld]], [[Lauv]] and [[Nucleya]] were some of their inspirations for each of their tracks. Nucleya advised them on their vocal approach. One of the singles featured on the album, "Sorpotel", is a [[Musical phrasing|reinterpretation]] with [[Music of Goa|Goan influences]]. It was originally composed by Tsumyoki's grandfather, Joe, who died without receiving credit for his work. As of 2021, the GTC crew plans to collaborate with [[Oliver Tree]], [[Ritviz]], and [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]] in the near future.<ref name=":4" />

== Discography==
===Albums===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Album
!Track
!Artist(s)
!Producer(s)
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="13" |2018
| rowspan="13" |''RIP''
| "Rest Easy Bro"
| rowspan="6" | Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Phantom"
|
|
|-
| "Memories"
|
|
|-
| "Disguise (Interlude)"
|
|
|-
| "I Luv Fake Frnds"
|
|
|-
| "Stairway to Hell"
|
|
|-
| "Brown Eyes"
| Tsumyoki ft. Kunal
|
|
|-
| "All Love Everything's Yours"
| rowspan="6" | Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Aley"
|
|
|-
| "Dirty"
|
|
|-
| "Flex Therapy"
|
|
|-
| "No Paint"
|
|
|-
| "Distorted Lullabies"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7"|2019
| rowspan="7"|''The Art of Flexing''
| "Introduction The Art of Flexing"
| rowspan="7" |Tsumyoki & ZaDaRapper
|
|
|-
| "Tokyo Drift!"
|
|
|-
| "VIPERZ"
|
|
|-
| "Super Saiyan!"
|
|
|-
| "Metallic Fade"
|
|
|-
| "Goa Trap Culture"
|
|
|-
| "The Cure"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10"|2020
| rowspan="10"|''This Mixtape Is Garbage''
| "Cake"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Candyland"
| Tsumyoki
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
| "Beast Mode"
| Tsumyoki & Kidd Mange
|
|
|-
| "All Black Trap Trap"
| Tsumyoki & ZaDaRapper
|
|
|-
|"Ballin' We Ballin'"
| Tsumyoki & 2jaym
|
|
|-
| "Lef Wris"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Gorilla"
| Tsumyoki, OV3RDRIVE & Kunal
|
|
|-
| "Girls"
| Tsumyoki & Skeletron
|
|
|-
| "Polish"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"India Type Shiz"<ref name=":3" />
| Tsumyoki
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
| rowspan="11"|2021
| rowspan="11"|''Daboij''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-03 |title='Daboij' Are Back: Goa Trap Culture on Their Latest Album Release |url=https://goaninsider.com/entertainment/daboij-album-release-in-goa/ |access-date=2023-01-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| "Jackets"
| Goa Trap Culture, Tsumyoki, Kidd Mange, 2jaym & Elttwo
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
| "Actin' Tuff"
| Goa Trap Culture, Tsumyoki, Elttwo, Kidd Mange & 2jaym
|
|
|-
| "Auction"
| Goa Trap Culture, Tsumyoki & Kidd Mange
|
|
|-
|"I've Had Enough"
|Goa Trap Culture, Tsumyoki & 2jaym
|
|
|-
|"Soul Food"
| Goa Trap Culture, Tsumyoki, Kidd Mange, Elttwo, 2jaym & Jaden Maskie
|
|
|-
| "Pardon"
| Goa Trap Culture, Tsumyoki, Elttwo, 2jaym & Jaden Maskie
|
|
|-
| "Yoki's Interlude"
| Goa Trap Culture & Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Flex Bomb"
| Goa Trap Culture, Tsumyoki, Kidd Mange, ft. Vash & Yelhomie
|
|
|-
| "Dumb Shit!"
| Goa Trap Culture, Tsumyoki & Kidd Mange
|
|
|-
| "Bussin'"
| Goa Trap Culture, Tsumyoki & Kidd Mange
|
|
|-
| "Sorpotel" (Bonus Track)
| Goa Trap Culture & Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |2023
| rowspan="13" |''A Message from the Moon''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Chokita |date=June 30, 2023 |title=Unlocking the depths: Tsumyoki's soul-baring journey through 'A Message From the Moon' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Jun/29/unlocking-the-depths-tsumyokis-soul-baring-journey-through-a-message-from-the-moon-50429.html |access-date=May 24, 2025 |website=Indulgexpress}}</ref>
|The Message
| rowspan="2" |Tsumyoki
| rowspan="7" |Tsumyoki
|
|-
|Falling Down
|
|-
|It's Aight
|Tsumyoki, Prophet Joegus
|
|-
|Perfect Life
| rowspan="2" |Tsumyoki
|
|-
|Feel Okay
|
|-
|Run Away
|Tsumyoki, Jaden Maskie
|
|-
|On My Way
|Tsumyoki, Elttwo
|
|-
|Fonkey Monkey
|Tsumyoki, Kidd Mange
| rowspan="5" |Tsumyoki, Bharg
|
|-
|Figure Out
| rowspan="3" |Tsumyoki
|
|-
|Hard Enough
|
|-
|Baphomet
|
|-
|Blazing Over
|Tsumyoki, 2jaym
|
|-
|Chicken Wings
|Tsumyoki
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |2023
| rowspan="17" |''A Message from the Moon (Deluxe)''<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Indian Rapper Tsumyoki Teams Up With Canadian Actor-Rapper Connor Price |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/indian-rapper-tsumyoki-teams-up-with-canadian-actor-rapper-connor-price-news-335835 |access-date=May 24, 2025 |website=Outlook}}</ref>
|The Message
| rowspan="2" |Tsumyoki
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
|pictures that broke my heart
|Bharg
|
|-
|Be Friends
|Tsumyoki, Bharg
|Tsumyoki, Bharg
|
|-
|BREAKSHIT!
|Tsumyoki, [[Seedhe Maut|Calm]], [[Yashraj]]
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
|Pink Blue - Remix
|Tsumyoki, [[Connor Price]]
|Tsumyoki, Bharg, Prashant!
|
|-
|Falling Down
|Tsumyoki
| rowspan="6" |Tsumyoki
|
|-
|It's Aight
|Tsumyoki, Prophet Joegus
|
|-
|Perfect Life
| rowspan="2" |Tsumyoki
|
|-
|Feel Okay
|
|-
|Run Away
|Tsumyoki, Jaden Maskie
|
|-
|On My Way
|Tsumyoki, Elttwo
|
|-
|Fonkey Monkey
|Tsumyoki, Kidd Mange
| rowspan="5" |Tsumyoki, Bharg
|
|-
|Figure Out
| rowspan="3" |Tsumyoki
|
|-
|Hard Enough
|
|-
|Baphomet
|
|-
|Blazing Over
|Tsumyoki, 2jaym
|
|-
|Chicken Wings
|Tsumyoki
|Tsumyoki
|
|}

=== EPs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!EP
!Track
!Artist(s)
!Producer(s)
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
| rowspan="5" |''Way Too Messy''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=sufflemusic |date=4 June 2022 |title=Top 10 Underground Rappers in India Who Rule Indian Hip-Hop Scene |url=https://sufflemusic.com/list/underground-rappers-india/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Suffle Music Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
| "Way Too Messy"
| Tsumyoki & Kidd Mange
| DreddAf, Karan Kanchan & Tsumyoki
|-
| "All Black Trap Trap 2"
| Tsumyoki & Kidd Mange
| rowspan="10" | Tsumyoki
|-
| "Pao Wala"
| Tsumyoki, Kidd Mange
|-
| "No Games"
| Tsumyoki, Kidd Mange
|-
|"Commentz"
| Tsumyoki, Kidd Mange
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024
| rowspan="6" |''HOUSEPHULL''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=April 24, 2025 |title=Tsumyoki is Goa's Hip-Hop Trailblazer |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/future-of-music-2025/tsumyoki/ |access-date=May 24, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|"HOUSEPHULL!"
|Tsumyoki
|-
|"WORK4ME!"
|Tsumyoki
|-
|"KABADDI!"
|Tsumyoki
|-
|"MONEY DANCE!"
|Tsumyoki, Gravity
|-
|"WHAT CAN I SAY?"
|Tsumyoki, Arpit Bala
|-
|"so scared"
|Tsumyoki
|}

=== Singles and collaborations===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Track
!Artist(s)
!Producer(s)
!Note(s)
|-
| rowspan="12"|2018
| "Prime Time"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Ultimate"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Pu$$y B!tchez!"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Sick"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Hugs, Kisses & Heartbreaks"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Sleep [RIP XXXTENTACION]"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "All White"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Faces"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "Strong"
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "w e ' r e a l l g o i n g d o w n" (Remastered)
| Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| "SpongeBob Trappin'"
|OV3RDRIVE ft. Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"Heartbeats"
|Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
|"Rest in Suicide"
|Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"Who Make Fun of My Wrist?!"
|Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"White Tee"<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2019 |title=Voices from beyond |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/09/17/magazines/buzz/voices-from-beyond/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"White Tee" (Acoustic)
|Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"Go Hard"
|Skeletron & Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"Headphones"<ref name=":2" />
|2jaym & Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"Budapest"
|Tsumyoki & Kidd Mange
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2020
|"Friends"
|Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"Broken Heartz Freestyle"
|Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"The Way I Fall in Love"
|Tsumyoki, 2jaym & Jaden Maskie
|
|
|-
|"Never Let Go"
|Elttwo & Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"La Vida"
|Skeletron & Tsumyoki
|
|
|-
|"I've Had Enough"
|Tsumyoki & 2jaym ft. Goa Trap Culture
|
|
|-
|"KETTA"
|Bongisio
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|"Oh Geez"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yelhomie & Tsumyoki - Oh Geez (feat. Tsumyoki) Lyrics {{!}} Lyrics.com |url=https://www.lyrics.com/lyric-lf/5530752/Yelhomie+&+Tsumyoki |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.lyrics.com}}</ref>
|Yelhomie & Tsumyoki
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
|"Big Shots!"
|Moko Koza, Yelhomie & Tsumyoki
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
|"Sunlight"<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |date=2021-08-03 |title=#RSDailyMusic: Here's What We're Listening to Today |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rsdailymusic-heres-what-were-listening-to-today-165/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Tsumyoki
|Tsumyoki
|Debut single under Gully Gang Records
|-
|"Run Around Town"<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |date=2021-12-13 |title=#RSDailyMusic: Here's What We're Listening to Today |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rsdailymusic-heres-what-were-listening-to-today-217/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Skeletron, Tsumyoki & Elttwo
|Skeletron
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|"Pink Blue"<ref name=":0" />
|Tsumyoki & Bharg
|Tsumyoki, Bharg & Prashant
|
|-
|"Ek Do Ek"<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |date=2022-04-12 |title=#RSDailyMusic: Here's What We're Listening to Today |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rsdailymusic-heres-what-were-listening-to-today-262/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Tsumyoki & Rawal
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
|"idk"
|Tsumyoki & Karan Kanchan
|Karan Kanchan
|
|-
|"Feel Okay"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=New Music By 10 Indie Artists That Has Us Grooving This Month - Elle India |url=https://elle.in/new-music-by-indie-artists-oct-nov/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Tsumyoki
| rowspan="2" |Tsumyoki & Bharg
|
|-
|2023
|"Perfect Life"
|Tsumyoki
|
|-
|2024
|"all over again"
|Tsumyoki, Falze
|Tsumyoki, Falze
|
|-
|2024
|"WHAT CAN I SAY?"<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=Aaryaman |date=May 8, 2024 |title=Tsumyoki and Arpit Bala’s Collective Charm May Still Not Be Enough For ‘WHAT CAN I SAY?’ |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/tsumyoki-and-arpit-bala-what-can-i-say-review/ |access-date=May 24, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|Tsumyoki, Arpit Bala
|Tsumyoki
|From the EP ''HOUSEPHULL'' by Tsumyoki
|-
|2024
|"lightyears"
|[[Nucleya]], Tsumyoki, Da Fyer
|Nucleya
|From the EP ''Chamkillah'' by Nucleya
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|"WANT IT ALL"<ref name=":11" />
|Tsumyoki, MC Square
|Adil
|
|-
|"car keys"
|Tsumyoki, Venserto
|lil help
|
|-
|"Don't Even Text"<ref name=":12" />
|Tsumyoki, gini
|Tsumyoki
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Song
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2023
|[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]
|[[MTV Europe Music Award for Best India Act|Best India Act]]
|It's Aight ft. Prophet Joegus
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsumyoki: proud to be thefirst Goan to get ema nom |url=http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=171088cf41cf&imageview=0 |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MTV Recognizes Artists with 2023 MTV EMA Awards |url=https://www.mtvema.com/articles/zc81dv/mtv-recognizes-artists-with-2023-mtv-ema-awards |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.mtvema.com |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105211236/https://www.mtvema.com/articles/zc81dv/mtv-recognizes-artists-with-2023-mtv-ema-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==Tours==
* A Message from the Moon Tour (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crasto |first=Abigail |title=Goa's Tsumyoki bags 'Best India Act' at MTV Europe Music Awards 2023 |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/ampstories/web-stories/goas-tsumyoki-bags-best-india-act-at-mtv-europe-music-awards-2023 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Music|Pop music}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tsumyoki}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian rappers]]
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Margao]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century rappers]]
[[Category:Indian hip-hop musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Indian audio engineers]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]

Gamlin ministry

2026-03-25T09:53:25Z

Saurabh jain: adding

{{Short description|Arunachal state cabinet headed by Jarbom Gamlin}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = ministry
| cabinet_number = 14th
| jurisdiction = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = JarbomGamlin.jpg
| image_size = 150
| caption = Jarbom Gamlin, Chief Minister
| date_formed = {{start date|df=y|2011|05|05}}
| date_dissolved = {{end date|df=y|2011|10|31}}
| government_head = [[Jarbom Gamlin]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| state_head = [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]]
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh|Governor]]
| members_number = 12
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = Majority
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party =
| opposition_leader =
| election = [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| last_election = [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = Second Dorjee Khandu ministry
| successor = [[First Tuki ministry]]
}}
The '''Gamlin ministry''' was the 14th council of ministers of the Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] headed by chief minister [[Jarbom Gamlin]] which was formed on 5 May 2010 following the sudden demise of chief minister [[Dorjee Khandu]] in a helicopter crash.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/northeast/story/jarbom-gamlin-is-new-arunachal-pradesh-cm-133231-2011-05-04|title=Jarbom Gamlin sworn-in as new Arunachal Pradesh CM|date=5 May 2011|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The ministry remained in office until chief minister Gamlin's resignation on 31 October 2011.

== History ==

On 30 April 2011, a helicopter carrying the Chief Minister [[Dorjee Khandu]] and four others from [[Tawang]] to [[Itanagar]] went missing. The remains of the passengers and the wreckage of the helicopter were found on 4 May 2011 at the crash site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13289844|title=Dorjee Khandu body recovered from helicopter crash site|date=5 May 2011|website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Following the demise of the chief minister, then state Power Minister [[Jarbom Gamlin]] was chosen as his successor by the party leadership and the MLAs and was sworn in into office the following day by governor [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]].

== Cabinet formation ==

Days after being sworn in as the chief minister, Gamlin expanded his ministry on 20 May 2011 and inducted 11 ministers. He inducted all ministers from his predecessor's cabinet which included [[Kalikho Pul]], [[Nabam Tuki]], [[Chowna Mein]], Tako Dabi, [[Setong Sena]], [[Tanga Byaling]], Atum Welly, Takar Marde, [[Honchun Ngandam]] and [[Bosiram Siram]]. He also included newcomer [[Pema Khandu]] who was the son of late chief minister Dorjee Khandu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-new-council-of-ministers-formed-in-arunachal-pradesh-1545571|title=New council of ministers formed in Arunachal Pradesh|date=20 May 2011|website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]}}</ref> The portfolios were assigned to the ministers later the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/portfolios-distributed-among-new-arunachal-ministers/story-iSI5Hc5Ao6QXopmhhDz4sM.html|title=Portfolios distributed among new Arunachal ministers|date=20 May 2011|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== List of ministers ==

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
! Constituency
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|'''[[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]]''' and|All other departments not assigned to any other Minister.}}
| minister1 = [[Jarbom Gamlin]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Liromoba Assembly constituency|Liromoba]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Finance|Minister of Planning|Minister of Tax and Excise}}
| minister1 = [[Kalikho Pul]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Hayuliang Assembly constituency|Hayuliang]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Public Works Development|Minister of Urban Development|Minister of Legal Metrology}}
| minister1 = [[Nabam Tuki]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Health Engineering
| minister1 = [[Chowna Mein]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Lekang Assembly constituency|Lekang]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Industries|Minister of Fisheries}}
| minister1 = Tako Dabi
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Nari-Koyu Assembly constituency|Nari-Koyu]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Home|Minister of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj}}
| minister1 = Takar Marde
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Dumporijo Assembly constituency|Dumporijo]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Power (Electrical)|Minister of Environment and Forest|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs}}
| minister1 = [[Setong Sena]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Nampong Assembly constituency|Nampong]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Rural Works Development}}
| minister1 = Atum Welly
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Pakke-Kessang Assembly constituency|Pakke-Kessang]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
| minister1 = [[Tanga Byaling]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Nacho Assembly constituency|Nacho]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Agriculture|Minister of Horticulture}}
| minister1 = [[Honchun Ngandam]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Pongchau-Wakka Assembly constituency|Pongchau-Wakka]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Education|Minister of Libraries}}
| minister1 = [[Bosiram Siram]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Pasighat East Assembly constituency|Pasighat East]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Tourism|Minister of Water Resources Development}}
| minister1 = [[Pema Khandu]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 May 2011
| minister1_termend = 31 October 2011
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Mukto Assembly constituency|Mukto]]
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh ministries|Gamlin]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Arunachal Pradesh|Gamlin]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2011|Gamlin]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2011|Gamlin]]

Guangdong

2026-03-17T14:13:03Z

Saurabh jain: adjust article per sources per sources

{{Short description|Province in South China}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Guangdong
| other_name = Kwangtung, Canton
| native_name = {{lang|zh-Hans-CN|广东}}
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| translit_lang1 = Chinese
| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|[[Simplified Chinese]]}}
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|zh-Hans|广东省}}
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nowrap|{{nobold|[[Hanyu Pinyin]]}}}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{tlit|zh|Guǎngdōng shěng}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = {{nowrap|{{nobold|[[Jyutping]]}}}}
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{tlit|yue|Gwong2 dung1 saang2}}
| translit_lang1_type3 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
| translit_lang1_info3 = GD{{\}}{{linktext|lang=zh|粤}} ({{tlit|zh|Yuè}}{{\}}{{tlit|yue|jyut6}})
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| perrow = 2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Canton Tower 20220626 (cropped 2).jpg
| caption1 = [[Canton Tower]]
| image2 = China Resources Headquarters&Shenzhen Bay gymnasium in Nanshan District2020.jpg
| caption2 = [[Nanshan, Shenzhen]]
| image3 = Zhuhai Grand Theatre 10.jpg
| caption3 = [[Zhuhai]] Grand Theatre
| image4 = HuangManZhai Waterfall.jpg
| caption4 = [[Huangmanzhai waterfalls|Huangmanzhai Waterfall]]
| image5 = 下川岛王府洲海湾看下川岛码头 - panoramio (cropped).jpg
| caption5 = [[Xiachuan Island]] in [[Taishan, Guangdong|Taishan]]
}}
| image_map = Guangdong in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| mapsize = 275px
| map_caption = Location of Guangdong in China
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4|N|113.5|E|type:adm1st|format=dms|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| named_for = {{ubli
| {{lang|zh|{{linktext|广}}}}{{snd}}'vast', 'expanse'
| {{lang|zh|{{linktext|东}}}}{{snd}}'east'
}}Literally, 'east of the expanse'
| seat_type = {{unbulleted list|Capital|}}
| seat = [[Guangzhou]]
| seat1_type = Largest city
| seat1 = [[Shenzhen]]
| parts_type = Divisions
| parts = {{ubli|[[List of administrative divisions of Guangdong|21 prefectures]]|122 counties|1609 towns and subdistricts}}
| government_type = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| governing_body = [[Guangdong Provincial People's Congress]]
| leader_title = [[Party Secretary of Guangdong|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name = [[Huang Kunming]]
| leader_title1 = Congress Chairman
| leader_name1 = [[Huang Chuping (politician)|Huang Chuping]]
| leader_title2 = [[Governor of Guangdong|Governor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Meng Fanli]] (Acting)
| leader_title3 = [[Guangdong Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Provincial CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3 = [[Lin Keqing]]
| leader_title4 = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4 = [[Guangdong delegation to the National People's Congress|169 deputies]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name=mofcom />
| area_total_km2 = 179800
| area_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|15th]]
| elevation_max_m = 1902
| elevation_max_point = [[Shikengkong]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="stats.gov.cn">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3) |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref>
| population_total = 127,060,000
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|1st]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[Province-level divisions of China#List of provincial level divisions|7th]]
| demographics_type2 = [[GDP]] {{normal|(2025)}}<ref name="GDPdata">{{cite web |url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |title=National Data |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China|China NBS]] |date=March 2024 |access-date=June 22, 2024}} see also {{cite web |url=https://www.gd.gov.cn/attachment/0/546/546406/4399833.pdf |script-title=zh:2023年广东省国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=guangdong.gov.cn |date=April 1, 2024 |access-date=June 12, 2024}} The average exchange rate of 2024was CNY 7.1217 to 1 USD dollar {{cite press release |url=https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html |title=Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development |publisher=China NBS |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = {{CNY|14.58 trillion}} ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|1st]]; US$2.09 trillion)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = {{CNY|114,749|link=no}} ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|7th]]; US$16,472)
| iso_code = CN-GD
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[HDI]] (2023)
| blank4_info_sec2 = 0.823<ref name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2023&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab}}</ref> ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|6th]]) – {{color|green|very high}}
| website = {{Official URL}} {{in lang|zh}}
| population_demonym = [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], Guangdongese<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=44289777 |title=Seven-Veiled Ethnicity: A Hong Kong Chinese Folk Model |last1=Guldin |first1=Gregory E. |journal=Journal of Chinese Studies |year=1984 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=139–156}}</ref>
}}{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Guangdong (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Guangdong" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
| picsize = 115px
| t = 廣東
| s = 广东
| l = "Eastern expanse"
| p = {{Audio|zh-Guangdong.ogg|Guǎngdōng|help=no}}
| bpmf = ㄍㄨㄤˇ   ㄉㄨㄥ
| w = {{tonesup|Kuang3-tung1}}
| tp = Guǎngdong
| myr = Gwǎngdūng
| mps = Guǎngdūng
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|g|wang|3|.|d|ong|1}}
| wuu = kuaon ton (T2)
| h = {{unbulleted list|{{tonesup|Gong3dung1}}|''or''|Kóng-tûng}}
| y = {{unbulleted list|Gwóngdùng|''or''|Gwóngdūng}}
| ci = {{unbulleted list|{{IPAc-yue|gw|ong|2|.|d|ung|7}}|''or''|{{IPAc-yue|gw|ong|2|.|d|ung|1}}}}
| j = Gwong2 dung1
| gd = {{tonesup|Guong2-dung1}}
| toi = Kwong˧˥ tung˥
| poj = Kńg-tang
| tl = Kńg-tang
| hain = Kèng-dang
| lizu = Gèng-tang
| buc = Guōng-dĕ̤ng
| mc = kwangX tung
| showflag = yp
| altname = Abbreviation
| t2 = 粵
| s2 = 粤
| p2 = Yuè
| bpmf2 = ㄩㄝˋ
| w2 = {{tonesup|Yüeh4}}
| tp2 = Yuè
| myr2 = Ywè
| mps2 = Yuè
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|yue|4}}
| h2 = {{tonesup|Yet6}} ''or'' Ye̍t
| y2 = Yuht
| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|j|yut|6}}
| j2 = jyut6
| gd2 = {{tonesup|Yüd6}}
| toi2 = Yut ˨
| poj2 = Oa̍t
| tl2 = Ua̍t
| lizu2 = O̍et
| order = st
| psp = Kwangtung
}}

'''Guangdong'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|g|w|æ|ŋ||ˈ|d|ʊ|ŋ}}, {{IPAc-en|US|g|w|ɑː|N|-}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Guangdong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518054317/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Guangdong |archive-date=18 May 2021 |title=Guangdong |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> [[Chinese postal romanization|previously romanized]] as '''Kwangtung''' or '''Canton'''}} is a coastal [[Provinces of China|province]] in [[South China]], on the north shore of the [[South China Sea]]<ref name="SNA2008" /> with [[Guangzhou]] as the capital. With a [[population]] of 127.06{{nbsp}}million (as of 2023)<ref name="data2022">{{cite web |url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103 |title=National Data |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> across a total area of about {{convert|179,800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="mofcom">{{cite web |title=Doing Business in China – Survey |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |publisher=Ministry Of Commerce, People's Republic Of China |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130805091244/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |archive-date=5 August 2013}}</ref> Guangdong is [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|China's most populous province]] and its [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|15th-largest]] by area, as well as the [[List of first-level administrative divisions by population|third-most populous country subdivision in the world]].

Guangdong's economy is the largest of any [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|provincial-level division]] in China, with a [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of {{CNY|14.16 trillion}} (US$2.0 [[trillion]] in GDP nominal) in 2024, contributing approximately 10.5 percent of [[mainland China]]'s economic output.<ref name="China NBS GDP data">see China national data {{cite press release | url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english| title=regional - quarterly by province - national accounts - gross regional product| publisher=China NBS|access-date=February 25, 2025}}</ref> It has a diversified economy, and was known as the starting point of ancient China's [[Maritime Silk Road]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ye |first=Guo |date=2019-07-01 |title=Canton Kung Fu: The Culture of Guangdong Martial Arts |journal=SAGE Open |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=1 |article-number=2158244019861459 |doi=10.1177/2158244019861459 |s2cid=198668123 |issn=2158-2440 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is home to the production facilities and offices of a wide-ranging set of Chinese and foreign corporations. Guangdong has benefited from its proximity to the financial hub of [[Hong Kong]], which it borders to the south. Guangdong also hosts the largest import and export fair in China, the [[Canton Fair]], in Guangzhou. The [[Pearl River Delta Economic Zone]], a [[Megalopolises in China|Chinese megalopolis]], is a core for [[high tech]], [[manufacturing]] and [[international trade]]. In this zone are two of the [[Chinese city tier system|four top Chinese cities]] and the [[List of top Chinese cities by GDP|top two Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP]]: Guangzhou and [[Shenzhen]], the first [[Special economic zones of China|special economic zone]] in the country. These two are among China's most populous and important cities, and have become two of the world's most populous [[megacities]] and [[Global Financial Centres Index|leading financial centres]] in the [[Asia–Pacific]] region.<ref name="GFCI">{{cite web |date=September 2020 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 28 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118104905/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=26 September 2020 |publisher=Long Finance}}</ref>

Guangdong surpassed [[Henan]] and [[Shandong]] to become China's [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|most populous province]] in January 2005, registering 79.1 million [[Permanent residency|permanent residents]] and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year;<ref name="Chinadaily.com">{{cite news |title=Guangdong becomes most populous province |date=29 January 2005 |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/29/content_413299.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004144351/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/29/content_413299.htm |archive-date=4 October 2012 |access-date=25 April 2012 |work=China Daily}}</ref> the total population was 126,012,510 in the [[2020 Chinese census]], accounting for 8.93 percent of mainland China's population.<ref name="Census2020">{{cite web |date=2021-05-11 |title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3) |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511104847/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html |archive-date=2021-05-11 |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=National Bureau of Statistics of China}}</ref> This makes it the most populous [[Administrative division|first-level administrative subdivision]] of any country outside [[South Asia]]. The vast majority of the historical province is administered by the People's Republic of China (PRC). [[Pratas Island]] in the South China Sea is part of [[Cijin District]], [[Kaohsiung]], Taiwan (ROC); the island was part of Guangdong before the [[Chinese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/joe-hung/2009/06/22/213223/Sovereignty-over.htm |title=Sovereignty over the Spratly Islands |magazine=The China Post |date=2009-06-22 |last1=Hung |first1=Joe |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109042157/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/joe-hung/2009/06/22/213223/Sovereignty-over.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Spratly Islands |encyclopedia=Encarta Online Encyclopedia |year=2008 |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582978/Spratly_Islands.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029063837/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582978/Spratly_Islands.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 }}</ref>

After the unification of [[Lingnan]] region during the [[Qin dynasty]], immigrants from the [[Zhongyuan|Central Plains]] moved in and formed a [[Lingnan culture|local culture]] with a unique style. With the outward movement of the [[Cantonese people|Guangdong people]], the [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and [[Teochew Min|Teochew]] [[Varieties of Chinese|languages]], [[Music of Guangdong|music]], [[Cantonese cuisine|cuisine]], [[Cantonese opera|opera]] and [[Gongfu tea ceremony|tea ceremonies]] have spread throughout the nation, [[Southeast Asia]], and other countries. Guangdong was also the birthplace of the father of modern China and the founder of the Republic of China, [[Sun Yat-sen]]. He declared a [[Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou|military government]] there in the [[Warlord Era]]. The two [[special administrative regions]] of Hong Kong and [[Macau]] fall within the scope of Guangdong's cultural influence, and its culture still has profound influences on the [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] in [[Chinese Singaporeans|Singapore]] and [[Malaysian Chinese|Malaysia]], with the vast majority of the Chinese diaspora in the two countries claiming ancestry from Guangdong.

Guangdong is also one of the leading provinces in research and education in China. It hosts 160 [[List of universities and colleges in Guangdong|institutions of higher education]], ranking first in the [[South Central China]] region and second among all Chinese provinces/[[municipalities]], after [[Jiangsu]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=List of National Colleges and Universities |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=Government Portal of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China}}</ref> As of 2025, two major cities in the province ranked in the world's top [[List of cities by scientific output|20 cities]] (Guangzhou 6th and Shenzhen 18th) by scientific research output.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities 2025{{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref>

== Name ==
"''Guǎng''" ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=廣|s=广}}) means "wide" or "vast" and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Regional China: A Business and Economic Handbook |year=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |author=Rongxing Gao |page=77 |isbn=978-1-137-28767-0}}</ref> The name "''Guang''" ultimately came from Guangxin ({{lang-zh|labels=no|first=t|t={{linktext|廣信}} |s=广信}}), an outpost established in [[Han dynasty]] near modern [[Wuzhou]], whose name is a reference to an order by [[Emperor Wu of Han]] to "widely bestow favors and sow trust". Together, Guangdong and [[Guangxi]] are called ''[[Liangguang|Loeng gwong]]'' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|first=t|t=兩廣|s=两广 |p=liǎng guǎng}}) During the Song dynasty, the Two Guangs were formally separated as ''Guǎngnán Dōnglù'' ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=廣南東路|s=广南东路|l=East [[Circuit (administrative division)|Circuit]] in Southern Guang |labels=no}}) and ''Guǎngnán Xīlù'' ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=廣南西路|s=广南西路|l=West [[Circuit (administrative division)|Circuit]] in Southern Guang |labels=no}}), which became abbreviated as ''Guǎngdōng Lù'' ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=廣東路|s=广东路 |labels=no}}) and ''Guǎngxī Lù'' ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=廣西路|s=广西路 |labels=no}}).

"''Dōng''" ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=東|s=东}}) means "east".

"Canton", though etymologically derived from ''{{lang|pt|Cantão}}'' (the Portuguese [[transliteration]] of "Guangdong"), usually by itself refers to the provincial capital [[Guangzhou]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpyNH0UrKvUC&pg=PA116|title=The Treaty Ports of China and Japan |editor= Nicholas Belfield Dennys |publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=116|isbn= 978-1-108-04590-2|date=26 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911 |first=Robert Kennaway |last=Douglas |wstitle=Canton (China) |display=Canton |volume=5 |page=218}}</ref> Historically, Canton was also used for the province itself,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vHhMAAAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 4, Part 1|publisher=A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar |editor= Colin Macfarquhar, George Gleig |year=1797 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vHhMAAAAMAAJ/page/n254 126] |edition=3rd }}</ref> but often either specified as a province (e.g. Canton Province),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hamilton |first1=Alexander |title=A New Account of the East Indies. Chapter 51: Some Observations and Remarks on the Province and City of Canton or Quantung |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503139/page/n135/mode/2up |website=Internet Archive |access-date=21 July 2021 |date=1688–1727}}</ref> or written as ''Kwangtung'' in the [[Wade–Giles]] system and now most commonly as ''Guangdong'' in [[Pinyin]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw4wBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 |title=The Golden Ghetto: The American Commercial Community at Canton and the Shaping of American China Policy, 1784–1844 |author1= Jacques M. Downs |author2=Frederic D. Grant, Jr. |page=345 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press; Reissue edition |date= 2015|isbn= 978-988-8139-09-5}}</ref> The local people of the city of [[Guangzhou]] (Canton) and their language are called [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]] in English. Because of the prestige of [[Guangzhou|Canton]] and its accent, Cantonese can also be used, in a wider sense, for the [[phylogenetically]] related residents and Chinese dialects outside the provincial capital.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}

== History ==

===Prehistory===
The [[Neolithic]] era began in the [[Pearl River Delta]] ({{Lang|zh|珠江三角洲}}) 7,000 years before present (BP), with the early period from around 7000 to 5000 BP (c. 5050–3050 BC), and the late period from about 5000 to 3500 BP (c. 3050–1550 BC). In coastal Guangdong, the Neolithic was likely introduced from the middle Yangtze River area (Jiao 2013). In inland Guangdong, the Neolithic appeared in Guangdong 4,600 years before present (BP). The Neolithic in northern inland Guangdong is represented by the Shixia culture ({{Lang|zh|石峽文化}}), which occurred from 4600 to 4200 BP (c. 2650–2250 BC).<ref>{{cite book | last=Jiao | first=Tianlong | title=A Companion to Chinese Archaeology | chapter=The Neolithic Archaeology of Southeast China | publisher=Wiley | date=2013-04-08 | isbn=978-1-4443-3529-3 | doi=10.1002/9781118325698.ch29 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118325698.ch29 | access-date=2025-04-16 | pages=597–611 | editor-last=Underhill | editor-first=Anne P.}}</ref>

===Imperial===
Originally inhabited by a mixture of [[tribal groups]] known to the Chinese as the [[Baiyue]] ("Hundred Yue"), the region first became part of China during the [[Qin dynasty]]. Under the Qin Dynasty, Chinese administration began and along with it, reliable historical records about the region. After establishing the first [[Qin's wars of unification|unified Chinese empire]], the Qin expanded southwards and set up [[Nanhai Commandery]] at [[Panyu District|Panyu]], near what is now part of Guangzhou. The region was later controlled by an independent kingdom known as [[Nanyue]] between the fall of Qin and the reign of [[Emperor Wu of Han]]. The [[Han dynasty]] administered Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam as [[Jiaozhou (region)|Jiaozhi Province]]; southernmost Jiaozhi Province was used as a gateway for traders from the west—as far away as the Roman Empire. Under the [[Eastern Wu|Wu Kingdom]] of the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, Guangdong was made its own province, the Guang Province, in 226 CE.<ref name=":0" />

Canton was a prosperous port city along a tropical frontier region beset by disease and wild animals, but rich in oranges, [[banyan]], bananas, and [[lychee]] fruits. They traded slaves, silk and [[chinaware]] with [[Persians]], [[Brahmans]] and [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] in exchange for their renowned medicines and fragrant tropical woods. [[Shi'a Muslims]] who had fled persecution in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Buddhists]] from India lived side by side in the thriving town each erecting their own houses of worship. A foreign quarter sprang up along the [[Pearl River (China)|river]] where many traders of diverse backgrounds including Arabs and [[Sinhalese people|Singhalese]] took up residence.<ref name="University of California Press">{{cite book |last1=Schafer |first1=Edward H. |title=The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tang Exotics |date=1963 |publisher=University of California Press |page=15 |isbn=978-0-520-05462-2}}</ref>

The port's importance declined after it was raided by Arabs and Persians in 758 and the foreign residents were at times troubled by the corrupt local officials, sometimes responding violently. During one incident in 684, for example, a merchant vessel's captain murdered a corrupt governor who had used his position to steal from the merchant.<ref name="University of California Press"/>

Together with [[Guangxi]], Guangdong was made part of [[Lingnan culture|Lingnan]] Circuit (political division Circuit), or Mountain-South Circuit, in 627 during the [[Tang dynasty]]. The Guangdong part of Lingnan Circuit was renamed [[Guangnan East Circuit]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|廣南東路}}) in 971 during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279). "Guangnan East" ({{Zh-no-labels|t=廣南東}}) is the source of the name "Guangdong" ({{Zh-no-labels|t=廣東|s=广东|first=t}}).<ref>{{Cite book|script-title=zh:中国历史地名大词典|last1=史为乐 (Shǐ Wéilì)|last2=邓自欣 (Dèng Zìxīn)|last3=朱玲玲 (Zhū Línglíng)|publisher=China Social Sciences Press|year=2005|isbn=978-7-5004-4929-4|editor-last=史为乐 (Shǐ Wéilì)|edition=1st|location=Beijing|language=zh-Hans-cn|trans-title=Large Dictionary of Chinese Historical Place Names|oclc=61167815}}</ref>{{Page reference|227}}
[[File:Dim Sum Breakfast.jpg|thumb|Cantonese food]]
As time passed, the demographics of what is now Guangdong gradually shifted to ([[Han people|Han]]){{when|date=February 2020}} Chinese dominance as the populations intermingled due to commerce along the great canals. From the fall of the Han dynasty onwards, it shifted more abruptly through massive migration from [[Northern China|the north]] during periods of political turmoil and nomadic incursions. For example, internal strife in northern China following [[An Lushan Rebellion|the rebellion]] of [[An Lushan]] resulted in a 75% increase in the population of Guangzhou prefecture between the 740s–750s and 800s–810s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhyz.org/yxx/jxzy/zy/zy48.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030529135953/http://www.nhyz.org/yxx/jxzy/zy/zy48.htm |archive-date=29 May 2003 |title=nhyz.org |publisher=nhyz.org |access-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> As more migrants arrived, the local population was gradually [[Sinicization|assimilated to Han Chinese culture]]<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=11836649 |title= Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese|journal= The American Journal of Human Genetics|date= March 2002|doi=10.1086/338999 |volume=70 |issue=3 |pmc=384943 |pages=635–51|last1= Yao|first1= Yong-Gang|last2= Kong|first2= Qing-Peng|last3= Bandelt|first3= Hans-Jürgen|last4= Kivisild|first4= Toomas|last5= Zhang|first5= Ya-Ping}}</ref> or displaced.

As [[Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty|Mongols]] from the north engaged in their [[Mongol conquest of China|conquest of China]] in the 13th century, the [[Southern Song]] court fled southwards from its capital in [[Hangzhou]]. The defeat of the Southern Song court by Mongol naval forces in The [[Battle of Yamen]] 1279 in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song dynasty (960–1279).<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://world.time.com/2013/06/15/exiled-in-hong-kong-famous-company-for-edward-snowden/slide/the-southern-sung-emperors/ |title=The Southern Song Emperors |magazine=Time |date=13 June 2013 |access-date=7 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829110014/http://world.time.com/2013/06/15/exiled-in-hong-kong-famous-company-for-edward-snowden/slide/the-southern-sung-emperors/ |archive-date=29 August 2017 |last1=Trivedi |first1=Anjani }}</ref>

During the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]], large parts of current Guangdong belonged to [[Jiangxi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Zhang Tingyu |display-authors=etal |year=1739|title=[[History of Ming]] |volume=45 |chapter=Records XXI, Geography VI |quote={{lang|zh-hant|廣東《禹貢》揚州之域及揚州徼外。元置廣東道宣慰使司，治廣州路。屬江西行中書省。|nocat=true}}|language=zh}}</ref> Its present name, "Guangdong" was given in early [[Ming dynasty]].

Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive trade links with the rest of the world. European [[merchant]]s coming northwards via the [[Straits of Malacca]] and the [[South China Sea]], particularly the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and [[British people|British]], traded extensively through Guangzhou. [[Macau]], on the southern coast of Guangdong, was the first European settlement in 1557.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

In the 19th century, the [[opium trade]]d through Guangzhou triggered the [[First Opium War]], opening an era of Western [[Imperialism|imperialists]]' incursion and intervention in China. In addition to [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], which was then a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colony]], Hong Kong was ceded to the British, and [[Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan|Kouang-Tchéou-Wan]] (modern day area of [[Zhanjiang]]) to the [[French colonial empire|French]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Due to the large number of people that emigrated out of the Guangdong, and in particular the ease of immigration from Hong Kong to other parts of the [[British Empire]] (later [[British Commonwealth]]), many overseas Chinese communities have their origins in Guangdong and/or Cantonese culture. In particular, the [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] dialects have proportionately more speakers among overseas Chinese people than Mandarin-speaking Chinese. Additionally, many Taishanese-speaking Chinese [[Chinese emigration|emigrated]] to Western countries, with the results that many Western versions of Chinese words were derived from the Cantonese dialects rather than through the mainstream Mandarin language, such as "[[dim sum]]". Some Mandarin Chinese words originally of foreign origin also came from the original foreign language by way of Cantonese. For example, the Mandarin word ''{{transliteration|zh|níngméng}}'' ({{lang-zh|s=柠檬|t=檸檬}}), meaning "Lemon", came from Cantonese, in which the characters are pronounced as ''{{transliteration|zh|lìng mung}}''.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5e8Za8sEJAC&q=Shanghainese+origin+lemon+mm+ningmeng+Cantonese+origin:+lihngmung+lemonade+%23+MK*+ningmeng+shui+lemon+time+wmmw+ningmeng+shijian+lepton+w%26m+leibodun+Leveler+/+B%C2%BB%26:%C2%A3+niweila+dang+(political+party)+liaison+mm+lianyong+libido+Wc%26+laibiduo&pg=PA364
|title=Translingual practice: literature, national culture, and translated modernity—China, 1900–1937
|year=1995
|author=Lydia He Liu
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|edition=illustrated, annotated
|isbn=978-0-8047-2535-4
|quote=last car {{lang|zh-hant|拉斯卡|nocat=true}} lasi ka Shanghainese origin lemon {{lang|zh-hant|檸檬|nocat=true}} ningmeng Cantonese origin: lihngmung lemonade # MK* ningmeng shui lemon time wmmw ningmeng shijian lepton w&m leibodun Leveler / B»&:£ niweila dang (political party) liaison mm lianyong libido Wc& laibiduo
|page=364
|access-date=8 December 2011}}()</ref> In the United States, there is a large number of Chinese who are descendants of immigrants from the [[county-level city]] of [[Taishan, Guangdong|Taishan]] (Toisan in Cantonese), who speak a distinctive dialect related to Cantonese called [[Taishanese]] (or Toishanese).

During the 1850s, the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]], whose leader [[Hong Xiuquan]] was born in Guangdong and received a pamphlet from a Protestant Christian missionary in Guangdong, was allied with a local Guangdong [[Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)]]. Because of direct contact with the West, Guangdong was the centre of anti-Manchu and anti-imperialist activity. The generally acknowledged founder of modern China, [[Sun Yat-sen]], was also from Guangdong.

===20th century===
[[File:Kwangtung Provincial Government.jpg|thumb|The Kwangtung Provincial Government in the 1930s]]
During the early 1920s of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], Guangdong was the staging area for the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) to prepare for the [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]], an effort to bring the various [[warlord era|warlords]] of China back under a unified central government. The [[Whampoa Military Academy]] was built near Guangzhou to train military commanders.

At the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]] Guangdong became one of the [[Nationalist government]]'s final footholds in [[Mainland China]], with Guangzhou temporarily serving as the [[Kuomintang]]'s provisional capitol. The [[People's Liberation Army]] seized control of the province after the [[retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikötter |first=Frank |title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945–1957 |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |isbn=978-1-62040-347-1 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=31–32}}</ref>

The new [[Chinese Communist Party]] administration issued harsh taxes, requisitioning between 22 and 60 percent of grain annually. However, the local party boss Fang Fang tried to moderate [[Land Reform Movement (China)|Chinese land reform policy]] in order to protect successful businesses in the [[Pearl River Delta]], landholdings by [[overseas Chinese]] seeking to eventually return to the country, and commercial relations with [[British Hong Kong]]. In response [[Mao Zedong]] purged Fang and thousands of cadres from the province in 1952, sending [[Tao Zhu]] to implement a much harsher program under the slogan "Every Village Bleeds, Every Household Fights."{{Sfn|Dikötter|2013|p=76–81}}

During [[Reform and opening up|Reform and Opening Up]], Guangdong was supported by the central government to be "one step ahead" of the rest of the country.<ref name=":53">{{Cite book |last=Santos |first=Gonçalo |title=Chinese Village Life Today: Building Families in an Age of Transition |date=2021 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-295-74738-5 |location=Seattle |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=43}} Most major cities in Guangdong underwent liberalizing economic reforms in the mid-1980s.<ref name=":53" />{{Rp|page=43}} Since Reform and Opening Up, the province has seen extremely rapid economic growth, aided in part by its close trading links with [[Hong Kong]], which borders it. It is now the province with the highest gross domestic product in China.

In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline ([[Qinzhou]], Lianzhou (now [[Hepu County]]), [[Fangchenggang]] and [[Beihai]]) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965. [[Hainan]] Island was originally part of Guangdong, but it was separated into its own province in 1988.

== Geography ==
[[File:广州最美乡村—红山村 - panoramio (32).jpg|left|thumb|A horse in Hongshan village]]

Guangdong faces the [[South China Sea]] to the south and has a total of {{convert|4,300|km|abbr=on}} of coastline. The [[Leizhou Peninsula]] is on the southwestern end of the province. There are a few inactive [[volcanoes]] on Leizhou Peninsula. The [[Pearl River Delta]] is the convergent point of three upstream rivers: the [[Dong Jiang|East River]], [[Bei Jiang|North River]], and [[Xi Jiang|West River]]. The [[river delta]] is filled with hundreds of small islands. The province is geographically separated from the north by a few [[mountain range]]s collectively called the [[Nan Mountains]] (Nan Ling). The highest peak in the province is [[Shikengkong]] with an elevation of {{convert|6,240|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} above sea level.

[[File:中国广东省江门市台山上川岛 China Guangdong Province, Jiangmen City - panoramio (10).jpg|thumb|Jiangmen beaches, Guangdong]]
[[File:广东省台山下川岛的海湾 - panoramio.jpg|Taishan Xiachuan Island, Guangdong|right|thumb]]

Guangdong borders [[Fujian]] to the northeast, [[Jiangxi]] and [[Hunan]] to the north, [[Guangxi]] autonomous region to the west, and [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] [[special administrative region (People's Republic of China)|Special Administrative Regions]] to the south. [[Hainan]] is offshore across from the [[Leizhou Peninsula]]. [[Pratas Island]], which were traditionally governed as part of Guangdong, are part of [[Cijin District]], [[Kaoshiung]], Taiwan (ROC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/joe-hung/2009/06/22/213223/Sovereignty-over.htm |title=Sovereignty over the Spratly Islands – The China Post 22 June 2009 |publisher=Chinapost.com.tw |date=22 June 2009 |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924083855/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/joe-hung/2009/06/22/213223/Sovereignty-over.htm |archive-date=24 September 2012 }}</ref> The PRC continues to claim Pratas Island as part of Guangdong under the district of [[Chengqu, Shanwei]].<ref name="sws">{{cite web|url=http://smzt.gd.gov.cn/qhgk/gsqh/200505/sws/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103005408/http://smzt.gd.gov.cn/qhgk/gsqh/200505/sws/|archive-date=3 November 2020|url-status=live|script-title=zh:汕尾市|language=zh-hans|website=广东省民政厅网站|date=May 2005|quote=城区{...}（东沙群岛不是镇建制）}}</ref><ref name="chengqu">{{cite map|url=http://nr.gd.gov.cn/attachment/0/328/328278/2265301.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707201843/http://nr.gd.gov.cn/attachment/0/328/328278/2265301.jpg|archive-date=7 July 2020|date=30 June 2018|language=zh-hans|script-title=zh:城区地图|website=Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province {{lang|zh-hans|广东省自然资源厅}}|author={{lang|zh-hans|广东省国土资源厅}}|via=[[Internet Archive]]|quote={{lang|zh-hans|东沙群岛{...}北卫滩{...}南卫滩{...}东沙岛{...}东沙礁}}}}</ref>

Cities around the [[Pearl River Delta]] include [[Dongguan]], [[Foshan]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Huizhou]], [[Jiangmen]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Shunde]], [[Taishan, Guangdong|Taishan]], [[Zhongshan]], and [[Zhuhai]]. Other cities in the province include [[Chaozhou]], [[Chenghai]], [[Nanhai District|Nanhai]], [[Shantou]], [[Shaoguan]], [[Zhanjiang]], [[Zhaoqing]], [[Yangjiang]], and [[Yunfu]].

Guangdong has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa'' inland, ''Cwa'' along the coast). Winters are short, mild, and relatively dry, while summers are long, hot, and very wet. Average daily highs in Guangzhou in January and July are {{convert|18|and|33|°C|°F}}, although the humidity makes it feel hotter in summer. Frost is rare on the coast but may happen a few days each winter.

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Guangdong}}

In 2022, Guangdong's GDP was 13.57{{nbsp}}trillion [[Renminbi|RMB]] ($1.9{{nbsp}}trillion in GDP nominal, $3.78{{nbsp}}trillion in [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), with a per capita GDP of {{CNY|102,465}} ({{US$|15,234}} in nominal or US$25,016 in [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]).<ref name="data2022"/> It is the [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|richest province]] in [[South Central China]] region and the seventh richest among all provinces by GDP per capita. Guangdong has been the largest province by GDP since 1989 in [[Mainland China]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=省十三届人大五次会议开幕李玉妹主持王伟中作政府工作报告李希黄楚平王荣等出席广东省人民政府门户网站|url=http://www.gd.gov.cn/gdywdt/gdyw/content/mpost_3768737.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127080537/http://www.gd.gov.cn/gdywdt/gdyw/content/mpost_3768737.html|archive-date=27 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-27|website=www.Guangdong Provincial People's Government}}</ref> Its GDP exceeded that of Australia ($1.70{{nbsp}}trillion) and South Korea ($1.67{{nbsp}}trillion), the world's 12th and 13th [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|largest economy]], respectively.<ref name="IMF">{{cite web| author = International Monetary Fund| url = https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April| title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023| publisher = [[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> If it was a country, Guangdong would be the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|12th-largest economy]] as of 2022 and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|11th most populous]].<ref name="data2022"/> Compared to country subdivisions in dollar terms, Guangdong's GDP in nominal is larger than all but four [[List of country subdivisions by GDP (nominal)|country subdivisions]]: [[California]], [[Texas]], [[New York State]], and [[England]]. Compared to country subdivisions in PPP terms, Guangdong's GDP is larger than all, except California.<ref name="IMF"/> By PPP terms, as of 2022, Guangdong's economy ranked between Turkey and Italy with a GDP of $3.35{{nbsp}}trillion and US$3.06{{nbsp}}trillion respectively, the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|11th and 12th largest in the world]] respectively.<ref name="IMF"/>
[[File:华强电子世界 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Shops in one of the electronic markets of [[Huaqiangbei]], [[Shenzhen]], specialize in selling various electronic components, supplying the needs of local and global consumer electronics manufacturers.]]
[[File:Aerial View, Humen Bridge 20240901.jpg|{{center|[[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] and [[Humen Pearl River Bridge|Humen Bridge]]}}|thumb|upright]]
[[File:Aerial View, Zhongshan Bridge, Guangdong 20250608.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Shenzhen–Zhongshan Link]]]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Historical GDP of Guangdong for 1978 –present (SNA2008<ref name="SNA2008">China NBS / ''Bulletin on Reforming Guangdong's GDP Accounting and Data Release System'': [http://www.gdstats.gov.cn/tjzl/tjgb/201712/t20171209_377708.html gdstats.gov.cn (9-Dec-17)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051233/http://www.gdstats.gov.cn/tjzl/tjgb/201712/t20171209_377708.html |date=22 December 2017 }} (Chinese)</ref>; purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as [[Geary–Khamis dollar|Int'l.dollar]] based on IMF WEO October 2017<ref>'''Purchasing power parity''' (PPP) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] '''''[[World Economic Outlook|WEO]]''''' ([http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 '''October 2017'''] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110717100927/http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 |date=17 July 2011 }}) data; Exchange rate of CN¥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, published on [http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/ ''China Statistical Yearbook''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020062416/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/ |date=20 October 2015 }}.</ref>)

|- align=center
| align=center rowspan=3| year
| align=center colspan=4| '''GDP'''
| align=center colspan=3| '''GDP per capita (GDPpc) ''' ''based on mid-year population ''
| align=center colspan=2| '''Reference index'''

|- align=center
| align=center colspan=3| GDP ''in millions''
| align=center rowspan=2| real growth (%)
| align=center colspan=3| GDPpc
| align=center colspan=2| exchange rate ''1 foreign currency to CNY ''

|- align=center
||[[Renminbi|CNY]]
||[[United States dollar|USD]]
||[[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] ([[Geary–Khamis dollar|Int'l$.]])
||CNY
||USD
||PPP (Int'l$.)
||USD 1
||Int'l$. 1 (PPP)

|- align=right
||2016||8,085,491||1,217,273||2,306,121||7.5||74,016||11,143||21,111||6.6423||3.5061

|- align=right
||2015||7,402,743||1,188,546||2,085,809||8.0||68,629||11,019||19,337||6.2284||3.5491

|- align=right
||2014||6,890,143||1,121,662||1,940,721||7.8||64,491||10,499||18,165||6.1428||3.5503

|- align=right
||2013||6,345,544||1,024,599||1,774,034||8.5||59,756||9,649||16,706||6.1932||3.5769

|- align=right
||2012||5,799,354||918,710||1,633,253||8.2||54,973||8,709||15,482||6.3125||3.5508

|- align=right
||2011||5,395,920||835,437||1,539,273||10.0||51,523||7,977||14,698||6.4588||3.5055

|- align=right
||2010||4,657,712||688,044||1,406,909||12.4||45,284||6,689||13,678||6.7695||3.3106

|- align=right
||2005||2,272,329||277,394||794,799||14.1||24,828||3,031||8,684||8.1917||2.8590

|- align=right
||2000||1,081,021||130,583||397,536||11.5||12,818||1,548||4,714||8.2784||2.7193

|- align=right
||1990||155,903||32,594||91,568||11.6||2,484||519||1,459||4.7832||1.7026

|- align=right
||1980||24,965||16,661||16,693||16.6||481||321||322||1.4984||1.4955

|- align=right
||1978||18,585||11,039||||1.0||370||220||||1.6836||
|}

After the [[Chinese Revolution (1949)|communist revolution]] and until the start of the [[Deng Xiaoping]] reforms in 1978, Guangdong was an economic backwater, although a large underground, service-based economy has always existed. Economic development policies encouraged industrial development in the interior provinces which were weakly joined to [[Transport in Guangdong|Guangdong via transportation links]]. The government policy of economic [[autarky]] made Guangdong's access to the ocean irrelevant.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}

Deng Xiaoping's open door policy radically changed the economy of the province as it was able to take advantage of its access to the ocean, proximity to Hong Kong, and historical links to [[overseas Chinese]]. Guangdong was one of the first provinces to receive permission from the central government to receive foreign investment.<ref name=":26">{{Cite book |last=Ang |first=Yuen Yuen |url= |title=How China Escaped the Poverty Trap |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5017-0020-0 |doi= |jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j |author-link=Yuen Yuen Ang}}</ref>{{Rp|page=148}} In addition, until the 1990s when the [[Tax system in China|Chinese taxation system]] was reformed, the province benefited from the relatively low rate of taxation placed on it by the central government due to its post-Liberation status of being economically backward.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}
[[File:Shenzhen city montage.png|thumb|507x507px|Buildings and tourist attractions in Shenzhen]]
Guangdong's economic boom began with the early 1990s and has since spread to neighboring provinces, and also pulled their populations inward. The economic growth of Guangdong owes much to the low-value-added manufacturing which characterized (and in many ways still defines) the province's economy following [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s reforms. Guangdong is not only China's largest exporter of goods, it is the country's largest importer as well.<ref name="thechinaperspective1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/guangdong-province/ |title=Guangdong Province: Economic News and Statistics for Guangdong's Economy |publisher=The China Perspective |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502105943/http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/guangdong-province/ |archive-date=2 May 2012 }}</ref>

The province is now one of the richest in the nation, with the most billionaires in mainland China,<ref>{{cite web|author=Zheng Huiyuan |url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?cid=1302&MainCatID=13&id=20101110000174 |title=Guangdong Has Most Billionaires in China |publisher=WantChinaTimes.com |date=10 November 2010 |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314232138/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?cid=1302&MainCatID=13&id=20101110000174 |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref> the highest GDP among all the provinces, although wage growth has only recently begun to rise due to a large influx of migrant workers from neighboring provinces. By 2015, the local government of Guangdong hopes that the service industry will account for more than 50 percent of the provinces GDP and high-tech manufacturing another 20 percent.<ref name="thechinaperspective1"/>

In 2021, Guangdong's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 534{{nbsp}}billion RMB (US$79.4{{nbsp}}billion), 5.28{{nbsp}}trillion RMB (US$785.6{{nbsp}}billion), and 7.09{{nbsp}}trillion RMB (US$1.05{{nbsp}}trillion), respectively.<ref name="data2022"/> Guangdong contributes approximately 10.6% of the total national economic output.<ref name="data2022"/> Now, it has three of the six [[Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China|Special Economic Zones]]: [[Shenzhen]], [[Shantou]] and [[Zhuhai]]. The affluence of Guangdong, however, remains very concentrated near the [[Pearl River Delta]].

===Economic and technological development zones===
* [[Shenzhen]] Export Processing Zone
* Shenzhen [[Futian]] Free Trade Zone<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/shenzhen-futian-free-trade-zone/ |title=Shenzhen Futian Free Trade Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426182059/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/shenzhen-futian-free-trade-zone |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref>
* Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park
* [[Yantian]] Port Free Trade Zone
* [[Foshan]] National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/foshan-hi-tech-development-zone/ |title=Foshan Hi-Tech Development Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426182040/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/foshan-hi-tech-development-zone |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Guangzhou]] Development District
* Guangzhou Export Processing Zone
* Guangzhou Free Trade Zone
* Guangzhou Nansha Economic and Technical Development Zone
* Guangzhou Nanhu Lake Tourist Holiday Resort (Chinese Version)
* Guangzhou New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
* [[Huizhou]] Dayawan Economic and Technological Development Zone
* Huizhou Export Processing Zone
* Huizhou Zhongkai Hi-Tech Development Zone
* [[Nansha Subdistrict|Nansha]] Free Trade Zone
* [[Shantou]] Free Trade Zone
* [[Shatoujiao]] Free Trade Zone
* [[Zhanjiang]] Economic and Technological Development Zone (Chinese Version)
* [[Zhuhai]] National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
* Zhuhai Free Trade Zone
* [[Zhongshan]] Torch High-tech Industrial Development Zone

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population
|footnote = Hainan was part of Guangdong until 1988. Guangzhou was part of Guangdong until 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Guangdong.
|1912<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1912年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|access-date=6 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032922/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> |28,011,000
|1928<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1928年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|access-date=6 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032924/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> |32,428,000
|1936–37<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1936–37年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm|access-date=6 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032925/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> |32,453,000
|1947<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1947年全国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm|access-date=6 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913053600/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm|archive-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> |27,210,000
|1954<ref name="census1954">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 |trans-title=People's Republic of China National Bureau of Statistics communiqué on the results of the first national population census|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009 }}</ref> |34,770,059
|1964<ref name="census1964">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |archive-date=14 September 2012 }}</ref> |42,800,849
|1982<ref name="census1982">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref> |59,299,220
|1990<ref name="census1990">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=19 June 2012 }}</ref> |62,829,236
|2000<ref name="census2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=29 August 2012 }}</ref> |85,225,007
|2010<ref name="census2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref> |104,303,132
|2020<ref name="stats.gov.cn" />|126,012,510
|2024<ref name="stats.gov.cn" />|127,060,000
}}
Guangdong officially became the [[List of People's Republic of China administrative divisions by population|most populous province]] in 2005.<ref name="English people.com.cn">{{Cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200501/30/eng20050130_172366.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060310192937/http://english.people.com.cn/200501/30/eng20050130_172366.html|website=People's Daily Online |title=Guangdong becomes most populous province |archive-date=10 March 2006}}</ref><ref name="Chinadaily.com"/> Official statistics had traditionally placed Guangdong as the fourth-most populous province of China with about 80 million people, though an influx of migrants, temporary workers, and newly settled individuals numbered around 30 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.163.com/05/0201/11/1BGKCSFN0014183O.html |title=media163 |publisher=media163 |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625190924/http://media.163.com/05/0201/11/1BGKCSFN0014183O.html |archive-date=25 June 2012 }}</ref> The massive influx of migrants from other provinces, dubbed the "floating population", is due to Guangdong's booming economy and high demand for labor. If Guangdong were an independent nation, it would rank among the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|twelfth largest countries of the world by population]].
{|
|{{Largest cities
|country = Guangdong
|kind = cities
|stat_ref = Source: ''China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018'' Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Development]] of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |date=2019 |title=中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 |trans-title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 |language=zh |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statistic Publishing House }}</ref>
|list_by_pop =
|class = info

|city_1 = Guangzhou
|pop_1 = 13,154,200

|city_2 = Shenzhen
|pop_2 = 13,026,600

|city_3 = Dongguan
|pop_3 = 6,850,300

|city_4 = Shantou
|pop_4 = 2,796,400

|city_5 = Zhuhai
|pop_5 = 2,779,800

|city_6 = Huizhou
|pop_6 = 2,396,400

|city_7 = Foshan
|pop_7 = 1,872,500

|city_8 = Jiangmen
|pop_8 = 1,386,500

|city_9 = Zhanjiang
|pop_9 = 917,800

|city_10 = Jieyang
|pop_10 = 860,000

|city_11 = Maoming
|pop_11 = 849,700

|city_12 = Zhaoqing
|pop_12 = 820,600

|city_13 = Chaozhou
|pop_13 = 775,800

|city_14 = Shaoguan
|pop_14 = 647,300

|city_15 = Puning
|pop_15 = 619,100

|city_16 = Zhongshan
|pop_16 = 572,000

|city_17 = Qingyuan
|pop_17 = 534,200

|city_18 = Yangjiang
|pop_18 = 507,800

|city_19 = Meizhou
|pop_19 = 469,500

|city_20 = Gaozhou
|pop_20 = 364,400
}}
|}
===Urbanization===
[[File:Guangzhou skyline.jpg|{{center|[[Guangzhou]] is one of the largest cities in the People's Republic of China.}}|left|thumb]]
In 2024, Guangdong's population was 75.9% urban and 24.1% rural.<ref name="data2022"/>

===Genealogy===
Guangdong is the ancestral home of large numbers of [[overseas Chinese]]. Most of the railroad laborers in [[Canada]], the [[Western United States]] and [[Panama]] in the 19th century came from Guangdong, especially the [[Siyi]] area. Many people from the region also traveled to [[California]] and other parts of the [[United States]] during the [[California Gold Rush|gold rush of 1849]], and also to [[Colonial Australia|Australia]] during its [[Australian gold rushes|gold rush]] a decade or so later.

===Languages and ethnicities===
The majority of the province's population is [[Han Chinese]], though the Han population is so diverse that the province has been called the "treasure trove of regional languages" ({{lang|zh|方言寶庫}}).<ref>{{citation|last=Li|first=Rong|title={{lang|zh|中國語言地圖集}}|author-link=Li Rong (linguist)|trans-title=Language Atlas of China|edition=2|publisher=The Commercial Press|language=zh|year=2012|isbn=978-7-100-07054-6|postscript=.}}</ref> Within the Han Chinese, the largest subgroup in Guangdong are the [[Cantonese people]], with significant [[Hakka people|Hakka]] and [[Teochew people|Teoswa]] populations east of the Pearl River Delta. Guangdong is also home to small [[Yao people (Asia)|Mien]], [[She people|She]], [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Li Chinese|Li]], and [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] minorities.

====Yue Chinese====
{{main|Yue Chinese}}

Guangdong is the traditional heartland of Yue Chinese ({{lang-zh|t=粵語|s=粤语|p=yuèyǔ|j=jyut6 jyu5}}), which has a high degree of internal diversity. The vast majority of these speakers live at or west the [[Pearl River Delta]]. A total of {{sigfig|35810000|4}} Yue Chinese speakers live in Guangdong.{{sfnp|Li|2012|page=160}}

[[Cantonese]] and other Yue varieties spoken at the delta such as [[Weitou dialect]] and [[Shiqi dialect]] make up the greatest number of speakers, numbering at around {{sigfig|20720000|4}} speakers.{{sfnp|Li|2012|page=161}} Due to the large overseas population and cultural impact of [[Cantopop]] and Cantonese television shows, Cantonese is a well-known variety of Chinese throughout the world.

[[Siyi Yue|Sze Yap]] or Siyi Yue, including [[Hoisanese]], is spoken in much of [[Jiangmen]] prefecture, numbering at around {{sigfig|3880000|3}} speakers.{{sfnp|Li|2012|page=161}} Siyi was once the representative variety of Chinese in many [[Chinese American]] communities.

====Hakka Chinese====
{{main|Hakka Chinese}}

The highlands of the [[Jiangxi]]-[[Fujian]]-Guangdong tripoint are the traditional heartland of the Hakka Chinese ({{lang-zh|s=客家话|t=客家話|p=kèjiāhuà|j=haak3 gaa1 waa6-2}}; [[Meizhou dialect|Moiyenese]]: ''hag5 ga1 fa4'')-speaking people, and [[Meizhou]] is often dubbed the capital of Hakka culture. Downhill Hakka migrations started in the [[early modern period]], and due to them being newcomers to the lowlands, they were dubbed "guest families" by the original inhabitants (the [[Punti]]s). There are around {{sigfig|20000000|4}} Neo-Hakka speakers in Guangdong, of which {{sigfig|2000000|3}} live significantly west of the traditional Hakka area.

====Min Chinese====
{{main|Teochew Min|Leizhou Min}}

Teoswa or Chaoshan Min ({{lang-zh|t=潮汕話|s=潮汕话|p=cháoshànhuà|j=ciu4 saan3 waa6-2}}; [[Peng'im]]: ''diê5 suan1 uê7'') is spoken primarily in the [[Chaoshan]] area, that is to say, [[Chaozhou]], [[Jieyang]], [[Shantou]], and [[Shanwei]] prefectures, by around {{sigfig|14120000|4}} speakers.{{sfnp|Li|2012|page=161}} It is a [[Southern Min]] branch, but has little mutual intelligibility with [[Hokkien]].

Leizhou Min ({{lang-zh|t=黎話|s=黎话|p=líhuà|j=leoi4 waa6-2}}; Leizhounese: [{{IPA|lɔi˨ ue˧˥}}]) is spoken primarily in the Leizhou peninsula of [[Zhanjiang]] prefecture by around {{sigfig|4510000|3}} speakers.{{sfnp|Li|2012|page=161}} It is closely related to [[Hainanese]].

====Other Chinese====
Around {{sigfig|500000|2}} speakers of [[Shaozhou Tuhua]] live in small communities in [[Shaoguan]] prefecture, typically surrounded by Hakka speakers.{{sfnp|Li|2012|page=161}} These varieties have been observed to be similar to Hakka, and have been dubbed "Paleo-Hakka" by, for instance, [[W. South Coblin]].

There are also around {{sigfig|40000|2}} [[Southwestern Mandarin]] speakers in Guangdong, with around half of them being remnants of Northern ''[[juntun]]'' [[[:zh:軍屯|zh]]] that date back to the [[Ming dynasty]]. These communities largely live in small villages in coastal eastern Guangdong in places such as [[Haifeng]] and [[Huidong County, Guangdong|Huidong]] counties. The other half live in parts of [[Lechang]] close to [[Hunan]] province, which explains the Mandarin language they use.{{sfnp|Li|2012|page=161}}

===Gender ratio===
Guangdong has a highly unbalanced gender ratio that is among the highest of all provinces in China. According to a 2009 study published in [[The BMJ|''The British Medical Journal'']], in the 1–4 age group, there are over 130 boys for every 100 girls.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.b1211.full |title=China's excess males, sex selective abortion, and one child policy: analysis of data from 2005 national intercensus survey|journal=BMJ |date=9 April 2009 |volume=338 |article-number=b1211 |publisher=bmj.com |doi=10.1136/bmj.b1211 |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101005559/http://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.b1211.full |archive-date=1 January 2012 |last1=Zhu |first1=Wei Xing |last2=Lu |first2=Li |last3=Hesketh |first3=Therese |pmid=19359290 |pmc=2667570 }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Guangdong (2012)<ref name="CFPS2012">{{cite web |trans-title=China Family Panel Studies 2012 |url=http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |script-title=zh:当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 |publisher=[[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] |language=zh-hans |date=3 March 2014 |page=13 |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Irreligious]] or [[Chinese folk religion|folk religion]]
|value1 = 90.7
|color1 = DarkRed
|label2 = [[Buddhism in China|Buddhism]]
|value2 = 6.2
|color2 = Gold
|label3 = [[Protestantism in China|Protestantism]]
|value3 = 1.9
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = [[Catholicism]]
|value4 = 1.2
|color4 = Purple
}}
According to a 2012 survey<ref name="CFPS2012"/> only around 7% of the population of Guangdong belongs to organised religions, the largest groups being [[Buddhism in China|Buddhists]] with 6.2%, followed by [[Protestantism in China|Protestants]] with 1.8% and [[Catholicism in China|Catholics]] with 1.2%. Around 90% of the population is either irreligious or may be involved in [[Chinese folk religion]] worshipping [[Shen (Chinese religion)|nature gods, ancestral deities]], [[Chinese salvationist religions|popular sects]], [[Taoism|Taoist traditions]], [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhist religious traditions]] & [[Ruism|Confucian religious traditions]].

According to a survey conducted in 2007, 43.71% of the population believes and is involved in [[Chinese ancestral religion|ancestor veneration]],<ref>Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Results reported by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |date=25 September 2015 }}</ref> the traditional Chinese religion of the lineages organised into [[lineage church]]es and [[ancestral shrine]]s.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 1150
| image1 = 容桂雨花寺.jpg
| caption1 = The Buddhist Yuhua Temple in [[Ronggui Subdistrict|Ronggui]], [[Shunde]]
| image2 = Wong Tai Sin Temple Canton.jpg
| caption2 = Temple of [[Huang Daxian]] in [[Guangzhou]]
| image3 = Guangzhou Nanhaishen Miao 2013.10.01 10-31-35.jpg
| caption3 = Temple of Nanhaishen (God of the Southern Sea) in Guangzhou
| image4 = Chiwan Tianhou Temple 20140515.JPG
| caption4 = Temple of [[Mazu (deity)|Tianhou]] in [[Chiwan]], [[Shenzhen]]
| image5 = 揭阳城隍庙.JPG
| caption5 = Temple of the [[Chenghuangshen]] (City God) of [[Jieyang]]
| image6 = Guangzhou Dafo Si 2014.01.26 14-46-33.jpg
| caption6 = Temple of the Great Buddha in Guangzhou
}}

== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Guangdong}}

{{Main list|List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
}}

Like all [[Politics of China|governing institutions in mainland China]], Guangdong has a parallel party-government system,<ref name="PoliticalSystem2">{{cite web |last1=Lawrence |first1=Susan |last2=Martin |first2=Michael |date=20 March 2013 |title=Understanding China's Political System |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108131300/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Federation of American Scientists |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> in which the [[Party Secretary of Guangdong|CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee Secretary]] outranks the [[Governor of Guangdong|Governor]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2007 |script-title=zh:党委书记权力究竟有多大？ |trans-title=How much power does a Party Secretary really have? |url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702211524/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |archive-date=2 July 2018 |access-date=29 April 2018 |publisher=[[People's Daily]] Press |language=zh-cn |script-work=zh:人民论坛}}</ref> The [[Guangdong Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Guangdong Provincial Committee]] acts as the top policy-formulation body, and has control over the [[Guangdong Provincial People's Government]].

=== Law enforcement and emergency services ===
Provincial law enforcement in Guangdong is provided by the [[Guangdong Public Security Department|Guangdong Provincial Public Security Department]].<ref>http://gdga.gd.gov.cn/attachment/0/557/557565/4480999.pdf, 2023年度广东省公安厅部门决算, Guangdong Public Security Department</ref> The {{Ill|People's Armed Police Guangdong Corps|zh|中国人民武装警察部队广东省总队}} provides paramilitary law enforcement and disaster relief in the province<ref>{{Cite web |title=黄楚平率团慰问武警广东总队某部官兵-广东人大网 |url=https://www.gdpc.gov.cn/gdrdw/gdrd/zrhycy/hcp/gdbd/content/post_199227.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.gdpc.gov.cn}}</ref> while the {{Ill|Guangdong Provincial Fire and Rescue Department|zh|广东省消防救援总队}} provides firefighting and rescue services in the province.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Xu |last2=Chen |first2=Bowen |last3=Shi |first3=Ruipeng |title=Talim lands twice, heads for Vietnam |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202307/19/WS64b713f2a31035260b817275.html |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=[[China Daily]] |date=19 July 2023 |quotation=Cui Gang, a public relations director of the Guangdong Fire and Rescue Corps, said his team had dispatched 440 firefighters to Zhanjiang, Maoming and other areas before the arrival of Talim.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:广东省专职消防队建设管理规定 |trans-title=Provisions on the Construction and Management of Professional Fire and Rescue Corps in Guangdong Province |url=https://gd.119.gov.cn/zwgk/flfg/content/post_4500139.html |website=Guangdong Fire and Rescue Corps}}</ref>

The primary domestic intelligence and security agency in Guangdong is the [[Guangdong State Security Department|Guangdong Provincial state security department]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=国家安全机关是一支怎样的队伍？广东省国安厅有关负责人接受采访_南方网 |trans-title=What kind of team are the national security organs? The relevant person in charge of the Guangdong Provincial Department of State Security was interviewed |url=https://news.southcn.com/node_54a44f01a2/13cfe4bcb2.shtml |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=[[Nanfang Daily|Southern Daily]] |language=zh}}</ref>

Corrections facilities in Guangdong are managed by the [[Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau]].<ref>http://gdjyj.gd.gov.cn/attachment/0/557/557482/4480842.pdf, 2023年度广东省监狱管理局部门决算, Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau</ref>

=== Dissent ===
According to [[Freedom House]]'s China Dissent Monitor, Guangdong accounted for 17% of dissent events in the first quarter of 2024 – over 100 events despite heavy [[Censorship in China]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/china-dissent-monitor/2024/issue-7-january-march-2024|title= China Dissent Monitor 2024 Issue 7: January – March 2024{{!}} Freedom House|website=freedomhouse.org|language=en|access-date=2024-05-28}}</ref> In 2024, Freedom House rated China as below zero on political rights (−2 out of 40).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/china/freedom-world/2024|title=Freedom in the World 2024: China{{!}} Freedom House|website=freedomhouse.org|language=en|access-date=2024-05-28}}</ref>

=== Relations with Hong Kong and Macau ===
[[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], while historically parts of Guangdong before becoming colonies of the United Kingdom and Portugal, respectively, are [[Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China|special administrative regions]] (SARs). Furthermore, the [[Basic Law]]s of both SARs explicitly forbid [[Provinces of China|provincial governments]] from intervening in local politics. As a result, many issues with Hong Kong and Macau, such as border policy and water rights, have been settled by negotiations between the SARs' governments and the [[Government of Guangdong|Guangdong provincial government]].

== Media ==
Guangdong and the greater Guangzhou area are served by several [[Radio Guangdong]] stations, [[Guangdong Television]], [[Southern Television Guangdong]], [[Shenzhen Television]], and [[Guangzhou Television]]. There is an English programme produced by [[Radio Guangdong]] which broadcasts information about this region to the entire world through the [[WRN Broadcast]].

== Culture ==
{{Main|Lingnan culture}}

{{Further|Cantonese cuisine|Music of Guangdong}}

{{unreferenced section|date=July 2014}}
[[File:3 pieces of har gow at Plum Blossom Room 20230125.jpg|thumb|The [[har gow]] are classical Cantonese dumplings served as dim sum.]]
The central region, which is also the political and economic center, is populated predominantly by [[Yue Chinese]] speakers, though the influx in the last three decades of millions of [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]-speaking immigrants has slightly diminished Cantonese linguistic dominance. This region is associated with [[Cantonese cuisine]]; [[dim sum]] is one of these which divides Cantonese food into small portions and is served with in small dishes. [[Cantonese opera]] is a form of [[Chinese opera]] popular in Cantonese speaking areas. Related Yue dialects are spoken in most of the western half of the province.

The area comprising the cities of [[Chaozhou]], [[Shantou]] and [[Jieyang]] in coastal east Guangdong, known as [[Chaoshan]], forms its own cultural sphere. The [[Teochew people]] here, along with [[Hoklo people|Hailufeng Hoklo people]] in [[Shanwei]], speak [[Haklau Min|Haklau]], which is a [[Southern Min]] variety closely related to mainstream [[Hokkien]] and their cuisine is [[Teochew cuisine]]. [[Teochew opera]] is also well-known and has a unique form.

The [[Hakka people]] live in large areas of Guangdong, including [[Huizhou]], [[Meizhou]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Heyuan]], [[Shaoguan]] and other areas. Much of the Eastern part of Guangdong is populated by the Hakka people except for the Chaozhou and Hailufeng area. Hakka culture include [[Hakka cuisine]], Han opera ({{lang-zh|s=汉剧 |t=漢劇}}), Hakka ''Hanyue'' and ''sixian'' (traditional instrumental music) and Hakka folk songs ({{lang|zh|客家山歌}}).
[[File:Puning, Jieyang, Guangdong, China - panoramio (123).jpg|thumb|Jieyang architecture]]
The outcast [[Tanka people]] traditionally live on boats throughout the coasts and rivers of Guangdong and much of Southern China.

[[Zhanjiang]] in southern Guangdong is dominated by [[Leizhou Min|Leizhounese]], a variety of [[Min Chinese|Min]]; Cantonese and Hakka are also spoken there.

Mandarin is the language used in education and government and in areas where there are migrants from other provinces, above all in Shenzhen. Cantonese maintains a strong and dominant position in common usage and media, even in eastern areas of the province where the local languages and dialects are non-Yue ones.

Guangdong is notable for being the birthplace of many [[Xiangqi]] (Chinese chess) grandmasters including [[Lü Qin]], Yang Guanli, Cai Furu and [[Xu Yinchuan]].

== Education and research ==
As of 2022, Guangdong hosts 160 institutions of higher education, ranking first in [[South Central China]] region and 2nd among all Chinese provinces/municipalities after [[Jiangsu]] (168).<ref name=":02"/> Guangdong is also the seat of 14 adult higher education institutions.<ref name=":02" /> Many universities and colleges are located in major cities like Shenzhen and Guangzhou. Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong, hosts 83 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 1st in [[South China]] region and 2nd (tie) nationwide after [[Beijing]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-04 |title=Top 10 Chinese cities with most higher education institutions |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/04/WS62eaf941a310fd2b29e7022c.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> [[Guangdong Province Department of Education]] is the department of the provincial government that oversees education.

As of 2025, two major cities in the province ranked in the top [[List of cities by scientific output|20 cities]] in the world (Guangzhou 6th and Shenzhen 18th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref>

=== Colleges and universities ===
{{Main list|List of universities and colleges in Guangdong
}}

==== National / Double First-Class ====
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
![[Guangzhou]] (7)
|
* [[Guangzhou Medical University]]
* [[Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine]]
* [[Jinan University]]
* [[South China Agricultural University]]
* [[South China Normal University]]
* [[South China University of Technology]]
* [[Sun Yat-sen University]]
|-
![[Shenzhen]]
|
* [[Southern University of Science and Technology]]
|}
*
[[File:SYSU Guangzhou South Campus 202109-202110 074.jpg|thumb|[[Sun Yat-sen University]]]]

==== Provincial ====

* [[Dongguan Institute of Technology]]
* [[Dongguan University of Technology]]
* [[Foshan University]]
* [[Guangdong Education and Research Network]]
* [[Guangdong General Hospital]]
* [[Guangdong Institute of Education]]
* [[Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology]]
* [[Guangdong Medical College]]
* [[Guangdong Ocean University]]
* [[Guangdong Petrochemical Academy]]
* [[Guangdong Pharmaceutical University]]
* [[Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University]]
* [[Guangdong Radio and TV University]]
* [[Guangdong University of Finance & Economics]]
* [[Guangdong University of Finance]]
* [[Guangdong University of Technology]]
* [[Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts]]
* [[Guangzhou Education College]]
* [[Guangzhou Normal University]]
* [[Guangzhou Sports University]]
* [[Guangzhou University]]
* [[Hanshan Teachers College]]
* [[Huizhou University]]
* [[Panyu Polytechnic]]
* [[Shaoguan University]]
* [[Shenzhen Party School]]
* [[Shantou University]]
* [[Shenzhen University]]
* [[Shenzhen Technology University]]
* [[Shenzhen Polytechnic]]
* [[Shunde University]]
* [[Southern Medical University]]
* [[Wuyi University (Guangdong)|Wuyi University]]
* [[Xijiang University]]
* [[Xinghai Conservatory of Music]]
* [[Zhanjiang Normal University]]
* [[Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering]]
* [[Zhaoqing University]]

== Sports ==
[[File:Aerial View, Tianhe Stadium 20250823-A.jpg|thumb|[[Tianhe Stadium]] in [[Guangzhou]]]]
List of current professional [[team sport|sports]] based in Guangdong:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%;"
|-
!Sport
![[Sports league|League]]
![[League system|Tier]]
!Club
!City
!Stadium
|-
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Chinese Super League]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Shenzhen Peng City F.C.|Shenzhen Peng City]]
|[[Shenzhen]]
|[[Bao'an Stadium]]
|-
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Chinese Super League]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Meizhou Hakka F.C.|Meizhou Hakka]]
|[[Wuhua County|Wuhua]]
|[[Wuhua County Stadium]]
|-
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[China League One]]
|align=center|2nd
|[[Foshan Nanshi F.C.|Foshan Nanshi]]
|[[Foshan]]
|[[Nanhai Sports Center]]
|-
|[[Futsal]]
|[[Chinese Futsal League|China Futsal League]]
| align="center" |1st
|[[Zhuhai Mingshi]]
|[[Zhuhai]]
|[[Zhuhai Sports Centre]]
|-
|[[Basketball]]
|[[Chinese Basketball Association]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Guangdong Southern Tigers]]
|[[Dongguan]]
|[[Nissan Sports Centre]]
|-
|[[Basketball]]
|[[Chinese Basketball Association]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Shenzhen Leopards]]
|[[Shenzhen]]
|[[Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre]]
|-
|[[Basketball]]
|[[Chinese Basketball Association]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Guangzhou Long-Lions]]
|[[Guangzhou]]
|[[Tianhe Gymnasium]]
|-
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball League (China)|National Basketball League]]
|align=center|2nd
|[[Hefei Yuanchuang]]
|[[Foshan]]
|
|-
|[[Basketball]]
|[[Women's Chinese Basketball Association|Women's Basketball Association]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Guangdong Asia Aluminum]]
|[[Zhaoqing]]
|[[Zhaoqing Stadium]]
|-
|[[Volleyball]]
|[[Chinese Volleyball League|Men's Volleyball League Div A]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Guangdong GSports]]
|[[Shenzhen]]
|[[Shenzhen Gymnasium]]
|-
|[[Volleyball]]
|[[Chinese Volleyball League|Women's Volleyball League Div A]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Guangdong Evergrande Women's Volleyball Club|Guangdong Evergrande]]
|[[Shenzhen]]
|[[Shenzhen Gymnasium]]
|-
|[[Volleyball]]
|[[Chinese Volleyball Super League|Women's Volleyball League Div A]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Shenzhen Phoenix (Women's Volleyball)|Shenzhen Phoenix]]
|[[Shenzhen]]
|
|-
|[[Baseball]]
|[[China National Baseball League]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Guangdong Leopards]]
|[[Guangzhou]]
|[[Huangcun Stadium]]
|-
|[[Table tennis|Table Tennis]]
|[[China Table Tennis Super League]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Shenzhen Bao'an Mingjinhai]]
|[[Shenzhen]]
|[[Bao'an Stadium]]
|-
|[[Esports]]([[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]])
|[[Overwatch League]]
|align=center|1st
|[[Guangzhou Charge]]
|[[Guangzhou]]
|[[Tianhe Gymnasium]]
|}

== Tourism ==
[[File:Huangmanzhai.jpg|thumb|Huangmanzhai Waterfall]]
Notable attractions include [[Danxia Mountain]] in Shaoguan, [[Yuexiu Hill]], [[Baiyun Mountain (Guangdong)|Baiyun Mountain]] in Guangzhou, [[Star Lake (Zhaoqing)|Star Lake]] and the [[Seven Star Crags]], [[Dinghu Mountain]] in Zhaoqing, the [[Huangmanzhai waterfalls]] in [[Jieyang]], and the [[Zhongshan Park|Zhongshan Sun Wen Memorial Park]] for [[Sun Yat-sen]] in [[Zhongshan]]. In Shenzhen, there are [[Window of the World]], [[Tencent|Tencent Building]], Happy Valley theme park, Rose Beach, Xiaomeisha Beach, etc.

== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main list|List of administrative divisions of Guangdong|List of township-level divisions of Guangdong
}}

Guangdong is divided into twenty-one [[prefecture-level division]]s: all [[Prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]] (including two [[Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China|sub-provincial cities]]):

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Administrative divisions of Guangdong
|-
! colspan=9 | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Guangdong (PRC claimed).svg|width=798|link=}}
{{Image label|x=630|y=420|scale=798/1330|text=[[Guangzhou]]}}
{{Image label|x=665|y=150|scale=798/1330|text=[[Shaoguan]]}}
{{Image label|x=740|y=550|scale=798/1330|text=[[Shenzhen]]}}
{{Image label|x=610|y=650|scale=798/1330|text=[[Zhuhai]]}}
{{Image label|x=1175|y=430|scale=798/1330|text=[[Shantou]]}}
{{Image label|x=540|y=475|scale=798/1330|text=[[Foshan]]}}
{{Image label|x=490|y=615|scale=798/1330|text=[[Jiangmen]]}}
{{Image label|x=60|y=835|scale=798/1330|text=[[Zhanjiang]]}}
{{Image label|x=185|y=660|scale=798/1330|text=[[Maoming]]}}
{{Image label|x=400|y=385|scale=798/1330|text=[[Zhaoqing]]}}
{{Image label|x=785|y=445|scale=798/1330|text=[[Huizhou]]}}
{{Image label|x=1095|y=260|scale=798/1330|text=[[Meizhou]]}}
{{Image label|x=990|y=480|scale=798/1330|text=[[Shanwei]]}}
{{Image label|x=890|y=300|scale=798/1330|text=[[Heyuan]]}}
{{Image label|x=330|y=655|scale=798/1330|text=[[Yangjiang]]}}
{{Image label|x=530|y=250|scale=798/1330|text=[[Qingyuan]]}}
{{Image label|x=690|y=495|scale=798/1330|text=[[Dongguan]]}}
{{Image label|x=610|y=575|scale=798/1330|text=[[Zhongshan]]}}
{{Image label|x=1200|y=335|scale=798/1330|text=[[Chaozhou]]}}
{{Image label|x=1080|y=425|scale=798/1330|text=[[Jieyang]]}}
{{Image label|x=335|y=510|scale=798/1330|text=[[Yunfu]]}}
{{Image label|x=685|y=660|scale=798/1330|text={{large|↑}}}}
{{Image label|x=660|y=695|scale=798/1330|text={{Flagicon|MAC}} {{nobold|''[[Macau]]''}}}}
{{Image label|x=740|y=595|scale=798/1330|text={{Flagicon|HKG}} {{nobold|''[[Hong Kong]]''}}}}
{{Image label|x=300|y=880|scale=798/1330|text=☐ Jieshi Town, Lufeng, Shanwei ([[Pratas Islands|Pratas Iss.]]). Claimed by {{flagu|PRC}} & controlled by {{flagu|ROC}}, see [[Political status of Taiwan]].}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | [[Prefectures of China|Division]]
! rowspan=2 | Area in km2<ref name="nj2013">{{lang-zh}}{{cite book|language=zh|author=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |script-title=zh:《深圳统计年鉴2014》|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | Population 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.gd.gov.cn/attachment/0/421/421309/3283428.pdf |title=广东省第七次全国人口普查公报 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | Seat
! colspan=4 | Divisions<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Ministry of Civil Affairs |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》|date=August 2014 |publisher=China Statistics Print |isbn=978-7-5037-7130-9 |author-link=Ministry of Civil Affairs }}</ref>
|- style="width:45px;"
! [[District (China)|Districts]]
! [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|Counties]]
! [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|Aut. counties]]
! [[County-level city|CL cities]]
|-
! 440000 !! Guangdong Province
| 179,800.00 || 126,012,510 || [[Guangzhou]] city || 65 || 34 || 3 || 20
|- style="background:#98fb98;"
! 440100 !! [[Guangzhou]] city
| 7,434.40 || 18,676,605 || [[Yuexiu District]] || 11 || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" |
|-
! 440200 !! [[Shaoguan]] city
| 18,412.53 || 2,855,131 || [[Zhenjiang District]] || 3 || 4 || 1 || 2
|- style="background:#98fb98;"
! 440300 !! [[Shenzhen]] city
| 1,996.78 || 17,560,061 || [[Futian District]] || 9* || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" |
|-
! 440400 !! [[Zhuhai]] city
| 1,724.32 || 2,439,585 || [[Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai|Xiangzhou District]] || 3 || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" |
|-
! 440500 !! [[Shantou]] city
| 2,248.39 || 5,502,031 || [[Jinping District]] || 6 || 1 || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" |
|-
! 440600 !! [[Foshan]] city
| 3,848.49 || 9,498,863 || [[Chancheng District]] || 5 || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" |
|-
! 440700 !! [[Jiangmen]] city
| 9,505.42 || 4,798,090 || [[Pengjiang District]] || 3 || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" | || 4
|-
! 440800 !! [[Zhanjiang]] city
| 13,225.44 || 6,981,236 || [[Chikan District]] || 4 || 2 || style="background:gray;" | || 3
|-
! 440900 !! [[Maoming]] city
| 11,424.8 || 6,174,050 || [[Maonan District]] || 2 || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" | || 3
|-
! 441200 !! [[Zhaoqing]] city
| 14,891.23 || 4,113,594 || [[Duanzhou District]] || 3 || 4 || style="background:gray;" | || 1
|-
! 441300 !! [[Huizhou]] city
| 11,342.98 || 6,042,852 || [[Huicheng District]] || 2 || 3 || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" |
|-
! 441400 !! [[Meizhou]] city
| 15,864.51 || 3,873,239 || [[Meijiang District]] || 2 || 5 || style="background:gray;" | || 1
|-
! 441500 !! [[Shanwei]] city
| 4,861.79 || 2,672,819 || [[Chengqu, Shanwei|Cheng District]] || 1 || 2 || style="background:gray;" | || 1
|-
! 441600 !! [[Heyuan]] city
| 15,653.63 || 2,837,686 || [[Yuancheng District]] || 1 || 5 || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" |
|-
! 441700 !! [[Yangjiang]] city
| 7,955.27 || 2,602,959 || [[Jiangcheng District]] || 2 || 1 || style="background:gray;" | || 1
|-
! 441800 !! [[Qingyuan]] city
| 19,152.90 || 3,969,473 || [[Qingcheng District]] || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2
|-
! 441900 !! [[Dongguan]] city**
| 2,465.00 || 10,466,625 || [[Nancheng Subdistrict, Dongguan|''Nancheng Subdistrict'']] || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" |
|-
! 442000 !! [[Zhongshan]] city**
| 1,783.67 || 4,418,060 || ''[[Dongqu Subdistrict]]'' || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" |
|-
! 445100 !! [[Chaozhou]] city
| 3,145.89 || 2,568,387 || [[Xiangqiao District]] || 2 || 1 || style="background:gray;" | || style="background:gray;" |
|-
! 445200 !! [[Jieyang]] city
| 5,265.38 || 5,577,814 || [[Rongcheng District]] || 2 || 2 || style="background:gray;" | || 1
|-
! 445300 !! [[Yunfu]] city
| 7,779.12 || 2,383,350 || [[Yuncheng District]] || 2 || 2 || style="background:gray;" | || 1
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan=12 | {{legend|#98FB98|[[Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China|Sub-provincial cities]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> – not including the new districts which are not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count) 
<nowiki>**</nowiki> – direct-piped cities – does not contain any county-level divisions
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
! colspan=5 | Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English !! Chinese !! Pinyin !! Guangdong Romanization
|-
| Guangdong Province || {{lang|zh|广东省}} || Guǎngdōng Shěng || guong2 dung1 sang2
|-
| [[Guangzhou|Guangzhou City]]|| {{lang|zh|广州市}} || Guǎngzhōu Shì || guong2 zeo1 xi5
|-
| [[Shaoguan|Shaoguan City]]|| {{lang|zh|韶关市}} || Sháoguān Shì || xiu4 guan1 xi5
|-
| [[Shenzhen|Shenzhen City]]|| {{lang|zh|深圳市}} || Shēnzhèn Shì || sem1 zen3 xi5
|-
| [[Zhuhai|Zhuhai City]]|| {{lang|zh|珠海市}} || Zhūhǎi Shì || ju1 hoi2 xi5
|-
| [[Shantou|Shantou City]]|| {{lang|zh|汕头市}} || Shàntóu Shì || san3 teo4 xi5
|-
| [[Foshan|Foshan City]]|| {{lang|zh|佛山市}} || Fóshān Shì || fed6 san1 xi5
|-
| [[Jiangmen|Jiangmen City]]|| {{lang|zh|江门市}} || Jiāngmén Shì || gong1 mun4 xi5
|-
| [[Zhanjiang|Zhanjiang City]]|| {{lang|zh|湛江市}} || Zhànjiāng Shì || zam3 gong1 xi5
|-
| [[Maoming|Maoming City]]|| {{lang|zh|茂名市}} || Màomíng Shì || meo6 ming4 xi5
|-
| [[Zhaoqing|Zhaoqing City]]|| {{lang|zh|肇庆市}} || Zhàoqìng Shì || xiu6 hing3 xi5
|-
| [[Huizhou|Huizhou City]]|| {{lang|zh|惠州市}} || Huìzhōu Shì || wei6 zeo1 xi5
|-
| [[Meizhou|Meizhou City]]|| {{lang|zh|梅州市}} || Méizhōu Shì || mui4 zeo1 xi5
|-
| [[Shanwei|Shanwei City]]|| {{lang|zh|汕尾市}} || Shànwěi Shì || san3 méi5 xi5
|-
| [[Heyuan|Heyuan City]]|| {{lang|zh|河源市}} || Héyuán Shì || ho4 yun4 xi5
|-
| [[Yangjiang|Yangjiang City]]|| {{lang|zh|阳江市}} || Yángjiāng Shì || yêng4 gong1 xi5
|-
| [[Qingyuan|Qingyuan City]]|| {{lang|zh|清远市}} || Qīngyuǎn Shì || qing1 yun5 xi5
|-
| [[Dongguan|Dongguan City]]|| {{lang|zh|东莞市}} || Dōngguǎn Shì || dung1 gun2 xi5
|-
| [[Zhongshan|Zhongshan City]]|| {{lang|zh|中山市}} || Zhōngshān Shì || zung1 san1 xi5
|-
| [[Chaozhou|Chaozhou City]]|| {{lang|zh|潮州市}} || Cháozhōu Shì || qiu4 zeo1 xi5
|-
| [[Jieyang|Jieyang City]]|| {{lang|zh|揭阳市}} || Jiēyáng Shì || kid3 yêng4 xi5
|-
| [[Yunfu|Yunfu City]]|| {{lang|zh|云浮市}} || Yúnfú Shì || wen4 feo4 xi5
|}

The twenty-one [[Prefectures of the People's Republic of China|Prefecture]] of Guangdong are subdivided into 122 [[county-level division]]s (65 [[District of China|districts]], 20 [[county-level cities]], 34 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]], and 3 [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|autonomous counties]]). For county-level divisions, see the [[list of administrative divisions of Guangdong]].

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
|-
! # !! Cities !! style="background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2020 Urban area<ref name="2020PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2022 |script-title=zh:中国2020年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-9772-9}}</ref> !! style="background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2010 Urban area<ref name="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6}}</ref> !! style="background-color: #ffaaaa;" | 2020 City proper{{cn|date=December 2025}}
|-
| 1 || [[Shenzhen]] || 17,444,609 || 10,358,381 || 17,494,398
|-
| 2 || [[Guangzhou]] || 16,096,724 || 9,702,144{{efn|name=Guangzhou|New districts established after 2010 census: [[Conghua District|Conghua (Conghua CLC)]] & [[Zengcheng District|Zengcheng (Zengcheng CLC)]]. These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} || 18,676,605
|-
| 3 || [[Dongguan]] || 9,644,871 || 7,271,322 || 10,466,625
|-
| 4 || [[Foshan]] || 9,042,509 || 6,771,895 || 9,498,863
|-
| 5 || [[Zhongshan]] || 3,841,873 || 2,740,994 || 4,418,060
|-
| 6 || [[Shantou]] || 3,838,900 || 3,644,017 || 5,502,031
|-
| 7 || [[Huizhou]] || 2,900,113 || 1,807,858 || 6,042,852
|-
| 8 || [[Zhuhai]] || 2,207,090 || 1,369,538 || 2,439,585
|-
| 9 || [[Jiangmen]] || 1,795,459 || 1,480,023 || 4,798,090
|-
| 10 || [[Zhanjiang]] || 1,400,709 || 1,038,762 || 6,981,236
|-
| 11 || [[Maoming]] || 1,307,802 || 637,879{{efn|name=Maoming|New district established after 2010 census: [[Dianbai District|Dianbai (Dianbai County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} || 6,174,050
|-
| 12 || [[Chaozhou]] || 1,254,007 || 448,226{{efn|name=Chaozhou|New district established after 2010 census: [[Chao'an District|Chao'an (Chao'an County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} || 2,568,387
|-
| 13 || [[Jieyang]] || 1,242,906 || 734,670{{efn|name=Jieyang|New district established after 2010 census: [[Jiedong District|Jiedong (Jiedong County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} || 5,577,814
|-
| 14 || [[Qingyuan]] || 1,197,581 || 639,659{{efn|name=Qingyuan|New district established after 2010 census: [[Qingxin District|Qingxin (Qingxin County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} || 3,969,473
|-
| 15 || [[Zhaoqing]] || 1,035,810 || 559,887{{efn|name=Zhaoqing|New district established after 2010 census: [[Gaoyao District|Gaoyao (Gaoyao CLC)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} || 4,113,594
|-
| 16 || [[Shaoguan]] || 1,028,460 || 726,267 || 2,855,131
|-
| 17 || [[Puning]] || 935,668 || 874,954 || {{small|''see Jieyang''}}
|-
| 18 || [[Yangjiang]] || 859,595 || 499,053{{efn|name=Yangjiang|New district established after 2010 census: [[Yangdong District|Yangdong (Yangdong County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} || 2,602,959
|-
| 19 || [[Meizhou]] || 694,495 || 353,769{{efn|name=Meizhou|New district established after 2010 census: [[Meixian District|Meixian (Meixian County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} || 3,873,239
|-
| 20 || [[Heyuan]] || 662,950 || 450,953 || 2,837,686
|-
| 21 || [[Lufeng, Guangdong|Lufeng]] || 545,474 || 579,527 || {{small|''see Shanwei''}}
|-
| 22 || [[Gaozhou]] || 490,301 || 352,006 || {{small|''see Maoming''}}
|-
| 23 || [[Huazhou, Guangdong|Huazhou]] || 472,746 || 320,418 || {{small|''see Maoming''}}
|-
| 24 || [[Sihui]] || 452,536 || 355,709 || {{small|''see Zhaoqing''}}
|-
| 25 || [[Lianjiang, Guangdong|Lianjiang]] || 443,812 || 359,225 || {{small|''see Zhanjiang''}}
|-
| 26 || [[Taishan, Guangdong|Taishan]] || 433,266 || 394,855 || {{small|''see Jiangmen''}}
|-
| 27 || [[Kaiping]] || 430,035 || 371,019 || {{small|''see Jiangmen''}}
|-
| 28 || [[Xinyi, Guangdong|Xinyi]] || 418,731 || 333,965 || {{small|''see Maoming''}}
|-
| 29 || [[Leizhou]] || 412,291 || 344,043 || {{small|''see Zhanjiang''}}
|-
| 30 || [[Yingde]] || 398,066 || 346,927 || {{small|''see Qingyuan''}}
|-
| 31 || [[Wuchuan, Guangdong|Wuchuan]] || 388,714 || 332,672 || {{small|''see Zhanjiang''}}
|-
| 32 || [[Yunfu]]|| 380,044 || 242,040{{efn|name=Yunfu|New district established after 2010 census: [[Yun'an District|Yun'an (Yun'an County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} || 2,383,350
|-
| 33 || [[Xingning, Guangdong|Xingning]] || 365,661 || 392,000 || {{small|''see Meizhou''}}
|-
| 34 || [[Yangchun]]|| 360,359 || 287,391 || {{small|''see Yangjiang''}}
|-
| 35 || [[Shanwei]] || 345,373 || 370,608 || 2,738,482
|-
| 36 || [[Heshan, Guangdong|Heshan]]|| 334,432 || 282,580 || {{small|''see Jiangmen''}}
|-
| 37 || [[Luoding]]|| 317,060 || 263,338 || {{small|''see Yunfu''}}
|-
| 38 || [[Enping]]|| 251,742 || 244,257 || {{small|''see Jiangmen''}}
|-
| 39 || [[Lechang]]|| 199,438 || 191,457 || {{small|''see Shaoguan''}}
|-
| 40 || [[Lianzhou]]|| 176,572 || 161,667 || {{small|''see Qingyuan''}}
|-
| 41 || [[Nanxiong]]|| 171,215 || 140,017 || {{small|''see Shaoguan''}}
|- style="background-color:lightgrey;"|
| — || [[Zengcheng, Guangzhou|Zengcheng]] || {{small|''see Guangzhou''}} || 710,146{{efn|name=Guangzhou}} || {{small|''see Guangzhou''}}
|- style="background-color:lightgrey;"|
| — || [[Conghua, Guangzhou|Conghua]]|| {{small|''see Guangzhou''}} || 229,118{{efn|name=Guangzhou}} || {{small|''see Guangzhou''}}
|- style="background-color:lightgrey;"|
| — || [[Gaoyao, Zhaoqing|Gaoyao]]|| {{small|''see Zhaoqing''}} || 224,755{{efn|name=Zhaoqing}} || {{small|''see Zhaoqing''}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==International relations==
Guangdong is twinned with:
* {{flagdeco|JPN}}{{flagdeco|Aichi}} [[Aichi Prefecture]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pref.aichi.jp/soshiki/kokusai/belgiummou.html |script-title=ja:ベルギー3地域と「友好交流及び相互協力に関する覚書」を締結 |access-date=15 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828190416/http://www.pref.aichi.jp/soshiki/kokusai/belgiummou.html |archive-date=28 August 2017 }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|USA}}{{Flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii|Hawaiʻi]], United States of America<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawaii's Sister-States|publisher=[[State of Hawaiʻi]]|url=https://invest.hawaii.gov/international/sister-states/|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016200107/https://invest.hawaii.gov/international/sister-states/|archive-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|AUS}}{{Flagicon|New South Wales}} [[New South Wales]], Australia<ref>{{cite web|title=Building international relationships|url=https://www.industry.nsw.gov.au/export-from-nsw/export-opportunities/international-engagement/building-international-relationships|publisher=NSW Government|access-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114203952/https://www.industry.nsw.gov.au/export-from-nsw/export-opportunities/international-engagement/building-international-relationships|archive-date=14 November 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|Gujarat}}[[Gujarat, India]]
* {{flagdeco|USA}}{{Flagicon|California}} [[California]], United States of America<ref>{{cite web |title=State of California and Guangdong Province Sister State Agreement |url=https://soir.senate.ca.gov/content/state-california-and-guangdong-province-sister-state-agreement |website=Senate Office of International Relations |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Guangdong)|Major national historical and cultural sites in Guangdong]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* [http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/mpgud.htm Economic profile for Guangdong] at the [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council]]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Guangdong|Canton|Kwangtung}}
{{commons and category|Guangdong|Guangdong}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* [http://www.gd.gov.cn/ Guangdong provincial government official website] {{in lang|zh}}
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4448 Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces] from 1821 to 1850 {{in lang|en|zh}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150417002716/http://guangdong-in-pictures.blogspot.tw/ Pictures and comments about life in Guangdong]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Guangdong
|North = [[Jiangxi]]
|Northeast = [[Fujian]]
|East = ''[[Taiwan Strait]]'' {{flagu|Kaohsiung}}, {{flagu|Pingtung County}} and {{flagu|Tainan}}, {{flagu|Taiwan|name=Taiwan (Republic of China)}}
|Southeast = ''[[South China Sea]]''
|South = {{flagu|Macau}} {{flagu|Hong Kong}}
|Southwest = ''[[South China Sea]]'' [[Hà Tĩnh Province|Hà Tĩnh]], [[Nghệ An Province|Nghệ An]] and [[Thanh Hóa Province]]s, {{flagu|Vietnam}} ''[[Qiongzhou Strait]]'' [[Hainan]]
|West = [[Guangxi]] ''[[Gulf of Tonkin]]'' [[Haiphong]], [[Nam Định Province|Nam Định]], [[Quảng Ninh Province|Quảng Ninh]] and [[Thái Bình Province]]s, {{flagu|Vietnam}}
|Northwest = [[Hunan]]
}}
{{Guangdong topics}}
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Guangdong}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Guangdong| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of China]]
[[Category:South China|.]]
[[Category:Gulf of Tonkin]]
[[Category:Pearl River Delta]]

Vinayak Khedekar

2026-03-15T15:46:08Z

Saurabh jain: new - done

{{Short description|Indian writer and folklorist (born 1938)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinayak Khedekar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Vinayak Vishnu Khedekar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1938|09|29}}
| birth_place = [[Savoi-Verem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|folklorist}}
| years_active =
| spouse = Kunda Khedekar
| domestic_partner =
| children = 3
| website =
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Padma Shri]] (2021)|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (2022)|[[Gomant Vibhushan]] (2019–20)}}
}}

'''Vinayak Vishnu Khedekar''' (born 29 September 1938) is an Indian writer and [[folklorist]]. He has made contributions to the preservation and promotion of [[Goa]]'s cultural heritage. He received several awards, including the [[Padma Shri]], [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], [[Gomant Vibhushan]], Dr. Komal Kothari Smriti (Lifetime Achievement) Lok Kala Puraskar, the Kala Akademi's Literary Award for his book ''Gomantakiya Loka Kala'', and the State Award from the Government of Goa, and Government of Daman & Diu.

==Early life==
Vinayak Vishnu Khedekar was born on 29 September 1938 in [[Savoi-Verem]], [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref name="SNA">{{Cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2022 and 2023 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/mar/doc202437320201.pdf |publisher=Press information bureau, Government of India |page=6}}</ref> Born into a [[Brahmin]] priestly family, he served as a [[Hindu priest]] in the 1950s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-01-26 |title=Folklorist, priest, polyglot: Vinayak Khedekar wins Padma Shri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/folklorist-priest-polyglot-vinayak-khedekar-wins-padma-shri/articleshow/80457010.cms |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His family's livelihood was farming on small, irrigated lands and serving as priests in rural households.<ref name="vishwakosh">{{cite web |title=विनायक विष्णू खेडेकर (Vinayak Vishnu Khedekar) |url=https://marathivishwakosh.org/51382/ |website=मराठी विश्वकोश |language=mr-IN |date=27 April 2021}}</ref>

Khedekar did not attend school or receive formal education, however, he learned to read and write from his sister.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> Through the ''[[Gurukula]]'' system, he studied [[Sanskrit]], [[Vedas]], [[astrology]], sacrificial rites, and priesthood.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> He later became proficient in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], English, Sanskrit, and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref name="vishwakosh"/> He was interested in folk literature and folk culture since his childhood. He learned singing and ''[[kirtan]]'' from Balubua Abhishekhi, the father of [[Pandit]] [[Jitendra Abhisheki]], and performed kirtans in many parts of Goa and [[Carwar]], then part of [[British Raj]].<ref name="vishwakosh"/>

===Personal life===
His wife is Kunda.<ref name="Times">{{cite news |title=State’s highest civilian award for Khedekar and Pandit Karekar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/states-highest-civilian-award-for-khedekar-and-pandit-karekar/articleshow/100312783.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 May 2023}}</ref> The couple have a son and two daughters.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> They now live in [[Ribandar]], Goa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Goa’s proud moment: Parrikar, Khedekar get Padma awards |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/goa%E2%80%99s-proud-moment-parrikar-khedekar-get-padma-awards/76642.html |work=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Khedekar was a mentor to the [[Kala Academy]], Goa and later served as its member secretary for 23 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |title=For 23 years, he was Kala Academy's best friend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/For-23-years-he-was-Kala-Academys-best-friend/articleshow/48628917.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2015}}</ref>

During his service at the Academy, he played a crucial role in identifying, presenting and popularizing the rural and tribal folk art forms of Goa. Due to his special interest in the fields of folk literature, folk culture and drama, he successfully implemented many activities in the academy. He has implemented various programmes showcasing the diverse cultural heritage of Goa, including Bhajans, Kirtans and contemporary art forms.<ref name="SNA"/>

Many innovative initiatives, festivals and celebrations in various fields like music, dance, drama, western music and visual arts came to fruition in Goa through his idea.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> During his time, the Goa Kala Akademi organized the Folk Literature Conference of the Folk Literature Research Board.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> He introduced the independent concept of 'Lokaveda'.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> Other notable programmes like Swarganda, Drums of Goa, Lok Rang, Goniche Khel, Gomant Darshan and Sangeetsav are also his contribution.<ref name="SNA"/>

Khedekar also served on the advisory panel for folk art and puppetry of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], for the India Festival held in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Hindustan Times"/>

==Contributions==
===Indian culture===
Khedekar promoted the revival of Indian culture and folk culture in Goa, which was affected by the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|Portuguese rule]].<ref name="vishwakosh"/> His efforts in basic research, field studies and restoration of indigenous art forms, on Goan culture are notable. One of his notable achievements is the restoration of the original Goan earthen lamp, the Divaj.<ref name="SNA"/>

He worked on documenting the Chitra Kathi tradition and Kalsutri puppets of [[Sindhudurg district]] of [[Konkan]] and achieving national recognition for these folk arts.<ref name="vishwakosh"/>

Khedekar documented the folk art forms of Goa such as [[Shigmo]], [[Dhalo]], Dahikalo, [[Deknni]], Jagar etc.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> He worked on the documentation of folk instruments in the states of [[Maharashtra]], Goa, [[Daman and Diu|Daman Diu]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] in collaboration with the Western Region Cultural Centre, [[Udaipur]], Government of India and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> Similarly, he promoted field research on folk culture and folk arts in Goa. He played a valuable role in organizing exhibitions of Indian folk arts by touring countries like the US and Russia.<ref name="vishwakosh"/>

He received a scholarship from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.<ref name="vishwakosh"/>

Khedekar has actively participated in various committees and activities of organizations like the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[National School of Drama]], Indira Gandhi National Institute of Arts and many others.<ref name="vishwakosh"/>

===Journalism===
Khedekar worked as a journalist for the Marathi newspapers like Gomantak, The Navhind Times, Loksatta, and the Kesari, and was also the Goa correspondent for news agencies Samachar Bharati and Hindustan Samachar.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |title=Writer, folklorist, former journalist Vinayak Khedekar wins Padma Shri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/writer-folklorist-former-journalist-vinayak-khedekar-wins-padma-shri-101611647131651.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126081405/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/writer-folklorist-former-journalist-vinayak-khedekar-wins-padma-shri-101611647131651.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |language=en-us}}</ref> He also wrote columns in various Marathi magazines.<ref name="vishwakosh"/>

===Author===
He has written a total of 18 books in Marathi, English and Konkani.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> Most of the books are about the folk culture, folk art and folk literature of Goa.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> He has also written three plays.<ref name="vishwakosh"/> In addition, audio films like Gomantak Ganesh, Gumat Utsav, and Kshetra Sangeet were created from his ideas.<ref name="vishwakosh"/>

After retirement, Khedekar traveled throughout Goa, leading to the publication of his most notable work, ''Goa: Life, Land and Legacy''.<ref name="Times"/>

==Awards and honors==
Khedekar has received several awards, including the Kala Akademi's Literary Award for his book ''Gomantakiya Loka Kala'', and the State Award from the Government of Goa, and Government of Daman & Diu, Mahakavi Kalidas Award and Rang Samman Award.<ref name="SNA"/><ref name="vishwakosh"/>

In 2021, Khedekar was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of the [[Republic of India]].<ref name="Hindustan Times"/> In the same year he also received the Dr.Komal Kothari Smriti (Life Time Achievement) Lok Kala Puraskar nstituted by the West Zone Cultural Centre, Udaipur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Goa: 2 Goan experts on folk art and culture awarded |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/2-goan-experts-on-folk-art-and-culture-awarded/articleshow/81793918.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VINAYAK KHEDEKAR AND KANTA GAUDE AWARDED DR.KOMAL KOTHARI SMRITI LOK KALA PURASKAR |url=https://www.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Vinayak-Khedekar-And-Kanta-Gaude-Awarded-Dr.Komal-Kothari-Smriti-Lok-Kala-Putaskar.pdf}}</ref> In 2022 he was elected a [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship|Fellow of the Sangeet Natak Akademi]] for his contributions to Indian music.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-03-08 |title=President of India presents Sangeet Natak Akademi awards to Vinayak Khedekar and Kanta Gaude |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/president-of-india-presents-sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-to-vinayak-khedekar-and-kanta-gaude/218701 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-03-06 |title=President gives away Sangeet Natak Akademi awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-gives-away-sangeet-natak-akademi-awards/article67921645.ece |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2023, he was awarded [[Gomant Vibhushan]], Goa government's highest civilian award, for the year 2019–20.<ref name="Times"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship|state=collapsed}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khedekar, Vinayak}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Cauliflower

2026-03-14T14:14:44Z

Saurabh jain: fix

{{short description|Vegetable in the species Brassica oleracea}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Cauliflory}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Cauliflower
| image = Chou-fleur 02.jpg
| image_caption = Cauliflower, cultivar unknown
| species = ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
| group = Botrytis Group
| origin = Northeast [[Mediterranean]], [[South Asia]]
| subdivision = Many; see text.
}}
[[File:Cauliflower plants growing in New Jersey in April.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Cauliflower plants growing in a nursery]]

'''Cauliflower''' (''Brassica oleracea'' var. ''botrytis'') is a [[vegetable]] belonging to the species ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' in the family [[Brassicaceae]] (the [[Mustard plant|mustard]] or [[cabbage]] family). It is one of several cultivated forms of the species along with cabbage, [[broccoli]], [[Brussels sprout]]s, [[kale]], [[kohlrabi]], and others. The edible portion of the plant is its dense head of undeveloped flower buds known as the "curd". The head is usually white but may also be green, orange, or purple. Several cultivars exist, including the [[Romanesco broccoli|Romanesco variety]], whose spiral curds grow in [[fractal]] patterns.

Cauliflower was domesticated in the [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean region]] during antiquity, most likely by [[selective breeding]] of wild cabbage. It is grown worldwide as a cool-season crop and is widely used in cooking, where it may be eaten raw, steamed, roasted, or incorporated into other dishes. The global cauliflower production (combined with [[broccoli]]) in 2023 was 26.5 million [[tonne]]s, led by [[China]] and [[India]] with 72% of the total.

== Description ==
There are four major groups of cauliflower.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Crisp, P. |year=1982 |title=The use of an evolutionary scheme for cauliflowers in screening of genetic resources |journal=Euphytica |volume=31 |issue=3 |page=725 |doi=10.1007/BF00039211 |bibcode=1982Euphy..31..725C |s2cid=37686274}}</ref>

# Italian: This specimen is diverse in appearance, biennial, and annual in type. This group includes white, [[Romanesco broccoli|Romanesco]], and various brown, green, purple, and yellow cultivars. This type is the ancestral form from which the others were derived.
# Northern European annuals: These are used in Europe and North America for summer and fall harvests. They were developed in Germany in the 18th century and include the old cultivars Erfurt and Snowball.
# Northwest biennial: Used in Europe for winter and early spring harvest, developed in France in the 19th century and includes the old cultivars Angers and Roscoff.
# Asian: A tropical cauliflower used in China and India, it was developed in India during the 19th century from the now-abandoned Cornish type<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Swarup, V. |author2=Chatterjee, S.S. |year=1972 |title=Origin and genetic improvement of Indian cauliflower |journal=Economic Botany |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=381–393 |doi=10.1007/BF02860710 |bibcode=1972EcBot..26..381S |s2cid=37487958}}</ref> and includes old varieties Early Benaras and Early Patna.

=== Domestication ===
Cauliflowers are an "arrested inflorescence" subspecies of ''B. oleracea'' that arose around 2,500 years ago.<ref name="y693" /> Genomic analysis finds initially evolved from broccoli with three MADS-box genes, playing roles in its curd formation. Nine loci and candidate genes are linked with morphological and biological characters.<ref name="y693">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Rui |last2=Chen |first2=Ke |last3=Yao |first3=Xingwei |last4=Zhang |first4=Xiaoli |last5=Yang |first5=Yingxia |last6=Su |first6=Xiao |last7=Lyu |first7=Mingjie |last8=Wang |first8=Qian |last9=Zhang |first9=Guan |last10=Wang |first10=Mengmeng |last11=Li |first11=Yanhao |last12=Duan |first12=Lijin |last13=Xie |first13=Tianyu |last14=Li |first14=Haichao |last15=Yang |first15=Yuyao |date=2024 |title=Genomic analyses reveal the stepwise domestication and genetic mechanism of curd biogenesis in cauliflower |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=1235–1244 |doi=10.1038/s41588-024-01744-4 |issn=1061-4036 |pmc=11176064 |pmid=38714866 |doi-access=free |last16=Zhang |first16=Hong |last17=Guo |first17=Yutong |last18=Jia |first18=Guiying |last19=Ge |first19=Xianhong |last20=Sarris |first20=Panagiotis F. |last21=Lin |first21=Tao |last22=Sun |first22=Deling}}</ref>

=== Varieties ===
There are hundreds of historic and current commercial varieties used around the world. A comprehensive list of about 80 North American varieties is maintained at [[North Carolina State University]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Farnham, M. |year=2007 |title=Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America:Cauliflower |url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wehner/vegcult/cauliflower.html |access-date=2007-09-19}}</ref>

=== Colors ===
*White cauliflower is the most common color of cauliflower, having a contrasting white head (also called "curd",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manay |first=N Shakuntala |title=Foods: Facts and Principles |publisher=New Age International Publishers |year=2023 |isbn=978-93-95161-09-1 |edition=5th |pages=203}}</ref> having a similar appearance to [[cheese curd]]),<ref name="ume">{{cite web |author=Vincent A. Fritz |author2=Carl J. Rosen |author3=Michelle A. Grabowski |author4=William D. Hutchison |author5=Roger L. Becker |author6=Cindy Tong |author7=Jerry A. Wright |author8=Terry T. Nennich |date=2017 |title=Growing broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower in Minnesota |url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/vegetables/growing-broccoli-cabbage-and-cauliflower-in-minnesota/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227153004/http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/vegetables/growing-broccoli-cabbage-and-cauliflower-in-minnesota/ |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=26 February 2017 |publisher=University of Minnesota Extension, Garden – Growing Vegetables}}</ref> surrounded by green leaves.<ref name="ume" />
*Orange cauliflower contains [[beta-carotene]] as the orange pigment, a [[provitamin A]] compound. This orange trait originated from a natural [[mutant]] found in a cauliflower field in Canada.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dickson, M.H. |author2=Lee C.Y. |author3=Blamble A.E. |year=1988 |title=Orange-curd high carotene cauliflower inbreds, NY 156, NY 163, and NY 165 |journal=HortScience |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=778–779 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.23.4.778 |s2cid=88716744 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cultivars include 'Cheddar' and 'Orange Bouquet'.
*Green cauliflower in the'' B. oleracea'' Botrytis Group is sometimes called [[broccoflower]]. It is available in the normal curd (head) shape and with a [[fractal]] spiral curd called [[Romanesco broccoli]]. Both have been commercially available in the U.S. and Europe since the early 1990s. Green-headed varieties include 'Alverda, 'Green Goddess', and 'Vorda'. Romanesco varieties include 'Minaret' and 'Veronica'.
*The purple color is caused by the presence of [[anthocyanin]]s, water-soluble pigments that are found in many other plants and plant-based products, such as [[red cabbage]] and [[red wine]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Chiu, L. |author2=Prior, R.L. |author3=Wu, X. |author4=Li, L. |date=16 July 2005 |title=Toward Identification of the Candidate Gene Controlling Anthocyanin Accumulation in Purple Cauliflower (''Brassica oleracea L.'' var. ''botrytis'') |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=179842 |publisher=American Society of Plant Biologists Annual Meeting |page=628}}</ref> Varieties include 'Graffiti' and 'Purple Cape'.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Cauliflower broccoflower.jpg|White and green cauliflower
File:Cauliflower romanesco.JPG|Green [[Romanesco cauliflower]]
File:7367-Brassica oleracea var. botrytis.JPG|Orange cauliflower
File:Purplec.png|Purple cauliflower
</gallery>

=== Phytochemicals ===
Cauliflower contains several non-nutrient [[phytochemical]]s common in the [[brassicaceae|cabbage family]] that are under preliminary research for their potential properties, including [[isothiocyanate]]s and [[glucosinolate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishida M, Hara M, Fukino N, Kakizaki T, Morimitsu Y |year=2014 |title=Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality, and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables |journal=Breeding Science |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=48–59 |doi=10.1270/jsbbs.64.48 |pmc=4031110 |pmid=24987290 |bibcode=2014BrSci..64...48I |doi-access=free}}</ref> Boiling reduces the levels of cauliflower glucosinolates, while other cooking methods, such as [[steaming]], [[Microwave oven|microwaving]], and [[stir frying]], have no significant effect on glucosinolate levels.<ref name="Nugrahedi">{{cite journal |last1=Nugrahedi |first1=Probo Y. |last2=Verkerk |first2=Ruud |last3=Widianarko |first3=Budi |last4=Dekker |first4=Matthijs |year=2015 |title=A Mechanistic Perspective on Process-Induced Changes in Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Vegetables: A Review |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262977227 |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=823–838 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2012.688076 |issn=1040-8398 |pmid=24915330 |s2cid=25728864}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word "cauliflower" derives from the Italian ''cavolfiore'', meaning "cabbage flower".<ref>{{cite web |title=Cauliflower |url=http://www.wordreference.com/definition/cauliflower |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=WordReference.com Dictionary of English |language=en}}</ref> The ultimate origin of the name is from the [[Latin]] words ''caulis'' (cabbage) and ''flōs'' (flower).<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Cauliflower: definition |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cauliflower |access-date=22 November 2008 |publisher=[[Reference.com]]}}</ref>

== Nutrition==
{{nutritional value
| name = Cauliflower, raw
| water = 92 g
| kcal = 25
| protein = 1.9 g
| fat = 0.3 g
| carbs = 5 g
| fiber = 2 g
| sugars = 1.9 g
| calcium_mg = 22
| iron_mg = 0.42
| magnesium_mg = 15
| phosphorus_mg = 44
| potassium_mg = 299
| sodium_mg = 30
| zinc_mg = 0.27
| manganese_mg = 0.155
| vitC_mg = 48.2
| thiamin_mg = 0.05
| riboflavin_mg = 0.06
| niacin_mg = 0.507
| pantothenic_mg = 0.667
| vitB6_mg = 0.184
| folate_ug = 57
| vitE_mg = 0.08
| vitK_ug = 15.5
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/169986/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

Raw cauliflower is 92% water, 5% [[carbohydrate]]s, 2% [[Protein (nutrient)|protein]], and contains negligible [[fat]] (table). In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g}}, raw cauliflower provides 25 [[calorie]]s of [[food energy]], and has a high content (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[vitamin C]] (54% DV) and moderate levels of several [[B vitamins]], [[vitamin K]], and [[potassium in biology|potassium]] (10–14% DV; table). Contents of other [[micronutrient]]s are low (below 5% DV).

== Cultivation ==
=== History ===
Cauliflower is the result of [[selective breeding]] and likely arose in the Mediterranean region, possibly from broccoli.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Branca |first1=F. |title=Vegetables I |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-387-30443-4 |editor-last1=Prohens |editor-first1=J. |series=Handbook of Plant Breeding |volume=1 |location=New York |chapter=Cauliflower and Broccoli |pages=151–186 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_5 |editor-last2=Nuez |editor-first2=F. |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_5}}</ref>

[[Pliny the Elder]] included ''cyma'' among cultivated plants he described in ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'': "''Ex omnibus brassicae generibus suavissima est cyma''"<ref>{{cite book|author=Pliny (the Elder)|editor1-last=Weise|editor1-first=C.H.|title=Historiae Naturalis Libri XX|date=1841|page=249|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrFXAAAAcAAJ|language=la}}</ref> ("Of all the varieties of cabbage the most pleasant-tasted is ''cyma''").<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Rackham|editor1-first=H.|title=Pliny's Natural History|date=1949|chapter-url=http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm#BOOK%20XX|access-date=1 July 2015|chapter=XXXV|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101063545/http://www.masseiana.org/pliny.htm#BOOK%20XX|archive-date=1 January 2017}}</ref> Pliny's description likely refers to the flowering heads of an earlier cultivated variety of ''Brassica oleracea''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crozier|first1=Arthur Alger|title=The Cauliflower|date=1891|publisher=Register Publishing Co.|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|url=https://archive.org/details/cauliflower00crozgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/cauliflower00crozgoog/page/n21 12]}}</ref>

In the [[Middle Ages]], early forms of cauliflower were associated with the island of [[Cyprus]], with the 12th- and 13th-century Arab botanists [[Ibn al-'Awwam]] and [[Ibn al-Baitar]] claiming its origin to be Cyprus.<ref name=AggieHorticulture>{{cite web|title=Cabbage Flowers for Food|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html|website=Aggie Horticulture|publisher=Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Fenwick|first=G. Roger|author2=Heaney, Robert K.|author3=Mullin, W. John|author4=VanEtten, Cecil H.|title=Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants|journal=CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|date=1982|volume=18| issue=2|pages=123–201|doi=10.1080/10408398209527361|pmid=6337782}}</ref> This association continued into Western Europe, where cauliflowers were sometimes known as Cyprus [[wikt:colewort|colewort]], and there was extensive trade in Western Europe in cauliflower seeds from Cyprus, under the French Lusignan rulers of the island, until well into the 16th century.<ref>Jon Gregerson, ''Good Earth'' (Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, 1990) p.41</ref>

It is thought to have been introduced into Italy from Cyprus or the east coast of the Mediterranean around 1490 and then spread to other European countries in the following centuries.<ref name=":0" />

[[François Pierre La Varenne]] employed ''chouxfleurs'' in ''[[Le cuisinier françois]]''.<ref>Wheaton, Barbara Ketcham (1996) ''Savoring the Past: the French kitchen and table from 1300 to 1789'', Touchstone, p. 118, {{ISBN|0-684-81857-4}}.</ref> They were introduced to France from Genoa in the 16th century and are featured in [[Olivier de Serres]]' ''Théâtre de l'agriculture'' (1600), as ''cauli-fiori'' "as the Italians call it, which are still rather rare in France; they hold an honorable place in the garden because of their delicacy",<ref>Wheaton, Barbara Ketcham (1996) ''Savoring the Past: the French kitchen and table from 1300 to 1789'', Touchstone, p. 66, {{ISBN|0-684-81857-4}}.</ref> but they did not commonly appear on grand tables until the time of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]].<ref>Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009) ''A History of Food'', 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, pp. 625f, {{ISBN|1-4443-0514-X}}.</ref> It was introduced to India in 1822 by the British.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vegetable Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&pg=PA209|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-41-7|pages=209}}</ref>

=== Horticulture ===
Cauliflower is relatively difficult to grow compared to cabbage, with common problems such as an underdeveloped head and poor curd quality.<ref name="umass">{{cite web |date=14 January 2013 |title=Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, and Other Brassica Crops |url=https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/cabbage-broccoli-cauliflower-other-brassica-crops |access-date=26 February 2017 |publisher=Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst| location = Massachusetts}}</ref>

==== Climate ====
Because the weather is a limiting factor for producing cauliflower, the plant grows best in moderate daytime temperatures {{convert|70–85|°F|°C|order=flip}}, with plentiful sun and moist soil conditions high in organic matter and sandy soils.<ref name=ume/> The earliest maturity possible for cauliflower is 7 to 12 weeks from [[transplanting]].<ref name=umass/> In the northern hemisphere, fall season plantings in July may enable harvesting before autumn frost.<ref name=ume/>

Long periods of sun exposure in hot summer weather may cause cauliflower heads to discolor with a red-purple hue.<ref name=ume/>

==== Seeding and transplanting ====
Transplantable cauliflowers can be produced in containers such as flats, hotbeds, or fields. In soil that is loose, well-drained, and fertile, field seedlings are shallow-planted {{convert|1/2|in|cm|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} and thinned by ample space – about 12 plants per {{convert|1|ft|cm|order=flip|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=ume/> Ideal growing temperatures are about {{convert|65|°F|°C|order=flip}} when seedlings are 25 to 35 days old.<ref name=ume/> Applications of fertilizer to developing seedlings begin when leaves appear, usually with a starter solution weekly.

Transplanting to the field normally begins in late spring and may continue until mid-summer. Row spacing is about {{convert|15-18|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}}. Rapid vegetative growth after transplanting may benefit from such procedures as avoiding spring frosts, using starter solutions high in [[phosphorus]], irrigating weekly, and applying fertilizer.<ref name=ume/>

==== Disorders, pests, and diseases ====
The most important disorders affecting cauliflower quality are a hollow stem, stunted head growth or buttoning, ricing, [[browning (food process)|browning]], and leaf-tip burn.<ref name=ume/> Among major pests affecting cauliflower are [[aphid]]s, [[root maggot]]s, [[cutworm]]s, [[moth]]s, and [[flea beetle]]s.<ref name=umass/> The plant is susceptible to [[black rot]], [[Blackleg (Brassica)|black leg]], [[club root]], black [[leaf spot]], and [[downy mildew]].<ref name=ume/>

==== Harvesting ====
When cauliflower is mature, heads appear clear white, compact, and {{convert|6-8|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} in diameter, and should be cooled shortly after harvest.<ref name=ume/> Forced air cooling to remove heat from the field during hot weather may be needed for optimal preservation. Short-term storage is possible using cool, high-humidity storage conditions.<ref name=ume/>

==== Pollination ====
Many species of [[Calliphoridae|blowflies]], including ''[[Calliphora vomitoria]]'', are known pollinators of cauliflower.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wolf|first1=Jan M. Van Der|last2=Zouwen|first2=Patricia S. Van Der|date=2010|title=Colonization of Cauliflower Blossom (Brassica oleracea) by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, via Flies (Calliphora vomitoria), Can Result in Seed Infestation|journal=Journal of Phytopathology|language=en|volume=158|issue=11–12|pages=726–732|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01690.x|bibcode=2010JPhyt.158..726V |issn=1439-0434}}</ref>
{{Table alignment}}

{| class="wikitable floatright col2right"
|+ Cauliflower production {{small|2023, millions of tonnes}}
|-
| {{CHN}} || 9.7
|-
| {{IND}} || 9.5
|-
| {{USA}} || 1.1
|-
| {{MEX}} || 0.8
|-
| {{ESP}} || 0.6
|-
| '''World''' || '''26.5'''
|-
|colspan=2|{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]}}<ref name="fao">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Cauliflower (data combined with broccoli) production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Production ===
In 2023, world production of cauliflower (combined for production reports with broccoli) was 26.5 million tonnes, led by China and India which had 72% of the total (table). Secondary producers were the United States, Spain, and Mexico.

[[File:Soy Garlic Glazed Korean Fried Cauliflower.jpg|175px|right|Korean fried cauliflower]]
{{Cookbook}}
==Culinary==

Cauliflower heads can be roasted, grilled, boiled, [[Fried cauliflower|fried]], steamed, pickled, or eaten raw. When cooking, the outer leaves and thick stalks are typically removed, leaving only the florets (the edible "curd" or "head"). The leaves are also edible but are often discarded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grout |first1=B. W. W. |title=Crops II |date=1988 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-73520-2 |editor-last1=Bajaj |editor-first1=Y. P. S. |series=Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry |volume=6 |pages=211–225 |chapter=Cauliflower (''Brassica oleracea'' var. ''botrytis'' L.) |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-73520-2_10}}</ref>

Cauliflower can be used as a low-calorie, [[gluten-free]] alternative to rice and flour. Between 2012 and 2016, cauliflower production in the United States increased by 63%, and cauliflower-based product sales increased by 71% between 2017 and 2018. Cauliflower rice is made by pulsing cauliflower florets and cooking the result in oil.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gajanan |first=Mahita |date=14 July 2017 |title=Why Cauliflower Is the New 'It' Vegetable |url=https://time.com/4845148/cauliflower-rice-menu/ |access-date=12 December 2019 |publisher=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Koman |first=Tess |date=15 July 2019 |title=Why Is Cauliflower Still Literally Everywhere? |url=https://www.delish.com/food/a28397861/will-cauliflower-trend-die/ |access-date=12 December 2019 |publisher=Delish}}</ref> Cauliflower [[Pizza#Crust|pizza crust]] is made from cauliflower flour.<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Anahad |date=8 June 2018 |title=The Ascension of Cauliflower |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/08/well/cauliflower-vegetables-rice-pasta-carbs-gluten.html |access-date=12 December 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Mashed cauliflower is a low-carbohydrate alternative to [[mashed potato]]es.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brzostowski |first1=Cindy |date=19 March 2021 |title=As Cauliflower's Popularity Holds, Breadcrumb Alternative Cauli Crunch Enters The Scene |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cindybrzostowski/2021/03/19/as-cauliflowers-popularity-holds-breadcrumb-alternative-cauli-crunch-enters-the-scene |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

== In culture ==
{{See also|Romanesco broccoli#Fractal structure}}
Cauliflower has been noticed by [[mathematician]]s for its distinct [[fractal dimension]],<ref>Walker, John. (2005-03-22) [http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/Romanesco/ Fractal Food]. Fourmilab.ch. Retrieved on 2013-09-03.</ref><ref>[http://www.iwriteiam.nl/HaCF.html Description of the Julia sets of the cabbage fractal]. Iwriteiam.nl. Retrieved on 2013-09-03.</ref> calculated to be roughly 2.8.<ref>{{cite journal| author = Kim, Sang-Hoon |arxiv=cond-mat/0409763| title = Fractal Structure of a White Cauliflower| journal = Journal of the Korean Physical Society | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 474–477 | url = http://icpr.snu.ac.kr/resource/wop.pdf/J01/2005/046/R02/J012005046R020474.pdf| bibcode = 2004cond.mat..9763K|year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite arXiv|eprint=cond-mat/0411597|last1=Kim|first1=Sang-Hoon|title=Fractal dimensions of green broccoli and a white cauliflower|year=2004 }}</ref> One of the fractal properties of cauliflower is that every branch, or "module", is similar to the entire cauliflower. Another quality, also present in other plant species, is that the angle between "modules", as they become more distant from the center, is 360 degrees divided by the [[golden ratio]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Damrosch |first=Barbara |date=1 April 2010 |title=Romanesco cauliflower is a striking example of fractals |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/30/AR2010033003408.html |access-date=13 November 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

The fancied resemblance of the shape of a boxer's ear to a cauliflower gave rise to the term "[[cauliflower ear]]".

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |author=S. R. Sharma |author2=Praveen K. Singh |author3= Veronique Chable |author4= S. K. Tripathi |title=A Review of Hybrid Cauliflower Development |journal=Journal of New Seeds |year=2004 |volume=6 |page=151 |doi=10.1300/J153v06n02_08 |issue=2–3 |s2cid=85136416 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Brassica oleracea var. botrytis|Cauliflower}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160210161136/http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Brassica+oleracea+cauliflower+and+broccoli&RF=Webdisplay PROTAbase on ''Brassica oleracea (cauliflower and broccoli)'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513105622/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pubs/press/2004/040412caulif.html Orange Cauliflower Development]

{{Brassica oleraca}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7537}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Brassica oleracea]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Asia]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Europe]]
[[Category:Edible plants]]
[[Category:Food plant cultivars]]
[[Category:Inflorescence vegetables]]

Anupama: Namaste America

2026-03-13T01:59:47Z

Saurabh jain:

{{Short description|Indian Hindi language drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Anupama- Namaste America.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Bhavna Vyas
| story = Bhavna Vyas
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
*Namita Vartak
*[[Zama Habib]]}}
| director = Romesh Kalra
| creative_director = Ketaki Walawalkar
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rupali Ganguly]]
*[[Sudhanshu Pandey]]}}
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 11
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Rajan Shahi
*Ishika Shahi}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=See why Paras, Ashish, Nidhi, Madalsa etc. the main cast of "Anupamaa" aren't part of its prequel|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/web-series/stars-who-are-not-part-of-anupamaa-namaste-america-madalsa-sharma-aneri-vijani-paras-kalnawat-nidhi-shah|access-date=2022-04-26|website=Amar Ujala|language=hindi}}</ref>
| cinematography = Gulshan Shah
| editor = Sameer Gandhi
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime =
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|04|25}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2022|05|06}}
| list_episodes =
| image_alt =
| theme_music_composer =
| company = [[Director's Kut Productions]]
| related = ''[[Anupamaa]]''
}}
'''''Anupama: Namaste America''''' is an Indian Hindi-language drama television series which aired on 25 April 2022 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Produced by Rajan Shahi and Ishika Shahi under [[Director's Kut Productions]], it stars [[Rupali Ganguly]] and [[Sudhanshu Pandey]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rupali Ganguly all set to make her OTT debut with her ongoing hit show Anupamaa's prequel web series titled "Anupamaa: Namaste America". Know the details inside.|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/anupamaas-prequel-set-to-release-on-ott-rupali-ganguly-to-narrate-special-kahaani-watch-teaser-10041481|access-date=2022-04-05|website=Jagran English|date=April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is an eleven-episode prequel series to [[Star Plus]]'s Hindi television series ''[[Anupamaa]]'' which concluded on 6 May 2022.<ref name="episodes">{{Cite web|title=Rupali Ganguly's 11 episode Anupamaa prequel to premiere on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/rupali-ganguly-s-11-episode-anupamaa-prequel-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-1928232-2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=India Today |date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Premise==
The story is set 17 years ago in 2005, ten years after Anupama and Vanraj's marriage, when Anupama was Vanraj's wife and a mother to Paritosh and Samar, she had an opportunity to fulfil her dream in the USA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Check out the quirky and savage Sarita Joshi aka Moti Baa and Rupali Ganguly's new avatar as a young Anupamaa in brand new promos of ''Anupamaa'' prequel ''Anupamaa: Namaste America''|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/rupali-ganguly-is-set-to-teach-dance-in-america-watch-anupama-namaste-america-teaser-101650447668361.html|access-date=2022-04-21|website=Hindustan Times |date=20 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> However, some conditions forced her to quit her dream and become the Anupama shown in the initial episodes of ''[[Anupamaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Anupamaa:Namaste America":Know the story and cast of your favourite show Anupamaa's prequel whether your favourite characters will be seen or will be eliminated|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/anupama-prequel-hotstar-specials-full-details-from-on-air-date-25th-april-to-rupali-ganguly-star-cast-and-story-track-twist-first-promo-all-here/396840|access-date=2022-04-01|website=Times Now Hindi|language=hindi}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Anupama Namaste America teaser: Rupali Ganguly sets out on a journey to fulfil her dreams, leaves a sulking Sudhanshu Pandey behind |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/anupama-namaste-america-teaser-rupali-ganguly-sudhanshu-pandey-anupama-prequel-video-7874721/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==

===Main===
*[[Rupali Ganguly]] as Anupama "Anu" Joshi Shah: Kanta's daughter; Bhavesh's sister; Vanraj's wife; Paritosh and Samar's mother
*[[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Vanraj Shah: Leela and Hasmukh's son; Dolly's brother; Ritika's former boyfriend; Anupama's husband; Paritosh and Samar's father
*[[Sarita Joshi]] as Kaushalya Shah aka Moti Baa: Hasmukh's mother; Vanraj and Dolly's grandmother; Paritosh and Samar's great-grandmother
*Vidhvaan Sharma as Young Samar "Bakuda" Shah: Anupama and Vanraj's younger son; Paritosh's brother
*Dheer Bhanushali as Young Paritosh "Toshu" Shah: Anupama and Vanraj's elder son; Samar's brother

===Recurring===

*[[Puja Banerjee]] as Ritika Sharma: Ravi's wife; Vanraj's former girlfriend
*Arvind Vaidya as Hasmukh Shah aka Bapuji: Kaushalya's son; Leela's husband; Vanraj and Dolly's father; Paritosh and Samar's grandfather
*Alpana Buch as Leela Shah aka Baa: Hasmukh's wife; Vanraj and Dolly's mother; Paritosh and Samar's grandmother
*Ekta Saraiya as Dolly Shah Dhamecha: Leela and Hasmukh's daughter; Vanraj's sister; Sanjay's wife
*[[Gaurav Khanna]] as Anuj "AK" Kapadia: Owner of Kapadia Group of Industries; Gopichand's foster son; Malvika's brother; Anupama's one-sided lover
*[[Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty]] as Kavya Gandhi: Aniruddh's wife
*Paresh Bhatt as Sanjay Dhamecha: Dolly's husband
*[[Mehul Buch]] as Jignesh Dhamecha: Sanjay's father
*[[Pallavi Pradhan]] as Urvashi Dhamecha: Sanjay's mother
*Arup Pal as Vanraj's manager
*Shilpa Kataria Singh as Vanraj's manager's wife
*Pragati Mehra as Dr. Pragati Mehra: Anupama's gynecologists
*Riyaz Panjwani as Mr. Dholakia: Vanraj's colleague

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=#804848 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |country= |aux4= |aux4T= Length (Minutes) |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Anupama surprises Vanraj
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|25|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 24 minutes
|ShortSummary = Anupama Shah is a simple Gujarati homemaker married to Vanraj Shah and the mother of two sons – Paritosh and Samar. She is an excellent Kathak dancer and has a great passion for dance so does her younger son Samar. But her mother-in-law Leela despises her for her passion towards dance but her father-in-law Hasmukh and grandmother-in-law Kaushalya support her. Soon Vanraj's manager calls him to attend a family party organised for all employees of the company where he can be promoted for the USA project and asks him to bring Anupama along. But he makes excuses to bring her as he thinks she is just a mere housewife who can't be taken out of the house. But on Kaushalya's encouragement Anupama agrees to surprise him.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Anupama's American Opportunity
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|26|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 23 minutes
|ShortSummary = After Kaushalya convinces him, Vanraj takes Anupama to his colleague party. There everyone is stunned by her simplicity, beauty and dancing skills. Vanraj's manager's wife decides to take Anupama to the USA as a part of her program to promote Indian culture, unaware of his true nature that he actually thinks of a wife as domestic material. This surprises him because his promotion and US trip are postponed. Samar, Paritosh, Dolly, Hasmukh and Kaushalya rejoice learning the same while Leela and Vanraj become jealous. Soon Vanraj receives a message from his college-days girlfriend Ritika who chose her career over him that she will return to India for work and plans to meet him.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Will Vanraj sabotage Anupama's dream?
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|27|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 22 minutes
|ShortSummary = Kaushalya explains Anupama the importance of trust, support and mutual love and understanding as well as importance of self-love and self-respect for a healthy relationship by giving her and her husband's example that he always supported her, Leela and Hasmukh's example that Leela never values Hasmukh and Vanraj and Anupama's example how Vanraj never values her. Anupama thinks that Vanraj respects her dreams but he plans to disregard her dreams by keeping her as nothing more than a housewife. The next day as Anupama prepares to record an audition video Leela taunts her and Samar also expresses his desire to become a dancer but Vanraj taunts that "Boys Never Dance". However Kaushalya supports the mother-son duo to follow their dreams. However Vanraj decides to not forward the audition cassette to his manager's wife and goes to meet Ritika.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Past knocks Vanraj's Door
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|28|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 24 minutes
|ShortSummary = Dolly teaches English to Anupama but she worries about her kids and Dolly promises to keep a good care of them. Meanwhile Vanraj meets Ritika, now a wife to Ravi and recalls his failed love story with her in the 1990s. A college student Vanraj belonging to a middle-class family and a rich diva student Ritika deeply loved each other. However Vanraj's habit of constantly involving his family in their talks irritated her. As their love story progressed and they found corporate jobs, Ritika revealed that she wants to live in a nuclear family and continue her status, upsetting Vanraj. However things didn't work well as Ritika agreed to marry her father's NRI friend's son Ravi to continue her lifestyle and asks Vanraj to move on. Ritika married Ravi and Vanraj married Anupama. However she realized that she can't forget Vanraj and decides to divorce Ravi to marry Vanraj and asks him to divorce Anupama also. Vanraj refuses to bend upon Ritika's wish as he doesn't want to leave Anupama.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Anupama Meets Ritika
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|29|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 22 minutes
|ShortSummary = Vanraj returns home by declining his manager's order to give Anupama's audition cassette and Ritika's request to divorce Anupama and starts misbehaving with her for wearing his perfume. However Kaushalya scolds him for this and makes him apologize Anupama and his manager also informs him that his wife sent the colleague party's CD as an audition cassette, infuriating him. Soon Ritika comes to his home to meet his whole family as Vanraj's "friend" and to make her feel jealous he starts praising Anupama. However Leela notices this and warns him to break all ties with Ritika for the sake of his married life and sons. To his dismay, his manager informs him that Anupama has been selected for his wife's project to spread Indian culture in the USA.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = A Sweet Surprise for Anupama
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|30|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 23 minutes
|ShortSummary = Anupama is excited to learn about her selection while Ritika sees it as an opportunity to become closer to Vanraj. While Vanraj goes to drop Ritika where she tries to seduce him to regain him, Anupama expresses her love towards Vanraj through a poem. However Vanraj refuses Ritika's advances because he doesn't want to leave Anupama. Kaushalya warns Anupama about Ritika's intentions but she expresses her faith in Vanraj and discusses Anuj about whom she listened from Devika and considers him to be Devika's best friend. Later Leela and Vanraj scheme to crush Anupama's dreams while Vanraj juggles his feelings for both women.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = A Romantic Night
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|02|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 24 minutes
|ShortSummary = Vanraj reflects upon Leela's words to stop Anupama and becomes intimate with her by feigning love. Anupama thinks that he loves her and starts taking English classes by Dolly to give interview for visa meanwhile Vanraj also becomes dual-minded to rekindle his relationship with Ritika again. The story takes a leap of twenty days and Leela invites Sanjay Dhamecha, a prospective groom for Dolly along with his family (who are unaware of her intentions) to finalise Dolly and Sanjay's relationship. Initially everyone thinks that Leela genuinely forgot that she invited Dhamechas for Dolly's match-making but her truth comes out in front of Hasmukh and Kaushalya. Anupama starts showing signs of her third pregnancy while Dolly agrees for her and Sanjay's match due to simple and supporting nature of him and his parents for her studies and vice versa and they agree for their marriage the coming month making Anupama worried as she also needs to go USA the coming month. Dhamechas think that Leela also supports Anupama and she leaves for visa interview with Hasmukh however they are caught in a traffic jam.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Good News or Bad News?
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|03|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 23 minutes
|ShortSummary = Anupama decides to walk to the visa interview. However a girl dressed up as Lord Krishna drops her on her scooty. There Anupama becomes nervous due to English and thinks that she failed in the interview making her supporters sad and Vanraj and Leela happy. Dolly also gives her consent to marry Sanjay and Vanraj and Leela manipulates Anupama by saying that now they will be together for Dolly's marriage. Vanraj, who thinks that Anupama won't fulfil her dreams, loses his euphoria and tries to deceive his manager but he doubts his intentions. The story takes a leap of two weeks and it is shown that Dolly's marriage preparations are on full swing however Anupama feels sad on seeing her previous preparations to go to the USA and Samar encourages her as he can't see tears in his mother's eyes (in the similar way the grown up version of Samar do in original series). But she falls unconscious and Kaushalya takes her to the gynaecologist. While Leela fumes because Anupama went to a gynaecologist (as usual, envying her) and the visa being issued in her name Vanraj visits Ritika's house who is now obsessed with him and urges him to shift with her to the USA. But Vanraj denies and is angered when his manager informs him that Anupama has been issued a visa on her name. Anupama's gynaecologist reveals that she is pregnant for the third time and the latter wishes for a baby girl and gynaecologist assures that she can dance and travel in pregnancy. Meanwhile Leela schemes to destroy Anupama's visa by giving it to Paritosh and Samar.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Caught!
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|04|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 24 minutes
|ShortSummary = Anupama informs Vanraj about her pregnancy and he becomes happy by learning that this baby can be a baby girl. While Leela's plan backfires to destroy Anupama's passport via Paritosh's hands she tells something shocking to Dolly after she saves Anupama's passport. Gynaecologist informs Vanraj that Anupama can dance and travel in pregnancy but he manipulates his manager by saying that Anupama's pregnancy is complicated hence she can't come or dance. Leela is happy thinking that Anupama won't be able to fulfil her dreams but Dolly feels uneasy about what Leela told her. On enquiring Leela bluntly lies that she's just sad for her life without her parental family after marriage but Kaushalya suspects foul play. The transgender community blesses Anupama to have a baby girl. Anupama feels bad thinking that her passport was not issued and she won't be able to make herself feel proud in front of her children's eyes and shares her pain with Kaushalya. But she encourages Anupama. While Anupama decides to decorate her room from Samar and Paritosh's clothes when they were babies Leela warns Vanraj to forget Ritika and stop meeting her as Anupama is his wife and he has three children. But Anupama discovers Vanraj and Leela's plot to stop her as she finds her passport with visa in Vanraj's bag. Vanraj thinks that Anupama will not be able to find her passport and brings a ''Gajra'' for her but is surprised to see a passport in her hand.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Anupama has an Outburst
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|05|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 24 minutes
|ShortSummary = Vanraj makes excuses after seeing the passport in Anupama's hand but she realises that Vanraj and Leela betrayed her. The next day she confronts both of them after they tag her a ''Devi'' for sacrificing her dreams for the sake of family. Kaushalya confronts Vanraj and Leela for the same but they defend each other saying that whatever they did was the only option left to save family as they think once a housewife starts living her life on her own terms the family is ruined. A heartbroken Anupama breaks her ''Ghunghroo'' clarifying that she abandoned her dreams for her family's sake. Vanraj again feigns concern and tries to justify his actions but Anupama realises that what happened on her selection night was a planned romance to stop her from going to the USA. She confronts Vanraj regarding this, to his surprise.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Family First
|DirectedBy = Romesh Kalra
|WrittenBy = Bhavna Vyas
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|06|df=y}}
|Aux4 = 24 minutes
|ShortSummary = After Anupama confronts Vanraj for trying to stop her from going to the USA, he tries to leave but Anupama says that she won't forget this betrayal by Vanraj and Leela. The story takes a leap of six months and the Shahs move back to their old home "Krishn Kunj" after renovation and Anupama has a baby-shower. Anupama is still trying to cope with Vanraj and Leela's betrayal waiting for her baby's arrival. But Leela intentionally makes her remember the same and asks her to cook for Dolly's in-laws for which Kaushalya reprimands her for giving more pain to Anupama and blesses that Anupama will fulfil her dream in future. Vanraj is informed that he has been selected for the USA project and needs to leave within two months. Vanraj as usual portrays himself as the victim and claims that he has made a great sacrifice, and Anupama vows to fulfil her dream in the future. Anuj Kapadia, Anupama's college-days one-sided lover, returns to Ahmedabad, wishes to see Anupama, and unknowingly crosses paths with Vanraj. He is heartbroken to see Anupama pregnant and having two sons, but wishes to meet her once while Vanraj meets Kavya Gandhi on his way to the office. The narrator concludes the story with a poem describing everyone's future lives, which leads to the present day story of ''[[Anupamaa]]''.
|LineColor = 005F6C
}}
}}

==Production==
===Development===
Rajan Shahi the producer of ''[[Anupamaa]]'' announced to make a prequel web series to [[Star Plus]] TV series ''[[Anupamaa]]''.<ref name ="episodes"/>

===Casting===
Though most of the cast from original series were retained including [[Rupali Ganguly]], [[Sudhanshu Pandey]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-18 |title=Anupama Namaste America Promo: Rupali Ganguly and Sudhanshu Pandey's Younger Look Leave Fans Excited |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/anupama-namaste-america-promo-rupali-ganguly-and-sudhanshu-pandeys-younger-look-leave-fans-excited-5007235.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Arvind Vaidya, Alpana Buch, Ekta Saraiya and Paresh Bhatt<ref>{{Cite web|title=Know more about ''Anupamaa's'' prequel ''Anupamaa: Namaste America'' cast|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/anupama-prequel-hotstar-specials-full-details-from-on-air-date-25th-april-to-rupali-ganguly-star-cast-and-story-track-twist-first-promo-all-here/396840|access-date=2022-04-17|website=Times Now Hindi|date=7 April 2022 |language=hindi}}</ref> reprising their original roles as Anupama, Vanraj, Hasmukh, Leela, Dolly and Sanjay respectively. [[Paras Kalnawat]] and Ashish Mehrotra playing Samar and Paritosh respectively were not cast for the series due to their characters being portrayed as younger children, thus their roles were assigned to child actors Vidhvaan Sharma and Dheer Bhanushali respectively.<ref name="pictures"/> Muskaan Bamne playing Pakhi was also excluded from the cast because her character was yet to be born. While [[Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty]]'s character Kavya Gandhi was excluded however Chakraborty reprised her role in the last episode. A new character, played by [[Puja Banerjee]], Ritika, was included as Vanraj's college-days girlfriend.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puja Banerjee joins the cast of "Anupamaa:Namaste America" as Vanraj's ex-girlfriend Ritika|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/puja-banerjee-to-play-vanraaj-s-ex-girlfriend-in-web-series-anupama-namaste-america-1932730-2022-04-02|access-date=2022-04-02|website=India Today|date=2 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[Aneri Vajani]] and [[Nidhi Shah]]'s roles Malvika and Kinjal respectively were eliminated from the series. [[Sarita Joshi]] was cast to play Hasmukh's mother Moti Baa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarita Joshi to play Moti Baa in "Anupamaa:Namaste America"|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sarita-joshi-to-star-in-anupama-namaste-america-383195|access-date=2022-04-03|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-01 |title=New on Disney+ Hotstar in April: 'Better Nate Than Ever,' 'Death on the Nile' and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/new-on-disney-hotstar-in-april-better-nate-than-ever-death-on-the-nile-and-more/article65281285.ece |access-date=2022-04-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later [[Gaurav Khanna]] also reprised his role of Anuj Kapadia in the last episode.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''"Anupamaa:Namaste America"'' is all set to launch. Know the premise story of your favourite show ''Anupamaa's'' prequel web series|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/anupama-namaste-america-cast-release-date-and-story-first-episode-upcoming-disney-hotstar-promo/402292|access-date=2022-04-24|website=Times Now Hindi|language=hindi}}</ref> In further episodes, [[Mehul Buch]]{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} and [[Pallavi Pradhan]]{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} were cast as Sanjay's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Dhamecha. Pragati Mehra{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} was seen playing the role of gynaecologist. The series concluded with [[Sachin Tyagi]]{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} narrating the characters' futures with a poem, leading to the current story of ''[[Anupamaa]]''.

===Filming===
The series has been shot on the original sets of ''[[Anupamaa]]'' with some changes in Film City, [[Mumbai]].<ref name ="pictures">{{Cite web|title=Have a look at exclusive pictures from same yet different sets of ''Anupamaa's'' prequel web series ''Anupamaa:Namaste America''|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/soaps/story/anupama-namaste-america-first-look-out-check-out-the-pics-1934201-2022-04-06|access-date=2022-04-19|website=India Today|date=6 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===Broadcast===
The eleven-episode series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 25 April 2022, with each episode being uploaded daily and concluded on 6 May 2022.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=''Anupamaa'' prequel ''"Anupamaa: Namaste America"'' gets highly appreciated soon after the release of first episode. Know more details inside|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/television/anupama-namaste-america-first-episode-released-on-ott-anupama-namaste-america-twitter-review/1163913|access-date=2022-04-25|website=Zee News Hindi|language=hindi}}</ref>

==Sequel==
''[[Anupamaa]]'', a sequel to the drama series premiered on 13 July 2020 on [[Star Plus]], and digitally streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-14 |title=What to expect on your favourite television shows from tonight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-shows-new-episode-spoiler-13-july-6504054/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is loosely based on [[Star Jalsha]]'s Bengali series ''[[Sreemoyee]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupali Ganguly- Sudhanshu Pandey starrer Anupamaa is a remake of a popular Bengali show 'Sreemoyee' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rupali-ganguly-sudhanshu-pandey-starrer-anupamaa-is-a-remake-of-a-popular-benagli-show-sreemoyee/articleshow/74323173.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 February 2020 }}</ref> and currently stars [[Rupali Ganguly]], [[Adrija Roy]] and Shivam Khajuria and formerly starred [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], [[Madalsa Sharma]], [[Gaurav Khanna]] and Alisha Parveen Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-11-04 |title="Anupamaa has changed my life", says Rupali Ganguly |website= [[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/anupamaa-changed-life-says-rupali-ganguly/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Good things come and go, but one needs to stay grounded: Gaurav Khanna - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/good-things-come-and-go-but-one-needs-to-stay-grounded-gaurav-khanna/articleshow/90847466.cms |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=The Times of India |date=15 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudhanshu Pandey says he chose to be a part of Anupamaa for his wife - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sudhanshu-pandey-says-he-chose-to-be-a-part-of-anupamaa-for-his-wife/articleshow/74547993.cms |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=The Times of India |date=9 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
Arushi Jain of [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]] wrote "I feel the show is only an extension of what we saw in the first six months of its televised version: it tells you what all Anupama ‘jheloed’ in her marriage with Vanraj. Only this time, Ganguly has kept Anupama chirpy and lively, but she also delivers enough sad-but-c’est-la-vie expressions into the camera".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=Anupama Namaste America first impression: Only for the die-hard Anupama fans |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/anupama-namaste-america-first-impression-rupali-ganguly-anupama-sudhanshu-pandey-7887903/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.directorskutproduction.com// Production Website]
*''[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/anupama-namaste-america/1260097964 Anupama: Namaste America]'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]

Rajaram I

2026-03-08T15:54:19Z

Saurabh jain:

{{Short description|Chhatrapati of the Marathas from 1689 to 1700}}
{{For|other Maratha rulers of the same name|Rajaram (disambiguation)}}{{Tone|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajaram I
| title = Kshatriya Kulavantas
| image = Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaja.jpg
| caption = Rajaram I in 1689
| succession = [[Chhatrapati|Chhatrapati of the Marathas]]
| reign = 11 March 1689{{Spaced ndash}}3 March 1700
| coronation = 12 February 1689
| predecessor = [[Sambhaji]]
| successor = [[Shivaji II]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1670|02|24|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[Sir Jadunath Sarkar]] |title=Shivaji and His Times |publisher=S.C. Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cur64uYmVvcC |date=1948 |pages=318 | quote="Rajaram, the second son of Shivaji, was born on 24 February 1670".}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Rajgad Fort]], [[Ahmadnagar Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1700|03|03|1670|02|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Sinhagad Fort]], [[Maratha Kingdom]] {{small|(present-day Pune district, Maharashtra, India)}}
| spouse = [[Jankibai]] [[Tarabai]] Rajasbai Ambikabai
| issue = [[Shivaji II]] [[Sambhaji II]]
| father = [[Shivaji I]]
| mother = [[Soyarabai]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| reg-type1 = Peshwa
| regent1 = [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]]
| royal house = [[Bhonsle dynasty|Bhonsale]]
| signature = File:Seal_of_Chhatrapati_Rajaram_Maharaja.jpg
| signature_type = Seal
}}
'''Rajaram I''' (Rajaram Bhonsale, {{IPA|mr|[ɾaːd͡ʒaɾaːm ˈbʱos(ə)le}}; 24 February 1670 – 3 March 1700), also known as '''Ram Raaje''',<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.296</ref> was the third king ([[Chhatrapati]]) of the [[Maratha Kingdom]], who ruled from 1689 to his death in 1700. He was the second son of [[Shivaji]], the founder of the kingdom, and younger paternal half-brother of [[Sambhaji]], whom he succeeded. His eleven-year reign was marked with a [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|constant struggle]] against the Mughals. He was succeeded by his infant son [[Shivaji II]] under the regentship of his [[Rajmata]] [[Tarabai|Maharani Tarabai]].

==Early life and family==
Rajaram was born in the [[Bhonsle dynasty]] to [[Chhatrapati]] [[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj]] and his second wife, [[Soyarabai]], on 24 February 1670. He was thirteen years younger than his brother, [[Sambhaji]]. Given the ambitious nature of Soyarabai, Rajaram was installed on the Maratha throne upon the death of his father in 1680 at the age of 10. However, the Maratha generals wanted Sambhaji as the king and thus Sambhaji claimed the throne. Upon Sambhaji's death at the hands of the Mughals in 1689, Rajaram was informally crowned as Chhatrapati of as a regent for his nephew [[Shahu I]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=J. L.|title=Advanced study in the history of modern India, 1707-1813|date=2005|publisher=New Dawn Press, Inc.|location=Slough|isbn=9781932705546|pages=45–52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC}}</ref> He vowed to avenge his brother's [[Execution of Sambhaji|execution]].

Rajaram married three times. His first marriage was at the age of ten to [[Jankibai]], the five
-year-old daughter of Shivaji's army chief, [[Prataprao Gujar]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=J. L.|title=Advanced study in the history of modern India, 1707-1813|date=2005|publisher=New Dawn Press, Inc.|location=Slough|isbn=9781932705546|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC}}</ref> His other wives were [[Tarabai]], the daughter of Sarsenapati [[Hambirrao Mohite]], the Maratha army general who succeeded Prataprao, and Rajasbai from the influential Ghatge family of [[Kagal]]. Rajaram had three sons,

*Raja Karna (died in 1700) with mistress Sagunabai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesFarEast/India_EarlyModern_Marathas10.htm|title = The Marathas: Chatrapati Rajaram Maharaj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=PAWAR |first=Dr JAYSINGRAO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtNNDwAAQBAJ |title=MARATHYANCHE SWATANTRA YUDHA |date=2018-03-01 |publisher=Mehta Publishing House |isbn=978-93-87789-22-7 |language=mr}}</ref>
*[[Shivaji II]] with Tarabai,
*[[Sambhaji II]] with Rajasbai.<ref name="sarkar">{{cite book|editor-last1=Pati|editor-first1=Biswamoy |last2=Guha|first2=Sumit|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Indrani|title=Issues in modern Indian history : for Sumit Sarkar|date=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai|isbn=9788171546589|pages=29–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC}}</ref>

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel|1. '''Rajarajm I'''|2.[[Shivaji I]]|3.[[Soyarabai]]|4.[[Shahaji]]|5.[[Jijabai]]|6.Sambhaji Mohite||8.[[Maloji]]|9. Uma Bai|10.[[Lakhuji Jadhav]]|11.Mahalsabai Jadhav|||collapsed=yes|align=center|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;}}

==Coronation and attack by the Mughals==

After the [[execution of Sambhaji]] by the Mughals, Rajaram was informally crowned at [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]] on 12 March 1689. Rajaram then moved towards to the Bhavani temple at [[Pratapgad]].<ref name="auto1">A history of the Maratha people Vol. II, CA Kincaid and DB Parasnis, pg. 64 [https://archive.org/details/historyofmaratha02kinc/page/n81/mode/2up?q=title]</ref> As he went inspecting the fortresses that lay along the route, he had them provisioned and armed.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/shivaji-the-great-4-dr.-balkrishna|title=Shivaji The Great - 4 (Dr. Balkrishna)|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>[[File:Seal_of_Chhatrapati_Rajaram_Maharaja.jpg|left|thumb|Royal Seal of Chhatrapati Rajaram: “Like the King [[Rama]] of old this seal of Rajaram shines forth, impelled by the motive of inspiring all people alike with a sense of their national duty."<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32141|title=New History Of The Marathas Vol.1|first=Govind Sakharam|last=Sardesai|date=29 May 1946|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>]]

As the Mughals under Itikad Khan (later [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfikar Khan]]) started laying siege to the region around [[Raigad fort|Raigad]] on 25 March 1689, Rajaram's general [[Santaji Ghorpade]] organized a counter offensive.<ref name="auto3">New History Of The Marathas Vol.1
by GS Sardesai, pg 321 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32141/page/n333/mode/2up]</ref> Santaji's plan was for the Maratha army to entrench itself at [[Phaltan]] and from that base draw the attention of Mughal generals while Santaji and a small cavalry contingent would raid the main Mughal camp at [[Tulapur]], and if possible kill Aurangzeb in the middle of his army. Santaji and Vithoji Chavan, his second in command, led a two thousand strong contingent for this purpose towards Tulapur. On stealthily reaching the Mughal camp they rushed at Aurangzeb's pavilion, cut down the supporting ropes and the huge cloth edifice came down in a crash, killing everyone inside.<ref>Dr. Sheshrao Patahde. "Lokamnya Lokshahir Momin Kavathekar", "Punya Nagari- a Marathi Daily", Mumbai, 28-Nov-2021</ref> Afterwards it was discovered that Aurangzeb by chance was passing that night in his daughter's tent, thus escaping death.<ref name="auto3"/>

After some rest at Sinhagad, Santaji led the Maratha contingent down the Bhor Ghat and attacked the rear of Itikad Khan's army besieging Raigad, carrying off five imperial Mughal war elephants. Following this Maratha contingents under Dhanaji Jadhav and Santaji attacked and completely routed [[Muqarrab Khan]], the Mughal general responsible for capture of Sambhaji, at Bhudhargad 45 miles south of Kolhapur. Muqarrab Khan and his son were mortally wounded and chased up to the Mughal camp at Kolhapur and all their loot was captured.<ref>जिंजीचा प्रवास, VS Bendrey, pg. 15</ref><ref>A history of the Maratha people Vol. II by CA Kincaid and DB Parasnis, pg. 67-68 [https://archive.org/details/historyofmaratha02kinc/page/n85/mode/2up?q=title]</ref>

Determined at all costs to take Raigad, Aurangzeb continued to send reinforcements to Itikad Zulfikar Khan, who was soon able to invade Panhala as well. Rajaram who was in Panhala slipped through the besieging lines.

A 300-strong Maratha army then fought with the Mughals and led the new Maratha king, Rajaram to escape through Kavlya ghat to the fort of [[Gingee|Jinji]] in present-day state of [[Tamil Nadu]] via Pratapgad and Vishalgad forts. After crossing the crocodile-infested Tungabhadra river swimming on Bahirji Ghorpade's back,<ref>The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies Volumes 33-34 1993</ref> Rajaram and Bahirji reached Keladi (Near present-day Sagar in Karnataka) in disguise entering the territory of Kasim Khan. As per Keladinṛipavijaya of Linganna, Rajaram and Bahirji sought assistance from [[Keladi Chennamma|Queen Chennamma]] of [[Keladi Kingdom|Keladi]] - who kept the Mughal attack in check to ensure safe passage and escape of Rajaram. To punish Chennamma, Aurangzeb dispatched Jannisar Khan, Matabar Khan, and Sharza Khan, who captured the forts of Madhavpura, Anantpur and besieged Bednur while Chennama escaped to Bhuvangiri to save her life. The Maratha general Santaji Ghorpade then defeated the three Khans, protecting Chenamma and throttling the Khans' attempts to pursue Rajaram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwBuAAAAMAAJ&q=santaji+ghorpade+%22jan+nisar+khan%22|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|first=Mythic Society (Bangalore|last=India)|date=29 May 2001|publisher=Mythic Society|via=Google Books}}</ref> Rajaram reached Jinji after a month and a half on 1 November 1689. Details of his escape are known from the incomplete poetical biography of Rajaram, the ''Rajaramacharita'' written by his [[Purohita|Rajpurohita]], [[Keshav Pandit]], in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.609</ref> After defeating the Mughals, Rajaram cremated his late brother.

==Siege of Jinji==
[[Aurangzeb]] deputed [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghazi-ud-din Firoze Jung]] against the Marathas in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and specially sent [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]] to capture the [[Gingee Fort|Jingi Fort]]. He [[Siege of Jinji|laid siege]] to it in September, 1690. When Rajaram had retired from Maharastra to Jinji, there was virtually no money in his treasury. Raigad, the capital of the Maratha Kingdom, fell into the hands of Aurangzeb. There were no practical centralised Maratha army or government. In these adverse circumstances Rajaram and his advisers were compelled to offer inducements of feudal estates to their helpers, in order to retain their services and allegiance.<ref>The Main Currents Of Maratha History(1933) by G. S. Sardesai, pg. 91-93 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537050/page/n103/mode/2up]</ref>

Rajaram's Government deliberately weaned away many Maratha Chiefs who had accepted Mughal service. In turn, Aurangzeb profusely offered lands, titles and rewards as inducements to Maratha lords to renounce Rajaram and accept Mughal service. Maratha Government adopted the same methods for counteraction.<ref name="auto"/>

The Jinji siege dragged on through 1694 and 1695.<ref>A History of the Maratha People Vol II, CA Kincaid and DB Parasnis, pg 83 [https://archive.org/details/historyofmaratha02kinc/page/83/mode/2up]</ref> After three failed Mughal attempts to conquer Jinji, it was captured on 8 January 1698. Rajaram, however, successfully escaped due to intervention of the Shirke family who hid him in the Mughal camp itself and then furnished him with horses to travel first to [[Vellore]] and later to [[Vishalgad]].<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.294-5</ref>

==Santaji and Dhanaji==
{{Main||Siege of Panhala 1694-1696}}

Rajaram had occupied the fort at Jinji from 11 November 1689, but left before it fell in 1698. Rajaram then set up his court at [[Ajinkyatara|Satara Fort]].

Rajaram then set his objectives on rallying the Maratha army to drive out the Mughal invaders.<ref>[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.126238/page/n51/mode/2up|Chhatrapatis Of Kolhapur by M. Malgonkar, pg 36]]</ref>

In 1691, as a direct taunt to Mughal encroachment in the Deccan and to show off the undaunted morale of the Marathas, Rajaram issued contemptible bounties which were deliberately small to his generals for capturing Mughal cities. One such challenge was as follows: "Having clearly grasped your readiness to quit the Mughal service and return to the Chhatrapati's for defending the Maharashtra Dharma, we are assigning to you for your own personal expenses and those of your troops, an annuity...". Hanmantrao Ghorpade was entitled to receive, 62,500 hons after the capture of [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]], 62,500 hons after the capture of [[Bijapur]], 62,500 hons after the capture of [[Hyderabad|Bhaganagar]], 62,500 hons after the capture of [[Aurangabad]], and 2,50,000 hons after the capture of [[Delhi]] itself. Similarly, Krishnaji Ghorpade was entitled to receive 12,500 hons after the conquest of [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]] territory, 12,500 hons after the conquest of [[Bijapur]], 12,500 hons after the conquest of [[Hyderabad|Bhaganagar]], 12,500 hons after the conquest of [[Aurangabad]] and 50,000 hons after the conquest of [[Old Delhi|Delhi]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>शिवचरित्र साहित्य खंड ५, 10-12</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qA1BAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hanmantrao+ghorpade%22+%22bhaganagar%22|title=The Mughal-Maratha Relations: Twenty Five Fateful Years, 1682-1707|first=G. T.|last=Kulkarni|date=29 May 1983|publisher=Department of History, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>Journal of Indian History Volumes 29-30
1952, pg. 84 [https://books.google.com/books?id=hhy2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22hanmantrao+ghorpade%22+%22bhaganagar%22]</ref>

Rajaram also aimed to capture Delhi, though he was unsuccessful.<ref>[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.32141/page/n339/mode/2up|New History Of The Marathas Vol. I, by GS Sardesai pg. 328-329]]</ref>

Animated by a desire to avenge their wrongs, the Maratha bands spread over the vast territories from [[Khandesh]] to the south coast, over [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]], [[Baglan taluka|Baglan]], [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]], and the [[Karnataka]], devastating Mughal stations, destroying their armies, exacting tribute, plundering Mughal treasures, animals and stocks of camp equipage.<ref name="auto"/>

Through imminent peril Rajaram had won his goal and at Jinji had sustained that which scholars like [[Charles Augustus Kincaid|C.A. Kincaid]] call, "a siege hardly shorter than that of [[Trojan War|Troy]] with the skill and valour and more than the fortunes of [[Hector]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofmaratha02kinc|title=A history of the Maratha people|first1=Charles Augustus|last1=Kincaid|first2=Dattātraya Baḷavanta|last2=Pārasanīsa|date=29 May 1918|publisher=London, New York [etc.] H. Milford, Oxford university press|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Chhatrapati Rajaram Memorial.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Memorial atop [[Sinhgad|Sinhgad Fort]] marking the place of death of Rajaram.]]
Rajaram led a large Maratha force to attack the Mughal city of [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]] which he successfully plundered and set on fire. Entering the Godavari valley, he plundered [[Paithan]], [[Beed]] and other Mughal-occupied towns along the river banks. Instead of progressing further he turned back towards Sinhagad to deposit the accumulated loot when his burdened army was ambushed by [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfikar Khan]]. Rajaram fought a continuous series of rearguard actions for fifty miles, before reaching Sinhgad. The hardships and exposure of the chase had aggravated a weakness of Rajaram's lungs contracted at [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]].<ref name="auto2">A History of the Maratha People Vol. II, CA Kincaid and DB Parasnis, pg. 103-104 [https://archive.org/details/historyofmaratha02kinc/page/n123/mode/2up]</ref>

After some days high fever set in with frequent hemorrhages. Knowing his end was near, Rajaram called upon his council and commanded them not to relax their efforts in the war of liberation until [[Shahu I|Prince Shahu]] had been freed and the Mughals driven from the land of the Marathas. Rajaram died of lung disease in 1700 at [[Sinhagad]] near [[Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]] leaving behind widows and infants. Rajaram's funeral ceremonies were performed by Jivajiraje Bhonsle, the descendant of Vithoji Bhonsle, younger brother of [[Maloji Bhosale]] and [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji's]] great uncle. To keep alive Rajaram's memory, [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya|Ramchandra Bavdekar]] built a temple to Shiva on the edge of Sinhgad fort. The temple was endowed with lands and money, and remains standing. Ambikabai,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gokhale|first1=Kamal|title=Rajaram Chhatrapati in Marathi Vishwakosh|publisher=Marathi Vishwakosh|location=Wai, Maharashtra India|url=https://marathivishwakosh.maharashtra.gov.in/khandas/khand14/index.php/component/content/article?id=10358}}</ref> one of his widows, committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]] upon Rajaram's death.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Feldhaus|editor-first1=Anne|title=Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion|date=1996|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0791428375|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=rajaram&pg=PA171}}</ref> Many folk tales are centered on her powers of piety.<ref name="auto2"/>

Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]] then proclaimed her own young son, [[Shivaji II]] as the Chhatrapati Shivaji prophesied by [[Shivaji I]] destined to conquer all India from [[Attock]] to [[Rameshwaram]], going against the popularly held notion that it was [[Shahu I]] (whose original name was Shivaji) who was to be the Shivaji prophesied about, and ruled as her son's regent. However, the release of [[Shahu I|Shahu]], by the successors of Aurangzeb led to an internecine conflict between Tarabai and Shahu with the latter emerging as the successful claimant to the Maratha throne of Satara.<ref>{{cite book|last1=mehta|first1=JL|title=Advanced study in the history of medieval India.|date=1981|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-207-1015-3|page=562|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&pg=PR7 }}</ref><ref>Cox, Edmund Charles. A short history of the Bombay Presidency. Thacker, 1887, pages 126-129.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Edward|last2=Garratt|first2=G.T.|title=History of British rule in India|date=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7156-803-3|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93fnssiWvjoC&pg=PR2 }}</ref> Tarabai established a separate seat at Kolhapur and installed her son as the rival Chhatrapati. She was shortly deposed by Rajasbai, the other surviving widow of Rajaram. She installed her own son by Rajaram called [[Sambhaji II]] on the Kolhapur throne. The [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur line]] has continued to this day through natural succession and adoptions per Hindu customs. The Satara seat passed to a grandson of Rajaram called [[Ramaraja]] after he was adopted at the insistence of Tarabai, by Shahu who did not have a natural male heir. Later Tarabai disowned him saying she had presented Shahu with an imposter.<ref>V.S. Kadam, 1993. ''Maratha Confederacy: A Study in its Origin and Development.'' Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.</ref>

== Books ==
* Chhatrapati Rajaram Tararani (Dr. Sadashiv Shivade) {{Citation Needed|date=September 2024}}
* Shivaputra Chhatrapati Rajaram (Dr. Jaysingrao Pawar)
* Swarajya Rakshanacha Ladha (Mohan Shete, Pandurang Balakawade, Sudhir Thorat)
* Hukumatpanah Ramchandrapant Amatya Charitra (Saurabh Deshpande) {{cn|date=September 2024}}
* Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj (Ashokrao Shinde Sarkar) {{cn|date=September 2024}}
* Marathi Riyasat - Chhatrapati Rajaram [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]])
* Bhangale Swapna Maharashtra (Drama, written by [[Bashir Momin Kavathekar]])

== Movies ==
* He was portrayed by Varun Buddhadev in the 2025 Hindi film ''[[Chhaava]]''.

==See also==
* [[Khando Ballal|Khando Ballal Chitnis]]

{{S-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Sambhaji]] |
title=[[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] |
years=1689–1700 |
after=[[Shivaji II]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last1=Kincaid |first1=Charles Augustus |last2=Parasnis |first2=Rao Bahadur Dattatraya Balavant |title=A history of the Maratha people |date=1922 |publisher=London, Milford |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofmaratha02kincuoft/historyofmaratha02kincuoft_djvu.txt|ref=none}}{{PD-notice}}
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_475.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India], v. 2, p. 440.

==External links==
{{commons category|Rajaram}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}{{Shivaji}}
{{Portal bar|Royalty|India|History}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhatrapati, Rajaram}}
[[Category:1670 births]]
[[Category:1700 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century regents]]
[[Category:Maratha kings]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]

Apurva Nemlekar

2026-03-08T14:27:59Z

Saurabh jain: Made A Pg First Draft

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Apurva Nemlekar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|12|27}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actress
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* ''Aabhas Ha''
* ''[[Ratris Khel Chale 2]]''
* ''[[Ratris Khel Chale 3]]''
* ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
* ''[[Premachi Gosht]]''
}}
| yearsactive = 2011–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Rohan Deshpande|2014|end=divorce|2016}}<ref>{{Cite web |title="अस्सल दादरकर, आठ वर्षांचे रिलेशनशिप, लग्न अन्..." 'बिग बॉस'मुळे चर्चेत आलेल्या अपूर्वा नेमळेकरबद्दल माहितीये का? {{!}} actress Apurva Nemlekar birthday special Personal Life career husband relationship bigg boss marathi nrp 97 {{!}} Loksatta |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/3359992/actress-apurva-nemlekar-birthday-special-personal-life-career-husband-relatioship-bigg-boss-marathi-nrp-97/lite/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Loksatta}}</ref>
{{marriage|Tanuj Govalkar|14-Feb-26}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/apurva-nemlekar-married-with-tanuj-govalkar-on-valentine-day/articleshow/128389740.cms |script-title=hi:Apurva Nemlekar Tie Knot With Tanuj Govalkar On Valentine Day ; Apurva Nemlekar च्या आयुष्याची नवी सुरुवात, व्हॅलेंटाइन डेच्या दिवशीच बांधली लग्नगाठ |language=hi |newspaper=Maharashtra Times |date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-03-07}}</ref>
}}

'''Apurva Nemlekar''' (born 27 December 1988) is an [[India|Indian]] actress who works predominantly in [[Marathi people|Marathi]] television. She made her television debut with ''Aabhas Ha'' serial on [[Zee Marathi]]. She is known for her performance in ''[[Ratris Khel Chale 2]]'' as Shevanta. She has participated in ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]'' as a contestant where she emerged as 1st [[Runner-up]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratris Khel Chale 2 actress Apurva Nemlekar misses being Shevanta onscreen – The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ratris-khel-chale-2-actress-apurva-nemlekar-misses-being-shevanta-onscreen/articleshow/75888713.cms |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=सगळीकडे अण्णा-शेवंताची चर्चा होत असल्याचा आनंद, सांगतेय अपूर्वा नेमळेकर |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/apurva-nemlekar-in-ratris-khel-chale-2-126085542.html |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title=अभिनेत्री अपूर्वा नेमळेकर झाली मिसेस रोहन देशपांडे, पाहा तिचा Wedding Album |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-marahti-actress-apurva-nemlekar-tie-knot-with-rohan-deshpande-4845314-PHO.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Apurva Nemlekar was born on 27 December 1988<ref>{{Cite web |title=Its Apurva Nemlekar's Birthday Here Is A Throwback To Her 2019 |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/its-apurva-nemlekar-s-birthday-today-here-is-a-throwback-to-her-2019/5e05a080d996471ad814d77e |url-status=live |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=SpotboyE |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201205448/http://spotboye.com:80/marathi/marathi-news/its-apurva-nemlekar-s-birthday-today-here-is-a-throwback-to-her-2019/5e05a080d996471ad814d77e |archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-27 |title=Happy Birthday Apurva Nemlekar: Times when Bigg Boss Marathi 4 contestant mired in controversies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/happy-birthday-apurva-nemlekar-times-when-bigg-boss-marathi-4-contestant-mired-in-controversies/photostory/96526460.cms |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and brought up in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra. She completed her BMS Degree from [[D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce]]. After completing her studies, she started a job at an event management company.<ref>{{Cite web |title='रात्रीस खेळ चाले २'मधील शेवंताबद्दल या गोष्टी माहीत आहेत का? |url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/lesser-known-facts-about-apurva-nemlekar-aka-shevanta-from-ratris-khel-chale-2/photoshow/68265441.cms |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306135035/https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/lesser-known-facts-about-apurva-nemlekar-aka-shevanta-from-ratris-khel-chale-2/photoshow/68265441.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Facts About Birthday Girl Apurva Nemlekar Aka Shevanta You Probably Didn't Know |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/5-facts-about-ratris-khel-chale-2s-apurva-nemlekar-aka-shevanta-you-probably-didnt-know |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[ZEE5]] News |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2011, She made her debut with ''Aabhas Ha'' Marathi series as Aarya. In 2014, She made her film debut with ''[[Bhakarkhadi 7 km]]''. She acted in movies like ''[[Ishq Wala Love]]'', ''[[The Accidental Prime Minister (film)|The Accidental Prime Minister]]'' and Mixer. She also played a lead role in ''Aradhana''. In 2015, She did a supporting role in ''Tu Jivala Guntavave'' as Soumya.

In 2019, She acted in ''[[Ratris Khel Chale 2]]'' as Shevanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Apurva Nemlekar biography |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1981564/apurva-nemlekar-pictures-ratris-khel-chale-shevanta-ssv-92/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref> She was played a role of Pummmy in ''Tuza Maza Jamtay'' from November 2020 to February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title='पम्मी'च्या भूमिकेत 'शेवंता'चे छोट्या पडद्यावर पुनरागमन! |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/shevanta-aka-apurva-nemlekar-as-a-pammi-in-new-serial-on-zee-yuva-282237.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206174420/https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/shevanta-aka-apurva-nemlekar-as-a-pammi-in-new-serial-on-zee-yuva-282237.html |archive-date=6 February 2021 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr-IN}}</ref> From March 2021 to October 2021, she reprised her role as Shevanta in ''[[Ratris Khel Chale 3]]'' before quitting the series due to dispute with producers and the channel. Since 2022, she is playing the role of Chinnamma in [[Sony Marathi]]'s historical show ''Swarajya Saudamini Tararani'' and also paid a guest visit in ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''. Since October 2022, she participated in [[Colors Marathi]]'s reality show ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''.

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Bhakarkhadi 7 km]]''
| rowspan="2" |Cameo appearance
|Debut
|-
|''[[Ishq Wala Love]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Accidental Prime Minister (film)|The Accidental Prime Minister]]''
|Reporter
|Cameo
|-
|2020
|''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''
|Shyama
|Supporting role
|-
|2023
|''[[Ravrambha]]''
|Shahin Aapa
|Supporting role<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-20 |title=Apurva Nemlekar Kiran Mane new movie ravrambha, good news! Apoorva-Kiran meet the audience as soon as Bigg Boss ends; New movie coming – after bigg boss marathi 4 apurva nemlekar and kiran mane new movie ravrambha Pipa News – PiPa News |language=en-US |work=PiPa News |url=https://pipanews.com/apurva-nemlekar-kiran-mane-new-movie-ravrambha-good-news-apoorva-kiran-meet-the-audience-as-soon-as-bigg-boss-ends-new-movie-coming-after-bigg-boss-marathi-4-apurva-nemlekar-and-kiran-mane-new/ |access-date=2023-05-12}}</ref>
|}

===Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2011–2012
|''Aabhas Ha''
|Aarya
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''Aaradhana''
|Pooja Mahajan
|
|-
|''[[Eka Peksha Ek]] Jodicha Mamla''
|Contestant
|
|-
|2015
|''Tu Jivala Guntavave''
|Soumya Budhwadkar
|
|-
|2017
|''Prem He''
|Tanvi
|Episodic Role
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Tu Majha Saangaati]]''
|Soyra
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Ratris Khel Chale 2]]''
|Kumudini "Shevanta" Patankar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='रात्रीस खेळ चाले २' चा निरोप शेवंता झाली भावूक; म्हणाली... |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/shevanta-has-a-special-place-in-my-heart-says-ratris-khel-chale-2-actress-apurva-nemlekar/photoshow/77851658.cms |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2021
|''Tuza Maza Jamtay''
|Pummmy
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2020 |title=शेवंताची नवी मालिका 'तुझं माझं जमतंय'; साकारणार 'पम्मी'ची भूमिका |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-web-exclusive-apurva-nemlekar-in-pummmy-role-821654 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Ratris Khel Chale 3]]''
|Kumudini "Shevanta" Patankar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title='शेवंता'ही परत येतेय.....; पाहा तिची पहिली झलक |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-serial-ratris-khel-chale-3-actress-apurva-nemlekar-shares-glimps-of-shevanta-on-social-media-979149 |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Swarajya Saudamini Tararani]]''
|Rani Chenamma
|
|-
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
|Guest Actress
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratris Khel Chale fame Apurva Nemlekar to feature in Maharashtrachi Hasya Jatra – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ratris-khel-chale-fame-apurva-nemlekar-to-feature-in-maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra/articleshow/90142480.cms |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
|Contestant (1st Runner up)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 Grand Premiere Highlights: Host Mahesh Manjrekar locks 16 contestants in the BB house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-grand-premiere-live-updates-bigg-boss-marathi-season-4-contestants/liveblog/94598850.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2023–2025
|''[[Premachi Gosht]]''
|Savani Bhoir
|
|-
|2025–2026
|''[[Shubhvivah]]''
|Apurva Purohit
|
|}

==Theatre ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2016
|''Aalay Motha Shahana''
|Cinderella
|
|-
|2017
|''Choricha Mamla''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Iblis': Apurva Nemlekars New Play Based On A Dark And Mysterious Plot, Coming Soon |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/-iblis-apurva-nemlekars-new-play-based-on-a-dark-and-mysterious-plot-coming-soon/5df79ffdfc4a991fc387833f |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.spotboye.com}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Iblis''
|Shevanta
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title='रात्रीस खेळ चाले २' फेम शेवंता आता रंगभूमी गाजवणार |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/ratris-khel-chale-2-fame-shevanta-aka-apurva-nemlekar-to-play-a-marathi-drama/500859 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=Zee 24 Taas}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm8821753}}
* [https://instagram.com/apurvanemlekarofficial?igshid=1d33fd4t9okf7 Apurva Nemlekar] on [[Instagram]]
* [https://www.celebcouch.com/product-page/apurva-nemlekar/ Apurva Nemlekar on CelebCouch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229102330/https://www.celebcouch.com/product-page/apurva-nemlekar |date=29 December 2021 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nemlekar, Apurva}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:D. G. Ruparel College alumni]]

Central Reserve Police Force

2026-03-07T07:50:22Z

Saurabh jain:

{{Short description|Central police force in India}}
{{About|2=militarized police unit in Sudan|3=Central Reserve Forces}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Central Reserve Police Force
| commonname = CRP force
| abbreviation = CRPF
| logo = Central Reserve Police Force emblem.svg
| flag = Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces.png
| flagcaption = Flag of the Central Reserve Police Force
| logocaption = [[Emblem]] of the Central Reserve Police Force
| motto = "सेवा और निष्ठा"
| mottotranslated = Service and Loyalty
| formed = {{Unbulleted_list|{{Start date and age|1939|07|27|df=yes}} {{small|(as Crown Representative's Police)}}|{{Start date and age|1949|12|28|df=yes}} {{small|(as Central Reserve Police Force)}}}}
| preceding1 =
| employees = 313,678 active personnel
| budget = {{INRConvert|38517.93|c}} {{small|(2026–2027)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2026 |title=DEMAND NO. 51, Demands for Grants, 2026-2027, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe51.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2026 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |pages=5 |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| federal =
| governingbody = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| constitution1 = Central Reserve Police Force Act, 1949<ref>{{cite web|title= The Central Reserve Police Force Act, 1949|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/crpf_act1949_0.pdf}}</ref>
| gendarmerie = Yes
| speciality1 =
| speciality2 =
| speciality3 =
| headquarters = CGO Complex, New Delhi, Delhi
| electeetype = Minister
| minister1name = [[Amit Shah]]
| minister1pfo = Union Minister of Home Affairs
| chief1name = [[Gyanendra Pratap Singh]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Director General]]
| unitname = {{collapsible list|[[Commando Battalion for Resolute Action]]|[[Rapid Action Force]]|[[CRPF Valley QAT|CRPF QAT]]|Special Duty Group|VIP Security Group}}
| child1agency =
| child2agency =
| child3agency =
| child4agency =
| unittype =
| lockuptype =
| programme1 = Operation All Out (J&K)
| activitytype = Operation
| anniversary1 = {{Unbulleted_list|Valour Day {{small|(9 April)}} Police Commemoration Day {{small|(21 October)}}}}
| website = {{URL|https://crpf.gov.in/}}
| child5agency =
| child6agency =
| anniversary2 =
| programme2 = Anti-Naxal Operations (LWE Region)
}}
The '''Central Reserve Police Force''' ('''CRPF''') is a [[Central Armed Police Forces|central armed police force]] in [[India]], under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. The CRPF assists [[States and union territories of India|states and Union Territories]] in maintaining law and order and [[internal security]]. It is composed of the Central Reserve Police Force ([[Regular army|Regular]]) and Central Reserve Police Force ([[Auxiliaries|Auxiliary]]).

It was established on 27 July 1939 as Crown Representative's Police with the objective of providing security to the British Crown Representatives in India. The force was later renamed as the Central Reserve Police Force by an Act of Parliament in 1949. The CRPF played a major role in the Parliamentary elections of September 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nigam |date=2024-08-26 |title=Role Of CRPF In Election Duty, Challenges During Election Duty |url=https://www.pw.live/exams/defence/role-of-crpf-in-election-duty/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=PHYSICS WALLAH |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is the largest [[Central Armed Police Forces|central armed police force]] in India, comprising 247 battalions and exceeding a total strength of 301,376 personnel, as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=crpf.nic.in/milestones-of-bravery |url=http://crpf.nic.in/milestones-of-bravery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705121356/http://crpf.nic.in/milestones-of-bravery.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=crpf.nic}}</ref> CRPF officers are also deployed in United Nations missions.

==History==
{{Indian Armed Forces sidebar}}
Originally constituted as the Crown Representative Police in 1939, CRP was raised in response to the political unrest and agitations in the then [[Princely state|Princely States of India]] following the Madras Resolution of the All-India Congress Committee in 1936 and the ever-growing desire of the Crown Representative to help the vast majority of the native States preserve law and order as part of imperial policy.

After Independence, the force was renamed the Central Reserve Police Force by an Act of Parliament on 28 December 1949. This Act constituted CRPF as an armed force of the Union. [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], the then Home Minister, visualised a multi-dimensional role for it in tune with the changing needs of a newly independent nation. The force played a significant role during the amalgamation of the princely States into the Indian Union. It helped the Union Government discipline the rebellious [[Junagadh State|princely State of Junagadh]] and the small principality of Kathiawar in Gujarat which had declined to join the Indian Union.

During the early 1950s, the performance of the CRPF detachments in enforcing [[rule of law|law and order]] in Bhuj, the then [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] and Chambal ravines was appreciated by all quarters.

On 21 October 1959, SI Karam Singh and 20 other CRPF personnel were attacked by the [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese Army]] at [[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Hot Springs]] in [[Ladakh]] resulting in 10 casualties. The survivors were imprisoned. Since then, 21 October has been observed as [[Martyrs' Day (India)#21 October|Police Commemoration]] day nationwide, across all states in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Milestones of Bravery |url=http://crpf.nic.in/milestones-of-bravery.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705121356/http://crpf.nic.in/milestones-of-bravery.html |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=crpf.nic.in}}</ref>

In the late 50s and early 60s, contingents of the CRPF were sent to Kutch, Rajasthan, and Sindh borders to check infiltration and trans-border crimes. They were, subsequently, deployed on the Pakistan border in Jammu and Kashmir following attacks launched by the Pakistani infiltrators.

During the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, the Force once again assisted the Indian Army in Arunachal Pradesh. Eight CRPF personnel were killed in action. In the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak wars also the Force fought shoulder-to-shoulder with the Indian Army, both on the Western and Eastern borders.

For the first time in history, thirteen companies of CRPF were airlifted to join the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] in [[Sri Lanka]] to fight the militant cadres. Besides, CRPF personnel were also sent to Haiti, Namibia, Somalia, and Maldives to deal with the law and order situation there, as a part of the UN Peacekeeping Force.

In the late seventies, when extremist elements disturbed the peace in Tripura and Manipur, CRPF battalions were deployed in strength. Simultaneously, there was turmoil in the Brahmaputra Valley. The CRPF had to be inducted in strength not only to maintain law and order but also to keep lines of communication free from disruption. The commitments of the Force continue to be very high in the Northeast in dealing with the insurgency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crpf.gov.in/rec/history-crpf.htm|title=History of CRPF {{!}} About Us {{!}} Central Reserve Police Force, Government of India.|website=crpf.gov.in|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

==Organization==
===Administration===
The CRPF is headed by a [[director general|Director General]] and is assisted by 3 Additional Directors General, 9 Inspectors General, a Financial Advisor, and a Director (Medical). It is divided into ten administrative sectors, each headed by an inspector general. Each sector consists of one or more administrative and/or Operational Ranges, headed by an officer of the rank of deputy inspector general (DIG) of Police. Now, Group Centres are also headed by DIGs. The Financial Advisor of the CRPF has been an [[Indian Revenue Service]] officer of the rank of Joint Secretary and also has Dy Advisors from the Indian Audit and Accounts [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]] or the Indian Telecom.

===Subdivisions===
[[File:The CRPF marching contingents passes through the Rajpath during the 66th Republic Day Parade 2015, in New Delhi on January 26, 2015.jpg|alt=|thumb|CRPF (CoBRA) personnel during the Republic Day Parade, 2015.]]
There are 247 [[battalion]]s of approximately 1,200 each. Each battalion is commanded by a [[commanding officer]] of the rank [[Commandant]], and consists of seven CRPF companies, each containing 135 men. Each company is headed by an [[Assistant commandant|Assistant Commandant,(Company Commander).]]

The Ministry of Home Affairs planned to raise 2 Group Centers, 2 Range HQs, 1 Sector HQ, and 12 new battalions including a Mahila (all-female) battalion by 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/AR(E)1516.pdf|title=MHA Annual Report 2015-16|website=[[National Informatics Centre]]|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|page=172|access-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625213524/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/AR(E)1516.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The CRPF force is organised into a headquarters, three attached wings, and four zones. An attached wing is headed by an additional director general and is subdivided into branches which are headed by an inspector general. A zone is either headed by an additional director general or a special director general. A zone is subdivided into sectors where each sector is headed by an inspector general.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Organisation Structure - CRPF |url=https://crpf.gov.in/Organization-Structure |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=crpf.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Organisation Chart - CRPF |url=https://crpf.gov.in/Organization-Structure/Organization-Chart |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=crpf.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Zone
!Branch / zone in-charge
!Branch / sector
|-
| rowspan="5" |Headquarters
| rowspan="5" |Shri Sandeep Khirwar, IPS, SDG
|Establishment
|-
|Personnel
|-
|Provisioning
|-
|Works
|-
|Finance
|-
| rowspan="6" |Operations
| rowspan="6" |Shri Vitul Kumar, IPS, SDG
|Administration
|-
|CoBRA
|-
|Comms & IT
|-
|Intelligence
|-
|RAF
|-
|V.S.
|-
| rowspan="2" |Training
| rowspan="2" |Shri Deepak Kumar, IPS, SDG
|Training Institutions
|-
|ISA Mt. Abu
|-
|CRPF Academy
|Shri Deepak Kumar, IPS, SDG
|CRPF Academy
|-
| rowspan="4" |North-East

(Spl. DG-GTY)
| rowspan="4" |Shri Raja Srivastava, IPS, SDG
|Jorhat
|-
|Manipur and Nagaland
|-
|Tripura
|-
|North Eastern
|-
| rowspan="3" |Southern

(ADG-HYD)
| rowspan="3" |Shri Ravideep Singh Sahi, CRP, ADG
|Western
|-
|Southern
|-
|Karnataka-Kerala
|-
| rowspan="8" |Central

(Spl. DG-KOL)
| rowspan="8" |Shri Amit Kumar, IPS, SDG
|Bihar
|-
|Central
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|Eastern
|-
|Odisha
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|-
|Jharkhand
|-
|West Bengal
|-
| rowspan="6" |Jammu & Kashmir

(Spl. DG-JMU)
| rowspan="6" |Shri Rajesh Kumar, IPS, SDG
|Jammu
|-
|Northern
|-
|Rajasthan
|-
|North Western
|-
|Srinagar
|-
|Operations Kashmir
|}
Details of the composition of zones:

* '''Central Zone''' - 8 sectors, 24 Ranges, 19 Group Centres, 91 administrative battalions, 98 operational battalions. 9 Composite Hospitals. 2 Central Workshops, 1 Armament Workshop, 2 Central Training Centres, 3 Recruit Training Centres, and 1 Central Institute of Advanced Training.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Zone - CRPF |url=https://crpf.gov.in/Dte/Zone/Central-Zone/About-Central-Zone |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=crpf.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''Jammu & Kashmir Zone''' - 6 sectors (including 1 Operations Sector). 80 operational battalions (including Chandigarh 1 Mahila Bn) are deployed in the area of responsibility of this Zone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=J&K Zone - CRPF |url=https://crpf.gov.in/Dte/Zone/J-&-K-Zone/About-J-&-K-Zone |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=crpf.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''Southern Zone''' - The zone has 3 sectors consisting of 07 Ranges (including one Operations range), 8 Group Centres, 7 Composite Hospitals, 1 Station Hospital, 1 Central Weapon Store, 2 Arms Work Shop, 2 Central Training College, 2 Recruit Training College, 1 Dog Breeding & Training School at Taralu, 1 Improvised Explosive Device School at [[Pune]], 1 College of Information Technology at [[Bangalore]], 1 National Institute of Jungle Craft at [[Belgaum]], 1 Training Node at [[Hyderabad]], CIAT Chittoor, 3 [[National Disaster Response Force]] Battalions, 3 Mahila Battalions at [[Nagpur]], [[Gandhinagar]] and [[Bangalore]], 38 Administrative Battalions, 19 Operational Battalions and 5 Rapid Action Force (RAF) Battalions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Zone - CRPF |url=https://crpf.gov.in/Dte/Zone/Southern-Zone/About-Southern-Zone |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=crpf.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''North East Zone''' - The zone has 4 sectors consisting of 6 Group Centres, 60 battalions, 1 CoBRA battalion, 1 Central Institute of Advanced Training, 1 Composite Hospital (100 beds), and 2 Composite Hospitals (50 beds).<ref>{{Cite web |title=North East Zone - CRPF |url=https://crpf.gov.in/Dte/Zone/North-East-Zone/Organization-Structure |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=crpf.gov.in}}</ref>

==Major Subunits==
===Rapid Action Force===
{{Main|Rapid Action Force}}
The Rapid Action Force (RAF) is a specialised unit under the CRPF. It has a total strength of 15 [[battalions]] and was formed in October 1992, as a [[riot control]] force to deal with communal and related civil unrest. The battalions are numbered from 99 to 108. The RAF is a zero-response force intended to quickly respond to a crisis.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://crpf.nic.in/RAFSector.htm|title=RAF Sector|website=crpf.nic.in|access-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006112257/http://www.crpf.nic.in/RAFSector.htm|archive-date=6 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It was the recipient of the President's color presented by Shri [[L.K. Advani]], then Deputy Prime Minister of India, on 7 October 2003 for "its selfless service to the nation in the 11th year of coming into existence".

The smallest functional unit in the force is a 'Team' commanded by an [[inspector]], which has three components — a riot control element, a [[tear gas]] element, and a fire element. It has been organised as an independent strike unit.

One team in each [[Company (military unit)|company]] of the RAF is composed of female personnel to deal more effectively with situations where the force faces women demonstrators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://crpf.nic.in/about-sector-RAF.htm|title=About Sector|website=crpf.nic.in|access-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702085405/http://www.crpf.nic.in/about-sector-RAF.htm|archive-date=2 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Special Duty Group===
It is a battalion-sized unit of the CRPF tasked with providing security for the outer cordon of the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's]] official residence on [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]] and his [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|office]] in the North Block as well as during outdoor functions. It comprises around 1,000 personnel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/india/crpf-orders-enquiry-after-expired-polio-vaccines-given-to-some-infants-at-medical-camp.html| title=CRPF orders enquiry after expired polio vaccines given to some infants at medical camp|date=20 May 2020|access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/20/crpf-orders-inquiry-in-botched-up-vaccination-drive-among-personnels-children-2145666.html| title=CRPF orders inquiry in 'botched up' vaccination drive among personnel's children|date=20 May 2020|access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref>

On 20 May 2024, the Parliamentary Duty Group (PDG) of CRPF ceased to function and was merged with the VIP security wing of the force as the security of [[Parliament House, New Delhi|parliament house]] was handed over to the CISF by the government due to a security breach issue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-20 |title=CISF takes over Parliament security from May 20 as CRPF exits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/cisf-takes-over-parliament-security-from-may-20-following-as-crpf-exits/articleshow/110263017.cms |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===CoBRA===
{{Main|Commando Battalion for Resolute Action}}
Commando Battalion for Resolute Action<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://crpf.nic.in/cobra-sector.htm|title=CoBRA Sector|website=crpf.nic.in|access-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705110718/http://www.crpf.nic.in/cobra-sector.htm|archive-date=5 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> (CoBRA) is the special operation unit of CRPF created in 2008 to deal the [[Naxalite insurgency]] in India. This specialised CRPF unit is one of the few units of the ''[[Central Armed Police Forces]]'' in the country that is specifically trained in guerilla warfare. This elite fighting unit has been trained to track, hunt, and eliminate small Naxalite groups. There are currently 10 battalion-sized COBRA units.

10 CoBRA units raised between 2008 and 2011 have been trained, equipped, and deployed in all LWE/ Insurgent affected areas of the states of Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, as well as Assam & Meghalaya is one of the best Central Armed Police in the country trained to survive, fight and win in the jungle.

CoBRA was awarded four [[Shaurya Chakra]]s, one [[Kirti Chakra]], one [[President's Police Medal|PPMG]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://crpf.nic.in/about-sector-cobra-sector.htm|title=About Sector {{!}} CoBRA Sector {{!}} Central Reserve Police Force, Government of India|website=crpf.nic.in|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219050329/http://crpf.nic.in/about-sector-cobra-sector.htm|archive-date=19 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> 117 PMGs, and 1267 DG commendations.

==Personnel==
===Rank structure===
{{Main|List of police ranks in India|Indian Police Service}}
The organization is structured mainly on three rank categories which include Gazetted Officers (GOs), [[Subordinate officer|Subordinate Officers]] (SOs), and Non-Gazetted Officers (NGOs). The [[Assistant commandant|Assistant Commandants]] are Group 'A' Gazetted officers, directly appointed upon clearing an exam conducted by the UPSC which is held yearly.

; Officers
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (CRPF)}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=1| '''Police equivalent'''
| colspan=4|
| style="vertical-align:top;" colspan=2 rowspan=1 |
{| style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"
| Director General {{Small|([[Director general of police|DGP]])}}
| Director General {{Small|(DG)}}
| Additional Director General {{Small|([[Additional director general of police|ADGP]])}}
|}
| colspan=2| Inspector General {{Small|([[Inspector General of Police|IGP]])}}
| colspan=2| Deputy Inspector General {{Small|([[Deputy inspector general of police#India|DIG]])}}
| colspan=2| Senior Superintendent {{Small|([[Superintendent of Police (India)|SSP]])}}
| colspan=2| Superintendent {{Small|([[Superintendent of Police (India)|SP]])}}
| colspan=2| Additional Superintendent {{Small|([[Additional Superintendent of Police|Addl.SP]])}}
| colspan=2| Deputy Superintendent {{Small|([[Deputy Superintendent of Police#India|DSP]]/[[Assistant superintendent#India|ASP]])}}
| colspan=6| ''No equivalent''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=1| '''Army equivalent'''
| colspan=4|
| colspan=2| Lieutenant general
| colspan=2| Major general
| colspan=2| Brigadier
| colspan=2| Colonel
| colspan=2| Lieutenant colonel
| colspan=2| Major
| colspan=2| Captain
| colspan=6| Lieutenant
|}

; Other ranks
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Indian forces/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/India (CRPF)}}
|}

Being a central Indian police agency and having a high presence of [[Indian Police Service]] officers, CRPF follows ranks and insignia similar to other police organizations in India.


=== List of Directors General ===
V. G. Kanetkar was the first director general of the Central Reserve Police Force, serving from 3 August 1968 to 15 September 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://crpf.nic.in/former-dg.htm|title=Former DG|website=crpf.nic.in|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220040527/http://www.crpf.nic.in/former-dg.htm|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The current director general is Gyanendra Pratap Singh in office since 20 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=gp singh - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=gp+singh&tbm=nws&fbs=AEQNm0Aa4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWtG_mNb-HwafvV8cKK_h1a0WYAF4mXQP8CuyQXqW6TNwFzFqSIycQx-vLTqHkOqpNMC7CWQcbQhu833ia223_4OZxCe8DIWHtrZv8OB6kVknMhX-H5fRBkE0Z9esTvAjbiZQMSoLsxx6sBNyQor4IAvaNglm6nxrD9_hiEh2j1nXqioq63P-pykXdtKxLiW1Ipl-8mg |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Sr No.
!Name
!From
!Till
|-
|1
| V. G. Kanetkar
|3 August 1968
|15 September 1969
|-
|2
| Imdad Ali
|16 September 1969
|28 February 1973
|-
|3
| B. B. Mishra
|1 March 1973
|30 September 1974
|-
|4
| N. S. Saxena
|30 September 1974
|31 May 1977
|-
|5
| S. M. Ghosh
|1 June 1977
|31 July 1978
|-
|6
| R. C. Gopal
|31 July 1978
|10 August 1979
|-
|7
| P. R. Rajagopal
|10 August 1979
|30 March 1980
|-
|8
| Birbal Nath
|13 May 1980
|3 September 1980
|-
|9
| R. N. Sheopory
|3 September 1980
|31 December 1981
|-
|10
| S. D. Chowdhury
|27 January 1982
|30 April 1983
|-
|11
| Shival Swarup
|30 July 1983
|7 May 1985
|-
|12
| J. F. Ribeiro
|4 June 1985
|8 July 1985
|-
|13
| T. G. L. Iyer
|July 1985
|Nov 1985
|-
|14
| S. D. Pandey
|1 November 1985
|31 March 1988
|-
|15
|[[P. G. Harlankar]]
|1 April 1988
|30 September 1990
|-
|16
| [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]]
|19 December 1990
|8 November 1991
|-
|17
| S. Subramanian
|9 November 1991
|31 January 1992
|-
|18
| D. P. N. Singh
|1 February 1992
|30 November 1993
|-
|19
| S. V. M. Tripathi
|1 December 1993
|30 June 1996
|-
|20
| M. B. Kaushal
|1 October 1996
|12 November 1997
|-
|21
| M. N. Sabharwal
|2 December 1997
|31 July 2000
|-
|22
| Trinath Mishra
|31 July-2000
|31 December 2002
|-
|23
| S. C. Chaube
|31 December 2002
|31 January 2004
|-
|24
| [[J. K. Sinha]]
|31 January 2004
|28 February 2007
|-
|25
| S. I. S. Ahmed
|1 March 2007
|31 March 2008
|-
|26
| V. K. Joshi
|31 March 2008
|28 February 2009
|-
|27
| A. S. Gill
|28 February 2009
|31 January 2010
|-
|28
| Vikram Srivastava
|31 January 2010
|6 October 2010
|-
|29
| [[K. Vijay Kumar]]
|7 October 2010
|30 September 2012
|-
|30
| Pranay Sahay
|1 October 2012
|31 July 2013
|-
|31
| Dilip Trivedi
|17 August 2013
|30 November 2014
|-
|32
| Prakash Mishra
|1 December 2014
|29 February 2016
|-
|33
| K. Durga Prasad
| 1 March 2016
| 28 February 2017
|-
| 34
| [[Rajiv Rai Bhatnagar]]
| 27 April 2017
| 13 January 2020
|-
| 35
| [[Anand Prakash Maheshwari|Dr. Anand Prakash Maheshwari]]
| 13 January 2020
| 28 February 2021
|-
| 36
| Kuldeep Singh
| 16 March 2021
| 30 September 2022
|-
|37
| Dr. Sujoy Lal Thaosen
|1 October 2022
|31 December 2023
|-
|38
| [[Anish Dayal Singh]]
|1 January 2024
|31 December 2024
|-
|39
|[[Gyanendra Pratap Singh]]
|20 January 2025
|''Incumbent''
|}

==Awards==
[[File:Medallist2018.jpg|thumb|246x246px|'''List of Gallantry-Medals/Awards as on 14 September 2018''']]
Members of the CRPF have been awarded 2468 medals.<ref name=":2"/>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!Sl No
!Medal Name
!Numbers
|-
|01
|[[George Cross]]
|01
|-
|02
|[[Queen's Police Medal|King's Police Medal for Gallantry]]
|03
|-
|03
|[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashok Chakra]]
|01
|-
|04
|[[Kirti Chakra]]
|10
|-
|05
|[[Padma Shri]]
|01
|-
|06
|[[Vir Chakra]]
|01
|-
|07
|[[Shaurya Chakra]]
|39
|-
|08
|[[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|President's Police and Fire Services Medal for Gallantry]]
|49
|-
|09
|[[President's Police Medal]] for Gallantry
|202
|-
|10
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|01
|-
|11
|[[Sena Medal]]
|05
|-
|11
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|04
|-
|12
|[[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Gallantry]]
|2027
|-
|13
|IPMG
|05
|-
|14
|[[Jeevan Raksha Padak]]
|04
|-
|15
|Prime Minister's Police Medal for Life Saving
|114
|-
|'''Total'''
|
|'''2468'''
|}

CRPF bagged the highest number of gallantry medals amongst all paramilitary forces. The force was awarded 30 gallantry medals on Republic Day 2022.

== In popular culture ==
The acronym CRPF has been expanded as "Chalte Raho Pyare Force" ({{lit|Keep moving my friend force|Keep Moving, Beloved Force}}) since they are constantly on the move from one troubled place in India to another.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Halarnkar|first=Samar|date=2010-04-07|title=No time for war|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/no-time-for-war/story-OaNnRr8MrCKi2LkOiyIorN.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Raza|first=M. Maroof|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zn65l2PdfYIC&q=chalte+raho+pyare+force&pg=PA94|title=Confronting Terrorism|date=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08369-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|date=10 January 2017|title=BSF Jawan's Video Has a Simple Message: India Should be Ready to Pay for Security|url=https://thewire.in/security/bsf-army-jawan|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Wire}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
* [[Border Security Force]]
* [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
* [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
* [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
* [[Assam Rifles]]
* [[National Security Guard]]
* [[Border outpost]]
* [[Operation Green Hunt]]
* [[Indian Coast Guard]]
* [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police Force SC]]
* [[Internal Security Academy]]
* [[People's Armed Police]]
* [[National Guard of Russia|Russian National Guard]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|www.crpf.gov.in}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government agencies established in 1939]]
[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Units of the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Central Armed Police Forces of India]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:India in World War II]]
[[Category:Specialist law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Unnaipol Oruvan (1965 film)

2026-03-04T05:13:10Z

Saurabh jain: data - done

{{short description|1965 film by Jayakanthan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unnaipol Oruvan
| image = Unnaipol Oruvan 1965.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Jayakanthan]]
| writer = Jayakanthan
| based_on = {{based on|''Unnaipol Oruvan''|Jayakanthan}}
| producer = Jayakanthan
| starring = [[Gandhimathi|R. Gandhimathi]] P. Udhayan S. Prabhakar [[A. K. Veerasamy]]
| cinematography = S. Natarajan
| editing = R. G. Gopu
| music = [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti Babu]]
| studio = Asiajothi Films
| distributor = Asiajothi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1965|2|27}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Unnaipol Oruvan''''' ({{Translation|A Man Like You}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written, co-produced and directed by [[Jayakanthan]]. Based on his novel of the same name, the film was his directorial debut. The film stars [[Gandhimathi|R. Gandhimathi]], P. Udhayan, S. Prabhakar and [[A. K. Veerasamy]]. It had no songs with the background score composed by [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti Babu]]. The film won the [[National Film Award for Third Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film]] at the [[12th National Film Awards]] in 1965.

== Plot ==
After being abandoned by her lover, Thangam, a construction worker, lives in a slum with her only son Chitti Babu. Chitti grows up as an irresponsible boy until he meets the owner of an ice cream factory. The owner preaches to him the importance of one's mother and further provides him with a job in his factory and gives him an admission to study in his night school. A reformed Chitti then takes up the burden of supporting his mother financially.

During this time, an astrologer Manickam enters the slum and starts living there. Thangam gets fond of him and becomes pregnant with his child. Upon her insistence, Manickam joins her and starts living with the family. A good hearted Manickam shows fatherly affection towards Chitti, but Chitti who is possessive about his mother does not reciprocate his love for him. A mentally disturbed Chitti leaves home and stops going to work. Manickam understands the situation and leaves the house. Chitti on hearing this, returns home and starts living with his mother but remains indifferent. His behaviour affects Thangam emotionally. She soon gives birth to a baby girl and dies. It takes some time for Chitti to understand that he is an orphan and decides to take care of his sister.{{sfn|Raghavendra|2017|pp=45-46}}

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-break|width=40%}}
;Actresses
*[[Gandhimathi|R. Gandhimathi]] as Thangam
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]]
*N. Saroja
*G. Sulochana
*A. J. Umadevi
*N. Bhanumathi
*Kamalamma
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Actors
*P. Udhayan as Chitti Babu
*S. Prabhakar as Manickam
*[[A. K. Veerasamy]] as the ice cream factory owner
*K. G. Arjunan
*A. Ananthasayanam
*A. Thamizhanandam
*G. Dhanapal
*M. G. Murugan
*Loose Arumugam
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==

[[File:ஜெயகாந்தன்.jpg|thumbnail|150px|''Unnaipol Oruvan'' was Jayakanthan's ''(pictured in 2012)'' directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=23 April 2015 |title=On Jayakanthan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/letters/on-jayakanthan/article7131557.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409110123/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/letters/on-jayakanthan/article7131557.ece |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=5 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>]]
''Unnaipol Oruvan'' was a novel written by [[Jayakanthan]], and serialised in the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''. Jayakanthan was encouraged by members of the [[Communist Party of India]], with whom he was associated, to make a film based on his stories. Venus Krishnamurthy, a Tamil film distributor, had earlier informed Jayakanthan that he was ready to produce a film based on one of Jayakanthan's stories. Jayakanthan, on the encouragement of his friends and Communist party members, met Krishnamurthy and told his idea of making a film adaptation of ''Unnaipol Oruvan''.<ref name="HinduTamil" />

Krishnamurthy was impressed with the novel and asked Jayakanthan to write the script. Jayakanthan completed the script in 10 days and showed it to Krishnamurthy, who after hearing the script, remarked that it resembled a typical [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] and did not have any entertaining aspects featuring in it. Jayakanthan and his friends took the criticism seriously and walked out.<ref name="HinduTamil" /> He formed a production company with his friends and named it Asiajothi Films.<ref name="frontline" />

The film was made on a [[Low-budget film|shoestring budget]] of almost ₹1 lakh (worth ₹3 crore in 2021 prices).<ref name="HinduTamil" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=27 April 2016 |title=Soon, an album of Jayakanthan's film songs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/soon-an-album-of-jayakanthans-film-songs/article8525833.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404150546/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/soon-an-album-of-jayakanthans-film-songs/article8525833.ece |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the film began on the [[Diwali]] day of 1964. Members of the Seva-stage troupe were signed up to play principal roles in the film.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=184}} Filming was completed in 21 days.<ref name="HinduTamil" /> The film had no songs, and the background score was composed by [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti Babu]].{{Sfn|Raghavendra|2017|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=28 April 2016 |title=Soon, an album of Jayakanthan's film songs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/soon-an-album-of-jayakanthans-film-songs/article8530852.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207154240/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/soon-an-album-of-jayakanthans-film-songs/article8530852.ece |archive-date=7 December 2017 |access-date=7 December 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==

The film was censored on 30 December 1964 and sent for the [[12th National Film Awards]] (1964). However, it got released only on 27 February 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1965/1964 – உன்னைப்போல் ஒருவன்-ஆசிய ஜோதி பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1965/1964 – Unnaipol Oruvan-Asiajothi Films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails7.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170429104722/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails7.asp |archive-date=29 April 2017 |access-date=16 May 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Jayakanthan released the film himself as the distributors backed out citing there were no known actors in the film. It won the [[National Film Award for Third Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film]] at the National Film Awards ceremony. The film is widely considered by the critics as the first [[Parallel cinema|neorealistic film]] in [[Tamil cinema]]. It started a new wave and is seen as a trendsetter for realistic films in Tamil cinema.<ref name="HinduTamil" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatachalapathy |first=A. R. |author-link=A. R. Venkatachalapathy |date=8 April 2005 |title=Courting Controversy |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/courting-controversy/227015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200404132808/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/courting-controversy/227015 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>

Despite receiving critical acclaim,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16-31 May 2005 |title=The stormy petrel of Tamil Literature |url=http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%2015/Vol%20XV%20-%20No%2003.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410073422/http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%2015/Vol%20XV%20-%20No%2003.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2018 |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=[[Madras Musings]] |pages=6}}</ref> the film was a failure at the box office. It was also screened at the [[Soviet Union]]. Politician [[K. Kamaraj]] appreciated the film, saying the Government must enable the public to watch this film freely so that the message of the film could reach out better and to larger audiences.<ref name="HinduTamil" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXhDAAAAYAAJ |title=Hindustan Year-book and Who's who |publisher=M. C. Sarkar. |year=1966 |volume=34 |pages=332 |access-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216104509/https://books.google.com/books?id=KXhDAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=16 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> French film critic [[Georges Sadoul]] praised it as a "neo-realistic masterpiece".<ref name="frontline" /> As of September 2013, no print of the film was known to survive, seemingly making it a [[lost film]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=376657886383833088 |user=Dhananjayang |title=No source of Jayakanthan sir's Unnai Pol Oruvan & Raj Bharath's Ucha Kattam are available to watch. If anyone has a copy, pl. do message |author=Dhananjayan, G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170328075455/https://twitter.com/Dhananjayang/status/376657886383833088 |archive-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> However, Jayakanthan's family posted the film on his birth anniversary 24 April 2023 on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8hkM1Bn9as |title=ஜெயகாந்தனின் "உன்னைப் போல் ஒருவன்" (1965) |date=24 April 2023 |language=ta |publisher=Deepa J |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427042226/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8hkM1Bn9as |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 7 February 1965, wrote that Jayakanthan was bringing in a new wave with the film. The reviewer added that the realistic and new wave film would making everyone watch it at least once.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=7 February 1965 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ''உன்னைப் போல் ஒருவன்'' |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Unnaipol Oruvan'' |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/41343--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105850/https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/41343--2 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="frontline">{{Cite web |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=His film world |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/his-film-world/article7150605.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802202613/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/his-film-world/article7150605.ece |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2020-04-04 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>
<ref name="HinduTamil">{{Cite news |last=மாதவன் |first=பிரதீப் |date=6 March 2015 |title=''உன்னைப் போல் ஒருவன்'' - வெளிவராத உண்மைகள் |trans-title=Unnaipol Oruvan – Untold facts |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/35488-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404123003/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/35488-.html |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}
* {{Cite book |title=Beyond Bollywood: The Cinemas of South India |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2017 |isbn=9789352645701 |editor-last=Raghavendra |editor-first=M. K. |editor-link=M. K. Raghavendra}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{National Film Award Third Best Feature Film}}

[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s rediscovered films]]
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1965 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1965 drama films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Jayakanthan]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Rediscovered Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Third Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Aag Se Khelenge

2026-03-03T23:47:25Z

Saurabh jain: expanded content per standard format

{{Short description|1989 Indian Hindi film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aag Se Khelenge
| image = Aag Se Khelenge.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Bhaskar Shetty
| producer = Pravesh Sippy
| writer = Anwar Khan {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| screenplay = Sachin Bhowmick
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] [[Kimi Katkar]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = Kamalakar Rao
| editing = Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali
| studio = Pravesh Productions
| distributor = N. N. Sippy Productions
| released = {{Film date|1989|09|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aag Se Khelenge''''' ({{Translation|We will play with fire}}) is a 1989 Hindi-language [[action film]], produced by Pravesh Sippy under the N. N. Sippy Productions banner and directed by Bhaskar Shetty. It starred [[Jeetendra]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]], [[Kimi Katkar]] in pivotal roles, with the music composed by [[R. D. Burman]].

==Plot==
Inspector Shekhar Kapoor ([[Jeetendra]]) has only mission in life is to end the atrocities of the underworld don Zaka ([[Amrish Puri]]) and his son Shaka ([[Shakti Kapoor]]). In the course of his investigations, he bumps into a small-time criminal, Johny ([[Anil Kapoor]]), but as it turns out, Johny reveals that he is Raja Saxena, from Delhi and he has sneaked into Zaka's team in the guise of Johny only to destroy them. Shekhar and Raja decide to work together on their joint mission. However, tables turn when Shekhar discovers from his office in Delhi that harsh truth. Inspector Ravi Saxena is no more. He was killed around six months back. Pinky Saxena, a little child, has been traumatized by the brutal killing of her mother, Sharda, and father, Inspector Ravi Saxena, at the hands of Zaka and Shaka, so much that she is hysterical and has to, be institutionalized. Her only relative is Raja Saxena, who has sworn to avenge this killing. Raja can get away by identifying himself as his brother, with false identification. But will this escapade result in him avenging the brutal killings, or will they merely entangle him hopelessly with Inspector Shekhar and the law?

==Cast==
Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aag Se Khelenge Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Aag Se Khelenge Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Aag Se Khelenge |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/aag-se-khelenge |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Jeetendra]] as Inspector Shekhar Kapoor
*[[Anil Kapoor]] as Raja Saxena / Johny
*[[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] as Geeta
*[[Kimi Katkar]] as Bijli
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Shaka
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Zaka
*[[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]] as Inspector Rakesh
*[[Satish Kaushik]] as Inspector Pardesi
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Ronnie D'Souza
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Police Commissioner Mohanlal Srivastav
*[[Archana Joglekar]] as Sunita
*[[Sarala Yeolekar]] as Sharda Saxena
*Girija Shankar as Inspector Ravi Saxena
*Baby Guddu as Pinky Saxena
*[[Arshad Warsi]] as Background dancer

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was given by [[R. D. Burman]] and lyrics were by [[Anand Bakshi]]. The following songs are in the movie:-
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Meri Patli Kamar"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Help Me"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "Tere Naina"
| Asha Bhosle, Amit Kumar
|-
| "Mere Sajan"
| Asha Bhosle, Amit Kumar
|-
| "Chhede Been Sapera, Nache Nagan Kali"
| Asha Bhosle, Amit Kumar, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0096748|Aag Se Khelenge}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Nenapina Doni

2026-03-03T22:16:29Z

Saurabh jain: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nenapina Doni
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
| producer = V. Verghese
| writer = Ananthu
| screenplay = T. S. Nagabharana
| starring = [[Anant Nag]] [[Girish Karnad]] [[Shrinath]] [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] Roopadevi
| music = Vijaya Bhaskar
| cinematography = B. S. Basavaraju
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Santhosh Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1986|07|02|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
}}

'''''Nenapina Doni''''' (Kannada: ನೆನಪಿನ ದೋಣಿ) is a [[Kannada films of 1986|1986]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film, directed by [[T. S. Nagabharana]] and produced by V. Verghese. The film stars [[Anant Nag]], [[Girish Karnad]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] and Roopadevi in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Vijaya Bhaskar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bharatmovies.rave-staging.com/kannada/info/nenapina-doni.htm|title=Nenapina Doni|accessdate=2014-09-29|publisher=bharatmovies.rave-staging.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://paaru.in/movies/nenapina-doni-kannada-1905|title=Nenapina Doni|accessdate=2014-09-29|publisher=paaru.in}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Anant Nag]]
* [[Girish Karnad]]
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
* [[Roopa (actress)|Roopa]] (credited as Roopadevi)
* [[Lokanath]]
* [[C. R. Simha]]
* [[M. Jayashree]]
* Mahima
* Venkatesh
* Sriranga
* K. V. Manjayya
* Anantha Harasur
* Master Amith
* Kavitha Bopaiah
* Veda
* Swarnamma
* Rashmi
* Swapna
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0246115}}
* {{YouTube|id=EHKDm9PA8QE|title=Nenapina Doni}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. S. Nagabharana]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Naa Panta Kano

2026-03-03T21:29:49Z

Saurabh jain: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naa Panta Kano
| image = Panta_(film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| producer = K. Subramanyam
| writer = S. Narayan
| story = Amid
| based_on =
| starring = [[Anup Revanna]] [[Radhika Preethi|Ritiksha]]
| music = S. Narayan
| editing = Harish
| cinematography = Mathew Rajan
| studio = Devasenaa Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|06|23}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Naa Panta Kano''''' (also known simply as '''''Panta''''') is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Heist film|heist]] [[thriller film]] directed and scored music by [[S. Narayan]]. It features [[Anup Revanna]] and newcomer [[Radhika Preethi|Ritiksha]] in the lead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13240-s-narayan-to-direct-panta-for-anup-revanna.html|title=S Narayan To Direct Panta For Anup Revanna|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|date=4 June 2016|archive-date=26 December 2021|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226102413/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/13240-s-narayan-to-direct-panta-for-anup-revanna.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The story is written by Amid and the cinematography is by Mathew Rajan. The film is a remake of Tamil film ''[[Rajathandhiram]]'' (2015).<ref name="B">{{cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/naa-panta-kano-movie-review/articleshow/59286392.cms|title=Naa Panta Kano movie review|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S|date=23 June 2017|access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref>

The project officially took off on 9 June 2016 and was launched by the Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13265-chief-minister-flags-off-s-narayan-s-panta.html|title=Chief Minister Flags Off S Narayan's Panta|work=Chitraloka.com|archive-date=26 December 2021|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226102417/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/13265-chief-minister-flags-off-s-narayan-s-panta.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was released on 23 June 2017.

==Cast==
* [[Anup Revanna]] as Arjun
* [[Radhika Preethi|Ritiksha]]
* [[Ravi Kale]]
* Kari Subbu
* Irfan
* MLA Srinivasa Murthy
* Gaddappa in a special appearance
* Singrigowda in a special appearance

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Panta
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Narayan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = S. Narayan
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's score and the soundtrack were composed by [[S. Narayan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123musiq.asia/home/album/383|title=Naa Pantaa Kano (2017) Kannada Songs|work=123musiq|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=12 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712083246/http://www.123musiq.asia/home/album/383|url-status=dead}}</ref> Actor [[Sudeepa]] has recorded his voice for one of the songs. Initially planned to have only two songs, as a last minute addition, an item song was included in the track list and delayed the film release.

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Ivale Nanna Hudugi
| lyrics1 = [[S. Narayan]]
| extra1 = [[Sudeepa]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Tunturu
| lyrics2 = [[S. Narayan]]
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Kuluku Kuluku
| lyrics3 = [[S. Narayan]]
| extra3 = [[Malathy Lakshman]]
| length3 =
}}

== Reception ==
A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "This new-age thriller is for all kinds of audience but whether the plot will keep them on the edge of their seats is something for them to judge".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Jun/24/panta-review-slow-narrative-does-not-keep-viewer-on-the-edge-1620178.html|title=Panta review: Slow narrative does not keep viewer on the edge|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=24 June 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "Panta could have been a good thriller. But the first half is drowsy. It is only in the second half that it takes on some character. There are a few nicely created roles. But many of the minor characters played by non-professional actors kills the thrills".<ref name="B"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6402728}}

{{S. Narayan}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]

Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal

2026-03-03T20:43:43Z

Saurabh jain: small improved intro per sources also and improved wording to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal
| image = Ezhu_Sundara_Rathrikal.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Lal Jose]]
| producer = Rathish Ambat Jerry Jhon [[Prakash Varma]]
| writer = [[James Albert (screenwriter)|James Albert]]
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Parvathy Nambiar]] [[Rima Kallingal]] [[Murali Gopy]]
| music = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| cinematography = Pradeesh M. Varma [[K. U. Mohanan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/all-set-for-take-one/article6986216.ece|title = All set for take one|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 12 March 2015|last1 = Nagarajan|first1 = Saraswathy|access-date = 14 March 2016|archive-date = 25 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210925154932/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/all-set-for-take-one/article6986216.ece|url-status = live}}</ref>
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| studio = Small Town Cinema [[LJ Films]]
| distributor = [[LJ Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|12|18|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/Ezhu-Sundara-Rathrikal/ET00018946|title=Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal (2013) - Movie {{pipe}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216204618/http://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/Ezhu-Sundara-Rathrikal/ET00018946|url-status=live}}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal''''' ({{translation|''Seven Beautiful Nights''}}) is a 2013 [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Lal Jose]] and starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Parvathy Nambiar]], [[Rima Kallingal]], and [[Murali Gopy]]. The film follows a sequence of events that unfolds during a course of seven days and nights of a bridegroom. It depicts how Aby Mathews' (Dileep) life is tossed over when he happens to meet his ex-girlfriend before his wedding day.

This movie did an average performance in box office.<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==
Aby Mathew is an ad filmmaker who is about to marry his model, Ann. Aby throws a bachelor party for his bunch of friends, including Abid, Franco, Daisy, and a few others just seven days before the wedding. Through Abid, Aby learns of his ex-flame Sini's presence in the city with whom he had a fall-out just a few days before their wedding. An inebriated Aby decides to go to Sini to invite her to his wedding. Sini talks highly of her husband Alex, a boxer, with whom she has a son as well. Aby also boasts of his fiancée. During this meeting, Aby accidentally leaves his packet of cigarettes behind, which is then taken by Sini's son to school. On discovering the cigarette packet in school, the principal calls Sini and her husband for disciplinary action against their son. Sini, however, realizes that she cannot go to school with Alex since that would mean telling him about Aby's visit which she had kept as a secret. Sini pleads to Aby to accompany her to school posing as her husband. Things take an ugly turn when they are seen together by a stranger.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Aby Mathew
* [[Parvathy Nambiar]] as Ann, Aby's bride
* [[Rima Kallingal]] as Sini Alex (P.P. Ramani), Aby's ex-girlfriend & Tyson's wife
* [[Murali Gopy]] as Tyson Alex, a [[boxing|boxer]] and Sini's husband
* [[Tini Tom]] as Franco
* [[Harishree Ashokan]] as Abid
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Prem Raj
* [[Sekhar Menon]] as Vivek
* Pavithra Menon as Anju (model), Franco's mistress
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as City Police Commissioner Varghese [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Christy Perera
* [[Sreenivasan]] as himself
* [[Sreejith Vijay]]
* Liimal G Padath as Aby's Friend
* [[Arun Cherukavil|Arun]] as Roy
* [[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Mathew, Aby's father
* Anil 'Scene Stealer' Rajgopal as Baijuraj
* Shiju as Charlie, Alex's friend
* Majeed as Adv. George Isaac
* [[Praveena]] as Dr. Daisy Franco
* Suja Menon as Vivek's wife
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Aby Mathew's mother (Susanamma)
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as Jayalakshmi
* [[Krishna Praba]] as Manjusha
* Deepika Mohan as Principal's wife
{{colend}}

Director Anoop Sathyan appears in a cameo role as a man trying to hook up with Sini when she is waiting for Alex in the restaurant. Anoop appears in the scene as he was working as an associate of Lal Jose in the movie at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/06/25/anoop-sathyan-share-his-experience-in-lal-jose-movie-7-sundhara-rathrikal.html |title=റിമയെ ശല്യം ചെയ്യുന്ന രംഗം, ജൂനിയർ ആർട്ടിസ്റ്റിനു പേടി; പിന്നീട് നടന്നത്; വിഡിയോ... |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108013232/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/06/25/anoop-sathyan-share-his-experience-in-lal-jose-movie-7-sundhara-rathrikal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Production==

[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] was chosen to play the lead role of an ad filmmaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-02/news-and-interviews/41005647_1_lal-jose-rima-kallingal-dileep |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807083314/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-02/news-and-interviews/41005647_1_lal-jose-rima-kallingal-dileep |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 August 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Rima to romance Dileep in Lal Jose's next film |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> It is the seventh film of [[Lal Jose]] with [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] in lead role and the second with writer [[James Albert (screenwriter)|James Albert]]. The film was produced by Small Town Cinema.

==Reception==

The film received mixed reviews from the critics. [[Sify]] said "Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal gives you the feeling that there is a basic storyline here, which could have been fine as a feel good entertainer, if it was made well. In the current form, all that this confusion drama succeeds in is to leave you more confused".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ezhu-sundara-rathrikal-review-malayalam-pcmbhgggfdaci.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163741/http://www.sify.com/movies/ezhu-sundara-rathrikal-review-malayalam-pcmbhgggfdaci.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title = Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 and said "Lal Jose intently tries to hold the complexities with a sense of triviality. He does away with tears and piano at times of grave emotional crises and would instead squeeze in cartoonish sequences. The light-hearted treatment works to an extent, but not for long as the narrative is crippled by a sluggishness that results from a poorly conceived script".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Ezhu-Sundara-Rathrikal/movie-review/27751741.cms|title = Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal by Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> [[Filmibeat]] wrote "There are some scenes where you can see the typical Lal Jose touch in the movie. But whether the director have fully succeeded to satisfy the viewers, it's a no. Still, Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal is a feel good movie which has its moments here and there" and rated 3/5.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/ezhu-sundara-rathrikal-movie-review-127746.html|title = Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal Review - A Feel Good Movie|date = 20 December 2013|access-date = 3 July 2015|archive-date = 4 July 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150704132201/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/ezhu-sundara-rathrikal-movie-review-127746.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film was an average grosser at the box office. ''Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal'' received {{INR}}5.6 [[crore]] as satellite rights from a Malayalam TV channel, the highest amount for a Malayalam film at that time.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = East Cost Audios
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Koode Irikkaam
| length1 = 5:03
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], Gayathri
| title2 = Nakshathram Pol
| length2 = 4:03
| extra2 = Preethi Pillai
| title3 = Orkaathe Mayaathe
| length3 = 4:55
| extra3 = Karthik, Charan Raj, [[Gowry Lekshmi]]
| title4 = Pettidaam Aarum
| length4 = 3:24
| extra4 = Aalaap Raju, Sankar Sharma
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3422428}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lal Jose]]

Pindikuthi Perunnal

2026-02-27T19:03:21Z

Saurabh jain: add structure and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian Christian festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Pindikuthi Perunnal
|nickname = Rakkuli Perunnal<ref name="KeralaFolkloreAcademy">{{cite book |last1=Choondal |first1=Chummar |title=Christian Folklore |date=1988 |publisher=Kerala Folklore Academy |pages=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdLYAAAAMAAJ&q=pindikuthi |access-date=31 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PaurastyaVidyapitham">{{cite book |last1=Moolan |first1=John |title=The Period of Annunciation-nativity in the East Syrian Calendar: Its Background and Place in the Liturgical Year |date=1985 |publisher=Paurastya Vidyapitham |pages=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaMtAAAAMAAJ&q=pindikuthi |language=en}}</ref>
|type = Christian
|image = File:Pindi Perunnal 2019 In Kunnamkulam 03.jpg
|caption = Children lighting lamps on Pindikuthi Perunnal
|observedby = [[Saint Thomas Christians]], Kerala, India
|date = 6 January
|observances = Decoration of plantain trunks with torches, oil lamps and flowers, Ritual bathing in night.
|significance = Beginning of Epiphany season
|scheduling = same day each year
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = Annual
|relatedto = [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]]
}}
'''Pindikuthi Perunnal''' ({{langx|ml|പിണ്ടികുത്തി പെരുന്നാൾ}}) or '''Rakkuli Perunnal''' ({{langx|ml|രാക്കുളി പെരുന്നാൾ}})<ref name="KeralaFolkloreAcademy"/><ref name="PaurastyaVidyapitham"/> is a traditional and important festival of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] celebrated on 6 January.<ref name="stalphonsasyromalabarcathedralhyd">{{cite web |title=LITURGICAL CALENDAR – Liturgical Seasons |url=http://www.stalphonsasyromalabarcathedralhyd.com/liturgical-season/ |publisher=Syro Malabar Catholic Diocese of Shamshabad |accessdate=10 February 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304064138/http://www.stalphonsasyromalabarcathedralhyd.com/liturgical-season/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pindikuthi Perunnal is the Saint Thomas Christian counterpart of [[Epiphany (holiday)|Denha]] ([[Baptism of Jesus]]) in [[Eastern church]] and [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] in Western Church.<ref name="kalyancatechism">{{cite book |last1=Eluvathingal |first1=Dr. Francis |title=FAMILY TRADITIONS AND IDENTITY OF ST. THOMAS CATHOLICS – Paper Prepared for the Eparchial Assembly, Kalyan |publisher=Diocese of Kalyan |page=10 |url=https://kalyancatechism.in/catechism/lesson18/IDENTITY_AND_TRADITIONS_OF_ST._THOMAS_CATHOLIC_FAMILIES_Final_Paper.pdf |accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> The liturgical season Denha Kaalam ([[Epiphany season]]) begins with the Sunday nearest to Pindikuthi Perunnal.{{refn|group=note|name="DehnaSunday"|{{harvnb|Syro-Malabar Liturgical Calendar (2019–2020)|p=4}}: "If the feast of Denha occurs on Sunday, then it will be considered as the first Sunday of Denha. When the feast of Denha comes on Sunday to Thursday, then these days would be counted as the first week of Denha. However, if it happens to be on Friday, the readings of the following Saturday would be the same of the first Saturday of Denha and the following Sunday as its First Sunday."}}

==Etymology==
The term ''Pindikuthi'' is a compound [[Malayalam]] word composed of pindi (പിണ്ടി) which means "trunk of the [[Musa acuminata|plantain tree]]"<ref name="kalyancatechism"/> and kuthi (കുത്തി) which is the past simple form of ''kuthal'' that means "to prick or pierce".<ref name="maxgyan">{{cite web |title=Kutthal‍ meaning in English Malayalam – കുത്തല്‍ |url=http://www.maxgyan.com/malayalam/english/meaning-of-%E0%B4%95_u_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-in-english.html |website=www.maxgyan.com |accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Therefore, Pindikuthi means "to prick or pierce the plantain trunk". Rakkuli literally means "bath in the night"<ref name="nasranifoundation"/>

==Celebrations, rituals and practices==
{{CSS image crop
|Image = Pindi Perunnal 2019 In Kunnamkulam 14.jpg
|bSize = 300
|cWidth = 140
|cHeight = 300
|oTop = 70
|oLeft = 70
|Location = left
|Description = Lighting best plantain trunk in front of the house is the pride of every house owner.
}}
{{Nasrani people}}
A specially decorated plantain trunk is erected in front of houses with many torches attached to it. On the previous night of Denha celebration, family members used to go around it singing a Syriac hymn "El Payya", which means "God is radiant".<ref name="nasranifoundation">{{cite web |title=The Feast of Denha: January 06 |url=http://www.nasranifoundation.org/calendar/dr/reflection_6January.html |website=Nasrani Foundation |accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Special dishes are prepared during this time, especially meat dishes. Some parishes organise competitions for the best decorated plantain. There are special prayers conducted in certain churches.

Saint Thomas Christians certain areas such as [[Pala, Kerala|Palai]] and [[Pulincunnoo]] used to perform a ritual bath (in imitation of the Baptism of [[Jesus Christ]] in the [[River Jordan]]) on the previous night (ravu) of the feast of Denha in the rivers flowing near the churches in these localities after the solemn celebration of Ramsha, the Evening Liturgy.<ref name="nasranifoundation"/>

Pindikuthi Perunnal (sometimes erroneously called Pindi Perunnal) is a prominent celebration in areas such as [[Irinjalakuda]] and [[Kunnamkulam]]. Most of the people in Irinjalakuda regardless the caste and creed await the festival for at least two or three months in advance. The main celebrations will start on the morning of previous day. The start of the festival is heralded by drumming which goes through the main roads of Irinjalakuda. This starts frenzied activities starting from preparing the right plantain in front of the house. placing a right plantain decorated in front of the house is a prestigious issue for every house owner.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

There are also "Sacred Arrow" processes for each family unit, which starts on Saturday. The "Sacred Arrow" is to commemorate the arrows which pierced the body of [[Saint Sebastian]]. This is brought to each home to be venerated by the house members, to make offerings. This Sacred Arrow is escorted to the decorated chariots after sometime accompanied by a lot of fireworks. These happen mainly on Saturdays and Mondays.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

The main festival is on Sunday.{{refn|group=note|name="DehnaSunday"}} Everyone sporting a new dress eagerly participates in the procession or awaits it. The main procession starts by around 3:00 pm accompanied by prayers, and is preceded by heavy fireworks. People flock from various places to share the festivities.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]

Pinarayi

2026-02-27T14:38:33Z

Saurabh jain: reworked information additionally and corrected details

{{for|the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] leader|Pinarayi Vijayan}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2007}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pinarayi
| other_name = Olayambalam
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.821782|N|75.497288|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thalassery]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Pinarayi Grama Panchayat
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = K. K. Rajeevan
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.63
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16,801
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670741
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0490-382454
| registration_plate = KL 58 KL 13
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000M/1047F [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kannur
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Dharmadam
| website = {{URL|www.pinarayionline.com}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pinarayi''' is a [[census town]] in [[Kannur district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Geography==
Pinarayi is {{convert|18|km|mi}} from the district headquarters [[Kannur]]. The nearest town and railway station is [[Thalassery]] which is {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. The village is surrounded by rivers on three sides, and the remaining boundaries consist of five panchayats: [[Kadirur]], [[Dharmadom]], [[Peralasseri]], [[Vengad]], Kottayam and [[Eranholi]]. The [[Arabian Sea]] is just {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. For administrational purposes the panchayat is divided into two villages [[Eruvatti]] and Pinarayi. Pinarayi consists of 19 wards and almost all wards contains one or more primary schools.

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2019}}
In the 1920s [[peasant]] and teachers organizations were strong in this village and there was widespread support for the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]]. As a part of the independence struggle, a boycott of foreign clothes was conducted in 1930, its leaders being AKG, AK Sankaran Nambiar, Kacherikkandi Chathukkutty and Thattari Kunhiraman. In 1938, seven thousand peasants marched from Pinarayi to Kottayam [[Kovilakam]] for reducing varam and pattam (rent paid by peasants to landlords). The population of Pinarayi during that time was around 10,000. This was considered as the first instance of unified mass movement against landlordism. NE Balaram, NE Nanu, AK Gopalan, Kundancheri Kunhiraman master, Pandyala Gopalan Master, Pinarayi Krishnan master and TV Govindan Nair were the leaders.

Pinarayi is considered as a CPI(M) bastion after the division of CPI in 1964, and the first meeting of the Communist party of India was held at a place called Paraparam in Pinarayi and communist party formally constituted in this meeting. [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], the current Chief Minister of Kerala and the former State Secretary of Communist Party of India (Marxist) is a native of this village, and he is usually simply referred to by his village name Pinarayi.



==Panchayat Presidents==
*1957-1961: Krishnan P. M. (un-united Pinarayi)
*1961-1964: Kunhukutty Master
*1964-1967: T. V. Achuthan Nair
*1967-1979: P. Nanu
*1979-1994: Pandyala Gopalan Master
*1995-2005: Kakkoth Rajan
*2005-2010: V. Leela
*2010-2015: Konki Raveendran
*2015-2020: Geethamma
*From 2020: K. K. Rajeevan

==Education==
Pinarayi has had [[primary education]] for more than 150 years.

Kulathumkara village school that was established in the 1840s by Therela Kannan Gurikkal was later renamed as Therala lower primary school. However, in 1992 the Kerala state government closed the school arguing that it was uneconomic.

The [[Roman Catholic]] Amala Basic UP school was founded in 1919 by a missionary by the name of Fernandes, the first school in the village to provide [[English-medium education]], drawing students also from neighbouring villages.

On 10 June 1977 a [[high school]] was inaugurated at Pinarayi in the memory of the [[communist]] leader AKG. Its campus has an area of {{convert|3.15|acre|m2}}. Later this school was upgraded to higher secondary. High school and higher secondary studies are offered mainly by the A.K.G Memorial Higher secondary school. With the exception of this high school all the other schools were established in first part of 19th century. In total there are 9 lower primary schools and 6 upper primary schools and all these are under private management. There is a Government Industrial Training Institute (ITI) maintained by Government of Kerala. A computer training facility is offered by the Pinarayi Electronics Industrial co-operative society (PELISO).



==Economy==
The main occupation is [[Beedi]] manufacturing in which the [[co-operative society]] Dinesh has a monopoly. Pinarayi is an industrially backward village. Modern industrial establishments are not there.

Electricity reached this village in 1958 and was inaugurated by the then Electricity Minister of Kerala [[VR Krishna Iyer]].

==Co-operative societies==
But Co-operative sector is very strong and it compensated to industrial backwardness to an extent. This village is considered to be having the highest number of Co-operative societies. Around 35 co-operative societies are there in this village. First co-operative society of this village was started in 1922. Totally there are 3 credit societies, 16 industrial co-operative societies, 6 school co-operative societies and 2 others. Peoples are the ultimate decision makers and investors in these societies. These societies are providing service in almost every aspect of life like banking, education, printing, milk and public distributions, garments manufacturing, hotels, health care, recreations, markets and stores, manufacturing, Information Technology etc. Pinarayi Service co-operative bank, Pinarayi Industrial co-operative society, Pinarayi beedi workers Industrial co-operative society (DINESH), Pinarayi women's multi Industrial co-operative society are leading co-operative societies. More than 2000 peoples are working in beedi manufacturing sector. Pole casting unit in Pinarayi Industrial co-operative society manufactures 7m, 8m and 9m pre stressed concrete poles and supplies to Kerala State Electricity Board for using in the construction of distribution lines.

==Peoples Planning Programme==
Peoples Planning Programme revolutionized the development of the Panchayat. Pinarayi grama panchayat was chosen as the best panchayat in the district. Its grama sabha meetings registered a consistently high attendance, its 121 neighborhood committees have been active, it has achieved a 100 per cent revenue and tax collection record, and its utilization of plan funds - especially those in the productive sector - has been outstanding. It has been particularly successful in the implementation of its total sanitation programme whereby 2,500 houses have been provided with private latrines. This panchayat is a busy, focused unit of administration that has its ears to the ground. In coming years it is our responsibility to prove that we are among the best in the country.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Pinarayi had a population of 16,801 where males constitute 46.3% of the population and females 53.7%. Pinarayi [[census town]] spreads over an area of {{cvt|9.63|km2}} with 3,922 families residing in it. The male female sex ratio was 1,158 higher than state average of 1,084. Pinarayi had an average literacy rate of 97.4%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 98.7%, and female literacy is 96.3%. In Pinarayi, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Pinarayi Panchayat have administration over Pinarayi and [[Eruvatti]] census towns.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=204,205,374 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Places of worship==
Seven [[mosques]] and 43 [[Hindu]] temples are located in this panchayat.

==Transportation==
The national highway passes through [[Thalassery]] town. Goa and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest railway station is [[Thalassery]] on [[Mangalore]]-[[Palakkad]] line.
Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]], [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Kozhikode]]. All of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries.

==Famous people==
* [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]

==See also==
* [[Kannavam]]
* [[Mavilayi]]
* [[Thrippangottur]]
* [[Panoor]]
* [[Peravoor]]
* [[Kottayam-Malabar]]
* [[Mattanur]]
* [[Kannur]]
* [[Mangalore]]
* [[Iritty]]
* [[Mangattidam]]
* [[Pathiriyad]]
* [[Manantheri]]
* [[Cheruvanchery]]
* [[Mambaram, Kannur|Mambaram]]
* [[Kandamkunnu|Kadamkunnu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pinarayionline.com Photos and videos of Pinarayi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815023813/http://www.pinarayionline.com/ |date=15 August 2016 }}

{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Villages near Thalassery]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]

Ramagundam Municipal Corporation

2026-02-24T04:11:29Z

Saurabh jain: enhanced article per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Local civic body in Ramagundam, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Ramagundam Municipal Corporation
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| logo =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| body = Ramagundam
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Mahankali Swamy
| party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Patipelli Ellayya
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = P. Uday Kumar
| last_election1 = [[2026 Telangana local elections|2026]]
|seats = 60
| session_room =
| session_res = 250px
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|https://ramagundamcorporation.telangana.gov.in/ |Ramagundam Municipal Corporation}}
| motto =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
|political_groups1 =
'''Government (38)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color| Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress |INC]] (38)
'''Opposition (22)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}} [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi |BRS]] (13)
*{{colorbox|{{party color| All India Forward Bloc}}}} [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]] (6)
*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] (1)
*{{colorbox|{{party color| Communist Party of India}}}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (1)
}}

The '''Ramagundam Municipal Corporation''' is the [[Local government|local governing body]], administering the city of [[Ramagundam]], [[Peddapalli district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Telangana]].
[[File:Ramagundam Municipal Corporation.jpg|left|thumb|Ramagundam Municipal Corporation]]

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India, 2011|census]], the [[municipal corporation]] had a population of {{formatnum:229644}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population 2011|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>

The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's governance, infrastructure and administration.
This city is selected under central government scheme of [[AMRUT]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of cities covered by AMRUT|url=http://amrut.gov.in/list_of_cities.aspx|publisher=Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation(AMRUT)|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Municipal corporations in Telangana}}
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}

{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Telangana]]
[[Category:Local government in Telangana]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

2025 ISL Cup playoffs

2026-02-20T14:39:31Z

Saurabh jain:

{{Short description|2025 edition of the ISL Cup playoffs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Main|2024–25 Indian Super League}}
{{infobox football tournament season
| title = ISL Cup playoffs
| year = 2024–25
| country = India
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| num_teams = 6
| champions = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] (2nd title)
| runner-up = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| semi-finalist1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| semi-finalist2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| matches = 7
| goals = 20
| top_goal_scorer =
| prevseason = [[2024 ISL Cup playoffs|2024]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Indian Super League#2026 ISL Cup playoffs|2026]]
}}
The '''2025 Indian Super League Cup playoffs''' was the post-season [[Tournament#Knockout tournaments|knockout tournament]] of the [[2024–25 Indian Super League]] to determine the '''ISL Cup''' winners. It was the 11th and last edition of the [[Indian Super League playoffs]]. The competition began on 29 March 2025 and concluded with the [[2025 ISL Cup final|ISL Cup final]] on 12 April 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=AIFF Competitions Calendar for 2024–25 season released|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-competitions-calendar-for-2024-25-season-released|publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]|date=6 February 2024|access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISL 2024–25 Playoffs: Dates for Knockouts, semi-finals and final announced |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/isl-2024-25-playoffs-dates-for-knockouts-semi-finals-and-final-announced |access-date=15 March 2025 |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |language=en}}</ref>

The top two teams from the [[2024–25 Indian Super League#Regular season|regular season]] — [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and [[FC Goa|Goa]] — directly qualified for the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Petratos nets late winner as Mohun Bagan Super Giant retain ISL Shield |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-petratos-nets-late-winner-as-mohun-bagan-sg-retainislshield |website=Indian Super League |access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISL 2024–25: Playoffs spots and League Shield scenarios |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/isl-2024-25-playoffs-spots-and-league-shield-scenarios |website=Indian Super League |access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref>

Teams finishing third to sixth competed in single-leg knockout play-offs to decide the remaining semi-finalists. [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] advanced after defeating [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] in Knockout Play-off 1,<ref>{{cite web |title=Report: Ruthless Bengaluru FC thump Mumbai City FC to reach the semi-finals |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-ruthless-bengaluru-fc-thump-mumbai-city-fc-to-reach-the-semi-finals |website=Indian Super League |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref> while [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] triumphed over [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] in Knockout Play-off 2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report: Resilient Jamshedpur FC stun NorthEast United FC to march into semis |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-resilient-jamshedpur-fc-stun-northeast-united-fc-to-march-into-semis |website=Indian Super League |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref>

The semi-finals were played over two legs, while the final was a single match hosted at the [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan Stadium]] in [[Kolkata]]. [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] defeated [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] in the final to claim their second ISL Cup title.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report: Mohun Bagan Super Giant pip Bengaluru FC to win the ISL Cup |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mohun-bagan-super-giant-pip-bengaluru-fc-to-win-the-isl-cup |access-date=12 April 2025 |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Season table==
{{2024–25 Indian Super League points table}}

== Teams ==
;Automatically qualified for semi-finals
* [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
* [[FC Goa|Goa]]
;Qualified for the knockout play-offs
* [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
* [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
* [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
* [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]

==Bracket==
<section begin=Bracket />{{6TeamBracket|legs=1/2/1|aggregate=y|nowrap=y
| RD1=Knockout

| RD1-seed3= '''3'''
| RD1-team3= '''[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]'''
| RD1-score3= '''5'''
| RD1-team4= [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| RD1-score4= 0
| RD1-seed4= 6

| RD1-team1= [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| RD1-score1=0
| RD1-seed2= '''5'''
| RD1-team2= '''[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]'''
| RD1-score2='''2'''

| RD2-seed1= '''1'''
| RD2-team1= '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]'''
| RD2-score1-1= 1
| RD2-score1-2= '''2'''
| RD2-score1-agg= '''3'''
| RD2-seed2= 5
| RD2-team2= [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| RD2-score2-1= '''2'''
| RD2-score2-2= 0
| RD2-score2-agg= 2

| RD2-seed3= 2
| RD2-team3= [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| RD2-score3-1= 0
| RD2-score3-2= '''2'''
| RD2-score3-agg= 2
| RD2-seed4= '''3'''
| RD2-team4= '''[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]'''
| RD2-score4-1= '''2'''
| RD2-score4-2= 1
| RD2-score4-agg= '''3'''

| RD3-seed1= '''1'''
| RD3-team1= '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]''' {{aet}}
| RD3-score1= '''2'''
| RD3-seed2= 3
| RD3-team2= [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| RD3-score2= 1
}}<section end=Bracket />

===Knockout play-offs===
<section begin=Knockout />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
!Team 1
!Score
!Team 2
|-
| '''[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]'''
| align="center"|[[2025 Indian Super League playoffs#1st Knockout play-offs|5–0]]
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| [[2025 Indian Super League playoffs#2nd Knockout play-offs|0–2]]
| '''[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]'''
|}<section end=Knockout />

===Semi-finals===
<section begin=Semi-finals />
{{TwoLeg start}}
{{TwoLegResult|'''{{nobr|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}}'''||3–2|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]||[[2025 Indian Super League playoffs#Jamshedpur VS Mohun Bagan|{{nobr|1–2}}]]|[[2025 Indian Super League playoffs#Mohun Bagan VS Jamshedpur|2–0]]}}
{{TwoLegResult|{{nobr|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}||2–3|'''[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]'''||[[2025 Indian Super League playoffs#Bengaluru VS Goa|0–2]]|[[2025 Indian Super League playoffs#Goa VS Bengaluru|2–1]]}} {{end}}<section end=Semi-finals />

== Knockout play-offs ==
;1st Knockout play-offs
{{football box
| id = 1st Knockout play-offs
| date = 29 March 2025
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
| score1 = 5
| score2 = 0
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 =
*[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh]] {{goal|9}}
*[[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|42|pen.}}
*[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{goal|62}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|76}}
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal|83}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]]
| attendance = 16,123
| referee = Harish Kundu
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69303 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/47516 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=47516 I-League]
}}
----
;2nd Knockout play-offs
{{football box
| id = 2nd Knockout play-offs
| date = 30 March 2025
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC]]
| score1 = 0
| score2 = 2
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Stephen Eze|Stephen]] {{goal|29}}
*[[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{goal|90+10}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Shillong]]
| attendance = 14,849
| referee = Senthil Nathan Sekaran
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69304 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/47517 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=47517 I-League]
}}

==Semi-finals==
===Semi-finals 1st legs===
{{football box
| id = Bengaluru VS Goa
| date = 2 April 2025
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| score1 = 2
| score2 = 0
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 = *[[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{goal|42|o.g.}}
*[[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|51}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]]
| attendance = 19,443
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69305 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/48535 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=48535 I-League]
}}

{{football box
| id = Jamshedpur VS Mohun Bagan
| date = 3 April 2025
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score1 = 2
| score2 = 1
| team2 = {{nobr|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}}
| goals1 = *[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|24}}
*[[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{goal|90+1}}
| goals2 = *[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|37}}
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Jamshedpur]]
| attendance = 20,968
| referee = Ashwin
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69306 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/48554 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=48554 I-League]
| event =
| round =
}}

===Semi-finals 2nd legs===
{{football box
| id = Goa VS Bengaluru
| date = 6 April 2025
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score1 = 2
| score2 = 1
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 =
*[[Borja Herrera|Borja]] {{goal|49}}
*[[Armando Sadiku|Sadiku]] {{goal|88}}
| goals2 =
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|90+2}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Goa]]
| attendance = 16,875
| referee = Senthil Nathan Sekaran
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69307 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/48555 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=48555 I-League]
}}
'' Bengaluru won 3–2 on aggregate.''

{{football box
| id = Mohun Bagan VS Jamshedpur
| date = 7 April 2025
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = {{nobr|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}}
| score1 = 2
| score2 = 0
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 = *[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|51|pen.}}
*[[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 58,123
| referee = Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69308 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/48556 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=48556 I-League]
| event =
| round =
}}

'' Mohun Bagan won 3–2 on aggregate.''

==Final==
{{main|2025 ISL Cup final}}
<section begin=Final />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Final Match
!Team 1
!Score
!Team 2
|-
| '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]'''
| align="center"| [[2025 Indian Super League final#Match|2–1]]
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|}<section end=Final />

{{trim|{{#section:2025 Indian Super League final|Final}}}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/ Indian Super League Official Website]

{{Indian Super League}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 Indian Super League playoffs}}
[[Category:2024–25 Indian Super League season]]
[[Category:Indian Super League playoffs]]

Sidhartha Vijay Mallya

2026-02-19T11:32:23Z

Saurabh jain: info - done

{{short description|American model}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Siddharth Mallya.jpg
| caption = Mallya at ''[[GQ]]'' Most Stylish Man awards event (2011)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|05|07}}<ref name=Birthday>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/amidst-vijay-mallyas-tryst-with-the-authorities-siddharth-had-a-helluva-birthday/articleshow/58678348.cms |title=Amidst Vijay Mallya's tryst with the authorities, Siddharth had a helluva birthday |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=July 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name=MAUofLondon />
| birth_place = Los Angeles, California, US
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor and Author
| spouse = {{marriage|Jasmine| 2024}}
| mother = Sameera Mallya
| father = [[Vijay Mallya]]
| relatives = [[Vittal Mallya]] (grandfather)
| website =
| yearsactive =
}}
'''Sidhartha Vijay Mallya''' (born May 7, 1987)<ref name=Birthday /><ref name=MAUofLondon /> is an American actor and author.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |last=Aravind |first=Indulekha |date=June 4, 2014 |title=Mallya scion gives up family business to pursue an acting career |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-special-mallya-scion-gives-up-family-business-to-pursue-an-acting-career/20140604.htm |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/12/02/drunk-pole-dancing-outside-strip-club-ok-freida-pinto-dating-sid-mallya-not/ |title=Drunk, pole dancing outside strip club is OK with Freida Pinto, dating Sid Mallya is not |website=American Bazaar |date=December 2, 2014 |access-date=July 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |website=Pinkvilla |title=Not easy to read things being written about dad: Sid Mallya |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/376954/not-easy-read-things-being-written-about-dad-sid-mallya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091127/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/376954/not-easy-read-things-being-written-about-dad-sid-mallya |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |date=April 21, 2017 |access-date=July 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Mallya-steps-down-as-Bagan-director-to-meet-AFC-criteria/articleshow/7133601.cms | title=Mallya steps down as Bagan director to meet AFC criteria | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=December 20, 2010 | access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mallya was born in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], to Indian businessman [[Vijay Mallya]] and former airline hostess Samira Mallya (née Tyabjee).<ref name=Bhaskar>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/CEL-unseen-pictures-of-vijay-mallya-and-wives-4087634-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130040202/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/CEL-unseen-pictures-of-vijay-mallya-and-wives-4087634-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 30, 2012 |title=Unseen Pictures of Vijay Mallya and Wives |work=[[Daily Bhaskar]] |date=November 27, 2012 |access-date=April 14, 2017}}</ref> Shortly after his birth, the family moved to England, where he was primarily raised. At the age of 11, his parents sent him to boarding school, firstly [[Papplewick School]] in [[Ascot, England|Ascot]] and then at [[Wellington College, Berkshire|Wellington College]], [[Berkshire]], where he passed his [[GCSE]]s and [[A Level]]s. After school he attended [[Queen Mary University of London]], where he obtained a bachelor's degree in business management.<ref name="bornrich">{{cite web |date=December 21, 2011 |title=Sidhartha Mallya Net Worth |url=http://www.bornrich.com/sidhartha-mallya.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423074815/http://www.bornrich.com/sidhartha-mallya.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=November 27, 2013 |website=Bornrich.com}}</ref> While at the university, he was also captain of the university [[field hockey]] team.<ref>{{cite web |first=Mihir |last=Dalal |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/PKOaBvWRDhEXBU9cbDNkQO/Free-spirit-Siddharth-Mallya.html |title=Free Spirit: Siddharth Mallya |work=[[LiveMint]] |date=March 7, 2013 |access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref>

After a brief career in the business world, he decided to pursue a career in the arts. He trained at the [[Royal Central School of Speech and Drama]] of the [[University of London]]<ref name=MAUofLondon>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BNEisAEBxME/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BNEisAEBxME |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Diploma Supplement (Instagram photo post by Sid Mallya) |date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=July 26, 2017 |via=[[Instagram]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>, graduating with a Master of Arts in acting.

== Career ==

Mallya’s initial plan was to join the family business.To prepare him for this, he spent a year working for drinks giant [[Diageo]], as an assistant brand manager on [[Guinness]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Dhiraj |last=Nayyar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20120312-corporate-india-inheritors-2012-beer-hug-sidhartha-mallya-757586-2012-03-03 |title=Corporate India inheritors 2012: Sidhartha Mallya |website=[[India Today]] |date=March 3, 2012 |access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref>

He then moved to India and worked primarily for the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] (RCB) [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] cricket team, which at the time was owned by his family.

Whilst in India, he started modeling and presenting, appearing on the cover of magazines such as GQ, and on screen for channels such as NDTV. Mallya says that it was these experiences and the positive feedback he received, that lead him to make the switch from the corporate world to the arts.

After deciding to pursue his acting ambitions full time, Mallya moved to Los Angeles in 2012. In 2013, he was selected as part of the ABC Talent Showcase<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney Television Discovers – Disney Television Discovers |url=https://sites.disney.com/disney-television-discovers/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=sites.disney.com}}</ref>, a platform and training program for aspiring talents, whose previous participants include Academy Award winner Lupita Nyong’o, Chadwick Boseman and Pedro Pascal.

Mallya made his feature film debut in the comedy film ''Brahman Naman''<ref>{{Citation |title=Brahman Naman |date=2025-06-18 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahman_Naman&oldid=1296197296 |access-date=2025-12-24 |language=en}}</ref> directed by Q<ref>{{Citation |title=Qaushiq Mukherjee |date=2025-11-18 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qaushiq_Mukherjee&oldid=1322828626 |access-date=2025-12-24 |language=en}}</ref> and produced by Steve Barron. Brahman Naman premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and was bought by Netflix. He followed that up with roles in ‘Best Fake Friends<ref>{{Citation |title=Best Fake Friends |date=2025-12-12 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_Fake_Friends&oldid=1327032574 |access-date=2025-12-24 |language=en}}</ref>’ with Victoria Smurfit, and ‘Flashback<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2875858/fullcredits/ |title=Flashback (Short 2013) - Full cast & crew - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-12-24 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>’ with Emmy Nominee Richard Cabral. He was most recently seen in the Scott Windhauser directed ‘Mafia Wars<ref>{{Citation |title=Mafia Wars |date=2024-10-11 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10450852/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |publisher=The Motus Studios, Umbrelic Entertainment, Edge Code Films}}</ref>’ with Tom Welling and Cam Gigandet, and has been announced as one of the leads in Ryuhei Kitamura’s next feature titled ‘Thrill Ride’.<ref>{{Citation |title=Thrill Ride |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt32155718/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |publisher=Film Bridge International, Midwest, Underdogg Entertainment}}</ref>

Aside from acting, Mallya is an accomplished author who focuses on the promotion of mental health amongst the youth. His debut book ‘[https://www.penguin.co.in/book/if-im-honest/ I’f I’m Honest (Penguin Random House)] was published in September 2021 to great critical acclaim. His second book titled [https://www.penguin.co.in/book/sad-glad/ ‘Sad/Glad’], a picture book written to help children deal with their emotions, was released in 2024 also by Penguin Random House. Sad/Glad has gone on to be a national bestseller, gaining the #1 spot on the Nielsen India bestseller list for English language books.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidhartha Mallya - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5649324/bio/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Television and web appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!Year
!Show
!Role
|-
|2011
|''The Hunt for the Kingfisher Calendar Girl''
|Self (guest judge)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2011/siddharth-mallya-india-most-desirable-290611-aid0097.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234443/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2011/siddharth-mallya-india-most-desirable-290611-aid0097.html |url-status=live |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |title=Siddharth Mallya becomes India's Most Desirable |website=[[One India]] |date=June 29, 2011 |access-date=November 27, 2013 |first=Kalyani Prasad |last=Keshri}}</ref>
|-
|2012–2013
|''No Boundaries with Sid Mallya''
|Self (host and writer)<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |last=KBR |first=Upala |date=April 12, 2012 |title=Sidhartha Mallya hosts his own IPL show |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/news-interviews/31325539_1_sidhartha-mallya-ipl-show-cricket-field |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032328/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/news-interviews/31325539_1_sidhartha-mallya-ipl-show-cricket-field |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=November 27, 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="GulfNews">{{cite web |date=September 22, 2012 |title=Siddharth Mallya to make TV debut |url=http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/tabloid/siddharth-mallya-to-make-tv-debut-1.1079620 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233749/http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/tabloid/siddharth-mallya-to-make-tv-debut-1.1079620 |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |access-date=November 27, 2013 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref><ref name="RCBpresents">{{cite web |title=Sid Mallya presents No Boundaries |url=http://www.royalchallengers.com/sidhartha-mallya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304111033/http://www.royalchallengers.com/sidhartha-mallya |archive-date=March 4, 2013 |website=[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] official website (archived)}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''Hunt for the Kingfisher Calendar Girl''
|Self (host and judge)<ref>{{cite web |first=Nishat |last=Bari |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20121008-sidhartha-mallya-to-host-and-judge-latest-edition-of-hunt-for-the-kingfisher-calendar-girl-760031-2012-09-28 |title=Sidhartha Mallya to host and judge latest edition of Hunt for the Kingfisher Calendar Girl |website=[[India Today]] |date=September 29, 2012 |access-date=November 27, 2013}}</ref>
|}

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2016
|''[[Brahman Naman]]'' (an Indian comedy film shown at the [[2016 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance Film Festival]] and released exclusively on [[Netflix]])<ref>{{cite web |first=Nyay |last=Bhushan |title='Brahman Naman' to Premiere Globally on Netflix |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/brahman-naman-premiere-globally-netflix-860958 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 13, 2016 |access-date=April 14, 2017}}</ref>
|Ronnie
|[[Film release|Released]]
|-
|2016
|''[[Best Fake Friends]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=''Best Fake Friends'' |url=https://www.amazon.com/Best-Fake-Friends-Victoria-Smurfit/dp/B0711YXDVK |work=[[Amazon.com|Amazon]] |access-date=June 26, 2019}}</ref>
|Vin
|[[Film release|Released]]
|-
|2020
|''[[Bad Boy Billionaires: India]]'' (a three-part Netflix documentary series with an episode focused on his father)
|Himself
|1 Episode
|-
|2024
|[https://variety.com/2024/film/news/mafia-wars-sidhartha-mallya-thrill-ride-1236246808/#:~:text=Popular%20on%20Variety,We%20Pay%E2%80%9D%20(2022). Mafia Wars]
|Mangal
|Released
|}

== Awards and accolades ==
*Hello! India Hall of Fame Awards Celebutante of the year 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=41&sectid=edid=&edlabel=CAP&mydateHid=07-11-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar04100&publabel=TOI |title=Times of India Publications |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230946/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=41&sectid=edid=&edlabel=CAP&mydateHid=07-11-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar04100&publabel=TOI |archive-date=December 2, 2013 }}</ref>
*Rotary Vocational Excellence Award 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeetelevision.com/media-relations/press-release/mr-punit-goenka-md-ceo-zeel-presented-the-rotary-vocational-excellence-award-2010.html |title=Mr. Punit Goenka, MD & CEO, ZEEL presented the Rotary Vocational Excellence Award 2010! |website=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Television]] |access-date=November 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233844/http://www.zeetelevision.com/media-relations/press-release/mr-punit-goenka-md-ceo-zeel-presented-the-rotary-vocational-excellence-award-2010.html |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''[[GQ]]'' Men of The Year Awards – Most stylish man in India 2011<ref>{{cite web |author=Smita G. |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/gq-men-year-awards-winners-photos |title=GQ Men of the year 2011 awards winners |website=Pinkvilla |date=September 30, 2011 |access-date=November 27, 2013 |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426200557/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/gq-men-year-awards-winners-photos |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Power Brands Hall of Fame Awards (for work on RCB) 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessandeconomy.org/19012012/storyd.asp?sid=6692&pageno=1 |title=Power Brands Hall of Fame 2011 |website=Business and Economy |date=January 19, 2012 |access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref>
*HT Café Mumbai's Most Stylish Awards 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/2377/arjun-rampal-pics-7713710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235821/http://www.gomolo.com/2377/arjun-rampal-pics-7713710 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |title=Arjun Rampal photos | Siddharth Mallya and Arjun Rampal at HT Café Most Stylish Awards 2011 at ITC Parel in Mumbai |website=Gomolo.com |date=December 21, 2011 |access-date=November 27, 2013}}</ref>
*Top 5 of India's Sexiest Bachelor show on [[Big CBS Prime]] 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/sep/05-john-ranbir-abhay-shahid-or-siddhartha-who-is-indias-sexiest-bachelor-091110.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165329/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/sep/05-john-ranbir-abhay-shahid-or-siddhartha-who-is-indias-sexiest-bachelor-091110.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |title=John, Ranbir, Abhay, Shahid or Siddhartha – Who is India's sexiest bachelor? |website=Glamsham.com |date=September 5, 2011 |access-date=November 27, 2013}}</ref>
*Panasonic Green Globe Foundation Awards special honour 2012<ref>{{cite web |first=Anjali |last=Muthanna |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/people/31062374_1_green-award-rcb-royal-challengers-bangalore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905051814/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/people/31062374_1_green-award-rcb-royal-challengers-bangalore |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 5, 2013 |title=Sid Mallya gets green award |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 15, 2012 |access-date=November 27, 2013}}</ref>
*Ivy Sports Symposium "10 Next" of the next generation of sports industry leaders 2012<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Long |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/notes_and_insights/the_10_next_class_of_2012 |title=The 10 Next Class of 2012 |website=[[SportsPro]] |date=October 23, 2012 |access-date=November 27, 2013}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Mallya got engaged to his girlfriend Jasmine on Halloween 2023<ref>{{cite web |last=Ferro |first=Ashwin |url=http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2012/jan/100112-sports-Running-makes-you-look-good-says-Sidhartha-Mallya.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113063129/http://www.mid-day.com/sports/2012/jan/100112-sports-Running-makes-you-look-good-says-Sidhartha-Mallya.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 13, 2012 |title=Running makes you look good, says Sidhartha Mallya. |website=[[Mid-Day]] |date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=November 27, 2013}}</ref> .They met at the acting studio that they both attended. The couple tied the knot in London on June 22, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-24 |title=Vijay Mallya's son Sidhartha Mallya gets married to Jasmine. See inside pics and videos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/vijay-mallya-son-sidhartha-mallya-gets-married-to-jasmine-see-inside-pics-and-videos-9411053/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{facebook|SidMallya|name=Sid Mallya}}
* {{IMDb name|5649324|name=Sid Mallya}}

{{Royal Challengers Bangalore}}
{{United Spirits}}
{{Force India F1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallya, Sid}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male models from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American people of Konkani descent]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:United Breweries Group]]
[[Category:People educated at Papplewick School]]
[[Category:People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire]]
[[Category:Alumni of Queen Mary University of London]]

Thomas Aykara

2026-02-12T03:14:18Z

Saurabh jain: new - done

{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thomas Aykara
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1937|01|23}}
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = ''Philosophy and Comparative Religion''
| occupation = Professor of [[philosophy]]
}}

'''Thomas Aykara''' CMI (born 23 January 1937) is the rector of [[Dharmaram College]] in [[Bengaluru]], India.<ref name=Admin>{{cite web|url=http://www.dharmaram.in/administration|title=Administration|publisher=Dharmaram College|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> He is a Catholic priest of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]]. He joined the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI)[[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]] congregation, St. Joseph's Province Kottayam in 1954. He is a philosopher, theologian and religious. He is a scholar, teacher, author and thinker. Several academic centres in India and abroad originated through the efforts of Thomas Aykara.

==Birth and family==
Thomas Aykara was born to Joseph and Elisabeth on 23 January 1937 in [[Mevada]], [[Palai]], Kottayam district in Kerala, India.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} His siblings are Philip, Kuruvila, Joseph, Sr. Alphrida [[Congregation of Mother of Carmel]], Annakutty, Sr. Gailsw Congregation of Mother of Carmel, Mariyakutty, Sr. Josita Congregation of Mother of Carmel.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Education==
He completed his [[SSLC]] from St Antony High School, Mutholy. He joined the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI) congregation, St. Joseph's Province Kottayam in 1954. He studied [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and [[English language|English]] languages. He received a [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] in [[Philosophy]] and a Licentiate [[Theology]], from [[Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth]], Pontifical Atheneum, in [[Pune]], [[India]]. He was sent to the Université Catolique de Louvain, [[Belgium]] in 1966, where he pursued his PhD in [[Philosophy]] on [[Alfred Schutz]], a German [[Philosopher]], in 1970, under the guidance of Jean Ladriere. Afterwards, he was sent to the [[Oxford University]] in 1970, where he pursued a PhD in Theology on Cosmic Consciousness:A Study on Sri Aurobindo and Teilhard De Chardin under the guidance of [[John Macquarrie]] in 1975.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Later career==
Thomas Aykara made his first religious profession on 16 May 1957 and was ordained<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/directory.php?type=priests | title=Syro Malabar Church Priest }}</ref> on 6 April 1964. He was the Prior General of the CMI congregation and Vice-Chancellor of [[Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram]] from 1978-1984. He was the Provincial of St. Joseph's Province Kottayam from 1984-1987. He also served DVK as its President<ref name="dvk.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvk.in/StaffDetails1.aspx?StaffId=41|title=Thomas Aykara|publisher=Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram|accessdate=27 February 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306083916/http://www.dvk.in/StaffDetails1.aspx?StaffId=41|archivedate=6 March 2016}}</ref> from 1991-1997. During this period he made seven main endowments by making a trust, namely, Bishop Jonas Thaliath<ref>Dharma Endowment Lectures Fund{{full citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref> Endowment Lectures Fund, and Fund for Library,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvk.in/centrallibrary.aspx |title=Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram Bangalore |accessdate=2016-02-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222041345/http://dvk.in/centrallibrary.aspx |archivedate=2016-02-22 }}</ref> Fund for PG Students, Fr. Pried Lectures Fund, Fr. Roger Memorial Fund, and Biblical Studies Fund. He was appointed as the Managing Editor of ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'', the earliest daily newspaper of [[Kerala]]. Later, he served as the Chairman and Director of Rashtra Deepika Company Ltd. during 1989-2001. He was appointed the Director of Centre for the Study of World Religions (CSWR), Bengaluru, India, in 1975-78. He became the National President of the Conference of Religious India (CRI) in 1978-83. In 1978-82, he was the State President of Kerala Conference of Major Superiors (KCMS) and also founder President of the Syro-Malabar Religious Conference (SMRC). He was the member of National Governing Body, [[Indian Newspaper Society]] since 1988-97. He was the member of International Federation of Catholic University since 1991-97. In 2011, he became the Rector of Dharmaram College.<ref name=Admin/>

==Teaching experience==
He was a teacher at Dharmaram, Bengaluru, India (1965–67, 1975–78, 1990–97). He also taught in Darsana Institute of [[Philosophy]], [[Wardha]], India(1984–85,1990) . He taught various theological subjects at CRI Brothers’ Theology Institute, Bengaluru (1990). Earlier, he taught at the University of Oxford (1973–74) and the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]], Rome (1998-2002).{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Academic initiatives and new institutes and centres'==
# ''Journal of Dharma'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dharmaramjournals.in/journalofdharma/|title=Journal of Dharma|accessdate=21 January 2024}}</ref> a Research Quarterly, Published by Dharma Research Association, Bengaluru, 1974.
# Centre for the Study of world Religions (CSWR),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvk.in/Centers.aspx |title=Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram Bangalore |accessdate=2016-02-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222105613/http://dvk.in/Centers.aspx |archivedate=2016-02-22 }}</ref> Bengaluru, India, 1971.
# Centre for Indian and Inter Religious Studies (CIIS),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chavarainstitute.blogspot.com/p/about-us.html|title=Chavara Institute of Indian and Interreligious Studies - Rome: About us|accessdate=21 January 2024}}</ref> Rome, 1977.
# Darsana Cultural Centre,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://darsanaculturalcentre.com/darsanaacademy/1default.asp |title=Darsana Academy - Kottayam |accessdate=2016-02-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011903/http://darsanaculturalcentre.com/darsanaacademy/1default.asp |archivedate=2016-03-05 }}</ref> Kottayam, Kerala, India, 1984.
# Vinayasadana(One year Diploma Course informative Spirituality),<ref name="dvk.in"/> at Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram, Bengaluru, India, 1992.
# Sakshatkkara, Centre for the Spiritual Realization (CSR), Pariyaram, Kerala, 1979.
# Darsana Institute of Philosophy,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darsanawardha.org/ |title=Darsana Institute of Philosophy, Wardha |website=www.darsanawardha.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531134258/http://darsanawardha.org/ |archive-date=2013-05-31}}</ref> Wardha, M.S., India, 1982.
# RashtraDeepika Company Ltd.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tradeindia.com/Seller-5387178-Rashtra-Deepika-Ltd-/|title = Rashtra Deepika LTD. In Kottayam, Kerala, India - Company Profile}}</ref> Kottayam, 1989.
# Dharma Endowment Lectures,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://facultyofphilosophydvk.blogspot.in/2010/08/dharma-endowment-lectures-2010-2011_26.html|title=Faculty of Philosophy, DVK: DHARMA ENDOWMENT LECTURES 2010-2011|date=26 August 2010}}</ref> Faculty of Philosophy, DVK, 1993.
# Bishop Jonas Thaliath<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bthaliath.html|title = Bishop Jonas Thaliath [Catholic-Hierarchy]}}</ref> Memorial Lectures, Faculty of Theology,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvk.in/FacultyDetails.aspx?FacultyId=1 |title=Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram Bangalore |accessdate=2016-02-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221233707/http://dvk.in/FacultyDetails.aspx?FacultyId=1 |archivedate=2016-02-21 }}</ref> DVK, Bengaluru, 1994.
# Regional Theologate, Bhopal, 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trade.indiamart.com/details.mp?offer=6425681455|title=Trade|accessdate=21 January 2024}}</ref>
# Anudhavana, First Mission Novitiate at Mancherial (AP)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiancatholiconline.com/Institution/Details/8024?it=r&iti=23&dn=Adilabad&pn=Mancherial |title=Catholic Directory of India - Educational Institution |accessdate=2016-02-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306205957/http://indiancatholiconline.com/Institution/Details/8024?it=r&iti=23&dn=Adilabad&pn=Mancherial |archivedate=2016-03-06 }}</ref> 1982.
# Purchase, Developing Starting of St. Kuriakose Elias Chavara[[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]] Shrine at Kainakari[[Kainakary]], 1983.
# Sevasadan, CMI Transit House at Malad East,<ref>[https://www.zomato.com/mumbai/malad-east-restaurants Restaurants] zomato.com {{dead link|date=December 2023}}</ref> Bombay, 1980.
# Dharma Nivas, New CMI Center in New Jersey,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indeed.com/q-Cmi-l-New-Jersey-jobs.html|title=Cmi Jobs, Employment in New Jersey | Indeed.com|accessdate=21 January 2024}}</ref> USA, 1981
# Purchase New Flat in Rome, 1981.
# CMI Centre in Bonn,<ref name="managers.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.managers.org.uk/login.aspx?item=%2feducation-providers%2fexisting-cmi-centres%2fsupporting-you-and-your-learners%2fcentre-directory&user=extranet%5cAnonymous&site=website |title=Login {{!}} CMI - CMI |website=www.managers.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003836/http://www.managers.org.uk/login.aspx?item=%2feducation-providers%2fexisting-cmi-centres%2fsupporting-you-and-your-learners%2fcentre-directory&user=extranet%5cAnonymous&site=website |archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> [[Friesdorf (Bonn)|Friesdorf]], Germany, 1981.
# Collaborated in the purchase of the Second Flat in Rome,<ref name="managers.org.uk"/> 1998.

==Publications==

===Books===
* ''Meeting of Religions'',<ref name="dvk.in"/> (ed.) Dharmaram publications, Centre for Indian and Inter-Religious Studies, Rome, 1978.
* ''Living Flame: Church of St. Thomas in India''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MnPHAAACAAJ |title = Living Flame: Church of St. Thomas in India : Its History, Problems and Hopes|last1 = Aykara|first1 = Thomas A.|year = 1986}}</ref> St. Joseph's Press, Mannanam, 1986. It is a book about the Church of St. Thomas in India and deals with history, problems, hope, liturgy, etc., of the St. Thomas Christians.
* ''Phenomenology of the Social World''.
* ''Cosmic Consciousness: A Comparative Study on Teilhard de Chardin and Sri Aurobindo'',<ref>{{Cite book |title=Archived copy |id={{ASIN|8186861025|country=uk}} }}</ref> 1992. It is a comparative cosmic consciousness study of Sri Aurobindo and Teilhard. They are the two eminent exponents of the east and west respectively.
* ''Mission of the Church in India Today: Challenges and Changes''.
* ''Missiology for the Third Millennium'', 1994. It is a collection of twenty four articles about Bishop Januarius, the first bishop of Chanda Diocese, edited by Thomas Aykara.

===Article===
* Theologizing Versus Living Unique and Universal, edited by Dr. Chethimattam, Dharmaram Publications, Bangalore, 1972.<ref name="dvk.in"/>
* Phenomenology Yesterday and Today in Darsanam, ed. by Dr. Nambiaparambil, Janatha Books, Thevara, 1970.<ref name="dvk.in"/>
* Prophetic Role of Religious Life Today in Samarpitha, 1981.<ref name="dvk.in"/>
* Inculturation and Formation Dominican Asram, Dec. 1993.<ref name="dvk.in"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aykara, Thomas}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kottayam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Roman Catholic theologians]]

Jezail

2026-02-11T12:23:38Z

Saurabh jain: reworked page additionally and added references

{{Short description|Simple and cheap Afghan rifle}}
The '''jezail'''<ref>From {{langx|fa|جزائل}} ''jazā'il'' or {{langx|ps|جزائل}}. The word is ultimately from the Arabic word {{lang|ar|جزائل}} ''jazā'il'', a broken plural of {{lang|ar|جزيل}} ''jazīl'', meaning "[something] big or thick".</ref><ref name=BurnellYule>{{cite book |last1=Burnell |first1=A. C. |last2=Yule |first2=Henry |title=A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words And Phrases: Hobson-Jobson |date=24 October 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-60332-7 |page=474 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMbADwAAQBAJ&dq=jazailchi+weapon&pg=PA474 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Cannon-jezail /> (or ''jezzail''),<ref name=Ramsey2016>{{cite book |last1=Ramsey |first1=Syed |title=Tools of War: History of Weapons in Early Modern Times |date=1 September 2016 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-86834-14-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53HOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT219 |language=en |chapter=Jezail}}</ref> also spelled ''juzail'' (or ''juzzail''),<ref name=Cannon-jezail>{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=Garland Hampton |last2=Kaye |first2=Alan S. |title=The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary |date=1994 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03491-3 |page=220 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiNWi1g3fJ4C&dq=jezail&pg=PA220 |language=en |chapter=jezail}}</ref> is a long-barrelled weapon used in [[Central Asia]], [[British India]], and parts of [[Middle East]].<ref name=Ramsey2016 /><ref>For use in Central Asia, refer to: {{cite book |last1=Munis |first1=Shir Muhammad Mirab |last2=Agahi |first2=Muhammad Riza Mirab |title=Firdaws al-iqbāl: History of Khorezm |date=25 October 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49198-4 |page=584 |language=en}}</ref> A person operating it is called ''jazailchi''.<ref>Also spelled ''juzailchee'', ''jezailchee''. From {{lang|fa|جزائلچی}} ''jazā'ilchī'', also ''jazaerchi'' ({{langx|fa|جزائرچی}} ''jazā'erchī'').</ref><ref name=BurnellYule /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=Garland Hampton |last2=Kaye |first2=Alan S. |title=The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary |date=1994 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03491-3 |page=220 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiNWi1g3fJ4C&dq=jezail&pg=PA220 |language=en |chapter=jezailchee}}</ref>

Jezails were used by the elite jazayerchi troops of [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] and [[Afsharid Iran]], notably during the [[Naderian Wars]]. It was the main weapon used by the various ethnic tribesmen of Afghanistan in the 19th-century,<ref name=Adamec2011>{{cite book |last1=Adamec |first1=Ludwig W. |author-link=Ludwig W. Adamec |title=Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan |date=10 November 2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=978-0-8108-7957-7 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tp5IrLhWbTkC&dq=jezail&pg=PA228 |language=en}}</ref> who deposed [[Shah Shujah Durrani|Shah Shuja]]<ref name="1966-08-26-12">{{Cite web|title='Ko-i-Staun Foot Soldiery in Summer Costume, Actively employed among the Rocks' {{!}} Online Collection {{!}} National Army Museum, London|url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1966-08-26-12|access-date=2020-08-29|website=collection.nam.ac.uk}}</ref> and fought in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First]] and [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]s.

==Features==
[[File:Mir Alam of Kohistan region in Afghanistan (full page in book) cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Lithograph dated during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] of a [[Tajiks|Tajik]] warrior ([[Kohistan District, Kapisa|Kohistani]]) and his jezail.<ref name="1966-08-26-12"/>]]

Jezails (in Afghanistan) were often handmade weapons. That means, unlike other weapons of the time which were plain and utilitarian, jezails were tended to be well-crafted, personal, and each varied widely in their construction (and decoration).<ref name=Ramsey2016 />

Jezails have very long barrels,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=George Cameron |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |date=13 March 2013 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-13129-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC&dq=jezail&pg=PA322 |language=en |page=322 |quotation= I have seen one, in a private collection, that was about seven feet lonng and of one inch bore.}}</ref> which is uncommon in European counterparts (aside from the Spanish {{Interlanguage link multi|espingarda|es|espingarda}} of the 15th century), but were common in the American rifles, such as the [[Kentucky rifle]].<ref>The jezail is sometimes called "Afghanistan's Kentucky rifle". {{cite book |last1=Silinsky |first1=Mark |title=The Taliban: Afghanistan's Most Lethal Insurgents |date=17 April 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-39898-8 |page=192 |language=en}}</ref> These American rifles were of a smaller caliber (typically {{convert|.35|to|.45|in|mm|abbr=out}}) as their primary use was hunting, while jezails had a caliber of {{convert|.50|to|.75|in|mm|abbr=out}} and larger, making them suitable for warfare. Having a long length, jezail was heavier (typically {{convert|12|to|14|lb|kg|abbr=out}}) than typical [[musket]]s of the time (typically {{convert|9|to|10|lb|kg|abbr=out}}). This allowed the use of larger calibers. The heavy weight of the jezail also reduced [[recoil]].<ref name=Ramsey2016 /><ref name=Jalali2017>{{cite book |last1=Jalali |first1=Ali Ahmad |title=A Military History of Afghanistan: From the Great Game to the Global War on Terror |date=17 March 2017 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-2407-2 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhGrEAAAQBAJ&dq=jezail&pg=PA99 |language=en}}</ref> The jezail has a relatively long range of {{convert|457|m}},<ref name=Stronge2014 /> In comparison, a Brown Bess had an effective range of {{convert|150|yards}} and accurate range of {{convert|50|yards}}.<ref name=Jalali2017 /> According to some British soldiers, jezails fired a ball three times larger than that of a musket ball, with an accurate range of {{convert|400|yards}}.<ref name=Jalali2017 />

The main weakness of the jezail was its low rate of fire: it fired one shot every two or three minutes, in comparison to two or three shots per minute by a musket. This made it unsuitable during offensive action, while a deadly weapon as a sniper weapon in the mountains, as well as against advancing forces on an open battlefield.<ref name=Jalali2017 /> In an attack, a soldier carried two or three jezails on his horse and after shooting with them, would return to a safe distance to reload, or proceed with [[hand-to-hand combat]].<ref name=Jalali2017 /><ref name=Adamec2011 />

Although jezails were mostly [[smoothbore]] weapons, some had their barrels [[rifled]], which, combined with the barrel's long length, made it a very accurate weapon for its time.<ref name=Ramsey2016 />

The [[Lock (firearm)|lock]] and [[Trigger (firearms)|trigger]] mechanism was either a [[matchlock]] or a [[flintlock]]. Due to the complexity of the latter and difficulty of manufacture, many jezails used the lock mechanism from captured or broken [[Brown Bess]] muskets.<ref name=Ramsey2016 /><ref name=Stronge2014>{{cite book |last1=Stronge |first1=Charles |title=Sniper in Action: History, Equipment, Techniques |date=5 March 2014 |publisher=Amber Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-907446-84-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8g_PBQAAQBAJ&dq=jezail&pg=PT29 |language=en}}</ref>

A unique feature of the jezail was the handmade stock, which had a distinctive curve and was intricately decorated.<ref>A description from the [[British Library]] dating to the First Anglo-Afghan War:
{{Quotation|They loved to decorate their rifles: [[James Rattray|Rattray]] writes of finding one adorned with human teeth.|source={{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000562u00012000.html |title=Ko-i-staun foot soldiery in summer costume (lithograph, British Library) |access-date=2011-03-18 |archive-date=2012-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021000354/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000562u00012000.html |url-status=dead }} }}</ref> The role of the curve is debated. It may have made the stock lighter while still being able to be fired from the shoulder safely. It also allows firing by grasping the weapon near the trigger, like a [[pistol]], while the curved portion is tucked under the forearm (as opposed to being held to the shoulder), allowing firing with one hand while mounted. In this case the [[flash pan]] is dangerously too close to the face and the aiming would also be more difficult, therefore this method was probably used only while mounted. The weapon could otherwise be fired from a forked A-shaped rest (which is common in Central Asia),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=George Cameron |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |date=13 March 2013 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-13129-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC&dq=jezail&pg=PA322 |language=en |page=323}}</ref> a horn, or a metal [[bipod]],<ref name=Ramsey2016 /><ref name=Stronge2014 /> which further improved accuracy.<ref name=Johnson2011>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Robert |title=The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight |date=12 December 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-979856-8 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIwwdLiEf4AC&dq=jezail&pg=PA85 |language=en}}</ref>

== Operational history ==

=== In Persia ===
{{also|Military_of_Afsharid_Iran#Jazāyerchi}}
[[File:Jahangusha-ye Naderi 06.jpg|thumb|The elite jazayerchi unit shoot from a hill as [[Nader Shah]]'s forces push the Ottoman army back at the [[Battle of Yeghevārd]].]]

The ''jazayer'' ({{langx|fa|جزایر}} ''jazāyer'' or {{langx|fa|جزائر}} ''jazā'er'') was the primary weapon of the elite military unit ''jazayerchi'' ({{lang|fa|جزایرچی}} ''jazāyerchī'') introduced by the Safavid [[Shah Abbas II]]. Due to its heavy weight, it was fired on a tripod.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bläsing |first1=Uwe |last2=Arakelova |first2=Victoria |last3=Weinreich |first3=Matthias |title=Studies on Iran and The Caucasus: In Honour of Garnik Asatrian |date=14 July 2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30206-8 |page=82 |language=en}}</ref>

The Safavid general [[Nader Shah]], who later founded the [[Afsharid dynasty]], also maintained and trained an elite ''jazayerchi'' troops, which he used in [[Naderian Wars|his Wars]] with great effect.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Axworthy |first1=Michael |title=Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant |date=24 March 2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-416-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Anglo-Afghan Wars ===
[[File:Afghan foot soldiers in 1841.jpg|thumb|Afghan foot soldiers in 1841.]]
[[File:Group of Afridi fighters in 1878.jpg|thumb|Group of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] Tribesmen (Afridi) fighters in 1878, pictured with their jezails, during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]].]]
During this period, the jezail was the primary weapon used by the [[Pashtun tribes|Pashtuns]] and was used with great effect during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aga Jan, an officer of the Kohistan rangers; Meer Humzu, trooper of the first regiment, Janbaz cavalry; a serjeant of Affghan infantry; Ahmed Khan, private Kohistan rangers|url=http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-6a3d-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99|access-date=2020-07-24|website=NYPL Digital Collections|language=en}}</ref> The range and accuracy of jezail, combined with the sniping tactics of the Afghans, made it superior to the British [[Brown Bess]] smoothbore muskets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodge |first1=Carl Cavanagh |title=War, Strategy and the Modern State, 1792–1914 |date=25 November 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-39137-3 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCAlDwAAQBAJ&dq=jezail&pg=PA57 |language=en}}</ref> The latter was effective at no more than 150 yards, and unable to be consistently accurate beyond 50 yards. Because of their advantage in range, Pashtun marksmen typically used the jezail from the tops of cliffs along valleys and [[Defile (geography)|defiles]] during ambushes.<ref name=Jalali2017 /> [[Charles James Napier|Sir Charles Napier]] claims however that the musket was overall the superior weapon.<ref name=Adamec2011 /> The jezailchees repeatedly inflicted heavy casualties on the British during their [[1842 retreat from Kabul|1842 retreat from Kabul to Jalalabad]].

In the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] the British established a [[cantonment]] outside of Kabul with dirt walls approximately waist high. Surrounding the cantonment were several abandoned forts which, although out of range of British muskets, were close enough for jezail fire. When [[Ghazi (warrior)|ghazi]] and other Pashtuns forces besieged Kabul and the cantonment, they occupied the forts and used them to snipe at British forces from a safe range.{{fact|date=February 2021}} The Pashtun marksmen typically fired jezail while entrenched in a ''pushtah'' (individual rampart made of rocks).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Society |first1=Pakistan Historical |title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |date=2006 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society. |page=83 |language=en}}</ref>

A description from the [[British Library]] dating to the First Anglo-Afghan War:
{{Quotation|Afghan snipers were expert marksmen and their juzzails fired roughened bullets, long iron nails or even pebbles over a range of some 250 metres. The Afghans could fling the large rifles across their shoulders as if they were feathers and spring nimbly from rock to rock.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000562u00012000.html |title=Ko-i-staun foot soldiery in summer costume (lithograph, British Library) |access-date=2011-03-18 |archive-date=2012-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021000354/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000562u00012000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

At any rate, the British histories that focus on the claimed superiority of the jezail as weapon do not explain the failures of the jezailchis to halt [[Kabul Expedition (1842)|British offensives in 1842]].<ref name=Johnson2011 />

=== In India ===
''Jazail'' or ''Jazair'' in India was a [[swivel gun]] falling between a firearm and an artillery, with a length of {{convert|7|to|8|feet}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramsey |first1=Syed |title=Tools of War: History of Weapons in Medieval Times |date=1 September 2016 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-86834-13-3 |language=en}}</ref> The operator of the gun was called ''jazā'il-andāz'' or ''jazā'ilchī'' in [[Hindustani language]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Duncan |title=A Smaller Hindustani and English Dictionary |date=1861 |publisher=Sampson, Low |page=203 |language=en}}</ref> Related words or spellings are ''gingall'', ''janjal'', ''ganjal'', ''gazail''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butalia |first1=Romesh C. |title=The Evolution of the Artillery in India: From the Battle of Plassey (1757) to the Revolt of 1857 |date=1998 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-872-0 |page=52 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Contemporary use ===
The jezail was still in use in Afghanistan in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=James W. |last2=Gilmour |first2=Brian J. J. |title=Persian Steel: The Tanavoli Collection |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press for the Board of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford and the British Institute of Persian Studies |isbn=978-0-19-728025-6 |page=158 |language=en}}</ref> It was replaced by the Martini-Henry and other domestic and foreign rifles.<ref name=Adamec2011 /> Limited numbers were used by [[Mujahideen]] rebels during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]. Jezails can still be found in arms [[bazaar]]s of [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=Adamec2011 />

Derivatives of the jezail, barely recognizable, and usually termed "[[improvised firearm|country-made weapons]]", are in use in rural [[India]]—especially in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

==In English literature==
The jezail is the weapon which wounded [[Dr. Watson]]—the fictional biographer of the fictional detective [[Sherlock Holmes]]—in the [[Battle of Maiwand]] during his military service in Afghanistan. There are discrepancies regarding the location of the wound, though; in ''[[A Study in Scarlet]]'', Watson mentions it to be in the shoulder,<ref>Doyle, Arthur Conan. ''A Study in Scarlet'', 1887</ref> while in ''[[The Sign of the Four]]'', he mentions his leg,<ref>Doyle, Arthur Conan. ''The Sign of the Four'', 1890</ref> and in "[[The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor]]" he refers to the Jezail bullet being "in one of my limbs".<ref name=Ramsey2016 />

The jezail is mentioned repeatedly in some of [[Wilbur Smith]]'s books, notably ''[[Monsoon (novel)|Monsoon]]''. It was also mentioned in the [[George MacDonald Fraser]] adventure ''[[Flashman (novel)|Flashman]]'', whose protagonist describes the slaughter by Afghan jezailchis during the [[1842 retreat from Kabul]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fraser |first=George MacDonald |title=Flashman : from the Flashman papers, 1839-1842 |date=1969 |isbn=0-257-66799-7 |location=London |oclc=29733 |quote=At first it was well enough, and we were unmolested. It looked as though Akbar had his folk under control, and then suddenly the jezzails began to crack from the ledges, and men began to fall, and the army staggered blindly in the snow.}}</ref>

The weapon appears in [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s 1886 poem "Arithmetic on the Frontier", where the low cost of the weapon is contrasted with the relatively expensive training and education of British officers:
:''A scrimmage in a Border Station''
:''A canter down some dark defile''
:''Two thousand pounds of education''
:''Drops to a ten-rupee jezail.''

In Kipling's novel ''[[The Man Who Would Be King]]'', the Kohat Jezail is mentioned along with the more advanced British rifles [[Snider-Enfield|Snider]] and [[Martini-Henry|Martini]].<ref>{{cite web | title=The Man Who Would be King | date=10 May 2021 | url=https://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/tale/the-man-who-would-be-king.htm }}</ref><ref name=Ramsey2016 />

[[P. G. Wodehouse]] in ''[[Jill the Reckless]]'' (1920) describes how the character Uncle Chris, in India during his first hill-campaign, would "walk up and down in front of his men under a desultory shower of jezail-bullets".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wodehouse |first=P.G. |title=The Little Warrior |year=1920 |chapter=XX, part 3}}</ref>

The rifle is also mentioned by [[Brian Jacques]] in his adventure novel, ''[[Voyage of Slaves]]''.

== In popular culture ==
* ''[[Team Fortress 2]]'' features the "Bazaar Bargain", a weapon for the Sniper modeled after the Jezail.
* In the first case of ''[[The Great Ace Attorney]]'', the victim is Dr. John Watson (changed to "Wilson" in the localization). His killer is revealed to be Jezaille Brett, a woman whose name references Watson's wounding by Jezail rifle in the original books.
* Jezails are one of the units available for Skaven factions in [[Total War: Warhammer III]]

== See also ==
* [[Moukahla]], a similar North African musket
* [[Kariofili]], musket of the Greek revolution with similar stock shape
* [[Tançica]], a long barreled musket from Albania
* [[Shishane]], miquelet used in the Ottoman Empire
* [[Džeferdar]], ornate musket from Montenegro
* [[Boyliya]], Bulgarian musket with unique lock
* [[Khirimi]], Caucasian miquelet musket
* [[Arquebus]]

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
* Tanner, Stephen, (2002) ''Afghanistan: A Military History From Alexander the Great to the Fall of the Taliban'', Da Capo Press, {{ISBN|0-306-81233-9}}
* "Firearms of the Islamic world in the Tareq Rajab Museum, Kuwait" By Robert Elgood

{{Early firearms}}

[[Category:Indo-Persian weaponry]]
[[Category:Muskets]]
[[Category:18th-century weapons]]
[[Category:19th-century weapons]]
[[Category:Weapons of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Rifles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Rifles of India]]

Kaustuv Sanyal

2026-02-07T23:30:01Z

Saurabh jain: starting a info more to come

{{Short description|Indian molecular biologist, mycologist and professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kaustuv Sanyal
| image = Kaustuv Sanyal.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = Berhampore, West Bengal, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular biology]] | [[Mycology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] }}
Visiting Professor, Osaka University, Japan (2020 - 2023)
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya]] | [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] | [[Bose Institute]] }}
University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| doctoral_advisor = Prof. Pratima Sinha
| academic_advisors = John Carbon
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on pathogenic yeasts
| awards = {{ublist| 2012 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }}
2017 Tata Innovation Award by the Department of Biotechnology, Govt of India
2020 JC Bose National Fellowship by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India
2022 Sun Pharma Science Foundation Research Award - Basic Science 2022
2022 GNR Gold Medal for Excellence in Biological Sciences and Technology by CSIR, Govt. of India
| website = https://www.jncasr.ac.in/faculty/sanyal
}}
'''Kaustuv Sanyal''' (born 1969) is an Indian molecular biologist, mycologist and Director of Bose Institute in Kolkata. He is a professor at the Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR).<ref name="Faculty - JNCASR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/faculty.php?d=mb |title=Faculty - JNCASR |date=2018-02-03 |website=www.jncasr.ac.in |access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref> He is known for his molecular and genetic studies of pathogenic yeasts such as [[Candida albicans|Candida]] and [[Cryptococcus]]).<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/sanyal/ |title=Faculty profile |date=2018-02-03 |website=www.jncasr.ac.in |access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref> An alumnus of [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya]] and [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] from where he earned a BSc in agriculture and MSc in biotechnology respectively, Sanyal did his doctoral studies at [[Bose Institute]] to secure a PhD in Yeast genetics.<ref name="Faculty Member - F1000Prime">{{Cite web |url=https://f1000.com/prime/thefaculty/member/1303935136244309 |title=Faculty Member - F1000Prime |date=2018-02-03 |website=f1000.com |access-date=2018-02-03}}</ref> He moved to the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA<ref>{{cite web |title=Home {{!}} UC Santa Barbara |url=https://www.ucsb.edu/ |website=www.ucsb.edu |language=en}}</ref> to work in the laboratory of [[John Carbon]] on the discovery of centromeres in ''Candida albicans''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanyal |first1=K |last2=Baum |first2=M |last3=Carbon |first3=J |title=Centromeric DNA sequences in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans are all different and unique. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=3 August 2004 |volume=101 |issue=31 |pages=11374–9 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0404318101 |pmid=15272074|pmc=509209 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10111374S |doi-access=free }}</ref> He joined JNCASR<ref>{{cite web |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/ |website=www.jncasr.ac.in}}</ref> in 2005. He is a member of the [[Faculty of 1000]] in the disciplines of Microbial Evolution and Genomics and has delivered invited speeches which include the Gordon Research Conference,<ref>{{cite web |title=2014 Centromere Biology Conference GRC |url=https://www.grc.org/centromere-biology-conference/2014/ |website=www.grc.org |language=en}}</ref> EMBO conferences on [[comparative genomics]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workshops |first1=EMBO Courses & |title=Comparative genomics of eukaryotic microbes: Dissecting sources of evolutionary diversity |url=http://meetings.embo.org/event/17-eukaryotes |website=meetings.embo.org}}</ref> and kinetochores.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Workshops |first1=EMBO Courses & |title=Dynamic kinetochore |url=http://events.embo.org/17-kinetochore/ |website=events.embo.org |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704154834/http://events.embo.org/17-kinetochore/ }}</ref> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2012.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf }}</ref> He has also been awarded with the prestigious Tata Innovation Fellowship in 2017. The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as a fellow in 2014.<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI fellows |date=2018-01-25 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2018-01-25 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S }}</ref> He is also an elected fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences (2017),<ref>{{cite web |title=Fellowship {{!}} Indian Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sanyal,_Prof._Kaustuv |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en}}</ref> and the Indian National Science Academy (2018).<ref>{{cite web |title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/P18-1792 |website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref> In 2019, he has been elected to Fellowship in the American Academy of Microbiology (AAM), the honorific leadership group within the American Society for Microbiology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Gautam |last2=Sankaranarayanan |first2=Sundar Ram |last3=Guin |first3=Krishnendu |last4=Thattikota |first4=Yogitha |last5=Padmanabhan |first5=Sreedevi |last6=Siddharthan |first6=Rahul |last7=Sanyal |first7=Kaustuv |title=Repeat-Associated Fission Yeast-Like Regional Centromeres in the Ascomycetous Budding Yeast Candida tropicalis |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=4 February 2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |article-number=e1005839 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005839|pmid=26845548 |pmc=4741521 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Sheng |last2=Yadav |first2=Vikas |last3=Billmyre |first3=R. Blake |last4=Cuomo |first4=Christina A. |last5=Nowrousian |first5=Minou |last6=Wang |first6=Liuyang |last7=Souciet |first7=Jean-Luc |last8=Boekhout |first8=Teun |last9=Porcel |first9=Betina |last10=Wincker |first10=Patrick |last11=Granek |first11=Joshua A. |last12=Sanyal |first12=Kaustuv |last13=Heitman |first13=Joseph |title=Fungal genome and mating system transitions facilitated by chromosomal translocations involving intercentromeric recombination |journal=PLOS Biology |date=11 August 2017 |volume=15 |issue=8 |article-number=e2002527 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2002527|pmid=28800596 |pmc=5568439 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Vikas |last2=Sun |first2=Sheng |last3=Billmyre |first3=R. Blake |last4=Thimmappa |first4=Bhagya C. |last5=Shea |first5=Terrance |last6=Lintner |first6=Robert |last7=Bakkeren |first7=Guus |last8=Cuomo |first8=Christina A. |last9=Heitman |first9=Joseph |last10=Sanyal |first10=Kaustuv |title=RNAi is a critical determinant of centromere evolution in closely related fungi |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=20 March 2018 |volume=115 |issue=12 |pages=3108–3113 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1713725115|pmid=29507212 |pmc=5866544 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.3108Y |doi-access=free }}</ref> He was awarded the J.C. Bose National Fellowship in 2020.

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Sridhar |first1=Shreyas |last2=Dumbrepatil |first2=Arti |last3=Sreekumar |first3=Lakshmi |last4=Sankaranarayanan |first4=Sundar Ram |last5=Guin |first5=Krishnendu |last6=Sanyal |first6=Kaustuv |date=2017 |editor-last=S.ndal |editor-first=Subhrangsu |title=Centromere and Kinetochore: Essential Components for Chromosome Segregation |language=en |publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA |pages=259–288 |doi=10.1002/9783527697274.ch9 |isbn=978-3-527-69727-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sreekumar |first1=Lakshmi |last2=Varshney |first2=Neha |last3=Sanyal |first3=Kaustuv |chapter=Chromosome Components Important for Genome Stability in Candida albicans and Related Species |date=2017 |title=Candida albicans: Cellular and Molecular Biology |language=en |publisher=Springer, Cham |pages=233–251 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-50409-4_12 |isbn=978-3-319-50408-7}}
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanyal |first1=K |last2=Carbon |first2=J |title=The CENP-A homolog CaCse4p in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans is a centromere protein essential for chromosome transmission. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=1 October 2002 |volume=99 |issue=20 |pages=12969–74 |doi=10.1073/pnas.162488299 |pmid=12271118|pmc=130570 |bibcode=2002PNAS...9912969S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanyal |first1=K |last2=Baum |first2=M |last3=Carbon |first3=J |title=Centromeric DNA sequences in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans are all different and unique. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=3 August 2004 |volume=101 |issue=31 |pages=11374–9 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0404318101 |pmid=15272074|pmc=509209 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10111374S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baum |first1=M |last2=Sanyal |first2=K |last3=Mishra |first3=PK |last4=Thaler |first4=N |last5=Carbon |first5=J |title=Formation of functional centromeric chromatin is specified epigenetically in Candida albicans. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=3 October 2006 |volume=103 |issue=40 |pages=14877–82 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0606958103 |pmid=17001001|pmc=1595444 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10314877B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=S. |last2=Thakur |first2=J. |last3=Siddharthan |first3=R. |last4=Sanyal |first4=K. |title=Rapid evolution of Cse4p-rich centromeric DNA sequences in closely related pathogenic yeasts, Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=5 December 2008 |volume=105 |issue=50 |pages=19797–19802 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0809770105|pmid=19060206 |pmc=2604992 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10519797P |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanyal |first1=Kaustuv |last2=Heitman |first2=Joseph |title=How Do Microbial Pathogens Make CENs? |journal=PLOS Pathogens |date=9 February 2012 |volume=8 |issue=2 |article-number=e1002463 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002463|pmid=22346745 |pmc=3276562 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=Jitendra |last2=Sanyal |first2=Kaustuv |title=A Coordinated Interdependent Protein Circuitry Stabilizes the Kinetochore Ensemble to Protect CENP-A in the Human Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=19 April 2012 |volume=8 |issue=4 |article-number=e1002661 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002661|pmid=22536162 |pmc=3334883 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=J. |last2=Sanyal |first2=K. |title=Efficient neocentromere formation is suppressed by gene conversion to maintain centromere function at native physical chromosomal loci in Candida albicans |journal=Genome Research |date=25 February 2013 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=638–652 |doi=10.1101/gr.141614.112|pmid=23439889 |pmc=3613581 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mitra |first1=Sreyoshi |last2=Gómez-Raja |first2=Jonathan |last3=Larriba |first3=Germán |last4=Dubey |first4=Dharani Dhar |last5=Sanyal |first5=Kaustuv |title=Rad51–Rad52 Mediated Maintenance of Centromeric Chromatin in Candida albicans |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=24 April 2014 |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e1004344 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004344|pmid=24762765 |pmc=3998917 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Chromosome segregation]]
* [[Candida albicans]]
{{Div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 2010–2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanyal, Kaustuv}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]

2025 Gulzar Houz fire

2026-02-05T00:26:39Z

Saurabh jain: Made The Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Structure fire in India}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox disaster
| title = 2025 Gulzar Houz fire
| image =
| caption =
| date = 18 May 2025
| time = ~4:45 AM IST
| place = [[Gulzar Houz]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| cause = Suspected electrical short circuit
| reported deaths = 17
| reported injuries = Several
| property damage = Extensive damage to a three-story building
}}

A fire in a building in [[Hyderabad]], India, on 18 May 2025, killed 17 people, including eight children, and injured several more. The deceased, all members of the same family, were gathered for a family reunion when a fire broke out in the early morning. At about 4:45 am ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), a display cabinet on the ground floor of the building, which housed a pearl shop, short-circuited and caused an explosion in an air conditioning unit's compressor. Fire rapidly spread through the building, exacerbated by wooden interiors and a lack of proper ventilation.

A worker noticed the fire, and alerted the family, who attempted to extinguish the fire themselves for about 45 minutes before emergency services were contacted; this delay contributed to the severity of the fire. The rest of the family went to the first floor to escape the smoke. At 6 am, two women from the family exited the building to alert nearby people about the fire, and those people contacted emergency services, who received the first distress call 16 minutes later. Eleven fire engines were dispatched, and the fire was brought under control by 9 am.

Many politicians, both at the national and state level, offered condolences. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[Telangana]] state government announced [[ex gratia]] payments to the family of the deceased and to the injured. Telangana chief minister [[Revanth Reddy]] ordered a committee to investigate the fire; {{As of|2025|July|lc=y}}, there has not been any instructions given to the committee members nor the release of a report.

== Background ==
The eight-room three-storey (G+2)<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Bhoomi |first=Vivek |date=2025-05-21 |title=Hyderabad Gulzar Houz fire: Buildings lack proper earthing, finds Power dept |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-gulzar-houz-fire-buildings-lack-proper-earthing-finds-power-dept-3223181/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> building was estimated to be about 125 years old at the time of the fire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garari |first=Kaniza |date=2025-05-19 |title=The meter box was closed in the wood panel: How fire killed 17 from a family in Hyderabad's Gulzar House |url=https://newsmeter.in/top-stories/the-meter-box-was-closed-in-the-wood-panel-how-fire-killed-17-from-a-family-in-hyderabads-gulzar-house-748635 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Newsmeter |language=en}}</ref> It was built in the [[Architecture of Hyderabad|Nizam-Hyderabadi]] style by Manoharlal Poonamchand, an immigrant from [[Rajasthan]] and the founder of Modi Pearls, and was inhabited by his descendants, the Modi family.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Naveen |last2=Kaur |first2=Lavpreet |date=2025-05-30 |title=Hyderabad Gulzar Houz fire tragedy: Smoke, sorrow and a system on fire |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hyderabad-gulzar-houz-fire-tragedy-smoke-sorrow-and-a-system-on-fire/article69635229.ece |access-date=2025-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-19 |title=Hyderabad: Grief, silence linger as Gulzar Houz fire victim’s kin return to charred home to collect belongings |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-grief-silence-linger-as-gulzar-houz-fire-victims-kin-return-to-charred-home-to-collect-belongings |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> There were shops on the ground floor and the family lived on the first and second floors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sameer |date=2025-05-19 |title=Hyderabad fire accident: Brave duo returning from namaz try to rescue people |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-fire-accident-brave-duo-returning-from-namaz-try-to-rescue-people-3222484/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', the building was centered around a central courtyard with a [[skylight]].<ref name=":3" />

The [[extended family]] from across India had gathered at the house to attend a [[family reunion]] in [[Attapur]], and children were present due to the [[Summer vacation|summer holidays]].<ref name=":4" /> A total of about 21 people were in the building when the fire broke out,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=2025-05-18 |title=At least 17 from a single family killed in massive fire in southern India |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/hyderabad-fire-hulzar-houz-family-kishan-reddy-b2753181.html |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> and were asleep.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarlagadda |first=Amarendra |date=2025-05-19 |title=హైదరాబాద్: గుల్జార్ హౌజ్ అగ్ని ప్రమాద తీవ్రతకు 7 కారణాలు ఇవే... |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/articles/c0718dgzp2ro |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=BBC News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

The building's wooden interiors and lack of ventilation facilitated the rapid spread of smoke and flames. Additionally, the structure had only a single narrow exit, hindering evacuation efforts. The absence of basic fire safety measures, such as fire extinguishers and proper electrical earthing, further exacerbated the situation.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite news |date=20 May 2025 |title=Wooden interiors, lack of ventilation exacerbated fire at Gulzar Houz building in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/wooden-interiors-lack-of-ventilation-exacerbated-fire-at-gulzar-houz-building-in-hyderabad/articleshow/121254170.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Parked motorcycles completely blocked the ground floor exit and their fuel further fed the fire.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Md Zakariya |date=19 May 2025 |title='No calls for help': Locals recall horror as 17 die in Hyderabad blaze |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/hyderabad-charminar-gulzar-houz-fire-family-dead-eyewitnesses-125051900353_1.html |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> The building had 14 [[air conditioning]] (AC) units, which put excessive pressure on aged power cables.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gattimi |first=Siddhardha |date=2025-05-21 |title=Gulzar Houz tragedy: Weakened by fire intensity, building may be razed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/May/21/gulzar-houz-tragedy-weakened-by-fire-intensity-building-may-be-razed |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Likely due to the presence of the AC units, all of the windows in the building were closed, which caused the building to effectively act as a [[gas chamber]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhir |first=Uma |date=2025-05-19 |editor-last=Mitra |editor-first=Chandrajit |title=How Hyderabad Building Turned Into Gas Chamber As Fire Raged |url=https://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/single-entry-closed-windows-what-led-to-18-deaths-in-hyderabad-fire-8445984 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

== Incident ==
The fire reportedly started around 4:45 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] in the ground-floor pearl shop of the building, likely due to a short circuit in the display cabinet's wiring. This led to an explosion in the air-conditioner's compressor, causing the fire to spread rapidly through the building, which had wooden interiors and lacked proper ventilation.<ref name=":7" />

A worker noticed the fire, and alerted the family, three of whom attempted to extinguish the fire with buckets and domestic water pipes for approximately 45 minutes before emergency services were contacted. The delay in reporting the fire contributed to the severity of the incident.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baski |first=Sunny |date=22 May 2025 |title=Gulzar Houz blaze: Modi family battled blaze 40 mins before calling fire services |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/gulzar-houz-blaze-modi-family-battled-blaze-40-mins-before-calling-fire-services/articleshow/121323571.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-22 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Sameer |title=Hyderabad fire accident: Reason behind uncontrolled blaze revealed |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-fire-accident-reason-behind-uncontrolled-blaze-revealed-3223771/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> The remaining family members went to the first floor to escape the smoke, as they expected the fire to be brought under control and assumed that it would not spread.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-21 |title=Hyderabad's Gulzar Houz building fire likely started due to short circuit in pearl shop |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabads-gulzar-houz-building-fire-likely-started-due-to-short-circuit-in-pearl-shop |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

At 6 am IST, two women from the family exited the building to alert nearby people about the fire; these people contacted emergency services.<ref name=":2" /> The first distress call was received by emergency services at 6:16 am IST, after which a [[fire engine]] from [[Moghalpura]] was dispatched, and it reached the building four minutes later. Ten more fire engines responded to the incident and a total of 87 firefighters were involved in the rescue operation. The firefighters could not use the entrance, as it was blocked by motorcycles, and instead entered the neighboring building and knocked down a wall on the second floor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nallella |first=Prathyush |date=2025-05-18 |title=17 Killed In Major Fire Accident Near Charminar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/6-killed-in-major-fire-accident-near-charminar |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> The fire was brought under control by 9 am IST.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-18 |title=What led to the Hyderabad building fire that killed 17? Official reveals cause |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-led-to-the-hyderabad-building-fire-that-killed-17-official-reveals-cause-gulzar-houz-fire-101747559190309.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519204635/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-led-to-the-hyderabad-building-fire-that-killed-17-official-reveals-cause-gulzar-houz-fire-101747559190309.html |archive-date=2025-05-19 |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

Before emergency services had arrived, thirteen people were saved by two men returning from ''[[namaz]]'' (morning prayers). They had rushed into the building at 6:10 am after they heard two women yelling {{Transliteration|hi|Bhaiya, bachao!}} ("Brother, save us!" in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]). After breaking down two barriers, they found a room with women and children trapped inside. Then, they climbed to the second floor, where they found six more people. The two brought survivors out of the building at 8:40 am.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Naveen |date=2025-05-18 |title=Hyderabad Gulzar Houz fire: Men returning from namaz turn saviours, say 'we broke a wall to get in' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/we-broke-a-wall-to-get-in-men-returning-from-namaz-turn-saviours-in-hyderabad-blaze/article69590083.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Other bystanders assisted fire and ambulance crews in various ways, such as directing traffic as [[ad hoc]] traffic police, helping firefighters set up ladders and hoses, and assisting ambulance crews with stretchers.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-18 |title=Hyderabad Gulzar Houz fire tragedy: Residents join firefighting, rescue ops |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-gulzar-houz-fire-tragedy-residents-join-firefighting-rescue-ops |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casualties ===
All 17 victims were members of jeweler Prahlad Modi's family, spanning three generations,<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |last=Tomar |first=Ajay |date=20 May 2025 |title=17 of jeweller's family, 8 kids among them, die in fire near Hyderabad Charminar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/17-of-jewellers-family-8-kids-among-them-die-in-fire-near-hyderabad-charminar/articleshow/121255030.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and all had [[Asphyxia|asphyxiated]] due to the smoke; their bodies were recovered unburnt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kharade |first=Prathamesh |title=Gulzar House Fire: Suspected Short Circuit, Toxic Fumes Due To Deadly Fire In Hyderabad Building Killed 17, Including 8 Children |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/gulzar-house-fire-suspected-short-circuit-toxic-fumes-due-to-deadly-fire-in-hyderabad-building-killed-17-including-8-children |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> All of the child victims were below the age of seven.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-19 |editor-last=Nair |editor-first=Veena |title=Hyderabad fire accident: Govt guilty of criminal negligence, says KTR |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-fire-accident-govt-guilty-of-criminal-negligence-says-ktr-3222548/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> Three of the victims had previously escaped, but were overcome by smoke and heat after they reentered the burning building to save others.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Lavpreet |last2=Kumar |first2=Naveen |date=2025-05-18 |title=Gulzar Houz fire accident: Pearl traders' legacy burnt to ashes, 17 from three generations killed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/gulzar-houz-fire-accident-pearl-traders-legacy-burnt-to-ashes-17-from-three-generations-killed/article69590940.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The remains of the victims were brought to the [[Osmania General Hospital]]'s [[mortuary]] at around 11:30 am from various hospitals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Siddharth Kumar |date=2025-05-18 |title=Hyderabad Gulzar Houz fire: Tears, chaos and questions at Osmania General Hospital mortuary after fire tragedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-fire-tears-chaos-and-questions-at-osmania-general-hospital-mortuary-after-fire-tragedy/article69590081.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Fifteen of the victims were cremated in Puranapul, in the presence of police and the Hyderabad district collector, and two were cremated in [[Punjagutta]] and [[Kukatpally]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhoomi |first=Vivek |date=2025-05-18 |title=Gulzar Houz fire accident: Families mourn, demand answers |url=https://www.siasat.com/gulzar-houz-fire-accident-families-mourn-demand-answers-3222301/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref>

An unnamed fire official quoted by ''The Hindu'' said that the death toll would have been lower if the occupants of the building had instead "rushed to the terrace".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2025-05-18 |title=Charminar fire accident: Two narrow entrances blamed for high toll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/charminar-fire-accident-two-narrow-entrances-blamed-for-high-toll/article69589843.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Though the door to the terrace was locked, four people were rescued from it by ladder.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sricharan |title=Hyderabad Fire Claims 17 Lives, Including 8 Children, Near Charminar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/hyderabad-fire-claims-17-lives-including-8-children-near-charminar-heres-all-you-need-to-know-2902888.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] said that he was 'deeply anguished' by the incident and announced a {{INRConvert|200000||lk=on|year=2025}} payment to the deceased's [[next of kin]], and {{INRConvert|50000||lk=c|year=2025}} to the injured; both of which to be paid from the [[Prime Minister's National Relief Fund]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad's Gulzar House Fire: PM Modi Condoles Loss Of 17 Lives, Announces ₹2 Lakh Ex Gratia For Kin Of Deceased |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/hyderabads-gulzar-house-fire-pm-modi-condoles-loss-of-lives-in-blaze-that-claimed-17-lives-announces-2-lakh-ex-gratia-for-kin-of-deceased |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |agency=Asian News International}}</ref> President [[Droupadi Murmu]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-18 |title=Massive fire near Charminar claims 17 lives, state announces Rs 5L ex gratia |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-fire-accident-near-charminar-claims-17-lives-around-10-injured-3222040/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> [[Lok Sabha]] opposition leader [[Rahul Gandhi]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. |first=Rajesh |date=2025-05-19 |title=Rahul mourns city fire tragedy |url=https://www.telanganatribune.com/rahul-mourns-city-fire-tragedy/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Telangana Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan Kumar |date=2025-05-18 |title=Rahul Gandhi express shock over fire accident at Gulzar House in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/rahul-gandhi-express-shock-over-fire-accident-at-gulzar-house-in-hyderabad-972135 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> Minister of Home Affairs [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]], and Legislature Party Leader [[Alleti Maheshwar Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-18 |title=Kishan Reddy urges govt. to conduct fire safety audit of buildings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kishan-reddy-urges-govt-to-conduct-fire-safety-audit-of-buildings/article69589882.ece |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> offered condolences.

The [[Government of Telangana]] announced a {{INRConvert|500000||lk=c|year=2025}} payment to the deceased's family members.<ref name=":1" /> Chief minister [[Revanth Reddy]] ordered an investigation into the cause of the fire.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-18 |title=Hyderabad Gulzar Houz fire accident: CM Revanth Reddy orders probe into fire accident, commends fire personnel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-gulzar-houz-fire-accident-cm-revanth-reddy-orders-probe-into-fire-accident-commends-fire-personnel/article69591321.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> {{As of|2025|July|2}}, no report has been issued by the investigative committee, nor have there been any instructions given to the committee members.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Lavpreet |date=2025-07-01 |title=44 days on, Gulzar Houz fire probe panel awaits direction; another formed for Sangareddy blast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/44-days-on-gulzar-houz-fire-probe-panel-awaits-direction-another-formed-for-sangareddy-blast/article69760511.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Telangana State Human Rights Commission said that they suspected [[gross negligence]] in the building's electrical and fire safety systems.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2025 |title=Gulzar Houz fire: Human Rights Commission flags lapses, seeks detailed report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/gulzar-houz-fire-human-rights-commission-flags-lapses-seeks-detailed-report/article69594462.ece |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In July, the Telangana government announced another payment of {{INRConvert|8500000|year=2025}} to the victims, paid from the chief minister's relief fund.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-11 |title=Hyderabad: Rs 85L relief fund sanctioned for Gulzar Houz fire victims |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-rs-85l-relief-fund-sanctioned-for-gulzar-houz-fire-victims-3244659/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Erukala |first=Sandeep |date=2025-07-11 |title=Gulzar Houz Fire Tragedy: Govt Sanctions ₹85 Lakh Ex Gratia for Victims' Families |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/gulzar-houz-fire-tragedy-govt-sanctions-85-lakh-ex-gratia-for-victims-families-1890791 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Former Telangana chief minister [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], former minister [[T. Harish Rao]], and MLC [[Kalvakuntla Kavitha]] offered their condolences to the relatives of the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-18 |title=KCR extends condolences to Gulzar House fire victims, urges State govt to help them |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kcr-extends-condolences-to-gulzar-house-fire-victims-urges-state-govt-to-help-them |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] working president [[K. T. Rama Rao]] criticised Revanth Reddy for not visiting the scene of the fire; K. T. Rama Rao had visited the family's residence in [[Attapur]] to give condolences. He also implored the government to provide a {{INRConvert|2500000|year=2025}} ''[[ex gratia]]'' to each of the families of the victims.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2025 |title=Hyderabad Gulzar Houz fire accident {{!}} BRS working president calls for fire audit in shops and warehouses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-gulzar-houz-fire-accident-brs-working-president-calls-for-fire-audit-in-shops-and-warehouses/article69593559.ece |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[Suchata Chuangsri]], winner of [[Miss World 2025]], posted on social media that she had met three of the girls who died in the fire during a heritage walk in [[Laad Bazaar]] on 15 May, and that she prays for their souls and hopes that they would meet again in their next lives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaty |first=Neelima |date=2025-06-03 |title=Miss World Suchata Chuangsri mourns children she met near Charminar before Gulzar Houz fire |url=https://hyderabadmail.com/opal-suchata-chuangsri-mourns-gulzar-houz-fire-children/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Hyderabad Mail |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-03 |title=Miss World mourns Hyd fire victims with heartfelt note |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/miss-world-mourns-hyd-fire-victims-with-heartfelt-note-1503440962.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> During a visit to the [[Telangana Secretariat]] on 19 May, 10 other Miss World contestants, along with ministers and officials, participated in a [[Moment of silence|minute of silence]] in honour of the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farooqui |first=Zahed |date=2025-05-19 |title=Miss World 2025 contestants pay tribute to Gulzar Houz fire victims at Secretariat |url=https://www.siasat.com/miss-world-2025-contestants-pay-tribute-to-gulzar-houz-fire-victims-at-secretariat-3222536/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref>

Government officials from various departments inspected the site, and the Charminar police registered a case to investigate the incident further.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 May 2025 |title=Officials of various government departments inspect Gulzar Houz fire accident site |url=https://telanganatoday.com/officials-of-various-government-departments-inspect-gulzar-houz-fire-accident-site |work=Telangana Today}}</ref> In response to the incident, the Telangana Fire Department collaborated with a local gaming company to recreate the incident using visual effects (VFX) for investigative and educational purposes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tomar |first=Ajay |date=22 May 2025 |title=Fire department ropes in gaming firm to recreate Gulzar Houz blaze using VFX |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/fire-department-ropes-in-gaming-firm-to-recreate-gulzar-houz-blaze-using-vfx/articleshow/121323544.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The two men that rescued 13 people from the burning building were felicitated by the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] at their headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sameer |date=2025-05-20 |title=Video - Hyderabad fire accident: Madhavi Latha praises, AIMIM felicitates brave men |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-fire-accident-madhavi-latha-praises-aimim-felicitates-brave-men-3222984/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Uphaar Cinema fire]]
* [[Anaj Mandi fire]]
* [[Kamala Mills fire]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OMTSr-7654 17 killed in fire at a building in Gulzar Houz near Charminar – YouTube]

{{Disasters in India in 2025}}
{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:2020s in Telangana]]
[[Category:2025 disasters in India|Gulzar Houz fire]]
[[Category:2025 fires in Asia|Gulzar Houz fire]]
[[Category:21st century in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in India]]
[[Category:May 2025 in India]]

Asai, Etawah

2026-02-02T07:24:45Z

Saurabh jain: Made A Data Basic Info

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Asai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
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| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.68825|N|79.0567|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Etawah district|Etawah]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chakarnagar]]
| established_title = 
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.207
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 942
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
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| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Asai''' ({{IAST|Āsaī}}) is a village in [[Mahewa]] block of [[Etawah district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 942, in 143 households. Its existence is documented since at least the late 1100s, when there was a [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata Shaiva]] [[matha]] here on the banks of the [[Yamuna]], as well as a temple of Someshvara.

== History ==
[[S. Subramonia Iyer]] identified Asai with the place called '''Āsatikā''' or '''Āsatī''' in two [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate grants]]{{refn|group=note|Both grants were found locally at Asai, at apparently the same time, when a farmer happened to dig them up while ploughing a field.<ref name="Subramonia Iyer 1976"/>{{rp|25}}}} dating from the reign of the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gāhaḍavāla dynasty]] king [[Jayachandra]]. The first grant, dated to 2 November 1172, records a land grant{{refn|group=note|The 1172 grant consisted of a field called Lahaḍa-kṣetra, to the south of the [[agrahara|agrahāra]] settlement of Vakradevapura, in Siddhachauṭa-pattala. The field's boundaries with four villages are described in the grant, but other than the village of Gautamapurī, which Subramonia Iyer identified with present-day [[Gautampur, Etawah|Gautampur]], none of them can be identified.<ref name="Subramonia Iyer 1976"/>{{rp|26}}}} by a [[rana (title)|rāṇaka]] named Abhayapāla to a [[pandit|paṇḍita]] named Kedārarāśi, with Jayachandra's explicit approval (Jayachandra, as king, would normally be expected to give his assent to any such grants). The grant seems to have been intended for the temple of Someśvaradeva in Āsatī, with Kedārarāśi (whose exact role at the temple is unclear) supposed to be receiving the gift on behalf of the god Someśvaradeva. The inscription states that Abhayapāla bathed in the [[Yamuna|Yamunā]] at Āsatikā before making the grant. The second grant, dated to 10 January 1183, was made by a rāṇaka named Amṛtapāla (again, after bathing in the Yamunā at Āsatikā) to Nīlakaṇṭha, who was Kedārarāśi's son and was a resident at a [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pāśupata]] [[matha|maṭha]] at Āsatī. This inscription never specifies what exactly is being granted, but it implies that the grant consists of the village of Vahaḍhovi-grāma in Payidhuka-pattalā. Subramonia Iyer considered these inscriptions significant for indicating that Asai had a Pāśupata maṭha on the banks of the Yamunā at this period, as well as recording what appears to have been a related dynasty of feudatories under the Gāhaḍavālas in the Etawah region.<ref name="Subramonia Iyer 1976">{{cite journal |last1=Subramonia Iyer |first1=S. |title=Two Copper Plate Charters of the Gāhaḍavāla King Jayachchandradēva |journal=[[Epigraphia Indica]] |date=1976 |volume=41 |pages=25-33 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiaindicavol41_382_V/page/n49/mode/2up |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Asai had a population of 942, in 143 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|196}} This population was 55.4% male (522) and 44.6% female (420). The 0–6 age group numbered 155 (88 male and 67 female), making up 16.5% of the total population. 181 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 19.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Etawah, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1203/download/3826/DH_2011_0930_PART_B_DCHB_ETAWAH.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|142-3}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Asai as having a population of 636 people, in 119 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Etah |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29068/download/32249/46087_1981_ETA.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|92–3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Asai as comprising 6 hamlets, with a total population of 464 people (253 male and 211 female), in 84 households and 82 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,225 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (26 - Etawah District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28766/download/31948/22865_1961_ETA.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|L}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Asai had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, well, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Etawah, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1202/download/3822/DH_2011_0930_PART_A_DCHB_ETAWAH.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|196-201}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Etawah district}}

[[Category:Villages in Etawah district]]

Settibalija

2026-02-01T07:40:57Z

Saurabh jain:

{{Short description|Name of two distinct social groups in South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}

'''Settibalija''' (also '''Setti Balija''', '''Setty Balija''') refers to two distinct and completely unrelated communities in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The term Setti Balija (or Chetty Balija) historically referred to a sub-caste of the [[Balija]] community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Paul |first1=John Jeya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3GuKnZTGG4C&q=chetty+Balija |title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India |last2=Yandell |first2=Keith E. |date=2000 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1101-7 |pages=33–34 |language=en}}</ref> These Setti Balijas were a prominent mercantile community of [[South India]] with a history dating back to the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=":0" /> They are currently found in the [[Rayalaseema]] region and are classified as a [[Forward caste|Forward Caste]].<ref name=":11" />

In 1920, as a part of [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritization]] process, the [[Toddy tappers|toddy-tapper]] community of Godavari districts {{Em dash}} not related to the Balija caste and the historical Setti Balija trader community {{Em dash}} changed their caste name from [[Idiga|Ediga]] or Eendra to the more respectable name of Chettu Balija (''Chettu'' meaning tree in Telugu), which transformed to Setti Balija over a period of time.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr V. Vasanthi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF8sEAAAQBAJ&dq=Setty+Balija&pg=PA47 |title=A Crusade for Social Justice: P. S. Krishnan: Bending Governence Towards The Deprived |date=2021-05-03 |publisher=South Vision Books |pages=47–48 |language=en |quote=In some parts of Andhra Pradesh, the Idiga have assumed the name of "Setty Balija", which is felt as more respectable than the traditional name. But the socio-economic and educational conditions of the Idiga of Andhra Pradesh are now worse than that of Ezhava and Nadar. A large percentage of them continue to still work as toddy-tappers.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfMcAQAAMAAJ&q=chettu+Balija |title=Census of India, 1961 |date= |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |series=Part 6 |volume=2 |pages=13 |language=en |quote=For instance, Chetti Balija or Chettu Balija means a section of people engaged in economic activity whose main raw material base is trees. In other words, Chettu Balija is a section of people who are engaged in tapping the juice from trees particularly ....}}</ref> The Settibalijas of Godavari districts are related to the larger [[Goud]] community and are classified as a [[Other Backward Class|Backward Caste]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=W. Chandrakanth |date=27 February 2004 |title=Gouda, Settibalija conference |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022702420300.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=24 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118183910/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/23/stories/2004032305870400.htm |archive-date=18 January 2005}}</ref>

== Setti Balijas of Rayalaseema ==
{{Main|Balija}}
Setti Balija (also known as Setty Balija, Chetty Balija, Balija) is a subgroup of the [[Balija]] caste.{{Refn|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reddy |first=M. Atchi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TWFAAAAIAAJ&q=setti+balija+merchants |title=Lands and Tenants in South India: A Study of Nellore District, 1850-1990 |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563660-4 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=NCBC Andhra Pradesh Bench Findings |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Andhra%20Pradesh/AndhraPradesh-Vol3/2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204102348/http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Andhra%20Pradesh/AndhraPradesh-Vol3/2.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date= |website=[[National Commission for Backward Classes]]}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|quote=According to the Muralidhara Rao Commission, "Setti Balija" of Rayalaseema are only a sect of the Balija community. They are part of the Telaga community which is popularly known as Balija in Rayalaseema.|pages=12, 16}}}} The community identifies itself as Setti Balija in [[Rayalaseema]] while in [[Coastal Andhra]] they prefer to call themselves Balija to avoid confusion with an unrelated community of the same name.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvcejt9krDkC&q=%22balija+setty%22 |title=People of India: Andhra Pradesh (3 pts.) |date=1992 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |language=en |quote=(p. 281) The Setty Balija is a subgroup of the Balija. This community identifies itself as Setty Balija in the Rayalaseema districts, while the people in coastal Andhra prefer to call themselves Balija and Kapu.}}</ref> Their traditional occupation is trading.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |volume=6 |pages=228 |language=en |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh}}</ref> These Setti Balijas, along with Komatis, were a prominent mercantile community of [[South India]] with a history dating back to the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=":0" />

In the present-day, they are landholders and are involved in agriculture, business, and trade in food grain.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=|quote=According to the Muralidhara Rao Commission, "Setti Balija" of Rayalaseema are only a sect of the Balija community. They are part of the Telaga community which is popularly known as Balija in Rayalaseema.|pages=16, 18}} They are classified as a [[Forward caste|Forward Caste]] in Andhra Pradesh.{{Refn|<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBNDAAAAYAAJ&q=Setti+balija+in+Rayalaseema |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress |date=2006 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=430 |language=en |quote=The Setty Balija community of the Rayalaseema region is basically a landholding community.}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=20}}}} Setti Balija (sub-caste of Balija) is present all across [[Rayalaseema]], and in smaller numbers in former Nellore and Prakasam districts.<ref name=":5" /> The Setty Balijas of Rayalaseema are closely related to the landowning [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]]/[[Telaga]] community of [[Coastal Andhra]].{{Refn|<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=|quote=According to the Muralidhara Rao Commission, "Setti Balija" of Rayalaseema are only a sect of the Balija community. They are part of the Telaga community which is popularly known as Balija in Rayalaseema.|pages=12, 18}}}} They are completely unrelated to the Coastal Andhra community known as Setti Balija, who are a part of [[Goud]] community and changed their caste name from [[Idiga|Ediga]] to Setti Balija in 1920 to attain social dignity.{{Refn|<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Prasada-1939">{{Cite book |last=Prasada Bhoopaludu |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.497181/page/1381/mode/2up?q=%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE |title=Andhra Vignanamu |date=1939 |publisher=The Razan Electric Press |volume=3 |page=1382 |quote=ఈండ్ర లేక యీడిగ అని పిలువబడు కులజు లిటీవల సెట్టిబలిజెలు అనుపేరు పెట్టుకొని యున్నారు. కాని వీరలలో వీరి కెట్టి సంబంధమును లేదు.}}</ref><ref name=":12" />{{Rp|pages=9–10, 18}}<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=ఆహ్వానము |date=2018 |url=http://archive.org/details/20180321-220122 |access-date=2022-10-24 |publisher=అఖిల భారత కల్లుగీత కులాల సమాఖ్య |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=160, 169|quote=In Circars, they are also known as Settibalijas who are distinct from the Settibalijas (Telagas) of Rayalaseema.}}<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=K. Narayana Desai |url=https://ia801405.us.archive.org/23/items/ediga-caste-changed-their-caste-tittle-to-setti-balija/Ediga%20caste%20changed%20their%20caste%20tittle%20to%20setti%20Balija.pdf |title=Balija Kula Charitra |year=1937 |pages=10–11 |language=te}}</ref>}}

== Settibalijas of Coastal Andhra ==
The Settibalijas (also known as Chettu Balija, Ediga, Eendra, Settiga, Settikula)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvcejt9krDkC&q=Settibalija+idiga |title=People of India: Andhra Pradesh (3 pts.) |date=1992 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-81-85579-09-2 |pages=275 |language=en |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh}}</ref> of Coastal Andhra mostly live in the erstwhile districts of East Godavari, West Godavari and in smaller numbers in Visakhapatnam and Krishna districts. Traditionally, they are a community of [[Palm wine|toddy tappers]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBNDAAAAYAAJ&q=Setty+Balija |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress |date=2006 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=430 |language=en |quote=Setti Balija / Gamalla / Gaundla are originally toddy tappers by profession, though a few work to cultivation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Somanaboina |first1=Simhadri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5tIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Setti+Balija&pg=PT319 |title=The Routledge Handbook of the Other Backward Classes in India: Thought, Movements and Development |last2=Ramagoud |first2=Akhileshwari |date=2021-11-15 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-46280-7 |language=en}}</ref> They are similar to other Telugu toddy tapping castes like [[Goud]], [[Idiga|Ediga]], Yatha, [[Gamalla]], Goundla, Segidi etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv5s-qwMw30C&q=Settibalija+idiga |title=People of India: Andhra Pradesh |date=1992 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-81-7671-006-0 |pages=692 |language=en |quote=The Idiga or Ediga are toddy-tappers and liquor vendors in the Rayalaseema area. They are referred to as Goundala and Kalali in Telangana and Gowda, Gamalla or Setti Balija in coastal Andhra. |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Balasubramanian |first=Rangaswamy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG3aAAAAMAAJ&q=Setti+balija+in+Rayalaseema |title=Social and Economic Dimensions of Caste Organisations in South Indian States |date=2001 |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |pages=249 |language=en}}</ref>

The Settibalija community of Coastal Andhra is classified as a [[Other Backward Class|Backward Caste]] and is listed under BC-B in the Andhra Pradesh Backward Castes list.{{Refn|<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocZXAAAAMAAJ&q=Setti+balija+in+Rayalaseema |title=Report of the Backward Classes Commission |date=1970 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Backward Classes Commission |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=160, 169|quote=In Circars, they are also known as Settibalijas who are distinct from the Settibalijas (Telagas) of Rayalaseema.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Backward Caste List |url=https://www.srikakulamonline.com/andhra-pradesh-backward-caste-list/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Srikakulam Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12" />{{Rp|pages=3–4}}}} They are completely unrelated to the Setty Balija community of Rayalaseema who are traders and landlords.{{Refn|<ref name="Prasada-1939" /><ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=160, 169|quote=In Circars, they are also known as Settibalijas who are distinct from the Settibalijas (Telagas) of Rayalaseema.}}<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|pages=9–10, 18}}<ref name=":13" />}}

'''<big>History</big>'''

In the early 20th century, toddy tappers of Godavari districts were looked down upon by the upper caste people due to their occupation and low economic status.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Gudikadi Anjaneyulu Goud |url=https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VIN9Re7qSDI/Xfneb4RGTuI/AAAAAAAC-ec/Q21khQk1kB0Dh7RDYI1vyAciPpTVFMW6gCKgBGAsYHg/s1600/IMG-20191216-WA0074.jpg |title=గౌడ పురాణం: పటం కథ - ఒక పరిశీలన |date=2001 |publisher=Triveni Publications |page=23 |language=te |trans-title=Gouda Puranam: Patam Katha - Oka Pariseelana |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230630090640/https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VIN9Re7qSDI/Xfneb4RGTuI/AAAAAAAC-ec/Q21khQk1kB0Dh7RDYI1vyAciPpTVFMW6gCKgBGAsYHg/s1600/IMG-20191216-WA0074.jpg |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Gudikadi Anjaneyulu Goud |url=https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Eo1MBkCW1Ds/XfnebyxrGyI/AAAAAAAC-ec/WMu0tF5KXEQI6IaTovfqksnbrqwG6BWgQCKgBGAsYHg/s640/IMG-20191216-WA0073.jpg |title=గౌడ పురాణం: పటం కథ - ఒక పరిశీలన |publisher=Triveni Publications |year=2001 |pages=24 |language=te |trans-title=Gouda Puranam: Patam Katha - Oka Pariseelana |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230630090606/https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Eo1MBkCW1Ds/XfnebyxrGyI/AAAAAAAC-ec/WMu0tF5KXEQI6IaTovfqksnbrqwG6BWgQCKgBGAsYHg/s640/IMG-20191216-WA0073.jpg |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> At the time, they were referred to as Ediga (ఈడిగ) or Eendra (ఈండ్ర) with the disparaging suffix ''-gadu'' added to the names of men.{{Refn|<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Gubbala Satya Prasad |date=1 September 2019 |title="శెట్టిబలిజ" కు నూరేండ్లు |url=https://gubbalasprasad.blogspot.com/2019/09/settibalija-ku-noorendlu-25091920-to.html |publisher=Bombay Andhra Settibalija Samajam |language=te |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230630090635/https://gubbalasprasad.blogspot.com/2019/09/settibalija-ku-noorendlu-25091920-to.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ఆంధ్రభారతి నిఘంటు శోధన - ఈండ్ర |url=https://andhrabharati.com/dictionary/index.php?w=%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Andhra Bharati}}</ref>}} They were also known as ''Chettu gallu'' (''Chettu'' meaning tree in Telugu).<ref name=":1" />

On 25 September 1920, Dommeti Venkata Reddy (1853–1928), a rich merchant from the Eendra community organised a caste meeting in [[Bodasakurru]], [[East Godavari district]] (now in [[Konaseema district]]) and passed the resolution that the Ediga/Eendra caste would henceforth only be referred to as Settibalija (''Setti'' sounding similar to ''Chettu'' meaning tree or ''Chottu'' meaning tapping; and ''Balija'' meaning trader/businessman).{{Refn|<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":12" />}}

Even though Edigas are unrelated to the [[Balija]] community, the word 'Balija' was added to their caste name as it was considered to be a respectable name.{{Refn|<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":12" />{{Rp|pages=9–10, 18}}<ref name=":13" />}} Venkata Reddy urged his fellow Edigas to record their caste under their new name in land documents, censuses, and other government records.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Gubbala Madhava Murty |date=30 September 2013 |title=First Settibalija Mahajana Sabha and its Resolutions |url=https://gubbalasprasad.blogspot.com/2013/09/settibalija-maha-jana-sabha-25091920.html |language=te |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230630200641/https://gubbalasprasad.blogspot.com/2013/09/settibalija-maha-jana-sabha-25091920.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> He also resolved that ''-gadu'' would not be used for the names of toddy-tapper families in any manner and submitted a memorandum to the [[District magistrate|district collector]] on the same.{{Refn|<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" />}} He also established a high school and undertook other initiatives for the educational development of his caste.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" />

In 2020, members of the community celebrated the [[Centennial|100th anniversary]] of the renaming of their caste from Ediga to Settibalija.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2020 |title=నూరేండ్ల పండుగ |trans-title=Centenary Celebrations |url=https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-n-gWb2HVCJk/XhC3oiC7OsI/AAAAAAAC_F8/2RYK3FQ2skgXq8We_n-xmMP_25CIjJWPgCKgBGAsYHg/s1600/IMG-20191227-WA0017.jpg |access-date=2023-06-30 |publisher=Bombay Andhra Settibalija Samajam |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230630090616/https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-n-gWb2HVCJk/XhC3oiC7OsI/AAAAAAAC_F8/2RYK3FQ2skgXq8We_n-xmMP_25CIjJWPgCKgBGAsYHg/s1600/IMG-20191227-WA0017.jpg |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name=":9" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]

Embelia ribes

2026-02-01T05:17:36Z

Saurabh jain: creating article

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Vidanga Seeds.JPG
|image_caption = ''Embelia ribes'' seeds
|image2 = Embelia ribes 03.JPG
|image2_caption = Flowers and leaves
|genus = Embelia
|species = ribes
|authority = [[Burm.f.]]
}}

'''''Embelia ribes''''', commonly known as '''false black pepper''', '''white-flowered embelia''', ''viḍaṅga'' ({{langx|sa|विडङ्ग}}), ''vaividang'', ''vai vidang'', or ''vavding''<ref name=MMPND>{{cite web|title=Sorting ''Embelia'' names|work=Multilingual Multiscript Plant Database|publisher=The University of Melbourne|url=https://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Embelia.html|accessdate=2009-08-11}}</ref> is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Primulaceae]]. It was originally described by [[Nicolaas Laurens Burman]] in his 1768 publication ''Flora Indica''.<ref name=IPNI>{{IPNI|id=588451-1|accessdate=13 October 2009}}</ref> It is widely distributed throughout India. In Cambodia, it is called Chu Preuk or Sangkong [ជូរព្រឹក/សង្កុង). In [[Ayurveda]] and [[Siddha]], it is considered widely beneficial in a variety of diseases<ref>http://results2.ap.nic.in/general/plants/plshow.jsp?scode=1084&pln=VIDANGA{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In particular [[embelin]] isolated from dried berries of ''Embelia ribes'' has a wide spectrum of biological activities.

== Uses ==
''Embelia ribes'' has been used in traditional medicine to treat:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/importance-of-embelia-ribes-an-update/ | title=Importance of Embelia Ribes: An Update | International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research | date=October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Vineet |last2=Gautam |first2=Dev Nath Singh |last3=Radu |first3=Andrei-Flavius |last4=Behl |first4=Tapan |last5=Bungau |first5=Simona Gabriela |last6=Vesa |first6=Cosmin Mihai |date=2022-07-13 |title=Reviewing the Traditional/Modern Uses, Phytochemistry, Essential Oils/Extracts and Pharmacology of Embelia ribes Burm |journal=Antioxidants |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=1359 |doi=10.3390/antiox11071359 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-3921 |pmc=9311956 |pmid=35883850}}</ref>

* Intestinal worms. Used to treat various types of worm infestation in the gut.{{Clarify|date=April 2024}}
* Indigestion. Helps with digestive issues like vomiting, nausea and constipation.{{Clarify|date=April 2024}}
* Depression. ''Embelia ribes'' has antidepressant effects and is used to treat depression.{{Clarify|date=April 2024}}
* Throat infection. Effective in reducing cough and treating throat infections.{{Clarify|date=April 2024}}
* Obesity. Aids in weight loss and helps remove body toxins.{{Clarify|date=April 2024}}
* Skin disease. Used to treat skin diseases by purifying the blood{{Clarify|date=November 2023}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Jalalpure SS; Alagawadi KR; Mahajanashetti, Shah BN; Salahuddin; Singh V; Patil JK, "In Vitro Anthelmintic Property of Various Seeds Oils Against Pheritima posthuma", ''Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences''. 2007 Jan-Feb; 69(1): 158-0 [http://medind.nic.in/cgi/siss.pl?plrd+MFN-001293]{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on ''Embelia ribes'' (vidanga), as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20120620164521/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/343-vidanga

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3595673}}

[[Category:Primulaceae]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1768]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nicolaas Laurens Burman]]

{{Primulaceae-stub}}

Sourabh Goho

2026-01-25T06:01:16Z

Saurabh jain: new - done

{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{short description|Indian Tabla Player (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sourabh Goho
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| native_name = সৌরভ গোহো
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|01|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| years_active = 2009–present
| occupation = Musician, Tabla Player, Collaborator
| genre = [[Hindustani Classical Music|Hindustani Classical]], Fusion Music
}}
'''Sourabh Goho''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: সৌরভ গোহো) is an Indian Tabla Player who performs Hindustani classical music and fusion music. He belongs to [[Farukhabad gharana]]. He is the son of renowned Harmonium Maestro, Pt. [[Jyoti Goho]].<ref>{{cite news |date=4 Jun 2011 |title= music room 'THERE IS A LOT OF MONEY IN FUSION MUSIC' In a candid conversation, young tabla player Sourabh Goho confesses that fame sure is tempting but hurdles are aplenty |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMS8wNi8wNCNBcjAzNDAx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106115433/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMS8wNi8wNCNBcjAzNDAx |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2011 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 December 2009 |title= Sourabh Goho - The Young Expert of Indian Classical Instrumental Tabla |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/12723609-sourabh-goho-young-expert-indian-classical-instrumental-tabla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223024241/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/12723609-sourabh-goho-young-expert-indian-classical-instrumental-tabla |url-status=usurped |archive-date=23 December 2009 |work=Washington Bangla Radio}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 May 2011 |title= Indian Classical Instrumental Tabla Player Sourabh Goho to Perform Live on Online Radio Station |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/52658111-indian-classical-instrumental-tabla-player-sourabh-goho-perform-live-online-radio-s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528150159/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/52658111-indian-classical-instrumental-tabla-player-sourabh-goho-perform-live-online-radio-s |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 May 2011 |work=Washington Bangla Radio}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2010 |title= My Father - My Guru : Sourabh Goho writes about his father Pandit Jyoti Goho |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/3810110-my-father-my-guru-sourabh-goho-writes-about-his-father-pandit-jyoti-goho |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401145728/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/3810110-my-father-my-guru-sourabh-goho-writes-about-his-father-pandit-jyoti-goho |url-status=usurped |archive-date=1 April 2010 |work=Washington Bangla Radio}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.laughalaughi.com/interviews/there-is-no-shortcut-to-success-pt-jyoti-goho-sourabh-goho|title=There is No Shortcut to Success – Pt. Jyoti Goho & Sourabh Goho|date=7 December 2014|work=LaughaLaughi}}</ref><ref name='TOI'>{{Cite news |title=International honour for Kolkata tabla artist Sourabh Goho |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/international-honour-for-kolkata-tabla-artist-sourabh-goho/articleshow/84640980.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 July 2021 |access-date=29 November 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sourabh was born in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] to the Harmonium maestro, Pt. [[Jyoti Goho]] and Vocalist Mrs. Bandana Goho.<ref name='TOI'/> He studied up to class XII (10+2) from [[The Future Foundation School, Kolkata]]. He completed a Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) in Accountancy from the [[University of Calcutta]]. Between 2014 and 2016, he pursued a Master of Business Administration at [[The Heritage Business School]], Kolkata. Goho began learning tabla at the age of seven under the guidance of tabla maestro Pandit [[Shankar Ghosh (musician)|Shankar Ghosh]], and later continued his training with Pandit [[Bickram Ghosh]].<ref name='TOI'/>

==Career==
Sourabh started performing professionally in various concerts from the year 2009. He played his international debut concert at Shanghai, China in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2013 |title= Indian Classical Musci |url=http://www.mask9.com/node/114130 |work=mask9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308192913/https://www.mask9.com/node/114130|archive-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref> He has played tabla solo concerts at various prestigious venues in Kolkata like - ITC Sangeet Research Academy, Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture Golpark, Bhowanipore Sangeet Sammilani and at All India Tabla Conference at Secunderabad (Telangana) among others.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} He played Jaaz Concert at India Habitat Center, New Delhi for American Institute of Indian Studies, World Music Concert at The Oberoi, New Delhi.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2015 he has played classical concerts in India Habitat Center (New Delhi), Epicenter (Gurgaon) and Rabindra Sadan (Kolkata) among others.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} Sourabh conducted a tabla workshop at Mathieson Music School, Kolkata.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In November 2014 he accompanied his father Pt. Jyoti Goho in his Harmonium solo concert at Indore, Madhya Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sourabhgoho.com Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goho, Sourabh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]

Geosynchronous orbit

2026-01-20T22:40:06Z

Saurabh jain: quick fix

{{Short description|Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Geosynchronous orbit.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|Animation (not to scale) showing geosynchronous satellite orbiting the Earth]]

A '''geosynchronous orbit''' (sometimes abbreviated '''GEO''') is an Earth-centered [[orbit]] with an [[orbital period]] that matches [[Earth's rotation]] on its axis, 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds (one [[sidereal day]]). The synchronization of rotation and orbital period means that, for an observer on Earth's surface, an object in geosynchronous orbit returns to exactly the same position in the sky after a period of one sidereal day. Over the course of a day, the object's position in the sky may remain still or trace out a path, [[Analemma#Of geosynchronous satellites|typically in a figure-8 form]], whose precise characteristics depend on the orbit's [[Orbital inclination|inclination]] and [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]]. A circular geosynchronous orbit has a constant altitude of {{convert|35786|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=sdc20150426>{{cite news |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |title=What Is a Geosynchronous Orbit? |url=https://www.space.com/29222-geosynchronous-orbit.html |work=Space.com |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>

A special case of geosynchronous orbit is the [[geostationary orbit]] (often abbreviated ''GSO''), which is a circular geosynchronous orbit in Earth's [[equatorial plane]] with both inclination and eccentricity equal to 0. A satellite in a geostationary orbit remains in the same position in the sky to observers on the surface.<ref name=sdc20150426 />

[[Communications satellite]]s are often given geostationary or close-to-geostationary orbits, so that the [[satellite antenna]]s that communicate with them do not have to move but can be pointed permanently at the fixed location in the sky where the satellite appears.<ref name=sdc20150426 />

== History ==
[[File:Arthur C. Clarke sm.jpg|thumb|upright|The geosynchronous orbit was popularised by the science fiction author [[Arthur C. Clarke]], and is thus sometimes called the Clarke Orbit.]]

In 1929, [[Herman Potočnik]] described both geosynchronous orbits in general and the special case of the geostationary Earth orbit in particular as useful orbits for [[space station]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Noordung |first=Hermann |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AHerman_Poto%C4%8Dnik_Noordung_-_Das_Problem_der_Befahrung_des_Weltraums.pdf&page=102 |title=Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums: Der Raketen-Motor |publisher=Richard Carl Schmidt & Co. |year=1929 |location=Berlin |pages=98–100 |format=PDF}}</ref> The first appearance of a geosynchronous [[orbit]] in popular literature was in October 1942, in the first [[Venus Equilateral]] story by [[George O. Smith]],<ref name="VE">"(Korvus's message is sent) to a small, squat building at the outskirts of Northern Landing. It was hurled at the sky. ... It ... arrived at the relay station tired and worn, ... when it reached a space station only five hundred miles above the city of North Landing." {{cite book |last=Smith |first=George O.|author-link=George O. Smith |title=The Complete Venus Equilateral |date=1976 |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-345-28953-7 |pages=3–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lj8H3R4J5GUC&q=squat}}</ref> but Smith did not go into details. British [[science fiction]] author [[Arthur C. Clarke]] popularised and expanded the concept in a 1945 paper entitled ''Extra-Terrestrial Relays – Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?'', published in ''[[Wireless World]]'' magazine. Clarke acknowledged the connection in his introduction to ''The Complete Venus Equilateral''.<ref name="VEintro">"It is therefore quite possible that these stories influenced me subconsciously when ... I worked out the principles of synchronous communications satellites ...", {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/arthurcclarkeaut00mcal/page/54 |page=54 |title=Arthur C. Clarke |first=Neil |last=McAleer |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-809-24324-2 |publisher=Contemporary Books}}</ref><ref name="clarke"/> The orbit, which Clarke first described as useful for broadcast and relay communications satellites,<ref name="clarke">{{cite magazine |first=Arthur C. |last=Clarke |author-link=Arthur C. Clarke |url=http://www.clarkefoundation.org/docs/ClarkeWirelessWorldArticle.pdf |title=Extra-Terrestrial Relays – Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage? |date=October 1945 |magazine=[[Wireless World]] |pages=305–308 |access-date=March 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318000548/http://www.clarkefoundation.org/docs/ClarkeWirelessWorldArticle.pdf |archive-date=March 18, 2009}}</ref> is sometimes called the Clarke Orbit.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf5-1.php |title=Basics of Space Flight Section 1 Part 5, Geostationary Orbits |access-date=August 25, 2019 |editor=Phillips Davis}}</ref> Similarly, the collection of artificial satellites in this orbit is known as the Clarke Belt.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://web.mit.edu/m-i-t/science_fiction/jenkins/jenkins_4.html |title=Orbit Wars: Arthur C. Clarke and the Global Communications Satellite |last= Mills |first=Mike |magazine=The Washington Post Magazine |date=August 3, 1997 |pages=12–13 |access-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Syncom 2 side.jpg|[[Syncom#Syncom 2|Syncom 2]]: The first functional geosynchronous satellite|thumb|left]]

In technical terminology, the geosynchronous orbits are often referred to as geostationary if they are roughly over the equator, but the terms are used somewhat interchangeably.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Satellites and satellite remote senssing:{{vague|reason=check source todetermine if spelling error is our editor’s, or the source’s: one calls for ‘’[[sic]]’’ tagging; the other for mere correction.|date=October 2020}} --> Orbits |title=Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences |edition=2 |year=2015 |pages=95–106 |last=Kidder |first=S.Q. |editor-first=Gerald |editor-last=North |editor-first2=John |editor-last2=Pyla |editor-first3=Fuqing |editor-last3=Zhang |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-382225-3.00362-5 |publisher=Elsiver|isbn=978-0-12-382225-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=C.D. |last=Brown |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpilMLP7OHQC&pg=PA81 |title=Spacecraft Mission Design |edition=2nd |publisher=AIAA Education Series |page=81 |isbn=978-1-60086-115-4}}</ref> Specifically, '''geosynchronous Earth orbit''' ('''GEO''') may be a synonym for ''geosynchronous [[Near-equatorial orbit|equatorial orbit]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Ariane 5 User's Manual Issue 5 Revision 1 |url=http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-ariane5/Ariane5_users_manual_Issue5_July2011.pdf |publisher=Ariane Space |access-date=28 July 2013 |date=July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215844/http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-ariane5/Ariane5_users_manual_Issue5_July2011.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> or ''geostationary Earth orbit''.<ref name=NASA2001/>

The first geosynchronous satellite was designed by [[Harold Rosen (electrical engineer)|Harold Rosen]] while he was working at [[Hughes Aircraft]] in 1959. Inspired by [[Sputnik 1]], he wanted to use a geostationary (geosynchronous equatorial) satellite to globalise communications. Telecommunications between the US and Europe was then possible between just 136 people at a time, and reliant on [[high frequency]] radios and an [[Submarine communications cable|undersea cable]].<ref name=dm>{{Cite magazine|first=Jack|last=McClintock|date=November 9, 2003|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2003/nov/communications|title=Communications: Harold Rosen – The Seer of Geostationary Satellites|website=Discover Magazine |access-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref>

Conventional wisdom at the time was that it would require too much [[rocket]] power to place a satellite in a geosynchronous orbit and it would not survive long enough to justify the expense,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/harold-rosen-1926-2017-53790 |title=Harold Rosen, 1926–2017|publisher=Caltech|last=Perkins|first=Robert|date=January 31, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref> so early efforts were put towards constellations of satellites in [[low Earth orbit|low]] or [[Medium Earth Orbit|medium]] Earth orbit.<ref name="lat"/> The first of these were the passive [[Project Echo|Echo balloon satellites]] in 1960, followed by [[Telstar 1]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite book|title=Beyond The Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication|year=1997|chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch6.htm |first=Daniel R.|last=Glover |editor=Andrew J Butrica|publisher=NASA |chapter=Chapter 6: NASA Experimental Communications Satellites, 1958-1995|bibcode=1997bify.book.....B}}</ref> Although these projects had difficulties with signal strength and tracking that could be solved through geosynchronous satellites, the concept was seen as impractical, so Hughes often withheld funds and support.<ref name="lat">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-syncom-satellite-20130726-dto-htmlstory.html|title=How a satellite called Syncom changed the world|first=Ralph|last=Vartabedian|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 26, 2013 |access-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name=dm/>

By 1961, Rosen and his team produced a cylindrical prototype with a diameter of {{convert|76|cm|in}}, height of {{convert|38|cm|in}}, weighing {{convert|11.3|kg|lb}}; it was light, small enough to place in orbit by then-available rocketry, was [[Spin-stabilisation|spin stabilised]] and used dipole antennas producing a pancake-shaped waveform. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-031A|publisher=NASA|title=Syncom 2|editor=David R. Williams|access-date=September 29, 2019|archive-date=July 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714115947/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-031A|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 1961, they were contracted to begin building the working satellite.<ref name=dm/> They lost [[Syncom#Syncom 1|Syncom 1]] to electronics failure, but Syncom 2 was successfully placed into a geosynchronous orbit in 1963. Although its [[inclined orbit]] still required moving antennas, it was able to relay TV transmissions, and allowed for US President [[John F. Kennedy]] to phone Nigerian prime minister [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] from a ship on August 23, 1963.<ref name="lat"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/worlds-first-geosynchronous-satellite-launched/|title=World's First Geosynchronous Satellite Launched|publisher=Foxtel|date=June 19, 2016|website=History Channel|access-date=August 25, 2019|archive-date=December 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207144926/https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/worlds-first-geosynchronous-satellite-launched/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Today, hundreds of geosynchronous satellites provide [[remote sensing]], navigation and communications.<ref name=dm/><ref name=sdc20150426 />

Though most populated land locations on the planet now have terrestrial communications facilities ([[microwave]], [[fiber-optic]]), which often have latency and bandwidth advantages, and telephone access covering 96% of the population and internet access 90% as of 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/Pages/2018-PR40.aspx |title=ITU releases 2018 global and regional ICT estimates |publisher=[[International Telecommunication Union]] |access-date=August 25, 2019 |date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> some rural and remote areas in developed countries still rely on satellite communications.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Geoff |title=Australia was promised superfast broadband with the NBN. This is what we got |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-23/what-happened-to-superfast-nbn/11037620 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |date=April 24, 2019 |access-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[CNET]] |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/in-rural-farm-country-forget-broadband-you-might-not-have-internet-at-all/ |title=In farm country, forget broadband. You might not have internet at all. 5G is around the corner, yet pockets of America still can't get basic internet access. |first=Shara |last=Tibken |date=October 22, 2018 |access-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref>

== Types ==
=== Geostationary orbit ===
{{Main|Geostationary orbit}}
[[File:Geostat.gif|thumb|The geostationary satellite (green) always remains above the same marked spot on the equator (brown).]]

A geostationary orbit (GSO) is a circular (zero eccentricity) geosynchronous orbit in the plane of the Earth's equator (zero inclination) with a radius of approximately {{convert|42164|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} (measured from the center of the Earth).<ref name="smad"/>{{rp|156}} A satellite in such an orbit is at an altitude of approximately {{convert|35786|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} above mean sea level. It maintains the same position relative to the Earth's surface. If one could see a satellite in geostationary orbit, it would appear to hover at the same point in the sky, i.e., not exhibit [[diurnal motion]], while the Sun, Moon, and stars would traverse the skies behind it. Such orbits are useful for [[telecommunications satellite]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/Orbits |title=Orbits |publisher=[[ESA]] |access-date=October 1, 2019 |date=October 4, 2018}}</ref>

A perfectly stable geostationary orbit is an ideal that can only be approximated. In practice the satellite drifts out of this orbit because of perturbations such as the [[solar wind]], [[radiation pressure]], variations in the Earth's gravitational field, and the [[gravity|gravitational]] effect of the [[Moon]] and [[Sun]], and thrusters are used to maintain the orbit in a process known as [[orbital station-keeping|station-keeping]].<ref name="smad">{{cite book|title=Space Mission Analysis and Design|publisher=Microcosm Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers |editor1-first=Wiley J. |editor1-last=Larson |editor2-first=James R. |editor2-last=Wertz |bibcode=1999smad.book.....W |last1=Wertz |first1=James Richard |last2=Larson |first2=Wiley J. |year=1999|isbn=978-1-881883-10-4}}</ref>{{rp|156}}

Eventually, without the use of thrusters, the orbit becomes inclined, oscillating between 0° and 15° every 55 years. At the end of the satellite's lifetime, when fuel approaches depletion, satellite operators may decide to omit these expensive manoeuvres to correct inclination and only control eccentricity. This prolongs the life-time of the satellite as it consumes less fuel over time, but the satellite can then only be used by ground antennas capable of following the [[Meridian (geography)|N-S]] movement.<ref name="smad"/>{{rp|156}}

Geostationary satellites also tend to drift around one of two stable longitudes of 75° and 255° without station keeping.<ref name="smad"/>{{rp|157}}

=== Elliptical and inclined geosynchronous orbits ===
[[File:Qzss-45-0.09.jpg|left|thumb|A quasi-[[zenith]] satellite orbit]]

Many objects in geosynchronous orbits have eccentric or inclined orbits. Eccentricity makes the orbit elliptical and appear to oscillate east–west in the sky from the viewpoint of a ground station, while inclination tilts the orbit compared to the equator and makes it appear to oscillate north–south from a ground station. These effects combine to form an [[analemma]] (figure-8).<ref name="smad"/>{{rp|122}}

Satellites in elliptical or eccentric orbits must be tracked by steerable [[ground station]]s.<ref name="smad"/>{{rp|122}}

====Tundra orbit====
{{main|Tundra orbit}}

The Tundra orbit is an eccentric geosynchronous orbit that allows the satellite to spend most of its time dwelling over one high-latitude location. It sits at an inclination of 63.4°, which is a [[frozen orbit]], which reduces the need for [[orbital station-keeping|stationkeeping]].<ref name="scs">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEsmLaDXzvsC&q=tundra&pg=PT110 |section=2.2.1.2 Tundra Orbits |isbn=978-1-119-96509-1 |title=Satellite Communications Systems: Systems, Techniques and Technology|last1=Maral |first1=Gerard |last2=Bousquet |first2=Michel |date=2011-08-24|publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref> At least two satellites are needed to provide continuous coverage over an area.<ref name="jenkin">{{cite conference|title=Tundra Disposal Orbit Study |surname1=Jenkin |given1=A.B. |surname2=McVey |given2=J.P. |surname3=Wilson |given3=J.R. |surname4=Sorge |given4=M.E. |date=2017 |publisher=ESA Space Debris Office|conference=7th European Conference on Space Debris|url=https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc7/paper/328|access-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002121240/https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc7/paper/328|archive-date=2017-10-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was used by [[Sirius XM Satellite Radio]] to improve signal strength in the northern US and Canada.<ref name="Sirius Launch">{{cite web
| title=Sirius Rising: Proton-M Ready to Launch Digital Radio Satellite Into Orbit
| url=http://www.americaspace.com/2013/10/18/sirius-rising-proton-m-ready-to-launch-digital-radio-satellite-into-orbit/
| website=AmericaSpace
| access-date=8 July 2017
| date=2013-10-18
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043459/http://www.americaspace.com/2013/10/18/sirius-rising-proton-m-ready-to-launch-digital-radio-satellite-into-orbit/
| archive-date=28 June 2017
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

====Quasi-zenith orbit====
The [[Quasi-Zenith Satellite System]] (QZSS) is a four-satellite system that operates in a geosynchronous orbit at an inclination of 42° and a 0.075 eccentricity.<ref>{{citation |title=Interface Specifications for QZSS |version=version 1.7 |url=http://qz-vision.jaxa.jp/USE/is-qzss/index_e.html |date=2016-07-14 |author=Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |pages=7–8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406032030/http://qz-vision.jaxa.jp/USE/is-qzss/index_e.html |archive-date=2013-04-06}}</ref> Each satellite dwells over [[Japan]], allowing signals to reach receivers in [[urban canyon]]s, then passes quickly over Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://qzss.go.jp/en/technical/technology/orbit.html |title=Quasi-Zenith Satellite Orbit (QZO) |access-date=2018-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309194252/http://qzss.go.jp/en/technical/technology/orbit.html |archive-date=2018-03-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Launch==
{{see also|Geostationary transfer orbit}}
{{Multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width =
| image1 = Animation of EchoStar XVII trajectory.gif
| image2 = Animation of EchoStar XVII trajectory Equatorial view.gif
| footer = An example of a transition from geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) to geosynchronous orbit (GSO): {{legend2|magenta|[[EchoStar XVII]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|RoyalBlue|[[Earth]]}}
}}

Geosynchronous satellites are launched to the east into a prograde orbit that matches the rotation rate of the equator. The smallest inclination that a satellite can be launched into is that of the launch site's latitude, so launching the satellite from close to the equator limits the amount of [[Orbital inclination change|inclination change]] needed later.<ref name="conf"/> Additionally, launching from close to the equator allows the speed of the Earth's rotation to give the satellite a boost. A launch site should have water or deserts to the east, so any failed rockets do not fall on a populated area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/LaunchesandOrbits/LaunchingSatellites/index.html|title=Launching Satellites|website=[[EUMETSAT]]|access-date=January 26, 2020|archive-date=December 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221164243/https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/LaunchesandOrbits/LaunchingSatellites/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Most [[launch vehicle]]s place geosynchronous satellites directly into a [[geosynchronous transfer orbit]] (GTO), an elliptical orbit with an [[apsis|apogee]] at GSO height and a low [[apsis|perigee]]. On-board satellite propulsion is then used to raise the perigee, circularise and reach GSO.<ref name="conf">{{cite conference|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282014319 |conference=20th International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics|first1=Nicholas |last1=Farber |first2=Andrea |last2=Aresini |first3=Pascal |last3=Wauthier |first4=Philippe |last4=Francken|date=September 2007 |title=A general approach to the geostationary transfer orbit mission recovery |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/20140116-how-to-get-a-satellite-to-gto.html |title=How to get a satellite to geostationary orbit |first=Jason |last=Davis|date=January 17, 2014|access-date=October 2, 2019 |publisher=The Planetary Society}}</ref>

Once in a viable geostationary orbit, spacecraft can change longitudinal position by adjusting their semi-major axis such that the new period is shorter or longer than a sidereal day to effect an apparent "drift" eastward or westward, respectively. Once at the desired longitude, the spacecraft's period is restored to geosynchronous.<ref name="satsig-repo-gso">{{cite web |title=Repositioning geostationary satellites |url=https://www.satsig.net/orbit-research/geo-orbit-repositioning.htm |website=Satellite Signals |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127202135/https://www.satsig.net/orbit-research/geo-orbit-repositioning.htm |archive-date=27 November 2022 |date=22 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Proposed orbits==
===Statite proposal===
A [[statite]] is a hypothetical satellite that uses [[Radiation pressure#Solar radiation pressure|radiation pressure]] from the Sun against a [[solar sail]] to modify its orbit.<ref name="st"/>

It would hold its location over the dark side of the Earth at a latitude of approximately 30 degrees. It would return to the same spot in the sky every 24 hours from an Earth-based viewer's perspective and so be functionally similar to a geosynchronous orbit.<ref name="st">{{cite patent |country=US |number=5183225 |status=patent |title=Statite: Spacecraft That Utilizes Sight Pressure and Method of Use |pubdate=February 2, 1993 |pridate=1989-01-09 |inventor-surname=Forward |inventor-given=Robert}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=New Scientist |date=March 9, 1991 |title=Science: Polar 'satellite' could revolutionise communications |issue=1759|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917594-000-science-polar-satellite-could-revolutionisecommunications/ |access-date=October 2, 2019}}</ref>

===Space elevator===
A further form of geosynchronous orbit is the theoretical [[space elevator]]. If a mass orbiting above the geostationary belt is tethered to the earth’s surface, and the mass is accelerated to maintain an orbital period equal to one sidereal day—then since the orbit now requires more downward force than gravity alone supplies, the tether is tensioned by the extra centripetal force required, and this tension keeps the tether structure stable as a crawler carries objects up and down along it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Bradley C. |date=1 March 2003 |title=The Space Elevator NIAC Phase II Final Report |url=http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/521Edwards.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/521Edwards.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=[[NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts]] |page=26}}</ref>

== Retired satellites ==
[[File:Debris-GEO1280.jpg|thumb|alt=Earth from space, surrounded by small white dots|A computer-generated image of space debris. Two debris fields are shown: around geosynchronous space and low Earth orbit.]]

Geosynchronous satellites require some [[Orbital station-keeping|station-keeping]] to remain in position, and once they run out of thruster fuel and are no longer useful they are moved into a higher [[graveyard orbit]]. It is not feasible to deorbit geosynchronous satellites, for to do so would take far more fuel than would be used by slightly elevating the orbit; and atmospheric drag is negligible, giving GSOs lifetimes of thousands of years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news/debris_faq.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Orbital Debris |publisher=NASA |date=September 2, 2011 |access-date=February 9, 2020 |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323170238/https://www.nasa.gov/news/debris_faq.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The retirement process is becoming increasingly regulated and satellites must have a 90% chance of moving over 200 km above the geostationary belt at end of life.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-04-satellites-die.html |title=Where old satellites go to die |website=phys.org |date=April 3, 2017 |author=EUMETSAT |author-link=EUMETSAT}}</ref>

=== Space debris ===
{{main|Space debris#Characterization}}

Space debris in geosynchronous orbits typically has a lower collision speed than at LEO (Low Earth Orbit) since most GSO satellites orbit in the same plane, altitude and speed; however, the presence of satellites in [[eccentric orbit]]s allows for collisions at up to 4 km/s. Although a collision is comparatively unlikely, GSO satellites have a limited ability to avoid any debris.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/space-debris-threat-to-geosynchronous-satellites-has-been-drastically-underestimated/ |title=Space debris threat to geosynchronous satellites has been drastically underestimated |date=December 12, 2017 |website=Physics World |first=Marric |last=Stephens}}</ref>

Debris less than 10 cm in diameter cannot be seen from the Earth, making it difficult to assess their prevalence.<ref name="telk1">{{cite web |url=https://spacenews.com/exoanalytic-video-shows-telkom-1-satellite-erupting-debris/ |title=ExoAnalytic video shows Telkom-1 satellite erupting debris |date=August 30, 2017 |website=SpaceNews.com |first=Caleb |last=Henry}}</ref>

Despite efforts to reduce risk, spacecraft collisions have occurred. The [[European Space Agency]] telecom satellite [[Olympus-1]] was struck by a [[meteoroid]] on August 11, 1993, and eventually moved to a [[graveyard orbit]],<ref name="The Olympus failure">{{cite press release |title=N° 40–1993: OLYMPUS: End of mission |url=https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/OLYMPUS_End_of_mission |publisher=[[ESA]] |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031211545/https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/OLYMPUS_End_of_mission |archive-date=31 October 2022 |date=26 August 1993 |url-status=live |id=40–1993}}</ref> and in 2006 the Russian [[Express (satellite)|Express-AM11]] communications satellite was struck by an unknown object and rendered inoperable,<ref name=srdc20060419>{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=20320 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104185122/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=20320 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |title=Notification for Express-AM11 satellite users in connection with the spacecraft failure |publisher=Russian Satellite Communications Company |date=April 19, 2006 |via=Spaceref}}</ref> although its engineers had enough contact time with the satellite to send it into a graveyard orbit. In 2017 both [[AMC-9]] and [[Telkom-1]] broke apart from an unknown cause.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spacenews.com/op-ed-do-we-care-about-orbital-debris-at-all/|title=Do we care about orbital debris at all? |first=James E. |last=Dunstan |date=January 30, 2018 |website=SpaceNews.com}}</ref><ref name="telk1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spaceflight101.com/amc-9-satellite-anomaly-orbit-change/|title=AMC 9 Satellite Anomaly associated with Energetic Event & sudden Orbit Change – Spaceflight101|date=June 20, 2017|website=spaceflight101.com|access-date=January 27, 2020|archive-date=December 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226011502/http://spaceflight101.com/amc-9-satellite-anomaly-orbit-change/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Properties==
[[File:Geosynchronous no geostationary orbit.gif|thumb|The orbit of a geosynchronous satellite at an inclination, from the perspective of an off-Earth observer ([[Earth-centered inertial|ECI]]) and of an observer rotating around the Earth at its spin rate ([[ECEF]]).]]

A geosynchronous orbit has the following properties:

* Period: 1436 minutes (one [[sidereal day]])
* [[Semi-major and semi-minor axes#Astronomy|Semi-major axis]]: 42,164 km<ref name="smad"/>{{rp|121}}

===Period===
All geosynchronous orbits have an orbital period equal to exactly one sidereal day.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Vladimir|editor-last1=Chobotov |year=1996 |title=Orbital Mechanics |publisher=AIAA Education Series |page=304|edition=2nd|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9781563471797|oclc=807084516}}</ref> This means that the satellite returns to the same point above the Earth's surface every (sidereal) day, regardless of other orbital properties.<ref>
{{cite book |title=Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications |last=Vallado |first=David A. |year=2007 |publisher=Microcosm Press |location=Hawthorne, CA |pages=31|oclc=263448232}}
</ref><ref name="smad"/>{{rp|121}} This orbital period, T, is directly related to the semi-major axis of the orbit through the formula:

<math display="block">T = 2\pi\sqrt{a^3 \over \mu}</math>

where:
{{block indent |left=1.5 |text={{plainlist}}
* <math display="inline">a</math> is the length of the orbit's semi-major axis
* <math display="inline">\mu</math> is the [[standard gravitational parameter]] of the central body<ref name="smad"/>{{rp|137}}
{{endplainlist}}}}

===Inclination===
A geosynchronous orbit can have any inclination.

Satellites commonly have an inclination of zero, ensuring that the orbit remains over the equator at all times, making it stationary with respect to latitude from the point of view of a ground observer (and in the [[ECEF]] reference frame).<ref name="smad"/>{{rp|122}}

Another popular inclinations is 63.4° for a Tundra orbit, which ensures that the orbit's [[argument of perigee]] does not change over time.<ref name="scs"/>

===Ground track===
In the special case of a geostationary orbit, the [[ground track]] of a satellite is a single point on the [[equator]]. In the general case of a geosynchronous orbit with a non-zero [[inclination]] or [[Eccentricity (orbit)|eccentricity]], the ground track is a more or less distorted figure-eight, returning to the same places once per sidereal day.<ref name="smad"/>{{rp|122}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Geostationary orbit]]
* [[Geosynchronous satellite]]
* [[Graveyard orbit]]
* [[High Earth orbit]]
* [[List of orbits]]
* [[List of satellites in geosynchronous orbit]]
* [[Low Earth orbit]]
* [[Medium Earth orbit]]
* [[Molniya orbit]]
* [[Subsynchronous orbit]]
* [[Supersynchronous orbit]]
* [[Synchronous orbit]]

== References ==
{{Reflist
|refs =
<ref name = NASA2001>{{cite web
|url = http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/orbit_feature_5-8.html
|title = What is orbit?
|date = October 25, 2001
|publisher = [[NASA]]
|quote = Satellites that seem to be attached to some location on Earth are in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)...Satellites headed for GEO first go to an elliptical orbit with an apogee about 23,000 miles. Firing the rocket engines at apogee then makes the orbit round. Geosynchronous orbits are also called geostationary.
|access-date = 2013-03-10
|archive-date = April 6, 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130406021840/http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/orbit_feature_5-8.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171701/http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/geo-loc.php Satellites currently in Geosynchronous Orbit, list updated daily]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050821080635/http://science.nasa.gov/realtime/rocket_sci/satellites/geo-high.html Science@NASA – Geosynchronous Orbit]
* [http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf5-1.php NASA – Planetary Orbits]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041104195134/http://www.sciencepresse.qc.ca/clafleur/Scfam-geostationary.html Science Presse data on Geosynchronous Orbits (including historical data and launch statistics)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204054322/http://www.braeunig.us/space/orbmech.htm Orbital Mechanics] (Rocket and Space Technology)
* {{APOD |date=11 April 2012 |title=Time lapse of Geostationary Satellites Beyond the Alps}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Related articles
|list =
{{Orbits|state=expanded}}
{{Planetary rings}}
{{Spaceflight}}}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geosynchronous Orbit}}
[[Category:Earth orbits]]
[[Category:Planetary rings]]
[[Category:Satellite broadcasting]]
[[Category:Satellites in geosynchronous orbit|+]]

National Highway 227B (India)

2026-01-07T10:00:57Z

Saurabh jain: starting

{{Short description|National Highway in India}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 227B
| alternate_name = 84-Kosi Parikrama Marg
| length_km = 240
| terminus_a = Makhauda Dham, Basti
| terminus_b = Ayodhya
| states = Uttar Pradesh
}}

'''National Highway 227B (NH 227B)''', also known as the '''84-Kosi Parikrama Marg''', is a newly declared national highway in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="NHAI2021">{{cite news |title=Union Road Ministry drafts notification for NH 227B |work=Hindustan Times |date=2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/}}{{full|date=October 2025}}</ref> It roughly follows the traditional 84-kosi (about 240 km) circumambulation route around the sacred city of Ayodhya.<ref name="Times2023">{{cite news |title=84-kosi Parikrama Marg to become NH |work=Times of India |date=2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/}}{{full|date=October 2025}}</ref> The highway spans five districts – Ayodhya, Basti, Ambedkar Nagar, Barabanki, and Gonda – linking numerous temples and pilgrimage sites associated with Lord Rama.<ref name="NHAI2021"/><ref name="IndianExpress2022">{{cite news |title=NH-227B project for Ayodhya parikrama |work=Indian Express |date=2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/}}{{full|date=October 2025}}</ref>

==Route description==
NH 227B forms a loop ("parikrama") around Ayodhya. The road starts near '''Makhauda Dham''' in [[Basti district]] and terminates in the city of Ayodhya.<ref name="NHAI2021"/> Major waypoints include Sarpur (Basti), Gosaiganj (Barabanki), Bikapur and Patranga (Ayodhya/Ambedkar Nagar), and Bahuwan (near the Ambedkar Nagar/Gonda boundary). Key junctions include a crossing of NH 27 (Lucknow–Varanasi highway) near Gosaiganj.<ref name="Times2023"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location !! District !! Distance from Makhauda (km) !! Notes
|-
| Makhauda Dham (start) || Basti || 0.0 || Temple/pilgrimage site (84-kosi start)
|-
| Sarpur || Basti || 29.0 || Rural town
|-
| Gosaiganj || Barabanki || 47.9 || Junction with NH 27
|-
| Bikapur || Ayodhya || 73.3 || Town on route to Ayodhya
|-
| Patranga || Ambedkar Nagar || 140.96 || -
|-
| Bahuwan Madar Majha || Ambedkar Nagar* || 160.20 || Near Ambedkar Nagar/Gonda border
|-
| Ayodhya (Ramkot area) || Ayodhya || ~240 || End of route
|}

*Approximate district.

==Historical and cultural significance==
The 84-kosi parikrama around Ayodhya is an ancient Hindu pilgrimage tradition associated with Lord Rama.<ref name="IndianExpress2022"/> Completing the full parikrama, which touches dozens of sacred sites (up to 148), is believed to have great religious merit.<ref name="Times2023"/> The Ayodhya development plan includes the "Sri Ram Avtaran Corridor" along this route, linking 21 major Rama-related temples and ghats.<ref name="Times2023"/>

==Infrastructure and construction==
NH 227B is being built/upgraded mainly as a two-lane highway with wide paved shoulders. The project is divided into multiple construction packages:<ref name="MoRTH2023">{{cite web |title=NH-227B Sarpur-Gosaiganj tender |publisher=Ministry of Road Transport & Highways |date=2023 |url=https://morth.nic.in/}}{{full|date=October 2025}}</ref>

* Package I: Jagarnathpur–Makhauda–Sarpur (~36 km)
* Package II: Sarpur–Gosaiganj (~18.88 km)
* Package III: Gosaiganj–Bikapur (~25.5 km)
* Package IV: Bikapur–Patranga (~67.66 km)

In December 2024, HG Infra secured a ₹899 crore contract to upgrade a 63.84 km portion between Bahuwan Madar [[Majha]] and Jagarnathpur.<ref name="HGInfra2024">{{cite news |title=HG Infra wins NH-227B project |work=Business Standard |date=2024 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/}}{{full|date=October 2025}}</ref> Pre-construction activities, including land acquisition and surveying, are underway.<ref name="MoRTH2023"/>

==Government initiatives and funding==
NH 227B was formally notified by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways. A 2022 Gazette notification refers to the "improvement and up-gradation of newly declared NH-227B (84 Kosi Parikrama Marg)".<ref name="Gazette2022">{{cite web |title=Gazette Notification NH-227B |work=India Gazette |date=2022 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/}}{{full|date=October 2025}}</ref> Funding has been reported at around ₹4,200 crore, shared between NHAI and the Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department.<ref name="Times2023"/>

==Connectivity and transport importance==
NH 227B improves connectivity in Purvanchal by linking five districts around Ayodhya. It connects existing highways, including NH 27 at Gosaiganj, providing a continuous road circuit for pilgrims and local travelers.<ref name="IndianExpress2022"/> It supports regional trade, tourism, and religious events, particularly linked to the new Ram Temple in Ayodhya.<ref name="Times2023"/>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh]]

AppleBox Studios

2025-12-31T23:16:57Z

Saurabh jain: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ramya (actress)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to related topic}}
{{R from company name}}
}}

Thejkumar M. S.

2025-12-29T06:31:22Z

Saurabh jain: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1981)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Thejkumar|M.S.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2017)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main226059.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2500 (October 2017)
| FideID = 5009154
}}

'''Thejkumar M.S.''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Chess career==
Thejkumar began learning chess from his father at the age of 12.<ref name="journey">{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/M_S_Thejkumar_shares_his_journey_to_the_top|title=The story of how M.S. Thejkumar became a GM at the age of 36 years without a chess coach|first=Sagar|last=Shah|date=30 May 2018}}</ref> He is the first GM from the state of [[Karnataka]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/felicitation-grand-master-thej-kumar/|title=Felicitation To Grand Master Thej Kumar|date=9 September 2017|publisher=Star of Mysore|accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref> and achieved six norms (three IM norms and three GM norms) from December 2007 to May 2008. In September 2017, his rating surpassed the 2500+ requirement for the Grandmaster title, allowing him to achieve it at age 36; much later in life than most players who have earned the title.<ref name="journey"/>

In June 2018, Thejkumar won the Karnataka State Level Open Rapid Chess Tournament, with a perfect score of 9/9.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://starofmysore.com/karnataka-state-open-rapid-chess-tourney-gm-thejkumar-wins-title/|title=Karnataka State Open Rapid Chess Tourney: GM Thejkumar Wins Title|date=25 June 2018|publisher=Star of Mysore|accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref>

Thejkumar's achievements include winning the 2013 Indian National B championship and the 2003 National U-25 Championship. Outside of India, he has won tournaments such as the 2016 Liffre Open and the 2017 Guingamp Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangalorebeastscom.wordpress.com/the-beast-list-2/gm-m-s-thejkumar/|title=GM M.S.Thejkumar |date=28 August 2019 }}</ref>

He was also part of the appeals committee for the 14th National Schools Chess Championship in India from 27th to 31st December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess Results |url=https://s3.chess-results.com/UploadData.aspx?lan=1&tnr=1306910&Uid=2}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE|5009154}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:M.S., Thejkumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mysore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

R. A. Podar Institute of Management

2025-12-26T03:05:34Z

Saurabh jain: rework article to improve readability per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = R. A. Podar Institute of Management (RAPIM)
| image = 
| native_name = {{lang|hi|आर.ए.पोद्दार प्रबंधन संस्थान}}
| established = 1974
| type = [[Business School]]
| chancellor = Shri [[Kalraj Mishra]]
| vice_chancellor = [[Prof. Alpana Kateja]]
| director = [[Prof. Anurag Sharma]]
| city = [[Jaipur]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{Convert|5|acre}}
| website = https://www.rapim.ac.in/
}}
'''R. A. Podar Institute of Management, Faculty of Management Studies (RAPIM)''' is a provider of management education in [[Jaipur]] city, in [[Rajasthan]] state, [[India]]. It was set up in 1974, as a constituent unit of the [[University of Rajasthan]]. The institute offers MBA, MBA(Services Management) and MBA(Executive) courses, also offers a Ph.D. program in Management. The institute campus at J.L.N. Road is spread over an area of approximately 20,000 square meters (5 Acres).<ref>{{Cite web |title=R A Podar Institute of Management - Home |url=https://www.rapim.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.rapim.ac.in}}</ref>

==History==
In the early sixties a need for management education was felt to keep up with the changing scenario of business in India. The University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, started the MBA program in 1968. The R.A. Podar Institute of Management was established in 1974 as a constituent unit of the university. It was the sixth B-School established in the country.

With the setting up of the institute, an MBA flagship program was launched.

==Academics==
* Master of Business Administration (four semester full-time programme)
* Master of Business Administration (Services Management)
* Master of Business Administration (Executive) (six semester part-time programme)

==Admissions==
Students get admission with PIM-MAT for the Services Management 4 semester full course programme and R-Mat (basis the rank) for the general 4 semester full-time programme.

== Notable alumni ==

* [[Rohit Bohra]], Politician and Businessman<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Bohra (MLA Rajakhera), MLA Rohit Bohra, MLA Rajakhera |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Rajasthan Link |language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[http://www.rapim.org/index.aspx RAPIM]
[https://archive.today/20110528075134/http://www.uniraj.edu.in/ent/index.php?pid=91]
[https://archive.today/20110528075324/http://www.uniraj.edu.in/ent/index.php?pid=92]
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Business schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-university-stub}}

Ay Andiran

2025-12-21T07:16:18Z

Saurabh jain: Made First Stub W/ Sources

{{Short description|Early historic south Indian ruler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ay Andiran
| title = Ruler of the [[Ay dynasty|Ays]]
| succession =
| reign = ''fl.'' 2nd century AD{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=517–18 and 527-28}}
| reign-type =
| predecessor =
| house = [[Ay dynasty]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| image =
| caption =
}}
'''Ay Andiran''' (''fl.'' 2nd century AD{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=517–18 and 527-28}}) was a [[velir|velir or hill chieftain]] of the [[Ay dynasty]] who ruled over the [[Pothigai|Pothigai Hills]] and the surrounding regions, including the south-western [[Malabar Coast]], of the [[Tamilakam|Tamil country]] in southern India during the early historic period.{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=53}}{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=5}} He was an elder contemporary of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler Anthuvan Cheral (dated to c. 140 CE).{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=517–18 and 527-28}}

In [[Sangam literature|the Sangam Literature (the early historic Tamil corpus)]], particularly in ''[[Purananuru]]'' (quatrain 128) and ''[[Kurunthokai]]'' (quatrain 84), he is mentioned as the Lord of the [[Pothigai|Pothigai Hills (or the Pothiyil-malai)]] in the [[Western Ghats]].{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=53}}{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=5}} His headquarters was probably located at [[Aygudi|Aykudi]] in the Western Ghats.{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=4}} He is extolled in [[Sangam literature|Sangam poetry]] for his benevolence toward poets, musicians, and dancing girls{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}} and is counted among [[last seven great patrons|the Last Seven Great Patrons (Kadai Ezhu Vallal)]] .{{sfn|Krishnan|Udayakumar|1996|p=97}}{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}}

== Reign ==
[[File:Agasthyarkoodam.JPG|thumb|307x307px|[[Pothigai|Pothigai Hills]]]]
In [[Sangam literature|Sangam Literature]], Ay Andiran is portrayed as a ruler who held dominion over the [[Pothigai|Pothigai Hills]] in the southern stretches of the [[Western Ghats]] — densely forested and rich in elephants — which he employed extensively in warfare.{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=4}}{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=53}} The luxurious "palace" of Ay Andiran is also described in ''[[Purananuru]]'' (quatrain 127).{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}}

Poems praising Andiran, composed by the poet Uraiyur Eniseri Mudamosiyar, feature in ''Purananuru'' (quatrain 127-135 and 241).{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=54}} He is also mentioned by poets such as [[Paranar]] (''[[Akananuru]]'' 152 and 198), Mosi Kiran (''[[Kurunthokai]]'' 84), Kavirippumpattinam Karikkannar (''[[Natrinai]]'' 237), Umathur Kizhar Parangotranar (''Akananuru'' 69), Thuraiyur Odai Kizhar (''Purananuru'' 136), and in ''[[Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai|Sirupanatruppadai]]'' (lines 96-99).{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527}}{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}} In ''Akananuru'' (quatrain 15), his name appears alongside other minor Tamil rulers such as [[Mushika dynasty|Nannan]], [[Nalli (ruler)|Nalli]], Pindan, and Thitthan Veliyan.{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}}

=== Battle against the Kongu rulers ===
''Purananuru'' (quatrain 129-130) mentions the battles Andiran fought against the rulers of the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu country]] (present-day western Tamil Nadu). The Kongars (the people of the Kongu country) are described as launching an attack on Andiran's territory with a large force of [[spearmen]].{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=56}} The poems recount that Andiran deployed his [[war elephant|elephant corps]], defeated the invaders, and drove them back toward [[Arabian Sea|"the western sea"]].{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=57}}

== Patronage ==
Andiran is celebrated as one of [[Last seven great patrons|the Last Seven Great Patrons (Kadai Ezhu Vallal)]] in the Sangam Collections such as ''[[Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai|Sirupanatruppadai]]'' and ''[[Purananuru]]''.{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=1}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=4}}{{sfn|Duraiarasan|2016|p=}} He extended generous patronage to poets and singers in his court, rewarding them with elephants, horses, and chariots.{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=53}}{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}} The poet Mosiyar's songs repeatedly praise the wealth of Andiran's land and his acts of generosity.{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=54}}

On one occasion, a "blue [[Nāga|naga]]" is said to have visited Andiran and gifted him a fine cloth. The naga explained that he had obtained the cloth through penance and that whoever wore it would be blessed with prosperity and long life.{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=58}} Believing it improper for a mortal to retain a divine gift, Andiran accepted the cloth as a gesture of respect but later dedicated it to the god [[Shiva|Shiva (the Al-mara-selvan)]] at a temple.{{sfn|Jagannathan|1959|p=59}}{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}}{{sfn|Krishnan|Udayakumar|1996|p=97}}

== Death ==
The death of Ay Andiran is mentioned by poets Kuttuvan Kiranar and Mosiyar in ''Purananuru'' (quatrains 240 and 241; respectively). Kiranar records that Andiran’s wives immolated themselves on his funeral pyre.{{sfn|Sastri|1957|p=527-28}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite web |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/ta/courses-degree-d011-d0113-html-d0113334-18874 |year=2016 |editor-last=Duraiarasan |editor-first=K. |title=Last Seven Great Patrons |lang=ta |publication-place=Chennai |work=[[Tamil Virtual University|Tamil Virtual Academy]] |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=}}
* {{cite book |last=Jagannathan |first=K. V. | author-link = Ki. Va. Jagannathan |title=Ezhu Peruvallalgal |location=Chennai |trans-title=Seven Great Patrons |lang=ta |year=1959 |publisher=Amutha Nilayam |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/library/nationalized/pdf/92-ki.va.ja/7peruvallalkal.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Krishnan |first=S. N. |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0018936_Encyclopaedia_of_Tamil_Literature.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature |last2=Udayakumar |first2=P. |last3= |first3= |date=1996 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |volume=III |location=Madras |page=|chapter=Ay Andiran}}
* {{cite book |last1=Raju |first1=S. |last2= |first2= |title=Historical Heritage of the Tamils |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |year=1983 |editor-last=Subramanian |editor-first=S. V. |location=Madras |chapter=The Chieftains of the Sangam Age |editor-last2=Thirunavukkarasu |editor-first2=K. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/lLXZ_historical-heritage-of-the-tamils-edited-by-s-v-subrahmanian-and-k-d-thirunavukk/page/256/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link1= |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/comprehensive-history-india-vol-ii-mauryas-and-satavahanas |title=Comprehensive History of India, Vol. 2: The Mauryas and Satavahanas |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1957 |isbn= |location=Bombay |pages= |chapter= |orig-year=}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sudaroli |first=P. |title=Kadai Elu Vallalgal |trans-title=Last Seven Great Patrons |lang=ta |journal=Shanlax |url=https://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/TS/V3N3/ts_v3_n3_i2_023.pdf |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=January 2019 |issn=2454-3993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023004903/https://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/TS/V3N3/ts_v3_n3_i2_023.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2019 |pages=116–120}}
{{Last seven great patrons}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Kadai ezhu vallal]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]

Benjamin Bailey (missionary)

2025-12-10T02:54:19Z

Saurabh jain: Expanded content with additional details

{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{Short description|British missionary (1791-1871)}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Benjamin Bailey statue at C.M.S. Press, Kottayam.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt = The statue of Benjamin Bailey at the CMS Press compound, Kottayam
| birth_name = Benjamin Bailey
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1791|11||df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dewsbury]], [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1871|4|3|1791|11|1|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Sheinton]], [[Shropshire]], England
| spouse = Elizabeth Ella
| known_for = [[Bible Translations|Translating Bible]] into [[Malayalam]] language, Standardized the Malayalam types, Compiled the first [[Dictionary]] in Malayalam, first principal of [https://cmscollege.ac.in/history/ CMS College], Kottayam<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.benjaminbaileyfoundation.org/banjamin_Dynamic.php?id=26&cid=8 |title=Benjamin Bailey Foundation |access-date=31 December 2014 |archive-date=31 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231122838/http://www.benjaminbaileyfoundation.org/banjamin_Dynamic.php?id=26&cid=8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''Benjamin Bailey''' (November 1791 in [[Dewsbury]] – 3 April 1871 in [[Sheinton]], [[Shropshire]], [[England]]) was a British [[Church Mission Society]] missionary in Kerala, India for 34 years. He was ordained 1815 and moved to Kerala in 1816 where he found a mission station in [[Kottayam]],<ref name="CMSatlasHind">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (India)|pages= 95–156|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]] |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and in 1821 he established a Malayalam printing press. He translated the Bible into [[Malayalam]], in 1846 published the first English-Malayalam dictionary, and in 1849 published the first Malayalam-English dictionary.

==Life==
Benjamin Bailey was born in November 1791, as the son of Joseph Bailey and his wife Martha. 1812, two years under Rev. T. Scott for missionary training; one year under J. Buckworth, Vicar of Dewsbury. He was ordained as Deacon on 6 August and as Priest on 17 December 1815, by the Archbishop of York (to the Curacy of Harewood, Yorkshire). In 1816, he married Elizabeth Ella and, on 4 May that year, went to Kottayam, Kerala, India.

Benjamin Bailey was the progenitor of printing and book publishing in Malayalam, the native language of Kerala. It was he who established the first printing press (the Kottayam CMS press) and started printing Malayalam in Kerala. He was the first lexicographer in the language. Besides this, he was a well versed author and translator.<ref name="societytracts1852">{{cite book|author1=Church missionary society|author2=Church missionary tracts|title=Church missionary tracts [issued by the Church missionary soc.].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fACAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR100|year=1852|publisher=Seeleys|pages=100–}}</ref> He compiled a dictionary of the Malayalam language.<ref name="George1972">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZqqyxVkufQC&pg=PA36|year=1972|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0413-3|pages=36–}}</ref>

Benjamin Bailey was also an architect in Gothic style. In 1839–42, he built the Anglican church in Kottayam-the Christ Church- which Bishop Wilson called "the glory of Travancore". The church is now the Cathedral church of the [[Church of South India|CSI]] Madhya Kerala Diocese.

On 14 May 1831 Benjamin Bailey went to England on furlough and returned to India on 15 July 1834. On 13 March 1850 he departed to England and retired owing to failure of health. From 1856 until his death he was Rector of Sheinton, Shropshire and in 1857 appointed Honorary Life Governor of the CMS. He was Rural Dean of Condover, Salop (in which Rural Deanery area his parish lay) from 1862 to his death.

He died suddenly at Sheinton on 3 April 1871, aged 79.

==Malayalam language printing==
[[File:BenjaminBaileysPrintingPress.jpg|thumbnail|Benjamin Bailey's Printing Press at CMS Press, Kottayam, which was moved later to Benjamin Bailey Museum]]
Benjamin Bailey was the founder of both Malayalam printing and book publishing{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}. The [[C.M.S. Press]] he established in 1821 at Kottayam was not only the first Malayalam printing office but also the first book publishing house. CMS Press undertook printing works in the languages of Malayalam, English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Latin language|Latin]] and Syriac-simply, CMS Press was the first polyglot printing office in Kerala. Printing led to the publishing of books and periodicals. He translated the New Testament from Greek into Malayalam.<ref name="Smalley1991">{{cite book|author=William Allen Smalley|title=Translation as Mission: Bible Translation in the Modern Missionary Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHkuW2mpqaMC&pg=PA22|year=1991|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=978-0-86554-389-8|pages=22–}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Cherupaithangal]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Benjamin Bailey Museum, Kottayam.jpg|Benjamin Bailey Museum, Kottayam
File:Benjamin_Bailey_Hall,_Kottayam.jpg|Benjamin Bailey Hall, Kottayam. Memorial for Bailey
File:Holy Trinity Cathedral, Kottayam - west door.jpg|The west door of Holy Trinity Cathedral which mentions Bailey laid the foundation stone in 1839
File:C.M.S. Press, Kottayam.jpg|C.M.S. Press
File:Bailey Bhavan.jpg|Bailey Bhavan, Kottayam

</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}



==External links==
{{commons category|Benjamin Bailey}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.186184181518993.47946.141962592607819&type=1 some photos of the CMS Press he started]
*[http://www.benjaminbaileyfoundation.org Benjamin Bailey Foundation]

{{Authority control}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, Benjamin}}
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Malayalam]]
[[Category:Anglican missionaries in India]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:1791 births]]
[[Category:19th-century British translators]]
[[Category:English Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:Church Mission Society missionaries]]
[[Category:British missionary linguists]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Samvardhana Motherson

2025-12-05T07:08:58Z

Saurabh jain: new - done

{{short description|Indian automotive components company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Samvardhana Motherson International Limited
| logo = Samvardhana Motherson.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|517334}} {{NSE|MOTHERSON}}
| genre =
| predecessor =
| founder = S. L. Sehgal [[Vivek Chaand Sehgal]]<ref name="Management">{{cite web|title= Management |publisher=Official website|access-date=2 August 2019|url=http://www.motherson.com}}</ref>
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| key_people = Vivek Chaand Sehgal (Chairman) Laksh Vaaman Sehgal (Vice Chairman)<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2021 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/videos/business/motherson-sumi-outlines-vision-2025-sees-consolidated-revenues-rising-to-36-billion-8036501.htm|title=Motherson Sumi outlines Vision 2025; sees consolidated revenues rising to $36 billion|website=[[CNBC TV18]]|language=en|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| products = [[Automotive part]]s
| services =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|113663|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|10877|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|3803|c}} (2025)
| assets = {{up}} {{INRConvert|92847|c}} (2025)
| equity = {{up}} {{INRConvert|37128|c}} (2025)
| owners = {{ubl|Sehgal family (50.4%)|[[Sumitomo Electric Industries|Sumitomo Wiring Systems]] (9.73%)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Podishetti |first1=Akash |title=Japanese promoter Sumitomo sells 4.4% stake in Samvardhana in Rs 3,630-crore bulk deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/japanese-promoter-sumitomo-sells-4-4-stake-in-samvardhana-in-rs-3630-crore-bulk-deal/articleshow/108273434.cms |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=6 March 2024}}</ref>}}
| divisions =
| num_employees = 129,000
| subsid = {{ubl|Samvardhana Motherson Peguform|Samvardhana Motherson Reflectec|PKC Group}}
| homepage = {{official|https://www.motherson.com/}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presentation of results 12M FY 2024-25 |url=https://www.motherson.com/storage/financial-results/2024-25/Q4/SAMIL-Presentation-on-results-Q4FY25.pdf |publisher=Samvardhana Motherson International Limited |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Audited Financial Results for quarter and financial year ended March 31, 2025 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/37810252-86b5-4190-aec2-fe23c5b2892c.pdf |website=BSE |publisher=Samvardhana Motherson International Limited |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>
| intl =
}}

'''Samvardhana Motherson International Ltd''' (formerly known as '''Motherson Sumi Systems Ltd''') is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] manufacturer of automotive components, based in [[Noida]]. It makes [[wiring harness]]es, plastic components and [[rearview mirror]]s for passenger cars.<ref name="Motherson Sumi: The secret">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/motherson-sumi-the-secret/103064|title=Motherson Sumi: The secret|website=www.fortuneindia.com|date=May 2019 |language=en|access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref> The company was established in 1986 as a [[joint venture]] with the [[Sumitomo Group]] of Japan.

==History==
=== 1975-1999 ===
In 1975, [[Vivek Chaand Sehgal]] and his mother established the Motherson Group as a silver trading business.<ref>{{cite news |title=How VC Sehgal drove Motherson Sumi to become India's largest auto component maker |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/best-ceos-of-india-2013/story/india-best-ceo-2013-auto-ancillaries-vc-sehgal-motherson-sumi-42616-2013-12-23 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Business Today |date=23 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Two years later, Sehgal set up a [[power cable]]s factory.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhupta |first1=Malini |title=The acquisition machine |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/the-acquisition-machine-116021000050_1.html |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=www.business-standard.com |date=10 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref> A collaboration with [[Sumitomo Electric Industries|Tokai Electric Co.]] (now Sumitomo Wiring Systems) in 1983 led to the incorporation of Motherson Sumi Systems in 1986, primarily as a [[wiring harness]] manufacturer for [[Maruti Udyog]]. The company was listed in 1993 on [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] and subsequently on [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]].

=== 2000-2019 ===
[[File:Peguform (Bötzingen) 4602.jpg|thumb|Samvardhana Motherson Peguform in [[Bötzingen]], Germany.]]
[[File:SMR Hungary, 2017 Mosonmagyaróvár.jpg|thumb|Samvardhana Motherson Reflectec in [[Mosonmagyaróvár]], Hungary.]]
[[File:PKC Kempele 2007 07 11.JPG|thumb|PKC Group office in [[Kempele]], Finland.]]
Motherson Sumi Systems went on to acquire several companies, the first being in 2002 when it acquired the assets of the bankrupt Irish company Wexford Electronics, a manufacturer of wiring harnesses for material handling and earthmoving equipment. In 2006, it purchased the Australian company Empire Rubber.<ref name="Motherson acquires Empire Rubber">{{cite news|title= Motherson acquires Empire Rubber |publisher=Business Line|access-date=31 January 2012|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/article1658330.ece?ref=archive}}</ref> In 2009, it acquired the global [[rearview mirror]] business of the world's largest rearview mirror maker {{ill|Visiocorp|de|SMR – Samvardhana Motherson Reflectec}} (now renamed as Samvardhana Motherson Reflectec).<ref>{{cite news |title=Motherson Sumi buys auto rearview mirror maker Visiocorp for $31.6 mln |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-38430120090310 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Reuters |date=10 March 2009 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Motherson acquires Visiocorp PLC">{{cite news|title= Motherson acquires Visiocorp PLC|publisher=DNA|access-date=31 January 2012|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_motherson-sumi-systems-to-acquire-visiocorp-plc-uk_1218367}}</ref> In 2011, it acquired the German interior and exterior polymer modules maker {{ill|Peguform|de|Samvardhana Motherson Peguform}} (now named Samvardhana Motherson Peguform).<ref>{{cite news |title=Motherson Sumi acquires 80% stake in German co Peguform |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/motherson-sumi-acquires-80-stake-in-german-co-peguform/article20307042.ece1 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=13 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Motherson acquires Peguform">{{cite news|title= Motherson acquires Peguform |publisher=Economic Times|access-date=31 January 2012|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-14/news/29773464_1_samvardhana-motherson-finance-germany-s-peguform-group-motherson-sumi-systems|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103120619/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-14/news/29773464_1_samvardhana-motherson-finance-germany-s-peguform-group-motherson-sumi-systems|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, it bought the wiring harness business of Stoneridge Inc for $65.7 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Chanchal Pal |title=Motherson Sumi Systems Ltd to buy Stoneridge Inc's wiring business for $65.7 million |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/motherson-sumi-systems-ltd-to-buy-stoneridge-incs-wiring-business-for-65-7-million/articleshow/35626768.cms |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> This was followed by the acquisition of Finnish [[Electric power distribution|electrical distribution systems]] manufacturer {{ill|PKC Group|fi}} in 2017 for $619 million,<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Motherson Sumi buys Finland's PKC Group for $619 million |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pkc-group-m-a-mothersonsumi-idUSKBN16Y0D5 |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=Reuters |date=27 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> French interior components maker Reydel Automotives (now named Samvardhana Motherson Reydel Companies) in 2018 for $201 million,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Malyaban |title=Motherson Sumi buys Reydel Automotive for $201 million |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/lFg6D3qjWGIAtPVrLS6NYJ/Motherson-Sumi-buys-Reydel-Automotive-for-201-million.html |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=mint |date=3 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vivek Chaand Sehgal: Man of many parts |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership-awards-2018/vivek-chaand-sehgal-man-of-many-parts/51843/1 |website=Forbes India |access-date=15 September 2019 |language=en |date=2018}}</ref> and [[Bombardier Transportation]]'s UK electrical component and systems business in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/motherson-sumi-acquires-bombardiers-uk-electrical-components-systems/68207315|title=Acquisition of Bombardier's Rolling Stock Business|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>

=== 2020-present ===
In 2020, the domestic wiring harness business was restructured under a newly incorporated, wholly owned subsidiary of Motherson Sumi Systems called Motherson Sumi Wiring India Limited (MSWIL).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Malyaban |title=Motherson Sumi announces new organizational restructuring |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/motherson-sumi-announces-new-organizational-restructuring-wiring-business-to-become-separate-entity-11593709584234.html |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=mint |date=2 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> MSWIL was subsequently [[demerger|demerged]] and became a listed company in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nahar |first1=Pawan |title=Motherson Sumi Wiring shares list after demerger, rise 5% |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/motherson-sumi-wiring-shares-list-after-demerger-rise-5/articleshow/90486880.cms |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> At the time of its listing, Samvardhana Motherson International held a 33.4% stake in MSWIL, while 25.3% was held by Sumitomo Wiring Systems, 3% by Sehgal family and the rest by public investors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Motherson Sumi Wiring India |url=https://images.assettype.com/bloombergquint/2022-03/c7a4b1da-010d-429c-9de9-384fc8dbc66e/Motilal_Oswal_Motherson_Sumi_Wiring_India_Company_Update.pdf |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=Motilal Oswal |publisher=Bloomberg Quint}}</ref>

After this demerger, the holding company of the group Samvardhana Motherson International Limited, which held stakes in Motherson Sumi Systems and the unlisted global components maker Samvardhana Motherson Automotive Components Group BV (SMRPBV), was merged into Motherson Sumi Systems; the merged entity was renamed as Samvardhana Motherson International Limited. After the merger, Sehgal family held a 50.4% [[majority stake]] in the merged entity followed by Sumitomo Wiring Systems at 17.7%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mudgill |first1=Amit |title=Motherson Sumi okays business rejig; what's in it for minority shareholders? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/motherson-sumi-okays-business-rejig-whats-in-it-for-minority-shareholders/articleshow/76766864.cms |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2022, the company acquired [[Ichikoh]]'s mirror manufacturing division for {{JPYConvert|5.2|b}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Samvardhana Motherson Automotive to acquire mirror business of Japan's Ichikoh Industries |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-components/samvardhana-motherson-automotive-to-acquire-mirror-business-of-japans-ichikoh-industries/articleshow/94445907.cms |access-date=13 October 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Samvardhana Motherson's notable acquisitions in 2023 include 51% stake in Saddles International, an Indian automotive upholstery company, for {{INRConvert|207|c}};<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalerao |first1=Mayur |title=Samvardhana Motherson to buy 51% stake in Saddles International for ₹207 cr |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/samvardhana-motherson-to-buy-51-stake-in-saddles-international-for-rs-207-cr-11674819385369.html |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=mint |date=27 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> 100% of SAS Autosystemtechnik, a German automotive cockpit manufacturer, from [[Faurecia]] at an enterprise value of €540 million;<ref>{{cite news |title=Samvardhana Motherson's subsidiary acquires 100% stake in SAS Autosystemtechnik |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/samvardhana-motherson-s-subsidiary-acquires-100-stake-in-sas-autosystemtechnik-11676823682320.html |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=mint |date=19 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> 81% stake in the four-wheeler business of {{ill|Yachiyo Industry|ja|八千代工業}}, a [[Honda]] Group company, for {{JPYConvert|22.9|b}};<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Samvardhana Motherson to buy majority stake in Honda's unit |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/indias-samvardhana-motherson-buy-majority-stake-hondas-unit-2023-07-04/ |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=Reuters |date=5 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and the insolvent German automotive supplier {{ill|Dr. Schneider Group|de|Dr. Schneider Unternehmensgruppe}} for €118.3 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Samvardhana Motherson buys Germany's Dr. Schneider for $132 million |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/indias-samvardhana-motherson-buys-germanys-drschneider-132-mln-2023-07-24/ |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=Reuters |date=24 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Products ==
The products manufactured by Samvardhana Motherson Group comprises wiring harnesses (electrical distribution systems), rearview mirrors, moulded plastic parts including car interior and exterior parts, bumpers, dashboards and door trims, complete polymer modules, rubber components for automotive and industrial applications, high precision machined metal parts and injection moulding tools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/et-now/financial-reports/we-have-all-the-ingredients-which-say-people-are-choosing-the-right-car-motherson-sumi-co-founder/32882|title='We have all the ingredients which say people are choosing the right car', Motherson Sumi Co-Founder|date=28 May 2019|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|India|Companies}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Auto parts suppliers of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Mangalore

2025-11-22T23:25:42Z

Saurabh jain: post - done

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Idris Naikwadi

2025-11-21T03:33:59Z

Saurabh jain: adjust lead to improve readability and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = idris.naikwadi.jpg
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 15 October 2024
| term_end =
| governor = *[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| nationality = *Indian
| citizenship =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =

| office3 = *[[Mayor]] of [[Sangli, Miraj and Kupwad City Municipal Corporation]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Radheshyam |first1=Jadhav |title=Idris Naikwadi has been elected as new mayor of Sangli, Miraj, Kupwad municipal corporation. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/idris-naikwadi-has-been-elected-as-new-mayor-of-sangli-miraj-kupwad-municipal-corporation-/articleshow/7454033.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=30 December 2024 |date=8 February 2011}}</ref>
| term_start3 = 11 February 2011
| term_end3 = 7 August 2013
| birth_date = *4 August 1964
| birth_place =
| occupation = *Politician
| children = *[Atahar, Yusuf And Nazia]
| constituency1 = *Governor Nominated
| profession = *Educationist
| party = *[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| spouse = *Ayesha
| residence = *[[Miraj]] [[Mumbai]]
}}

'''Idris Naikwadi''' (born 1964) is an Indian politician from Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Anil |date=2024-06-07 |title=MLC Election : 'खासदारकी'ला वारं बदलताच सांगलीकरांचं पुढचं 'टार्गेट' ठरलं? |trans-title=As soon as the turn of 'Khasdarki' changed, Sanglikar became the next 'target'? |url=https://sarkarnama.esakal.com/maharashtra/paschim-maharashtra/sangli-leaders-jayashri-patil-idris-naikwadi-eye-on-mlc-election-sd87-ak81 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Politics News on Sarkarnama |language=mr}}</ref> He is a nominated member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] representing [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shinde |first=Digambar |date=2024-10-17 |title=सांगलीत नायकवडींच्या निवडीने अजित पवारांचे दुहेरी 'लक्ष्य' ! मुस्लिम समाजास संधी देतानाच जयंत पाटील विरोधकांना बळ |trans-title=Ajit Pawar's double 'goal' with the selection of Sanglit Nayakwadi! While giving opportunity to the Muslim community, Jayant Patil gave strength to the opponents |url=https://www.loksatta.com/maharashtra/ajit-pawar-ncp-nominate-mlc-to-former-mayor-idris-naikwadi-to-target-jayant-patil-zws-70-4656694/lite/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-10-15 |title=Seven governor-appointed MLCs sworn in ahead of Maharashtra polls announcement |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/15/seven-governor-appointed-mlcs-sworn-in-ahead-of-maharashtra-polls-announcement-2 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is the only Muslim in the Legislature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathan |first=Fazal |title=Idris Naikwadi: The only Muslim in the Maharashtra Upper House |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/society-news/idris-naikwadi-the-only-muslim-in-the-maharashtra-upper-house-32263.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref> He is former mayor of [[Sangli, Miraj and Kupwad City Municipal Corporation]] in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-03 |title=NCP expels Sangli mayor from party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ncp-expels-sangli-mayor-from-party/lite/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jadhav |first=Radheshyam |date=2011-02-08 |title=Idris Naikwadi has been elected as new mayor of Sangli, Miraj, Kupwad municipal corporation. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/idris-naikwadi-has-been-elected-as-new-mayor-of-sangli-miraj-kupwad-municipal-corporation-/articleshow/7454033.cms |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was one of the star campaigners of Nationalist Congress Party for [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Polls: 4 Muslims among NCP list of star campaigners |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/maharashtra-polls-muslims-among-ncp-list-of-star-campaigners-32444.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naikwadi, Idris}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Ellen Lakshmi Goreh

2025-11-14T19:41:31Z

Saurabh jain: adding

{{short description|Indian poet (1853-1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ellen Lakshmi Goreh
| image = EllenLakshmiGoreh.png
| alt = A young South Asian woman, hair dressed back beneath a wide fabric band, wearing a high, stiff, white shirt collar under black robes
| caption = Ellen Lakshmi Goreh, from an undated photograph
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 11 September 1853
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]] ([[Benares]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date = 1937
| death_place = [[Kanpur]] ([[Cawnpore]]), Uttar Pradesh
| occupation = Poet, missionary, nurse, deaconess
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) =
| relatives =
}}

{{Listen|type=music|filename=In_His_Presence.mid |title='In His Presence' | description=MIDI version of 1902 setting by [[Ernest Edwin Mitchell]]<ref>
{{Citation | author1=Mitchell, Ernest Edwin | title=Two sacred songs | publication-date=1902 | publisher=Ernest Edwin Mitchell | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8604317 | access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''Ellen Lakshmi Goreh''' (11 September 1853 – 1937) was an Indian poet, [[Christian missionary]], deaconess, and nurse.

== Early life ==
Ellen Lakshmi Goreh was born in [[Varanasi]], the daughter of [[Nehemiah Goreh|Nilakantha (Nehemiah) Goreh]] and Lakshmibai Jongalekar. Her father was a [[Brahmin]] who converted to [[Christianity]], and an ordained minister.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Young|first=Richard Fox|date=2005|title=Enabling Encounters: The Case of Nilakanth Nehemiah Goreh, Brahmin Convert|url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2005-01/2005-01-014-young.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713203952/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2005-01/2005-01-014-young.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 July 2019|journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research|volume=29|pages=14–20|doi=10.1177/239693930502900104|s2cid=149085805}}</ref> Her mother died in 1853,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 1901|title=Nehemiah Goreh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lK8_AQAAMAAJ&dq=Nehemiah+Goreh+daughter&pg=PA195|journal=The Church Missionary Review|volume=52|pages=195}}</ref> and the infant Ellen was raised by white Westerners,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Pitman|first=Emma Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcIMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA334|title=Lady Hymn Writers|date=1892|publisher=T. Nelson and sons|pages=334–339|language=en}}</ref> including indigo planters named Smailes, and then by missionaries, Rev. and Mrs. W. T. Storrs,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ellen Lakshmi Goreh|url=https://hymnology.hymnsam.co.uk/e/ellen-lakshmi-goreh|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-13|website=The Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328133344/https://hymnology.hymnsam.co.uk/e/ellen-lakshmi-goreh |archive-date=2020-03-28 }}</ref> who called her "Nellie".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Cho|first=Nancy Jiwon|date=2011|title='Rise, and Take the Gospel Message [...] Far away to India's Daughters': The Bicultural Missionary Poetics of Ellen Lakshmi Goreh (1853-1937), a Victorian-Era Transracial Adoptee|url=http://www.e-asianwomen.org/xml/00922/00922.pdf|journal=Asian Women|volume=27|issue=4|pages=3–31|archive-date=9 March 2022|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309013926/http://www.e-asianwomen.org/xml/00922/00922.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was educated in [[England]] from ages 12 to 27, including at [[Home and Colonial School Society|Home and Colonial College]] in [[London]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ellen Lakshmi Goreh|url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/g/o/r/e/goreh_el.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-13|website=HymnTime|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929111527/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/g/o/r/e/goreh_el.htm |archive-date=2020-09-29 }}</ref>

== Career ==
Encouraged by English evangelist [[Frances Ridley Havergal]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bullock|first=Charles|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxoFAAAAQAAJ&dq=Ellen+Lakshmi+Goreh&pg=PA33|title=The Day of days, conducted by C. Bullock|date=1883|pages=33–35|language=en|chapter=Hidden Music}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 1891|title=Some Examples of the Higher Education among the Women of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwhH4uGBrNwC&dq=Ellen+Lakshmi+Goreh&pg=PA97|journal=Woman's Work for Woman|volume=6|pages=97}}</ref> Goreh returned to India as a missionary in 1880.<ref name=":0" /> Her first published collection, ''From India's Coral Strand'' (1883),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goreh|first=Ellen Lakshmi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aa6GwAACAAJ|title="From India's Coral Strand:" Hymns of Christian Faith|date=1883|publisher="Home Words" Publishing Office|language=en}}</ref> features poetry with Christian missionary themes, informed by Goreh's experience as an Indian woman among Westerners.<ref name=":1" /> For example, "Who Will Go For Us?", in which she implores white Christian women to listen to the real concerns of their oppressed sisters over exotic fictional accounts: "This is no romantic story / Not an idle, empty tale / Not a vain farfetched ideal / No, your sisters' woes are ''real'' / Let their pleading tones prevail..."<ref name=":2" /> One of her poems became the widely-known hymn "In the Secret of His Presence", with music by American composer [[George Coles Stebbins]]; her lyrics explore themes of safety and refuge.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 1915|title=Gospel Hymn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJdVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Ellen+Lakshmi+Goreh&pg=PA624|journal=Expositor and Current Anecdotes|volume=16|pages=624}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=August 1913|title=What the Intellect of India Reads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q3PAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ellen+Lakshmi+Goreh&pg=PA173|journal=Woman's Work|volume=28|pages=173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=30 December 1920|title=In the Secret of His Presence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8QpAAAAYAAJ&dq=Ellen+Lakshmi+Goreh&pg=RA6-PA15|journal=Herald of Gospel Liberty|volume=112|pages=15}}</ref>

Goreh taught at a girls' school in [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clark|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcQHAAAAQAAJ&dq=Ellen+Lakshmi+Goreh&pg=PA72|title=The Punjab and Sindh missions of the Church missionary society|date=1885|publisher=Church Missionary Society|pages=72–73|language=en}}</ref> She trained as a nurse at [[Allahabad]], and became superintendent of the Bishop Johnson [[Orphanage]] from 1892 to 1900. She was ordained as a [[deaconess]] in 1897. Goreh's second collection of poems, titled simply ''Poems'' (1899), was published in Madras, and reflects "her radically transformed understandings" and "her intricate, multi-faceted identity" as an Indian Christian woman and a [[Interracial adoption|transracial adoptee]].<ref name=":1" /> She wrote a pamphlet, "Evangelistic Work Among Women" (1908).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goreh|first=Ellen Lakshmi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtAiMwEACAAJ|title=Evangelistic Work Among Women|date=1908|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|language=en}}</ref> In 1932 she retired from mission work.<ref name=":1" />

== Hymns by Goreh ==

* "The Great Refiner"<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Great Refiner|url=https://hymnary.org/text/take_my_heart_o_great_refiner|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Hymnary.org|language=en}}</ref>
* "No Disappointment Yonder" (also titled "Over Yonder")<ref>{{Cite web|title=Over Yonder|url=https://hymnary.org/text/no_disappointment_yonder|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Hymnary.org|language=en}}</ref>
* "Lo, the Darkness Gathers Round Us" (also titled "Beacon-Light")<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beacon-Light|url=https://hymnary.org/text/lo_the_darkness_gathers_round_us|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Hymnary.org|language=en}}</ref>
* "In the Secret of his Presence"<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the Secret of His Presence|url=https://hymnary.org/text/in_the_secret_of_his_presence_how_my_sou|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Hymnary.org|language=en}}</ref> The lyrics were treated to a musical setting by Australian composer [[Ernest Edwin Mitchell]]<ref>{{Citation | author1=Mitchell, Ernest Edwin | title=Two sacred songs the music composed by Ernest Edwin Mitchell | publication-date=1902 | publisher=Ernest Edwin Mitchell | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/237356122 | access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Goreh died in 1937, in her eighties, at St. Catherine's Hospital in [[Kanpur]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* Nancy Jiwon Cho, [https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436160 ''The ministry of song : unmarried British women's hymn writing, 1760-1936''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523014810/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436160 |date=23 May 2023 }} (Ph.D. dissertation, Durham University, 2006). Contains a chapter of Goreh
* Ellen Lakshmi Goreh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2BoFAAAAQAAJ&dq=Ellen+Lakshmi+Goreh&pg=PA82 "Addressed to Frances Ridley Havergall, Author of 'Under the Surface'"], a poem by Goreh, published in ''The Fireside Annual'' (1877), before Goreh's return to India
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goreh, Ellen Lakshmi}}
[[Category:1853 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Indian Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Women hymnwriters]]
[[Category:Indian adoptees]]

Amani al-Ahbar

2025-10-06T03:29:06Z

Saurabh jain:

{{Short description|Book by Yusuf Kandhlawi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Amani al-Ahbar fi Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar
| image = Cover of Amani al-Ahbar fi Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar.jpg
| caption = Arabic cover
| author = [[Yusuf Kandhlawi]]
| title_orig = أماني الأحبار في شرح معاني الآثار
| orig_lang_code = ar
| country = India
| language = Arabic
| subject = ''[[Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar]]''
| genre = Commentary
| media_type = Print
| isbn =
| oclc = 7044022
| dewey = 297.12
}}
'''''Amani al-Ahbar fi Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar''''' ({{langx|ar|أماني الأحبار في شرح معاني الآثار}}) is a 4-volume Arabic commentary on ''[[Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar]]'', authored by [[Yusuf Kandhlawi]]. Due to the author's passing, he was unable to complete this commentary. He did manage to finish commenting on the final section of the chapters related to [[Witr]]. The first volume was finalized in 1959, followed by the second volume in 1962. After a hiatus caused by his teaching responsibilities, he later returned to the project, but it remained incomplete. The first two volumes were published in 1962, and the third and fourth volumes, in manuscript form, were brought to light by [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]] in 1974.<ref name=":TDV">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=KANDEHLEVÎ, Muhammed Yûsuf|last=Özşenel|first=Mehmet}}</ref>

== Methodology ==
The first volume starts with a detailed introduction discussing [[Al-Tahawi]]'s biography, merits, and position. It covers various aspects such as resolving discrepancies, verifying narrators, explaining hadith texts, and examining Al-Tahawi's adaptations from other hadith books. The commentary authenticates hadiths, discusses their chains, and affirms Al-Tahawi's perspectives using the [[Kashf]] method. It addresses issues supported by [[Abu Hanifa]] and other Imams and compares the viewpoints of past and contemporary scholars. The commentary uses clear language, making complex concepts understandable. It analyzes narrator names in 'Asma al-Rijal,' scholars' evaluations, and expressions from other hadith books. Unfamiliar terms within the hadith text are clarified using these expressions. The commentary also points out additional words used by Al-Tahawi in his narrations. It discusses "Mastahabt" (recommended) narrations, presenting scholars' arguments. It verifies hadith compilation, their derivatives, and supporting evidence, referencing other hadith books. The author cites opinions of past and contemporary scholars while explaining hadiths. Opening paragraphs of each chapter provide an overview of differences and arguments among opposing factions.<ref name=":DUOB">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD|pages=394–395|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |title=Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |page= |location=India |language=urdu |type=PhD |hdl=10603/364027 |pages=106–108 |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064943/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kamal |first=Mohd Arif |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |title=Ulema e Hind ki Bisween Sadi Nisf Awwal mein Khidmat e Hadith Tanquidi Mutala |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |type=PhD |pages=144–147 |hdl=10603/364940 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101061946/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Bayyināt]]'' wrote that a study of this book reveals the reader's ability to fully grasp Yusuf Kandhlawi's scholarly expertise, extensive research, and profound insight.<ref name=":Bayyināt">{{Cite journal |last=Mahmood |first=Abdul Wajid |date=2019 |title=Amani al-Ahbar Maulana Muhammad Yousuf Kandhalvi Rahmatullahi Alaih aur Unki Ma'ya-Naz Tasneef |url=https://www.banuri.edu.pk/bayyinat-detail/%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%81-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81 |journal=[[Bayyināt]] |language=ur |location=Pakistan |publisher=[[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729180500/https://www.banuri.edu.pk/bayyinat-detail/%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%81-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Arab News]]'' acknowledges this book as one of two significant contributions by Kandhlawi.<ref name=":AN">{{Cite news |date=6 November 2002 |title=Scholar Of Renown: Muhammad Yusuf Al-Kandhlawi |work=[[Arab News]] |editor-last=Salahi |editor-first=Adil |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/225669 |url-status=live |access-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614022317/https://www.arabnews.com/node/225669 |archive-date=14 June 2023}}</ref> Expressing his viewpoint, Muhammad Latif Khan, a PhD scholar from the [[National University of Modern Languages]], remarked, "In my assessment, this book emerges as an outstanding and enduring masterpiece in the realm of hadith scholarship, reflecting the approach of the predecessors."<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Latif |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/14738 |title=Muhammad Yousuf Kandhalwi: Daawati Afkaar Aur Dini Khidmaat |publisher=[[National University of Modern Languages]] |year=2014 |location=Pakistan |pages=173 |type=PhD |language=ur |access-date=29 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707055225/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/14738 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taqi Usmani]] added that it undoubtedly constitutes a significant scholarly work.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Usmani |first=Taqi |url=https://archive.org/details/Tabsre_201610 |title=Tabsre |publisher=Maktaba Ma'ariful Quran |year=2005 |location=Pakistan |pages=86 |language=ur |author1-link=Taqi Usmani}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Deobandi hadith studies]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Uddin |first=Md. Arif |title=A Study On Hadith Literature In India With Special Reference To Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlavi |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/641670 |language=en |pages=171–175 |year=2025 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Asir |author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi |url=https://archive.org/download/Maktaba-Maulana-Nizamuddin-Aseer-Adravi-Sahib/Dabistan-i-Deoband-Ki-Ilmi-Khidmaat.pdf |title=Dabistan-i Deoband ki Ilmi Khidmaat |publisher=Darulmuaallifeen |year=1995 |location=Deoband, UP, India |language=ur |oclc=47964786 |pages=125–128}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:AMANIULAHBARVOL1-4|''Amani al-Ahbar fi Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar'']] at [[Internet Archive]]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi hadith literature]]
[[Category:Books by Yusuf Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:Hadith commentaries]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Arabic-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]

Live Earth

2025-09-06T06:38:17Z

Saurabh jain: creating pg.

{{Short description|Organization}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Update|date=May 2013}}
{{advert|date=September 2024}}
{{rewrite|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox music festival
| music_festival_name = Live Earth
| image = [[Image:Live Earth Logo08.png|200px|The Live Earth logo representing the "[[Save Our Selves|S.O.S.]]" message.]]
| location = [[Sydney Football Stadium (1988)|Sydney]], [[Coca-Cola Dome|Johannesburg]], [[Giants Stadium|New Jersey]], [[Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Rothera Research Station|Antarctica]], [[Makuhari Messe|Tokyo]], [[Tō-ji|Kyoto]], [[Oriental Pearl Tower|Shanghai]], [[Wembley Stadium|London]], [[HSH Nordbank Arena|Hamburg]], [[National Mall|Washington, D.C.]], and [[Basilica of St. John Lateran|Rome]]
| founders = [[Al Gore]], [[Kevin Wall]]
| years_active = 2007
| dates = 7 July 2007
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] / [[Rock music|Rock]]
| website = {{URL|liveearth.org}}
}}

'''Live Earth''' was an event developed to increase [[Environmentalism|environmental awareness]] through entertainment.

==Background==
Founded by producer [[Kevin Wall]], in partnership with former U.S. Vice President [[Al Gore]].<ref>[http://liveearth.org/en/liveearth/ About Live Earth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220005119/http://liveearth.org/en/liveearth |date=20 February 2010 }} accessed 10 February 2010</ref>

==Live Earth 2007==
{{main|Live Earth (2007 concert)}}
The 1st series of [[benefit concert]]s were held on 7 July 2007. The concerts brought together more than 150 musical acts in eleven locations around the world and were broadcast to a mass global audience through television, radio, and live internet streams.<ref>[http://liveearth.org/en/liveearth/070707/ 07.07.07] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216034100/http://liveearth.org/en/liveearth/070707 |date=16 February 2010 }} accessed 10 February 2010</ref>

==Live Earth India 2008==
The second ''Live Earth'' concert was scheduled for 7 December 2008 at the ''[[Andheri Sports Complex]]'' on [[Veera Desai Road]] in [[Andheri]] West, [[Mumbai]], India and was managed by [[Kevin Wall]] who, after a request from former U. S. Vice President [[Al Gore]], planned to have the entire event take place in India.<ref name=solar>{{cite news
| last = Jamkhandikar
| first = Shilpa
| title = Live Earth show to help light homes with solar energy
| work = Associated Press
| date = 20 September 2008
| url = http://in.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idINIndia-35574720080920?sp=true
| access-date = 21 September 2008
| archive-date = 8 December 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081208165411/http://in.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idINIndia-35574720080920?sp=true
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name=next>{{Cite news
| title = Next Live Earth concert in Mumbai
| work=[[Times of India]]
| date = 20 September 2008
| url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Developmental_Issues/Next_Live_Earth_concert_in_Mumbai/articleshow/3504723.cms
| access-date =21 September 2008 }}</ref> In September 2008, [[Reuters]] stated that, "the December event will see U.S. rocker [[Jon Bon Jovi]] and Bollywood's biggest superstar, [[Amitabh Bachchan]] share the stage, and is described by organisers as one of the biggest events held in India."<ref name="solar"/> [[Shekhar Kapur]], Nobel laureate [[Rajendra Pachauri]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], and [[Aishwarya Rai]] also planned to star in the event.<ref name="next"/> Additional acts included [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]],<ref name=bollyhungama>{{cite web|title=Bachchans, Hrithik, Preity & 'Rock On' team at Live Earth India concert|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2008-30-screens-in-u-k/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Preity Zinta]],<ref name="royalty">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gREmh1eoIdTTV14Hz_RY_nWJ_vdg|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124235130/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gREmh1eoIdTTV14Hz_RY_nWJ_vdg|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2013|title=Bollywood royalty lines up for Live Earth India concert], Agence France-Presse]|website=[[Google News]]|access-date=22 September 2018}}</ref> [[Roger Waters]] of ''[[Pink Floyd]]'', [[will.i.am]], [[Hard Kaur]], and [[Anoushka Shankar]].<ref name="royalty" /> [[Palash Sen]] stated that his band, ''[[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]]'', was scheduled to launch a song written for the concert on the topic of [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/who-wants-to-carol-inslowdown/00/21/342779/|title=Who wants to carol in a slowdown|author=Abhilasha Ojha|date=10 December 2008|work=business-standard.com}}</ref>

''Live Earth'' would have been broadcast by [[STAR TV (Asia)]], which works in conjunction with the ''[[STAR Plus]]'' channel (United Kingdom, Middle East) and the Star World Channel. [[MSN]] was "the exclusive global broadband partner for Live Earth India."<ref name=encore>{{Cite news|last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |title=Live Earth will have an encore in India |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=19 September 2008 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/world/news/e3if071151a9941bb2d0cd923bdde5d1684?imw=Y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921103827/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/world/news/e3if071151a9941bb2d0cd923bdde5d1684?imw=Y |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2008 |access-date=21 September 2008 }}</ref>

The concert was cancelled shortly after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] on 26 November 2008. Wall, Gore, and Pachauri stated in a joint press release that, "due to circumstances far beyond our control, we are saddened to announce that ''Live Earth India'' has been cancelled. We will continue to work for solutions to the [[climate crisis]] for the good of the people of India and around the world. But for now, our thoughts and our prayers are with the victims of this terrible attack, with the bereaved, with the people of Mumbai and with everyone in India."<ref name=official>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/Joint-Official-Statement-Live-Earth/story.aspx?guid=%7B64BE5B6B-AEDB-4A3A-994B-E0A017AE1EE2%7D|title=MarketWatch.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.ndtv.com/story.asp?id=ENTEN20080075159|title=NDTVMovies.com : Bollywood News, Reviews, Celebrity News, Hollywood news, Entertainment News, Videos & Photos|work=ndtv.com|access-date=5 December 2008|archive-date=6 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206114542/http://music.ndtv.com/story.asp?id=ENTEN20080075159|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some argued against the cancellation stating that "music could have helped fear-hardened Mumbai to ride the storm."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811300923.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |access-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203234405/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811300923.htm |archive-date=3 December 2008 }}</ref> [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] and [[Anoushka Shankar]], who also cancelled their 29 November Mumbai concert<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Backpage/The_flute_of_his_labours/articleshow/3718348.cms|title=The flute of his labours|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Balakrishnan|first1=Ravi}}</ref> after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], reorganized the performance as ''[[A Billion Hands Concert]]'', a [[benefit concert|benefit performance]] for victims of the attacks, and held it in Mumbai on 5 December 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abillionhands.com/abh_concert.html|title='A Billion Hands' Concert|work=abillionhands.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312030135/http://www.abillionhands.com/abh_concert.html|archive-date=12 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Dow Live Earth Run for Water==
The [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow]] Live Earth Run for Water took place 18 April 2010 and consisted of a series of 6 km run/walks (the average distance many women and children walk every day to secure water) taking place over the course of 24 hours in countries around the world, featuring concerts and water education activities aimed at igniting a tipping point to help solve the [[Water scarcity|water crisis]]. [[Jessica Biel]], [[Alexandra Cousteau]], [[Pete Wentz]], [[Angélique Kidjo]] and Jenny Fletcher were due to lend their names and their time in support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wateronline.com/article.mvc/Dow-Launches-The-Dow-Live-Earth-Run-For-Water-0001|title=Dow Launches The Dow Live Earth Run For Water - The Largest Global Water Initiative In History To Help Solve The World Water Crisis|work=wateronline.com}}</ref>

===Controversy===
Before and after the event, there was concern over the sponsorship of the Run For Water by [[Dow Chemical]]. Their sponsorship of this event has been described as "the ultimate in [[greenwashing]]", given Dow's ownership of [[Union Carbide]], their refusal to clean up the [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal site]], plus their direct responsibility for groundwater poisoning incidents in [[Morrisonville, Louisiana]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFD1BB7hU9sC&pg=PA145 |title=History and Health Policy in the United States|isbn=9780813538389|last1=Stevens|first1=Rosemary|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Charles E.|last3=Burns|first3=Lawton R.|year=2006|publisher=Rutgers University Press }}</ref> and the [[Tittabawassee River]] in Michigan.<ref>[http://jonbowermaster.com/blog/2009/11/dow-live-earth-the-ultimate-in-greenwashing/ Dow + "Live Earth" = the Ultimate in Greenwashing? (14 November 2009)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410213720/http://jonbowermaster.com/blog/2009/11/dow-live-earth-the-ultimate-in-greenwashing/ |date=10 April 2010 }} accessed 11 February 2010</ref> Their much-publicised water filtration plants in India have failed because the local population cannot afford to replace the expensive high-tech filters.<ref>[http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15485 Bhopal: Generations of Poison (2 Dec 2009)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617050931/http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15485 |date=17 June 2017 }} accessed 11 February 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhopal.net/liveearth/ |title=Petition against Dow Live Earth |access-date=20 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424035541/http://www.bhopal.net/liveearth/ |archive-date=24 April 2010 }}</ref> Furthermore, most of the Dow sponsorship for the event was spent on for-profits doing marketing, public relations, and event management (e.g., Ignition, Golin Harris, Active.com)<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=PARTNERS | Live Earth |url=http://liveearth.org/therunforwater/partners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505081656/http://liveearth.org/therunforwater/partners |archive-date=5 May 2010 |access-date=20 October 2009}}</ref> rather than the non-profits identified as "beneficiaries."

===Host cities===
The Dow Live Earth Run for Water was hosted by about 200 cities around the world, including: [[Amsterdam]], [[Atlanta]], [[Brussels]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Cairo]], [[Cape Town]], [[Chicago]], [[Chongqing]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Istanbul]], [[Jakarta]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Jimbaran]], [[Karachi]], [[Lima]], [[Lisbon]], Los Angeles, [[Manila]], [[Melbourne]], [[Mexico City]], [[Minneapolis]], [[Monterrey]], [[Montreal]], [[New York City]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[São Paulo]], [[San Diego]], [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], [[Santo Domingo]], [[Seattle]], [[Singapore|Singapore City]], [[Sydney]], [[Toronto]], [[Vancouver]] and Washington, D.C.<ref>[http://liveearth.org/run Live Earth - Run] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417155226/http://liveearth.org/run |date=17 April 2010 }}, accessed 15 April 2010</ref>

====Live performances====
Many of the cities featured live entertainment following the 6K run/walk. Artists include [[Melissa Etheridge]] in Los Angeles with [[The Roots]]; special guest [[John Legend]] in [[Brooklyn]]'s [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]]; [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]] in Atlanta; [[Collective Soul]] with special guest [[Sam Moore]] in Chicago; [[Kany García]] in Mexico City; [[Kevin Johansen]] and The Nada in Buenos Aires; and [[Slank]] in Bali.<ref>[http://liveearth.org/press/photos Live Earth - Photos] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430192230/http://liveearth.org/press/photos |date=30 April 2010 }}, accessed 15 April 2010</ref>

====Cancellations and protests====
Demonstrations against the run had been planned by the International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal.<ref name=HackneyGazette>[http://www.hackneygazette.co.uk/content/hackney/gazette/news/story.aspx?brand=HKYGOnline&category=news&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newshkyg&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2017%3A23%3A53%3A917 Hackney gazette news story] (accessed 20 April 2010)</ref>

The Dow sponsorship of the Run For Water was protested by organizations representing the victims of the Bhopal tragedy, supported by [[Amnesty International]].<ref>[http://www.amnesty.ca/resource_centre/news/view.php?load=arcview&article=5283&c=Resource+Centre+News Amnesty International website: News: ''Dow cannot run from the legacy of Bhopal by sponsoring 'Run For Water' events'' 16 April 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917164256/http://amnesty.ca/resource_centre/news/view.php?load=arcview&article=5283&c=Resource+Centre+News |date=17 September 2010 }} (accessed 20 April 2010)</ref> Planned events were also cancelled in [[Milan]].<ref name=HackneyGazette/>

In [[New Delhi]], the event<ref>[http://www.joinliveearth.org/page/event/detail/friendsofliveearth/4jjdl Hindustan Sea Turtle Alliance-Aqua Justice Run] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515233015/http://www.joinliveearth.org/page/event/detail/friendsofliveearth/4jjdl |date=15 May 2010 }} (accessed 3 May 2010)</ref> was protested by a group of activists<ref>[http://washasia.wordpress.com/2010/04/20/india-protests-against-dow-chemical-sponsorship-of-live-earth/ Washasia (news on water supply, sanitation and hygiene in Asia): ''India: protests against Dow Chemical sponsorship of Live Earth'' 20 April 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430191152/http://washasia.wordpress.com/2010/04/20/india-protests-against-dow-chemical-sponsorship-of-live-earth/ |date=30 April 2010 }} (accessed 20 April 2010)</ref> who disguised their involvement by creating a fictitious front organization, the Hindustan Sea Turtle Alliance, to register their event with Live Earth.<ref>[http://seaturtlealliance.org/events.html Hindustan Sea Turtle Alliance website: events] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829073125/http://seaturtlealliance.org/events.html |date=29 August 2010 }} (accessed 20 April 2010)</ref>

===Beneficiaries===
Concert organizers solicited full proposals from a broad network of [[NGO]] partners including Global Water Challenge, A Child's Right,<ref>{{cite web |title=Splash - The NGO formerly known as A Child's Right |url=http://www.achildsright.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920110237/http://www.achildsright.org/ |archive-date=20 September 2012 |access-date=4 December 2009 |work=splash.org/}}</ref> Akvo,<ref>{{cite web |author=Loic Sans |title=Akvo.org |url=http://www.akvo.org/}}</ref> Fondo Para La Paz,<ref>{{cite web |title=Fondo para la Paz - Quarterly Report |url=http://www.fondopaz.org/info/bolaugeng.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726061302/http://www.fondopaz.org/info/bolaugeng.html |archive-date=2011-07-26 |website=www.fondopaz.org}} </ref> Indonesia Water Partnership, [http://www.lienaid.org/ Lien Aid], [[Pump Aid]], Wildlands Conservation Trust,<ref>{{cite web |title=Wildlands - Home |url=http://www.wildlands.co.za/home.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080809173718/http://www.wildlands.co.za/home.aspx |archive-date=9 August 2008 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=www.wildlands.co.za}}</ref> and many others.<ref name=":0" /> However, very little money was raised (approximately $50,000). Most of the Dow sponsorship was spent on for-profits doing marketing, public relations, and event management (e.g., Ignition, Golin Harris, Active.com). The remaining proceeds from the Dow Live Earth Run for Water were disseminated primarily to the [https://globalwaterchallenge.org/# Global Water Challenge].

==See also==
{{Portal|Global warming|Energy|Environment|Earth sciences|Ecology|Rock music}}
*[[List of historic rock festivals]]
* ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]''
* [[Climate change]]
* [[Earth Hour]]
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Fluentgrid

2025-08-27T20:08:27Z

Saurabh jain: stub!

{{Short description|Indian software company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}
{{COI|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Fluentgrid
| logo = Fluentgrid Logo.svg
| former_name = Phoenix IT Solutions
| type = Public
| industry = [[Information technology]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1998|12|4}}
| founder = G. S. Murali Krishna
| hq_location = [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh
| hq_location_country = India
| key_people = G. S. Murali Krishna (Managing Director & CEO)
| area_served = Worldwide
| services = Utility IT solutions including customer billing, smart metering, analytics, ERP, and smart city platforms
| revenue = ₹305.08 crore<ref name="care2022">{{cite web |title=Care Ratings 2022 |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/31032022091408_Fluentgrid_Limited.pdf |website=Care Ratings |date=March 2022}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2022
| website = {{URL|https://www.fluentgrid.com}}
}}

'''Fluentgrid Limited''' (formerly '''Phoenix IT Solutions''') is an Indian software company that provides digital platforms for power, water, and gas utilities, as well as [[smart city]] operations. Founded in 1998 and headquartered in [[Visakhapatnam]], the company has delivered IT systems supporting customer engagement, billing, metering, and analytics for public and private sector clients.

== History ==
The company was founded by Gannamani Sesha Murali Krishna in December 1998 as Phoenix Cybertech India Pvt Ltd and later renamed Phoenix IT Solutions in 2001.<ref name="et2016">{{cite news |title=Fluent Grid Limited |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/fluent-grid-limited/articleshow/55347469.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2016}}</ref> In 2015, it adopted its current name, Fluentgrid Limited.<ref name="hindu2015">{{cite news |title=Phoenix IT Solutions rechristened Fluentgrid |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/phoenix-it-solutions-rechristened-fluentgrid/article8016936.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

Fluentgrid has been involved in several public sector digital transformation projects. It supported the [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]] in establishing a City Command Center.<ref name="juster2019">{{cite news |title=US envoy to India Kenneth Juster visits Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation command centre |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/nov/16/us-envoy-to-india-kenneth-juster-visits-greater-visakhapatnam-municipal-corporation-command-centre-2062440.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=16 November 2019}}</ref>

It also implemented a customer information and billing system for [[Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited|UPPCL]], which was shortlisted for a DCD Global Award in 2018 under the “Cloud Migration of the Year” category.<ref name="dcd2018">{{cite news |title=DCD Awards Asia Pacific 2018 winners announced |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/event-news/dcdawards-asia-pacific-2018-winners-announced/ |publisher=DatacenterDynamics |date=12 September 2018}}</ref>

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fluentgrid developed IT systems for managing testing and isolation workflows for the district administration of [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="hindu2020">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Sumit |title=Officials to adopt IT solutions to overcome glitches in testing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/officials-to-adopt-it-solutions-to-overcome-glitches-in-testing/article32192891.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 July 2020}}</ref> The company also set up an emergency response center to support government agencies.<ref name="et2020">{{cite news |title=Indian Innovation Going Global |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TheEconomicTimes/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=ETM%2F2020%2F09%2F30&entity=Ar01008 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113220703/https://fluentgrid.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Fluentgrid-_-Pan-_-India-Article.jpg |archive-date=13 November 2022}}</ref>

In 2021, Fluentgrid was appointed system integrator for OPTCL's new consumer electricity billing platform in [[Odisha]].<ref name="odisha2021">{{cite news |title=Odisha: Digital electricity billing system launched for better services |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/oct/03/odisha-digital-electricity-billing-system-launched-for-better-services-2367013.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=3 October 2021}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2012, Fluentgrid received the IBM Beacon Award for innovation.<ref name="ibm2012">{{cite web |title=2012 IBM Beacon Award Winners |url=http://archive.ibmsystemsmag.com/newsupdates/2012-ibm-beacon-award-and-ibm-choice-award-winners/ |publisher=IBM Systems Magazine |date=3 January 2012 |archive-date=2020-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040749/http://archive.ibmsystemsmag.com/newsupdates/2012-ibm-beacon-award-and-ibm-choice-award-winners/}}</ref>

In 2015, it was recognised with the Fierce Innovation Award for energy sector solutions.<ref name="hindu2015award">{{cite news |title=Phoenix IT Solutions gets innovation award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/phoenix-it-solutions-gets-innovation-award/article7860550.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 November 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, the company ranked 14th in the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 India and was also listed in the Fast 500 Asia Pacific index.<ref name="deloitte50">{{cite web |title=Technology Fast50 – India 2016 Winners Report |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/in/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/technology-fast-50-2016.html |publisher=[[Deloitte]] |date=November 2016}}</ref><ref name="deloitte500">{{cite web |title=Deloitte Technology Fast 500 Asia Pacific |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Technology-Media-Telecommunications/gx-tech-fast-500-apac-ranking-report-2016.pdf |website=Deloitte}}</ref>

The company is also a signatory to the [[United Nations Global Compact]].<ref name="ungc">{{cite web |title=Fluentgrid becomes a Signatory to United Nations Global Compact |url=https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/148175-Fluentgrid-Limited |publisher=[[United Nations Global Compact]] |date=1 November 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Information technology companies of India]]