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List of East Bengal FC seasons

2026-05-06T07:20:07Z

Satarupa: Adding First Stub Initial Version - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{about|list of all seasons for East Bengal|records and statistics|List of East Bengal FC records and statistics}}

[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] is an Indian [[association football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], which competes in the Indian Super League, the top tier of Indian football.<ref name="ISL">{{cite web |title=Nita Ambani: East Bengal's inclusion throws open limitless opportunities for Indian football |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nita-ambani-east-bengals-inclusion-throws-open-limitless-opportunities-for-indian-football |website=Indian Super League |publisher=ISL Media Team |accessdate=27 September 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010181118/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nita-ambani-east-bengals-inclusion-throws-open-limitless-opportunities-for-indian-football |url-status=live }}</ref> The club was formed when the vice-president of the Jorabagan Club, Suresh Chandra Chaudhuri, resigned. He did so when Jorabagan sent out their starting eleven but with the notable exclusion of defender Sailesh Bose. He was dropped from the squad for unknown reasons when they were about to face [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] in the Coochbehar Cup Semi Final on 28 July 1920. He and Raja Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, Ramesh Chandra Sen, and Aurobinda Ghosh, formed East Bengal, in Jorabagan, Suresh Chandra's home on 1 August 1920.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal">{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|title=The Rise of East Bengal Club|last=|first=|date=|work=East Bengal Football Club|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012|accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> East Bengal started playing in the IFA 2nd division (now the [[Calcutta Football League]]) from 1921. In 1925, they qualified for the first division for the first time. Since then, they have won numerous Indian Football titles.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal"/>

East Bengal joined the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] at its inception in 1996<ref name="NFL9697">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html|title=India 1996/97|work=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611104712/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|archive-date=11 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and is the only club to play every season to date, even after its name changed to the [[I-League]] in 2007. East Bengal have won the National Football League thrice: 2000–01, 2002–03 and 2003–04 and were runners up seven times, more than any Indian football club. Among other trophies, East Bengal have won the [[Calcutta Football League]] 39 times, [[IFA Shield]] 28 times, [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] eight times and the [[Durand Cup]] 16 times.<ref name=trophylist>{{Cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/trophyroom.html|title=East Bengal Club - Trophy Room|website=eastbengalclub.co.in|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114010717/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/trophyroom.html|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 27 September 2020, the inclusion of East Bengal FC into the [[2020–21 Indian Super League]] was officially announced.<ref name="ISL"/>

== Key ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|The symbols and colours used below:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
* P = Played
* W = Games won
* D = Games drawn
* L = Games lost
* F = Goals for
* A = Goals against
* Pts. = Points
* Pos. = Final position
{{col-4}}
* NFL = [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
* IL = [[I-League]]
* ISL = [[Indian Super League]]
{{col-4}}
* F = Final
* Group = Group stage
* R16 = Round of 16
* QF = Quarter-finals
* DNQ = Did not qualify
* Em-dash (—) = East Bengal did not participate
{{col-4}}
* R1 = Round 1
* R2 = Round 2
* R3 = Round 3
* R4 = Round 4
* R5 = Round 5
* R6 = Round 6
* SF = Semi-finals
{{col-end}}

*{{legend2|gold||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} 1st or W = Winners
*{{legend2|silver||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} 2nd or RU = Runners-up
*{{legend2|#CC9966||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} 3rd or 2nd RU = Third place
*{{legend2|#F0FFF0||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{Up-arrow|alt=promoted}} = [[Promotion and relegation|Promoted]]
*{{legend2|#FFE4E1||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{Down-arrow|alt=relegated}} = [[Promotion and relegation|Relegated]]
*{{legend2|#FFE4B5||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} * = Top scorer in division
|}

==National League seasons==
The [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] started in the year 1996 as the first football league in India to be organized on a national scale. East Bengal participated in the league from its inaugural season, and has been the only football team in India to have participated in all editions of the nation's premier league until 2020, when the Indian Super League was announced as the Premier football competition in India. The club has won the National League thrice ([[2000–01 Indian National Football League|2000–01]], [[2002–03 Indian National Football League|2002–03]] and [[2003–04 Indian National Football League|2003–04]]) and has finished as runner-up on seven occasions.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Atsushi |last1=Fujioka |first2=Arunava |last2=Chaudhuri |date=30 Mar 2021 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiachamp.html |title=India - List of National Champions |work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |accessdate=23 Aug 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026112338/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiachamp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with the National League, the club has also won the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], the premier cup tournament in India eight times.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Atsushi |last1=Fujioka |first2=Arunava |last2=Chaudhuri |date=28 Jan 2021 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html |title=India - List of Federation Cup Winners |work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |accessdate=23 Aug 2021 |archive-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217082516/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacuphist.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
East Bengal moved from the [[I-League]] to the [[Indian Super League]] as the eleventh team in the [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]] season when ISL was given the highest level league status in the [[Indian football league system|Indian football system]].<ref name="ISL"/> In their inaugural season in the ISL, East Bengal finished in ninth place.<ref>{{cite web |first=Karel |last=Stokkermans |date=30 Jun 2021 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2021.html |title=ISL 2020/21 |work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |accessdate=23 Aug 2021 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113035045/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2021.html#circus |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2021–22, East Bengal finished at the bottom of the table in the eleventh position, winning just one out of the twenty matches in the league.<ref>{{cite web |first=Karel |last=Stokkermans |date=15 Jul 2022 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2022.html#circreg |title=ISL 2021/22 |work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |accessdate=25 Sep 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925153743/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2022.html#circreg |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{updated|5 May 2026}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; width:100%; text-align:center"
|+{{align|center|'''Results of league and cup competitions by season'''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" width="7%" scope="col" |Season
! colspan="9" scope="col" |League
!
! rowspan="2" width="7%" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Domestic Cup{{efn-ua|[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] was the primary Domestic Cup until 2016-17. Continued as [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] from 2017-18.}}
! rowspan="2" width="5%" scope="col" |[[Indian Super Cup (1997-2011)|Super Cup]]{{efn-ua|[[Indian Super Cup (1997-2011)]] was the annual match contested between the champions of the previous [[I-League]] season and the holders of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], usually held at a neutral venue. Abolished in 2011.}}
! colspan="2" width="13%" scope="col" |Continental
! colspan="2" width="40%" scope="col" |Top goalscorer
|- class="unsortable"
! width="5%" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Div|Division}}
! width="5%" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Pld|Played}}
! width="5%" scope="col" |W
! width="5%" scope="col" |D
! width="5%" scope="col" |L
! width="5%" scope="col" |{{Abbr|GF|Goals For}}
! width="5%" scope="col" |{{Abbr|GA|Goals Against}}
! width="5%" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! width="5%" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}
! width="5%" scope="col" |Playoffs
! width="7%" scope="col" |[[Asian Football Confederation#Competitions|AFC]]
! width="5%" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}
! width="37%" scope="col" |Name
! width="6%" scope="col" |Goals
|-
! scope="row" |[[1996–97 Indian National Football League|1996–97]]
|[[1996–97 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
| 19 || 10 || 6 || 3 || 25 || 13 || 36
| 3rd
! rowspan="24" |{{sort dash}}
| bgcolor="gold" |'''W'''
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Raman Vijayan]]
| 9
|-
! scope="row" |[[1997–98 Indian National Football League|1997–98]]
|[[1997–98 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
| 18 || 8 || 7 || 3 || 18 || 10 || 31
| bgcolor="silver" |2nd
| bgcolor="silver" |RU
| bgcolor="gold" |'''W'''
|[[Asian Cup Winners' Cup|Asian CWC]]
|[[1997–98 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|R2]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
| 8
|-
! scope="row" |[[1998–99 Indian National Football League|1998–99]]
|[[1998–99 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
| 20 || 13 || 6 || 1 || 33 || 10 || 45
| bgcolor="silver" |2nd
| bgcolor="silver" |RU
|{{sort dash}}
|[[Asian Club Championship|Asian Cup]]
|[[1998–99 Asian Club Championship|R1]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Raman Vijayan]]
| 10
|-
! scope="row" |[[1999–2000 Indian National Football League|1999–00]]
|[[1999–2000 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
| 22 || 8 || 8 || 6 || 25 || 21 || 32
| 7th
|''Not held''
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} Willie Brown {{flagicon|BRA}} Ossius Luiz Ferreira {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dipankar Roy]]
| 4
|-
! scope="row" |[[2000–01 Indian National Football League|2000–01]]
|[[2000–01 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
| 22 || 13 || 7 || 2 || 30 || 9 || 46
| bgcolor="gold" |'''1st'''
|''Not held''
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} Omolaja Olalekan
| 8
|-
! scope="row" |[[2001–02 Indian National Football League|2001–02]]
|[[2001–02 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
| 22 || 11 || 3 || 8 || 31 || 23 || 36
| 5th
| R–16
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} Omolaja Olalekan
| 7
|-
! scope="row" |[[2002–03 East Bengal F.C. season|2002–03]]
|[[2002–03 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
| 22 || 15 || 4 || 3 || 44 || 22 || 49
| bgcolor="gold" |'''1st'''
|''Not held''
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Mike Okoro]]
| 17
|-
! scope="row" |[[2003–04 East Bengal F.C. season|2003–04]]
|[[2003–04 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
| 22 || 15 || 4 || 3 || 37 || 13 || 49
| bgcolor="gold" | '''1st'''
| QF
| bgcolor="silver" |RU
|[[AFC Cup]]
|[[AFC Cup 2004#Quarter finals|QF]]
| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" |{{align|left|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cristiano Júnior]]}}
| 15
|-
! scope="row" |[[2004–05 Indian National Football League|2004–05]]
|[[2004–05 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
| 22
| 13
| 4
| 5
| 34
| 16
| 43
| 3rd
| QF
|{{sort dash}}
|[[AFC Cup]]
|[[AFC Cup 2005#Group A|Group]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
| 9
|-
! scope="row" |[[2005–06 East Bengal F.C. season|2005–06]]
|[[2005–06 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
| 17
| 9
| 4
| 4
| 25
| 16
| 31
| bgcolor="silver" | 2nd
| QF
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
| 12
|-
! scope="row" |[[2006–07 East Bengal F.C. season|2006–07]]
|[[2006–07 Indian National Football League|NFL]]
|18
|7
|5
|6
|29
|29
|26
|5th
| QF
| bgcolor="gold" |'''W'''
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Edmilson Marques Pardal|Edmilson]]
| 13
|-
! scope="row" |[[2007–08 East Bengal F.C. season|2007–08]]
|[[2007–08 I-League|IL]]
|18
|5
|4
|9
|17
|23
|19
|6th
| bgcolor="gold" |'''W'''
|{{sort dash}}
|[[AFC Cup]]
|[[AFC Cup 2008#Group B|Group]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Edmilson Marques Pardal|Edmilson]]
|8
|-
! scope="row" |[[2008–09 East Bengal F.C. season|2008–09]]
|[[2008–09 I-League|IL]]
|22
|7
|7
|8
|31
|26
|28
|6th
| SF
| bgcolor="silver" |RU
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} {{sortname|Yusif|Yakubu}}
|11
|-
! scope="row" |[[2009–10 East Bengal F.C. season|2009–10]]
|[[2009–10 I-League|IL]]
|26
|7
|10
|9
|27
|31
|31
|9th
| bgcolor="gold" |[[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup|'''W''']]
|{{sort dash}}
|[[AFC Cup]]
|[[2010 AFC Cup#Group D|Group]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} {{sortname|Yusif|Yakubu}}
|9
|-
! scope="row" |[[2010–11 East Bengal F.C. season|2010–11]]
|[[2010–11 I-League|IL]]
|26
|15
|6
|5
|44
|21
|51
| bgcolor="silver" |2nd
| bgcolor="gold" |[[2010 Indian Federation Cup|'''W''']]
| bgcolor="silver" |RU
|[[AFC Cup]]
|[[2011 AFC Cup#Group H|Group]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|AUS}} {{sortname|Tolgay|Özbey}}
|17
|-
! scope="row" |[[2011–12 East Bengal F.C. season|2011–12]]
|[[2011–12 I-League|IL]]
|26
|15
|6
|5
|46
|22
|51
| bgcolor="silver" |2nd
| bgcolor="silver" |[[2011 Indian Federation Cup|RU]]
| bgcolor="gold" |[[2011 Indian Super Cup|'''W''']]
|[[AFC Cup]]
|[[2012 AFC Cup#Group B|Group]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tolgay Özbey]]
|18
|-
! scope="row" |[[2012–13 East Bengal F.C. season|2012–13]]
|[[2012–13 I-League|IL]]
|26
|13
|8
|5
|44
|18
|47
|3rd
| bgcolor="gold" |[[2012 Indian Federation Cup|'''W''']]
! rowspan="14" |{{sort dash}}
|[[AFC Cup]]
|[[2013 AFC Cup#Group H|SF]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Chidi Edeh]]
|18
|-
! scope="row" |[[2013–14 East Bengal F.C. season|2013–14]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|IL]]
|24
|12
|7
|5
|39
|23
|43
| bgcolor="silver" |2nd
|[[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|Group]]
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Chidi Edeh]]
|9
|-
! scope="row" |[[2014–15 East Bengal F.C. season|2014–15]]
|[[2014–15 I-League|IL]]
|20
|8
|5
|7
|30
|28
|29
|4th
|[[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|Group]]
|[[AFC Cup]]
|[[2015 AFC Cup#Group H|Group]]
| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" |{{align|left|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Ranti Martins]]}}
|17
|-
! scope="row" |[[2015–16 East Bengal F.C. season|2015–16]]
|[[2015–16 I-League|IL]]
|16
|7
|4
|5
|22
|18
|25
|3rd
|[[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|QF]]
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" |{{align|left|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Ranti Martins]]}}
|12
|-
! scope="row" |[[2016–17 East Bengal F.C. season|2016–17]]
|[[2016–17 I-League|IL]]
|18
|10
|3
|5
|33
|15
|33
|3rd
|[[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|SF]]
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|TTO}} [[Willis Plaza]]
|9
|-
! scope="row" |[[2017–18 East Bengal F.C. season|2017–18]]
|[[2017–18 I-League|IL]]
|18
|8
|7
|3
|32
|19
|33
|4th
| bgcolor="silver" |[[2018 Indian Super Cup|RU]]
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]
|8
|-
! scope="row" |[[2018–19 East Bengal F.C. season|2018–19]]
|[[2018–19 I-League|IL]]
|20
|13
|3
|4
|37
|20
|42
| bgcolor="silver" |2nd
|R-16{{efn-ua|Walkover given by East Bengal due to protest citing unfair treatment to I-League clubs along with six other clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supercup.in/news/delhi-dynamos-progress-to-the-quarter--finals-after-east-bengal-withdrawal|title=Delhi Dynamos progress to the quarter- finals after East Bengal's withdrawal|date=30 Mar 2019|accessdate=24 Aug 2021|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015193839/https://www.supercup.in/news/delhi-dynamos-progress-to-the-quarter--finals-after-east-bengal-withdrawal|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]] {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Enrique Esqueda]]
|9
|-
! scope="row" |[[2019–20 East Bengal F.C. season|2019–20]]
|[[2019–20 I-League|IL]]
|16
|6
|5
|5
|22
|18
|20
| bgcolor="silver" |2nd{{efn-ua|name="IL"|The [[2019-20 I-League]] was cancelled after 16 Rounds due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. East Bengal FC was at the second place when the league was cancelled.<ref name="IL Cancel">{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/league-committee-sends-its-recommendations-to-the-aiff-executive-committee/|title=League Committee sends its recommendations to the AIFF Executive Committee|work=I-League|accessdate=23 April 2020|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627184725/https://i-league.org/league-committee-sends-its-recommendations-to-the-aiff-executive-committee/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|''Not held''
|{{sort dash}}
|{{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcos Jimenez de la Espada Martin|Marcos Espada]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jaime Santos Colado|Jaime Santos]]
|6
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[2020–21 SC East Bengal season|2020–21]]
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 20 || 3 || 8 || 9 || 22 || 33 || 17
| '''9th''' || ''[[2021 Indian Super League playoffs|DNQ]]''
| bgcolor="" |''Not held''
| {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Matti Steinmann]]
| 4
|-
! scope="row" |[[2021–22 SC East Bengal season|2021–22]]
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 20 || 1 || 8 || 11 || 18 || 36 || 11
| '''11th''' || ''[[2022 Indian Super League playoffs|DNQ]]''
| bgcolor="" |''Not held''
| {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonio Perošević]]
| 4
|-
! scope="row" |[[2022–23 East Bengal FC season|2022–23]]
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 20 || 6 || 1 || 13 || 22 || 38 || 19
| '''9th''' || ''[[2023 Indian Super League playoffs|DNQ]]''
| bgcolor="" | [[2023 Indian Super Cup|Group]]
| {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]
| 12
|-
! scope="row" |[[2023–24 East Bengal FC season|2023–24]]
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 22 || 6 || 6 || 10 || 27 || 29 || 24
| '''9th''' || ''[[2024 Indian Super League playoffs|DNQ]]''
| bgcolor="gold" | [[2024 Indian Super Cup|'''W''']]
| {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]
| 8
|-
! scope="row" |[[2024–25 East Bengal FC season|2024–25]]
| [[2024–25 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 24 || 8 || 4 || 12 || 27 || 33 || 28
| '''9th'''|| ''[[2025 Indian Super League playoffs|DNQ]]'' || [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|R–16]]
| [[AFC Champions League Two|AFC CL 2]] [[AFC Challenge League|AFCGL]] || [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two|PR]] [[2024–25 AFC Challenge League|QF]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|P. V. Vishnu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[David Lalhlansanga]] {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]]
| 4
|-
! scope="row" |[[2025–26 East Bengal FC season|2025–26]]
| [[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 10 || 6 || 3 || 1 || 27 || 9 || 21
| ''4th''|| {{sort dash}} || bgcolor="silver" |[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|RU]]
| {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Youssef Ezzejjari]]
| 10
|}

{{notelist-ua}}

==Calcutta Football League seasons==
[[East Bengal|East Bengal Club]] was included in the [[Calcutta Football League]] second division in 1921 after the Tajhat Club was disbanded and had withdrawn its name following the 1920 season.<ref name=cflsaga>{{cite web|first=Gaurav|last=Jha|date=11 September 2015|url=http://www.indiansportsnews.com/isn-specials/36365-east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga|title=East Bengal & Calcutta Football League: A Sublime Romantic Saga|work=Indian Sports News|accessdate=23 August 2021|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823173432/http://www.indiansportsnews.com/isn-specials/36365-east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga|url-status=live}}</ref> The club gained promotion to the first division for the first time in 1925 after finishing joint champions with the Cameroon's B team.<ref name=cflsaga/> The club was relegated back into the second division only once, in 1928, and regained their promotion in 1931 into the first division; the team has been in the division ever since.<ref name=cflsaga/> The club won its first Calcutta Football league title in 1942 and has won it 39 times, the most ever in the tournament's history to date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/cfl-stat.html|title=East Bengal - Performance in Calcutta Football League|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127153348/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/cfl-stat.html|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The club also holds the record for winning the most consecutive titles—eight: (2010–2017).<ref name=cfl8times>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-holds-mohun-bagan-to-win-calcutta-football-league-eight-times-in-a-row/article19747202.ece|title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal wins eighth consecutive title|work=[[Sportstar]] -The Hindu|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030090152/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-holds-mohun-bagan-to-win-calcutta-football-league-eight-times-in-a-row/article19747202.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2018|title=East Bengal Club - The Official Site of East Bengal Club|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/cfl-stat.html|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127153348/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/cfl-stat.html|archive-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

{{updated|22 September 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:60%; text-align:center"
|-
|+{{align|center|'''East Bengal in Calcutta Football League'''}}
|-
! align="centre" width="5%" scope="col" |Season
! align="centre" width="9%" scope="col" |Division
! align="centre" width="3%" scope="col" |P
! align="centre" width="3%" scope="col" |W
! align="centre" width="3%" scope="col" |D
! align="centre" width="3%" scope="col" |L
! align="centre" width="5%" scope="col" |Pts
! align="centre" width="2%" scope="col" |Pos
! align="centre" width="25%" scope="col" |Top goalscorer
! align="centre" width="3%" scope="col" |Goals
|-
! 1920
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! 1921
| 2nd Div || 24 || 11 || 12 || 1 || 34 || 3rd || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Arabinda Ghosh || 8
|-
! 1922
| 2nd Div || 22 || 13 || 3 || 6 || 29 || 4th || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} R Dutta {{flagicon|British India}} Ramesh Chandra Sen || 9
|-
! 1923
| 2nd Div || 24 || 8 || 5 || 11 || 21 || 10th || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Mona Dutta || 5
|-
! 1924
| 2nd Div || 24 || 16 || 5 || 3 || 37 ||bgcolor=#F0FFF0| '''1st {{Up-arrow|alt=promoted}}{{efn-ua|Joint Champions with Cameroons B, however, since Cameroons A were already in 1st Div, [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] was promoted instead.<ref name=cflsaga/>}}'''|| align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Mona Dutta || 11
|-
! 1925
| 1st Div || 16 || 8 || 3 || 5 || 19 || 4th || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Mona Dutta || 9
|-
! 1926
| 1st Div || 16 || 5 || 3 || 8 || 13 || 6th || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Jatin Sarkar || 5
|-
! 1927
| 1st Div || 18 || 4 || 6 || 8 || 14 || '''6th''' || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Jatin Sarkar {{flagicon|British India}} Surjo Chakraborty || 5
|-
! 1928
| 1st Div || 18 || 2 || 5 || 11 || 9 ||bgcolor=#FFE4E1| 10th {{Down-arrow|alt=relegated}} || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Mona Dutta || 6
|-
! 1929
| 2nd Div || 22 || 11 || 7 || 4 || 29 || 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Surjo Chakraborty || 15
|-
! 1930
| 2nd Div || 8 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 16 || Withdrew{{efn-ua|The Indian teams forfeited due to the [[Satyagraha]] movement, as a symbol of solidarity to the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name=cflsaga/>}} || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Surjo Chakraborty || 9
|-
! 1931
| 2nd Div || 22 || 17 || 3 || 2 || 37 ||bgcolor=#F0FFF0| '''1st {{Up-arrow|alt=promoted}}'''|| align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Surjo Chakraborty || 15
|-
! 1932
| 1st Div || 18 || 12 || 2 || 4 || 26 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Surjo Chakraborty {{flagicon|British India}} Majid || 9
|-
! 1933
| 1st Div || 20 || 8 || 9 || 3 || 25 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Majid || 9
|-
! 1934
| 1st Div || 20 || 5 || 8 || 7 || 18 || 8th || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Majid || 6
|-
! 1935
| 1st Div || 22 || 11 || 7 || 4 || 29 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Ramana || 8
|-
! 1936
| 1st Div || 22 || 7 || 6 || 9 || 22 || 8th || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Laxminarayan || 9
|-
! 1937
| 1st Div || 22 || 12 || 4 || 6 || 28 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Murgesh || 16
|-
! 1938
| 1st Div || 22 || 8 || 9 || 5 || 25 || 4th || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Murgesh || 7
|-
! 1939
| 1st Div || 19 || 8 || 8 || 3 || 24 || Withdrew{{efn-ua|Both [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] had a falling-out with [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] and they boycotted the league midway.<ref name=cflsaga/>}} || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Laxminarayan || 5
|-
! 1940
| 1st Div || 24 || 10 || 10 || 4 || 30 || 4th || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} A.C. Somana || 9
|-
! 1941
| 1st Div || 26 || 18 || 4 || 4 || 40 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} A.C. Somana || 24
|-
! 1942
| 1st Div || 24 || 20 || 3 || 1 || 43 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} A.C. Somana || 26
|-
! 1943
| 1st Div || 24 || 16 || 5 || 3 || 37 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} A.C. Somana || 19
|-
! 1944
| 1st Div || 24 || 14 || 6 || 4 || 34 || 3rd || align="left" |{{flagicon|British India}} Sunil Ghosh || 13
|-
! 1945
| 1st Div || 24 || 16 || 7 || 1 || 39 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|MMR|1948}} [[Fred Pugsley]] || 21
|-
! 1946
| 1st Div || 24 || 20 || 3 || 1 || 43 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|British India}} Swamy Nayaar || 36
|-
! 1947{{efn-ua|Not held due to communal riots of 1947.}}
| 1st Div || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! 1948
| 1st Div || 24 || 16 || 5 || 3 || 37 || 3rd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. B. A. Saleh]] || 10
|-
! 1949
| 1st Div || 26 || 22 || 1 || 3 || 45 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Abid || 22
|-
! 1950
| 1st Div || 26 || 19 || 7 || 0 || 45 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. P. Dhanraj]] || 18
|-
! 1951
| 1st Div || 25 || 17 || 4 || 4 || 38 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. P. Dhanraj]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pansanttom Venkatesh|P. Venkatesh]] || 11
|-
! 1952
| 1st Div || 26 || 17 || 6 || 3 || 40 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. P. Dhanraj]] || 10
|-
! 1953
| 1st Div || 17 || 13 || 3 || 1 || 29 || Abandoned{{efn-ua|League abandoned midway due to riots in Kolkata.}} ||align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]] {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Masood Fakhri]] || 5
|-
! 1954
| 1st Div || 28 || 15 || 6 || 7 || 36 || 3rd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]] || 9
|-
! 1955
| 1st Div || 26 || 15 || 5 || 6 || 35 || 3rd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} S Roy || 11
|-
! 1956
| 1st Div || 26 || 16 || 8 || 2 || 40 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Moosa Ghazi]] || 10
|-
! 1957
| 1st Div || 26 || 18 || 6 || 2 || 42 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Moosa Ghazi]] || 8
|-
! 1958
| 1st Div || 28 || 16 || 8 || 4 || 40 || 3rd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. P. Dhanraj]] || 7
|-
! 1959
| 1st Div || 28 || 21 || 4 || 3 || 46 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tulsidas Balaram]] || 23
|-
! 1960
| 1st Div || 28 || 17 || 7 || 4 || 41 || 3rd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Narayan || 8
|-
! 1961
| 1st Div || 28 || 22 || 3 || 3 || 47 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tulsidas Balaram]] || 23
|-
! 1962
| 1st Div || 28 || 14 || 12 || 2 || 40 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd{{efn-ua|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] won the play-off match 2–0.}} || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sunil Nandi || 9
|-
! 1963
| 1st Div || 28 || 21 || 4 || 3 || 46 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Ashim Moulik || 19
|-
! 1964
| 1st Div || 28 || 19 || 8 || 1 || 46 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Ashim Moulik || 20
|-
! 1965
| 1st Div || 28 || 19 || 8 || 1 || 46 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Ashim Moulik || 13
|-
! 1966
| 1st Div || 28 || 25 || 2 || 1 || 52 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Parimal Dey || 19
|-
! 1967
| 1st Div || 28 || 21 || 5 || 2 || 47 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Parimal Dey || 10
|-
! 1968
| 1st Div || 15 || 12 || 1 || 2 || 25 || Abandoned || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sarmad Khan || 8
|-
! 1969
| 1st Div || 20 || 14 || 6 || 0 || 34 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Chatterjee]] || 11
|-
! 1970
| 1st Div || 22 || 19 || 3 || 0 || 41 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Swapan Sengupta || 14
|-
! 1971
| 1st Div || 19 || 18 || 1 || 0 || 37 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Thapa]] || 14
|-
! 1972
| 1st Div || 19 || 18 || 1 || 0 || 37 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Md. Akbar || 17
|-
! 1973
| 1st Div || 20 || 17 || 2 || 1 || 36 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]] || 24
|-
! 1974
| 1st Div || 19 || 17 || 2 || 0 || 36 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Md. Akbar {{flagicon|IND}} Surajit Sengupta || 14
|-
! 1975
| 1st Div || 21 || 21 || 0 || 0 || 42 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]] || 14
|-
! 1976
| 1st Div || 22 || 20 || 1 || 1 || 41 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Thapa]] || 12
|-
! 1977
| 1st Div || 22 || 22 || 0 || 0 || 44 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjit Mukherjee || 18
|-
! 1978
| 1st Div || 22 || 19 || 1 || 2 || 39 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjit Mukherjee || 18
|-
! 1979
| 1st Div || 22 || 19 || 3 || 0 || 41 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shabbir Ali]] || 23
|-
! 1980
| 1st Div || 12 || 9 || 3 || 0 || 21 || Abandoned || align="left"|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Jamshid Nassiri]] {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Majid Bishkar]] {{flagicon|IND}} Tapan Das || 3
|-
! 1981
| 1st Div || 26 || 21 || 2 || 3 || 58 || 3rd || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Jamshid Nassiri]] || 18
|-
! 1982
| 1st Div || 26 || 23 || 3 || 0 || 49 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Arup Das || 11
|-
! 1983
| 1st Div || 26 || 19 || 6 || 1 || 44 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Mihir Bose || 8
|-
! 1984
| 1st Div{{efn-ua|A team earned three points for a win from this year}} || 26 || 20 || 5 || 1 || 65 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Debasish Roy || 22
|-
! 1985
| 1st Div || 28 || 22 || 5 || 1 || 71 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Jamshid Nassiri]] || 17
|-
! 1986
| 1st Div || 28 || 19 || 9 || 0 || 66 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Emeka Ezeugo]] || 14
|-
! 1987
| 1st Div || 28 || 25 || 3 || 0 || 78 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Chima Okorie]] || 26
|-
! 1988
| 1st Div || 28 || 22 || 5 || 1 || 71 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Pradip Talukdar {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bikash Panji]] || 8
|-
! 1989
| 1st Div || 28 || 24 || 2 || 2 || 74 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Chima Okorie]] || 27
|-
! 1990
| Super Div{{efn-ua|Top Division renamed as Super Div}} || 18 || 13 || 3 || 2 || 42 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Chima Okorie]] || 9
|-
! 1991
| Super Div || 18 || 14 || 4 || 0 || 46 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''|| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Kuljit Singh || 10
|-
! 1992
| Super Div || 18 || 9 || 6 || 3 || 28 || 3rd{{efn-ua|East Bengal were deducted five points for using an over-age player in three matches.}} || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Kuljit Singh || 9
|-
! 1993
| Super Div || 18 || 16 || 2 || 0 || 50 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjay Majhi || 12
|-
! 1994
| Super Div || 18 || 14 || 4 || 0 || 46 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd{{efn-ua|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] won the title on fewer goals conceded.}} || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] || 14
|-
! 1995
| Super Div || 18 || 13 || 3 || 2 || 42 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Nima Bhutia || 8
|-
! 1996
| Super Div || 18 || 12 || 6 || 0 || 42 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Tausif Jamal || 6
|-
! 1997
| Super Div || 18 || 14 || 3 || 1 || 45 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} Preto Garcia || 5
|-
! 1998
| Super Div || 15 || 13 || 1 || 1 || 40 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''{{efn-ua|East Bengal won the play-off 1–0 against Mohun Bagan.}} || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dipendu Biswas]] || 8
|-
! 1999
| Super Div || 13 || 11 || 2 || 0 || 35 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' || align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Suley Musah]] || 4
|-
! 2000
| Super Div || 13 || 11 || 2 || 0 || 35 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dipendu Biswas]] || 4
|-
! 2001
| Super Div || 13 || 8 || 4 || 1 || 28 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} Omolaja Olaleken || 8
|-
! 2002
| Super Div || 13 || 9 || 3 || 1 || 30 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''{{efn-ua|East Bengal won the play-off 1–0 against Mohammedan Sporting.}} ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Mike Okoro]] || 12
|-
! 2003
| Super Div || 16 || 13 || 2 || 1 || 41 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''{{efn-ua|East Bengal won the play-off 5–4 in penalties after the match ended 1–1 against Mohun Bagan.}} ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Mike Okoro]] || 10
|-
! 2004
| Super Div || 18 || 11 || 6 || 1 || 39 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Da Silva]] || 9
|-
! 2005
| Premier Div || 14 || 11 || 1 || 2 || 34 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || bgcolor="#FFE4B5" align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] || 8
|-
! 2006
| Premier Div || 14 || 10 || 2 || 2 || 32 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Alvito D'Cunha]] || 4
|-
! 2007
| Premier Div || 14 || 8 || 2 || 4 || 26 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Edmilson Marques Pardal|Edmilson]] || 12
|-
! 2008
| Premier Div || 14 || 7 || 4 || 3 || 25 || 3rd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Parveen Kumar || 4
|-
! 2009
| Premier Div || 15 || 8 || 6 || 1 || 30 || 3rd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Budhiram Tudu || 10
|-
! 2010
| Premier Div || 16 || 14 || 1 || 1 || 43 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' || align="left" |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Penn Orji]] || 9
|-
! 2011
| Premier Div || 10 || 8 || 0 || 2 || 24 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tolgay Ozbey]] || 9
|-
! 2012
| Premier Div || 17 || 16 || 1 || 0 || 49 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Baljit Sahni]] || 14
|-
! 2013
| Premier Div || 10 || 8 || 1 || 1 || 25 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Chidi Edeh]] || 7
|-
! [[2014 CFL Premier Division|2014]]
| Premier Div || 10 || 8 || 1 || 1 || 25 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]] || 8
|-
! 2015
| Premier Div || 10 || 9 || 1 || 0 || 28 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Do Dong-hyun]] || 12
|-
! [[2016 CFL Premier Division|2016]]
| Premier Div || 10 || 10 || 0 || 0 || 30 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' || align="left" |{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Do Dong-hyun]] || 4
|-
! [[2017 CFL Premier Division|2017]]
| Premier Div || 9 || 7 || 2 || 0 || 23 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''{{efn-ua|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] Champions on goal difference.}} || align="left" |{{flagicon|TTO}} [[Willis Plaza]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[V.P. Suhair]] || 5
|-
! [[2018 CFL Premier Division|2018]]
| Premier Div || 11 || 7 || 2 || 2 || 23 || 3rd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]] || 4
|-
! [[2019 CFL Premier Division|2019]]
| Premier Div || 11 || 6 || 2 || 3 || 20 || 3rd{{efn-ua|The game between East Bengal and Calcutta Customs was rescheduled because of unplayable weather and ground conditions. However on the later date, East Bengal did not turn up and Customs were awarded a 3–0 win.}} || align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jaime Santos Colado|Jaime Colado]] || 7
|-
! 2020
| Premier Div || — || — || — || — || — || Not Held{{efn-ua|The 2020-21 Calcutta Football League was not held because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=No Calcutta Football League This Season, Decide Premier Division Clubs|url=https://ifawb.org/no-calcutta-football-league-this-season-decides-ifa/|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Indian Football Association (West Bengal)|date=25 February 2021|language=en|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226180538/https://ifawb.org/no-calcutta-football-league-this-season-decides-ifa/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || — || —
|-
! [[2021 CFL Premier Division|2021]]
| Premier Div || — || — || — || — || — || DNP{{efn-ua|name=CFL21|East Bengal informed the [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] of the unavailability of their team and decided not to participate in the tournament. The IFA decided to hand [[Bye (sports)|Byes]] to all the opponents in the respective fixtures that were announced.<ref name=goalcfl>{{cite web|first=Soham|last=Mukherjee|date=6 Sep 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/cfl-sc-east-bengal-atk-mohun-bagan-what-happens-to-their/133x7uygtc1ra1sg0jeqzlkblg|title=East Bengal & Mohun Bagan continue to give CFL a miss - What happens to their fixtures?|work=Goal|accessdate=6 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907142940/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/cfl-sc-east-bengal-atk-mohun-bagan-what-happens-to-their/133x7uygtc1ra1sg0jeqzlkblg|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || — || —
|-
! [[2022 CFL Premier Division|2022]]
| Premier Div — Super Six || 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 3 || 4th || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jesin TK]] {{flagicon|IND}} Vivek Singh || 1
|-
! [[2023 CFL Premier Division|2023]]
| Premier Div || 17 || 13 || 3 || 1 || 42 ||bgcolor="silver"| 2nd || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|P. V. Vishnu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jesin TK]] {{flagicon|IND}} Abhishek Kunjam || 6
|-
! [[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|2024]]
| Premier Div || 17 || 15 || 2 || 0 || 47 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st'''{{efn-ua|name=CFL24|On 20 September 2025, the [[Indian Football Association]] declared East Bengal as the champions of 2024 Calcutta Football League after the Calcutta High Court overrulled the stay order put by the district court over announcing East Bengal as the champions.<ref name=EBChampion2024>{{cite web|date=20 September 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-2024-25-champion-latest-news-updates/article70074839.ece|title=East Bengal crowned Calcutta Football League 2024-25 champion|work=Sportstar|accessdate=22 September 2025}}</ref>}} ||bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jesin TK]] || 13
|-
! [[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]
| Premier Div || 15 || 11 || 2 || 2 || 35 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''1st''' || align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Vanlalpeka Guite || 6
|-
|}
{{notelist-ua}}

==IFA Shield==
The [[IFA Shield]] is the [[Football in India|second oldest football tournament in India]] after the [[Durand Cup]], and the [[List of oldest football competitions|fourth oldest football competition in the world]]. East Bengal featured in the IFA Shield for the first time in 1921 and crashed out in the second round against [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]] in the fourth replayed-match after three drawn matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/ifashield-stat.html|title=East Bengal Performance in IFA Shield|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127153434/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/ifashield-stat.html|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> They won their maiden IFA Shield title in 1943, defeating Police AC 3–0 in the final. Since then, the club has won it 28 times (also once in [[2018 IFA Shield|2018]] when the tournament was played as a U-19 event), the most ever in the tournament's history.<ref>{{cite web |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |date=28 January 2021 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html |title=India - List of IFA Shield Finals |work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |accessdate=23 August 2021 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031142319/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india-ifahist.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2018|title=East Bengal Club - The Official Site of East Bengal Club|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/ifashield-stat.html|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127153434/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/ifashield-stat.html|archive-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>
{{updated|18 October 2025}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:45%; text-align:center"
|-
|+{{align|center|'''East Bengal in IFA Shield'''}}
|-
! width="10%" scope="col" |Season
! width="10%" scope="col" |Final position
! width="15%" scope="col" |Opponent team
! width="10%" scope="col" |Score
|-
! 1920
| — || — || —
|-
! 1921
| 2nd Round || align="left"| [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]] || 1–1; 1–1; 1–1; 1–2
|-
! 1922
| 3rd Round || align="left"| Jamalpur XI || 0–2
|-
! 1923
| 1st Round || align="left"| [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta]] || 0–1
|-
! 1924
| 2nd Round || align="left"| [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta]] || 0–1
|-
! 1925
| 3rd Round || align="left"| Heavy Battery || 0–0; 1–1; 1–3
|-
! 1926
| 1st Round || align="left"| Royal West Kent || 1–1; 0–1
|-
! 1927
| 2nd Round || align="left"| [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta]] || 0–1
|-
! 1928
| 1st Round || align="left"| Royal Scot Fusiliers || 1–2
|-
! 1929
| 2nd Round || align="left"| Sherwood Foresters || 0–0; 2–4
|-
! 1930
| Withdrew || — || —
|-
! 1931
| 1st Round || align="left"| Police || 0–0; 0–2
|-
! 1932
| 1st Round || align="left"| K.R.R. || 0–3
|-
! 1933
| 2nd Round || align="left"| Shropshire || 1–6
|-
! 1934
| 1st Round || align="left"| K.R.R. || 0–2
|-
! 1935
| 1st Round || align="left"| E.I.R. (Jamshedpur) || 1–2
|-
! 1936
| 3rd Round || align="left"| East Yorks || 0–1
|-
! 1937
| 3rd Round || align="left"| Customs || 0–2
|-
! 1938
| 3rd Round || align="left"| Howrah Union || 0–1
|-
! 1939
| Withdrew || — || —
|-
! 1940
| 2nd Round || align="left"| Delhi XI || 0–1
|-
! 1941
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]] || 0–1
|-
! 1942
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 0–1
|-
! 1943
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| Police || 3–0
|-
! 1944
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| B&A Railway || 0–2
|-
! 1945
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–0
|-
! 1946
| Not Held || — || —
|-
! 1947
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–1
|-
! 1948
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]] || 0–1
|-
! 1949
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 2–0
|-
! 1950
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| Services XI || 3–0
|-
! 1951
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0; 2–0
|-
! 1952
| Quarter-Finals || align="left"| Bangalore Blues || 0–1
|-
! 1953
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| Indian Culture League || 0–0; 0–0; 1–1 {{efn-ua|East Bengal was scratched for fielding two Pakistani players: Niaz and Fakhri.}}
|-
! 1954
| Withdrew || — || —
|-
! 1955
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| Rajasthan || 0–1
|-
! 1956
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]] || 0–1
|-
! 1957
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 1–1; 0–1
|-
! 1958
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–1; 1–0
|-
! 1959
| Abandoned || — || —
|-
! 1960
| Quarter-Finals || align="left"| Indian Navy || 0–3
|-
! 1961
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0; 0–0 {{efn-ua|name=JW|Joint Winners.}}
|-
! 1962
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| Hyderabad XI || 0–1
|-
! 1963
| Quarter-Finals || align="left"| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 1–2
|-
! 1964
| Abandoned || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–1; {{efn-ua|Trophy abandoned after the final.}}
|-
! 1965
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0; 1–0
|-
! 1966
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Bengal Nagpur Railway|BNR]] || 1–0
|-
! 1967
| Abandoned || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0; {{efn-ua|Final remained incomplete.}}
|-
! 1968
| Abandoned || — || {{efn-ua|Abandoned due to court injunction}}
|-
! 1969
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–3
|-
! 1970
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[PAS Tehran F.C.|PAS Tehran]] ||
|-
! 1971
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[Tollygunge Agragami]] || 0–1
|-
! 1972
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0; w/o {{efn-ua|Abandoned due to rain during the replay. MB refused to play again & were scratched.}}
|-
! 1973
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Pyongyang Sports Club|Pyongyong City]] || 3–1
|-
! 1974
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–0
|-
! 1975
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 5–0
|-
! 1976
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0 {{efn-ua|name=JW}}
|-
! 1977
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–1
|-
! 1978
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[FC Ararat Yerevan|Ararat Yerevan]] || 0–1
|-
! 1979
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–1
|-
! 1980
| Not Held || — || —
|-
! 1981
| bgcolor=gold| W || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 2–2{{efn-ua|name=JW}}
|-
! 1982
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 0–1
|-
! 1983
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]] || 0–0{{efn-ua|name=JW}}
|-
! 1984
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–0
|-
! 1985
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[Peñarol]] || 1–1; 2–4 (p)
|-
! 1986
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0; 4–2 (p)
|-
! 1987
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| Punjab Police || 0–0; 2–4 (p)
|-
! 1988
| Abandoned || — || —
|-
! 1989
| — || — || —
|-
! 1990
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 1–0{{efn-ua|Abandoned midway as Md.Sporting refused to continue.}}
|-
! 1991
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| Army XI || 3–1
|-
! 1992
| Abandoned || — || —
|-
! 1993
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[Pakhtakor Tashkent FK|Pakhtakor Tashkent]] || 0–0; 2–4 (p)
|-
! 1994
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 2–1
|-
! 1995
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka)|Md. Sporting (Dhaka)]] || 1–1; 3–1 (p)
|-
! 1996
| QF Group Stage || — || —
|-
! 1997
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[FC Kochin]] || 3–2
|-
! 1998
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–2
|-
! 1999
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[Tollygunge Agragami]] || 0–0; 4–5 (p)
|-
! 2000
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–1; 4–1 (p)
|-
! 2001
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] || 0–1{{efn-ua|Abandoned after 35 minutes after a brawl on the pitch, Palmeiras were scratched.}}
|-
! 2002
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] || 0–0; 5–4 (p)
|-
! 2003
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0; 3–5 (p)
|-
! 2004
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–1; 6–7 (p)
|-
! 2005
| Semi-Finals || align="left"| [[United S.C.|Eveready]] || 1–2
|-
! 2006
| QF Group Stage || — || —
|-
! 2007
| QF Group Stage || — || —
|-
! 2008
| Not Held || — || —
|-
! 2009
| QF Group Stage || — || —
|-
! [[2011 IFA Shield|2010]]
| QF Group Stage || — || —
|-
! [[2012 IFA Shield|2011]]
| bgcolor=gold| '''W'''|| align="left"| [[United S.C.|Prayag United]] || 0–0; 4–2 (p)
|-
! [[2013 IFA Shield|2012]]
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| [[United S.C.|Prayag United]] || 0–1
|-
! [[2014 IFA Shield|2013]]
| Fourth || align="left"| [[United S.C.|Prayag United]] || 1–1; 4–5 (p)
|-
! 2014–19{{efn-ua|Held as a U-19 tournament.}}
| — || — || —
|-
! [[2020 IFA Shield|2020]]
| DNP || — || —
|-
! [[2021 IFA Shield|2021]]
| DNP || — || —
|-
! 2022–24
| Not Held || — || —
|-
! [[2025 IFA Shield|2025]]
| bgcolor=silver| RU || align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan SG]] || 1–1; 4–5 (p)
|-
|}

{{notelist-ua}}

==Durand Cup==
The [[Durand Cup]] is the oldest tournament in Asia. Before 1926, Indian clubs were not allowed to participate in the tournament. East Bengal participated in the tournament for the first time in 1926 and reached the third round, before losing to the eventual champions the [[Durham Light Infantry]]. The Indian clubs were again not allowed to participate until after Independence when the tournament was restarted in 1950. East Bengal won their first Durand title in 1951, defeating Rajasthan Club 2–1 in the final. The Red and Gold brigade have won the tournament 16 times, only behind arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] who has won the tournament 17 times, for the most titles in the tournament's history.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal - Performance in Durand Cup|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/durandcup-stat.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523175326/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/durandcup-stat.html|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=18 November 2020|archivedate=23 May 2019}}</ref>

{{updated|20 August 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=East Bengal Club - The Official Site of East Bengal Club|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/durandcup-stat.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523175326/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/durandcup-stat.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-05-23|access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:55%; text-align:center"
|-
|+{{align|center|'''East Bengal in Durand Cup'''}}
|-
! width="10%" scope="col" |Season
! width="10%" scope="col" |Final position
! width="25%" scope="col" |Opponent team
! width="10%" scope="col" |Score
|-
! 1921–25{{efn-ua|Indian Teams were not allowed to participate}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1926
| Third Round
| align="left"| [[Durham Light Infantry]]
| 1–4
|-
! 1927–40
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1940–49{{efn-ua|Tournament not held due to [[World War II]] and [[Partition of India]].}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1950
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]
| 0–1
|-
! 1951
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| Rajasthan Club
| 2–1
|-
! 1952
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]
| 1–0
|-
! 1953
| Quarter-Finals
| align="left"| National Defence Academy
| 2–0
|-
! 1954
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]]
| 1–4
|-
! 1955
| Third Round
| align="left"| Madras Regimental Centre
| 0–2
|-
! 1956
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]
| 2–0
|-
! 1957
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]
| 1–2
|-
! 1958
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| Madras Regimental Centre
| 1–2
|-
! 1959
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
| 1–5
|-
! 1960
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 1–1; 0–0{{efn-ua|Joint Champions with [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]|name=JMB}}
|-
! 1961
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Andhra Police]]
| 1–1; 0–3
|-
! 1962{{efn-ua|Tournament not held due to [[Sino-Indian War]].}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1963
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Andhra Police]]
| 1–2
|-
! 1964
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 0–2
|-
! 1965
| Quarter-Finals
| align="left"| Delhi Garrison
| 0–1
|-
! 1966
| Quarter-Finals
| align="left"| E.M.E Centre
| 0–1
|-
! 1967
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Bengal Nagpur Railway|B.N.R]]
| 1–0
|-
! 1968
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up
| align="left"| [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]
| 0–1
|-
! 1969
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
| 0–1
|-
! 1970
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 2–0
|-
! 1971
| Not held
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1972
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 0–0; 1–0
|-
! 1973
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]]
| 1–2
|-
! 1974
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 0–1
|-
! 1975
| QF Group Stage
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1976
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
| 0–0; tiebreaker
|-
! 1977
| QF Group Stage
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1978
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 3–0
|-
! 1979–81
| DNP
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1982
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 0–0{{efn-ua||name=JMB}}
|-
! 1983
| DNP
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1984
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 0–1
|-
! 1985
| DNP
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1986
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 0–1
|-
! 1987
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 0–3
|-
! 1988
|bgcolor=silver| Runners–up
| align="left"| [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]
| 2–3
|-
! 1989
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 0–0; 3–1 {{pen.}}
|-
! 1990
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| 3–2
|-
! 1991
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]
| 1–1; 5–3 {{pen.}}
|-
! 1992
| QF Group Stage
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1993
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| Punjab State Electricity Board
| 1–0
|-
! 1994
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 0–1
|-
! 1995
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Tata Football Academy]]
| 0–0; 4–3 {{pen.}}
|-
! 1996–97
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1998
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up
| align="left"| [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| 1–2
|-
! 1999
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up
| align="left"| [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 0–0; 2–3 {{pen.}}
|-
! 2000
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| 1–1; 5–6 {{pen.}}
|-
! 2001
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| 1–2
|-
! 2002
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Army Red football team|Indian Army XI]]
| 3–0
|-
! 2003
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up
| align="left"| [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 1–1; 3–4 {{pen.}}
|-
! 2004
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| 2–1
|-
! 2005
| QF Group Stage
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 2006
| QF Group Stage
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 2007–08
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 2009
| QF Group Stage
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 2010
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[United S.C.|Chirag United]]
| 0–1
|-
! 2011–18
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! [[2019 Durand Cup|2019]]
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
| 1–1; 2–3 {{pen.}}
|-
! 2020{{efn-ua|Not held}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! [[2021 Durand Cup|2021]]
| DNP
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! [[2022 Durand Cup|2022]]
| Group Stage
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! [[2023 Durand Cup|2023]]
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up
| align="left"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| 0–1
|-
! [[2024 Durand Cup|2024]]
| Quarter-Finals
| align="left"| [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| 1–2
|-
! [[2025 Durand Cup|2025]]
| Semi-Finals
| align="left"| [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| 1–2
|}

{{notelist-ua}}

==Rovers Cup==
The [[Rovers Cup]] was the third most prestigious football tournament in India, alongside the Durand Cup and the IFA Shield, forming the coveted ''Triple Crown'' of Indian football. East Bengal first participated in the tournament in 1941, reaching the Quarter-Finals in their inaugural appearance before losing to the Wales Regiment. The Red and Gold brigade first lifted the Rovers Cup in 1949 and have won it 10 times when the tournament was abolished in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal - Performance in Rovers Cup|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/roverscup-stat.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523175432/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/roverscup-stat.html|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=18 November 2020|archivedate=23 May 2019|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

{{updated|24 August 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:45%; text-align:left"
|-
|+{{align|center|'''East Bengal in Rovers Cup'''}}
|-
! width="10%" scope="col" |Season
! width="10%" scope="col" |Final position
! width="15%" scope="col" |Opponent team
! width="10%" scope="col" |Score
|-
! 1921–40
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1941
| Quarter-Finals || Wales Regiment || 1–3
|-
! 1942–44
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1945
| Second Round || Albert David || 0–2
|-
! 1946–48
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1949
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions''' || E.I. Railways || 3–0
|-
! 1950
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1951
| Quarter-Finals || Wimco || 0–1
|-
! 1952–56
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1957
| Third Round || Caltex || 1–3
|-
! 1958
| Quarter-Finals || Rajasthan Club || 0–1
|-
! 1959
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 0–0; 0–3
|-
! 1960
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up || Andhra Police || 0–0; 0–1
|-
! 1961
| Third Round || CPL Hyderabad || 1–6
|-
! 1962
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions''' || Andhra Police || 1–1; 1–1 {{efn-ua|name=AP|Joint Champions with Andhra Police}}
|-
! 1963
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up || Andhra Police || 0–1
|-
! 1964
| Semi-Finals || BNR || 0–1
|-
! 1965
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1966
| Quarter-Finals || 515 Army Base WS || 0–1
|-
! 1967
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions''' || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0; 2–0
|-
! 1968
| Quarter-Finals || Leaders Club || 2–3
|-
! 1969
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions''' || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 3–0
|-
! 1970
| Semi-Finals || [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra & Mahindra]] || 0–0; 1–2
|-
! 1971
| Semi-Finals || [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]] || ''na''
|-
! 1972
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions''' || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0; 0–0 {{efn-ua|name=JMB|Joint Champions with [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}}
|-
! 1973
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions''' || Tata Sports || 3–2
|-
! 1974
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1975
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions''' || Mafatlal || 1–0
|-
! 1976
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1977
| Semi-Finals || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–2
|-
! 1978–79
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1980
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions''' || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 1–1 {{efn-ua|name=JMS|Joint Champions with [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]}}
|-
! 1981
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1982
| Quarter-Finals || [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] || ''na''
|-
! 1983
| Semi-Finals || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || ''na''
|-
! 1984–85
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1986
| Semi-Finals || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] || ''na''
|-
! 1987
| Semi-Finals || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–1
|-
! 1988
|bgcolor=silver| Runners-up || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–1
|-
! 1989
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1990
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions''' || [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra & Mahindra]] || 1–0
|-
! 1991
| QF Group Stage || {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1992–93
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1994
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions''' || [[Air India F.C.|Air India]] || 2–1
|-
! 1995–96
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 1997
| Semi-Finals || [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] || ''na''
|-
! 1998–99
| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}}
|-
! 2000
| Semi-Finals || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–1
|}

{{notelist-ua}}

==Federation Cup/Super Cup==
The [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], begun in 1977, was India's primary domestic cup competition until it was scrapped in 2017 and the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] was launched in its place. East Bengal first participated in the tournament in 1978 and became joint champions with [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] in their inaugural appearance. East Bengal is the second most successful club in this tournament, having won it eight times.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal - Performance in Federation Cup|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/federationcup-stat.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523175331/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/federationcup-stat.html|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=25 August 2021|archivedate=23 May 2019|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html|title=India - List of Federation Cup Winners|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 August 2021|archive-date=17 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217082516/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacuphist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{updated|7 December 2025. }}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:45%; text-align:left"
|-
|+{{align|center|'''East Bengal in Federation Cup'''}}
|-
! width="10%" scope="col" |Season
! width="10%" scope="col" |Final position
! width="15%" scope="col" |Opponent team
! width="10%" scope="col" |Score
|-
! 1977
| — || — || —
|-
! 1978
| bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || [[1978 Indian Federation Cup final|0–0; 0–0]]{{efn-ua|name=JMB|Joint Champions with [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}}
|-
! 1979
| — || — || —
|-
! 1980
| bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || [[1980 Indian Federation Cup final|1–1]]{{efn-ua|name=JMB}}
|-
! 1981
| Semi-Finals || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–2 (agg.)
|-
! 1982
| Group League || — || —
|-
! 1983
| Semi-Finals || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 0–1 (agg.)
|-
! 1984
| bgcolor="silver"| Runners-up || [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 0–1
|-
! 1985
| bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || [[1985 Indian Federation Cup final|1–0]] (aet)
|-
! 1986
| bgcolor="silver"| Runners-up || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–0; 4–5 (p)
|-
! 1987
| Group League || — || —
|-
! 1988
| Group League || — || —
|-
! 1989
| Group League || — || —
|-
! 1990
| Semi-Finals || [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]] || 2–3
|-
! 1991
| Group League || — || —
|-
! 1992
| bgcolor="silver"| Runners-up || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–2
|-
! 1993
| Semi-Finals || [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra & Mahindra]] || 0–0; 2–4 (p)
|-
! 1994
| Group League || — || —
|-
! 1995
| bgcolor="silver"| Runners-up || [[JCT F.C.|JCT]] || 1–1; 6–7 (p)
|-
! 1995
| bgcolor="silver"| Runners-up || [[JCT F.C.|JCT]] || 1–1; 3–5 (p)
|-
! [[1996 Indian Federation Cup Final|1996]]
| bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] || [[1996 Indian Federation Cup final|2–1]] (aet)
|-
! 1997
| bgcolor="silver"| Runners-up || [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]] || [[1997 Indian Federation Cup final|1–2]] (aet)
|-
! 1998
| bgcolor="silver"| Runners-up || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–2
|-
! 1999
| Not Held || — || —
|-
! 2000
| Not Held || — || —
|-
! 2001
| Second Round || [[Sporting Club de Goa]] || 0–1
|-
! 2002
| Not Held || — || —
|-
! 2003
| Quarter-Finals || [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]] || 0–1
|-
! 2004
| Quarter-Finals || [[Sporting Club de Goa]] || 0–1
|-
! 2005
| Quarter-Finals || [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] || 0–0; 9–10 (p)
|-
! 2006
| Quarter-Finals || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] || 0–1
|-
! [[2007 Indian Federation Cup Final|2007]]
| bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' || [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]] || [[2007 Indian Federation Cup final|2–1]]
|-
! 2008
| Semi-Finals || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 1–1; 3–5 (p)
|-
! [[2009-10 Indian Federation Cup|2009-10]]
| bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' || [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] || [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup final|0–0; 3–0 (p)]]
|-
! [[2010 Indian Federation Cup|2010]]
| bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || [[2010 Indian Federation Cup final|1–0]]
|-
! [[2011 Indian Federation Cup|2011]]
| bgcolor="silver"| Runners-up || [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]] || [[2011 Indian Federation Cup final|1–3]]
|-
! [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012]]
| bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' || [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] || [[2012 Indian Federation Cup final|3–2]] (aet)
|-
! [[2013-14 Indian Federation Cup|2013-14]]
| Group League || — || —
|-
! [[2014-15 Indian Federation Cup|2014-15]]
| Group League || — || —
|-
! [[2015-16 Indian Federation Cup|2015-16]]
| Quarter-Finals || [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] || 3–4 (agg.)
|-
! [[2016-17 Indian Federation Cup|2016-17]]
| Semi-Finals || [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] || 0–2
|-
! [[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]]
| bgcolor="silver"| Runners-up || [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] || [[2018 Indian Super Cup final|1–4]]
|-
! [[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]]
| Quarter-Finals || [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] || w/o{{efn-ua|Walkover given by East Bengal due to protest citing unfair treatment of I-League clubs along with six other clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supercup.in/news/delhi-dynamos-progress-to-the-quarter--finals-after-east-bengal-withdrawal|title=Delhi Dynamos progress to the quarter- finals after East Bengal's withdrawal|date=30 March 2019|accessdate=24 August 2021|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107224245/http://www.supercup.in/news/delhi-dynamos-progress-to-the-quarter--finals-after-east-bengal-withdrawal|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! 2020–21
| Not Held || — || —
|-
! 2021–22
| Not Held || — || —
|-
! [[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]
| Group stage || — || —
|-
! [[2024 Indian Super Cup|2024]]
| bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' || [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] || [[2024 Indian Super Cup final|3—2]]
|-
! [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025]]
| Round of 16 || [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] || 0—2
|-
! [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|2025–26]]
| bgcolor="silver"| Runners-up || [[FC Goa|Goa]] || [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup final|0—0; 5—6]] {{pen.}}
|-
|}

{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}
{{East Bengal F.C.}}

[[Category:East Bengal Club-related lists|Seasons]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club seasons|*]]
[[Category:Indian football club seasons by club|East Bengal]]

Pranav Ashar

2026-05-04T04:27:43Z

Satarupa:

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''Pranav Ashar''' (born 10 January 1988) is an Indian VR filmmaker<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/vartually-enlightened/17602193|title=Virtually Enlightened}}{{dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> and founder of the media company, [[Enlighten Media Group|Enlighten]]. He won the [[British Council]] Young Creative Entrepreneur in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.asianage.com/delhi/young-entrepreneurs-creative-awards-846|title=Young Entrepreneurs Creative Awards}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB name|5102730}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Film|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashar, Pranav}}
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
{{India-film-bio-stub}}

List of Tripuri writers

2026-05-02T01:01:11Z

Satarupa:

{{Short description|none}}
This is an alphabetical, referenced list of '''notable Tripuri authors''':

== Authors ==
* Bijay Kumar Debbarma, [[novelist]], poet, and activist<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barma |first1=Bijay Kumar Deb |last2=Burman |first2=Bhaskar Roy |date=2005 |title=Ekalavya of the Longtarai |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346166 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=49 |issue=5 (229) |pages=33–34 |jstor=23346166 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

* [[Bikashrai Debbarma]], [[Kokborok literature|Kokborok poet]], [[critic]], singer and [[songwriter]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vol. 49, No. 5 (229), September-October 2005 of Indian Literature on JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23339597 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=www.jstor.org |language=en}}</ref>
* Chandra Kanta Murasingh, poet and short stories writer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrakanta Murasingh |url=https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/poets/poet/102-2716_Murasingh |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.poetryinternational.com |language=nl}}</ref>
* Manas Debbarma, author, former [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] member & Chairman of [[Tripura Public Service Commission]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2024-09-09 |title=Tripura’s Eminent Literary Writer Manas Debbarman Passes Away at 84; CM Dr Manik Saha, MP Biplab Deb Condole |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/09/09/tripuras-eminent-literary-writer-manas-debbarman-passes-away-at-84-cm-dr-manik-saha-mp-biplab-deb-condole/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Nanda Kumar Deb Barma|Nanda Kumar Debbarma]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekhar |first=Datta |date=25 May 2010 |title=Kokborok followers seek policy - Cultural groups miffed with Tripura govt's promotion of Bengali |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/kokborok-followers-seek-policy-cultural-groups-miffed-with-tripura-govt-s-promotion-of-bengali/cid/523054 |url-status=live |archive-url= |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>, poet and playwright<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kokborokkokrwbai2023 |date=2024-07-21 |title=Kokborok Kokrwbaini Swiwkrwng, rwchapkwrwng takkwrwng Boromgwnang okwra Nanda Kumar Debbarma no 74+ Tongthok Achaima salni khulumung tei kha kaham yapharo. – Kokborok Kokrwbai |url=https://kokborokkokrwbai.in/kokborok-kokrwbaini-swiwkrwng-rwchapkwrwng-takkwrwng-boromgwnang-okwra-nanda-kumar-debbarma-no-74-tongthok-achaima-salni-khulumung-tei-kha-kaham-yapharo/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Nagendra Jamatia]], politician, novelist and short stories writer<ref>{{Cite web |last=kokborokkokrwbai2023 |date=2023-12-30 |title=Nagendra Jamatia – Kokborok Kokrwbai |url=https://kokborokkokrwbai.in/nagendra-jamatiani/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Narendra Deb Barma, poet, novelist, editor<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barma |first1=Narendra Deb |last2=Mukharjee |first2=Bamapada |date=2005 |title=I am a Pedlar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346197 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=49 |issue=5 (229) |pages=63 |jstor=23346197 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>
* [[Sefali Debbarma]], poet, novelist, and short stories writer<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choudhury |first=Suranjana |last2=Sengupta |first2=Samrat |date=2021-11-15 |title=Poems from North Eastern India |url=https://sanglap-journal.in/index.php/sanglap/article/view/158/263 |journal=Sanglap: Journal of Literary and Cultural Inquiry |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=173–196 |issn=2349-8064}}</ref>
* [[Sudhanwa Debbarma]], politician and novelist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kokborok language gains popularity |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/kokborok-language-gains-popularity/cid/287715 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |quote=During the early eighties, the first Kokborok novel, authored by the former Speaker of the state Assembly, Sudhanwa Debbarma, appeared under the title of Hachuk Khuriyo (in the lap of hills).}}</ref>
* [[Sukhendu Debbarma]], writer, [[historian]] and academic<ref>{{Cite book |title=People's linguistic survey of India. Volume 28, part 2: The languages of Tripura / volume editor: Sukhendu Debbarma |date=2016 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-6396-4 |editor-last=Debbarma |editor-first=Sukhendu |location=Himayatnagar |editor-last2=Devy |editor-first2=G. N.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>
{{Kokborok}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukhendu Debbarma}}
[[Category:Writers from Tripura]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Northeast India]]

Soundarya

2026-04-30T18:54:39Z

Satarupa:

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian actress, producer}}
{{About|an Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soundarya
| birthname = Sowmya Sathyanarayana
| image = Actress Soundarya.jpeg
| image_caption = Soundarya in 2002
| birth_date = 18 July 1972
| birth_place = [[Mulabagilu]], [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Mysore State]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|04|17|1972|07|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| occupation = Actress, producer
| years_active = 1992–2004
| works = [[Soundarya filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = G. S. Raghu (m.2003)
}}

'''Sowmya Sathyanarayana''' (18 July 1972 – 17 April 2004), better known by her stage name '''Soundarya''', was an Indian actress known for her works primarily in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=148056&u=actress-soundarya-had-said-that-it-would-be-her-last-film-udaykumar%E2%80%99s-revelation-148056 |title=Actress Soundarya had said that it would be her last film: Udaykumar's revelation}}</ref><ref name="graun1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/may/10/guardianobituaries.film |title=Soundarya |last=Pandya |first=Haresh |date=10 May 2004 |work=The Guardian |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094615/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/may/10/guardianobituaries.film |url-status=live}}</ref> She is regarded as one of the greatest actresses in the history of Indian cinema.<ref name=":0" /> She also acted in a few [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]] films. She has received three [[Nandi Awards]], three [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] and six [[Filmfare Awards South]]. In 2002, she received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] as a producer for the [[Kannada film]] ''[[Dweepa]]''.

Soundarya established herself as the most popular Telugu actress of the 1990s and is best known for her performances in films such as ''[[Ammoru]]'' (1995), ''[[Pavitra Bandham]]'' (1996), ''[[Anthahpuram]]'' (1998), ''[[Raja (1999 Indian film)|Raja]]'' (1999), ''[[Doni Saagali]]'' (1998), ''[[Dweepa]]'' (2002) and ''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004).<ref name="graun1" /> She won three [[Nandi Awards]] for ''Pavitra Bandham'' and Special Jury Prize for ''Ammoru'' and ''Anthahpuram''. On 17 April 2004, she died in a plane crash in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] at the age of 31.<ref name="expind1" />

== Personal life ==
Soundarya was born as Soumya in [[Mulabagilu]] in the [[Kolar district]] of [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]) on 18 July 1972,<ref name="Economic-Times">{{Cite news |title=Soundarya's death leaves a void |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/soundaryas-death-leaves-a-void/articleshow/623408.cms |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Dr" /><ref name="BSE">{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=4 December 2013 |title=Many an actor has died in an accident |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/many-an-actor-has-died-in-an-accident-113120400319_1.html |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> as a second child to K. S. Sathyanarayana, a film producer and script writer, and Manjula.<ref name="hns">{{Cite web |last=Manjula |date=13 October 2020 |title=Pelli Choopulu Producer To Bankroll Soundarya Biopic? |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pelli-choopulu-producer-to-bankroll-soundarya-biopic-651130 |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dr">{{cite web |last1=Pandya |first1=Haresh |title=Obituary: Soundarya |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/may/10/guardianobituaries.film |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=6 May 2016 |date=10 May 2003}}</ref> She discontinued her Intermediate as a student after her first year in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2020 |title=Soundarya's 44th Birth Anniversary: Remembering the evergreen actress of Telugu cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/soundaryas-44th-birth-anniversary-remembering-the-evergreen-actress-of-telugu-cinema/photostory/77037141.cms |url-status=live |access-date=5 June 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520145930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/soundaryas-48th-birth-anniversary-remembering-the-evergreen-actress-of-telugu-cinema/photostory/77037141.cms}}</ref> On 27 April 2003, she married G. S. Raghu, a [[Software engineering|software engineer]] by profession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B. R. |first=Srikanth |date=17 April 2004 |title=Star-crossed on campaign trail |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/star-crossed-on-campaign-trail/cid/753714 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2012 |title=8 years after star's death, family fight over will gets ugly |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/8-years-after-stars-death-family-fight-over-will-gets-ugly/articleshow/21302797.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430204121/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/8-years-after-stars-death-family-fight-over-will-gets-ugly/articleshow/21302797.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tollywoodcelebrities.com/2017/03/Soundarya-Profile-Biogarphy-Biodata-Family-Photos.html|title=Soundarya Profile Biography Biodata Family Photos.html |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> She was given the screen name Soundarya by Kannada film personality Kunigal Vasanth.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=Star Menu |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sept15/ent7.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021218092010/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sept15/ent7.htm |archive-date=18 December 2002 |date=15 September 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
{{Main| Soundarya filmography}}
Soundarya's first film was the Kannada film ''[[Baa Nanna Preethisu]]'', directed by [[S. Siddalingaiah]], released in April 1992, immediately followed by ''Gandharva'' in July 1992 which was a hit. She did lead roles in Kannada and went on to become a popular actress.<ref name="rediff1" /> Her first film in Telugu was ''Manavarali Pelli'' (1993).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rakesh |date=17 April 2022 |title=Remembering The Modern 'SAVITRI' of Telugu Cinema. |url=https://cinechitchat.com/news/movie-news/remembering-soundarya-death-anniversary-2022-26219.html |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Cine Chit Chat |language=en}}</ref>

In Tamil, she got major acclaim for her debut film ''[[Ponnumani]]'' (1993), opposite [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] for playing the role of a mentally disabled person.

Real commercial recognition came to her with ''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]'' (1994), directed by [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]], in which she starred alongside [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Ramya Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/legendmovie/2014/04/09/Hello-Brother/774 |title=Soundarya's Hello Brother film |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> She has also collaborated with actor [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] for ''[[Muthu Kaalai]]'' (1995). She played an award-winning role in ''[[Ammoru]]'' (1995), directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]], starring alongside Ramya Krishna and [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] and played the role of Bhavani, a devotee of Goddess Ammoru. She had eleven releases in 1995.<ref name="rediff1">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ch Sushil |date=28 March 1998 |title=Child, woman, star |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/mar/28sou.htm |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514164722/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/mar/28sou.htm |archive-date=14 May 2008}}</ref>

She continued her successful run with ''[[Amma Donga]]'' (1995), ''[[Sipayi]]'' (1996), ''[[Pavitra Bandham]]'' (1996), ''Maa Aayana Bangaram'' (1997), ''[[Dongaata (1997 film)|Dongaata]]'' (1997), ''[[Aaro Pranam]]'' (1997) and ''Osi Na Maradala'' (1997). She also starred alongside [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997), which became the highest-grossing film of 1997 in [[Tamil cinema]]. The industry regarded her to be the golden hand, as a former director's daughter, she always regarded the success not as a one-man show, but teamwork across 36 departments.<ref name="rediff1" />

In 1998, ''[[Doni Saagali]]'' in Kannada were commercially successful. In Tamil, she also starred alongside [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Prabhudeva]] in ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' directed by [[Singeetam Srinivas Rao]]. ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' opposite [[Chiranjeevi]] took her to the pinnacle. ''[[Anthahpuram]]'', directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]], stood as one of the finest performances of Soundarya in her career, winning her a State [[Nandi Award for Best Actress]] and also her second consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].

The romantic Telugu drama ''[[Raja (1999 Indian film)|Raja]]'' (1999), opposite [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], was another blockbuster and won her a third [[Filmfare Award]]. Her other releases include the Tamil hit ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999), opposite Rajinikanth. She starred opposite [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the Hindi movie ''[[Sooryavansham]]''.<ref name="rediff1" /> ''[[Premaku Velayera]]'' (1999), ''[[Premaku Swagatam]]'' (2002) with [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] further solidified her position.

She starred in ''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]'' (2000), opposite [[Chiranjeevi]], ''[[Ninne Premistha]]'' (2000) and ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'' (2000), opposite [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]'', [[Jayam Manadera]]'' (2000) and ''[[Devi Putrudu]]'' (2001) opposite [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], and several others that displayed her acting abilities and ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]'' (2001) opposite [[Arjun Sarja]].<ref name="rediff1" /> She shared screen space with actor [[Vijayakanth]] for ''[[Thavasi]]'' (2001) and ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'' (2003).<ref name="rediff1" />

In 2002, she received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] (producer) for ''[[Dweepa]]''. She has acted in the Malayalam comedy film ''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]'' (2002) with [[Jayaram]] and ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'' (2003), with [[Mohanlal]] and [[Sreenivasan]].

In 2004, [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] announced the remake of ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]'', and a launch event was held in [[Hyderabad]]. Soundarya was signed to play [[Draupadi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20121024/282518655747664 |title=PressReader - Deccan Chronicle: 2012-10-24 - Balakrishna hasn't found Draupadi |via=PressReader |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313160516/http://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20121024/282518655747664 |url-status=live}}</ref> but the film was shelved following her death. However the first 17 minutes are available to stream online.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2020-10-20 |title=17 mins of Balakrishna and Soundarya's shelved 2004 film 'Narthanasala' to stream online |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/17-mins-balakrishna-and-soundaryas-shelved-2004-film-narthanasala-stream-online-135755 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Her last film was ''[[Apthamitra]]'', a runaway hit starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Ramesh Arvind]]. The film won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] posthumously in 2004.

She worked with almost all the top directors, like [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]], [[Priyadarshan]], [[Girish Kasaravalli]], [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Krishna Vamsi]], [[Kodi Ramakrishna]], [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]], [[Muthyala Subbaiah]], [[Gunasekhar]], [[P. Vasu]], [[Muppalaneni Shiva]], [[Bharathi Kannan]], [[Sundar C]].

== Death ==
On 17 April 2004, Soundarya died in an [[Aviation accidents and incidents|aircraft crash]] along with her brother Amarnath in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref name="expind1">{{cite news |last=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |date=17 April 2004 |title=Soundarya killed in plane crash. its a tragedy |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=30461 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123013859/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=30461 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The aircraft, a [[Cessna 180 Skywagon|Cessna 180]], took off at 11:05 a.m. and turned west before crashing on the campus of the [[Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra|Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra]] of the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore|University of Agricultural Sciences]]. It had reached a height of {{Convert|150|ft}} and, before achieving the required rate of climb speed, took a steep left turn, leading to a stall. It crashed into the ground nose down and burst into flames. B. N. Ganapathi, one of the two persons working on the experimental fields of the university, who rushed to the aircraft to save the occupants, said the plane wobbled before the crash.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian actress dies in air crash |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3634285.stm |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=BBC News |date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3634285.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Soundarya is regarded as one of the greatest actresses in the history of Indian cinema.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=South superstar Soundarya's birth anniversary: Here are her top movies |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/south-superstar-soundarya-birth-anniversary-here-are-her-top-movies-to-watch-14120132.htm/amp |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=CNBC TV 18}}</ref> She was known as a versatile actress, who played distinctive roles. Critics noted that she had a fine sense of characterisation. Due to this ability, Soundarya struck a chord with the Telugu audience despite being from Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sooryavansham Lead Superstar Soundarya's Unknown Facts |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sooryavansham-lead-soundarya-didnt-know-hindi-this-legendary-actress-dubbed-for-her-5634043.html |access-date=26 December 2022 |work=News18 India}}</ref> ''Ammoru'', ''Pavithra Bandham'', ''Doni Saagali'', ''Raja'', ''Sooryavansham'', and ''Dweepa'' are her best known films that saw her playing strong female characters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soundarya's 44th Birth Anniversary: Remembering The Evergreen Actress Of Telugu Cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/soundaryas-44th-birth-anniversary-remembering-the-evergreen-actress-of-telugu-cinema/etphotostory/77037141.cms |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of awards and nominations
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]] || rowspan="2" |''[[Ammoru]]''|| {{won}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/nov96/faward.htm |title=Filmfare Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/19991010171143/http://www.filmfare.com/site/nov96/faward.htm |archive-date=10 October 1999}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandi Awards]]
|Special Jury Award
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| 1996 || [[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Pavithra Bandham]]'' || {{won}} || <ref name="nandi">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2010 |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 || [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Doni Saagali]]'' || {{won}} || <ref>{{cite web |title=A star's bright career crashes |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/apr182004/s1.asp |work=Deccan Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408162752/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/apr182004/s1.asp |archive-date=8 April 2017 |date=18 April 2004}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]] || rowspan="2" | ''[[Anthapuram (1998 film)|Anthapuram]]'' || {{won}} || <ref>{{cite book |title=Filmfare magazine |url=https://archive.org/download/46thFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners/46th%20Filmfare%20Awards%20south%20winners.jpg |year=1999 |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandi Awards]] || [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] || {{won}} ||<ref name="nandi" />
|-
| 1999 || rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]] || ''[[Raja (1999 Indian film)|Raja]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Rahman bags 12th Filmfare award |url=http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/news/rahman_bags_12th_filmfare_award.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020130651/http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/news/rahman_bags_12th_filmfare_award.htm |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=Pvv.ntnu.no}}</ref>
|-
| 2001 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil|Best Actress - Tamil]] || ''[[Thavasi]]'' || {{nom}} ||
|-
| 2002 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Tamil|Best Supporting Actress - Tamil]] || ''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]'' || {{nom}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003 || [[National Film Awards]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] || rowspan="4" | ''[[Dweepa]]'' || {{won}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf |title=49th National Film Awards |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=14 March 2012 |pages=18–19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185814/http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || {{won}} || <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7/$FILE/A0580283.pdf |title=Film-makers told to focus on issues affecting society |date=20 January 2003 |work=Deccan Herald |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405022703/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7/%24FILE/A0580283.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]] || {{won}} || rowspan="2" | <ref name="ff2003">{{cite web |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url%3D%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent+mgmt%2Fhtml+content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=19 October 2009 |website=BSNL}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]] || {{won}}
|-
| 2004 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress – Kannada]] || ''[[Apthamitra]]'' (Posthumously awarded) || {{won}} || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_filmfare_award_2004.asp |title='Aptha' sweeps Filmfare awards! |website=Viggy |date=13 March 2011}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0815897|name=Soundarya}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/20/world/soundarya-32-a-film-star-of-bollywood.html ''The New York Times'' article]
{{Nandi Award for Best Actress}}{{Karnataka State Award for Best Actress}}
{{FilmfareTeluguBestActress}}
{{FilmfareKannadaBestActress}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:People from Kolar district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in India]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2004]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]

Koninty Manik Rao

2026-04-28T14:36:11Z

Satarupa: Made new bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = Zaheerabad MLA Koninty Manik.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 11 December 2018
| predecessor = [[J. Geeta Reddy]]
| office_2 =
| district_2 =
| in_office_2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|07|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jharasangam
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{bulleted list
|Politician
|R.T.O. Officer (Retired)
}}
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (2014–present)
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| signature =
| signaturesize =
| education = *Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
*Diploma in Automobile Engineering
| constituency = [[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]]
}}
'''Koninty Manik Rao''' (born 9 July 1955) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana state]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Member's Profile - Telangana-Legislature |url=https://www.telanganalegislature.org.in/web/legislative-assembly/members-information?p_auth=KKa63TvH&p_p_id=AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_const_id=19&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_javax.portlet.action=getMemberDetails&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_mem_id=3076&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_term_id=15 |access-date=2024-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527110750/https://www.telanganalegislature.org.in/web/legislative-assembly/members-information?p_auth=KKa63TvH&p_p_id=AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_const_id=19&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_javax.portlet.action=getMemberDetails&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_mem_id=3076&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_term_id=15 |archive-date=27 May 2021 }}</ref> He is an MLA from [[Zahirabad Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Sangareddy district]]. He represents [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=మూడుచోట్ల ఎగిరిన గులాబీజెండా-Namasthe Telangana |url=https://www.ntnews.com/medak/brs-won-in-sangareddy-in-zaheerabad-and-patancheru-1370501 |access-date=2024-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207114908/https://www.ntnews.com/medak/brs-won-in-sangareddy-in-zaheerabad-and-patancheru-1370501 |archive-date=7 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Zahirabad Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/zahirabad-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687919.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rao is from [[Zaheerabad|Zahirabad]], which is Medak district (presently in Sangareddy district). His late father, Koninty Balappa, was a farmer. He was a government employee and retired as Road Transport Officer. He did his Diploma in Automobile and Mechanical engineering in 1978 at Government Polytechnic, [[Masab Tank]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koninty Manik Rao(BRS):Constituency- ZAHIRABAD (SC)(SANGAREDDY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=355 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rao started his career with [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]. He contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and polled 56,716 votes but lost to his nearest rival and former minister [[J. Geeta Reddy]] of Indian National Congress by a narrow margin of 842 votes. However, he won the [[Zahirabad Assembly constituency]] in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] on BRS ticket<ref name=":0" /> where he polled votes and defeated his nearest rival and same candidate he lost earlier, J Geeta Reddy of Indian National Congress, by a huge margin of 34,473 votes. In 2018, He retained the seat in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly]] election from Zahirabad Assembly seat representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]. He polled 97,205 votes, and defeated his nearest rival A. Chandrasekhar Rao of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 12,790 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zahirabad (SC) assembly election results 2023: Zahirabad (SC) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/zahirabad-sc-assembly-result-29038 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Zahirabad Constituency Election Results 2023: Zahirabad Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/zahirabad |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manik Rao, Koninty}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]

Anirudh Chandrasekar

2026-04-25T11:20:01Z

Satarupa: started a entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Anirudh Chandrasekar
| image =
| country = {{IND}}
| fullname =
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|7|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| height = {{convert|abbr=on|1.80|m}}
| turnedpro =
| plays = Left-handed (two-handed backhand)
| coach = Vignesh Peranamullar
| careerprizemoney = $216,994
| singlesrecord = 0–0
| singlestitles = 0
| highestsinglesranking = No. 1,014 (1 October 2018)
| currentsinglesranking =
| doublesrecord = 11–18
| doublestitles = 10 [[ATP Challenger Tour|Challenger]], 5 [[ITF Men's Circuit|Futures]]
| highestdoublesranking = No. 86 (1 December2025)
| currentdoublesranking = No. 86 (1 December 2025)
| AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[2024 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2024]], [[2025 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2025]])
| USOpenDoublesresult = 2R ([[2025 US Open – Men's doubles|2025]])
| updated = 1 December 2025
}}

'''Anirudh Chandrasekar''' (born 11 July 1998) is an Indian [[tennis]] player who specializes in doubles. He has a career high [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] doubles ranking of No. 86 achieved on 1 December 2025 and a singles ranking of No. 1,104 achieved on 1 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/anirudh-chandrasekar/co03/overview|title=Anirudh Chandrasekar | Overview | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224202839/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/anirudh-chandrasekar/co03/overview|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2023, Chandrasekar has won his first three [[ATP Challenger Tour|ATP Challenger]] doubles titles at the [[2023 Pune Challenger|Pune Challenger]], the [[2023 Challenger Club Els Gorchs|Challenger Club Els Gorchs]] and the [[2023 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Vicenza|Internazionali di Tennis Città di Vicenza]] with [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]. He won the 4th Challenger title al the [[2024 Open de Oeiras II]] with [[Arjun Kadhe]] and the fifth at the [[2025 Jingshan Tennis Open]] with [[Reese Stalder]].

==Tour finals==
===Doubles: 40 (15–25)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Legend
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|ATP Challenger (10–12)
|-bgcolor=cffcff
|ITF Futures (5–13)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (8–14)
|-
|Clay (6–11)
|-
|Grass (1–0)
|-
|Carpet (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–1
|{{dts|Sep 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F15, [[Madurai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vignesh Peranamallur
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|3–6, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–2
|{{dts|Sep 2016}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Egypt F24, [[Cairo]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vignesh Peranamallur
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Gastón-Arturo Grimolizzi {{flagicon|ARG}} Mateo Nicolás Martínez
|5–7, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–3
|{{dts|Sep 2017}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F7, [[Chennai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vignesh Peranamallur
|{{flagicon|KOR}} Lee Tae-woo {{flagicon|KOR}} Moon Ju-hae
|2–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–4
|{{dts|Jun 2018}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Zimbabwe F1, [[Harare]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vignesh Peranamallur
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Benjamin Lock]] {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Courtney John Lock]]
|3–6, 0–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–5
|{{dts|Aug 2018}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|China F13, [[Anning, Yunnan|Anning]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vignesh Peranamallur
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Rhett Purcell]] {{flagicon|NZL}} Olly Sadler
|3–6, 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–6
|{{dts|Sep 2018}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|China F14, [[Anning, Yunnan|Anning]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vignesh Peranamallur
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jeremy Beale]] {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Luca Castelnuovo]]
|3–6, 6–3, [3–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–7
|{{dts|Sep 2018}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Egypt F18, [[Cairo]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aryan Goveas
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler]] {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Markos Kalovelonis]]
|4–6, 6–7(3–7)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–8
|{{dts|Jan 2019}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 [[Anning, Yunnan|Anning]], China
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chen Ti]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ray Ho]]
|4–6, 6–7(8–10)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–8
|{{dts|May 2019}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 [[Kampala]], Uganda
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Simon Carr (tennis)|Simon Carr]] {{flagicon|GBR}} Ryan James Storrie
|6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|1–9
|{{dts|May 2019}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 [[Kampala]], Uganda
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Julian Bradley (tennis)|Julian Bradley]] {{flagicon|BDI}} [[Guy Orly Iradukunda]]
|4–6, 6–3, [6–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–9
|{{dts|Sep 2019}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 [[Nanchang]], China
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Clay
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Luca Castelnuovo]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} Wang Ruixuan {{flagicon|CHN}} Yu Bingyu
|6–2, 5–7, [10–8]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–10
|{{dts|Sep 2019}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 [[Nanchang]], China
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|EST}} [[Vladimir Ivanov (tennis)|Vladimir Ivanov]] {{flagicon|RUS}} Yan Sabanin
|4–6, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|3–10
|{{dts|Oct 2019}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 [[Nanchang]], China
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ray Ho]] {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Yeung Pak-long]]
|7–6(7–5), 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|4–10
|{{dts|Nov 2021}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 [[Indore]], India
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nitin Kumar Sinha
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–11
|{{dts|Mar 2022}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M15 [[New Delhi]], China
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuki Bhambri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]]
|4–6, 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–12
|{{dts|Apr 2022}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M25 [[Nottingham]], United Kingdom
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Ruben Bemelmans]] {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Joris De Loore]]
|5–7, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–13
|{{dts|Apr 2022}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M25 [[Nottingham]], United Kingdom
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Julian Cash]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Henry Patten]]
|1–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|5–13
|{{dts|Jun 2022}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|M25 [[Arlon]], Belgium
|style="background:#cffcff;"|World Tennis Tour
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Constantin Frantzen]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Tim Sandkaulen]]
|7–6(7–5), 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–14
|[[2022 Fairfield Challenger – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2022}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Fairfield Challenger|Fairfield]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Julian Cash]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Henry Patten]]
|3–6, 1–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–15
|[[2023 Open Quimper Bretagne – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Open Quimper Bretagne|Quimper]], France
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sadio Doumbia]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabien Reboul]]
|2–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–16
|[[2023 Bengaluru Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Bengaluru Open|Bangalore]], India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Yu-hsiou]]
|6–3, 6–7(7–9), [9–11]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|6–16
|[[2023 Pune Challenger – Doubles|{{dts|Mar 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Pune Challenger|Pune]], India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi]]
|6–1, 4–6, [10–3]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|7–16
|[[2023 Challenger Club Els Gorchs – Doubles|{{dts|Mar 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Challenger Club Els Gorchs|Les Franqueses del Vallès]], Spain
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan]]
|7–5, 6–1
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|7–17
|[[2023 Split Open – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Split Open|Split]], Croatia
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sadio Doumbia]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabien Reboul]]
|4–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|8–17
|[[2023 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Vicenza – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Internazionali di Tennis Città di Vicenza|Vicenza]], Italy
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Fernando Romboli]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Zormann]]
|6–3, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–18
|[[2023 Salzburg Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2023 Salzburg Open|Salzburg]], Austria
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Andrey Golubev]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Denys Molchanov]]
|4–6, 6–7(8–10)
|-
|bgcolor= FFA07A |Loss
|8–19
|[[2023 Kozerki Open – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Kozerki Open|Grodzisk Mazowiecki]], Poland
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Théo Arribagé]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Luca Sanchez]]
|4–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor= FFA07A |Loss
|8–20
|[[2024 Open Quimper Bretagne – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2024}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Open Quimper Bretagne|Quimper]], France
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Manuel Guinard]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Arthur Rinderknech]]
| 6–7(4–7), 3–6
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98|Win
| 9–20
|[[2024 Open de Oeiras II – Doubles|{{dts|May 2024}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2024 Open de Oeiras II|Oeiras]], Portugal
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]]
| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Johannes Ingildsen]] {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Simon Freund]]
|7–5, 6–4
|-
| bgcolor=FFAO7A|Loss
|9–21
|[[2024 Rafa Nadal Open - Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2024}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2024 Rafa Nadal Open|Manacor]], Spain
|style="background:moccasin;" |Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Vega Hernandez]]
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[David Pichler (tennis)|David Pichler]] {{flagicon|AUT}}[[Jurij Rodionov]]
|6—1, 3—6, [7-10]
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|10–21
|[[2024 JC Ferrero Challenger Open - Doubles|{{dts|Sep 2024}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2024 JC Ferrero Challenger Open|Villena]], Spain
|style="background:moccasin;" |Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
| {{flagicon|MON}} [[Romain Arneodo]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Íñigo Cervantes]]
|7–6(7–2), 6–4
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|11–21
|[[2025 Bengaluru Open - Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2025}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2024 Bengaluru Open|Bengaluru]], India
|style="background:moccasin;" |Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ray Ho]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Blake Bayldon]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Romios]]
|6–2, 6–4
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|12–21
|[[2025 Girona Challenger - Doubles|{{dts|Mar 2025}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2025 Girona Challenger|Girona]], Spain
|style="background:moccasin;" |Challenger
|Clay
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Vega Hernandez]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Grégoire Jacq]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Orlando Luz]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|13–21
|[[2025 Lexington Open - Men's doubles|{{dts|Jul 2025}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2025 Lexington Open|Lexington]], US
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Yu-hsiou]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Huang Tsung-hao]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|14–21
|[[2025 Jingshan Tennis Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2025}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2025 Jingshan Tennis Open|Jingshan]], China
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Reese Stalder]]
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Huang Tsung-hao]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park Ui-sung]]
|6–2, 2–6, [10–7]
|-
| bgcolor=FFAO7A|Loss
|14–22
|[[2025 Queensland International III – Men's doubles|{{dts|Nov 2025}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2025 Queensland International III|Brisbane]], Australia
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Reese Stalder]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matt Hulme]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kody Pearson]]
|6–7(5–7), 6–3, [6–10]
|-
| bgcolor=FFAO7A|Loss
|14–23
|[[2025 City of Playford Tennis International – Men's doubles|{{dts|Nov 2025}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2025 City of Playford Tennis International|City of Playford]], Australia
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Reese Stalder]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jake Delaney]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Li Tu]]
|7–6(7–5), 5–7, [8–10]
|-
| bgcolor=FFAO7A|Loss
|14–24
|[[2026 Nonthaburi Challenger II – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2026}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2026 Nonthaburi Challenger II|Nonthaburi]], Thailand
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takeru Yuzuki]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Neil Oberleitner]]
|3–6, 6–7(6–8)
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|15–24
|[[2026 Busan Open – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2026}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2026 Busan Open|Busan]], South Korea
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takeru Yuzuki]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jean-Julien Rojer]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Theodore Winegar]]
|4–6, 6–3, [10–7]
|-
| bgcolor=FFAO7A|Loss
|15–25
|[[2026 Gwangju Open – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2026}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;" |[[2026 Gwangju Open|Gwangju]], South Korea
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takeru Yuzuki]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mac Kiger]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Reese Stalder]]
|4–6, 7–6(9–7), [8–10]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATP|CO03}}
* {{ITF|anirudh-chandrasekar/800453060/ind}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrasekar, Anirudh}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-tennis-bio-stub}}

Lachhu Maharaj (musician)

2026-04-21T11:59:34Z

Satarupa: Made new data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Laxmi Narayan Singh
| birth_name = Laxmi Narayan Singh
| alias = Lacchu Maharaj
| birth_date = March 9, 1944
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|07|28|1944|3|9}}
| death_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = [[Tabla]]
}}
'''Laxmi Narayan Singh''' (16 October 1944 - 28 July 2016) known professionally as Lachhu Maharaj was an Indian [[Tabla]]
Player of [[Banaras Gharana]]. Maharaj was born on 16 October 1944 to Vasudev Narayan Singh. His sister is [[Nirmala Devi]], mother of [[Bollywood]] actor [[Govind Arun Ahuja]]. He had given many professional tabla performances performed all over the world. He was featured in films. He was nominated for [[Padma Shri]] but refused to accept it he felt that the appreciations of his audience was enough for him.

== Death ==
Maharaj Singh died on 28 July 2016, at the age of 71.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/tabla-maestro-pandit-lacchu-maharaj-dies-in-varanasi-2940596/|title=Tabla maestro Pandit Lacchu Maharaj dies in Varanasi|date=2016-07-28|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> He was cremated in [[Manikarnika Ghat]] in [[Varanasi]], in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mortal-remains-of-pt-lacchu-maharaj-consigned-to-flames-116072900687_1.html|title=Mortal remains of Pt Lacchu Maharaj consigned to flames|date=2016-07-29|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-07-29|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

Condolences were received from Indian Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Tabla-maestro-Pandit-Lacchu-Maharaj-dies-in-Varanasi/articleshow/53436522.cms |title=Tabla maestro Pandit Lacchu Maharaj dies in Varanasi |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120194431/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//Tabla-maestro-Pandit-Lacchu-Maharaj-dies-in-Varanasi/articleshow/53436522.cms |archivedate=20 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Politician [[Sonia Gandhi]] commented that "His contributions to classical as well as the popular film genre would forever inspire artistes in the years to come."<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sonia-condoles-death-of-pandit-lacchu-maharaj-116072801718_1.html|title=Sonia condoles death of Pandit Lacchu Maharaj|date=2016-07-28|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref>

Then [[Prime minister|Chief Minister]] of Uttar Pradesh, [[Akhilesh Yadav]], said in his condolence message that 'Lacchu Maharaj popularized tabla playing internationally with his talented performances, and his death was a huge loss'.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/lucknow/cm-akhilesh-gives-condolence-on-the-death-of-lachhu-maharaj-1361153/|title=CM Akhilesh gives condolence on death of Lachhu Maharaj |website=Patrika|date=2 July 2015 |access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref>

Classical singer [[Girija Devi]] said it was an irreparable loss, and Maharaj knew the nuances of tabla like no other artist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/national-world-famous-tabla-player-lachhu-maharaj-passes-away-787473|title=World Famous Tabla Player Lachhu Maharaj Passes Away|website=Nai Dunia - Jagran|date=28 July 2016 |access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref>

On 16 October 2018, [[Google]] dedicated a [[Google Doodle|doodle]] to Lachhu Maharaj on his 74th birthday anniversary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Google pays homage to noted tabla maestro Lachhu Maharaj on 110th birthday |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/google-pays-homage-to-noted-tabla-maestro-lachhu-maharaj-on-74th-birthday/1350555/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=10 October 2018}}</ref>
== Personal life ==
He was married to the renowned Kathak dancer Annapurna Mishra Singh, with whom he had a daughter, Rachna. Following Annapurna's death, he married a Swiss woman named Teena, with whom he had a daughter named Narayani.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Lachhu}}
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:Tabla gharanas]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Benares gharana]]
[[Category:Musicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]

Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:59Z

Satarupa: made basic page needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rampachodavaram
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 53
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (53-Rampachodavaram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
| reservation = ST
| established = 2008
| mla = [[Miriyala Sirisha Devi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 260,323
}}
'''Rampachodavaram''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] reserved constituency in [[Polavaram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=19, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Miriyala Sirisha Devi]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 260,323 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==
The eleven mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Maredumilli]]
|-
| [[Devipatnam]]
|-
| [[Y.Ramavaram]]
|-
| [[Addateegala]]
|-
| [[Gangavaram mandal, East Godavari district|Gangavaram]]
|-
| [[Rampachodavaram]]
|-
| [[Rajavommangi]]
|-
| [[Kunavaram]]
|-
| Chintoor
|-
| [[Vararamachandrapuram]]
|-
| [[Nellipaka]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Rampachodavaram Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q59939828,Q59939841,Q59939817,Q59939784,Q59939808,Q59939831,Q59939833,Q59939845,Q59939846,Q59939847,Q16342372"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Miriyala Sirisha Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Nagulapalli Dhanalakshmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Vanthala Rajeswari]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[K. K. V. V. V. Satyanarayana Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rampachodavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. K. V. V. V. Satyanarayana Reddy]]
|votes = 32,654
|percentage = 34.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Chinnam Babu Ramesh]]
|votes = 21,851
|percentage = 22.86
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Seethamsetti Venkateswararao]]
|votes = 20,771
|percentage = 21.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,803
|percentage = 11.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 95,593
|percentage = 68.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rampachodavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Vanthala Rajeswari]]
|votes = 52,156
|percentage = 45.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Seethamsetti Venkateswara Rao]]
|votes = 43,934
|percentage = 38.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,222
|percentage = 7.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 114,978
|percentage = 76.23
|change = +7.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rampachodavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Nagulapalli Dhanalakshmi]]
|votes = 98318
|percentage = 48.72%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Vanthala Rajeswari]]|votes=59,212|percentage=29.34%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Sunnam Rajaiah]]|votes=18,182|percentage=9.01%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gondi Balaiah|votes=5,013|percentage=2.49%|change=}}{{Election box majority||votes=39,106|percentage=19.38%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=201,807|percentage=77.52%|change=+7.53}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rampachodavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Miriyala Sirisha Devi]]
|votes = 90,087
|percentage = 42.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Nagulapalli Dhanalakshmi]]|votes=80,948|percentage=38.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Lotha Rama Rao|votes=21,265|percentage=10.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=7,269|percentage=3.45|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,139|percentage=4.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,10,508|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|17.45|81.78|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Alluri Sitharama Raju district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mairwa Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:46Z

Satarupa: Adding Some Article From Scratch

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mairwa
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Siwan district|Siwan]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1957
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Mairwa Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Siwan district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
It was part of [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency]].

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Mairwa Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Basawan Ram
| rowspan="2" style=background-color:{{party color|INC}}|
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Giridhari Ram
|style=background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ram Basawan Ram
|style=background-color:{{party color|INC}}|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1970^
|Ramawatar Ram
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ram Narain Ram
| style="background-color:{{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Phulchand Ram
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ram Narain Ram
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Gorakh Ram
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|INC}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Satyadeo Ram]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Ramayan Manjhi
| style="background-color:{{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: Constituency does not exist''}}
|}
<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp30.htm |title =30 - Mairwa (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-02-25 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|26.23|N|84.15|E|display=title|format=dms|}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Siwan district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]

Kalgi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:56:11Z

Satarupa: Made stub.

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalgi
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| district = [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| division = [[Kalaburagi division|Kalaburagi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1957
| reservation =
| abolished = 1978
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| electors =
}}
'''Kalgi Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Mysore state assembly]] in India until 1978 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Shankarshetti Rachappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || S. Rudrappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. R. Mallappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Prabhaker Telker
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhaker Telker |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,707 |percentage = 50.28% |change = {{decrease}}26.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 12,485 |percentage = 42.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shyamsunder Rao |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 2,061 |percentage = 7.05% |change = {{decrease}}12.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,222 |percentage = 7.60% |change = {{decrease}}49.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,498 |percentage = 41.80% |change = {{increase}}4.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,253}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,961 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}26.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Mallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,533 |percentage = 76.46% |change = {{increase}}15.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Rao |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 4,223 |percentage = 19.53% |change = {{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Channamallappa |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 866 |percentage = 4.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,310 |percentage = 56.93% |change = {{increase}}17.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,106 |percentage = 37.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,622}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,972 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,608 |percentage = 60.49% |change = {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharangowda Siddaramayya |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 3,779 |percentage = 21.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Kareem |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,285 |percentage = 13.03% |change = {{decrease}}15.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = David Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 866 |percentage = 4.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,829 |percentage = 38.94% |change = {{increase}}4.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 18,683 |percentage = 37.99% |change = {{increase}}7.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,538}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,184 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shankarshetti Rachappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,044 |percentage = 62.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulam Nabi Azad Shaik Dawood |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 4,030 |percentage = 28.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Iranna Chabnmallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,292 |percentage = 8.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,014 |percentage = 34.90% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 14,366 |percentage = 30.82% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 14,366}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,611 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Mysore Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|17.354827|77.154110|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tipoo Sahib

2026-04-05T10:39:53Z

Satarupa: started new post.

{{Short description|Painting by David Wilkie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file=General Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tippoo Sahib.jpg
| image_size=300px
| title= Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tipoo Sahib
| artist= [[David Wilkie (artist)|David Wilkie]]
| year= 1839
| type=[[Oil painting|Oil on canvas]], [[history painting]]
| height_metric= 348.5
| width_metric= 267.9
| metric_unit=cm
| imperial_unit=in
| museum=[[Scottish National Gallery]]
| city=[[Edinburgh]]
}}

'''''Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tipoo Sahib''''' is an 1839 [[history painting]] by the Scottish artist [[David Wilkie (artist)|David Wilkie]].<ref>Tromans p.224</ref> It is held at the [[Scottish National Gallery]], in [[Edinburgh]].

==History and description==
It presents a scene during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Seringapatam]] in 1799. [[General Baird]], a senior [[British Army|British]] officer and accompanying troops encounter the body of the [[Tipu Sultan]]. The ruler of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and an ally of [[First French Republic|France]] he was killed when Anglo-Indian forces stormed his capital [[Seringapatam]].

It has been described as the artist's "last and largest major work".<ref>Tromans p.340</ref> The depiction of General Baird was posthumous as he had retired from active service after the 1809 [[Battle of Corunna]] and died in 1829. It was commissioned by his widow Anne.<ref>Tromans p.262</ref> Wilkie based his image of the general on a portrait of him by [[Henry Raeburn]].<ref>Tromans p.264</ref> It was displayed at the [[Royal Academy]]'s 1839 [[Summer Exhibition]]. It is today in the collection of the National Galleries of Scotland, having been acquired in 1985.<ref>https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/5685/general-sir-david-baird-discovering-body-sultan-tippoo-sahib-after-having-captured-seringapatam-4th</ref>

The battle in which this scene occurs is also the opening of the novel ''[[The Moonstone]]'', by [[Wilkie Collins]]. The author was named after David Wilkie, who was his [[Godparent|godfather]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Tromans, Nicholas. ''David Wilkie: The People's Painter''. Edinburgh University Press, 2007.

{{David Wilkie}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tipoo Sahib}}
[[Category:1839 paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings by David Wilkie]]
[[Category:History paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings in National Galleries Scotland]]
[[Category:French Revolutionary Wars in art]]
[[Category:Tipu Sultan]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Paintings about death]]

{{1830s-painting-stub}}

Centre for Development Studies

2026-03-28T19:02:59Z

Satarupa: further reworked layout for accuracy and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{short description|Indian research institution in Trivandrum, Kerala}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Centre for Development Studies (emblem).png
| image_size = 200px
| name = Centre for Development Studies
| established = {{start date and age|1970|10|9}}
| type = Higher Educational Institution
| director = C. Veeramani <ref>{{cite web | url=https://cds.edu/director/ | title=Director | Centre for Development Studies }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/c-veeramani-takes-charge-as-cds-director/article66920890.ece | title=C. Veeramani takes charge as CDS director | newspaper=The Hindu | date=June 2023 }}</ref>
| city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2023/04/05/ma-phd-courses-in-economics-at-centre-for-development-studies-kerala.html | title=MA, PhD courses in Economics at CDS; apply by April 30 }}</ref>
| faculty = More than 20
| students = Below 100
| accreditation = UGC, NAAC, NIRF
| affiliation = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| website = https://cds.edu <ref>{{cite web | url=https://jnu.ac.in/content/centre-development-studies-kerala | title=CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, Kerala | Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University }}</ref>
}}
'''The Centre for Development Studies''' (CDS), [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India is a premier Social Science research institute. It is also a higher education institution providing [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] course in [[applied economics]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] course in [[economics]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/education/news/ma-phd-admissions-at-centre-for-development-studies-in-thiruvananthapuram-1.8464816 | title=MA & PhD admissions at Centre for Development Studies in TVM | date=9 April 2023 }}</ref> The institute is internationally reputed for being a centre for advanced learning in economics. Its main objective is to promote research, teaching and training in disciplines relevant to development.

The institute was established on 9 October 1970 by the economist [[Professor]] [[K. N. Raj]] .<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thiruvananthapuram/2020/11/01/trivandrum-center-for-development-studies.html | title=സെന്റർ ഫോർ ഡവലപ്മെന്റ് സ്റ്റഡീസ് സുവർണ ജൂബിലി }}</ref>

== Overview ==
Set up in 1970 by the late famous economist Professor [[K. N. Raj]], the Centre for Development Studies (CDS) is a self-governing institution known for its research in applied economics and topics germane to socio-economic development, pedagogy, and training programmes. The CDS is housed in Prasanth Nagar in the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city. It is easily accessible by road, rail and air. The 10-acre campus is designed and delivered by renowned architect and builder [[Padma Shri]] [[Laurie Baker]] .<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/jayesh-s-pillais-book-masterpiece-of-a-master-architect-unveils-how-centre-for-development-studies-showcases-the-architectural-concepts-of-laurie-baker/article6419653.ece | title=Not another brick in the wall | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 September 2014 }}</ref> The K. N. Raj Library at CDS is one of the biggest repositories of books in South India with over 138,000 titles in economics and related disciplines and subscribing to over 60 print and 15,600 online professional journals. It has a faculty strength of about 20.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre For Development Studies K.N.Raj Library|url= https://cds.edu/k-n-raj-library/|access-date=2026-03-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

Research at CDS is organised into eleven distinct themes:

# Culture and Development <ref>{{cite news | url=https://archestudy.com/the-center-for-development-studies-trivandrum-a-laurie-baker-masterpiece/ | title=The Center for Development Studies, Trivandrum - A Laurie Baker Masterpiece - archEstudy | newspaper=Archestudy | date=July 2021 | last1=Pramod | first1=Gopika }}</ref>
# Decentralisation and Governance
# Gender and Development
# Human Development, Health and Education
# Industry and Trade
# Innovation and Technology <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/study-values-indias-space-economy-at-36794-crore-in-2020-21/article65265007.ece | title=India's 'space economy' valued at ₹36,794 crore | newspaper=The Hindu | date=27 March 2022 }}</ref>
# Labour, Employment and Social Security
# Macroeconomic Performance <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/education/career-guru/2023/04/05/study-economics-ma-and-phd-at-the-centre-for-development-studies.html | title=സാമ്പത്തിക ശാസ്ത്രത്തിൽ എംഎ, പിഎച്ച്ഡി ചെയ്യാം സിഡിഎസിൽ }}</ref>
# Migration <ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.epw.in/centre-development-studies | title=Centre for Development Studies | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=December 2016 }}</ref>
# Plantation Crops <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cds-ranked-first-in-icssr-publications/article34155134.ece | title=CDS ranked first in ICSSR publications | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 March 2021 }}</ref>
# Politics and Development

The teaching programme of the CDS includes:

# A two-year [[Master of Arts|M.A]]. Programme [[Applied Economics]]
# A four-year [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]]. Programme in [[Economics]].
All three programmes are affiliated to [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi. The [[University of Kerala]] also has recognised CDS as a research centre for its doctoral studies. Besides, it has a number of short-duration occasional training programmes.

==Organisational structure ==
The core financial support to the centre comes from the Government of Kerala and the [[Indian Council of Social Science Research|ICSSR]]. [[Reserve Bank of India]] and the [[NITI Aayog|NITI Ayog]] (formerly [[Planning Commission of India]]) have instituted endowment units for research in selected areas at CDS. The [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs|Union Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]] has established a migration unit at CDS to study issues relating to international migration from India.

The governance of CDS rests with the Governing Body consisting of academicians from across India.

{{asof|2026}} the chairman of the Governing Body is Professor Sudipto Mundle and the director is Professor C.Veeramani.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://cds.edu/governance/|title= Centre for Development Studies: Governance|access-date= March 28, 2026}}</ref>

==Alumni==
Alumni of CDS:

* [[Ashoka Mody]] – Visiting Professor, [[Princeton University]]
* [[Haseeb Drabu]] – [[Finance minister|Finance Minister]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|J&K]]
* [[Mihir Shah]] – Former Member, [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], [[New Delhi]]
* [[Rakesh Basant]] – Professor, [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM- Ahmedabad]]
* [[Sanjaya Baru]] – Honorary Fellow, [[Centre for Policy Research|Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi]]
* [[T. T. Sreekumar]] – Professor, [[National University of Singapore|National University of Singapore (NUS)]]
* [[T. M. Thomas Isaac]] – Finance Minister, [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]

==Research==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}

=== Culture and Development ===
Studies under this theme have largely been historical. They explore the cultural and ideological bases of development in Kerala and the shifts in culture and ideology that shape particular development outcomes. The history of the shaping of public consent for state-sponsored artificial birth-control, the discursive dimensions of community assertion in development, the sub-nationalist ideology bolstered by developmentalism forming the basis of post-independence Kerala, and the discursive dimensions of gender and development have been actively explored at CDS. These studies have mostly relied on archival research and importantly, textual analysis, as their principal methods. Essentially, they represent interdisciplinary research at CDS which has appeared in a whole range of internationally and nationally renowned research journals across the social sciences and humanities. They examine the intertwining of development, politics, culture, and social institutions in Kerala that significantly shape the people's well-being. Other studies include those on the cultural and historical aspects of women's mobility into politics and paid work. Recent studies include those of the impacts of extraneous cultural flows that shaped Kerala's specific historical experience of socio-political change in the twentieth century facilitated by mobility across colonial and post-colonial geographies.

=== Decentralisation and Governance ===
Since the 1990s when the 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Indian Constitution came into force, decentralisation and local governance have been crucial to questions of welfare and development in India. This coincided with an interest in developing planning from below in ways that deepened democracy in Kerala, and with accelerated urban expansion in Kerala and elsewhere. Also, the coming of decentralised democracy meant the expansion of opportunities for women, both in the elected local bodies through reservations and in self-help groups. Research at CDS has followed these processes from different disciplinary perspectives and different methodological perspectives. Major projects that focused on local level development since the 1990s have been carried out. Studies have ranged from changing institutional structures of local governance, welfare programmes and redistribution, social security, infrastructural development, to local government finances. The Research Unit on Local Self-Government at CDS has been carrying out research on agriculture and local self-government and on environmental challenges in urban areas. Gender has been a key theme in research on local government at CDS. This has included research on elected women leaders in Kerala's rural and urban local bodies, gender budgeting in panchayats, and the state-wide network of women's self-help groups under the Kerala State Poverty Alleviation Mission, the [[Kudumbashree Mission|Kudumbashree]]. Recent work includes research into the opportunities opened by decentralisation for women of the most marginal communities in Kerala and the ways in which these women have availed of them. A small but significant theme that is emergent is about the challenges in urban governance in a rapidly urbanising Kerala. Studies on urban housing schemes implemented by local governments are ongoing.

=== Gender and Development ===
Research in this domain has been quite diverse in terms of themes and disciplinary orientations. At present, there is cross disciplinary and/or interdisciplinary research that brings a gender perspective to bear on problems of labour, livelihoods, politics, health, migration and marriage.  Gendered power relations were implicated even when not explicitly probed in the early research at the centre (1970s) on questions of fertility transition and human development. Even as research in the 1980s and 1990s brought a clear focus on women's work and employment, including the implications of wider definitions of work for computing national income, on women in agriculture and fisheries, and on understanding how women made good in the context of large scale male migration to the Middle East.  The evolution of the CDS research agenda through critical engagement with earlier perspectives on development has been particularly marked in the case of the research on gender and caste since 2000.  Gender in contemporary Kerala has been the focus of significant research.  Recent research on gender and politics in Kerala has addressed decentralised governance, feminisation of local governance and student politics in higher educational institutions.  Gendered livelihoods have come into focus in the context of self-help initiatives of women even as the persisting low female work participation in India and Kerala has continued to receive attention.  There is ongoing work on state policy and the implication of gender and caste / religious identities in international migration of women workers from South India.

=== Human Development, Health and Education ===
Human development continues to be a celebrated theme of enquiry at the centre for the state's paradoxical distinction in this regard which compares with the developed world.  The challenge of human development in the state unfolds perspectives like its sustainability in the long run as well as its virtues of inclusion.  The compulsion of shrinking social sector investment coupled with public provisioning of health and education getting complemented by private provisioning poses a threat to sustainability and furthering of its achievements. Enquiries in the field of Health and education remain beyond their instrumental role in the assessment of human development. Topics of health research span from understanding economic of health and health care to equity, pricing and health system analysis in keeping with the evolving epidemiological transition. The alternative dimensions of health research include assessment of disease burden,  modes of care provisioning during ultimate years of life along with concerns of sustaining better health indicators in the event of population ageing that is underway. With an evolving public-private mix in the provisioning of health care, health care decision making in consideration of cost and quality has been another prominent engagement in the field of health research. Allied topics like under-nutrition, dietary diversification as well as over/under utilisation of health care are also examined towards commenting upon the healthy makeup of the society. Similarly, works relating to the theme of education involves assessment of educational progress with its varied facets of characteristic inclusion, connections with the emerging labour market and educated unemployment, etc. Issues concerning quality of education, higher education and technical education too are highlights of centre's work in the field of education.  The significance of enquiries in these two vital areas of human capability needs strengthening with theoretical formulations based on economic principles beyond the empirics that have been our strength till date.

=== Industry and Trade ===
Issues related to industry, trade and investments comprise one of the core areas of research at the centre. Research related to industry specifically look into various aspects including performance of the Indian corporate sector, role of MNCs in Indian manufacturing sector, spillover effects of FDI inflows, implications of Global Value Chain, mergers and acquisitions, etc. There have been a number of studies specific to sectors like electronics, pharmaceutical, capital goods, paper, tea, etc. Another set of studies analyse issues like frugal innovation, STI policies, R&D tax incentives and IPR policy. Issues like competition policy, corporate governance, regional concentration and urban formation, diffusion of automation, innovation, disinvestments and CSR have also been well researched upon.

=== Innovation and Technology ===
The role of innovation in fostering and sustaining economic growth of nation states is now fairly well established. Innovation is the commercial introduction of new processes and products, essentially by firms. There are two different aspects of innovation that has merited the attention of researchers. First, is the generation of innovation and second is its diffusion within the economy. It was initially believed that the generation and diffusion of innovation happened in splendid isolation by the firm through its investments in R&D. However, towards the beginning of the 1990s, this view of generation and diffusion of innovation has undergone many radical changes. A number of research studies reflective these five concerns or dimensions are currently undertaken at the centre.

=== Labour, Employment and Social Security ===
Research in CDS on this theme has a long history with a wide canvass, that is continuously evolving both in terms of research themes and methodological approaches. In line with the prevailing economic structures of early 1970s research in CDS had contextualised the structural transformation including agrarian transformation in Kerala and focused on questions of agrarian structure and labour relations; emerging industrial workforce and industrial relations; and labour market outcomes.

=== Macroeconomic performance ===
Studies under this theme can be classified into those focusing on long term macroeconomic performance of Indian economy and those analysing short run macroeconomic issues such as monetary policy and inflation. Studies belonging to the first category focused on issues like long term growth performance of Indian economy. These studies made an attempt to identify and explain the growth phases of Indian economy. One study tries to explain these growth phases in terms of cumulative causation emerging out of positive feedback between producer services sectors and manufacturing sector. Another study examines the role of the crisis, change in economic policy regime and export performance in the growth trajectory of Indian economy. A third one analysed the relationship between public policy and economic growth in the Indian context.

=== Migration ===
Linkages between migration, economic growth, income distribution, and social change.

=== Plantation Crops ===
Research on plantation sector in CDS is being undertaken at the instance of the National Research Programme on Plantation Development sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce.  The programme is expected to undertake policy oriented research on all aspects of plantation sector in India and help research capacity building.

=== Politics and Development ===
Studies in this theme have considered the larger questions of shifting relationships between the state, political society and the formal political public, and particular regimes of development, particularly, development policy. The shifts in politics, welfare, and the move from government to governance that characterised the 1990s have been of considerable interest here. Studies that reflect on the politics of the shift from centralised government to decentralised governance, and of the political economy of agrarian change in the wake of the intensifying impacts of globalising [[neoliberalism|neoliberal capitalism]], the politics of gender emergent in urban governance, have been carried out. Also, historical work on the politics of welfare in pre- and post-independence Kerala, on marginalisation, exclusion, and abjection in development particularly with reference to dalit people and sexual minorities, and local histories on politics and development in micro-sites of extreme marginalisation and deprivation in Kerala have been published. These studies too constitute a significant part of the interdisciplinary research at CDS in the recent decades. Methodologically, most of these studies employ a diverse set of tools. Most often, descriptive statistics, qualitative methods including interviews of different kinds, focus group discussions, and participant observation, as well as textual and discourse analyses are employed and triangulated. Most of them also deploy a historical perspective that traces different strands of social and political change across time.

== Research Units and Funds==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}

*National Research Programme on Plantation Development (NRPPD)
*Planning Commission Endowment Unit on Development Economics
*Reserve Bank of India Endowment Unit on Economic Development
*Government of Kerala Endowment Unit on Local Self Governments
*Union Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs Research Unit on International Migration
*Joan Robinson Endowment Fund
*P.K. Gopalakrishanan Endowment Fund
*B.G. Kumar Endowment Fund
*A.D. Neelakantan Endowment Fund

==The campus==
CDS located in a residential area in the northwest part of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], called Prasanthnagar. The {{convert|10|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus, designed and constructed by the architect, [[Laurie Baker]], epitomizes his style and philosophy of adaptive building methods. The CDS Library is now one of the biggest in South India with over 1,70,000 titles in Economics and allied disciplines and subscribing to about 400 professional journals. The library is in the process of being automated.

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"

! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Directors
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*P.G.K. Panikar, 1971–1985
*T.N. Krishnan, 1985–1989
*[[P.S. George]], 1989–1995
*[[Chandan Mukherjee]], 1995–2003
*[[K.P. Kannan]], 2003–2004
*[[K. Narayanan Nair]], 2004–2010
*[[Pulapre Balakrishnan]], December 2010 – December 2013
*[[Amit Shovon Ray]], December 2013 – December 2016
*K. J. Joseph, [acting director] December 2016 – January 2017
* [http://cds.edu/people/dr-sunil-mani/qualification.html Sunil Mani]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Feb 2017 – May 2023
* Professor C Veeramani <ref>{{cite web | url=https://cds.edu/director/ | title=Director | Centre for Development Studies }}</ref> June 2023 – Present
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Social science research institutes]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1971]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1971]]

HMIS Baluchistan

2026-03-26T12:54:07Z

Satarupa: Made entry.

{{Short description|Minesweeper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval 1947}}
|name=''Baluchistan''
|ordered=20 December 1939
|awarded=
|builder=[[Blyth Shipbuilding Company]]
|laid_down=28 July 1941
|launched=11 May 1942
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=28 October 1942
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=1948
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Transferred to Pakistan
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=Pakistan
|flag={{shipboxflag|Pakistan|naval}}
|name=''Baluchistan''
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|christened=
|acquired=1948
|commissioned=
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Scrapped 1959
|homeport=
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}
|displacement=*{{convert|656|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|820|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full
|length={{convert|174|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|power=*{{convert|2000|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
*2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
|propulsion=*2 shafts
*2 [[steam turbine]]s
|speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range={{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|complement=60
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × single [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|12 pounder {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*1 × single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun
|notes=
}}
}}

'''HMIS ''Baluchistan'' (J182)''' was a {{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}} built for the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during the Second World War.

==Design and description==
The ''Bangor'' class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as [[steam turbine]]s were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. ''Baluchistan'' displaced {{convert|656|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)|standard]] load and {{convert|820|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|174|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|10|ft|3|in|m|1}}.<ref>Lenton, pp. 253–54</ref> The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=c1>Chesneau, p. 64</ref>

She was powered by two [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two [[Admiralty three-drum boiler]]s. The engines produced a total of {{convert|2000|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. ''Baluchistan'' carried a maximum of {{convert|160|LT|t|0}} of [[fuel oil]] that gave her a range of {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=l3>Lenton, p. 254</ref>

The turbine-powered ''Bangor''s were armed with a [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|12-pounder {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]] and a single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war.<ref name=l3/> For escort work, her minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=c1/>

==Construction and career==
HMIS ''Baluchistan'' was originally ordered from the [[Blyth Shipbuilding Company]] for the [[Royal Navy]] as HMS ''Greenock'' in 1939. However, before she was launched, she was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy and eventually commissioned as ''Baluchistan''.<ref name=u-greenock>{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3174.html |title=HMS Greenock (J 182) of the Royal Navy - British Minesweeper of the Bangor class - Allied Warships of WWII |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> She served in the RIN during World War II. ''Baluchistan'' was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]], and escorted numerous convoys between [[Africa]], [[British India]] and [[Australia]] in 1943–45.<ref name=nh-1943>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943b.htm |title=Eastern Fleet War Diary 1943 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name=nh-1944>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1944-11.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1944 |publisher=Naval-history.net |date=1944-12-30 |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name=nh-1945>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1945 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref>

After the [[Partition of India|independence]], she was among the vessels transferred to Pakistan, where she was renamed PNS ''[[Baluchistan]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}
*{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}

{{Bangor class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baluchistan (J182)}}
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1942 ships]]
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Pakistan Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Blyth]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]

Abbas Khattak

2026-03-25T06:40:09Z

Satarupa: corrected content to improve readability additionally

{{Short description|Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan from 1994 to 1997}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Chief Marshal]]
| name = Abbas Khattak
| native_name = {{nq|عباس خٹک}}
| native_name_lang =
| honorific_suffix = {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Sitara-e-Imtiaz|SI(M)]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]}}
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| term_start = 8 November 1994
| term_end = 7 November 1997
| predecessor = ACM [[Farooq Feroze Khan]]
| successor = ACM [[Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi]]
| president =
| primeminister =
| office2 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Pakistan Squash Federation]]
| term_start2 = 1997
| term_end2 = 1998
| predecessor2 =
| prior_term2 =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Mohammad Abbas Khattak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1943|07|16}}
| death_date = 
| birth_place = [[Jehangira]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|NWFP]] in [[British Indian Empire|British Sub continent]] {{small|(Present-day in Peshawar, [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] in [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| nickname = ''Muhammad Abbas Khattak''
| allegiance = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| branch = {{air force|PAK}}
| serviceyears = 1960 – 1997
| rank = [[File:ACM.png|10px]] [[Air chief marshal|Air Chief Marshal]]
| unit = [[List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons#Training Squadrons|No. 19 Squadron]]<ref name="ISPR (Air Force Division)" /> {{small|([[Service number|S/No.]] '''[[Pakistan Air Force|PAK/]]4385{{rp|430}}'''<ref name="The Gazette of Pakistan">{{cite book|title=The Gazette of Pakistan|date=1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98pPAQAAMAAJ&q=Abbas+Khattak+|access-date=6 January 2018|language=en|author1=Pakistan }}</ref>)}}
| commands = {{unbulleted list|[[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|DCAS (Operations)]]|[[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|DCAS (Training)]]|[[Air officer commanding|AOC]] [[PAF Base Masroor|Southern Air Command]]}}
| battles = {{unbulleted list|[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]|[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]}}
| battles_label =
| mawards = {{unbulleted list|[[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] [[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]|[[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]|[[File:Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]|[[File:Sitara-e-Basalat.png|40px]] [[Sitara-i-Basalat|Sitara-e-Basalat]]|[[File:Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Knight.png|40px]] [[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)]]}}
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website = 
}}

'''Mohammad Abbas Khattak''' {{small|{{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz|SI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]}}}} ({{langx|ur|{{nq|عباس خٹک}}}} ; born: 16 July 1943) is a [[Four-star rank|four-star]] rank [[air force officer]] in the [[Pakistan Air Force]] who served as the [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]] (CAS) from 8 November 1994 until his retirement on 7 November 1997.<ref>''The Story of the Pakistan Air Force 1988-1998: A Battle Against Odds'' (Oxford University Press, 2000)</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| last =Cheema
| first =Pervaiz Iqbal
| title =The Armed Forces of Pakistan:Air Chiefs
| publisher =New York University Press
| year =2002
| pages =199/200
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&pg=PA199
| isbn =0-8147-1633-4}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Abbas Khattak was born in [[Peshawar]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|NWFP]] on 16 July 1943.{{rp|355}}<ref name="Shaheen Foundation, 2000">{{cite book|last1=Shaikh|first1=A. Rashid|title=The Story of the Pakistan Air Force, 1988-1998: A Battle Against Odds|date=2000|publisher=Shaheen Foundation|location=Karachi, Sindh, Pk.|isbn=9789698553005|pages=414|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbLfAAAAMAAJ&q=1943|access-date=5 January 2018|language=en-pk|format=google books}}</ref> He was educated at the [[Cadet College Hasan Abdal]], and joined the [[Pakistan Air Force]] in 1960, from which he was directed to attend the famed [[Pakistan Air Force Academy]] in [[Risalpur]].{{rp|355}}<ref name="Shaheen Foundation, 2000"/> He [[Passing out (military)|passed out]] with the class of 35th [[General duty clause|GD]]([[Aircraft pilot|P]]), and gained [[Commissioned officer|commission]] on 20 January 1963 in [[List of Pakistan Air Force aircraft squadrons|No. 19 Squadron ''Sherdils'']].<ref name="ISPR (Air Force Division)">{{cite web|title=Feats of Courage|url=http://www.paf.gov.pk/courage.html|website=www.paf.gov.pk|publisher=ISPR (Air Force Division)|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019061646/http://www.paf.gov.pk/courage.html|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|355}}<ref name="Shaheen Foundation, 2000"/>

[[Pilot officer|P/Off.]] Khattak was trained to fly the [[F-86 Sabre]] and took participation in the [[Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965|various combat missions]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with [[India]] in 1965.<ref name="ISPR (Air Force Division)"/> During this time, [[Flying officer|F/Off.]] was among the eight fighter pilots who were selected to take part in famous aerial raid on [[Pathankot Air Force Station]] in India, a [[Squadron (aviation)|squadron]] commanded by then-[[Squadron Leader]] [[Sajad Haider]].{{rp|488–489}}<ref name="Partridge Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|date=2013|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482816266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLxnAgAAQBAJ&q=Abbas%20Khattak&pg=PA487|access-date=6 January 2018|language=en-ind|format=googlebooks}}</ref>{{rp|122}}<ref name="Manohar">{{cite book|last1=Mohan|first1=P. V. S. Jagan|last2=Chopra|first2=Samir|title=The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965|date=2005|publisher=Manohar|isbn=9788173046414|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Abbas+Khattak+sq+ldr|access-date=6 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> In 1970–71, [[Squadron Leader|Sq-Ldr.]] Khattak was posted with the [[Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command|Eastern Command]] in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]], leading several mission against the [[Indian Air Force]] but was reposted in [[Sargodha Airbase|Sargodha Air Force Base]] before his country's [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrender]] in [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Eastern Front]] of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with [[India]] in 1971.{{rp|69}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hussaini|first1=Syed Masood Akhtar|last2=Affairs|first2=Pakistan Air Force Directorate of Media|title=Pakistan Air Force over the years|date=2002|publisher=Directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnMSAQAAMAAJ&q=Abbas+Khattak+|access-date=6 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war]], [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wg-Cdr.]] Khattak was directed to attend the war course at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] in [[Islamabad]].<ref name="Dateline Islamabad">{{Cite news
| last =Niaz
| first =Anjum
| title =ISLAMABAD DATELINE: Top Gun Vs Double Agents
| newspaper =[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn Newspaper]]
| location =Islamabad
| publisher =[[Dawn Media Group]]
| date =22 November 2008
| url = http://www.dawn.com/news/881550/islamabad-dateline-top-gun-vs-double-agents
| access-date =18 September 2016}}</ref>

In 1988, [[Air Commodore|Air-Commodore]] Khattak was appointed as [[Air officer commanding|AOC]] of the [[PAF Base Faisal|Southern Air Command]], serving until 1990.{{rp|48}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Shaheen: Journal of the Pakistan Air Force|date=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV8owzvrKrkC&q=Air+Cdre+Khattak|access-date=6 January 2018|publisher=Air Headquarters|language=en}}</ref> In 1991, [[Air vice-marshal|AVM]] Khattak was posted to the [[Air Headquarters (Pakistan)|Air Headquarters]] (AHQ) in Islamabad as [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|DCAS (Training)]], where he played a pioneering role in aviation and flight safety programs.{{rp|327}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Jane's Defence Weekly|date=July 1991 |publisher=Jane's Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xDAQAAIAAJ&q=Khattak|access-date=6 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> In 1994, [[Air Marshal|Air-Marshal]] Khattak was promoted to [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|DCAS (Operations)]] at AHQ.{{rp|206}}<ref name="Springer">{{cite book|last1=Siddiqa-Agha|first1=A.|title=Pakistan's Arms Procurement and Military Buildup, 1979-99: In Search of a Policy|date=2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230513525|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beJ8DAAAQBAJ&q=Abbas%20Khattak%20DCAS%20(Ops)&pg=PA206|access-date=6 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

== Chief of Air Staff ==

On 8 November 1994, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] approved the promotion papers of Air-Mshl. Khattak to be promoted to the [[Four-star rank|four-star]] rank, [[Air Chief Marshal]]. This promotion was controversial since Air-Mshl. Khattak superseded two senior [[air officer]]s: Air-Mshl. Shafique Haider (the [[Vice Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]]), and Air-Mshl. [[Dilawar Hussain (air marshal)|Dilawar Hussain]] ([[Chairman]] [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex|PAC]]).{{rp|49–50}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Globe|date=1994|publisher=Afzal Mahmood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzhnAAAAMAAJ&q=Director+general|access-date=6 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> The reason this appointment was highly controversial is because the departing Chief of Air Staff Farooq Feroze Khan struck a deal behind closed doors with Benazir and Zardari to appoint him as the Joint Chief of Staff and in exchange he would allow Zardari to promote Khattak as the Chief of Air Staff. Khattak and Zardari have been accused of receiving millions of dollars in kickback from a Mirage deal.<ref>former Air Force employee</ref>

During his tenureship as [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|air chief]], ACM Khattak made attempts to acquire the [[Mirage 2000|Mirage-2000]] from [[Qatar]] but vetoed the acquisition of [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29F]] and the [[Sukhoi Su-27|Su-27]] aircraft from the [[Eastern Europe]], despite the strong backing of the then-[[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]], ACM [[Farooq Feroze Khan|Feroze Khan]], due to their poor war performances.{{rp|58–60}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Air Force Chief says that F-16s "Not Indispensable"|date=1994|publisher=Daily Report: Near East & South Asia, The Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92dPTgGKdosC&q=Farooq+Feroze+Khan+mig+29|access-date=5 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> During his tenure, Pakistan worked with [[China]] to develop the [[Hongdu JL-8|K-8 Karakorum]].<ref>[http://www.pacom.mil/forum/SPRING_97/Chiefcon_r.html Asia Pacific Defense Forum Spring 1998] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828103454/http://www.pacom.mil/forum/SPRING_97/Chiefcon_r.html |date=28 August 2007 }}</ref> After his retirement he was succeeded by Air Chief Marshal [[Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi|PQ Mehdi]].

He is married and has two sons.<ref name="Dateline Islamabad" />

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=PAF GDP Red.png|width=250}}
|-
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Basalat.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=10 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=20 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=30 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Jamhuriat Tamgha 1988.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal, 2006.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Knight.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |'''[[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]]''' GD(P) Badge '''RED''' (More than '''3000''' Flying Hours)
|-
| colspan="2" |'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Order of Excellence)''
| colspan="2" |[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|'''Hilal-e-Imtiaz''']]
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Crescent of Excellence)''
|-
|'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Star of Excellence)''
|'''[[Sitara-e-Basalat]]'''
''(Star of Good Conduct)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces|Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(General Service Medal)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''
''(War Star 1971)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1971)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|10 Years Service Medal]]'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|20 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|30 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]'''
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''

''(100th Birth Anniversary of''

''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])''

'''1976'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hijri Tamgha]]'''
''(Hijri Medal)''

'''1979'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Jamhuriat Tamgha]]'''
''(Democracy Medal)''

'''1988'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''(Resolution Day''

''Golden Jubilee Medal)''

'''1990'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan]]'''
''(Independence Day''

''Golden Jubilee Medal)''

'''1997'''
|'''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|The Order of Military Merit]]'''
[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|'''(Grand Cordon)''']]

'''([[Jordan]])'''
|}

=== Foreign Decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
!'''{{flag|Jordan}}'''
|'''[[Order of Military Merit (Jordan)|The Order of Military Merit (Grand Cordon)]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Military Merit (Jordan) - Knight.png|width=130}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[[History of the Pakistan Air Force]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225095224/http://paffalcons.com/cas/index.php PAF s' Chief of Air Staffs]
*[http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/sept/pathankot.htm Devastation of Pathankot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930012945/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/sept/pathankot.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070819025043/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/SR-Pathankot.html The Day the PAF Got Away]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070912073728/http://www.ccha.edu.pk/alumni.htm Alumni of Cadet College Hasan Abdal]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Farooq Feroze Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]]|years=1994 – 1997}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi]]}}
{{end}}

{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khattak, Abbas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:People from Peshawar]]
[[Category:Pashtun military personnel]]
[[Category:Cadet College Hasan Abdal alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Air Force Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Pilots of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Pilots of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:National Defence University (Pakistan) alumni]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Aviation safety pioneers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Jordan)]]

History of Karnataka

2026-03-18T23:02:56Z

Satarupa: rework lead additionally and corrected details

{{short description|none}} 
{{Karnataka History}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2020}}

The '''History of [[Karnataka]]''' goes back several millennia. Several great empires and dynasties have ruled over Karnataka and have contributed greatly to the history, culture and development of Karnataka as well as the entire [[Indian subcontinent]]. The Chindaka Nagas of central India Gangas,<ref>Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka''kaushik, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)</ref> Rashtrakutas of [[Manyakheta]],<ref group="note">Dr. D.R. Bhandarkar argues that even the viceroys (''Dandanayaka'') of the Gujarat line hailing from the Rashtrakuta family signed their Sanskrit records in Kannada, examples of which are the Navasari and Baroda plates of Karka I and the Baroda records of Dhruva II. The Gujarat Rashtrakuta princes used Kannada signatures as this was the mode of writing in their native country, meaning Kannada country says Dr. Bhandarkar, ''A Concise History of Karnataka'', Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath</ref> Chalukyas of Vengi,<ref>Dr. Suryanath Kamath, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri, Arthikaje</ref> Yadava Dynasty of Devagiri were all of Kannada origin<ref>Dr. Ritti has argued thus. Even though the [[Seuna]] or Yadava ruled from Devagiri (850–1315), literature in Kannada was prolific in their kingdom along with Sanskrit, coinage with Kannada legends have been discovered and most of their inscriptions are in Kannada, indicating that they were Kannadaigas who migrated north due to political situation. Marathi literature started from around 1190 C.E., Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)</ref> who later took to encouraging local languages.

In the medieval and early modern periods, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] became the major powers in Karnataka. The latter disintegrated to form five [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]]. The Deccan Sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[Maratha Empire]] ruled most of present-day north Karnataka. Maratha rule was most fortified in the northern regions of present-day Karnataka. The first Maratha expeditions in the region were led by [[Chhatrapati Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/main-notes/general-studies/rise-of-maratha-empire/ |title=Rise of Maratha Empire - KPSC Exam Free Notes |date=5 June 2017 |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125054500/https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/main-notes/general-studies/rise-of-maratha-empire/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As Maratha power weakened in the 1780s, the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] began occupying lands in [[Southern Karnataka]].

After the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], where the [[East India Company]] defeated the forces of [[Tipu Sultan]], Company Rule began in India. Karnataka was divided between the [[Bombay Presidency]], the Kingdom of Mysore and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].

India became Independent in 1947, and according to the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganization Act, 1956]], the [[Kannada]]-speaking areas of Hyderabad State, Madras State were unified with [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]]. The state was renamed as ''Karnataka'' in 1973.

==Prehistory==
{{Main|Political history of medieval Karnataka|Etymology of Karnataka|Karnataka History Timeline|Chronology of Karnataka}}
The credit for doing early extensive study of prehistoric Karnataka goes to Robert Bruce-Foote and this work was later continued by many other scholars.<ref name="other">Scholars such as R.V.Joshi, S.Nagaraju, A.Sundara etc. (Kamath 2001, p15)</ref> The pre-historic culture of Karnataka (and South India in general) is called the hand-axe culture, as opposed to the Sohan culture of North India. Paleolithic hand axes and cleavers in the shape of pebbles made with quartz and quartzite which have been found in places such as [[Lingadahalli]] in [[Chikkamagaluru district]] and [[Hunasagi]] in [[Yadgir district]], and a wooden spike at [[Kibbanahalli]] in [[Tumkur district]] are examples of old Stone Age implements.<ref name="other1">Discovered by Dr. K. Paddayya in 1974 (Kamath 2001, pp15-16)</ref> There are reports that a polished [[stone axe]] was discovered at [[Lingasugur]] in the [[Raichur district]]<ref name="prim">The hand axe was discovered by Primrose (Kamath 2001, p15)</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011001090500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122081845/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011001090500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-01-22 |title= First-ever celt was found near Madikeri |access-date=2007-05-06 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2005-01-10}}</ref> Neolithic sites (new Stone Age) of importance are [[Maski]] in [[Raichur district]], [[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri]] in [[Chitradurga district]] etc., with abundance of evidence that man begun to domesticate animals such as cows, dogs and sheep, use copper and bronze weapons, wear bangles, rings, necklaces of beads and ear-rings and have burial chambers. To the end of the Neolithic era, during the [[Megalithic]] age, people in Karnataka began to use long swords, sickles, axes, hammers, spikes, chisels and arrows, all made of iron.<ref name="chamber">Kamath (2001), p18</ref>

== Influences from the Indus Valley Civilization ==
Scholarly hypothesis postulates contacts between the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] cities of [[Harappa]] and [[Lothal]], citing the discovery of gold found in the Harappan sites that was imported from mines in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm|title=THE GOLDEN HERITAGE OF KARNATAKA|author=S. Ranganathan|work=Online webpage of the Department of Metallurgy|publisher=Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore|access-date=2007-06-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121024542/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm|archive-date=2007-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka7.htm |title=Prehistoric culture of Karnataka |access-date=2007-05-06 |publisher=ourkarnataka.com |archive-date=19 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419181313/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka7.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html|title= Trade |access-date=2007-05-06 |publisher=[[The British Museum]]}}</ref>

Evidence of [[Neolithic]] habitation of areas in modern Karnataka and [[celt (tool)|celt]]s dating back to the 2nd century [[Before Common Era|BCE]] were first discovered in 1872. There are reports that a polished [[stone axe]] was discovered at Lingsugur in the [[Raichur district]]; however the authenticity of these reports remains unverifiable.<ref name="Hindu.com 2005011001090500">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011001090500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122081845/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011001090500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2005-01-22 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=First-ever celt was found near Madikeri | date=2005-01-10}}</ref> [[Megalithic]] structures and burial grounds were discovered in 1862 in the regions of [[Kodagu]] and Moorey Betta hills, while [[Neolithic]] sites were discovered in north Karnataka.<ref name="Hindu.com 2005011001090500"/> Scholarly hypothesis postulates of contacts between the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] city of [[Harappa]] in 3000 BCE, citing the discovery of gold found in the Harappan sites that was imported from mines in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm |title=The Golden Heritage of Karnataka |access-date=2007-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121024542/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm |archive-date=2007-01-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka7.htm|title=WebHost4Life - Web Hosting, Unix Hosting, E-Mail, Web Design|website=www.ourkarnataka.com|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=19 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419181313/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka7.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html|title=Ancient India - Staff Room|website=www.ancientindia.co.uk|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/artefacts.htm |title=Metal artefacts, links with Mesopotamia |access-date=2007-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807073612/http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/artefacts.htm |archive-date=2007-08-07 }}</ref>

==Classical period==
{{main|Satavahanas|Kadambas}}

Karnataka was the part of the [[Maurya Empire]], the first Mauryan Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]] died in [[Shravanbelgola]] in [[Hassan District]] around 298 BCE where he spent the last days of his life as a Jain ascetic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.in/articles/4614/short-escape-from-bengaluru-shravanabelagola-karnataka|title=Best Escape: Shravanabelagola, Karnataka|first=Lonely|last=Planet|website=Lonely Planet India|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224639/http://www.lonelyplanet.in/articles/4614/short-escape-from-bengaluru-shravanabelagola-karnataka|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Around 239 BCE, the [[Satavahana]] dynasty came to power and its rule lasted nearly four centuries, until the early 3rd century CE. The disintegration of the Satavahana dynasty led to the ascent of the earliest native kingdoms, the [[Kadamba Dynasty]] of [[Banavasi]] in modern [[Uttara Kannada]] district with [[Mayuravarma]], a native of [[Talagunda]] in modern [[Shivamogga district]] as the founding king,<ref name="origin">From the Talagunda inscription (Dr. B. L. Rice in Kamath, 2001, p30)</ref><ref name="origin1">Moares (1931), p10</ref><ref name="grass">From the Talagunda inscription of 450 Kamath, (2001), pp 30-31</ref><ref name="grass1">Ramesh (1984), p6</ref><ref name="origin2">{{cite web|title=History of Karnataka-Kadambas of Banavasi|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka10.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998-2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=2006-11-28|archive-date=5 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205181122/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka10.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="origin3">{{cite web|title=Kadambas of Banavasi|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/kadamba.htm|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|publisher=1996-2006 Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=2006-11-28}}</ref> and the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] in southern Karnataka,<ref name="argue">Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga (2006), p89</ref><ref name="argue1">The Gangas were sons of the Soil - R. S. Panchamukhi and Lakshminarayana Rao {{cite web|title=Gangas of Talkad|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998-2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=2007-01-18|archive-date=15 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215103823/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> marking the birth of the region as an independent political entity. These were the first kingdoms to give administrative status to [[Kannada language]] as evidenced by the [[Halmidi inscription]] of 450, attributed to King [[Kakusthavarma]] of the [[Kadamba Dynasty]].<ref name="first">From the Halmidi inscription (Ramesh 1984, pp10–11)</ref><ref name="hal">Kamath (2001), p10</ref> Also, recent discovery of a 5th-century copper coin in [[Banavasi]], ancient capital of the [[Kadambas]], with [[Kannada script]] inscription on it, further proves the usage of Kannada at an official level.<ref>{{cite web
|date=7 February 2006
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb72006/state171017200626.asp
|title=5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi
|publisher=Deccan Herald
|access-date=2006-08-17
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060614050035/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb72006/state171017200626.asp |archive-date = 2006-06-14}}</ref>

== Middle Kingdoms (230 BCE – 1206 CE) ==
[[File:Cave_Temple_3,_Badami.JPG|thumb|One of the [[Badami cave temples]], built by the [[Chalukya dynasty]]]]
[[File:Map of the Chalukyas.png|thumb|A map of the Badami Chalukya Empire's territories]]
[[File:Indian Rashtrakuta Empire map.svg|thumb|A map of the Rashtrakuta Empire at its peak during the Tripartite Struggle]]

They were followed by large imperial empires, the [[Badami Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] and [[Western Chalukya Empire]], who had their regal capitals in modern Karnataka region and patronized Kannada language and literature.<ref name="ex">Considerable number of their records are in Kannada (Kamath 2001, p67, p73, pp88-89, p114)</ref><ref name="natural">7th century Badami Chalukya inscriptions call Kannada the natural language (Thapar 2003, p345)</ref><ref name="earlylit1">Altekar (1934), pp411–413</ref><ref name="early2">Even royalty of the Rashtrakuta empire took part in poetic and literary activities (Thapar 2003, p334)</ref><ref name="patron">Narasimhacharya (1988), p68, p17–21</ref><ref name="eralylit2">Reu (1933), pp37–38</ref><ref name="administrator">More inscriptions in Kannada are attributed to the Chalukya King [[Vikramaditya VI]] than to any other king prior to the 12th century, {{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/deckings.htm|title=Chalukyas of Kalyana|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|publisher=1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=2006-12-24}}</ref>

=== Badami Chalukyas ===
{{Main|Badami Chalukyas}}
The [[Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukyas]] ruled between the 6th and the 8th centuries.<ref name="Pattadakal">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239/|title=Group of Monuments at Pattadakal|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323221035/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239/|archive-date=2019-03-23|url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] kingdom of [[Banavasi]] and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of [[Pulakeshin II]].

The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of [[South India]] and a [[Golden Age|golden age]] in the history of [[Karnataka]]. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas.

=== Rashtrakutas ===
{{Main|Rashtrakuta Empire}}
The Rashtrakutas were originally vassals of the Badami Chalukyas. [[Dantidurga]] overthrew the Chalukya ruler [[Kirtivarman II]] in 735 CE, and established the rule of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].

During this period, important contributions were made in the field of literature, arts, and mathematics. [[Amoghavarsha I]], the most famous king of this dynasty wrote ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'', a landmark literary work in the [[Kannada]] language. Important mathematical theories and axioms were postulated by [[Mahavira (mathematician)|Mahaviracharya]].

=== Western Chalukyas ===
{{Main|Western Chalukyas}}
The [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] ruled Karnataka between 973 and 1189 CE. In 973, seeing confusion in the Rashtrakuta Empire after an invasion of their capital by the ruler of the [[Paramara dynasty]] of [[Malwa]], [[Tailapa II]] (a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta dynasty ruling from [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]) defeated his overlords and made Manyakheta his capital.

=== Western Gangas ===
{{Main|Western Ganga Kingdom}}
[[File:Map Showing Greatest Extent Of Ganga Kingdom Of Talakadu.jpg|thumb]]
The [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] dynasty was founded around 350 CE, ruling southern Karnataka. Their sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550 CE, after which they ruled as vassals of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakutas]], and [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]]. Their rule came to an end after the disintegration of the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] in 1000 CE.
[[File:Shravanabelagola Bahubali wideframe.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|180x180px|The [[Gommateshwara statue]] at [[Shravanbelagola]] was built during the 10th century CE by the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga Kingdom]].]]
Though a small kingdom, the Western Ganga contribution to [[polity]], culture and literature of the modern south Karnataka region is considered important. The Western Ganga kings showed benevolent tolerance to all faiths but are most famous for their patronage toward [[Jainism]] resulting in the construction of monuments in places such as [[Shravanabelagola]] and [[Kambadahalli]]. The kings of this dynasty encouraged the fine arts due to which literature in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]] flourished.

=== Hoysala Empire ===
[[File:Carved Outer walls, Hoysaleswara Temple Halebid.jpg|alt=|thumb|200x200px|Elaborately carved outer walls at the [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] built in the 12th century by the [[Hoysala Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5898/|title=Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005659/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5898/|archive-date=2018-12-04|url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Hoysala Empire}}
Natives of the [[malnad]] Karnataka, the Hoysalas established the [[Hoysala Empire]] at the turn of the first millennium. Art and architecture flourished in the region during this time resulting in distinctive Kannada literary metres and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the ''Vesara'' style of architecture.<ref name="patron"/><ref name="sang1">Kamath (2001), pp. 132–134</ref><ref name="sang">Sastri (1955), pp. 359, 361</ref><ref name="chenna">Foekema (1996), p. 14</ref><ref name="chenna1">Kamath (2001), p. 124</ref> The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought large parts of modern Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu under their rule.<ref name="arbiters">The [[Tamil people|Tamil]] city of Kannanur Kuppam near [[Srirangam]] became the second capital of the Hoysalas during the rule of [[Vira Narasimha II]]. During the time of [[Veera Ballala III]], Tiruvannamalai in Tamil Nadu had been made an alternate capital. The Hoysalas were arbiters of [[South Indian]] politics and took up the leadership role (B.S.K. Iyengar in Kamath (2001), p. 126</ref><ref name="kuppam1">Keay (2000), p. 252</ref><ref name="spread">Sastri (1955), p. 195</ref><ref name="lead">The Hoysalas dominated of Southern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] as a single empire, (Thapar 2003, p. 368</ref>

=== Other Kingdoms ===
The [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna dynasty]], [[Kadamba dynasty]], and [[Chola dynasty|Chola Empire]] ruled parts of Karnataka.<ref>A Brief History of India by Alain Daniélou p. 177</ref>

[[Nidugal Cholas]] ruled some parts of Karnatala and Andhra between 8th to 13th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.the-cholas-of-nidugal-a-study/ |title=The Cholas of Nidugal a Study |author=Kavitha R|date=1993 |page=151 |publisher=Karnatak University}}</ref>

== Vijayanagara Era (1336–1565)==
{{Main|Vijayanagara Empire}}
[[File:Vijayanagara Empire c.1485.png|thumb|A map depicting the territories of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Krishna Pushkarani - Hampi Ruins.jpg
| caption1 = Tank of the Krishna Temple
| image2 = Temple of Virupaksha.jpeg
| caption2 = [[Virupaksha Temple]]
| caption_align = center
| image3 = Vittala Temple - Hampi - Karnataka.jpg
| caption3 = [[Garuda]] Shrine in the form of a stone chariot.
| image4 = Elephant's Stable Hampi.jpg
| caption4 = Elephant Stables
| footer = [[Hampi]], the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] was one of the world's largest cities during the medieval period. The city was destroyed by the combined army of five [[Deccan Sultanates]] during the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565.<ref name=Hampi/>
| footer_align = center
| perrow = 2
}}
In the early 14th century, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] with its capital at Hosapattana (later to be called [[Vijayanagara]]) rose to successfully challenge the Muslim invasions into the South. This empire was established by [[Harihara I]] and Bukka Raya who many historians claim were commanders of the last Hoysala King [[Veera Ballala III]] and the empire prospered for over two centuries.<ref name="Kannadaempire">[[P. B. Desai]] (''History of Vijayanagar Empire'', 1936), [[Henry Heras]] (''The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara'', 1927), [[B.A. Saletore]] (''Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire'', 1930), G.S. Gai (Archaeological Survey of India), William Coelho (''The Hoysala Vamsa'', 1955) and Kamath ( Kamath 2001, pp. 157–160)</ref><ref name="karmar">Karmarkar 1947, p. 30</ref>

The Vijayanagara rulers patronized culture, and a distinct form of [[Vijayanagara literature|literature]] and [[Vijayanagara architecture|architecture]] evolved during this period. The best example of Vijayanagara architecture is seen in the ruined city of Hampi.<ref name=Hampi>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241/|title=Group of Monuments at Hampi|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222148/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241|archive-date=2018-12-15|url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>

=== Battle of Talikota ===
{{Main|Battle of Talikota}}
The main rivals of the Vijayanagara empire were the five [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], who defeated the empire in 1565 at the [[Battle of Talikota]].

Two generals of the Vijayanagara army switched sides and turned their loyalty to the united Sultanates. They captured [[Aliya Rama Raya]] and beheaded him on the spot. The beheading of [[Aliya Rama Raya|Rama Raya]] created confusion and havoc and in the still loyal portions of the Vijayanagara army, which were then completely routed. The Sultanates' army plundered [[Hampi]] and reduced it into ruins.<ref name=Hampi/>

== Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates ==
{{Main|Bahmani Sultanate|Deccan Sultanates}}
[[File:Gol_Gumbaz.jpg|thumb|[[Gol Gumbaz]], tomb of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]], seventh [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Sultan of Bijapur]]|alt=|left]]
The [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani sultans]] of [[Bidar]] were the main competitors to the Vijayanagara empire for hegemony over the Deccan<ref name="bin">Kamath (2001), pp190-191</ref> and after their fall, the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and [[Bidar Sultanate]] took their place in the dynastic struggle for control of the southern India.<ref name="bija">Kamath (2001), p. 200</ref>
[[File:Water-Pipe_Base_LACMA_M.2001.101.jpg|thumb|A [[Bidriware]] water-pipe. Bidriware was developed in Bidar in the 14th century C.E. during the rule of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]].]]
After the defeat and disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire in battle at Talikota in 1565 to a confederacy of Sultanates, the Bijapur Sultanate rose as the main power in the Deccan before their defeat to the [[Mogul Empire|Mughal Empire]] in late 17th century.<ref name="conf">Kamath (2001), p. 201</ref><ref name="erst">Kamath (2001), p. 202</ref> Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] gave the order to [[Siege of Bijapur|besiege Bijapur]] and after a 15-month-long siege, the Mughal army emerged victorious and the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] came to an end.

The Bahmani and Bijapur rulers encouraged [[Urdu]] and Persian literature and [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo Islamic]] architecture, the [[Gol Gumbaz]] being one of the high points of this contribution.<ref name="gol">Kamath (2001), p. 207</ref> [[Bidriware]] and [[Deccan painting]] developed during this period. The [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa|Madrasa Mahmud Gawan]] was a university built during the reign of the Bahmani Sultanate, one of the few centers of higher learning in medieval India.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1995|pp=91-93}}

== Maratha Era (1674–1818)==
[[File:Shivaji British Museum.jpg|thumb|left|Chhatrapati Shivaji led the initial Maratha campaigns into Karnataka in the 1670s]]
{{Main|Maratha Empire}}
Most of Karnataka was conquered by the Maratha Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries. The first expeditions were led by [[Chhatrapati Shivaji]]. After Shivaji's death in 1680, his son [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji]] inherited the throne of the Marathas. He ruled until [[execution of Sambhaji|his capture, torture, and execution]] by the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=On the history trail: Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj tortured to death in the most barbaric way ever seen by Aurangzeb |url=https://sahasa.in/2022/05/06/on-the-history-trail-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-tortured-to-death-in-the-most-barbaric-way-ever-seen-by-aurangzeb/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |language=en}}</ref> in 1689. From this time until 1707, the [[war of 27 years]] was fought in the Deccan, including Karnataka. The Mughals raided the region several times but struggled in conquering the territory. The Maratha Empire continued to rule over the majority of Karnataka until the rise of Mysore in the 1760s and 1770s decades. Even after the Mysore-Maratha wars, the Marathas held onto the majority of Northern Karnataka until 1818.

==The Rise of Mysore ==
{{main|Anglo-Mysore Wars|Tipu Sultan}}
[[File:Indian_Mysore_Kingdom_1784_map.svg|left|thumb|Map of the Kingdom of Mysore at its peak during the reign of Tipu Sultan ]]
The [[Wodeyar]]s of Mysore, former vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire, After the fall of vijayanagara empire Mysore became independent kingdom 17th-18th century. With the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]], [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]], the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the Mysore Army, assumed control over the region, until the rule of the kingdom was passed to [[Tipu Sultan]], after Haider Ali's death. In attempting to contain European expansion in South India, Tipu Sultan, known as the ''Tiger of Mysore'' fought four significant [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], the last of which resulted in his death and the incorporation of Mysore into a princely state of the [[British Raj]].
[[File:Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg|thumb|General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] receiving [[Tipu Sultan]]'s sons as hostages after the [[third Anglo-Mysore War]], by [[Robert Home]], c. 1793 CE]]
Following Tipu's fall, a part of the kingdom of Mysore was annexed and divided between the Madras Presidency and the Nizam. The remaining territory was transformed into a princely state; the five-year-old scion of the Wodeyar family, [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III|Krishnaraja III]], was installed on the throne with chief minister (''Diwan'') [[Purnaiah]].

The [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]] and [[Hyderabad State]], which ruled most of Karnataka by the mid-nineteenth century, were allied with the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

[[File:Famine_in_India_Natives_Waiting_for_Relief_in_Bangalore.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|People waiting for famine relief in [[Bangalore]]. From the ''[[Illustrated London News]]''. (20 October 1877)]]

=== British Protectorate ===
[[File:Mysorepalace.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mysore Palace]], completed in 1912, was the residence of the [[Wadiyar dynasty]] which ruled the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].]]
In 1799, the Kingdom of Mysore signed a Protectorate treaty with the British Empire. The British then helped the Wadiyar dynasty come back to power after 2 generations of Islamic rule. During this time, railways and airways, as well as modern universities were introduced in the Kingdom of Mysore, which was ruled by the Wadiyar dynasty. The Kingdom of Mysore became a [[princely state]] by this time. The [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1909) and [[University of Mysore]] (1916) were the first educational institutions established in Karnataka.

== Independence movement ==
Though the British assisted the Kingdom of Mysore, the British period was a time of racial discrimination, economic exploitation, and [[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule|numerous preventable famines]], most notably in the areas directly administered by the British, which was known then as ''British India''.

By the late 19th century, the independence movement had gained momentum; [[Aluru Venkata Raya]], [[S. Nijalingappa]], [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]] and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century. Strong independence movements erupted across the regions of Karnataka under British direct rule.

=== Unification of Karnataka ===
{{main |Unification of Karnataka}}
[[File:Jayachandra-maharaja-wadiyar.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar]], the last ruling [[Maharaja of Mysore]].]]
After Indian independence, the [[Wodeyar]] Maharaja acceded to India. In 1950, [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] became an Indian state, and the former Maharaja became its ''[[rajpramukh]]'', or governor, until 1975. The [[Unification of Karnataka|''Ekikarana'' movement]] which started in the later half of the 20th century, culminated in the ''[[States Reorganisation Act]]'' of 1956 which provided for parts of [[Coorg]], [[Madras State|Madras]], [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]], and [[Bombay state]]s to be incorporated into the [[Mysore State|state of Mysore]]. Mysore state was renamed ''Karnataka'' in 1973. The state of Mysore was formed on 1 November 1956 and since then 1 November of every year is celebrated as [[Kannada Rajyotsava]] / [[Karnataka Rajyotsava]].

=== Post-unification ===
The [[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1957 elections]] saw the [[Indian National Congress]] win 150 seats out of 208, and [[S. Nijalingappa]] was retained as Chief Minister.

The Congress retained its power in Karnataka till 1983, when the [[Janata Party]] formed the first non-Congress government in Karnataka with the support of other smaller parties. Subsequent elections have seen power switch between the Congress, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and other parties.

{{clear}}

==Timeline==
{{Karnataka timeline}}

{{clear}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002) {{OCLC|7796041}}
* [[S. Srikanta Sastri]], "[http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/#/sources-of-karnataka-history-i/4573264034 Sources of Karnataka History, Vol I (1940)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514154436/http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/#/sources-of-karnataka-history-i/4573264034 |date=14 May 2013 }}" - University of Mysore Historical Series, University of Mysore, Mysore.
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}..
* Dr. [[Romila Thapar]], The Penguin History of Early India From Origins to 1300 A.D., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, {{ISBN|0-14-302989-4}}.
* R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras,1988, {{ISBN|81-206-0303-6}}.
*{{cite book |last= Iyer|first= Panchapakesa A.S.|title= Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra|orig-year=2006|year=2006|publisher= Zion Printers|location= Chennai}}
*{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030|orig-year=2006|year=2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Altekar|first= Anant Sadashiv |title= The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D|orig-year=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location= Poona|oclc=3793499}}
*{{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples|year=1996|publisher= Abhinav|location= New Delhi|isbn=81-7017-345-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Moraes|first=George M. |title= The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka|orig-year=1931|year= 1990|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0595-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Ramesh|first= K.V.|title= Chalukyas of Vatapi|year=1984|publisher= Agam Kala Prakashan|location= Delhi|oclc= 13869730|ol= 3007052M|lccn= 84900575|asin= B0006EHSP0 }}
* John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, {{ISBN|0-8021-3797-0}}, BINC: 6494766
* Karmarkar, A.P. (1947), Cultural history of Karnataka : ancient and medieval, Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Dharwad {{OCLC|8221605}}
{{refend}}
* {{cite book |title=Historic Landmarks of the Deccan |last1=Haig |first1=Major T. W. |year=1907 |publisher=Pioneer Press, Allahabad |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Historic_Landmarks_of_the_Deccan |ref={{sfnref|Haig, 1907}}}}
* {{cite book |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xpQpOCtzAC |year=1995 |ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1995}}}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat04mysouoft Rice, B L 1898. Epigraphica Carnatica Vol 2]
* "[http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/#/sources-of-karnataka-history-i/4573264034 Sources of Karnataka History, Vol I (1940)]" by [[S. Srikanta Sastri]]

{{History of India by State}}
{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Karnataka}}
[[Category:History of Karnataka| ]]

Kaushik Krish

2026-03-14T03:11:54Z

Satarupa:

{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=Very promotional}}
'''Kaushik Krish''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] who works primarily in Tamil cinema. He is best known for the romantic song "Kannala Kannala (The Melting Point of Love)" from the film ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015)<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHagLitT-nI |title=Thani Oruvan - Kannala Kannala Video {{!}} Jayam Ravi, Nayanthara {{!}} Hip Hop Tamizha |date=2015-10-30 |last=SonyMusicSouthVEVO |access-date=2026-02-07 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2026-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203053318/https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=J3gKPyVT1fazOCDx&v=iHagLitT-nI&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Kannala Kannala (From "Thani Oruvan") [The Melting Point of Love] by Hiphop Tamizha, Kaushik Krish & Padmalatha on Apple Music |date=2015-07-22 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/song/kannala-kannala-from-thani-oruvan-the-melting-point-of-love/1377055639 |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Spotify – Web Player |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4nSwWiwtieiNmRAjy9fEXN |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Spotify |language=en |archive-date=2025-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126130231/https://open.spotify.com/track/4nSwWiwtieiNmRAjy9fEXN |url-status=live }}</ref>, composed by [[Hiphop Tamizha]], and for his subsequent collaborations with the duo in both [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He has also composed music for the Tamil feature film "''[[Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu]]"'' and has additional credits in the music department as a composer and background‑score artist<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2017-11-30 |title=Ramesh Venkat’s maiden film is a horror-comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramesh-venkats-maiden-film-is-a-horror-comedy/articleshow/61863622.cms |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2017-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ramesh-venkats-maiden-film-is-a-horror-comedy/articleshow/61863622.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>.

== Early life ==
Kaushik Krish hails from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and studied Visual Communication at [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. During his time at Loyola College he became close friends with Jeeva, one half of the music duo [[Hiphop Tamizha]], who was his classmate, and this connection led to his entry into professional music and to his association with [[Hiphop Tamizha]]’s studio work and projects<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2020-05-13 |title=How composer Kaushik Krish found his musical calling |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/how-composer-kaushik-krish-found-his-musical-calling/article59859756.ece |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925092131/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/how-composer-kaushik-krish-found-his-musical-calling/article59859756.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-13 |title=Kaushik Krish of Thani Oruvan fame talks about his experience singing Kannala Kannala |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/kaushik-krish-of-thani-oruvan-fame-talks-about-his-experience-singing-kannala-kannala.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=2025-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827185817/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/kaushik-krish-of-thani-oruvan-fame-talks-about-his-experience-singing-kannala-kannala.html |url-status=live }}</ref>. Before his breakthrough in films, he performed at college cultural events and smaller stages, gradually moving towards playback singing as opportunities arose through this network.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kannala Kannala Voice Speaks… |url=http://www.guindytimes.com/articles/the-kannala-kannala-voice-speaks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130145219/http://www.guindytimes.com/articles/the-kannala-kannala-voice-speaks |archive-date=2017-11-30 |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=www.guindytimes.com}}</ref>

== Playback singing ==
Kaushik Krish’s breakthrough as a playback singer came with the blockbuster thriller [[Thani Oruvan]] (2015), where he sang the romantic ballad "Kannala Kannala (The Melting Point of Love)" alongside [[Padmalatha]] for [[Ravi Mohan|Jayam Ravi]] and [[Nayanthara]]’s lead pair<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />. Composed and written by [[Hiphop Tamizha]], the song gave the film one of its most recognisable melodies, and Kaushik’s voice quickly became associated with its emotional appeal among [[Tamil cinema]] audiences. The track features prominently in his catalogues on [[Spotify]] and [[Apple Music]] and is often cited in interviews and campus features as the song that first made his name familiar to fans of contemporary Tamil film music. He reinforced this image as a romantic‑song specialist with "Kadhalikathey" from [[Imaikkaa Nodigal]] (2018), another [[Hiphop Tamizha]] composition picturised on [[Nayanthara]] and [[Atharvaa]] that showcased his ability to handle youthful, melody‑driven material<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |title=Nayanthara's Imaikkaa Nodigal audio, trailer launched [songs] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/nayantharas-imaikkaa-nodigal-audio-trailer-launched-songs-773193 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812210104/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/nayantharas-imaikkaa-nodigal-audio-trailer-launched-songs-773193 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=IBTimes India |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>.

Building on the success of ''Thani Oruvan'', he went on to sing "Enna Nadanthalum" for Hiphop Tamizha’s semi‑autobiographical film ''[[Meesaya Murukku]]'' (2017), where the promo and video versions credit him alongside Adhi as vocalist. As the film became popular with younger audiences for its campus setting and music, "Enna Nadanthalum" gave Kaushik another widely heard track and strengthened his position as one of the recurring voices in [[Hiphop Tamizha]]’s soundtracks. He further consolidated this image with the youthful love song "Hi Sonna Pothum"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2019-07-31 |title=Comali's first single, Hi Sonna Pothum, is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Jul/31/jayam-ravi-comali-first-single-hi-sonna-pothum-90s-nostalgia-school-memories-13354.html |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322033718/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/31/jayam-ravi-comali-first-single-hi-sonna-pothum-90s-nostalgia-school-memories-13354.html |url-status=live }}</ref> from [[Comali]] (2019), a [[Ravi Mohan|Jayam Ravi]]–[[Samyuktha Hegde]] starrer, where official lyric and video versions highlight his vocals over Hiphop Tamizha’s catchy, nostalgia‑driven tune. His vocals subsequently featured on ensemble and supporting songs across other Tamil albums, including numbers such as "Vanga Machan Vanga" from [[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]] <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-02 |title=Music review: Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-vantha-rajavathaan-varuven/articleshow/67793566.cms |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> "Naan Siricha" from [[Naan Sirithal]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-15 |title=Music Review: Naan Sirithal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-naan-sirithal/articleshow/74134981.cms |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>, and tracks on [[Aranmanai 4]] and [[PT Sir]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-07 |title=Makers release Poradu Sirage lyric video from PT Sir |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/07/makers-release-poradu-sirage-lyric-video-from-pt-sir |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910042041/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/07/makers-release-poradu-sirage-lyric-video-from-pt-sir |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-15 |title=Hiphop Tamizha Adhi's 'Kadaisi Ulaga Por' makers unveil the patriotic song Sunthathira Swasam on Independence Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hiphop-tamizha-adhis-kadaisi-ulaga-por-makers-unveil-the-patriotic-song-sunthathira-swasam-on-independence-day/articleshow/112540579.cms |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219211243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hiphop-tamizha-adhis-kadaisi-ulaga-por-makers-unveil-the-patriotic-song-sunthathira-swasam-on-independence-day/articleshow/112540579.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>, placing him alongside established cast names like [[Silambarasan]], [[Jiiva]], [[Arulnithi]] and Hiphop Tamizha Adhi in the promotional music material for these films.

Kaushik also extended his playback work into [[Telugu cinema]] with the song "Manishi Musugulo Mrugham Neney Ra" from [[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]], the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] remake of [[Thani Oruvan]] starring [[Ram Charan]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]]. Set to Hiphop Tamizha’s music, the song carried his voice to a wider [[South India|South Indian]] audience and appears as a single under his name on major digital platforms, marking his entry into another language industry. Across [[Spotify]], [[Apple Music]] and other streaming services, his discography now spans [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film songs, soundtrack EP tracks such as those from Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu and Rocket Driver, and independent or non‑film releases like "Weekend", "Nee Illama", "En Vaazhve" and "Iru Disaigalil", reflecting a profile that combines playback work for notable films with a growing body of standalone songs.

== Music direction ==
Kaushik Krish has also established himself as a music director through his work on the Tamil film [[Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu]]. For this film he created the complete soundtrack, including the title track and songs such as "Magave" sung by [[Shakthisree Gopalan|Shathisree Gopalan]], shaping the musical tone of the horror‑comedy. The soundtrack was released as [[Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu]] (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), presenting him as the composer on major music platforms.

After [[Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-26 |title=Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyathu shoot wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/odavum-mudiyadhu-oliyavum-mudiyathu-shoot-wrapped-up/articleshow/63465516.cms |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529075334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/odavum-mudiyadhu-oliyavum-mudiyathu-shoot-wrapped-up/articleshow/63465516.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>, Kaushik Krish expanded his work in film background scoring with the 2022 Tamil thriller [[D Block (film)|D Block]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-01-17 |title=Arunlnithi's D Block trailer is gripping |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/Jan/17/arunlnithis-d-block-trailer-is-gripping-29058.html |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203173225/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/jan/17/arunlnithis-d-block-trailer-is-gripping-29058.html |url-status=live }}</ref>. In this film, [[Ron Ethan Yohann]] composed the songs, while Kaushik provided the original background score, shaping the tense and atmospheric soundscape that supports the coming‑of‑age hostel setting and the suspense elements around [[Arulnithi]]’s lead character. The film features [[Arulnithi]], [[Avantika Mishra|Avantika]], [[Karu Palaniappan]] and [[Charandeep]] among its key cast, and reviews have singled out the cinematography and background music as strengths of the movie.

Kaushik took on full music‑director duties again for the 2024 Tamil fantasy dramedy [[Rocket Driver]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-17 |title=Debutants Sriram Ananthashankar and Vishvath join hands for Rocket Driver |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/17/debutants-sriram-ananthashankar-and-vishvath-join-hands-for-rocket-driver |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118231154/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/17/debutants-sriram-ananthashankar-and-vishvath-join-hands-for-rocket-driver |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-04 |title=Rocket Driver Trailer: A mission to help 'Abdul Kalam' reach his destination |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/04/rocket-driver-trailer-a-mission-to-help-abdul-kalam-reach-his-destination |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907133439/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/04/rocket-driver-trailer-a-mission-to-help-abdul-kalam-reach-his-destination |url-status=live }}</ref>, directed by Sriram Ananthashankar and starring Vishvath, [[Sunaina]], National Award‑winner Naga Vishal, [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] and Jagan. He composed both the songs and the background score, with the soundtrack album [[Rocket Driver]] (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP released under his name and featuring tracks such as "Quantum Paaichal", "Kizhinja Rekka", "Revisiting Rameshwaram", "Avarum Sethutaara" and "Iru Disaigalil". On these songs he not only writes and arranges the music but also appears as a singer alongside artists like Susha, Gana Gokul and [[Jassie Gift]], giving the film a distinctive musical identity that blends playful fantasy elements with emotional, character‑driven themes.

Alongside his playback‑singing career, he continues to work in film music as a composer and background‑score specialist on later projects, developing a parallel path as a behind‑the‑scenes creator as well as a vocalist.

== Musical style and independent releases ==
Kaushik Krish’s musical style sits firmly within contemporary Tamil film music, with a strong emphasis on melodic, mid‑tempo songs that suit romantic and emotional storytelling. Performances such as "Kannala Kannala" from [[Thani Oruvan]] and "Enna Nadanthalum" from [[Meesaya Murukku]] showcase his smooth, expressive vocal delivery against polished modern arrangements, aligning him with the mainstream sound of current [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]]. Alongside his film work, he also appears on non‑film and spin‑off releases, including singles like "Weekend", the song "Nee Illama", "En Vaazhve" from Muthal Pakkam and "Iru Disaigalil" from [[Rocket Driver]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-24 |title='Quantam Paaichal' song from Rocket Driver out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/24/quantam-paaichal-song-from-rocket-driver-out |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831153845/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/24/quantam-paaichal-song-from-rocket-driver-out |url-status=live }}</ref>, which are listed under his artist profiles on major streaming platforms and extend his presence beyond core soundtrack albums.

== Live performances and public presence ==
Beyond studio recordings, Kaushik Krish regularly performs his songs live at college festivals, cultural programmes and large‑scale music shows. He also maintains an active presence on YouTube, Facebook and Instagram, using these platforms to share performance clips, announce concerts and interact with listeners who follow his work.

In recent years he has been part of [[Hiphop Tamizha]]’s large‑format live shows, including the Return of the Dragon Machi world‑tour concerts. These productions take the duo’s film hits and independent tracks to arenas and open‑air venues across India and abroad, and Kaushik appears in the touring lineup as one of the key voices associated with songs like "Kadhalikathey" and "Kannala Kannala". Through these shows he has performed to audiences in cities ranging from [[Bengaluru]] and [[Coimbatore]] to international stops such as [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[London]], [[Paris]] and [[Toronto]], further cementing his profile as a live performer alongside his recording career.

== Discography ==

=== Film songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Film
!Role
|-
|2015
|Kannala Kannala (The Melting Point of Love)
|[[Thani Oruvan]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2016
|Manishi Musugulo Mrugham Neney Ra
|[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2017
|Enna Nadanthalum
|[[Meesaya Murukku]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2017
|Boomerang
|[[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]
|Singer
|-
|2017
|Kadhalikathey
|[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2018
|Krishna Mukundha
|[[Kalakalappu 2]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2019
|Hi Sonna Pothum
|[[Comali]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2019
|Vanga Machan Vanga<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-23 |title=‘Vanga Machan Vanga’ song from STR's upcoming film released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vanga-machan-vanga-song-from-strs-upcoming-film-released/articleshow/67658882.cms |access-date=2026-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2019-02-02 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190202035756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vanga-machan-vanga-song-from-strs-upcoming-film-released/articleshow/67658882.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2020
|Naan Siricha
|[[Naan Sirithal]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2022
|Aalambana Enga
|[[Aalambana]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2023
|Unnai Partha Pinbu
|[[Vaan Moondru]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2023
|You Are Trapped!
|[[Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2023
|Dukkudu Dukkudu
|[[Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2023
|Ennodu Nee
|[[Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2024
|Poraadu<ref name=":4" />
|[[PT Sir]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2024
|Kanagavel Kaaka
|[[PT Sir]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2024
|Oyile Oyile
|[[Aranmanai 4]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2024
|Suthanthira Swasam
|[[Kadaisi Ulaga Por]]
|Playback singer
|-
|2024
|Avarum Sethutaara
|[[Rocket Driver]]
|Playback singer
|}

=== Independent singles / non‑film releases ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Release / Album
!Role
|-
|2020
|Lockdown Kadhal
|Lockdown Kadhal – Single
|Singer / artist
|-
|2021
|Weekend
|Weekend – Single
|Singer / artist
|-
|2021
|Flatmates
|Flatmates – EP
|Singer / artist
|}

=== Music direction ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Type
!Role
|-
|2022
|[[D Block (film)|D Block]]
|Feature film / soundtrack EP
|Music director
|-
|2023
|[[Odavum Mudiyadhu Oliyavum Mudiyadhu]]
|Feature film / soundtrack EP
|Music director / composer
|-
|2024
|[[Rocket Driver]]
|Soundtrack EP
|Composer
|}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krish, Kaushik}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]

Radha Gobinda Kar

2026-03-11T14:05:43Z

Satarupa: fixed section for consistency after review

{{Short description|Indian physician and philanthropist (1852–1918)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| title =
| name = Radha Gobinda Kar
| image = Pic-r-g-kar.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| birth_name = Radha Gobinda Kar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1852|08|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Santragachi]], [[Howrah District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<ref>''Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical dictionary)'', (in Bengali), Subodh Chandra Sengupta and Anjali Bose (Editors), Sahitya Samsad, Calcutta, 1976, p. 464.</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1918|12|19|1850|08|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]]|[[University of Edinburgh]]}}
| occupation = [[Physician]]
}}

'''Radha Gobinda Kar''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: রাধাগোবিন্দ কর; 23 August 1852 – 19 December 1918) was an Indian [[physician]] and philanthropist. [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] is named after him.

==Family==
Radha Gobinda was born on 23 August 1852 at [[Santragachhi]], [[West Bengal]]. His father, [[Durgadas Kar]], was a physician.<ref name="Chikitsabijnaner Itihas">Chikitsabijnaner Itihas - Unish Satake Banglay Paschatya Sikshar Prabhab by Binay Bhushan Roy, 1st Edition</ref>

==Education==
After passing the entrance examination from [[Hindu School]], Radha Gobinda enrolled in [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]] to study medicine for the next 5 years within which he took a year-long sabbatical in 1979. He received his medical degree from the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1883.<ref name="Chikitsabijnaner Itihas"/><ref name="Masik Basumati">Masik Basumati, 1335 Bengali year, Chaitra, 7 (2), pp. 973–983.</ref>

== Early Practice ==
After finishing his studies, he returned to Calcutta to start his practice. Initially, he would see poor patients for free. His practice became established and people started coming from villages and far-flung areas to get treated by him.

Kar observed his classmates faltering due to a language problem and this inspired him to translate and write medical books in the Bengali language. His first book was 'Bhishabandhu'. Published in 1871. He wrote several books and notable among them are 'Concise Physiology', 'Rogi Paricharchyya', 'Vishaka Suhrid', 'Plague', 'Illustration and Brief Theory of Gynecology', 'Brief Infant and Child Medicine', 'Brief Physiology', and 'Kaviraj Doctor News'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Radha Govinda Kar: The Renaissance Man of Betore |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/radha-govinda-kar-renaissance-man-of-betore |access-date=22 August 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822052434/https://www.getbengal.com/details/radha-govinda-kar-renaissance-man-of-betore |url-status=live }}</ref>

His friends, patients and fraternity requested him to start a college where he could share his knowledge and treat patients. Moreover, the fight for freedom was intensifying: it added to the reasons to start a medical school in Calcutta, with Bengal clearly distancing itself from the Central British Raj and looking to set its own independent identity, it gave him the conviction to build a school with a modern outlook.<ref name=":0">Account of Dr. Subodh Sanyal, GP from RG Kar Medical College and Hospital, shared by relative Piyu Dutta</ref>

==Calcutta Medical School==

The vision to build a medical school with modern scientific knowledge was compelling and became his life goal. But, there came the problem. He was a man of limited means. No family wealth could support an audacious goal like this. He needed to buy a piece of land, construct and start a hospital. He requested his friends to loan him money. That was not proving to be enough.

He would stand outside the weddings taking place in Calcutta, where he could meet a number of well-to-do people. He would pitch his vision to the guests and request them to invest/give him some money. This is how he collected some seed funding. Seeing his determination, some of his doctor friends joined him in the mission.<ref name=":0" />

In order to provide a facility not associated with the [[British Raj]], Kar, Dr. Mahendranath Banerjee, Dr. Akshoy Kumar Dutta, Dr Bipin Behari Moitra, Dr. M.L. De, Dr. B. G. Banerjee, Dr. Kunda Bhattacharya and numerous other doctors founded the Calcutta School of Medicine on 18 October 1886.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="History" /> It was the first private medical college in Asia, established to ensure self-sufficiency in medical education and services.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Radha Gobinda Kar, just that name |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/life/radha-gobinda-kar-just-that-name-moving-backwards-to-19th-century-feels-like-progress-for-rg-kar-hospital/cid/2041729}}</ref> The school changed its name to the Calcutta Medical School in August 1887, and it became The Calcutta Medical School and College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bengal after amalgamating with the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bengal in 1904.<ref name="History" /> [[Dr B C Roy Institute of Medical Sciences & Research|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]], who later became the Chief Minister of [[West Bengal]], was a Professor there.

In 1916, it was renamed Belgachhia Medical College,.<ref name="History">[http://www.rgkarmedicalcollege.org/history.html Official website of R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101131205/http://rgkarmedicalcollege.org/history.html |date=1 November 2013 }},''History of R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital''</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140713203940/http://medicos82rgkmc.org/ourcollege.html Official website of R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital Batch 1982-1987]}},''History of R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital''</ref>

In 1918, a society named as "Medical Education Society of Bengal" was formed for the better management of the Institution. Suresh Prasad Sarbadhikari <ref name="Suresh Prasad Sarbadhikari">{{Cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/ia-sp-sarbadhikari/mode/2up?view=theater|title= Lt. Colonel Dr. Suresh Prasad Sarbadhikari|date = 25 August 2023}}</ref> was the first President of the institution, and Kar was its first Secretary. On 12 May 1918, after the demise of Shri Radha Gobinda Kar, the college was renamed as [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sovanrgkmch.blogspot.com/2011/10/r-g-kar-medical-college-hospital.html?view=flipcard | title=History of R G Kar Medical College and Hospital | first=Dr. Sovan | last=Mitra | date=8 October 2011 | accessdate=7 September 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kar, Radha Gobinda}}
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scientists from British India]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]

Death of Ariyil Shukoor

2026-03-08T15:26:24Z

Satarupa: made details.

{{Short description|Indian student activist (1988–2012)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{prose|date=November 2023}}
{{POV|date=November 2023}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ariyil Abdul Shukoor
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1988|02|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Ariyil ,[[Taliparamba]] , [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| organization = [[Muslim Students Federation (Kerala unit)]]
| alma mater =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|02|20|1988|02|09|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kannapuram]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_cause = [[Assassination]]
}}
'''Ariyil Shukoor''' (February 9, 1988 – February 20, 2012) was a student activist stabbed to death in [[Kannapuram]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India on 20 February 2012, He was a student activist of [[Muslim Students Federation (Kerala unit)]] and worker in [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cpm-accused-of-kangaroo-court-trial-execution/story-acFg3LUgLDvx5tTNWzbWgP.html|title=CPM accused of kangaroo court trial, execution|date=March 16, 2012|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/02/11/2021/10/12/ariyil-shukoor-murder-related-attack-cpm-leaders-p-jayarajan-t-v-rajesh-iuml-members-let-off.html|title=Attack on CPM leaders that led to Ariyil Shukoor murder: 12 IUML workers let off|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==Death==
Shukoor murder case on February 20, 2012, near Valluvan in [[Kannapuram]] [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India. [[CPIM]] Kannur district secretary [[P. Jayarajan]] came to Pattuvam in connection with the conflict between the [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]] and [[CPIM]] in the area of Pattuvam. Abdul Shukoor was killed in retaliation for the attack on the vehicle in which [[P. Jayarajan]] and [[Kalliasseri Assembly constituency|Kalliasseri]] MLA [[T. V. Rajesh]]<ref name="auto"/> were traveling The case received much public attention as an allegation of brutal murder in February 2012

== Investigation and arrests==
In February 2019, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), probed the murder of worker in 2012, submitted a charge sheet and charging CPM district secretary [[P. Jayarajan]] and CPM MLA [[T. V. Rajesh]] with conspiracy to commit the murder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-high-court-stays-cbi-probe-shukoor-murder-case-45538|title=Kerala High Court stays CBI probe into Shukoor murder case|date=June 27, 2016|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shukkoor-murder-charge-sheet-on-august-25/article3799562.ece|title=Shukkoor murder: charge sheet on August 25|newspaper=The Hindu |date=August 20, 2012|via=www.thehindu.com|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/912896/kerala-two-cpi-m-leaders-charged-in-2012-kannur-murder-case|title=Kerala: Two CPI(M) leaders charged in 2012 Kannur murder case|author=Scroll Staff|date=February 11, 2019|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>
Seven persons were accused of directly participating in the crime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/shukkoor-murder-jayarajan-rajesh-stay-on-as-accused-in-cbi-fir.html|title=Shukkoor murder: Jayarajan, Rajesh stay on as accused in CBI FIR|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==Case history==
===February to October 2012 ===
*20 February 2012 - Abdul Shukur is killed. Zakaria, who was with him, is seriously injured.
* March 22 . Ernakulam District Secretary M.V. The first charge sheet of 18 persons, including Govindan's son Shyamjith and Bijumon, son of Thaliparam Municipal Council former chairman and area committee member Vadi Ravi, has been submitted to the court.
*March 29 - CPM workers, including Vadi Ravi's son Bijumon, surrendered in the Kannur Judicial First Class Court.
*May 25 - The 10th accused in the case, Ajith Kumar, was granted bail by the High Court.
*May 26 - Arrested Local Secretary U.V.Venu at Ari, who was a key accomplice<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/news/1790549-local_news-kannur.html |title=Kannur District News, Local News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824151203/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/news/1790549-local_news-kannur.html |archive-date=2012-08-24 }}</ref> in the conspiracy.
*May 27 - DYFI Pappinissery Block Secretary Ganesan Morazha and Muthuani Unit Secretary Ajesh were arrested.
*June 2 - CPM Kannapuram Town Branch Secretary K.V. used the knife used to kill Shukur. Recovered from the tool box of Sajith's bike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/170910/120603 |title=ഷുക്കൂര്‍ വധം: കൊല നടത്തിയത് 'കില്ലിങ് സ്ക്വാഡ്' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606003750/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/170910/120603 |archive-date=2012-06-06 }}</ref>
*June 8 - The weapon with which Zakaria was hacked was recovered from the bushes at Chera near Keezhara.
*June 9 - Notice to P. Jayarajan and T.V. Rajesh to appear for questioning.
*June 12 - P. Jayarajan was questioned at the guest house. The investigation team has received critical information
*June 14 - Thaliparam area secretary P. Vasudevan and Thaliparam municipal council vice chairman K. Muralidharan were questioned.
*June 18 - CPM district committee member and president of Thaliparamb Cooperative Hospital K. Balakrishnan gave a statement from the investigation team.
*June 22 - The charge sheet was extended to include 34 people in the case.
*July 5 - DYFI district committee member and CPM Moraza local committee member AV Babu arrested.
*July 9 - P. Jayarajan was interrogated for the second time at the Kannur guest house.
*July 29 - TV Rajesh questioned the MLA.
*August 1 - CPM Kannur District Secretary P. Jayarajan was arrested. Widespread violence protesting the arrest.
*August 7 - P. Jayarajan's bail application and T.V. The High Court also rejected the anticipatory bail plea filed by Rajesh MLA. TV Rajesh MLA surrendered in Kannur court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1772211/2012-08-14/kerala |title=ടി.വി.രാജേഷ് കീഴടങ്ങി 27 വരെ റിമാന്‍ഡില്‍ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817043044/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1772211/2012-08-14/kerala |archive-date=2012-08-17 }}</ref>
*August 27 - P. on condition of personal surety of Rs.25,000 and two sureties of equal amount. High Court granted bail to Jayarajan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1795959/2012-08-28/kerala |title=ഷുക്കൂര്‍ വധക്കേസ്: പി. ജയരാജന്‍ ജാമ്യത്തിലിറങ്ങി |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828015526/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1795959/2012-08-28/kerala |archive-date=2012-08-28 }}</ref>
*October 7 – The 20th accused Achali Sarish of Kummanangatte in Moraza Central North suicide himself in the bathroom of a private hospital in Kannur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/feature/2012/shukkoor-murder-accused-suicide-104973.html|title=Shukkoor Murder, Accused, Suicide, പി ജയരാജന്‍, സിപിഎം, കോടതി, ഷുക്കൂര്‍ വധം - Malayalam Oneindia}}</ref>

===2013 to 2019===
*13 April 2013 - Muslim League decided to expel two people who forced them to change their testimonies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kvartha.com/2013/02/shukur-murder-case-two-expelled-from.html|title=ഷുക്കൂര്‍ വധക്കേസിലെ സാക്ഷികളുടെ കൂറുമാറ്റം: രണ്ട് പേരെ മുസ്ലീം ലീഗ് പുറത്താക്കി|date=April 13, 2023}}</ref>
*27 June 2016 - The [[Kerala High Court]] ordered the CBI to stop the investigation in to the shukoor case<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/hc-stays-single-bench-order-directing-cbi-to-probe-murder-case/articleshow/52940526.cms|title=HC stays single bench order directing CBI to probe murder case|newspaper=The Times of India |date=June 27, 2016}}</ref>

===February to October 2019===
*February 11, 2019 The CBI filed a charge sheet in Thalassery court accusing Jayarajan and TV Rajesh of murder.
*February 19 - [[Thalassery]] [[Sessions Court]] returns charge sheet against P Jayarajan and TV Rajesh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2019/02/19/shukkoor-murder-case-thalassery-court-dismisses-cbi-plea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309085553/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2019/02/19/shukkoor-murder-case-thalassery-court-dismisses-cbi-plea.html |archive-date=2019-03-09 |title=ഷുക്കൂർ വധം: സിബിഐയ്ക്ക് തിരിച്ചടി, അനുബന്ധ കുറ്റപത്രം കോടതി മടക്കി }}</ref>

=== 2019 to 2023===
*October 17 - The [[Kerala High Court]] quashed the defamation case filed against [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]] leader and former MLA [[K. M. Shaji]] on the complaint of [[CPIM]] leader [[P. Jayarajan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/kerala-high-court/kerala-high-court-quashed-complaint-km-shaji-defamatory-statement-p-jayarajan-shukoor-murder-240963|title=People's Representative Expressing Concern Over Murder Probe, Asking Govt To Take Strict Action Not Defamation: Kerala High Court|first=Tellmy|last=Jolly|date=October 26, 2023|website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Murder of Abhimanyu M.]]
*[[T. P. Chandrasekharan]]
*[[P. Jayarajan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Marxists]]
[[Category:Deaths by edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in Kerala]]
[[Category:People murdered in Kerala]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:2012 murders in India]]

Second Battle of Eran

2026-03-06T19:16:33Z

Satarupa: started new stub.

{{Short description|6th century confrontation in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date= December 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Second Battle of Eran
| image = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = center
|border = none
|width = 270
|caption = {{center|[[Find spot]]s of epigraphic inscriptions (red dots) indicating local control by the Alchon Huns in India between 500-530 CE,{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=33}} with neighbouring polities,{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=25}} and territorial extent of the Alchon Huns (brown).{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=145}}}}
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=21|N |long=79|E |label= |position= |label_size=0|mark=Map of the Southern Hunas (territory).png|marksize=270 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.83|N |long=74.25|E |label=[[Sanjeli inscriptions|Sanjeli]] |position=left |label_size=70 |marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.5|N |long=78.16|E |label=[[Eran boar inscription of Toramana|Eran]] |position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.22|N |long=78.17|E |label=[[Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula|Gwalior]] |position=top |label_size=70 |marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=24.07|N |long=75.08|E |label=[[Sondani inscription|Sondani]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia|lat=24.38|N |long=74.70|E |label=[[Choti Sadri|Choti Sadri]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia|lat=32.40|N |long=72.47|E |label=[[Salt Range|Kura]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.33|N |long=81.39|E |label=[[Kausambi|Kausambi]]|position=top |label_size=70|marksize=5}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=22.1106152|N |long=75.3033907|E |label=[[Rīsthal inscription|Rīsthal]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.75|N |long=77|E |label={{center|[[Alchons|'''ALCHON HUNS''']]}}|text-align=right|label_size=85|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=36|N |long=67|E |label=[[Hephthalites|HEPHTHALITES]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=32|N |long=72|E |label=[[Nezak Huns|NEZAK HUNS]]|label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=30|N |long=67|E |label=[[Sasanian Empire|SASA- NIANS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25|N |long=73|E |label=[[Rai dynasty|RAIS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=24|N |long=95|E |label=[[Gupta Empire|GUPTAS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18|N |long=78|E |label=[[Vakataka dynasty|VAKATAKAS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=31|N |long=90|E |label={{center|[[Zhangzhung|ZHANGZHUNG KINGDOM]]}}|label_size=70|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=36.5|N |long=98|E |label=[[Northern Wei|Northern Wei]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
{{location map~ |India |lat=36.5|N |long=90|E |label=[[Tocharians|TOCHARIANS]]|label_size=80|mark=1000x1.png|marksize=0 }}
}}
| partof = First Hunnic War
| date = 510 CE
| place = [[Eran]] (Modern day [[India]])
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.0890|N|78.1650|E|region:IT_type:event_scale:50000|display=inline,title}}
| result = [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] victory{{sfn|Bakker|2015|p=32}}
| territory = [[Toramana]] retreated to [[Gwalior]] after being expelled from [[central India]].{{sfn|Agrawal|1989|p=243}}
| combatant2 = [[Alchon Huns]]
| combatant1 = {{tree list}} [[Gupta Empire]]
** [[Aulikara dynasty]]
{{tree list/end}}
| commander2 = [[Toramana]]
| commander1 = [[Bhanugupta]] Prakāśadharman [[Goparaja]]{{KIA}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| map_type = South Asia#India Madhya Pradesh
| map_relief = yes
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| map_label = Battle of Eran
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| map_marksize = 15
}}

The '''Second Battle of Eran''',{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=33}}{{efn|In Gupta Year 191 (ad 510) Goparāja and Rāja Bhānugupta fight together in the second battle of Eran (against Toramāna?), in which Goparāja is killed (SB X.035).{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=33}}}} which took place around 510 CE, was a pivotal battle between the [[Gupta Empire]]'s Emperor [[Bhanugupta]] and the [[Alchon Huns|Huna]] army of [[Toramana]]. The battle, which finds mention in the [[Eran]] inscription, was fought at the cost of the death of Bhanugupta's general, [[Goparaja]]. It was a key battle in halting the Huna invasion of eastern [[Malwa]] or attempting to expel them from the region. The battle was the first of a series of reverses for the Huna conqueror. In his battle against the invaders, Bhanugupta might have had the support of King [[Prakāśadharman (Aulikara)|Prakāśadharman]], the king of [[Mandasor]].

== Background ==
{{Main|First battle of Eran}}
[[File:Rahatgarh waterfall.jpg|250px|center|thumb|{{center|Rahatgarh Waterfall on Beena River}}]]
The fertile plains around [[Eran]], also referred to as Airikana or the "Refreshing Fields," at the junction of the [[Betwa]] and [[Bina River (India)|Bina]] rivers, became a battleground between the great powers. This historically significant locality had a religious complex dedicated to [[Vishnu]], the patron deity of the [[Gupta Empire]], built during the time of Emperor [[Budhagupta]]. Two local feudatories, Maharaja [[Mātṛviṣṇu]] and his younger brother [[Dhanyaviṣṇu]], raised a twin temple, under the shadow of the 13-meter-tall '[[Column of Janardana]]' (Vishnu/Krishna), marking the area's religious and cultural significance.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=73–75}}
[[File:Budhagupta gold coin , 477-487 CE , India.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.4|{{center|Gold coin of Budhagupta]]}}
The [[First Battle of Eran]] was a turning point battle between the Gupta Empire and the [[Alchon Huns|Hunas]], led by [[Toramana]]. Eran inscriptional evidence reveals that by the first year of Toramana's reign, Dhanyaviṣṇu, a renowned local official, defected from the Guptas to the Hunas. This defection, carved in a temple inscription, marks the rise in the power of the Hunas and their ability to influence regional political forces.{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=341–342}}

==Battle==
Goparaja's posthumous inscription at Eran, dated 510 CE, is of particular significance here. It refers to King Bhanugupta as "the bravest man on the earth" and reports a great battle at Eran, in which his general [[Goparaja]] was killed. The battle would have been against the Huna invaders, either to check their advance into eastern [[Malwa]] or to expel them from the region entirely. If the aim had been to check their advance, it is safe to put Toramana's conquest of eastern Malwa around 510 CE; otherwise, if the aim had been expulsion, the battle would have occurred earlier. Although the occupation of the region by the Huna cannot be pinpointed as accurately as we would like, it can be inferred that Toramana's penetration into India proper occurred some years after 500 CE, and the Hunas were initially confined to [[Gandhara]]. By 510 CE, Toramana's hold over Malwa may be assumed to be firmly in place.{{sfn|Goyal|1967|p=337–342}}

{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=200|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Eran pillar inscription of Goparaja
| image1 = Eran pillar of Goparaja (detail).jpg
| caption1 = {{center|Eran pillar of [[Goparaja]]}}
| image2 = Eran pillar inscription of Goparaja.jpg
| caption2 = {{center|[[Eran]] stone pillar inscription of Bhanugupta.}}
| image3 = Bhanugupta Eran stone pillar inscription.jpg
| caption3 = {{center|Rubbing of the inscription.}}
| footer=
}}
* (Lines 1-2) Ōm ! When a century of years, increased by ninety-one, (had elapsed) on the seventh lunar day of the dark fortnight of (the month) [[Śrāvaṇa]], (or in figures) the year 100 (and) 90 (and) 1 (the month) Śrāvaṇa the dark fortnight; the (lunar) day 7;-
* (Verse 1) (there was) a ruler, renowned as . . . . [[rāja]] sprung from the Śulakkha lineage; and his son (was) valorous by the name (of) Mādhava.
* (Verse 2) His son was the illustrious [[Goparaja]], renowned for manliness; the daughter's son of the Sarabha king;1 who became the ornament of (his) family.
* (Verses 3-4) (There is) the glorious [[Bhanugupta]], a distinguished hero on earth, a mighty ruler, brave being equal to [[Arjuna|Pârtha]]. And along with him [[Goparaja]], following (him) without fear, having overtaken the [[Maitraka|Maittras]] and having fought a very big and famous battle, went to heaven, becoming equal to [[Indra]], the best of the gods; and (his) devoted, attached, beloved, and beauteous wife, clinging (to him), entered into the mass of fire (funeral pyre). (Bhanugupta [[Eran|Eran inscription]] 510 CE.)<ref name="CII">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108395 Main text p.352sq]</ref>

According to [[Hans T. Bakker]], the inscription does not contain an explicit statement regarding the success or failure of the battle. From the events that follow, it may be inferred that the inscription marks the beginning of a chain of woes for the Huna conqueror. In his struggle against the invader, Bhanugupta might have had the backing of the person of King Prakāśadharman, the king of [[Mandasor]].{{sfn|Bakker|2015|p=33}}

[[File:Male head, northern India, Kushan or Gupta period, 5th-6th century CE, terracotta, HAA.JPG|thumb|{{center|Male head, northern India, 5th – 6th century CE]]}}
The connection in question is most likely due to the sister of Bhanugupta (or another close relation), who was wedded to Ravikīrti, the [[Amatya|amātya]] of Rājyavardhana, father of Prakāśadharman. Bhagavaddosa, Ravikīrti's son and Bhānugupta's nephew (or another relation), was prime minister to Prakāśadharman and may have participated in military campaigns under his maternal uncle. It is presumed that this new line of Mandasor kings, referred to as the '[[Second Aulikara dynasty|Later Aulikaras]]', was to challenge their erstwhile Gupta overlords.{{sfn|Bakker|2015|p=33}}

== Aftermath ==
=== Indian resistance ===
{{See also|Rīsthal inscription}}
Resistance to foreign threats and instability grew in the second half of the 6th century, focusing on a group of [[Aulikaras]] who asserted independence in the area. The [[Rīsthal inscription|Rīsthal Inscription]] of Mālava Year 572 (515 CE) documents the successful reestablishment of order in [[Daśapura]] by King Prakāśadharman with the help of the powerful Naigama merchant family. Principal members of this family were rājasthānīyas ([[viceroy]]s) to the later Aulikaras and helped stabilize the region.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=86}}

[[File:Risthal inscription rubbing.jpg|300px|thumb|{{center|Rīsthal inscription]]}}
This period of resilience is not only verified by inscriptions but also by the architectural monuments built by the new rulers of Daśapura. This religious change emphasized the revival, as the sixth-century Aulikara rulers dropped [[Vaisnavism]], the original state religion, in favor of a vigorous and militant form of [[Shaivism]]. This form of Shaivism, which was linked with the [[Pasupata|Pāśupata]] movement, was from the region between the [[Narmada River|Narmadā]] and [[Mahi River|Mahī]] and became established in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]], backed by an interconnected system of [[temple]]s and [[Matha]]s.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=87}}

=== Rise of Shaivism ===
The following example illustrates the development of Shaivism as a leading cultural force in this era. Though already an established popular faith, Shaivism was revitalized by the Pāśupata school, which was embraced by the political aristocracy to consolidate their ideological system of domination. Vaishnavism, the former state religion, on the other hand, lost its place in this culture. Shaivism introduced new characteristics, such as the appearance of [[Śiva]] in the form of the Brahmin named [[Lakulisha|Lakulīśa]], which provided ordinary people access to superhuman powers ([[siddhi]]) and divine weapons through instructions learned from human gurus (achāryas) who were said to be the very personification of the Lord himself in ritual practice.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=90}}
[[File:Shiva with Trisula Panjikent 7th–8th century CE Hermitage Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|{{center|Shiva with [[Trisula]], worshipped in [[Central Asia]]. [[Penjikent]], [[Uzbekistan]], 7th–8th century CE. [[Hermitage Museum]].]]}}
This change benefited the Aulikara rulers, as attested by their great architectural achievements. First among these are the colossal Śiva Śūlapāṇi [[stele]] in Daśapura, perhaps commissioned by Bhagavaddosa under the patronage of King Prakāśadharman in the Prakāśeśvara Temple, which, according to the Rīsthal Inscription, was "the ornament of [[Bharata varsa|Bhāratavarṣa]] (India)." About 3 meters in height, this stele rivaled its [[Vaiṣṇava]] counterpart, the [[Varāha]] statue of Eran, erected by Dhanyaviṣṇu during the conquest of Toramāṇa and similarly renowned as "the pillar of the universe."{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=90}}

=== Aulikara-Hunnic conflicts ===
{{Main|Aulikara−Hunnic War}}

{{Blockquote|text=Prakāśadharman, By whom the title 'Overlord' (adhirāja) of the Hūna commander (adhipa) was nullified in battle, (though it) had been firmly established on earth by the time of King [[Toramāna]], whose footstool had glittered with the sparkling jewels in the
crowns of kings (that had bowed at his feet).|source=[[Rīsthal inscription]]}}

The actions that occurred in 515 CE, as borne witness to by the Rīsthal Inscription, are regarded as a significant turn of events in [[Indian history]]. The inscription boasts of Prakāśadharman on account of canceling the title of "Overlord" (adhirāja) bestowed upon the Hūṇa general, a title that had been well established during the reign of Toramāṇa, a king whose authority had previously made other kings prostrate before him.{{sfn|Bakker|2020|p=90}}

== See also ==
* [[First battle of Eran]]
* [[Mātṛviṣṇu]]
* [[Mihirakula]]
* [[Battle of Sondani]]
* [[Bhanugupta]]
* [[Aulikara−Hunnic War]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans |title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27714-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans T.|title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7}}
* {{Cite book |first=S. R. |last=Goyal |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967_202412 |title=A History of the Imperial Guptas |date=1967 |publisher=Central Book Depot |location=Allahabad |oclc=500357561 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-22-674221-2 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207024910/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Hyun Jin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ |title=The Huns |date=2015-11-19 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-34091-1}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.degruyter.com/database/byz/entry/byz.a2e03228-9c79-495e-a8f4-33785f40530b/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOopdlaI4U78peGQ5-CeSj69ID_6lrE-5rBHRxWHIcspM6cNmV27G|The Gupta empire in the face of the Hunnic threat. Parallels to the late Roman empire?] in ''De Gruyter''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eran 510}}
[[Category:Battles involving India]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Military history of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:510s conflicts]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Gupta Empire]]
[[Category:Alchon Huns]]
[[Category:Conflicts in India]]
[[Category:510]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Aulikara dynasty]]

Kanne Pappa

2026-03-04T05:09:32Z

Satarupa: updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kanne Pappa poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[P. Madhavan]]
| writer = Balamurugan
| starring = [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[R. Muthuraman]] Baby Rani [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = [[P. N. Sundaram]]
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Muthuvel Movies
| released = {{Film date|1969|06|06|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kanne Pappa''''' is a 1969 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[P. Madhavan]]. The film stars [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[R. Muthuraman]], Baby Rani and [[J. P. Chandrababu]]. It was released on 6 June 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கண்ணே பாப்பா / Kanne Pappa (1969) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/kanne-pappa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240403142504/https://screen4screen.com/movies/kanne-pappa |archive-date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> The film was remade in Hindi by Madhavan as ''[[Aansoo Aur Muskan]]'' and also in Telugu as ''Bhale Papa''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aansoo Aur Muskan |url=http://myswar.co/album/aansoo-aur-muskan-1970 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504102340/http://myswar.co/album/aansoo-aur-muskan-1970 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=MySwar}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=July 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Kalyani and Kalpana
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as Bhaskar
*[[Baby Rani]] as Lakshmi
*[[J. P. Chandrababu]] as Kannaiah
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as Margaret
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Pattakathi Mannaru
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Inspector James
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Roopa
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Nanda Gopala Samy
*[[Major Sundarrajan]]
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Subbhamma
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Andalammal
*Kannan as Shankar
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Station Master
*[[Suruli Rajan]] as Dharman
* [[Pakoda Kadhar]] as Mandu
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1969 |title=Kanne Pappa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by M. S. Viswanathan |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kanne-pappa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1330402474 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714053330/https://music.apple.com/us/album/kanne-pappa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1330402474 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Kanne Pappa" || rowspan=5|[[P. Susheela|Susheela]] || 03.17
|-
| "Thendralil Aadai" || 3:54
|-
| "Chippikull Pani Vizhunthu" || 2:00
|-
| "Sathiya Muthirai" (Adhu Vanagam Padiya) || 4:10
|-
| "Kanne Pappa" (sad) || 2:55
|-
| "Kalathil Idhu Nalla" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 3:57
|-
| "Baktharai Kakkum Pandu Ranga" || || 1:06
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Kanne Pappa'' is a miserable attempt at producing a rather intelligent and interesting story. What really marred the picture is the most unimaginative screenplay and the equally incompetent direction."<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 1969 |title=Interesting story marred |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=44tlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=682%2C787710 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721100526/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=44tlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=682%2C787710 |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=13 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Baby Rani won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Child Artist]].{{cn|date=July 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{P. Madhavan}}
[[Category:1969 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Madhavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Neerajanam

2026-03-03T22:00:08Z

Satarupa: Adding First Stub Basic Info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neerajanam
| image = Neerajanam poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| writer = Acharya Aatreya (dialogues)
| screenplay = Ashok Kumar
| story = R.V. Ramana Murthy [[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]
| based_on =
| producer = R.V. Ramana Murthy
| starring = Vishwas [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] [[J. V. Somayajulu]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ashok Kumar
| editing = Umashankar Babu
| music = [[O. P. Nayyar]]
| studio = Lalitha Sri Combines
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1989|7|21}}
| runtime = 2:03:11
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Neerajanam''''' is a 1989 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]] and starring Vishwas and [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]. The film's music is composed by [[O. P. Nayyar]].

== Plot ==
Vijay and Jaya fall in love and get married. Tragically, Jaya dies in an accident. Unable to cope with the loss, Vijay becomes an alcoholic. Nirosha, Jaya's sister, tries to help him quit drinking, but eventually Vijay also dies in the same place where Jaya lost her life.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Vishwas as Vijay
*[[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] as Jaya/Jyothi (Dual Role)
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Nirosha
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] (special appearance in the song "Prema Velasindi")
*[[Sarath Babu]]
*[[J. V. Somayajulu]]
*Harish
*Siva Satyanarayana
}}

== Production ==
[[Saranya Ponvannan]] made her Telugu debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/cm-stalin-attends-actress-saranyas-daughter-wedding-along-with-his-family-496134.html|title=Actress Saranya: ఘనంగా జరిగిన నటి శరణ్య పెద్దకూతురు ప్రియదర్శిని రిసెప్షన్ వేడుక .. హాజరైన సీఎం స్టాలిన్ దంపతులు|first=Surya|last=Kala|work=[[TV9 Telugu]]|language=te|date=7 July 2021|access-date=11 February 2023|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519014940/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/cm-stalin-attends-actress-saranyas-daughter-wedding-along-with-his-family-496134.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
After a gap of ten years, [[O. P. Nayyar]] returned to composing with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/sundaypost/beacon/op-nayyar-the-hit-parade-composer-269530|title=OP Nayyar: The Hit Parade Composer|date=4 November 2017|work=millennium post|quote=Though he dismissed any such supposition, it's true that he did not essay any significant film, and gave music in a Telugu film, Neera Janam, in 1992.|access-date=11 February 2023|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203191754/https://www.millenniumpost.in/sundaypost/beacon/op-nayyar-the-hit-parade-composer-269530|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ&q=Neerajanam|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema|author1=[[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]]|author2=[[Paul Willemen]]|date=1994|page=152|publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=9780851704555 |quote=Returned to score a Telugu film, ''Neerajanam'', after a decade|access-date=2023-02-11|archive-date=2023-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211052126/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Indian_Cinema/jOtkAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Neerajanam&dq=Neerajanam&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref> All the songs from this film were retained in the Hindi remake ''Mangni'' (1992).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vbyDwAAQBAJ&dq=Neerajanam&pg=PA236-IA1|title=Bollyswar: 1991 - 2000|last=Arunachalam|first=Param|publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=9788193848210 |access-date=2023-02-11|archive-date=2023-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211052138/https://www.google.com/books/edition/BollySwar_1991_2000/3vbyDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Neerajanam&pg=PA236-IA1&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tracklist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/neerajanam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/945917400|title=Neerajanam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=Apple Music|access-date=2023-02-11|archive-date=2023-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211052119/https://music.apple.com/us/album/neerajanam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/945917400|url-status=live}}</ref>
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Ghallu Ghalluna
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:39
| title2 = Manasoka Madhukalasham
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 4:09
| title3 = Prema Velisindi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:21
| title4 = Oohala Uyalalo
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:29
| title5 = Ee Visala Prsantha
| extra5 = [[M. S. Ramarao]]
| length5 = 4:06
| title6 = Ninnu Choodaka
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length6 = 5:50
| title7 = Nivadhanam
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam,
| length7 = 5:22
| title8 = Mamathey Madhuram
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length8 = 4:56
| title9 = Nene Sakshyamu
| extra9 = S. Janaki
| length9 = 5:07
| title10 = Naa Premaki
| extra10 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length10 = 4:33
}}

== Reception ==
Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' on his review dated 4 August 1989 criticized the film for its poor writing and lackluster direction. Gopalrao, however, praised Saranya's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=4 August 1989 |title=నీరసమైన ప్రేమ కథకు నిర్జీవ రూపకల్పన - నీరాజనం |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1989/Aug/4-aug-1989.pdf |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |language=te |page=11 |access-date=11 February 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111004624/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1989/Aug/4-aug-1989.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - [[O. P. Nayyar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2020/oldies/special-article-about-omkar-prasad-nayyar-43.html|title=ఆమెతో ఒక్క పాటైనా పాడించలేదు!|language=te|date=3 February 2020|work=Chitrajyothy|access-date=11 February 2023|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211052119/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2020/oldies/special-article-about-omkar-prasad-nayyar-43.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Sarath Babu]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1989 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Loknayak (film)

2026-03-03T12:05:16Z

Satarupa: Adding The Article V1 - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Loknayak
| image =
| director = [[Prakash Jha]]
| screenplay = Prakash Jha
| story = Prakash Jha
| producer = Prakash Jha
| starring = {{ubl|[[Chetan Pandit]]|[[Tisca Chopra]]|[[Tom Alter]]}}
| cinematography = Arvind Kumar
| editing = Irene Dhar Malik
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|12|06|df=y}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|90 [[lakh]]}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/06jp.htm|title=Jayaprakash Narayan deserved better|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''Loknayak''' is a 2004 [[biographical film]] based on the life of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]. It was directed by [[Prakash Jha]]. [[Chetan Pandit]] played the role of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and [[Tisca Chopra]] played role of [[Prabhavati Devi]], wife of JP Narayan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uncensored 'Loknayak' to be screened soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Uncensored-Loknayak-to-be-screened-soon/articleshow/890542.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140208185955/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-19/patna/27151362_1_film-prakash-jha-prasar-bharati|url-status=live|archive-date=8 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prakash Jha declines to change his film on JP |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=255679 |accessdate=9 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222211620/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=255679 |archivedate=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Chetan Pandit]] as [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]
* [[Tisca Chopra]] as [[Prabhavati Devi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-small-screen-big-stardom-1001186|title = Small screen big stardom|date = 8 December 2005}}</ref>
* [[Tom Alter]] as [[Abul Kalam Azad]]
* Gyan Dev Singh as [[Vinoba Bhave]]
* Ashok Chauhan as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* Meenakshi Thakur as [[Kasturba]]
* [[Ashok Banthia]] as [[Ram Manohar Lohia]]
* Atul Srivastava as [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]

===Filming===
''Loknayak'' was shot in [[Hazaribag]], [[Patna]], Sitab Diara, [[Chhapra]] (birthplace of JP),<ref>{{cite web|title=Advani's Rath Yatra brings spotlight to Jaiprakash Narayan's village in Bihar. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/lk-advani-rath-yatra-sitab-daira-village-bihar-142917-2011-10-07 |access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> [[Mumbai]] and [[Satara (city)|Satara]]. The film was made at the budget of {{INR|90 [[lakh]]}} for the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]].<ref name="auto"/> Prakash Jha made the story on the basis of in-depth research along with interviews of eminent personalities like [[Sachchidananda Sinha]], [[Chandra Shekhar]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[L. K. Advani]] and [[Bimal Prasad]].

Prakash Jha shot a scene in Jayaprakash Narayan Central Jail (earlier named Hazaribagh Central jail) to re-create the incident when JP, with Shaligram Singh, Suraj Nayaran Singh, Ramanandan Mishra, Yogendra Shukla and Gulab Chand Gupta (Gulabi Sonar) escaped from the jail on 9 November 1942.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031218/asp/jharkhand/story_2690275.asp |title=From Gangajaal to JP, Jha in Bihar tribute |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=18 December 2003|accessdate=23 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223051248/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031218/asp/jharkhand/story_2690275.asp|archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Memorials to Jayaprakash Narayan]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prakash Jha]]
[[Category:Films set in Bihar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:2000s biographical films]]

Committee Kurrollu

2026-03-03T09:14:45Z

Satarupa: made a details.

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Yadhu Vamsi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Committee Kurrollu
| image = Committee Kurrollu film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Yadhu Vamsi
| writer = Yadhu Vamsi
| producer = {{plain list|
*Padmaja Konidela
*Jayalakshmi Adapaka
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* Sandeep Saroj
* [[P. Sai Kumar]]
* [[Goparaju Ramana]]
* Trinadh Varma
* Prasad Behara
* Raadhya
* Yaswanth Pendyala
* Eshwar Rachiraju
*Lokesh Kumar Parimi
*Teena Sravya
*Tejaswi Rao
*Shyam Kalyan
*Raghuvaran
*Shiva Kumar matta
*Manikantta parusu
}}
| cinematography = Edurolu Raju
| editing = Anwar Ali
| music = [[Anudeep Dev]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|08|09|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹10 crore
| gross = ₹25crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahead of Committee Kurrollu's OTT release, here's how much the film made in theaters |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ahead-of-committee-kurrollus-ott-release-heres-how-much-the-film-made-in-theaters/af169310be43}}</ref>
| distributor =
| studio = {{plain list|
*[[Niharika Konidela|Pink Elephant Pictures]]
*Shree Radha Damodar Studios
}}
}}
'''''Committee Kurrollu''''' ({{translation|Committee Guys}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by debutant Yadhu Vamsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-21 |title='Committee Kurrollu,' Niharika Konidela's maiden production, gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/committee-kurrollu-niharika-konidelas-maiden-production-gets-a-release-date/article68428573.ece |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727042933/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/committee-kurrollu-niharika-konidelas-maiden-production-gets-a-release-date/article68428573.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Produced by [[Niharika Konidela|Pink Elephant Pictures]] and Shree Radha Damodhar Studios, the film features Sandeep Saroj, Trinadh Varma, [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[Goparaju Ramana]], Raadhya and Yaswanth Pendyala in important roles alongside other ensemble cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title=Committee Kurrollu Is About Friendship And Love Weaved Around Politics And Societal Issues: Director Yadhu Vamsi |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/committee-kurrollu-is-about-friendship-and-love-weaved-around-politics-and-societal-issues-director-yadhu-vamsi-article-112360135 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808173852/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/committee-kurrollu-is-about-friendship-and-love-weaved-around-politics-and-societal-issues-director-yadhu-vamsi-article-112360135 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 9 August 2024 to positive reviews from critics and emerged as a major commercial success at the box office.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

== Plot ==
In a peaceful East Godavari village, the harmony of a close-knit friend group is disrupted when a disagreement leads to an unexpected fallout, impacting their lives and the tranquility of their community.

== Cast ==
{{cast list|
* Sandeep Saroj as Shiva
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as President Bujji
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Venkatrao, Shiva’s father
* Yaswanth Pendyala as Surya
* Eshwar Rachiraju as William
* Trinadh Varma as Subbu
* Prasad Behara as Peddhodu
* Manikanta Parasu as Chinnodu, Peddhodu’s brother
* Lokesh Kumar Parimi as Aathram
* Shyam Kalyan as Ravi
* Raghuvaran as Rambabu
* Shiva Kumar Matta as British
* Akshay Srinivas as Kishore
* Sharanya Suresh Raadhya as Madhuri, Surya’s love interest
* Tejaswi Rao as Jyothi, William’s love-interest
* Teena Sravya as Sridevi, Shiva’s wife
* Vishika as Padma, Peddhodu’s wife
* Shanmukhi Nagumanthri as Fathima, Shiva’s ex-love-interest
* Kishore Kumar Polimera as Satthaya, Aathram’s father
* Kota Jayaram as Surya’s father
* Jaya Naidu as Surya’s mother
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Idly Mama, Ravi’s grandmother
* [[Niharika Konidela]] in a cameo appearance
}}

== Production ==
The film was extensively shot in [[Amalapuram]] and other parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-08-07 |title=Yadhu Vamsi: Nobody has the right to take away reservations |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2024/Aug/07/yadhu-vamsi-nobody-has-the-right-to-take-away-reservations |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809122121/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2024/Aug/07/yadhu-vamsi-nobody-has-the-right-to-take-away-reservations |url-status=live}}</ref> Filming was completed by late-April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=naresh |date=2024-05-01 |title=Pink Elephant Pictures' "Committee Kurrollu" wraps shoot at brisky pace |url=https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/pink-elephant-pictures-committee-kurrollu-wraps-shoot-at-brisky-pace.html |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=NTV ENGLISH |language=en-US |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809122117/https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/pink-elephant-pictures-committee-kurrollu-wraps-shoot-at-brisky-pace.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's [[Soundtrack|soundtrack album]] and [[background score]] were composed by [[Anudeep Dev]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Committee Kurrollu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anudeep Dev]]
| released = 2024
| genre = Drama, Romance
| language = Telugu
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Anudeep Dev]]
| prev_title = [[Hanu-Man (soundtrack)|Hanu-Man]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Anudeep Dev]]
| title1 = Gorrela Song
| length1 = 3:45
| lyrics1 = Nag Arjun Reddy
| extra1 = Anudeep Dev, Vinayak, Akhil Chandra, Harshavardhan Chavali, Aditya Bheemathati, Sindhuja Srinivasan, Maneesha Pandranki, Arjun Vijay
| title2 = Aa Rojulu Malli Raavu
| length2 = 4:15
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title3 = Prema Gaaradi
| length3 = 3:47
| lyrics3 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra3 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| title4 = Sandhadi Sandhadi
| length4 = 3:13
| lyrics4 = Simhachalam Mannela
| extra4 = Anudeep Dev, Renu Kumar, Srinivas Darimisetty
| title5 = Oo Baatasari
| length5 = 4:40
| lyrics5 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra5 = [[P V N S Rohit]]
| title6 = Committee Kurrollu Promotional Song
| length6 = 3:36
| lyrics6 = Raghuram
| extra6 = Anudeep Dev, Akhil Chandra, Harshavardhan Chavali, Ritesh G Rao
| title7 = Huyire Huyire
| length7 = 3:33
| lyrics7 = Simhachalam Mannela
| extra7 = Krishna Chaitanya, Pranav Chaganti
| title8 = Prathi Kshanam
| length8 = 3:43
| lyrics8 = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| extra8 = Deepu
| title9 = That’S What They Call Us
| length9 = 1:49
| lyrics9 = Aditya Karamchedu
| extra9 = Aditya Karamchedu
| title10 = Nenemi Sethura Devara
| length10 = 3:15
| lyrics10 = Simhachalam Mannela
| extra10 = [[Sahithi]]
}}

== Release ==
''Committee Kurrollu'' was released on 9 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-21 |title=Niharika Konidela's Committee Kurrollu To Release On August 9; Film Explores The Dynamics Of Love And Friendship |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/niharika-konidelas-committee-kurrollu-to-release-on-august-9-film-explores-the-dynamics-of-love-and-friendship-article-111895817 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809122117/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/niharika-konidelas-committee-kurrollu-to-release-on-august-9-film-explores-the-dynamics-of-love-and-friendship-article-111895817 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=Niharika Konidela Visits Sri Kukkuteswara Swamy Temple Ahead Of Committee Kurrollu Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/niharika-konidela-visits-sri-kukkuteswara-swamy-temple-ahead-of-committee-kurrollu-release-8992239.html |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809122117/https://www.news18.com/movies/niharika-konidela-visits-sri-kukkuteswara-swamy-temple-ahead-of-committee-kurrollu-release-8992239.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[ETV Win]] and was premiered on 12 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Committee Kurrollu Debuts On OTT; Niharika Konidela's Film Is Now Streaming On This Platform |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/committee-kurrollu-debuts-on-ott-niharika-konidelas-film-is-now-streaming-on-this-platform-article-113278275 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Pratyusha Sista of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' opined that the film resonates deeply with the [[millennials]]. Overall, she gave a positive review, with particular praise to screenplay, music, storytelling and strong performances from the actors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-08-09 |title=Movie Review: "Committee Kurrollu" resonates deeply with millennial |url=https://telanganatoday.com/movie-review-committee-kurrollu-resonates-deeply-with-millennial |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> Similarly ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' too appreciated Yadu Vamsi's work, with further praise to Anudeep Dev's score, Edurolu Raju's cinematography work and performances of all the actors involved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2024-08-09 |title=Committee Kurrollu: An ode to friendship, conflicts and reunion |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/committee-kurrollu-an-ode-to-friendship-conflicts-and-reunion-1815211 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809114756/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/committee-kurrollu-an-ode-to-friendship-conflicts-and-reunion-1815211 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Citing it as "a nostalgia ride", ''[[Times Now]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5, and praised director Yadu Vamsi's work. The critic further stated that "the film is a visual treat with good performances, and a message about the complexities of life in a village setting".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-09 |title=Committee Kurrollu Review: A Nostalgia Ride |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/committee-kurrollu-review-a-nostalgia-ride-review-112402071 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809114756/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/committee-kurrollu-review-a-nostalgia-ride-review-112402071 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt29959142|title=Committee Kurrollu}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]
[[Category:Films set in 1990]]
[[Category:Films set in 2010]]
[[Category:Films set in 2023]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Works about reservation in India]]

Kanchan Lakhani

2026-02-28T16:13:33Z

Satarupa: Made new article.

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality =
| sport = [[Paralympic athletics]]
|disability =
|disability_class =
| event =
| club =
| coach =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|3|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Faridabad]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| retired=
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
}}

'''Kanchan Lakhani''' (born 13 March 1984) is an Indian para athlete from [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]. She qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Paralympics 2024: India to send their biggest ever contingent to Paris |url=https://thebridge.in/para-sports/india-biggest-contingent-paris-paralympics-49084 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=India name Bhagyashree Jadhav and Sumit Antil as flag bearers for Paralympics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/paris-paralympics-india-bhagyashree-jadhav-sumit-antil-flag-bearer-2583153-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> With a personal best of 10.06m, she finished 7th in the women's discus throw F53 category at the Paralympics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Australian medal-winning cyclist defects to Britain |url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/40916689/olympic-medal-winning-cyclist-joins-team-gb-australia |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris Paralympics 2024: Full List Of Indian Athletes - All You Need To Know {{!}} Olympics News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/paralympic-games-2024/paris-paralympics-2024-full-list-of-indian-athletes-all-you-need-to-know-6361848 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> She is ranked 3rd in the World Para Athletics Rankings 2024 in the F53 javelin throw for women.<ref>https://db.ipc-services.org/sdms/web/ranking/at/pdf/type/WR/list/1058/category/out/gender/W/evt/JAV/class/F53</ref> She is also ranked World 7th in discus throw.<ref>https://db.ipc-services.org/sdms/web/ranking/at/pdf/type/WR/list/1058/category/out/gender/W/evt/DIS/class/F53</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Lakhani is from Faridabad, Haryana. Her father Manohar Lal, mother Pushpa, and brothers Sunil and Kamal, supported her. She did her schooling at K L Mehta Dayanand Senior Secondary School. She met with a train accident on 4 September 2008 and lost her hand. She was also paralysed from waist below due to the injury to spinal cord.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=जिंदगी से नहीं मानी हार, यूं बनीं पैरा ऐथलीट चैंपियन |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/the-story-of-para-athlete-kanchan/articleshow/63364750.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> In 2016, she met coach Narsi Ram at Raja [[Nahar Singh Stadium]] and he convinced her to take up athletics and trained her in throws.

== Career ==
In 2022, Lakhani took part in the World Para Grand Prix Athletics Championships in Tunisia. In 2021, she won gold medals in javelin and discus and a silver in [[shot put]] at the third Indian Open National Para Athlete Championships at Bangalore.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Faridabad News: कुदरत की करनी को पीछे छोड़ कंचन लखानी ने लिख दी सफलता की इबारत - Leaving the actions of nature behind wrote the success story jagran special |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/faridabad-ncr-leaving-the-actions-of-nature-behind-wrote-the-success-story-jagran-special-23201313.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In 2018, she represented India at the World Para Grand Prix Athletics Championships in Paris. The next year in 2019, she also took part in the World Para Grand Prix Athletics Championships in Beijing.<ref name=":1" /> Earlier in 2017, she won three gold medals in the National Para Athletics Championships in Jaipur.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In March 2018, she won a gold at the 18th National Para Athletics held in Panchkula.<ref name=":1" />

[[Dainik Jagran]], a national newspaper, gave her the Nari Shaktikaran Award on Women's Day.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/kanchan.lakhani.5/about_work_and_education Facebook]
* [https://www.paralympic.org/kanchan-lakhani Paralympic.org]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakhani, Kanchan}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Paralympic discus throwers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Faridabad]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Indian women discus throwers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]

Tessa Joseph

2026-02-12T03:13:37Z

Satarupa: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tessa Joseph
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Joseph in 2025
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 7 march
| years_active = 2001-2003, 2015-2017 , 2021-Present
| birth_place = Manimala, [[Kottayam]], India
| occupation = Actress , model
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Tessa Joseph''' is an Indian model-turned-actress who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]] and television.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rafi Muhammed|title=Marupadi Malayalam Movie Actress Tessa Joseph Photos|url=http://www.cochintalkies.com/celebrity/tessa-joseph-photo.html|website=cochin Talikes|accessdate=26 March 2017}}</ref> She made her acting debut in 2003 with ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== Early and personal life ==
Born to M.K George and Achimma, Tessa attended St. Antony's Public School & Junior College, Anakkal, Kanjirappally.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}} She finished her early education at Mater Dei in New Delhi and finished her college education at St. Teresa's college, Cochin.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

== Career ==
She made her debut as a heroine opposite [[Mammootty]], in the movie [[Pattalam (2003 film)|''Pattalam'']] (2003).{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} She hosted the TV show ''Hello Good Evening'' in [[Kairali TV]], and did TV shows and commercials.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}} She returned to the movie industry in 2015, playing the role of a journalist in ''[[Njan Samvidhanam Cheyyum]]''. Then she played Rajamma in ''[[Rajamma @ Yahoo]]''. She played the role of an advocate, Anu G. Nair, in ''Marupadi'' (2016) and Sujatha, a mother of two main characters, in the movie ''Goldcoins'' (2017).{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'' || Vimala ||Debut film|| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pattalam-actress-tessa-joseph-pens-a-moving-note-on-body-positivity/articleshow/82942027.cms|title='Pattalam' actress Tessa Joseph pens a moving note on body positivity|work=The Times of India|date=25 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Njan Samvidhanam Cheyyum]]'' || Shabana || || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-hope-lal-jose-is-happy-that-i-am-back/articleshow/48983079.cms|title=I hope Lal Jose is happy that I am back|work=The Times of India|date=16 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rajamma @ Yahoo]]'' ||Rajamma || || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tessa-to-play-a-retro-role-in-her-next/articleshow/49757532.cms|title=Tessa to play a retro role in her next|work=The Times of India|date=12 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Marupadi]]'' ||Adv. Anu G. Nair || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/actress-tessa-joseph-come-back-with-a-new-serial-ente-kuttikalude-achan/articleshow/81254109.cms?story=4|title=ജീവിത തിരക്കുകൾക്ക്‌ ഷോർട്ട് ബ്രെയ്ക്ക്: വിമല മടങ്ങിയെത്തുന്നു!|work=Samayam}}</ref>
|-
|2017 || ''[[Gold Coin (film)|Gold Coin]]'' || Sujatha || || {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
|2024||''[[Thalavan]]''||Anagha|||||
|-
|2025||''[[Sahasam (2025 film)|Sahasam]]''||Gayathri Ganesh|||||
|-
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel!!Notes!!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2001-2003||''Hello Good evening''||Host||[[Kairali TV]]||Talk show||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150716/entertainment-mollywood/article/tessa-back-journalist|title=Tessa is back as a journalist|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=16 July 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|2004||''Golden Couple Quizzy Time''||Host||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Game show||
|-
| 2016 || ''Comedy Super Nite 2'' || Guest || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-tessa-to-visit-comedy-super-nite-2/articleshow/53857467.cms|title=Actress Tessa to visit Comedy Super Nite 2! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 August 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|2021-2022||''[[Ente Kuttikalude Achan]]''||Anupama||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||TV series||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-tessa-to-feature-in-ente-kuttikalude-achan-details-inside/articleshow/81646699.cms|title=Actress Tessa to feature in 'Ente Kuttikalude Achan'; details inside - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/apr/10/pattalam-fame-tessa-joseph-tomake-a-comeback-on-tv-2288041.html|title=Pattalam fame Tessa Joseph to make a comeback on TV|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2021||''Atham Pathu Ruchi''||Celebrity Presenter||Mazhavil Manorama||Cooking show||
|-
|2022||''Red Carpet''||Mentor||[[Amrita TV]]||Reality show||
|-
|2023-2024||''[[Chakkappazham|Chakkappazham 2]]''||Lalitha Kunjunni||flowers TV||TV series||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-17 |title=Tessa joins Chakkappazham as Lalitha, says 'Happy to be a part of our crazy loving family' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tessa-joins-chakkappazham-as-lalitha-says-happy-to-be-a-part-of-our-crazy-loving-family/articleshow/101818601.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Tessa}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kottayam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:St. Teresa's College alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kunal Bakshi

2026-02-07T23:46:10Z

Satarupa: Made a details.

{{short description|Indian television actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kunal Bakshi
| image =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|06|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu, India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active =
| spouse = {{marriage|Ababeel Bakshi|2018}}
}}

'''Kunal Bakshi''' is an Indian television actor best known for playing [[Mythological|Mythological Characters]] in the serials. Mainly portraying Devraj Indra in ''[[Karmaphal Daata Shani]]'' to many more.

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2007
|''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai|Ssshhhh...Koi Hai: Dhruvtaal]]''
|
|Season 2; Episode 7
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Meera (2009 TV series)|Meera]]''
|Ratan Singh
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Dekha Ek Khwaab]]''
|Jagat Singh Rathore
|
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|2013
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Jamshed Irani/Satish Tyagi
|
|
|-
|''[[Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq]]''
|Inspector Hooda
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]''
|Sahil
|
|
|-
|Vikram/Lion
|
|
|-
|Noori
|
|
|-
|Mandar
|
|
|-
|rowspan="10"|2014
|''[[Emotional Atyachar]]''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]''
| Rana
|
|
|-
| Inspector Hooda
|
|
|-
|''[[Encounter (Indian TV series)|Encounter]]''
| Avinash Salunkhe
|
|
|-
|''Singhasan Battisi''
|Samant
|
|
|-
|''Ek Boond Ishq''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Dr. Karan
|Episode 821
|
|-
|Karan
|Episode 1397
|
|-
|''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
|[[Pir Muhammad Khan Shirwani|Pir Muhammad]]
|
|
|-
|''Kahi Suni''
|[[Lord Brahma]]
|
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2015
|''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Baal Veer]]''
|Hubahu
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kunal-bakshi-to-star-in-baal-veer/|title=Kunal Bakshi to star in 'Baal Veer'|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=14 May 2015|accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|C.I.D]]''
|Vijay
|
|
|-
|''[[Suryaputra Karn]]''
|[[Ashwathama]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kunal-Bakshi-to-play-Ashwathama-in-Suryaputra-Karn/photostory/49240737.cms?from=mdr|title= Kunal Bakshi to play Ashwathama in 'Suryaputra Karn'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 October 2015|accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]''
|Yuddhajit
|
|
|-
|2016–2018
|''[[Karmaphal Daata Shani]]''
|[[Lord Indra]]
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Mahakali – Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]''
|[[Andhakasura]]
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
|Lord Indra
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''
|[[Ravana]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Devi Adi Parashakti]]''
|Lord Indra
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Baalveer Returns]]''
|King Emaaya Egypt Evil
|
|
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha]]''
|rowspan="2"|Lord Indra
|
|
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Karmadhikari Shanidev]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024–2025
|''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
|[[Vibhishana]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
|rowspan="2"|Lord Indra
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan]]''
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Veer Hanuman|Veer Hanuman - Bolo Bajrang Bali Ki Jai]]''
|[[Vayu|Pawandev]]
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4588497}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakshi, Kunal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Common Admission Test

2026-02-06T21:42:59Z

Satarupa: enhance references per sources as per guidelines

{{short description|Computer based test held in India}}
{{redirect-distinguish|CAT test|Computerized Achievement Levels Test|Computerized adaptive testing}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox examination
| name = Common Admission Test
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| acronym = CAT
| type = Computer-based standardized test
| test_admin = [[Indian Institutes of Management]]
| skills_tested = Quantitative Aptitude, Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning, Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension
| purpose = Admission to post-graduate management programs
| year_started = January 1977
| duration = 2 hours(40 minutes for each section) [[Physical disability|PWD]] candidates get 160 minutes (53 minutes and 20 seconds for each section)
| score_range = varies annually
| score_validity = 1 year
| offered = Once a year (usually on the last [[Sunday]] of November).
| attempt_restriction = No restriction
| regions = 170 cities and towns all over [[India]].
| language = [[English language|English]]
| test_takers = {{Decrease}} 2.58 Lakhs (CAT 2025)
| prerequisite = Bachelor's degree (or equivalent) with at least 50 % marks or equivalent GPA (45 % in case of [[Scheduled Castes|SC, ST]], [[Physical disability|PWD]] candidates). Final year undergraduate students are also eligible
| fee = {{INRConvert|2600}} for General/ [[Economically Weaker Section|EWS]]/NC-OBC category candidates.
{{INRConvert|1300}} for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/[[Physical disability|PWD]] category candidates
| score_users = Various business schools in India
| qualification_rate =
| free =
| website = {{URL|https://iimcat.ac.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Common Admission Test''' ('''CAT''')<ref>{{Cite web|title = CAT 2015|url = https://iimcat.ac.in/|website = iimcat.ac.in|access-date = 2015-12-09|archive-date = 28 July 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140728193234/http://www.iimcat.ac.in/|url-status = live}}</ref> is a [[computer based test]] for admission in graduate management programs. The test consists of three sections: Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension, Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning, and Quantitative Ability. The exam was taken online over a period of three hours, with one hour per section. In 2020, due to the [[COVID-19]] precautions, [[Indian Institute of Management Indore]] decided to conduct the CAT Exam in 2 hours with 40 minutes devoted to each section.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAT 2020 Media Release |url=https://cdn.digialm.com//per/g01/pub/756/ASM/WebPortal/17/PDF/CAT_2020_MediaRelease.pdf |access-date=8 January 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928164156/https://cdn.digialm.com/per/g01/pub/756/ASM/WebPortal/17/PDF/CAT_2020_MediaRelease.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian Institutes of Management]] started this exam and use the test for selecting students for their business administration programs ([[MBA]] or PGDM). The test is conducted every year by one of the Indian Institutes of Managements(IIMs) based on a policy of rotation.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In August 2011, it was announced that [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs) and [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) would also use the CAT scores, instead of the [[Joint Management Entrance Test]] (JMET), to select students for their management programmes starting with the 2012-15 batch.<ref>{{cite news|title=CAT replaces JMET in IIT, IISc |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/cat-replaces-jmet-iit-iisc-532 |access-date=10 February 2012 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=27 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827134858/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/cat-replaces-jmet-iit-iisc-532 |archive-date=27 August 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>

Before 2010, CAT was a paper based test conducted on a single day for all candidates. The pattern, number of questions and duration have seen considerable variations over the years.

On 1 May 2009, it was announced that CAT would be a [[Computer Based Test]] starting from 2009. The American firm [[Prometric]] was entrusted with the responsibility of conducting the test from 2009 to 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=CAT to go online from this year|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/article1050650.ece|access-date=10 February 2012|newspaper=Business Line|date=1 May 2009|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223601/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/cat-to-go-online-from-this-year/article1050650.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The first computer based CAT was marred with technical snags.<ref>{{cite news|title=Snags hit 7,000 candidates at CAT|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article84368.ece|access-date=10 February 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 December 2009|archive-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626021545/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article84368.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The issue was so serious that it prompted the [[Government of India]] to seek a report from the convenor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt seeks report from CAT convener on exam disruption|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-seeks-report-from-CAT-convener-on-exam-disruption/articleshow/5285101.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923132343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-30/india/28087821_1_prometric-exam-centres-virus-attacks|url-status=live|archive-date=23 September 2012|access-date=10 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 November 2009}}</ref> The trouble was diagnosed as '[[Conficker]]' and [[Nimda|'W32 Nimda']], the two [[Computer virus|viruses]] that attacked the system display of the test, causing server slow down.<ref>{{cite news|title=IIM-A names two viruses that caused CAT chaos|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-12-01/news/27640238_1_centres-satish-deodhar-cat-chaos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523190503/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-12-01/news/27640238_1_centres-satish-deodhar-cat-chaos|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2012|access-date=10 February 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=1 December 2009}}</ref> Since 2014 onward, CAT has been conducted by [[Tata Consultancy Services|Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)]]. CAT 2015 and CAT 2016 were 180-minute tests consisting of 100 questions (34 from Quantitative Ability, 34 from Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension, and 32 from Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iimcat.ac.in/per/g01/pub/756/ASM/WebPortal/1/PDF/Draft_Media_Release-CAT_2015.pdf|title=CAT 2015|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-date=22 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522173159/https://iimcat.ac.in/per/g01/pub/756/ASM/WebPortal/1/PDF/Draft_Media_Release-CAT_2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> CAT 2020 onwards, the exam duration has been reduced to two hours, with 40 minutes allotted per section.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CAT Exam Pattern 2021: Check Here - New Section Wise Pattern and Marking Scheme|url=https://www.mbauniverse.com/cat/exam-pattern|access-date=2021-09-17|website=www.mbauniverse.com}}</ref>

== Eligibility for CAT ==
The candidate must satisfy the below specified criteria:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digialm.com//EForms/configuredHtml/756/52967//CAT_2018_ELIGIBILITY.html|title=CAT Eligibility - IIM Ahmedabad|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613022408/https://www.digialm.com/EForms/configuredHtml/756/52967/CAT_2018_ELIGIBILITY.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

# Hold a [[bachelor's degree]], with not less than 50% or equal CGPA (45% for [[Scheduled Castes|Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST)]] and Persons with Disability (PWD)/Differently Able (DA) classification)
# The degree should be granted by any of the universities consolidated by an act of the central or state statutory body in India or other instructive organizations built up by an act of Parliament or pronounced to be considered as a university under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956, or possess an equivalent qualification recognized by the Ministry of HRD, Government of India.
# Competitors appearing for the final year of bachelor's degree/equivalent qualification examination and the individuals who have finished degree prerequisites and are anticipating results can likewise apply. If selected, such applicants will be permitted to join the program temporarily, only if they present a certificate most recent by June of next year in which the exam is held, from the principal/registrar of their college/institute (issued at the latest 30 June of that year) expressing that the competitor has finished every one of the prerequisites for acquiring four-year or three-year college education/identical capability on the date of the issue of the certificate.

== Exam pattern ==
The Common Admission Test (CAT) uses different versions of the exam each year, so it reports two types of scores: a [[raw score]] and a scaled score.

The raw score is calculated for each section based on the number of questions one answered correctly, incorrectly, or left attempted. Candidates are given '''+'''3 points for each correct answer and -1 point for each incorrect answer, no negative marking for TITA (Type in the Answer) questions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBA Entrance Exams in India - Check Exam Dates, Fees & Pattern |url=https://www.learningroutes.in/blog/mba-entrance-exams-india}}</ref>

Since different versions of the test may vary slightly in difficulty, the raw scores are adjusted using a method called '''equating'''. After that, the scores are '''scaled''' to ensure fairness, so that scores from different exam slots can be compared accurately.

The '''number of questions''' in CAT can change from year to year. Recently, the paper has had '''68 questions''' divided into three sections:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CAT Exam Pattern 2026 - Sections, Types of Questions, & Marks |url=https://www.imsindia.com/blog/cat/cat-exam-pattern/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=IMS India |language=en-US}}</ref>

* '''Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension (VARC)''' – 24 questions
* '''Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning (DILR)''' – 22 questions
* '''Quantitative Ability (QA)''' – 22 questions

CAT is held in three sessions in a single day: Morning, Afternoon, and Evening. Candidate can give exam in only on of the session.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All You Need to Know About Common Aptitude Test |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/competitive-exams/cat-2023-all-that-you-need-to-know-about-the-common-aptitude-test-101699952868348.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===CAT Pattern and Duration===
The CAT 2024 exam will be conducted in three sessions, each of 40 minutes, for a total exam duration of 120 minutes (2 hours). The CAT exam pattern includes both [[Multiple Choice Question]] and non-MCQ or TITA (Type-In-The-Answer) questions. The test comprises the following three sections:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrivastava |first=Vipra |date=4 Nov 2025 |title=CAT 2025 Exam Pattern |url=https://www.shiksha.com/mba/cat-exam-pattern |url-status=live |website=www.shiksha.com}}</ref>

# Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension (VARC)
#* 24 questions in total: 8 Verbal Ability questions and 4 [[Reading comprehension|Reading Comprehension]] passages, each containing 4 questions.
# [[Data Interpretation]] & [[Logical reasoning|Logical Reasoning]] (DILR)
#* 22 questions are asked across 5 sets, 2 sets having 5 questions each and 3 sets having 4 questions each.
# [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|Quantitative Ability]] (QA)
#* 22 questions covering topics such as [[Arithmetic]], [[Algebra]], [[Geometry]], [[Number system|Number System]], and Modern Math.

In total, the CAT 2025 exam consists of 68 questions, with a maximum score of 204 marks.<ref name=":0" />

Candidates can not switch between sections while answering; the order of sections is fixed as: VARC → DILR → QA.

==Controversy==

In 2003, CAT got leaked leading to re examination <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031124/main2.htm |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

In CAT 2024, a question of slot 2 in VARC was challenged by students and educators but [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM C]] did not accept any changes. One candidate took the matter to the court still the challenge was not accepted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=CAT 2024: Delhi High Court dismisses plea challenging CAT 2024 results, says ‘we find no reason to interfere’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/competitive-exams/cat-2024-delhi-high-court-dismisses-plea-challenging-cat-2024-results-says-we-find-no-reason-to-interfere-101736240868726.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In CAT 2025, [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|IIM K]] released provisional answer keys without releasing provisional answers for QA (TITA) questions.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

==CAT registrations in numbers over the years==

The number of registrations in the past years are shown in the following chart:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-29 |title=CAT Registration 2022, Start Date, Last Date and How to Apply |url=https://bschool.careers360.com/articles/cat-registration |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=bschool.careers360.com |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716113021/https://bschool.careers360.com/articles/cat-registration |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Year'''
!No. of candidates
Registered
!No. of candidates
Appeared<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Change in Percentage of CAT 2021 Test Takers: 1.92 Lakh including 35% Women took CAT 2021 |url=https://www.mbauniverse.com/articles/cat-registration-numbers |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.mbauniverse.com |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215133/https://www.mbauniverse.com/articles/cat-registration-numbers |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2005<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-10 |title=CAT Registration Trends, Facts and Figures over the Years |url=https://bschool.careers360.com/articles/cat-registration-facts-and-figures-over-years |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=bschool.careers360.com |language=en}}</ref>
|170,000
|155,000
|-
|2006
|191,000
|180,000
|-
|2007
|250,000
|230,000
|-
|2008
|290,000
|276,000
|-
|2009
|241,000
|230,000
|-
|2010
|204,000
|185,000
|-
|2011
|205,000
|186,000
|-
|2012
|214,000
|195,000
|-
|2013
|194,516
|173,714<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-15 |title=CAT 2013: Even with a blank sheet you can score in 55th percentile |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/cat-2013-even-with-a-blank-sheet-you-can-score-in-55th-percentile-1341407.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728150553/https://www.firstpost.com/india/cat-2013-even-with-a-blank-sheet-you-can-score-in-55th-percentile-1341407.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2014
|196,988
|170,000<ref>{{Cite news |title=CAT 2014 results to be declared on December 27; 1.7 lakh candidates eyeing outcome |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/cat-2014-results-to-be-declared-on-december-27-1-7-lakh-candidates-eyeing-outcome/articleshow/45616667.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706120429/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/cat-2014-results-to-be-declared-on-december-27-1-7-lakh-candidates-eyeing-outcome/articleshow/45616667.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2015
|218,664
|179,602<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAT 2015: 179602 candidates appeared in the exam; 58,270 comprising girls |url=https://www.mbauniverse.com/article/id/9136/CAT-2015#:~:text=Out%20of%202,18,664%20registered,exam%20during%20last%206%20years. |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.mbauniverse.com |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929110059/https://www.mbauniverse.com/article/id/9136/CAT-2015#:~:text=Out%20of%202,18,664%20registered,exam%20during%20last%206%20years. |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2016
|232,434
|195,679
|-
|2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2017 |title=CAT 2017: About 2.31 lakh candidates register for exam this year |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/cat-2017-1052487-2017-09-26 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|231,067<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-26 |title=Over 1.99 lakh candidates appear for CAT conducted by IIM-Lucknow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/over-1-99-lakh-candidates-appear-for-cat-conducted-by-iim-lucknow/story-j6Xmcc4xvFqJfDhmQzxSnM.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710052042/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/over-1-99-lakh-candidates-appear-for-cat-conducted-by-iim-lucknow/story-j6Xmcc4xvFqJfDhmQzxSnM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|199,632
|-
|2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-29 |title=CAT 2018: Number of test takers touches 2 lakh mark after a decade, 13 per cent skip the test |url=https://bschool.careers360.com/articles/cat-2018-number-of-test-takers-touches-2-lakh-mark-after-decade-13-cent-skip-test |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=bschool.careers360.com |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215643/https://bschool.careers360.com/articles/cat-2018-number-of-test-takers-touches-2-lakh-mark-after-decade-13-cent-skip-test |url-status=live }}</ref>
|240,338
|209,405
|-
|2019
|244,169
|209,926
|-
|2020
|227,835
|190,144
|-
|2021
|229,969
|191,660
|-
|2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=CAT 2022 Media Release 01 Dec 2022 |url=https://cdn.digialm.com//per/g01/pub/756/ASM/WebPortal/19/PDF/CAT_2022_Media_Release_01_Dec_2022.pdf |access-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202091935/https://cdn.digialm.com//per/g01/pub/756/ASM/WebPortal/19/PDF/CAT_2022_Media_Release_01_Dec_2022.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2022 }}</ref>
|255,501
|222,184
|-
|2023
|328,000<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-28 |title=2.88 lakh candidates appeared for CAT 2023 {{!}} What's next? Details here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/288-lakh-candidates-appeared-for-cat-2023-whats-next-details-here-2468624-2023-11-28 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107130905/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/288-lakh-candidates-appeared-for-cat-2023-whats-next-details-here-2468624-2023-11-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|288,000
|-
|2024
|329,000<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2024 |title=CAT 2024 Media Release 25 Nov 2024 Updated |url=https://cdn.digialm.com/per/g06/pub/32842/EForms/CAT24/CAT_2024_Media_Release_25_Nov_2024_V1.pdf |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>
|293,000
|-
|2025
|295,000<ref>{{Cite news |date= 1 Dec 2025 |title=CAT 2025 Media Release 01 Dec 2025|url=https://cdn.digialm.com/per/g06/pub/32842/EForms/image/CAT2025/CAT_2025_Media_Release_01_Dec_2025.pdf |access-date= 1 Dec 2025}}</ref>
|258,000
|}
''Note: Data of candidates registered till 2012 are approximate.''

==See also==
* [[Graduate Management Admission Test]]
* [[Graduate Record Examination]]
* [[Test of English as a Foreign Language]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|iimcat.ac.in}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}

[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:Management education in India]]

Darshan (Indian religions)

2026-01-17T23:41:30Z

Satarupa: made new article

{{Short description|Auspicious sight of a deity or holy person}}
{{About|the Hindu and Buddhist meanings of the term|the Jewish lay leader also called Darshan|Darshan (Judaism)|the Bangladesh border township|Darshana, Chuadanga}}
{{redirect|Darshana}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Devotees offering prayers at a sanctum in Chennakesava temple at Belur.jpg|thumb|A ''darshana'' literally means a 'sight' or 'view'. In a [[Hindu temple]], the term refers to viewing the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' 'inner sanctum' of the temple, which hosts the [[murti]] 'image of a god'. Devotees taking ''darshana'' of the god [[Vishnu]] in the inner sanctum of the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]].]]

In [[Indian religions]], a '''''darshan''''' ({{Langx|sa|दर्शन}}, {{IAST3|darśana}}; {{lit.}} 'showing, appearance,<ref name="AESD"/> view, sight') or '''''darshanam''''' is the auspicious sight of a deity or a holy person.{{sfn|Flood|2011|p=194}}

The term also refers to any one of the six traditional schools of [[Hindu philosophy]] and their literature on spirituality and [[soteriology]].{{sfn|Klostermaier|2008|p=26}}

==Etymology==
The word ''darshana'', also in the forms of ''darśana'' or ''darshanam'', comes from the [[Sanskrit]] root of {{Lang|sa|दर्शन}} {{Lang|sa-Latn|dṛś}} 'to look at', 'to view', [[vision (spirituality)|vision]], apparition or glimpse.<ref name="AESD">{{cite encyclopedia |title=दर्श ''darśá'' |pages=470–1 |year=1981 |dictionary=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary |first=Monier |last=Monier-Williams |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |place=Delhi, Varanasi, Patna |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=470 }}</ref>

==Definition==
''Darshana'' is described as an "auspicious sight" of a holy person, which bestows merit on the viewer.{{sfn|Flood|2011|p=194}}

It is most commonly used for [[theophany]], meaning a manifestation or vision of the divine.<ref name=britdarshan>{{cite encyclopedia | url= http://www.britannica.com/topic/darshan | title= Darshan - Hinduism | encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | year= 2015 | via= britannica.com | access-date= 12 February 2013 | archive-date= 26 August 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150826000944/http://www.britannica.com/topic/darshan | url-status= live }}</ref>

==In Hinduism==
In [[Hindu worship]], it refers to seeing a deity (especially in image form), or a very holy person or artifact. One can receive ''darshana'' or a glimpse of the deity in the temple, or from a great saintly person, such as a great [[guru]].<ref name="britdarshan" /> One can also take ''darshana'' of a sacred places like [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Yamuna]] or [[Mount Kailash]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5eSEAAAQBAJ&dq=darshana+god&pg=PT305 |title=The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples: Materiality, Social History and Practice |last2=Kulshreshtha |first2=Salila |last3=Suvrathan |first3=Uthara |date=2022-10-13 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=en}}</ref>

In Hindu practice, adherents often refer to their temple visits as going for ''darshana'' rather than simply worship. Darshana, often translated as the "auspicious sight" of the divine, involves seeing the deity's image (''[[murti]]''). This visual experience is charged with religious significance, as the deity is believed to be present in the image, allowing worshippers to receive divine blessings through their gaze.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |title=Darśan: seeing the divine image in India |date=1998 |publisher=Columbia Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-231-11265-9 |edition=3rd |series=Translations from the Asian classics |location=New York, NY |pages=3}}</ref>

The term ''darshana'' also refers to the six systems of thought, called ''darshanam'', that comprise classical [[Hindu philosophy]].{{sfn|Nicholson|2013|pp=2–5}}{{sfn|Perrett|2000|pp=88, 284}} The term therein implies how each of these six systems distinctively look at things and the scriptures in Indian philosophies.{{sfn|Perrett|2000|pp=88, 284}}<ref name="britdarshan" /> The six Hindu ''darshana'' are [[Nyaya]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Samkhya]], [[Yoga]], [[Mīmāṃsā]], and [[Vedanta]]. Buddhism and Jainism are examples of non-Hindu darshans.<ref name="britdarshan" />

==Mahayana Buddhism==

On the significance of ''darshana'' in [[Mahayana]] thought, Paul Harrison writes: "By the second century CE... the vision of the [[Buddha]] (''buddha-darśana'') and the accompanying hearing of the [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]] (''dharma-śravaṇa'') are represented as a transformation experience of decisive importance for practitioners, be they who have renounced (mundane life) 'ascetics' or householders."{{sfn|Harrison|1992||p=223}}

The [[Abhidharma]], collections of systematic summaries of the [[sutra]]s, mention ''Darshana-[[citta]], i.e.'' [[vision (spirituality)|visions]].{{sfn|Gyatso|1992|p=288}}

Indian Mahayana philosophers [[Vasubandhu]] and [[Asanga]] acknowledged [[Bhūmi (Buddhism)#Five paths and ten stages|five paths to liberation]], of which the third is ''darshana-marga'', the "path of seeing".{{sfn|Gethin|1998|p=194}}

[[Nagarjuna]], a prominent philosopher of the [[Madhyamaka]] school of Mahayana Buddhism, wrote that the wise person perceives ''[[tattva]]-darshana,'' true reality.<ref>{{Cite book |title=[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]] |trans-title=Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way |chapter=Chapter 26 |at=verse 10 }}</ref>{{sfn|Unno|1993|p=347}}

==Other meanings==
''Darshana'' also sometimes has a more mundane meaning. For example, [[Sivananda Saraswati]] wrote in his book ''The Practice of Brahmacharya'' that one of the eight aspects of [[brahmacharya]] ([[Celibacy#Hinduism|celibacy]]) is not to look lustfully at women: "You should carefully avoid ... Darshana or looking at women with passionate resolve".{{sfn|Sivananda|1988|p=24}}

Scholar of religion Richard H. Davis has said that ''darshana'' (viewpoint, philosophical school) is one of three terms in classical Indian discourse that could be considered roughly analogous to what today's English-speakers understand as "religion." The other two terms are ''[[dharma]]'' (duty, morality, a code of proper conduct) and ''[[Buddhist Paths to liberation|marga]]'' (route, spiritual path). According to Davis, "most Hindu texts accepted that religious paths (''marga'') are relative to the points of view (''darśana'') and moral responsibilities (''dharma'') of practitioners, whose individual circumstances may make one or another course of action more appropriate in their particular situations."{{sfn|Davis|2008|pp=363–364}}

Poet [[Gary Snyder]] has given a [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] meaning to ''darshana'':
{{blockquote|It's a gift; it's like there's a moment in which the thing is ready to let you see it. In India, this is called ''darshan''. Darshan means getting a view, and if the clouds blow away, as they did once for me, and you get a view of the Himalayas from the foothills, an Indian person would say, "Ah, the Himalayas are giving you their darshana"; they're letting you have their view. This comfortable, really deep way of getting a sense of something takes time. It doesn't show itself to you right away. It isn't even necessary to know the names of things the way a botanist would. It's more important to be aware of the "[[suchness]]" of the thing; it's a reality. It's also a source of a certain kind of inspiration for creativity. I see it in the work of [[Georgia O'Keeffe]]...{{sfn|White|1994|p=148}} }}

''Darshan'' is also a part of the name of India's public broadcaster ''[[Doordarshan]]'' combining the word दूर ''dūra'' 'far' altogether making दूरदर्शन ''dūrdarśan'' '[[television#Etymology|television]]'.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Blessing]]
* [[Dharma transmission]]
* [[Guru–shishya tradition]]
* [[Jharokha Darshan]]
* [[Pranāma]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|25em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Richard H. |chapter=Tolerance and hierarchy: accommodating multiple religious paths in Hinduism |pages=360–376 |editor1-last=Neusner |editor1-first=Jacob |editor1-link=Jacob Neusner |editor2-last=Chilton |editor2-first=Bruce |editor2-link=Bruce Chilton |title=Religious tolerance in world religions |location=West Conshohocken, PA |publisher=Templeton Foundation Press |year=2008 |oclc=174500978 |isbn=978-1599471365 }}
* {{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |year=2011 |chapter=Miracles in Hinduism |editor-last=Twelftree |editor-first=Graham H. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Miracles |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Gethin |first=Rupert |author-link=Rupert Gethin |title=The foundations of Buddhism |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |oclc=38392391 |isbn=0192892231 |url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gyatso |editor-first=Janet |title=In the mirror of memory: reflections on mindfulness and remembrance in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1992 |oclc=24068984 |isbn=0791410773 }}
* {{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Paul |chapter=Commemoration and identification in Buddhanusmṛti |editor-last=Gyatso |editor-first=Janet |title=In the mirror of memory: reflections on mindfulness and remembrance in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1992 |oclc=24068984 |isbn=0791410773 }}
* {{cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |year=2008 |title=Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1851685387}}
* {{cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Andrew |year=2013 |title= Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn= 978-0231149877}}
* {{cite book |last=Perrett |first=Roy |year=2000 |title= Indian Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135703226}}
* {{cite book |last=Sivananda |first=Sri Swami |author-link=Sivananda Saraswati |title=The practice of brahmacharya |location=Shivanandanagar, Uttar Pradesh |publisher=[[Divine Life Society]] |year=1988 |orig-year=1934 |edition=1st rev. |isbn=8170520673 }}
* {{cite book |last=Unno |first=Taitetsu |author-link=Taitetsu Unno |chapter=San-lun, T'ien T'ai, and Hua-yen |pages=343–365 |editor1-last=Takeuchi |editor1-first=Yoshinori |editor2-last=Bragt |editor2-first=Jan van |editor2-link=Jan Van Bragt |title=Buddhist spirituality: Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, and early Chinese |series=World spirituality |location=New York |publisher=Crossroad |year=1993 |oclc=27432658 |isbn=0824512774 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=White |editor-first=Jonathan |title=Talking on the water: conversations about nature and creativity |location=San Francisco |publisher=Sierra Club Books |year=1994 |oclc=27640603 |isbn=0871565153 |url=https://archive.org/details/talkingonwaterco00whit }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Coorlawala |first=Uttara Asha |title=Darshan and abhinaya: an alternative to the male gaze |date=Spring 1996 |journal=Dance Research Journal |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=19–27 |doi=10.2307/1478103 |jstor=1478103 |url=http://srjan.com/articlesfile/Darshan%20and%20Abhinaya.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403105817/http://srjan.com/articlesfile/Darshan%20and%20Abhinaya.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-03 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dass |first=Ram |author-link=Ram Dass |chapter=Darshan |pages=[https://archive.org/details/belovenowpathofh0000ramd/page/62 62–84] |title=Be love now: the path of the heart |location=New York |publisher=HarperOne |year=2010 |oclc=526084249 |isbn=978-0061961373 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/belovenowpathofh0000ramd/page/62 }}
* {{cite journal |last=DuPertuis |first=Lucy |title=How people recognize charisma: the case of darshan in Radhasoami and Divine Light Mission |year=1986 |journal=Sociology of Religion |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=111–124 |doi=10.2307/3711456 |jstor=3711456 }}
* {{cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |author-link=Diana L. Eck |title=Darśan: seeing the divine image in India |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |edition=3rd |year=1998 |orig-year=1981 |oclc=40295673 |isbn=0231112653 }}
* {{cite book |last=Grimes |first=John A. |chapter=Darśana |pages=531–552 |editor1-last=Mittal |editor1-first=Sushil |editor2-last=Thursby |editor2-first=Gene R. |title=The Hindu world |series=The Routledge worlds |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |oclc=54103829 |isbn=0415215277 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Purdom|editor-first=C.B.|title=God to Man and Man to God: the Discourses of Meher Baba|location=London|publisher=Victor Gollancz|year=1955}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sanzaro |first=Francis |title=Darshan as mode and critique of perception: Hinduism's liberatory model of visuality |journal=Axis Mundi |date=Fall 2007 |pages=1–24 |url=https://sites.google.com/a/ualberta.ca/axis-mundi/forms-cabinet/2007-08%20Darshan%20as%20Mode%20and%20Critique%20of%20Perception-Hinduism%E2%80%99s%20Liberatory%20Model%20of%20Visuality.pdf }}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism_footer small}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darsana}}
[[Category:Buddhist devotion]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Rituals in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Spiritual gifts]]

Malathi Veeraraghavan

2026-01-17T17:58:09Z

Satarupa: Adding A Entry From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian and American electrical engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=May 2023}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=May 2023}}
'''Malathi Veeraraghavan''' (July 11, 1962 – May 11, 2020) was an Indian and American electrical engineer specializing in [[communications network]]s, including [[broadband]] networks, [[wireless ad hoc network]]s, [[vehicular ad hoc network]]s, and [[optical networking]]. She worked as a researcher for [[AT&T Bell Labs]] and as a professor at the [[University of Virginia]].

==Life and work==
Veeraraghavan was born on July 11, 1962,{{r|obit}} and earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from [[IIT Madras]] in 1984. She went to [[Duke University]] for graduate study in electrical engineering, earning a master's degree in 1985 and completing her Ph.D. in 1988.{{r|cv}} Her dissertation, ''Modeling and Evaluation of Fault-Tolerant Multiple Processor Systems'', was supervised by [[Kishor S. Trivedi]].{{r|cv|mg}}

She became a researcher and member of the technical staff of [[AT&T Bell Labs]], starting in 1988 in [[Columbus, Ohio]] and moving in 1992 to [[Holmdel, New Jersey]].{{r|cv}} Her work there involved the development of distributed call processing technology for [[voice over IP]] services.{{r|inmem}} She was named a distinguished member of the technical staff in 1994.{{r|cv}}

In 1999 she returned to academia as an associate professor at [[Brooklyn Polytechnic]] (now part of [[New York University]]). She moved to the University of Virginia in 2003, as the founding director of a new graduate program in computer engineering, jointly offered by the departments of computer science and electrical and computer engineering. She was promoted to full professor in 2007.{{r|cv}}

She died on May 11, 2020.{{r|inmem}}

==Recognition==
Veeraraghavan was named an [[IEEE Fellow]], in the 2020 class of fellows, "for contributions to control-plane architectures, signal protocols and hybrid networks".{{r|if}}<ref>
{{Cite web|
url=https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellow/2020-current|
title = IEEE Fellows 2020 | IEEE Communications Society}}
</ref>

==References==
<references>

<ref name=cv>{{citation|url=https://engineering.virginia.edu/sites/default/files/common/departments/electrical-and-computer-engineering/computer-engineering/files/QualAug2018/mv-Vita-Feb2019.pdf|title=Curriculum vitae|date=February 15, 2019|access-date=2023-05-23|archive-date=2024-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203014709/https://engineering.virginia.edu/sites/default/files/common/departments/electrical-and-computer-engineering/computer-engineering/files/QualAug2018/mv-Vita-Feb2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=if>{{citation|url=https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2020-ieee-fellow-class.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204053736/https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2020-ieee-fellow-class.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2019|title=2020 Newly Elevated Fellows|publisher=IEEE|access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref>

<ref name=inmem>{{citation|url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/memoriam-malathi-veeraraghavan-champion-ideas-and-experiences|title=In Memoriam: Malathi Veeraraghavan, Champion of Ideas and Experiences|work=UVAToday|publisher=University of Virginia|first=Karen|last=Walker|date=May 26, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=mg>{{mathgenealogy|id=76310}}</ref>

<ref name=obit>{{citation|url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/charlottesville-va/malathi-veeraraghavan-9179230|title=Obituary: Malathi Veeraraghavan|publisher=Dignity Memorial|access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*[https://engineering.virginia.edu/malathi-veeraraghavan-personal-homepage Home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929104611/https://engineering.virginia.edu/malathi-veeraraghavan-personal-homepage |date=2023-09-29 }}
*{{Google Scholar id|ieNQogYAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Veeraraghavan, Malathi}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:American electrical engineers]]
[[Category:American women electrical engineers]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Duke University alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists at Bell Labs]]
[[Category:Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]

Jeevuba

2026-01-13T05:16:55Z

Satarupa: small changes

{{Short description|Devotee from Swaminarayan sect}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=October 2021}}
{{inline|date=October 2021}}
}}

'''Jeevuba''', otherwise known as Motiba, Poonamatiba (name given since she was born on Poonam), and Jaya, was born in 1785 ([[Samvat (calendars)]] year 1841). Her father's name was Abhel Khachar and she had many siblings including a younger sister named Lalita. She was a very staunch devotee of [[Swaminarayan]].

== Biography ==
As legend goes, Jeevuba offered food to the idol of Swaminarayan and he accepted the food. Abhel Khachar wondered who this "Swaminarayan" was and sought after to see if he was actually a God. He threatened Jeevuba, who was praying to this 'God', and said that Swaminarayan must come and accept the food given or else he would kill her with his sword. Jeevuba peacefully served Swaminarayan and a miracle occurred. Swaminarayan actually came and accepted her food. Abhel Khacher was left speechless.

Another time, Abhel Khachar wanted to get his daughter, Jeevuba, married. Jeevuba didn't want to get married and wanted to live life as a worshiper of Swaminarayan. Abhel forced her to marry and thus she married Hathia Patgar. Though, Jeevuba told Hathia that she wanted to only worship Swaminarayan and therefore, with his consent, left him.

== Life in Renunciation ==
Abhel Khachar hadn't noticed, but Jeevuba invited Swaminarayan, who was disguised as a [[buttermilk]] saleswoman, in their house for a month. When Abhel Khachar found out, he went to go beat up Swaminarayan. After seeing his glory, he refrained. He had found out that it was Swaminarayan that his daughter had been worshiping the entire time.

Once Jeevuba saw the saint, Akhandanand Swami suffer from [[diarrhea]] sitting under a tree. Jeevuba, at once, came, seated him on the chariot that she used to get there, and took the saint to a safe place. Swaminarayan heard of this and was greatly pleased. In return for doing this favor, Swaminarayan gave Jeevuba his darshan (appearance) as [[Krishna]], [[Rama]], and other gods.
Finally, Jeevuba died in 1860 (Samvat year 1916 on the bright half of the month of Jeth). She had been a great person in the Swaminarayan Sanstha (organization).

== References ==
*"Bhaktaraj Shree Jeevuba (Jaya)." Swaminarayan Satsang. 2010. Swaminarayan, Web. 27 Feb 2010.
*<http://www.swaminarayansatsang.com/library/biography/haribhaktodetails.asp?BhaktoID=9>.
*"Saints and Devotees." theswaminarayan.com. theswaminarayan, Web. 27 Feb 2010.
*<http://theswaminarayan.com/knowledge/saint_devotees/jaya.html{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}>.

[[Category:1785 births]]
[[Category:1860 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women religious leaders]]
[[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]

{{Hindu-bio-stub}}

Salaaming Order

2026-01-13T05:00:17Z

Satarupa: started a data

The '''''Salaaming Order''''', also known as the '''Saluting Order''', introduced by British [[Leslie Warner Yule Campbell|General Campbell]] on 22 April 1919, and also issued by [[Arnold Chadwick Doveton|A. C. Doveton]], was an instruction during [[martial law]] in Punjab 1919 following the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]].<ref name=Lloyd2010>{{cite journal |last1=Lloyd |first1=Nick |title=Sir Michael O'Dwyer and 'Imperial Terrorism' in the Punjab, 1919 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1 December 2010 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=363–380 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2010.520648 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856401.2010.520648 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Ilahi2020>{{cite book |last1=Ilahi |first1=Shereen |title=Imperial Violence and the Path to Independence: India, Ireland and the Crisis of Empire |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-350-15306-6 |chapter=Punjab disturbances: Martial law and "fancy punishments"|pages=58–59 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Durie2022>{{cite book |last1=Durie |first1=Betty |last2=Campbell |first2=Angus |title=The Fairfield Campbells:Their Part in the Rise and Fall of Empire |date=2022 |publisher=CaroleMcT Books |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oo-cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT124|chapter=15. Amritsar|pages=124–140|language=en}}</ref> It required Indians to salute British personnel or face punishment including arrest, detention, and flogging. Others found to be leading the order included [[Aubrey J. O'Brien]], [[Bertrand Bosworth-Smith|B. N. Bosworth-Smith]].<ref name=Ilahi2020/><ref name=Lal>{{cite web |last=Lal |first=Vinay |title=Women in the Punjab Disturbances of 1919 |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/incident-crawling-lane/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831092041/https://southasia.ucla.edu/incident-crawling-lane/ |archive-date=31 August 2025 |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=UCLA |publisher=University of California, Los Angeles}}</ref><ref name=Anand2021>{{cite book |last1=Anand |first1=Anita |title=The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence |date=2021 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-9571-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEoiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|location=New York|language=en |chapter=10. I repent, I repent, I repent|pages=115–126}}</ref> and [[Henry St. George Murray Mcrae]].<ref name=Naidis1951>{{cite book |last1=Naidis |first1=Mark |title=The Punjab Disturbances of 1919: A Study in Indian Nationalism |date=1951 |publisher=Stanford University |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLMUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee Appointed in the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab, Etc |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=225–235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wek2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA225 |language=en}}</ref>

Along with the co-existing [[Crawling Order]], created by [[Reginald Dyer]], and [[fancy punishments]] invented by Doveton, the order was investigated by the official Hunter Commission and the independent National Congress's inquiry.<ref name=Horniman1920>{{cite book |last1=Horniman |first1=B. G. |title=Amritsar And Our Duty To India |date=1920 |publisher=[[T. Fisher Unwin]] |location=London |pages=150–164 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.351510/page/n153/mode/2up |chapter=15. O'Brien, Doveton, and Bosworth-Smith}}</ref>

An account is depicted in the book ''[[A Passage to India]]''.<ref name=Das1985>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=G. K. |title=A Passage to India |chapter=A Passage to India: A Socio-historical Study |date=1985 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-17994-7_1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-17994-7_1 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-333-40457-7 |language=en|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Background==
Martial law was introduced in Punjab at midnight between 15 and 16 April 1919 and backdated to 30 March on 21 April by the Viceroy, at the request of [[Michael O'Dwyer]].<ref name=Collett2006>{{cite book |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel |title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer |date=2006 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-85285-575-8 |page=275 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&pg=PA275|language=en|chapter=17. The crawling order}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Hunter |first= William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOk2AQAAMAAJ |title=Report of the Committee Appointed by the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en }}
*{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Mahatma |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Feb.-June 1920 |date=1965 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MX2GAAAAIAAJ |language=en|pages=181–182, 239}}

[[Category:Salutes]]
[[Category:1919 in British India]]
[[Category:British military scandals]]

{{India-hist-stub}}
{{UK-mil-hist-stub}}

Lami al-Darari

2026-01-01T21:21:02Z

Satarupa: Adding Some Page V1 - done

{{Short description|Book by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi}}
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=since original version; editor involved has created several LLM articles and this displays [[WP:AISIGNS]] particularly in superficial analyses and vocab distribution}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari
| image = Cover of Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari.jpg
| caption = Arabic cover
| author = [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]
| title_orig = لامع الدراري على جامع البخاري
| orig_lang_code = ar
| country = [[India]]
| language = Arabic
| subject = ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''
| genre = Commentary
| media_type = Print
| oclc = 4771291227
| dewey = 297.125
| published = 1968
| congress = BP135.A128 R3
| editors = {{Unbulleted list|Yahya Kandhlawi|[[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]}}
}}
'''''Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari''''' ({{langx|ur|لامع الدراري على جامع البخاري}}) is a multi-volume commentary on ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', which is based on the teachings of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]. The original lessons were recorded in Arabic by Yahya Kandhlawi, a student of Gangohi, and later expanded upon by his son, [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], with extensive footnotes at the insistence of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]. The commentary was completed in 1968. Its primary objective is to provide detailed explanations, discussions, and insights into the various sections, topics, and issues addressed in ''Sahih al-Bukhari''. Additionally, it incorporates additional research, references to other scholarly works, and offers a defense of the [[Hanafi school]] of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]].<ref name=":DUOB">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD|pages=422–424|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Background ==
Zakariyya Kandhlawi explains that his mentor, [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]], encouraged him to study his father's hadith collections. Yahya Kandhlawi, his father, was an early student of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], and he recorded various lessons of Deoband teachers. Zakariyya Kandhlawi first studied ''Sunan al-Tirmidhi'', then ''Sunan Abu Dawood'' and the ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' related to his father's hadith collections, which were recorded from the teachings of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]. Gangohi's approach was to explain specific discussions, resulting in fewer discussions in each subsequent book. Zakariyya Kandhlawi received requests from companions and followers to publish this treasure for the benefit of the ummah. [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] insisted on its publication, and Zakariyya Kandhlawi received intense instructions from other respected scholars as well. However, due to Husain Ahmed Madani's passing, Zakariyya Kandhlawi was unable to focus much on the book during his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Chaudhary |first=Muhammad Nawaz |title=Religious and academic services of Hazrat Maulana Zakaria |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]] |year=1992 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8810 |type=PhD |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830142215/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8810 |url-status=live |pages=189–191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Maliq |first=Abdul |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/293977 |title=Moulana Muhammad Zakariyya Hayatuhu Wa A Maluhu |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Madras]] |year=2001 |location=India |language=ar |hdl=10603/293977 |degree=PhD |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621140458/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/293977 |url-status=live |pages=152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |title=Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |page= |location=India |language=urdu |type=PhD |hdl=10603/364027 |pages=125–126 |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064943/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Content ==
[[Yusuf Banuri]] has written a scholarly introduction to ''Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari'', which has been separately published with 24 pages. In the introduction, Zakariyya Kandhlawi focuses on specific matters related to ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' and does not delve into the [[Hadith studies]], as he has covered it in previous book introductions. The first chapter discusses the life and virtues of [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]], highlighting nine benefits. The seventh and eighth benefits touch on the methodology of Muhammad al-Bukhari and his critics, emphasizing the importance of comparing present scholars to their predecessors due to limitations in knowledge and memory. The second chapter extensively discusses Muhammad al-Bukhari, and the last benefit provides a brief introduction to the 110 chapters of ''Sahih al-Bukhari''. Following this 52-page introduction, the commentary of ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' begins in the style of ''[[Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi]]'', emphasizing the alignment of Muhammad al-Bukhari's arrangements and the narrations of Hadith. ''Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari'' not only contains detailed discussions on various sections, topics, and issues of ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' but also consolidates scattered information, benefits, and points from thousands of pages regarding narrators, principles, and reminiscences. It also includes research on Hadith chapters, speeches, ijtihad, and defense of the [[Hanafi school|Hanafis]].{{Sfn|Chaudhary|1992|p=191–192}}
== Methodology ==
It attributes jurisprudential schools to their sources and incorporates criticism and corrections from previous editions. [[Āyah|Quranic verses]] are included alongside Hadith for verification, and phrases within the Hadith are explained with reference to renowned Arabic linguists. Explanations are provided for words that may have different dialects from various Arab tribes. The text pays homage to the author's elders and teachers, mentioning their names and highlighting their contributions. It incorporates Arabic and Urdu poetry.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Riyaz |title=Maulana Mohd Zakaria ki Elm E hadees men Khidmaat |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2009 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/57134 |degree=PhD |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/144524601?source=1&algorithmId=15&similarToDoc=144523409&similarToDocKey=CORE&recSetID=cb65ce6f-dd11-4a75-a8eb-a95e4ded5f93&position=3&recommendation_type=same_repo&otherRecs=144527167,144526634,144524601,144527160,144521013 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627220558/https://core.ac.uk/display/144524601?source=1&algorithmId=15&similarToDoc=144523409&similarToDocKey=CORE&recSetID=cb65ce6f-dd11-4a75-a8eb-a95e4ded5f93&position=3&recommendation_type=same_repo&otherRecs=144527167,144526634,144524601,144527160,144521013 |url-status=live |pages=146–148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kamal |first=Mohd Arif |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |title=Ulema e Hind ki Bisween Sadi Nisf Awwal mein Khidmat e Hadith Tanquidi Mutala |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |type=PhD |pages=130–132 |hdl=10603/364940 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101061946/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
According to Muhammad Usman Shah, a PhD scholar at [[Gomal University]], the literary style and manner of this book are very clear and lucid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Muhammad Usman |last2=Ahmed |first2=Manzoor |date=2021 |title=Inorate,literary style, manner and procedure of the commentary of "Lame-ud-durari" (Sharh-e-Sahih Bukhari) |url=http://www.arjish.com/index.php/arjish/article/view/329 |journal=Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities |language=ur |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=244 |doi=10.53575/Urdu19.v5.02(21).244-258 |s2cid=243773920 |issn=2707-1219 |doi-access=free |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618070956/http://www.arjish.com/index.php/arjish/article/view/329 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhary, a PhD scholar at the [[University of the Punjab]], considers this commentary a valuable tool for seekers of hadith knowledge, especially for students of knowledge and scholars in the field of Hadith studies.{{Sfn|Chaudhary|1992|p=192}} In his introduction, [[Yusuf Banuri]] praises Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, stating that he possessed a unique combination of knowledge from scholars and the spiritual insight of the Sufis. Despite his engagement in spiritual training and purification, Gangohi tirelessly taught Hadith and Sunnah for almost fifty years, providing explanations for intricate matters of Fiqh and Hadith that were not found in extensive works. He successfully defended the Hanafi school, interpreting and explaining conflicting Hadiths, surpassing the explanations of previous commentators like [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] and [[Badr al-Din al-Ayni]], particularly in the chapter headings of ''Bukhari''.<ref name=":TLOUD">{{Cite book |last1=Kajee |first1=Imraan |url=https://spirituallight.co.za/node/141 |title=The legacy of the Ulama of Deoband |last2=Kajee |first2=Moosa |publisher=Spiritual Light |isbn=979-8861344210 |year=2018 |location=South Africa |pages=42–44 |language=en |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925151938/http://spirituallight.co.za/node/141 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Legacy ==
In 2019, Hafiz Ghulam Sarwar completed his PhD thesis titled ''An Analytical Study of Fiqh al-Hadith in Lami al-Darari and Al-Kawakib al-Durri'' in Urdu at the Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre, [[University of the Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Sarwar |first=Hafiz Ghulam |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/12541 |title=An analytical study of Fiqh al-Hadith in Lami al-Darari and Al-Kawakib al-Durri. |publisher=Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre, [[University of the Punjab]] |year=2019 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |type=PhD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809015708/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/12541 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=30 June 2023 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Deobandi hadith studies]]
* [[Works of Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Asir |author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi |url=https://archive.org/download/Maktaba-Maulana-Nizamuddin-Aseer-Adravi-Sahib/Dabistan-i-Deoband-Ki-Ilmi-Khidmaat.pdf |title=Dabistan-i Deoband ki Ilmi Khidmaat |publisher=Darulmuaallifeen |year=1995 |location=Deoband, UP, India |language=ur |oclc=47964786 |pages=64–68}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Hossain |first=Abu Sayyim Md. Tofazzal |url=http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3317 |title=Mawlana Zakaria Kandhalovi (Rh.): Life And Study Of Hadith |date=2024 |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]]|degree=PhD |location=Bangladesh |pages=299 |language=bn}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:DarsENizamiDoraeHadees8thYear01/LAME_AL_DARARI_VOL_01|''Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari'']] at [[Internet Archive]]
{{Zakariyya Kandhlawi}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Deobandi hadith literature]]
[[Category:Books by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]
[[Category:Books by Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Arabic-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Commentaries on Sahih al-Bukhari]]

CARE Hospitals

2025-12-30T15:22:21Z

Satarupa: content update

{{Multiple issues|
{{Self-published|date=April 2020}}
{{Advert|date=October 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = CARE Hospitals
| org_group = Evercare
| logo = CARE Hospitals.svg
| logo_size = 250
| image = Care hospital, Hyderabad.jpg
| image_size = 200
| alt =
| caption = CARE Hospital building in [[HITEC City]], Gachibowli, Hyderabad.
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size = 250
| pushpin_map_alt = A map of Hyderabad with a dot showing location of Hospital
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of hospital on map
| coordinates = {{coord|17.418241|78.437512|format=dms|display=inline}}
| location =
| region = [[Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = India
| healthcare = Private
| type =
| affiliation =
| standards =
| emergency = Yes
| beds = 2,400
| speciality = cardiac surgeons, critical care and emergency medicine specialists
| founded = 1997
| website = {{URL|https://www.carehospitals.com/}}
}}

'''CARE Hospitals''' is a chain of multi-specialty hospitals with 16 hospitals in 7 cities across 6 states of India.<ref name="lm1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/70yj9cfhXohNdfeyrXIGVN/Care-Hospitals-acquires-property-in-Hyderabad.html|title=Care Hospitals acquires property in Hyderabad|date=21 April 2015 |accessdate=2015-04-21|publisher=Live Mint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804001002/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/70yj9cfhXohNdfeyrXIGVN/Care-Hospitals-acquires-property-in-Hyderabad.html|archive-date=4 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The hospital began as a specialty center for heart care and later expanded to include other specialties. Their branches are [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|NABH]]-accredited,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NABH Accredited Hospital |url=https://portal.nabh.co/frmViewAccreditedHosp.aspx#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=nabh.co}}</ref>.

==History==
CARE Hospitals were founded in 1997 by [[Bhupathiraju Somaraju]], chairman of CARE Hospitals Group. CARE Hospital is a specialty hospital for [[cardiac]] [[surgeons]], [[Critical Care (journal)|critical care]] specialists, and emergency medicine specialists.<ref name="bs1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/advent-s-stake-sale-in-care-hospitals-heats-up-115070800043_1.html|title=Advent's stake sale in Care Hospitals heats up|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=8 July 2015 |accessdate=2015-07-08|publisher=Business Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171404/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/advent-s-stake-sale-in-care-hospitals-heats-up-115070800043_1.html|archive-date=3 August 2017|url-status=live|last1=Madhav |first1=N. }}</ref>

== Branches ==
{| class="wikitable"
! State
! Locations
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad]] ([[Banjara Hills]], [[HITEC City]], [[Nampally, Hyderabad|Nampally]], [[Musheerabad]], [[Malakpet]])
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]] ([[Ramnagar, Visakhapatnam|Ramnagar]], [[Arilova]])
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Nagpur]], [[Aurangabad]]
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Indore]]
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Raipur]]
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|}

==Locations==
CARE Hospitals have multiple branches in Banjara Hills, [[HITEC City]] (Gachibowli).
[[File:Care Hospital ,Banjarahills.jpg|center|thumb|Care Hospital, Banjara hills]]

== Leadership ==
CARE hospital's leadership includes Dr. Pawan Kumar, CEO.<ref>{{cite web|title=Management|url=http://www.carehospitals.com/article-management|website=Carehospitals|accessdate=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135839/http://www.carehospitals.com/article-management|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Specialties|url=http://www.carehospitals.com/#|website=carehospitals|accessdate=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224082216/http://www.carehospitals.com/|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Departments ==
CARE Hospitals comprises the following departments:

* Anesthesia
* Arthroscopy & Sports Medicine
* Bone Marrow Transplant
* Cardiology
* [[Colonoscopy|Colonoscopys]]
* Critical Care Medicine
* Dermatology, cosmetic & plastic surgery
* Dietetics & Nutrition
* Ear, nose, and throat (ENT)
* Emergency Medicine
* Gastroenterology
* General Surgery
* Gynecology & Obstetrics
* [[Kidney transplantation|Kidney Transplantation]]
* Liver Transplantation
* [[Neonatology]]
* Nephrology
* Neurology
* Oncology
* Orthopedics
* [[Pediatrics]]
* Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
* Plastic Surgery
* Pulmonology
* Urology

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.carehospitals.com/ Official website of CARE Hospitals]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospital networks in India]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Visakhapatnam]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Five Vows

2025-12-11T17:37:54Z

Satarupa: made a data

{{Short description|Basic code of ethics for Jains}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Jainism}}
The '''Five Vows''' of [[Jainism]] include the ''mahāvratas'' (major vows) and ''aṇuvratas'' (minor vows). Jain ethical code prescribes two ''[[Dharma (Jainism)|dharmas]]'' or rules of conduct. One for those who wish to become [[Jain monasticism|ascetic]] and another for the ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|śrāvaka]]'' (householders). Five fundamental vows are prescribed for both votaries. These vows are observed by ''śrāvakas'' (householders) partially and are termed as ''anuvratas'' (small vows). Ascetics observe these fives vows more strictly and therefore observe complete abstinence. These five vows are:
* ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahiṃsā]]'' (Non-violence)
* ''[[Satya#Jainism|Satya]]'' (Truth)
* ''[[Asteya#Jainism|Asteya]]'' (Non-stealing)
* ''[[Brahmacharya#Brahmacharya in Jainism|Brahmacharya]]'' (Chastity)
* ''[[Aparigraha]]'' (Non-possession)

According to the Jain text ''[[Puruşārthasiddhyupāya]]'':{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=33}}{{quote|All these subdivisions (injury, falsehood, stealing, unchastity, and attachment) are ''hiṃsā '' as indulgence in these sullies the pure nature of the soul. Falsehood etc. have been mentioned separately only to make the disciple understand through illustrations.|Puruşārthasiddhyupāya (42)}}

Apart from five main vows, a householder is expected to observe seven supplementary vows (''śeelas'') and last ''[[Sallekhana|sallekhanā]]'' vow.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=63}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=118}}

== {{anchor|Maha vratas (Major vows)}}''Mahāvratas'' (major vows)==
[[File:Five Vows.jpg|thumb|Jain emblem and the "Five Vows"]]
''Mahavrata'' (lit. major vows) are the five fundamental observed by the [[Jain ascetics]]. Also known as the "Five Vows", they are described in detail in the ''[[Tattvartha Sutra]]'' (Chapter 7)<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|title=Ācārya Umāsvāmī’s ''Tattvārthasūtra'' : With Explanation in English from Ācārya Pūjyapāda’s ''Sarvārthasiddhi''|publisher=Vikalp Printers|publication-place=Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India|date=2018|isbn=978-81-932726-2-6|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/tattvartha-sutra-with-commentary/d/doc1084825.html|chapter=The Five Vows (Chapter 7)}}</ref> and the ''[[Acaranga Sutra]]'' (Book 2, Lecture 15).<ref name="Jaina Sutras I">{{cite book|title=Jaina Sutras, Part I: The Akaranga Sutra, the Kalpa Sutra|first=Hermann|last=Jacobi|author-link=Hermann Jacobi|series=The Sacred books of the East|volume=22|date=1884|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/acaranga-sutra/d/doc424476.html}}</ref> According to [[Acharya Samantabhadra]]’s [[Ratnakaraņdaka śrāvakācāra]]:{{quote|Abstaining from the commitment of five kinds of sins (injury, falsehood, stealing, unchastity, and attachment) by way of doing these by oneself, causing these to be done, and approval when done by others, through the three kinds of activity (of body, speech, and thought), constitutes the great vows (''mahāvrata'') of celebrated ascetics.|Ratnakaraņdaka śrāvakācāra (72)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87AnDAAAQBAJ |page=121| isbn=9788190363990 |title=Ācārya Samantabhadra's Ratnakarandaka-śrāvakācāra|first=Jain|last=Vijay K.|date=2016-05-13|publisher=Vikalp Printers }}</ref>}}

=== Ahiṃsā ===
{{Main article|Ahimsa in Jainism}}
Ahimsa (non-injury) is formalised into Jain doctrine as the first and foremost vow. According to the Jain text, ''Tattvarthsutra'': "The severance of vitalities out of passion is injury."

=== Satya ===
{{Main article|Satya}}
Satya is the vow to not lie, and to speak the truth.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=61}} A monk or nun must not speak the false, and either be silent or speak the truth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kristi L. Wiley|title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XubfClGnIAUC&pg=PA66 |year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5051-4|page=196}}</ref> According to Pravin Shah, the great vow of satya applies to "speech, mind, and deed", and it also means discouraging and disapproving others who perpetuate a falsehood.<ref name=pkshahfive/>

The underlying cause of falsehood is passion and therefore, it is said to cause ''hiṃsā'' (injury).{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=66}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Pujyapada (Shri.)|editor=S. A. Jain|title=Reality|date=1960|publisher=Vira Sasana Sangha|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRIaAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref>

=== Achourya ===
{{Main article|Achourya}}
Asteya as a great vow means not take anything which is not freely given and without permission.<ref name="cort24"/> It applies to anything even if unattended or unclaimed, whether it is of worth or worthless thing. This vow of non-stealing applies to action, speech and thought. Further a mendicant, states Shah, must neither encourage others to do so nor approve of such activities.<ref name=pkshahfive/>

According to the Jain text, ''[[Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya]]'':{{quote|Driven by passions, taking anything that has not been given be termed as theft and since theft causes injury, it is ''hiṃsā''|''{{IAST|Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya}}'' (42){{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=68}}}}

According to ''[[Tattvarthasutra]]'', five observances that strengthen this vow are:{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=95}}
*Residence in a solitary place
*Residence in a deserted habitation
*Causing no hindrance to others,
*Acceptance of clean food, and
*Not quarreling with brother monks.

=== Brahmacharya ===
{{Main article|Brahmacharya}}
Brahmacharya as a great vow of Jain mendicants means celibacy and avoiding any form of sexual activity with body, words or mind. A monk or nun should not enjoy sensual pleasures, which includes all the five senses, nor ask others to do the same, nor approve of another monk or nun engaging in sexual or sensual activity.<ref name=pkshahfive>Pravin K Shah, [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231033127/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |date=31 December 2014 }}, Jainism Literature Center, Harvard University</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kristi L. Wiley|title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XubfClGnIAUC&pg=PA66 |year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow |isbn= 978-0-8108-5051-4|pages=66–67}}</ref>

=== Aparigraha ===
{{Main article|Aparigraha}}
According to ''Tattvarthsutra'', "Infatuation is attachment to possessions".{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=100}} Jain texts mentions that "attachment to possessions (''parigraha'') is of two kinds: attachment to internal possessions (''ābhyantara parigraha''), and attachment to external possessions (''bāhya parigraha'').{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=76}}
The fourteen internal possessions are:{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=77}}
*Wrong belief
*The three sex-passions
**Male sex-passion
**Female sex-passion
**Neuter sex-passion
*Six defects
**Laughter
**Liking
**Disliking
**Sorrow
**Fear
**Disgust
*Four passions
**Anger
**Pride
**Deceitfulness
**Greed

External possessions are divided into two subclasses, the non-living, and the living. According to Jain texts, both internal and external possessions are proved to be ''hiṃsā'' (injury).{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=77}}

=== 25 clauses from the ''Ācārāṅga Sūtra'' ===
In Book 2, Lecture 15 of the ''[[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]]'', 5 clauses are given for each of the 5 vows, giving a total of 25 clauses. The following is [[Hermann Jacobi]]'s 1884 English translation of the 25 clauses.<ref name="Jaina Sutras I"/>

#I renounce '''all killing of living beings''', whether subtile or gross, whether movable or immovable. Nor shall I myself kill living beings (nor cause others to do it, nor consent to it). As long as I live, I confess and blame, repent and exempt myself of these sins, in the thrice threefold way,<ref group=note>i.e. acting, commanding, consenting, either in the past or the present or the future.</ref> in mind, speech, and body.
##A Nirgrantha is '''careful in his walk''', not careless.<ref group=note>This could also be translated: he who is careful in his walk is a Nirgrantha, not he who is careless.</ref> The Kevalin assigns as the reason, that a Nirgrantha, careless in his walk, might (with his feet) hurt or displace or injure or kill living beings. Hence a Nirgrantha is careful in his walk, not careless in his walk.
##A Nirgrantha '''searches into his mind''' (i.e. thoughts and intentions). If his mind is sinful, blamable, intent on works, acting on impulses,<ref group=note>''Aṇhayakare'' explained by ''karmāsravakāri''.</ref> produces cutting and splitting (or division and dissension), quarrels, faults, and pains, injures living beings, or kills creatures, he should not employ such a mind in action. But if, on the contrary, it is not sinful, etc., then he may put it in action.
##A Nirgrantha '''searches into his speech'''; if his speech is sinful, blamable, intent on works, acting on impulses, produces cutting and splitting (or division and dissension), quarrels, faults, and pains, injures living beings, or kills creatures, he should not utter that speech. But if, on the contrary, it is not sinful, etc., then he may utter it.
##A Nirgrantha is '''careful in laying down his utensils of begging''', he is not careless in it. The Kevalin says: A Nirgrantha who is careless in laying down his utensils of begging, might hurt or displace or injure or kill all sorts of living beings. Hence a Nirgrantha is careful in laying down his utensils of begging, he is not careless in it.
##A Nirgrantha '''eats and drinks after inspecting his food and drink'''; he does not eat and drink without inspecting his food and drink. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha would eat and drink without inspecting his food and drink, he might hurt and displace or injure or kill all sorts of living beings. Hence a Nirgrantha eats and drinks after inspecting his food and drink, not without doing so.
#I renounce '''all vices of lying speech''' (arising) from anger or greed or fear or mirth. I shall neither myself speak lies, nor cause others to speak lies, nor consent to the speaking of lies by others. I confess and blame, repent and exempt myself of these sins in the thrice threefold way, in mind, speech, and body.
##A Nirgrantha speaks '''after deliberation''', not without deliberation. The Kevalin says: Without deliberation a Nirgrantha might utter a falsehood in his speech.
##A Nirgrantha comprehends (and renounces) anger, he is '''not angry'''. The Kevalin says: A Nirgrantha who is moved by anger, and is angry, might utter a falsehood in his speech.
##A Nirgrantha comprehends (and renounces) greed, he is '''not greedy'''. The Kevalin says: A Nirgrantha who is moved by greed, and is greedy, might utter a falsehood in his speech.
##A Nirgrantha comprehends (and renounces) fear, he is '''not afraid'''. The Kevalin says: A Nirgrantha who is moved by fear, and is afraid, might utter a falsehood in his speech.
##A Nirgrantha comprehends (and renounces) mirth, he is '''not mirthful'''. The Kevalin says: A Nirgrantha who is moved by mirth, and is mirthful, might utter a falsehood in his speech.
#I renounce '''all taking of anything not given''', either in a village or a town or a wood, either of little or much, of small or great, of living or lifeless things. I shall neither take myself what is not given, nor cause others to take it, nor consent to their taking it. As long as I live, I confess and blame, repent and exempt myself of these sins, in the thrice threefold way, in mind, speech, and body.
##A Nirgrantha '''begs after deliberation''', for a limited ground, not without deliberation. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha begs without deliberation for a limited ground, he might take what is not given.
##A Nirgrantha '''consumes his food and drink with permission''' (of his superior), not without his permission. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha consumes his food and drink without the superior’s permission, he might eat what is not given.
##A Nirgrantha who has taken possession of some ground, '''should always take possession of a limited part of it and for a fixed time'''. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha who has taken possession of some ground, should take possession of an unlimited part of it and for an unfixed time, he might take what is not given.
##A Nirgrantha who has taken possession of some ground, '''should constantly have his grant renewed'''. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha has not constantly his grant renewed, he might take possession of what is not given.
##A Nirgrantha '''begs for a limited ground for his co-religionists after deliberation''', not without deliberation. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha should beg without deliberation, he might take possession of what is not given.
#I renounce '''all sexual pleasures''', either with gods or men or animals. I shall not give way to sensuality, etc. ... and exempt myself.
##A Nirgrantha '''does not continually discuss topics relating to women'''. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha discusses such topics, he might fall from the law declared by the Kevalin, because of the destruction or disturbance of his peace.
##A Nirgrantha '''does not regard and contemplate the lovely forms of women'''. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha regards and contemplates the lovely forms of women, he might fall from the law declared by the Kevalin, because of the destruction or disturbance of his peace.
##A Nirgrantha '''does not recall to his mind the pleasures and amusements he formerly had with women'''. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha recalls to his mind the pleasures and amusements he formerly had with women, he might fall from the law declared by the Kevalin, because of the destruction or disturbance of his peace.
##A Nirgrantha '''does not eat and drink too much''', nor does he drink liquors or eat highly-seasoned dishes. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha did eat and drink too much, or did drink liquors and eat highly-seasoned dishes, he might fall from the law declared by the Kevalin, because of the destruction or disturbance of his peace.
##A Nirgrantha '''does not occupy a bed or couch affected'''<ref group=note>This may mean belonging to, or close by.</ref> '''by women, animals, or eunuchs'''. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha did occupy a bed or couch affected by women, animals, or eunuchs, he might fall from the law declared by the Kevalin, because of the destruction or disturbance of his peace.
#I renounce '''all attachments''',<ref group=note>This means the pleasure in external objects.</ref> whether little or much, small or great, living or lifeless; neither shall I myself form such attachments, nor cause others to do so, nor consent to their doing so, etc. ... and exempt myself.
##If a creature with '''ears''' hears agreeable and disagreeable sounds, it should not be attached to, nor delighted with, nor desiring of, nor infatuated by, nor covetous of, nor disturbed by the agreeable or disagreeable sounds. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha is thus affected by the pleasant or unpleasant sounds, he might fall from the law declared by the Kevalin, because of the destruction or disturbance of his peace. If it is impossible not to hear sounds, which reach the ear, the mendicant should avoid love or hate, originated by them.
##If a creature with '''eyes''' sees agreeable and disagreeable forms (or colours), it should not be attached, etc., to them. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha is thus affected by the pleasant or unpleasant forms, he might fall from the law declared by the Kevalin, because of the destruction or disturbance of his peace. If it is impossible not to see forms, which reach the eye, the mendicant should avoid love or hate, originated by them.
##If a creature with an '''organ of smell''' smells agreeable or disagreeable smells, it should not be attached, etc., to them. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha is thus affected by the pleasant or unpleasant smells, he might fall from the law declared by the Kevalin, because of the destruction or disturbance of his peace. If it is impossible not to smell the smells, which reach the nose, the mendicant should avoid love or hate, originated by them.
##If a creature with a '''tongue''' tastes agreeable or disagreeable tastes, it should not be attached, etc., to them. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha is thus affected by the pleasant or unpleasant tastes, he might fall from the law declared by the Kevalin, because of the destruction or disturbance of his peace. If it is impossible not to taste the tastes, which reach the tongue, the mendicant should avoid love or hate, originated by them.
##If a creature with an '''organ of feeling''' feels agreeable or disagreeable touches, it should not be attached, etc., to them. The Kevalin says: If a Nirgrantha is thus affected by the pleasant or unpleasant touches, he might fall from the law declared by the Kevalin, because of the destruction or disturbance of his peace. If it is impossible not to feel the touches, which reach the organ of feeling, the mendicant should avoid love or hate, originated by them.

::He who is well provided with these great vows and their 25 clauses is really Houseless, if he, according to the sacred lore, the precepts, and the way correctly practises, follows, executes, explains, establishes, and, according to the precept, effects them.

== ''Aṇuvratas'' (minor vows) ==
The five great vows apply only to ascetics in Jainism, and in their place are five minor vows for laypeople (householders). The historic texts of Jains accept that any activity by a layperson would involve some form of ''himsa'' (violence) to some living beings, and therefore the minor vow emphasizes reduction of the impact and active efforts to protect. The five "minor vows" in Jainism are modeled after the great vows, but differ in degree and they are less demanding or restrictive than the same "great vows" for ascetics.<ref name=cort24/> Thus, ''brahmacharya'' for householders means chastity, or being sexually faithful to one's partner.<ref name=cort24>{{cite book|author=John E. Cort|title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip7mCwAAQBAJ |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513234-2|pages=24–27}}</ref> Similarly, states John Cort, a mendicant's great vow of ahimsa requires that he or she must avoid gross and subtle forms of violence to all six kinds of living beings (earth beings, water beings, fire beings, wind beings, vegetable beings and mobile beings). In contrast, a Jain householder's minor vow requires no gross violence against higher life forms and an effort to protect animals from "slaughter, beating, injury and suffering".<ref name=cort24/>

Apart from five fundamental vows seven supplementary vows are prescribed for a ''śrāvaka''. These include three ''guņa vratas'' (Merit vows) and four ''śikşā vratas'' (Disciplinary vows).{{sfn|Tukol|1976|p=5}} The vow of ''sallekhanâ'' is observed by the votary at the end of his life. It is prescribed both for the ascetics and householders. According to the Jain text, [[Puruşārthasiddhyupāya]]:{{quote|The man who incessantly observes all the supplementary vows and ''sallekhanâ'' (together, these are called ''śeelas'') for the sake of safeguarding his vows (''vratas''), gets fervently garlanded (a gesture to indicate her choice for a husband) by the maiden called 'liberation'.|Puruşārthasiddhyupāya{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=117-118}}}}

The five 'lesser vows' of anuvrata consist of the five greater vows but with less restrictions to incorporate the duties of a householder, i.e. a layperson with a home, he or she has responsibilities to the family, community and society that a Jain monk does not have. These minor vows have the following incorporated into ethical conduct:

# Take account of the responsibilities of a householder.
# Are often limited in time.
# Are often limited in scope.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Babir |first1=Nalini |title=Article: Vows |url=http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/jain-beliefs/vows.html |website=www.Jainpedia.org |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601060828/http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/jain-beliefs/vows.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Guņa vratas ===
#''Digvrata'' – restriction on movement with regard to directions.{{sfn|Sangave|1980|pp=218-219}}
#''Bhogopabhogaparimana'' – vow of limiting consumable and non-consumable things{{sfn|Sangave|1980|pp=218-219}}
#''Anartha-daṇḍaviramana'' – refraining from harmful occupations and activities (purposeless sins).{{sfn|Sangave|1980|pp=218-219}}

=== Śikşā vratas ===
#''[[Samayika|Sāmāyika]]'' – vow to meditate and concentrate periodically.{{sfn|Sangave|1980|pp=218-219}}
#''Deśāvrata'' – limiting movement to certain places for a fixed period of time.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=90}}{{sfn|Sangave|1980|pp=218-219}}
#''Poṣadhopavāsa'' – fasting at regular intervals.{{sfn|Sangave|1980|pp=218-219}}
#''Atihti samvibhag'' (or ''Dānavrata'') – Vow of offering food to the ascetic and needy people.{{sfn|Sangave|1980|pp=218-219}}

== Sallekhanā ==
{{Main article|Sallekhana}}
An ascetic or householder who has observed all the prescribed vows to shed the ''[[Karma in Jainism|karmas]]'', takes the vow of ''sallekhanā'' at the end of his life.{{sfn|Tukol|1976|p=5}} According to the Jain text, ''Purushartha Siddhyupaya'', "sallekhana enable a householder to carry with him his wealth of piety".{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=114}}

== Transgressions ==

There are five, five transgressions respectively for the vows and the supplementary vows.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=118-137}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Head
! Vow
! Transgressions
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|rowspan="5"|'''Five vows''' 
|''Ahiṃsā''
| Binding, beating, mutilating limbs, overloading, withholding food and drink{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=103}}
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|''Satya''
|Perverted teaching, divulging what is done in secret, forgery, misappropriation, and proclaiming other's thoughts.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=104}}
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|''Asteya''
|Prompting others to steal, receiving stolen goods, under- buying in a disordered state, using false weights and measures, and deceiving others with artificial or imitation goods.
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|''Brahmacharya''
|Bringing about marriage, intercourse with an unchaste married woman, cohabitation with a harlot, perverted sexual practices, and excessive sexual passion.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=105}}
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|''Aparigraha''
|Exceeding the limits set by oneself with regard to cultivable lands and houses, riches such as gold and silver, cattle and corn, men and women servants, and clothes.
|- style="background:#FFFF00;"
|rowspan="3"|'''Guņa vratas''' 
|''digvrata''
|Exceeding the limits set in the directions, namely upwards, downwards and horizontally, enlarging the boundaries in the accepted directions, and forgetting the boundaries set, are the five transgressions of the minor vow of direction.
|- style="background:#FFFF00;"
|''bhogopabhogaparimana''
|Victuals containing (one-sensed) organisms, placed near organisms, mixed with organisms, stimulants, and ill-cooked food.
|- style="background:#FFFF00;"
|''anartha-dandaviramana''
|Vulgar jokes, vulgar jokes accompanied by gesticulation, garrulity, unthinkingly indulging in too much action, keeping too many consumable and non-consumable objects.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=108}}
|- style="background:#fff;"
|rowspan="4"|'''Śikşā vratas''' 
|''[[Samayika]]''
|Misdirected three-fold activity, lack of earnestness, and fluctuation of thought.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=132}}
|- style="background:#fff;"
|''Desavrata''
|Sending for something outside the country of one's resolve, commanding someone there to do thus, indicating one's intentions by sounds, by showing oneself and by throwing clod, etc.
|- style="background:#fff;"
|''Prosadhopavâsa''
|Excreting, handling sandalwood paste, flowers etc., and spreading mats and garments without inspecting and cleaning the place and the materials, lack of earnestness, and lack of concentration.
|- style="background:#fff;"
|''Atihti samvibhag''
|Placing the food on things with organisms such as green leaves, covering it with such things, food of another host, envy and untimely food
|- style="background:#ffd700;"
|rowspan="1"|'''Sallekhanā vrata'''
|''Sallekhanā''
| Desire for life, desire for death, recollection of affection for friends, recollection of pleasures and constant longing for enjoyment.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=111}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Jain philosophy]]
* [[Five precepts]]
* [[Five precepts (Taoism)]]
* [[Pratima (Jainism)]]
* [[Tapas (Indian religions)]]
* [[Acharya (Jainism)#Twelve kinds of austerities (tapas)|Tapas (Jain religion)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I: The Akaranga Sutra, the Kalpa Sutra|first=Hermann|last=Jacobi|author-link=Hermann Jacobi|series=[[The Sacred Books of the East]]|volume=22|date=1884|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/acaranga-sutra|quote={{PD-notice}} }}
* {{citation |first=Vijay K. |last=Jain |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC |date=2012 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2012}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title= Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra |date=2011 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |location=[[Uttarakhand]] |isbn=978-81-903639-2-1 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC |quote= {{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2011}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. | date =1998 | orig-date =1979 |title=The Jain Path of Purification |url={{Google books|wE6v6ahxHi8C|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 }}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC |date=2001 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7154-839-2 }}
* {{citation |last=Tukol |first=Justice T. K. |author-link=T. K. Tukol |title=Sallekhanā is Not Suicide |date=1976 |publisher=L.D. Institute of Indology |location=Ahmedabad |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/SallekhanaIsNotSuicide |quote={{PD-notice}} }}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Jain ethics}}

{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jain ethics| ]]
[[Category:Jain law]]
[[Category:Codes of conduct]]

Aikkaranad

2025-12-11T10:18:14Z

Satarupa:

{{moresources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aikkaranad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Gram panchayat]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/website/web|title=Localbody Websites |publisher=Local Self Government Department |access-date=2024-07-14}}</ref>
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.0002200|N|76.4549790|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 20316
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Aikaranad Grama panchayat '''is a Grama panchayat in [[Ernakulam district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Aikaranad Grama panchayat is situated in Vadavukode Block panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PMFBY List of Panchayats |url=https://keralaagriculture.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/go_and_circular/PMFBY_RWBCIS_2018-19_12.pdf |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref> Aikaranad Grama panchayat falls in Kunnathnadu Tehsil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats (Talukwise) {{!}} Ernakulam District Website {{!}} India |url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2025-09-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Aikaranad North had a population of 20,316; 10,081 males and 10,235 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aikaranad North Village Population - Kunnathunad - Ernakulam, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627953-aikaranad-north-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ernakulam district}}
[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]

{{Ernakulam-geo-stub}}

Govt. PG College Rampur Bushahr

2025-11-05T12:30:55Z

Satarupa:

{{Short description|Government College in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = GB Pant Memorial Government PG College Rampur Bushahr
| image = Govt. PG College Rampur Bushahr Campus Auditorium view.jpg
| caption = Auditorium view
| motto = सा विद्या या विमुक्तये
| mottoeng = Knowledge is one that liberates
| established = {{Start date and age|1959|11|11|df=yes}}
| type = [[Public Universities|Public]]
| endowment =
| rector =
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| principal = Premi Chint Ram Negi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gcrampur.nic.in/principal-message.html|title=College Principal's desk|website=gcrampur.nic.in|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515115446/https://gcrampur.nic.in/principal-message.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| dean =
| head =
| students = 4993
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Rampur, Himachal Pradesh|Rampur Bushahr]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|31.4550436|77.6409424|type:edu_region:IN-HP|display=title}}
| campus = Urban
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| colors =
| other_names = {{ubl|GDC Rampur Bushahr|GB Pant Memorial Govt. Degree College Rampur Bushahr}}
| mascot =
| website = {{url|https://gcrampur.nic.in}}|
| staff =
| faculty = 46
| affiliations = [[Himachal Pradesh University]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| footnotes = ''Accredited with 'A' grade by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] in 2016.''
}}

'''Govt. PG College Rampur Bushahr''' known as ''[[Govind Ballabh Pant Memorial Government PG College Rampur Bushahr]]'' is a government degree college at Part Bungalow in the town [[Rampur Bushahr]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gcrampur.nic.in/|title=Government Degree College Rampur Bushahr|website=gcrampur.nic.in|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515073213/https://gcrampur.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> College is affiliated with [[Himachal Pradesh University|HPU]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hpuniv.ac.in/university-detail/examination/govt-college-1|title=Government colleges affiliated with Himachal Pradesh University|website=hpuniv.ac.in}}</ref> It is established in 1959. It is situated at shore of [[Sutlej|Satluj river]] near [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 05]] alongside of town.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/focus-on-education-in-remote-areas-cm-298225|title=Focus on education in remote areas-CM in PG College Rampur Bushahr|website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> This college is the center for students of 4 districts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/campus/g-b-pant-memorial-govt-college-rampur-bushahr-himachal-pradesh|title=Rampur college igniting knowledge for students of four districts|website=amarujala.com}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Shimla district]]
[[Category:Education in Shimla]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Himachal Pradesh]]

2019 Nadkarni Cup

2025-10-27T21:00:06Z

Satarupa: basic adjust structure after review and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{infobox football league season
| competition = [[Nadkarni Cup]]
| season = 2019
| winners = [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]
| matches =
| num_teams = 16
| total goals =
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| prevseason = [[2018 Nadkarni Cup|2018]]
| nextseason = [[2020 Nadkarni Cup|2020]]
| updated = 21 August 2019
}}

The '''2019 Nadkarni Cup''' is the 112th season<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadkarni Cup 2019 to commence from 21st August|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/nadkarni-cup-2019-to-commence-from-21st-august/|accessdate=21 August 2019|work=Footballcounter.com}}</ref> of the [[Nadkarni Cup]], a football competition played in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]in state of [[Maharashtra]]. The 16 teams will play the tournament. The cup will commence from 21 August 2019.

==Teams==
A total of 16 teams are participating in this year's competition. 11 teams from [[MDFA Elite Division]] and 5 from [[MDFA Super Division]].
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}

'''MDFA Elite Division'''
*Air India
*Century Rayon
*Central Bank Of India
*Companeros
*FSI - Sea View
*HDFC Bank
*Karnatak Sporting Association
*Millat FC
*Mumbai Customs
*Rhema S.F
*Union Bank Of India
{{col-2}}

'''MDFA Super Division'''
*Atlanta FC
*Bank Of Baroda
*Iron Born - CFCI (U18)
*Kenkre FC (U18)
*Mumbai City (U18)
{{col-end}}

==Group stage==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
!Tiebreakers
|-
|The teams are ranked according to [[Points (association football)|points]] (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria are applied in the order given to determine the rankings:
#Greater number of points obtained in the matches between the Teams concerned
#Goal difference resulting from the matches between the Teams concerned
#Greater number of goals scored in the matches between the Teams concerned
#Goal difference in all the matches
#Greater number of goals scored in all the matches
#Drawing of lots
|}
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|source=[https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/nadkarni-cup/28/]


|name_IBC = Iron Born - CFCI (U18)
|name_KSA = Karnatak Sporting Association
|name_CRY = Century Rayon
|name_AFC = Atlanta FC


|result1=QF |result2=QF


|update=complete
|win_IBC=0 |draw_IBC=1 |loss_IBC=2 |gf_IBC=0 |ga_IBC=5 |status_IBC=
|win_KSA=2 |draw_KSA=0 |loss_KSA=1 |gf_KSA=6 |ga_KSA=3 |status_KSA=
|win_CRY=3 |draw_CRY=0 |loss_CRY=0 |gf_CRY=11 |ga_CRY=2 |status_CRY=
|win_AFC=0 |draw_AFC=1 |loss_AFC=2 |gf_AFC=3 |ga_AFC=9 |status_AFC=


|team1=CRY |team2=KSA |team3=IBC |team4=AFC
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]


|res_col_header=QR
|col_QF=green1 |text_QF=[[#Quarter-finals|Quarter Finals ]]
}}
</onlyinclude>

----
{{footballbox
|date= 21 August 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= Atlanta FC
|score= 0-0
|report=
|team2= Iron Born - CFCI
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 23 August 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= Karnatak Sporting Association
|score= 1-2
|report=
|team2= Century Rayon
|goals1= Allan Dias {{goal|42}}
|goals2= V. Luikham {{goal|64}} Sagar Bedekar {{goal|75}}
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 26 August 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= Karnatak Sporting Association
|score= 2-1
|report=
|team2= Iron Born - CFCI
|goals1= Pawan Mali {{goal|27}} Roger Sam {{goal|62}}
|goals2= Aman Mangani {{goal|5}}
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 27 August 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= Century Rayon
|score= 6-1
|report=
|team2= Atlanta FC
|goals1= Zingshepam Lungleng {{goal|45}} Venkatesh Tolimala {{goal|53}} Sheng Sheng {{goal|64}} Sunil Mani {{goal|83}} Janal Kumar Mandvi {{goal|91}} Thalchan Vashum {{goal|93}}
|goals2= Aditya Kerkar {{goal|80}}
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 1 September 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= Iron Born - CFCI
|score= 0-3
|report=
|team2= Century Rayon
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 1 September 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= Karnatak Sporting Association
|score= 3-2
|report=
|team2= Atlanta FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|source=[https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/nadkarni-cup/28/]


|name_MCS = Mumbai Customs
|name_CBI = Central Bank Of India
|name_HDF = HDFC Bank
|name_BOB = Bank Of Baroda


|result1=QF |result2=QF


|update=complete
|win_MCS=2 |draw_MCS=1 |loss_MCS=0 |gf_MCS=5 |ga_MCS=2 |status_MCS=
|win_CBI=0 |draw_CBI=0 |loss_CBI=3 |gf_CBI=1 |ga_CBI=6 |status_CBI=
|win_HDF=2 |draw_HDF=1 |loss_HDF=0 |gf_HDF=8 |ga_HDF=2 |status_HDF=
|win_BOB=1 |draw_BOB=0 |loss_BOB=2 |gf_BOB=2 |ga_BOB=6 |status_BOB=


|team1=HDF |team2=MCS |team3=BOB |team4=CBI
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]


|res_col_header=QR
|col_QF=green1 |text_QF=[[#Quarter-finals|Quarter Finals ]]
}}
</onlyinclude>

----
{{footballbox
|date= 23 August 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= Bank Of Baroda
|score= 0-1
|report=
|team2= Mumbai Customs
|goals1=
|goals2= Dhawal Waghela {{goal|49}}
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 24 August 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= HDFC Bank
|score= 2-0
|report=
|team2= Central Bank Of India
|goals1= Ramesh Singh {{goal|54}} Prashant Rane {{goal|64}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 28 August 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= Central Bank Of India
|score= 0-1
|report=
|team2= Bank Of Baroda
|goals1=
|goals2= Kevin Fernandes {{goal|88}}
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 28 August 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= HDFC Bank
|score= 1-1
|report=
|team2= Mumbai Customs
|goals1= Melchoir Fernandes {{goal|59}}
|goals2= Hekmat Singh {{goal|93}}
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 2 September 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= HDFC Bank
|score= 5-1
|report=
|team2= Bank Of Baroda
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 2 September 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= Mumbai Customs
|score= 3-1
|report=
|team2= Central Bank Of India
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Group C===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|source=[https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/nadkarni-cup/28/]


|name_AIR = Air India
|name_MCF = Mumbai City (U18)
|name_MFC = Millat FC
|name_FSI = FSI -Sea View


|result1=QF |result2=QF


|update=complete
|win_AIR=3 |draw_AIR=0 |loss_AIR=0 |gf_AIR=11 |ga_AIR=1 |status_AIR=
|win_MCF=2 |draw_MCF=0 |loss_MCF=1 |gf_MCF=8 |ga_MCF=3 |status_MCF=
|win_MFC=0 |draw_MFC=1 |loss_MFC=2 |gf_MFC=2 |ga_MFC=7 |status_MFC=
|win_FSI=0 |draw_FSI=1 |loss_FSI=2 |gf_FSI=1 |ga_FSI=11 |status_FSI=


|team1=AIR |team2=MCF |team3=MFC |team4=FSI
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]


|res_col_header=QR
|col_QF=green1 |text_QF=[[#Quarter-finals|Quarter Finals ]]
}}
</onlyinclude>

----
{{footballbox
|date= 24 August 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= Millat FC
|score= 1-1
|report=
|team2= FSI – Sea View
|goals1= Tarique Ansari {{goal|2}}
|goals2= Abhishek Bhopale {{goal|77}}
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 25 August 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= Air India
|score= 2-1
|report=
|team2= Mumbai City U-18
|goals1= Sanchit Singh {{goal|4}} Rosenberg Gabriel {{goal|90}}
|goals2= Shreyas Vatekar {{goal|9}}
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 29 August 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= Air India
|score= 2-0
|report=
|team2= Millat FC
|goals1= Sumesh Nair {{goal|40}} Johnson D’silva {{goal|70}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 30 August 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= Mumbai City U-18
|score= 3-0
|report=
|team2= FSI – Sea View
|goals1= Twain Fernandes {{goal|5}} Abel Fernandes {{goal|8}} Izaan Shaikh {{goal|69}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 3 September 2019
|time= 15:00
|team1= Air India
|score= 7-0
|report=
|team2= FSI – Sea View
|goals1= Rosenberg Gabriel {{goal|20}} {{goal|30}} Ashiqe Mohammed {{goal|23}} Rishikesh Shinde {{goal|68}} {{goal|76}} {{goal|83}} Johnson D’ Silva {{goal|78}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 5 September 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= Millat FC
|score= 1-4
|report=
|team2= Mumbai City U-18
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Neville D'souza Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Group D===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|source=[https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/nadkarni-cup/28/]


|name_UBI = Union Bank Of India
|name_RSF = Rhema S.F
|name_COM = Companeros
|name_KFC = Kenkre FC (U18)


|result1=QF |result2=QF


|update=complete
|win_UBI=3 |draw_UBI=0 |loss_UBI=0 |gf_UBI=14 |ga_UBI=0 |status_UBI=
|win_RSF=2 |draw_RSF=0 |loss_RSF=1 |gf_RSF=4 |ga_RSF=4 |status_RSF=
|win_COM=0 |draw_COM=0 |loss_COM=2 |gf_COM=0 |ga_COM=4 |status_COM=
|win_KFC=0 |draw_KFC=0 |loss_KFC=2 |gf_KFC=0 |ga_KFC=10 |status_KFC=


|team1=UBI |team2=RSF |team3=COM |team4=KFC
|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]


|res_col_header=QR
|col_QF=green1 |text_QF=[[#Quarter-finals|Quarter Finals ]]
}}
</onlyinclude>

----
{{footballbox
|date= 25 August 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= Kenkre (U18)
|score= 0-2
|report=
|team2= Rhema S.F
|goals1=
|goals2= Hari Saini {{goal|16}} Ehtesham Mujawar {{goal|86}}
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 26 August 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= Union Bank Of India
|score= 2-0
|report=
|team2= Companeros
|goals1= Sherwyn Chang {{goal|25}} Pradeep Mannewar {{goal|75}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 30 August 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= Rhema S.F
|score= 2-0
|report=
|team2= Companeros
|goals1= Hari Saini {{goal|60}} Vasant Thapa {{goal|68}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 31 August 2019
|time= 14:00
|team1= Union Bank Of India
|score= 8-0
|report=
|team2= Kenkre (U18)
|goals1= Pradeep Mannewar {{goal|14}} {{goal|16}} {{goal|75}} Hasan Golwalla {{goal|30}} Vallentine Pereira {{goal|35}} {{goal|53}} {{goal|67}} Jay Wadhwa {{goal|50}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 7 September 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= Companeros
|score= Abandoned
|report=
|team2= Kenkre (U18)
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{footballbox
|date= 5 September 2019
|time= 16:00
|team1= Union Bank Of India
|score= 4-0
|report=
|team2= Rhema S.F
|goals1= Elvin Fernandes {{goal|23}} {{goal|91}} Jay Wadhwa {{goal|35}} Athang Kanekar {{goal|53}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==Knockout stage==

===Bracket===
{{8TeamBracket
| RD1=Quarter-Finals
| RD2=Semi-Finals
| RD3=Final

| RD1-seed1 =
| RD1-team1 = Century Rayon
| RD1-score1 = 3(2)
| RD1-seed2 =
| RD1-team2 = Mumbai Customs
| RD1-score2 = 3(4)

| RD1-seed3 =
| RD1-team3 = Air India
| RD1-score3 = 7
| RD1-seed4 =
| RD1-team4 = Rhema S.F
| RD1-score4 = 0

| RD1-seed5 =
| RD1-team5 = Karnatak Sporting Association
| RD1-score5 = 0(4)
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = HDFC Bank
| RD1-score6 = 0(5)

| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = Mumbai City (U18)
| RD1-score7 = 2
| RD1-seed8 =
| RD1-team8 = Union Bank Of India
| RD1-score8 = 1

| RD2-team1 = Mumbai Customs
| RD2-score1 = 0
| RD2-team2 = Air India
| RD2-score2 = 2

| RD2-team3 = HDFC Bank
| RD2-score3 = 4
| RD2-team4 = Mumbai City (U18)
| RD2-score4 = 2

| RD3-team1 = Air India
| RD3-score1 = 2
| RD3-team2 = HDFC Bank
| RD3-score2 = 1
}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{Football box
|date=6 September 2019
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Century Rayon
|score= 3-3
|report=
|team2= Mumbai Customs
|goals1=
|goals2=
|penalties1 =
|penaltyscore = 2-4
|penalties2 =
|stadium=[[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date=6 September 2019
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Karnatak Sporting Association
|score= 0-0
|report=
|team2= HDFC Bank
|goals1=
|goals2=
|penalties1 =
|penaltyscore = 4-5
|penalties2 =
|stadium=[[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date=7 September 2019
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Air India
|score= 7-0
|report=
|team2= Rhema S.F
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date=7 September 2019
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Mumbai City (U18)
|score= 2-1
|report=
|team2= Union Bank Of India
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Football box
|date=9 September 2019
|time=14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=HDFC Bank
|score= 4-2
|report=
|team2=Mumbai City (U18)
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date=9 September 2019
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Mumbai Customs
|score= 0-2
|report=
|team2= Air India
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==Final==
{{footballbox
|date= 14 September 2019
|time= 18:00
|team1= Air India
|score= 2-1
|aet=
|report=
|team2= HDFC Bank
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|event=
|round=
|penaltyscore=
|penalties1=
|penalties2=
}}

==Goalscrores==
;4 goals
* {{flagicon|IND}} Pradeep Mannewar (Union Bank Of India)

;3 goals

* {{flagicon|IND}} Vallentine Pereira (Union Bank Of India)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Rosenberg Gabriel ([[Air India (football club)|Air India]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Rishikesh Shinde ([[Air India (football club)|Air India]])

;2 goals

* {{flagicon|IND}} Hari Saini (Rhema S.F)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Johnson D'silva ([[Air India (football club)|Air India]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Elvin Fernandes ([[Union Bank Of India]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Jay Wadhwa (Union Bank Of India)

;1 goal

* {{flagicon|IND}} Allan Dias (Karnatak Sporting Association)
* {{flagicon|IND}} V. Luikham (Century Rayon)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sagar Bedkar (Century Rayon)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Pawan Mali (Karnatak Sporting Association)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Roger Sam (Karnatak Sporting Association)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Aman Mangani (Iron Born - CFCI)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Zingshepam Lungleng (Century Rayon)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Venkatesh Tolimala (Century Rayon)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sheng Sheng (Century Rayon)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sunil Mani (Century Rayon)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Janal Kumar Mandvi (Century Rayon)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Thalchan Vashum (Century Rayon))
* {{flagicon|IND}} Dhawal Waghela (Mumbai Customs)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Ramesh Singh (HDFC Bank)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Prashant Rane (HDFC Bank)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Kevin Fernandes (Bank Of Baroda)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Melchoir Fernandes (HDFC Bank)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Hekmat Singh (Mumbai Customs)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Tarique Ansari (Millat FC)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Abhishek Bhopale (FSI – Sea View)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sanchit Singh ([[Air India (football club)|Air India]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Shreyas Vatekar (Mumbai City U-18)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sumesh Nair ([[Air India (football club)|Air India]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Twain Fernandes (Mumbai City U-18)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Abel Fernandes (Mumbai City U-18)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Izaan Shaikh (Mumbai City U-18)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Ehtesham Mujawar (Rhema S.F)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sherwyn Chang (Union Bank Of India)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Vasant Thapa (Rhema S.F)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Hasan Golwalla (Union Bank Of India)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Ashiqe Mohammed ([[Air India (football club)|Air India]])
* {{flagicon|IND}} Athang Kanekar ([[Union Bank Of India]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in Maharashtra}}
{{2018–19 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Mumbai Football League]]
[[Category:2018–19 in Indian football]]

National Highway 5A (India, old numbering)

2025-10-24T05:46:31Z

Satarupa: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 53 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Halakki Vokkaliga

2025-10-22T17:44:29Z

Satarupa: adjusted section also and added references

{{Short description|Indigenous tribe of Karnataka, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

The '''Halakki-Vokkalu''' ({{Langx|kn|ಹಾಲಕ್ಕಿ ಸಮುದಾಯ}}, also transliterated as '''Halwakki-Wakkal''' and '''Halakki-Vokkaliga''') are an indigenous tribe of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="Second Backward Classes Commission">{{cite book |date=1986 |title=REPORT OF THE SECOND BACKWARD CLASSES COMMISSION|volume=3|location=Bangalore|publisher=Government of Karnataka|page=38,49}}:Halwakki Wakkal is an agricultural
class, who are relatively poor. Gam Vokkalu, Kare
Vokkalu and Atte Vokkalu are grouped under this.
They mainly live in North Kanara District and are
distinct from Vokkaligas.</ref> They are found predominantly in [[Uttara Kannada]] district and are distinct from [[Vokkaliga]]s.<ref name="Second Backward Classes Commission"/>

Halakki Vokkaligas living in the foot of [[Western Ghats]] are known as the "[[Indigenous peoples|Aboriginals]] of Uttara Kannada". Their way of living is still ancient. The women adorn themselves with beads and necklaces, heavy nose rings and distinctive attire.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/visit-the-400-year-old-tribes-of-halakki-vokkaligas-and-sidhis-in-uttara-kannada/articleshow/46771930.cms|title=Visit the 400-year-old tribes of Halakki Vokkaligas and Sidhis in Uttara Kannada|date=2015-04-02|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-08-06}}</ref> Halakki speak a specific dialect of [[Kannada]] called Achchagannada.

==Reservation==

The Halakkis are currently classified as [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Commission for Backward Classes|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqq3bdU2+MS4jCYieqRNO1XcIozUEJpyYh|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.ncbc.nic.in}}</ref> Taking Halakkis cognisance of the tribe’s demands to be recognised as a [[Scheduled Tribe]], a study was commissioned by the social welfare department and a report was submitted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/halakki-vokkaligas-await-inclusion-in-scheduled-tribes-list/articleshow/57260570.cms|title=Halakki Vokkaligas await inclusion in Scheduled Tribes' list|date=21 February 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2019 }}</ref>

== Notable Halakkis ==
*[[Sukri Bommagowda]] was a notable Halakki Vokkaliga that won the [[Padma Shri]] for folk singing, she is fondly known as "Nightingale of Halakis".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/unsung-hero-karnataka-sukri-bommagowda-wins-padma-shri-award-56288|title=Unsung hero of Karnataka, Sukri Bommagowda wins Padma Shri award|last=TNM Staff|date=25 January 2017|website=thenewsminute.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref>

*Vaidya Hanumanath Bommu Gouda<ref name="bsg-about">{{Cite web|title = About - BSG Healthcare Inc. |url = https://bsghealthcareinc.com/about/|website = www.bsghealthcareinc.com|accessdate = 2020-06-28}}</ref> is also a notable Halakki Vokkaliga and he holds many respected posts such as member of the Department of Folk Science in Hampi Kannada University, member of Western Ghats Forest Products, member of the J.C. club and a few others. Observing his humble service in the medical field and social service he was honoured with fellowship in New-Delhi in 2005, Vaidya Ratna award in 2005, Karnataka's most respected award Kannada Rajyostava Award in 2014.<ref name="bsg-about" />

*[[Tulsi Gowda]] is an environmentalist from [[Ankola]] [[taluk]] who was honoured with the Padma Shri award in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tulsi Gowda 'Encyclopedia of the Forest', Receives Padma Shri At 77|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/tulsi-gowda-encyclopedia-of-the-forest-receives-padma-shri-at-77-1874870-2021-11-09|access-date=2022-02-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<References />

[[Category:Vokkaliga]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
[[Category:Other Backward Classes of Karnataka]]

Nitro (Imagicaa)

2025-09-23T20:57:38Z

Satarupa: made first page first draft

{{Short description|Floorless coaster at Imagicaa in India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox roller coaster
| name = Nitro
| logo = 
| logodimensions = 
| image = Adlabs Imagica 2013 (10364145606).jpg
| imagedimensions = 250px
| caption = Nitro in October 2013
| previousnames =
| location = Imagicaa
| locationarticle =
| section = Americana
| subsection = 
| coordinates = {{coord|18.766376|73.279961|display=inline,title}}
| status = Operating
| opened = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|10}}
| soft_opened = 
| year = 
| closed = 
| cost =
| previousattraction =
| replacement =
| extend = 
| type = Steel
| type2 = Floorless Coaster
| type3 = 
| manufacturer = Bolliger & Mabillard
| designer =
| model = [[Floorless Coaster]]
| track = [[Twister roller coaster|Twister]]
| lift = [[Chain lift hill]]
| height_ft = 132
| drop_ft = 
| drop_m = 
| length_ft = 2800
| length_m = 
| speed_mph = 65.2
| speed_km/h = 
| inversions = 5
| duration = 2:30
| angle = 
| capacity =
| acceleration = 
| acceleration_from = 
| acceleration_mph = 
| acceleration_km/h = 
| acceleration_in = 
| gforce =
| restriction_ft = 
| restriction_in = 52
| restriction_cm = 
| trains = 2
| carspertrain = 6
| rowspercar = 1
| ridersperrow = 4
| virtual_queue_name =
| virtual_queue_image = 
| virtual_queue_status = 
| single_rider = 
| accessible = 
| transfer_accessible = 
| custom_label_1 =
| custom_value_1 =
| custom_label_2 =
| custom_value_2 =
| custom_label_3 =
| custom_value_3 =
| custom_label_4 =
| custom_value_4 =
| rcdb_number = 6817
}}

'''Nitro''' ({{langx|mr |नाइट्रो|Naitro}}) is a [[steel roller coaster|steel]] [[Floorless Coaster]] at [[Imagicaa]] [[amusement park]] in [[Khopoli]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Manufactured by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]], the roller coaster reaches a maximum height of {{convert|132|ft|m|adj=off}} and a maximum speed of {{Convert|65.2|mph|km/h}}. The coaster also features five [[Roller coaster inversion|inversions]]. Nitro opened to the public in October 2013.

==History==
As construction progressed with the [[theme park]] in early 2013, the owners of the park gave no details about the roller coaster other than that it would be the largest roller coaster in India.<ref name=screamscape>{{cite web|last=Hart|first=Lance|title=Small International Parks|url=http://www.screamscape.com/html/small_international_parks.htm#Adlabs|publisher=Screamscape|access-date=28 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701032352/http://screamscape.com/html/small_international_parks.htm|archive-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> Even after the [[Roller Coaster Database]] reported that a [[Bolliger & Mabillard]] [[Floorless Coaster]] would be built at the park, the owners still released no details.<ref name=screamscape/><ref name=RCDB>{{cite RCDB|coaster_name=Nitro|location=Adlabs Imagica|rcdb_number=6817|access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> In April 2013, the first pieces of the roller coaster were erected.<ref>{{cite news|title='Indian Disney' has toys inspired by Bollywood|url=http://g1.globo.com/turismo-e-viagem/fotos/2013/04/disney-indiana-tem-brinquedos-inspirados-em-bollywood.html#F783090|access-date=28 February 2014|newspaper=G1|date=23 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427093340/http://g1.globo.com/turismo-e-viagem/fotos/2013/04/disney-indiana-tem-brinquedos-inspirados-em-bollywood.html#F783090|archive-date=27 April 2013}}</ref> By the end of August, all of the coaster's track was installed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marden|first=Duane|title=Nitro Pictures Archive (Adlabs Imagica)|url=http://rcdb.com/6817.htm?p=0|publisher=[[Roller Coaster DataBase]]|access-date=5 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803233840/http://rcdb.com/6817.htm?p=0|archive-date=3 August 2013}}</ref> Then in the third quarter of 2013, Adlabs Imagica released the details of Nitro.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitro|url=http://park.adlabsimagica.com/attraction/americana/nitro|publisher=Adlabs Imagica|access-date=28 February 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017064647/http://park.adlabsimagica.com/attraction/americana/nitro|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>

Nitro was originally scheduled to open in May 2013;<ref>{{cite news|title=Adlabs Imagica: Will it be a Roller Coaster for Manmohan Shetty?|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/breakpoint/adlabs-imagica-will-it-be-a-roller-coaster-for-manmohan-shetty/35177/1|work=Forbes India|access-date=21 February 2014|date=17 May 2013|author=Samar Srivastava|author2=Deepak Ajwani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828101218/http://forbesindia.com/article/breakpoint/adlabs-imagica-will-it-be-a-roller-coaster-for-manmohan-shetty/35177/1|archive-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> however, it did not open until October.<ref name=RCDB/>

In 2018, Imagicaa announced that Nitro would be renamed to [[Hot Wheels]] Nitro, after a partnership with [[Mattel]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mander |first1=Michael |title=Imagica to partner with Mattel for Hot Wheels rides |url=https://blooloop.com/theme-park/news/imagica-hot-wheels/ |website=Blooloop |date=23 October 2018 |access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref>

==Ride experience==
Once the [[train (roller coaster)|train]] is loaded and secured, the steel floor is retracted and the gate in front of the train opens. After being dispatched, the train immediately begins to climb the {{convert|132|ft|m|adj=on}} [[chain lift hill]]. At the top, the train drops down a small straight section before finishing the drop with a sharp turn to the right. When the train reaches the bottom of the drop, it reaches its maximum speed of {{Convert|65.2|mph|km/h}} and enters a [[vertical loop]], followed by a [[Roller coaster elements#Dive loop|dive loop]]. After making a slight turn to the right, the train makes a banked right turn through the loop it passes through before. Then, the train passes through a [[trim brake]] (to slow the train down) before entering a [[Roller coaster elements#Zero-gravity roll|zero-gravity roll]]. The train then makes a banked turn to the left leading into the first of the [[Roller coaster elements#Interlocking corkscrews|interlocking corkscrews]]. After a banked turn to the right and a slight turn to the left, the train goes through the second corkscrew. The train then enters an approximate 180-degree downward banked turn to the left before making a final right turn into the [[brake run]] which leads directly back to the station. When the train arrives back to the station, the floors come back up, with the front gate closes, and the next riders board.<ref name=RCDB/> One cycle of the ride lasts about 2 minutes and 30 seconds.<ref name=RCDB/>

==Characteristics==

===Track===

Designed by Bolliger & Mabillard, the steel track of Nitro is approximately {{convert|2800|ft|m|adj=off}} long, and the height of the lift is {{convert|132|ft|m|adj=on}} high.<ref name=RCDB/><ref>{{cite web|title=Nitro Launch|url=http://park.adlabsimagica.com/nitro-launch|publisher=Adlabs Imagica|access-date=24 February 2014 |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228014036/http://park.adlabsimagica.com/nitro-launch |archive-date=28 February 2014}}</ref> The roller coaster also features five inversions.<ref name=RCDB/> The track is painted red with yellow rails and blue supports.

===Trains===

Nitro operates with two steel and fiberglass trains. Each train has six cars that can seat four rides in a single row, for a total of 24 riders per train; each seat has its own individual over the shoulder restraint. The structure of the trains are coloured blue, red, and yellow; the seats are black and the restraints are yellow. Also, unlike traditional steel roller coasters, Nitro does not have a floor on its trains.<ref name=RCDB/>

With the trains reaching a top speed of {{Convert|65.2|mph|km/h}}, Nitro is the second fastest Bolliger & Mabillard Floorless Coaster.<ref name=RCDB/>

==Reception==
Neha Borkar from the [[Indiatimes]] said, "[The roller coaster] almost kills you, because it twirls, twists, and turns at a rapid speed, which reminds you of speed from the movies like 'Final Destination' and 'The Fast and the Furious'.<ref>{{cite news|last=Borkar|first=Neha|title=Review: Adlabs Imagica|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/review-adlabs-imagica-116265-2.html|access-date=5 March 2014|newspaper=[[Indiatimes]]|date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109105357/http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/review-adlabs-imagica-116265-2.html|archive-date=9 January 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZXHzc6lGQk&feature=c4-overview&list=UUT-LpxQVr4JlrC_mYwJGJ3Q In-ride view]
*[https://www.imagicaaworld.com/theme-park/roller-coaster-thrill-rides/nitro/ Official Nitro Website]

[[Category:Floorless Coaster roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard]]
[[Category:Roller coasters opened in 2013]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Roller coasters in India]]

Ninaithale Inikkum (talk show)

2025-08-28T07:26:09Z

Satarupa: made a details needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Ninaithale Inikkum Vendhar TV.jpg
| genre = Talk show
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| creative_director =
| director = [[Dinakaran S]]
| presenter = [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushboo Sundar]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 22
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company = [[Vendhar TV (Tamil channel)|Vendhar TV]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| music =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 60-120 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Vendhar TV (Tamil channel)|Vendhar TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|8|30}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|4|5}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''''Ninaithale Inikkum''''' is an Indian [[Tamil-language]] television [[talk show]], which aired for 22 episodes on [[Vendhar TV]] from 30 August 2014 to 5 April 2015 on every Sunday at 12:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. The talk show was presented by [[Tamil cinema]] actress [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushboo Sundar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/kushbhu-s-ninaithaale-inikkum-216697.html|title= ஞாயிறுகளில் குஷ்புவின் நினைத்தாலே இனிக்கும்|date= 10 December 2014|publisher=tamil.oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiancinezone.com/category/ninaithale-inikkum/|title= ninaithale Inikkum on Vendhar TV|publisher=indiancinezone.com}}</ref> The show features many segments including a whacky self indulging make-up by the celebrities, surprise guests either from the celebrity's family or friends, shopping, and many more.

==Guests==
*Episode 1 & 2: [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushboo Sundar]]
*Episode 3: [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
*Episode 4: [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
*Episode 5: [[Jiiva]] & [[Thulasi Nair]]
*Episode 6: [[Vijay Sethupathi]] & [[Ramesh Thilak]]
*Episode 7 & 8: [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
*Episode 9: [[Priya Anand]]
*Episode 10 & 11: [[R. Sarathkumar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/A-memorable-meeting-for-Sarathkumar/articleshow/45296394.cms|title= A memorable meeting for Sarathkumar|work=The Times of India|date= 27 November 2014|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*Episode 12: [[Sundar C]]
*Episode 13: [[Kovai Sarala]]
*Episode 14: [[S. J. Surya]]
*Episode 15: [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Siddharth-on-TV-after-break-up-with-Samantha/articleshow/45963871.cms|title= Siddharth on TV after break up with Samantha|work=The Times of India|date= 21 January 2015|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*Episode 16: [[Atharvaa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Atharvaa-on-Ninaithaale-Inikkum/articleshow/46065877.cms|title= Atharvaa-on-Ninaithaale-Inikkum|work=The Times of India|date= 30 January 2015|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*Episode 17: [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
*Episode 18: [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/the-designer-in-an-actor/article7743311.ece|title= The designer in an actor|work=The Hindu|date= 9 October 2015|publisher=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
*Episode 19: [[Nadhiya]]
*Episode 20: [[Venkat Prabhu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/ninaithale-inikkum-on-vendhar-tv-033645.html|title= குஷ்புவும், வெங்கட்பிரபுவும்… "வேந்தரின்" நினைத்தாலே இனிக்கும்!|publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Venkat-Prabhu-on-Kushbus-Ninaithale-Inikkum/articleshow/46606221.cms|title= Venkat Prabhu on Kushbu's 'Ninaithale Inikkum'|work=The Times of India|date= 18 March 2015|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*Episode 21: [[Jayam Ravi]]
*Episode 22: [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]

==International broadcast==
The series was released on 30 August 2014 on [[Vendhar TV (Tamil channel)|Vendhar TV]]. It was also broadcast internationally on the channel's international distribution. It airs in Australia, United States, [[Europe]] and Canada on [[Athavan TV]]. The show's episodes were released on [[Vendhar TV (Tamil channel)|Vendhar TV]]'s YouTube channel.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Network !! Timeslot
|-
| {{IND}}
| [[Vendhar TV]]
| Sunday 12:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|-
| {{AUS}}
| rowspan="4" | [[Athavan TV]]
| rowspan="4" | Sunday 1:00PM
|-
| {{flagicon|Canada}} Canada
|-
| {{flagicon|European Union}} [[Europe|Europa]]
|-
| {{flagicon|United States}} United States
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723014016/http://vendharmedia.in/= Vendhar TV website] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/VendharTV Vendhar TV on YouTube]

{{Vendhar TV shows}}

[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language talk shows]]
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Bhag Singh Wala

2025-08-13T21:48:10Z

Satarupa: started new bio v1

{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhag Singh Wala
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.68466109562015|74.54240581216891|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 1025
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151212
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Bhag Singh Wala''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਭਾਗ ਸਿੰਘ ਵਾਲਾ) is a village located in the [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhag Singh Wala · Punjab 151212, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bhag+Singh+Wala,+Punjab+151212/@30.6847655,74.5397657,15.5z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x391761d2444b3913:0xe2c91af893911102!8m2!3d30.6842135!4d74.5423003!16s/g/1tfqpbc0?hl=en&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIxMi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Bhag Singh Wala · Punjab 151212, India |language=en}}</ref> The village has a population of 1,025 of which 517 are males while 508 are females as per the census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhag Singhwala Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35496-bhag-singhwala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151212.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PinCodeArea |title=Postal Code: BHAG SINGHWALA, Post Gurudwara Jand Sahib BO (Faridkot, Punjab) |url=https://pincodearea.in/BHAG-SINGHWALA-Pincode-PO-Gurudwara-Jand-Sahib-BO |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=PinCodeArea |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Gazole (community development block)

2025-08-07T10:37:51Z

Satarupa: cleanup

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gazole
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Gazole in Malda (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.2204800|N|88.1892700|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 513.73
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 343,830
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732124
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]]/telephone code
| area_code = 03512
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gazole (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gazole]]
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gazole''' (also spelled Gajol) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Malda Sadar subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
===Gauda and Pandua===
[[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] was once the “capital of the ancient bhukti or political division of Bengal known as [[Pundravardhana]] which lay on the eastern extremity of the [[Gupta Empire]].” During the rule of the [[Sena Dynasty]], in the 11th-12th century, Gauda was rebuilt and extended as Lakshmanawati (later Lakhnauti), and it became the hub of the Sena empire. Gauda was conquered by [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] in 1205. During the Turko-Afghan period, “the city of Lakhnauti or Gauda continued to function initially as their capital but was abandoned in 1342 by the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi sultans]] in favour of [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] because of major disturbances along the river course of the [[Ganges|Ganga]].” “Pandua then lay on the banks of the [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]], which was the major waterway of the sultanate at the time. However, when the Mahananda too began to veer away from the site of Pandua in the mid-15th century, Gauda was rebuilt and restored to the status of capital city by the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi sultans]]”… With the ascent of [[Akbar]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] throne at Delhi… the Mughals annexed the ancient region of [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] in 1576 and created the Diwani of Bengal. The centre of regional power shifted across the Ganga to [[Rajmahal]]. Following the demise of the independent sultanate, the regional importance of the Gauda or Malda region declined irreversibly and the city of Gauda was eventually abandoned.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Malda district===
With the advent of the British, their trading and commercial interests focused on the new cities of Malda and English Bazar. Malda district was formed in 1813 with “some portion of outlying areas of Purnia, Dinajpur and Rajshahi districts”. A separate treasury was established in 1832 and a full-fledged Magistrate and Collector was posted in 1859. Malda district was part of Rajshahi Division till 1876, when it was transferred to Bhagalpur Division, and again transferred in 1905 to Rajshahi Division. With the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed Malda district in India, except the Nawabganj subdivision, which was placed in East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 6-8: Brief History of the District |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 6 January 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
Gazole is located at {{coord|25.2204800|N|88.1892700|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB |}}.

The ruins of the historic city [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] are located in Gazole block and also naturally growing a forest which called Adina Forest (now it is a Deer Park namely [[Adina Deer Park]]).

Gazole CD Block is a part of the [[Barind Tract]], one of the three physiographic subregions of the district that goes beyond the boundaries of the district. “This region is made up of the ancient alluvial humps that are remnants of old riverine flood plains that remained unaffected subsequently by inundation and renewed silting.” It forms an upland slightly higher than the surrounding areas. Old Malda and Gazole CD Blocks form the Mahananda-Tangon [[interfluve]]s area. Barind soils permit little percolation and most of the monsoon runoff accumulates in the large natural [[Beel|bils]] (ponds) in the [[ravine]]s formed by the courses of the [[Tangon River|Tangon]] and [[Punarbhaba River|Punarbhaba]] rivers, covering the lowlands.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 311: Map of Gazole CD Block|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 October 2018}}</ref>

Gazole CD Block is bounded by [[Itahar (community development block)|Itahar]] CD Block of Uttar Dinajpur district, [[Harirampur (community development block)|Harirampur]] and [[Bansihari (community development block)|Bansihari]] CD Blocks of Dakshin Dinajpur district on the north, [[Bamangola (community development block)|Bamangola]] CD Block on the east, [[Habibpur (community development block)|Habibpur]] and [[Old Malda (community development block)|Old Malda]] CD Blocks on the south and [[Ratua II]] CD Block on the west.<ref name=censusmap/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/uttar-dinajpur.html |title = Uttar Dinajpur CD Block/ Tehsil Map |publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 24 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/dakshin-dinajpur.html |title = Dakshin Dinajpur CD Block/ Tehsil Map |publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 24 October 2018}}</ref>

Gazole CD Block has an area of 513.73 km2.<ref name=admin>{{cite web| url = http://malda.nic.in/ |title = Gazole at a Glance|access-date = 14 February 2011|work = Maldah District |publisher = District administration}}</ref> It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 15 [[gram panchayat]]s, 220 gram sansads (village councils), 293 [[mouza]]s and 286 inhabited villages. [[Gazole Town#Police station|Gazole]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Gazole.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Maldah with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 29 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | title = BDO Offices under Malda District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 8 November 2018 | archive-date = 12 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181012074655/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Gazole is an intermediate [[Panchayati Raj|panchayat]] in Malda district. The village panchayats under it are: Alal, Babupur, Bairagachi I & II, Chaknagar, Deotala, Gazole I & II, Karkach, Majhra, [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], Raniganj I & II, Sahajadpur and Salaidanga.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Malda district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==


===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Gazole CD Block had a total population of 343,830, of which 332,191 were rural and 11,639 were urban. There were 174,536 (51%) males and 169,294 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 44,134. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 128,464 (37.36%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 68,548 (19.94%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>

There are two census towns in Gazole CD Block was (2011 population in brackets): [[Bandhail]] (6,175) and [[Rangabhita]] (5,464).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Gazole CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): Rajaram Chak (5,379), Saharol (4,365), Arazi Deharul (5,934), Bahirgachhi (8,014), Alinagar (4,895), Kutub Sahar (6,807), Mishipur (5,105), [[Adina, Malda|Adina]] (6,581), Barijpur (4,652), Saidpur (4,561), [[Gazole Town|Gajol]] (4,626), Garail (4,251), Bade Mayna (6,452), Deotala (4,916), Duba Khoksan (4,475), Raniganj (4,880) and Arazi Jalsa (4,085).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Gazole CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Alal (2,050), Kakrach (651), Babupur (2,709), Chak Nagar (1,998), Sahazadpur (1,275), Salaidanga (1,427), Majhra (797) and [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] (1,911).<ref name=census2011/>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 25.72,29.30,26.41,16.67
|y2 = 26.00,29.78,24.78,21.22
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.77,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Gazole CD Block
|y2Title=Malda district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}
Note: The CD Block data for 1971-1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for Gazole PS

The decadal growth of population in Gazole CD Block in 2001-2011 was 16.67%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 50 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 April 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Gazole PS covering Gazole CD Block in 1991-2001 was 26.41%. The decadal growth of population in Gazole PS in 1981-91 was 29.30% and in 1971-81 was 25.72%.<ref name="humandev1">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 11-14 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate of population in Malda district was as follows: 30.33% in 1951-61, 31.98% in 1961-71, 26.00% in 1971-81, 29.78% in 1981-91, 24.78% in 1991-2001 and 21.22% in 2001-11.<ref name="growthmalda">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = Malda - Table 2.3 Growth of Population by sex on different census years in the district of Malda | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93 in 2001-2011, 17.77% in 1991-2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Provisional population totals Paper I: West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Malda district has the second highest decadal population growth rate, for the decade 2001-2011, in West Bengal with a figure of 21.2% which is much higher than the state average (13.8%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Maldah| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 15 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal growth rate in the state with 23.2%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1904_PART_B_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> Decadal growth rate of population is higher than that of neighbouring Murshidabad district, which has the next highest growth rate.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1907_PART_B_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf| title = Census of India 2011 District Census Handbook Murshidabad| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

As per the Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department of the Government of West Bengal and 1971 census, only 1.7% of around 6 million refugees who had come in from erstwhile East Pakistan, were resettled in Malda district. The Barind tract was opened for refugee resettlement in the aftermath of the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/refugee-relief-and-rehabilitation | title = Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation | work = Government | publisher = Egiye Bangla | access-date = 3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calternatives.org/resource/pdf/The%20Puzzling%20Numbers%20The%20Politics%20of%20Counting%20%27Refugees%27%20in%20West%20Bengal.pdf| title= The Puzzling Numbers: The Politics of Counting Refugees in West Bengal| first= Abhijit| last= Dasgupta| work= Table 1.2, Page 66| publisher= South Asian Refgees Watch, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2000| access-date= 3 November 2018| archive-date= 29 April 2018| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180429223013/http://www.calternatives.org/resource/pdf/The%20Puzzling%20Numbers%20The%20Politics%20of%20Counting%20%27Refugees%27%20in%20West%20Bengal.pdf| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = page 91 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Population density in the district has intensified from 162 persons per km2 in 1901 to 881 in 2001 (i.e., around five times), which is highest amongst the districts of North Bengal. However, unlike the densely populated southern regions of West Bengal, urbanisation remains low in Malda district. North Bengal in general, and Malda in particular, has been witness to large scale population movement from other states in India and other districts of West Bengal, as well as from outside the country. The District Human Development Report for Malda notes, “Malda district has been a principal recipient of the human migration waves of the 20th century.”<ref name="humandev1"/>

There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] coming through the international border. Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bangladesh-government-warns-india-of-increased-infiltration-by-jihadis-jmb-huji | title = Bangladeshi Govt warns India of increased infiltration by jihadis | publisher = the quint |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/12105-infiltration-decreasing-through-india-bangla-border | title =Infiltration decreasing through India Bangla border | publisher =Sunday Guardian | access-date =30 October 2018 | archive-date =7 November 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010145/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/12105-infiltration-decreasing-through-india-bangla-border | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! GP Wise population of Gazole Block (2011 Census)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malda.gov.in/gp_pop.htm|title=GP wise population|publisher=www.malda.gov.in|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508161033/http://www.malda.gov.in/gp_pop.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! GP !! Male !! Female !! Total
|-
| Alal ||17482|| 16762 || 34244
|-
| Karkach || 12141|| 11532 || 23673
|-
| Deotola || 10820 || 10371 || 21191
|-
| Babupur || 6776 || 6762 || 13538
|-
| Salaidanga || 14676 || 14253 || 28929
|-
| Gazole I || 15703 || 15473 || 31176
|-
| Gazole II || 9208 || 9234 || 18442
|-
| Sahajadpur || 11806 || 11672 || 23478
|-
| Chaknagar || 8990 || 8650 || 17640
|-
| Bairgachi I || 6457 || 6302 || 12759
|-
| Bairgachi II|| 11853 || 11555 || 23408
|-
| Pandua || 17849 || 17150 || 34999
|-
| Raniganj I|| 7526 || 7111 || 14637
|-
| Raniganj II || 9673 || 9326 || 18999
|-
| Majhra || 13576 || 13141 || 26717
|-
| Total || 174536|| 169294 || 343830
|}

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Gazole CD Block was 189,014 (63.07% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 106,217 (69.79% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 82,797 (56.13% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 13.66%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Malda district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Gazole CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|74.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|23.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|blue|1.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism]]|maroon|0.63}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.09}}
}}

Hinduism is the majority religion, with 74.51% of the population. Islam is the second-largest religion.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

As per 2014 District Statistical Handbook: Malda (quoting census figures), in the 2001 census, Hindus numbered 222,610 and formed 75.53% of the population in Gazole CD Block. Muslims numbered 65,650 and formed 22.28% of the population. Christians numbered 2,883 and formed 0.98% of the population. Others numbered 3,572 and formed 1.21% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook| title = District Statistical Handbook Malda 2014| work = Table 2.10 (a)| publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 27 October 2018| archive-date = 21 January 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook| url-status = dead}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Gazole CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 80.11 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 16.49 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Koda language|Koda]] |value3 = 0.92 |color3 = aquamarine
|label4 = Others |value4 = 2.48 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 80.11% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 16.49% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 0.92% [[Koda language|Koda]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the [[Human Development Report]] for Malda district, published in 2006, the percentage of rural families in [[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] category in Gazole CD Block was 46.5%. Official surveys have found households living in absolute poverty in Malda district to be around 39%.<ref name="humandev2">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 102-104 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the report, “An overwhelmingly large segment of the rural workforce depends on agriculture as its main source of livelihood, the extent of landlessness in Malda has traditionally been high because of the high densities of human settlement in the district… Although land reforms were implemented in Malda district from the time they were launched in other parts of West Bengal, their progress has been uneven across the Malda blocks… because of the overall paucity of land, the extent of [[Land reform in India|ceiling-surplus]] land available for redistribution has never been large… The high levels of [[rural poverty]] that exist in nearly all blocks in Malda district closely reflect the livelihood crisis… “<ref name="humandev2"/>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Gazole CD Block'''
|value1 = 35.20
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 39.67
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 1.88
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 23.25
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Gazole CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 51,433 and formed 35.20%, agricultural labourers numbered 57,954 and formed 39.67%, household industry workers numbered 2,748 and formed 1.88% and other workers numbered 18,179 and formed 23.25%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> Total workers numbered 146,048 and formed 42.49% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 197,732 and formed 57.31% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 286 inhabited villages in Gazole CD Block. All 286 villages (100%) have power supply. 285 villages (99.65%) have drinking water supply. 10 villages (3.5%) have post offices. 273 villages (95.45%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 90 villages (31.47%) have a pucca approach road and 64 villages (22.38%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 10 villages (3.5%) have agricultural credit societies. 10 villages (3.5%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 80-81 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 November 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The upland regions in the Barind area are mono-cropped because of limitations regarding the use of tube wells here.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 91-100 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Gazole CD Block had 194 fertiliser depots, 18 seed stores and 70 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda | work = Tables 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, Gazole CD Block produced 97,935 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 29,577 hectares, 24,516 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 5,995 hectares, 119 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 61 hectares, 21,145 tonnes of wheat from 5,958 hectares, 65 tonnes of maize from 17 hectares, 5,948 tonnes of jute from 346 hectares, 10,517 tonnes of potatoes from 437 hectares and 102 tonnes of sugar cane from 1 hectare. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Gazole CD Block was 13,911 hectares, out of which 450 hectares were irrigated by tank irrigation, 1,060 hectares by river lift irrigation, 793 hectares by deep tube wells, 8,049 hectares by shallow tube wells and 3,559 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Malda district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line|collapse=yes}}
In 2013-14, Gazole CD Block had 8 ferry services and 9 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Eklakhi Junction railway station]] is on the [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/malda-town-new-jalpaiguri-passenger-55711/14042/441/444#st | title= 55711/ Malda Town-New Jalpaiguri Passenger|publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 6 November 2018}}</ref> The [[Eklakhi-Balurghat branch line]] links Eklakhi to Balurghat.

[[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] (old number NH 34) and [[State Highway 10 (West Bengal)|State Highway 10]] cross at Gazole.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Gazole CD Block had 219 primary schools with 24,283 students, 24 middle schools with 3,116 students, 17 high schools with 28,245 students and 17 higher secondary schools with 21,342 students. Gazole CD Block had 1 general degree college with 4,335 students, 3 technical/ professional institutions with 300 students and 936 institutions for special and non-formal education with 21,840 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Gazole CD Block, amongst the 286 inhabited villages, 62 villages did not have a school, 151 villages had more than 1 primary school, 73 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 35 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Malda, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 720-21, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 3 November 2018}}</ref>

===Colleges===
* [[Gazole Mahavidyalaya]]
* Adarshabani Teacher's Training College
* Pandua Ideal Teacher's College
* North Malda Teachers' Education College
* David Hare Teacher's Training College
* Gazole College of Education

===High schools===
* Tiakati High School
* Pandua A.K. High School
* [[Gajol Haji Nakoo Mahammad High School]]
* [[Shyam Sukhi Balika Siksha Niketan]]
* Moyna High School
* Dharani Bhuban Shashi Vidyapith (H.S.)
* Hatimari High School
* [[Ram Chandra Saha Balika Vidyalaya]]
* Swechand Parameswari Vidyamandir
* Chandrabati Saha Vidyapith
* Tarikullah Sarkar High School
* Badnagra High School
* Raniganj Krishnachndra High School
* Mashaldighi Sibabrati Vidyapith
* Ahora Vivekananda Shikhaniketan
* Dubakhoksan Bairdangi K.R. High School
* Alal High School
* Madnahar Jr High School
* Babupur High School (H.S)
* Rajaramchak High Madrasha

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Gazole CD Block had 2 rural hospitals and 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], with total 70 beds and 13 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 60 family welfare subcentres. 3,955 patients were treated indoor and 252,694 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Gazole Rural Hospital at [[Gazole Town|Gazole]] (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Gazole CD Block. Hatimari Rural Hospital at [[Hatimari]] (with 30 beds) is another major rural facility. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Babupur (with 4 beds), Kutubshahar (Pandua PHC) (with 10 beds) and Purba Ranipur (Ranipur PHC) (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 14 November 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Malda}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Gour-Pandua}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Malda topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Malda district]]

Eddfest

2025-08-02T09:49:29Z

Satarupa: expanded details as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|2007 rock/metal festival in Bangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{infobox music festival |
| music_festival_name = Eddfest
| image =
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| years_active = 2007
| founders = DNA Networks/Sanctuary Management
| dates = 17 March 2007
| attendance = 38,000
| genre = [[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]]/[[Rock music]]
| website = http://www.dnanetworks.com/
}}
'''Eddfest''' was a one-off rock/metal festival headlined by [[United Kingdom|British]] heavy metal band [[Iron Maiden]] which took place at the Bangalore Palace Grounds in [[Bangalore]], [[India]] on 17 March 2007. The concert was part of the band's [[A Matter Of Life And Death Tour]]. The name Eddfest is taken from the band's mascot Eddie. It marked the first visit of [[Iron Maiden]] to the Indian subcontinent, and the first major heavy metal concert to take place in the country. Other bands which played at the concert included [[Lauren Harris]], Indian Rock veterans Parikrama and Ftn.<ref>[http://www.ironmaiden.com/iron-maiden-announce-summer-tour-and-ground-breaking-show-in-india.html]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} announcement on official page</ref>

The concert garnered much media frenzy and mainstream attention not only in India, but all over the world with many international journalists flying into Bangalore. The event was also covered in the documentary film ''[[Global Metal]]'' by Sam Dunn and Scott McFadyen,<ref>[http://www.metalhistory.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807081407/http://metalhistory.com/|date=7 August 2018}} ''Global Metal'' documentary information</ref> which also features live recordings of the concert. Apart from fans from all over India, people traveled for this event from neighboring countries like [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Thailand]] and [[China]].

==Setlist==

{{hidden
| headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%;
| header = Eddfest Bangalore
| content = * [[Gustav Holst]]'s "[[The Planets|Mars, the Bringer of War]]" served as the intro for the tour.
# "[[Different World (Iron Maiden song)|Different World]]" (from ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (album)|A Matter of Life and Death]]'', 2006)
# "These Colours Don't Run" (from ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (album)|A Matter of Life and Death]]'', 2006)
# "Brighter Than a Thousand Suns" (from ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (album)|A Matter of Life and Death]]'', 2006)
# "Wrathchild" (from ''[[Killers (Iron Maiden album)|Killers]]'', 1981)
# "[[The Trooper]]" (from ''[[Piece of Mind]]'', 1983)
# "[[The Reincarnation of Benjamin Breeg]]" (from ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (album)|A Matter of Life and Death]]'', 2006)
# "For the Greater Good of God" (from ''[[A Matter of Life and Death (album)|A Matter of Life and Death]]'', 2006)
# "[[The Number of the Beast (song)|The Number of the Beast]]" (from ''[[The Number of the Beast (album)|The Number of the Beast]]'', 1982)
# "[[Fear of the Dark (song)|Fear of the Dark]]" (from ''[[Fear of the Dark (Iron Maiden album)|Fear of the Dark]]'', 1992)
# "[[Run to the Hills]]" (from ''[[The Number of the Beast (album)|The Number of the Beast]]'', 1982)
# "Iron Maiden" (from ''[[Iron Maiden (album)|Iron Maiden]]'', 1980)
'''Encore'''
# "[[2 Minutes to Midnight]]" (from ''[[Powerslave]]'', 1984)
# " [[The Evil That Men Do (song)|The Evil That Men Do]]" (from ''[[Seventh Son of a Seventh Son]]'', 1988)
# "[[Hallowed Be Thy Name (song)|Hallowed Be Thy Name]]" (from ''[[The Number of the Beast (album)|The Number of the Beast]]'', 1982)
}}

==Venue==

The venue for the historic concert was the [[Bangalore Palace]] Grounds located in north Bangalore. The entire venue was enclosed within the grounds and was initially only meant for accommodating 25,000 people. But the enormous demand for tickets lead to the venue being over crowded with 35,000 people inside and around 4,000 people outside who could not enter as tickets were all sold out.

The front crowd barrier just in front of the stage had to be refortified by dozens of security staff members standing their ground supporting the barrier and placing bamboo and wooden sticks to hold the barrier due to overcrowding.<ref name="picturedesk.co.uk">[http://picturedesk.co.uk/news/?p=76] Article by [[John McMurtrie]]</ref>

==Significance==
Apart from being the largest music concert to be held in India, the event was also responsible for opening the gates for other international hard rock and heavy metal bands to tour in India. Iron Maiden themselves were overwhelmed by the crowd response and have since played 2 more times in the country. It was also the first concert in India to have official merchandise stores at the venue.
The festival is also seen as a precursor and the basis on which the now yearly [[Rock In India]] festival is based on, as Eddfest was the first of its kind rock festival in the country. The Rock In India festival takes place at the same venue as Eddfest.
The event grossed over Rs 45,000,000 in ticket sales and another Rs 900,000 in merchandise revenue making it the most profitable concert in India with regards to total gate revenue.
Ticketpro international reported that the remarkable success of the event was highlighted by the fact that almost 80 percent of the tickets were sold well before the concert, which is very unusual for India.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100212213607/http://www.ticketpro.biz/jnp/international-news/9120-article-3.html]}} Ticketpro.biz article on Iron Maiden's first show in India</ref>
Live audio updates on the radio were constantly broadcast from the venue on Radio Indigo throughout the day.

==Sponsors==
The Eddfest event was produced by DNA Networks India in conjunction with NOUS Productions,<ref>[http://dnalive.indiatimes.com/ironmaiden/] Indiatimes web page {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20100212131459/http://dnalive.indiatimes.com/ironmaiden/|date=12 February 2010}}</ref> and sponsored by [[Vh1]], [[Nokia]] India, [[Reliance Mobile]], [[Pepsi]], [[NDTV 24x7]], Radio Indigo, Royal Challenge and [[Sanyo]]. Travel sponsors were Lufthansa Airlines.

On-line ticketing was handled by ticketpro India and on-line marketing was done by indiatimes.com. [[Levi's]] was the merchandising partner of the event.

==See also==
* [[Global Metal]], documentary by anthropologist Sam Dunn which feature the festival.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ironmaiden.com/iron-maiden-announce-summer-tour-and-ground-breaking-show-in-india.html Iron Maiden announce summer tour and first concert in India]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040829161226/http://metalhistory.com/ Global Metal documentary]}}
*[http://dnanetworks.com DNA Entertainment Networks Event Management]
*[https://www.thewolfofonlinemarketing.com/ The Wolf Of Online Marketing]
{{Rock festival}}

[[Category:Heavy metal festivals in India]]
[[Category:Rock festivals in India]]
[[Category:2007 in music]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 music festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Organised events in Bengaluru]]

14th Haryana Assembly

2025-07-12T14:22:57Z

Satarupa: started new pg from scratch

{{Short description|Indian state assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 14th Haryana Assembly
| before = [[13th Haryana Assembly|13th Assembly]]
| after = [[15th Haryana Assembly|15th Assembly]]
| image = [[File:Haryana Legislative Assembly July 2022.svg|300px]]
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| body = [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| election = [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Second Khattar ministry]] (until March 2024), [[First Saini ministry]] (since March 2024)
| opposition = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start = 28 October 2019
| term_end = 12 September 2024
| website = 
| membership1 = '''90'''
| control1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = Speaker
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Gian Chand Gupta]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Leader of the House]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] (until March 2024), [[Nayab Singh Saini]] (since March 2024)
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Haryana Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
}}

The '''Fourteenth Legislative Assembly of Haryana''' constituted after the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]s. Legislative Assembly [[election]] was held in [[Haryana]] on 21 October 2019 to elect 90 members of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="BT">{{cite news |title=Haryana Assembly polls to be held on time: Manohar Lal Khattar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haryana-assembly-polls-to-be-held-on-time-manohar-lal-khattar/articleshow/62478886.cms |access-date=21 September 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Election Dates 2019 updates: Haryana, Maharashtra voting on October 21, results on October 24 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/assembly-election-2019-dates-live-updates-maharashtra-haryana-polls-schedule-results-election-commission-231226-2019-09-21 |access-date=21 September 2019 |work=Business Today |date=21 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The results were announced on 24 October 2019.<ref name="ECI">{{cite web|url =http://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S07.htm|publisher =Election Commission of India|title =GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT OCT-2019|access-date =24 October 2019|archive-date =24 October 2019|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191024185415/http://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S07.htm|url-status =dead}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
! Remarks
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Panchkula district|Panchkula]]
|1
| [[Kalka Assembly constituency|Kalka]]
| Pradeep Chaudhary
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|2
| [[Panchkula Assembly constituency|Panchkula]]
| [[Gian Chand Gupta]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Speaker
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Ambala district|Ambala]]
|3
| [[Naraingarh Assembly constituency|Naraingarh]]
| [[Shalley Chaudhary|Shalley]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|4
| [[Ambala Cantonment Assembly constituency|Ambala Cantonment]]
| [[Anil Vij]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|5
| [[Ambala City Assembly constituency|Ambala City]]
| [[Aseem Goel]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|6
|Rowspan=2| [[Mulana Assembly constituency|Mulana]]
| [[Varun Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|Elected to lok sabha in 2024 polls
|-
|Colspan=6|'''Vacant'''
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]]
|7
| [[Sadhaura Assembly constituency|Sadhaura]]
| [[Renu Bala]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| 8
| [[Jagadhri Assembly constituency|Jagadhri]]
| [[Kanwar Pal Gujjar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 9
| [[Yamunanagar Assembly constituency|Yamunanagar]]
| [[Ghanshyam Dass]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 10
| [[Radaur Assembly constituency|Radaur]]
| Bishan Lal Saini
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
| 11
| [[Ladwa Assembly constituency|Ladwa]]
| Mewa Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 12
| rowspan="2" | [[Shahbad Assembly constituency|Shahbad]]
| [[Ram Karan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}|
| [[Jannayak Janta Party]]
|colspan=2|
|Resigned<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Abhishek |date=2024-08-23 |title=JJP Exodus Ahead Of Haryana Assembly Polls Gives Dushyant Chautala Major Headache |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/dushyant-chautala-jjp-crisis-haryana-polls-jjp-mla-mass-resign-join-bjp-congress-1712043 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vaccant'''
|-
| 13
| [[Thanesar Assembly constituency|Thanesar]]
| [[Subhash Sudha]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|14
| [[Pehowa Assembly constituency|Pehowa]]
| [[Sandeep Singh|Sardar Sandeep Singh Saini]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]
| rowspan="2" |15
| rowspan="2" | [[Guhla Assembly constituency|Guhla]]
| [[Ishwar Singh (politician, born 1950)|Ishwar Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}|
| [[Jannayak Janta Party]]
|colspan=2|
|Resigned<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vaccant'''
|-
|16
| [[Kalayat Assembly constituency|Kalayat]]
| [[Kamlesh Dhanda]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 17
| [[Kaithal Assembly constituency|Kaithal]]
| [[Leela Ram]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 18
| [[Pundri Assembly constituency|Pundri]]
| [[Randhir Singh Gollen]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Karnal district|Karnal]]
| 19
| [[Nilokheri Assembly constituency|Nilokheri]]
| [[Dharam Pal Gonder]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| 20
| [[Indri Assembly constituency|Indri]]
| [[Ram Kumar Kashyap]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 21
| rowspan="2" | [[Karnal Assembly constituency|Karnal]]
| [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Resigned on 13 March 2024
|-
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Elected on 8 June 2024
|-
| 22
| [[Gharaunda Assembly constituency|Gharaunda]]
| [[Harvinder Kalyan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 23
| [[Assandh Assembly constituency|Assandh]]
| Shamsher Singh Gogi
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Panipat district|Panipat]]
| 24
| [[Panipat Rural Assembly constituency|Panipat Rural]]
| [[Mahipal Dhanda]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 25
| [[Panipat City Assembly constituency|Panipat City]]
| [[Parmod Kumar Vij]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 26
| [[Israna Assembly constituency|Israna]]
| Balbir Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|27
| [[Samalkha Assembly constituency|Samalkha]]
| [[Dharam Singh Chhoker]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
|28
| [[Ganaur Assembly constituency|Ganaur]]
| [[Nirmal Rani]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|29
| [[Rai Assembly constituency|Rai]]
| [[Mohan Lal Badoli]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|30
| [[Kharkhauda Assembly constituency|Kharkhauda]]
| Jaiveer Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|31
| [[Sonipat Assembly constituency|Sonipat]]
| Surender Panwar
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|32
| [[Gohana Assembly constituency|Gohana]]
| [[Jagbir Singh Malik]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |33
| rowspan="2" |[[Baroda Assembly constituency|Baroda]]
|Krishan Hooda
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|Died on 12 April 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-12 |title=Baroda MLA Sri Krishan Hooda dies at 74 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/baroda-mla-sri-krishan-hooda-dies-at-74/story-sJAOpzLjosaGRB7SPI7sQK.html |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Indu Raj Narwal
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
|Won in [[2020 elections in India|2020 bypoll]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Jind district|Jind]]
| rowspan="2" | 34
| rowspan="2" | [[Julana Assembly constituency|Julana]]
| [[Amarjeet Dhanda]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}} |
| [[Jannayak Janta Party]]
|colspan=2|
|Resigned<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vaccant'''
|-
| 35
| [[Safidon Assembly constituency|Safidon]]
| Subhash Gangoli
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| 36
| [[Jind Assembly constituency|Jind]]
| [[Krishan Lal Middha]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 37
| [[Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency|Uchana Kalan]]
| [[Dushyant Chautala]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}|
| [[Jannayak Janta Party]]
|colspan=2|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 38
| rowspan="2" | [[Narwana Assembly constituency|Narwana]]
| [[Ramniwas Surjakhera|Ram Niwas]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}|
| [[Jannayak Janta Party]]
|colspan=2|
|Resigned<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vaccant'''
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]]
| rowspan="2" | 39
| rowspan="2" | [[Tohana Assembly constituency|Tohana]]
| [[Devender Singh Babli]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}" |
| [[Jannayak Janta Party]]
| colspan="2" |
|Resigned<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vaccant'''
|-
| 40
| [[Fatehabad, Haryana Assembly constituency|Fatehabad]]
| [[Dura Ram]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|41
| [[Ratia Assembly constituency|Ratia]]
| [[Lakshman Napa]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress }}|
| [[Indian National Congress ]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance }}" |
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]
|42
| [[Kalanwali Assembly constituency|Kalanwali]]
| Shishpal Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|43
| [[Dabwali Assembly constituency|Dabwali]]
| Amit Sihag
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 44
| rowspan="2" | [[Rania Assembly constituency|Rania]]
| [[Ranjit Singh Chautala]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Resigned on 26 March <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Minister Resigns As MLA After BJP Fields Him From Hisar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/haryana-minister-resigns-as-mla-after-bjp-fields-him-from-hisar-in-lok-sabha-election-2024-5315620 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vacant'''
|-
| 45
| [[Sirsa Assembly constituency|Sirsa]]
| [[Gopal Kanda]]
| bgcolor={{Party color|Haryana Lokhit Party}}|
| [[Haryana Lokhit Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 46
| [[Ellenabad Assembly constituency|Ellenabad]]
| [[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
| bgcolor={{Party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
|Colspan=2|
|Won in 2021 bypoll necessitated after his resignation
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Hisar district|Hisar]]
| rowspan=2|47
| rowspan=2|[[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
|[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|Resigned on 4 August 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title=Cong's Kuldeep Bishnoi resigns from Haryana Assembly, to join BJP today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/chandigarh/congs-kuldeep-bishnoi-resigns-from-haryana-assembly-to-join-bjp-today-8069251/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Bhavya Bishnoi
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| Won in [[2022 elections in India|2022 bypoll]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 48
| rowspan="2" | [[Uklana Assembly constituency|Uklana]]
| [[Anoop Dhanak]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}|
| [[Jannayak Janta Party]]
|colspan=2|
|Resigned<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vaccant'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 49
| rowspan="2" | [[Narnaund Assembly constituency|Narnaund]]
| [[Ram Kumar Gautam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}" |
| [[Jannayak Janta Party]]
| colspan="2" |
|Resigned<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vaccant'''
|-
| 50
| [[Hansi Assembly constituency|Hansi]]
| [[Vinod Bhayana]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |51
| rowspan="2" | [[Barwala Assembly constituency|Barwala]]
| [[Jogi Ram Sihag]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}|
| [[Jannayak Janta Party]]
|colspan=2|
|Resigned<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vaccant'''
|-
| 52
| [[Hisar Assembly constituency|Hisar]]
| [[Kamal Gupta]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|53
| [[Nalwa Assembly constituency|Nalwa]]
| [[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Deputy Speaker
|-
|[[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
|54
| [[Loharu Assembly constituency|Loharu]]
| [[Jai Parkash Dalal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Charkhi Dadri district|Charkhi Dadri]]
|55
| [[Badhra Assembly constituency|Badhra]]
| [[Naina Singh Chautala]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}|
| [[Jannayak Janta Party]]
|colspan=2|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |56
| rowspan="2" | [[Dadri, Haryana Assembly constituency|Dadri]]
| [[Somveer Sangwan]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-24 |title=दादरी से निर्दलीय विधायक सोमबीर सांगवान ने दिया इस्तीफा, कांग्रेस में शामिल होने की संभावना |url=https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/sombir-sangwan-independent-mla-from-dadri-resigned-2024352 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vaccant'''
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
|57
| [[Bhiwani Assembly constituency|Bhiwani]]
| [[Ghanshyam Saraf]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |58
| rowspan="2" | [[Tosham Assembly constituency|Tosham]]
| [[Kiran Choudhry]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Haryana Politics: हरियाणा की MLA किरण चौधरी ने कांग्रेस को कहा अलविदा, बेटी के साथ BJP में हुईं शामिल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/haryana/chandigarh-city-breaking-news-haryana-congress-5-times-mla-kiran-choudhary-joins-bjp-with-her-daugther-shruti-choudhary-bansi-lal-bahut-8420486.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="6" |'''Vaccant'''
|-
|59
| [[Bawani Khera Assembly constituency|Bawani Khera]]
| [[Bishamber Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]
|60
| [[Meham Assembly constituency|Meham]]
| [[Balraj Kundu]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|Colspan=2|
|
|-
| 61
| [[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi Assembly constituency|Garhi Sampla-Kiloi]]
| [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| Leader of the Opposition
|-
| 62
| [[Rohtak Assembly constituency|Rohtak]]
| Bharat Bhushan Batra
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|63
| [[Kalanaur Assembly constituency|Kalanaur]]
| [[Shakuntla Khatak]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]
|64
| [[Bahadurgarh Assembly constituency|Bahadurgarh]]
| Rajinder Singh Joon
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| 65
| [[Badli, Haryana Assembly constituency|Badli]]
| [[Kuldeep Vats]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|66
| [[Jhajjar Assembly constituency|Jhajjar]]
| [[Geeta Bhukkal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|67
| [[Beri Assembly constituency|Beri]]
| [[Raghuvir Singh Kadian]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
|68
| [[Ateli Assembly constituency|Ateli]]
| Sitaram Yadav
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 69
| [[Mahendragarh Assembly constituency|Mahendragarh]]
| [[Rao Dan Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|70
| [[Narnaul Assembly constituency|Narnaul]]
| [[Om Parkash Yadav]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 71
| [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhry]]
| [[Abhe Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Rewari district|Rewari]]
| 72
| [[Bawal Assembly constituency|Bawal]]
| [[Banwari Lal (Haryana politician)|Banwari Lal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 73
| [[Kosli Assembly constituency|Kosli]]
| [[Laxman Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 74
| [[Rewari Assembly constituency|Rewari]]
| [[Chiranjeev Rao]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]
| 75
| [[Pataudi Assembly constituency|Pataudi]]
| [[Satya Prakash Jaravata]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|76
|Rowspan=2| [[Badshahpur Assembly constituency|Badshahpur]]
| [[Rakesh Daultabad]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|style="background-color:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; " |
| [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|Died<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=Haryana’s Badshahpur MLA Rakesh Daultabad dies of heart attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-mla-rakesh-daultabad-dies-heart-attack-9351481/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Colspan=6|'''Vacant'''
|-
| 77
| [[Gurgaon Assembly constituency|Gurgaon]]
| [[Sudhir Singla]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 78
| [[Sohna Assembly constituency|Sohna]]
| [[Sanjay Singh (Haryana politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Nuh district|Nuh]]
| 79
| [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]]
| [[Chaudhary Aftab Ahmed|Aftab Ahmed]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| Deputy Leader of the Opposition
|-
| 80
| [[Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency|Ferozepur Jhirka]]
| [[Mamman Khan]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| 81
| [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana]]
| [[Mohammad Ilyas (Indian politician)|Mohammad Ilyas]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Palwal district|Palwal]]
| 82
| [[Hathin Assembly constituency|Hathin]]
| [[Praveen Dagar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 83
| [[Hodal Assembly constituency|Hodal]]
| [[Jagdish Nayar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 84
| [[Palwal Assembly constituency|Palwal]]
| [[Deepak Mangla]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]
| 85
| [[Prithla Assembly constituency|Prithla]]
| [[Nayan Pal Rawat]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
| 86
| [[Faridabad NIT Assembly constituency|Faridabad NIT]]
| [[Neeraj Sharma]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; " |
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
| 87
| [[Badkhal Assembly constituency|Badkhal]]
| [[Seema Trikha]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 88
| [[Ballabgarh Assembly constituency|Ballabgarh]]
| [[Mool Chand Sharma]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 89
| [[Faridabad Assembly constituency|Faridabad]]
| [[Narender Gupta]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
| 90
| [[Tigaon Assembly constituency|Tigaon]]
| [[Rajesh Nagar]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Terms of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024| ]]

2013 Kings XI Punjab season

2025-04-18T09:58:58Z

Satarupa: started some pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kings XI Punjab]]
| season =2013
| coach = [[Darren Lehmann]]
| captain = [[David Hussey]]
| ground = [[PCA Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| comp1 = [[2013 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 6th
| most runs = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] (418)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=7720;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2013/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612192928/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=7720%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=12 June 2014 }}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Azhar Mahmood]] (15)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=7720;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2013/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919142946/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=7720%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=19 September 2015 }}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2012|2012]]
| nextseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2014|2014]]
}}

[[Kings XI Punjab]] (KXIP) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Mohali]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the nine teams that competed in the [[2013 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[David Hussey]]. Kings XI Punjab finished 6th in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

== Squad ==
Players with international caps prior to the 2013 season are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:Lightgrey; color:Black; text-align:center;"| No.
! style="background:Lightgrey; color:Black; text-align:center;"| Name
! style="background:Lightgrey; color:Black; text-align:center;"| Nat
! style="background:Lightgrey; color:Black; text-align:center;"| Birth date
! style="background:Lightgrey; color:Black; text-align:center;"| Batting Style
! style="background:Lightgrey; color:Black; text-align:center;"| Bowling Style
! style="background:Lightgrey; color:Black; text-align:center;"| Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|03|| '''[[Luke Pomersbach]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1984|9|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
|07|| [[Paul Valthaty]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1983|12|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|10|| '''[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1989|6|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
|12|| [[Mandeep Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1991|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|14|| '''[[Shaun Marsh]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1983|7|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] || Overseas
|-
|21|| [[Sunny Singh (cricketer)|Sunny Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1986|12|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|22|| [[Gurkeerat Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1990|6|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Occasional wicketkeeper
|-
|29|| '''[[David Hussey]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1977|7|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice-captain]]; Overseas
|-
|36|| [[Siddharth Chitnis]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1987|5|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|54|| [[Manan Vohra]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1993|7|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|04|| [[Bipul Sharma]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1983|9|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|17|| '''[[Dimitri Mascarenhas]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1977|10|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|23|| [[Rajagopal Sathish]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1981|1|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|27|| '''[[Azhar Mahmood]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|PAK}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1975|2|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas; British passport
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|18|| '''[[Adam Gilchrist]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1971|11|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]; Overseas
|-
|63|| [[Nitin Saini]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1988|10|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || - ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|08|| '''[[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1986|10|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|11|| '''[[Piyush Chawla]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1988|12|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|13|| [[Bhargav Bhatt (cricketer)|Bhargav Bhatt]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1990|5|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|30|| [[Harmeet Singh (cricketer born 1987)|Harmeet Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1987|10|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|34|| '''[[Parvinder Awana]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1986|7|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|45|| '''[[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1979|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || Overseas
|-
|51|| '''[[Manpreet Gony]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1984|1|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|66|| [[Sandeep Sharma]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1993|5|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|–|| [[Aniket Choudhary]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1990|1|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|31|| [[Michael Neser]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1990|3|29|df=y}} || Right-hand bat || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|}

==Indian Premier League==
===Season standings===
Kings XI Punjab finished 6th in the league stage of IPL 2013.
{{:2013 Indian Premier League|team=KXIP}}

=== Match log ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=7|format=mdy}} || [[Pune Warriors India]] || [[Subrata Roy Sahara Stadium|Pune]] || Won By 8 Wickets MoM – [[Manan Vohra]] 43* (28)||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598003.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 2 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=10|format=mdy}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Lost by 10 Wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/match/598007.html Score Board]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 3 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=14|format=mdy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || Lost by 6 wickets ||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=16|format=mdy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 4 Runs MoM – [[Manpreet Gony]] 42 (18) & 1-18||
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 5 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=19|format=mdy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Lost by 5 Wickets ||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 6 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=21|format=mdy}} || [[Pune Warriors India]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 7 Wickets MoM – [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 80* (41)||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=23|format=mdy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|New Delhi]] || Won by 5 Wickets MoM – [[Harmeet Singh (cricketer born 1987)|Harmeet Singh]] 3/24 (4 overs)||
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 8 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=26|format=mdy}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 6 Wickets||
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 9 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=29|format=mdy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 4 Runs ||
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 10 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=2|format=mdy}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Lost by 15 Runs||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=6|format=mdy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 6 Wickets MoM – [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 101* (38)||
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 12 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=9|format=mdy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Lost by 8 Wickets||
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 13 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=11|format=mdy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Lost by 30 Runs ||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=14|format=mdy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Won by 7 Wickets MoM – [[Adam Gilchrist]] 85*(54) ||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 15 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=16|format=mdy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[HPCA Stadium|Dharmasala]] || Won by 7 Runs MoM – [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 44*(24) ||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 16 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=18|format=mdy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[HPCA Stadium|Dharamsala]] || Won by 50 Runs MoM - [[Azhar Mahmood]] 80(44) & 2-24||
|- style="background:#FFE87C;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 8-8. Failed to advance.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kings XI Punjab}}

[[Category:2013 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons]]

National Highway 753E (India)

2025-02-26T22:14:29Z

Satarupa: enhance section to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 753E
| length_km = 100.8
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q56257069|title=National Highway 753E|zoom = 9 |frame-lat=20.58|frame-long=76.15 |text= Map of National Highway '''753E''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Ajanta, Maharashtra|Ajanta]]
| terminus_b = [[Khamgaon]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 53
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 753F 
| next_route = 53 
| states = [[Maharashtra]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 753E''', commonly referred to as '''NH 753E''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/173465.pdf|title=New national highways notifications dated Jan, 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=23 Aug 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=23 Aug 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 53 (India)|National Highway 53]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=23 Aug 2018}}</ref> NH-753E traverses the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India.

== Route ==

[[Ajanta, Maharashtra|Ajanta]], [[Buldhana]], [[Khamgaon]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|753F|country=IND}} Terminal near Ajanta.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|753A|country=IND}} near Buldhana.
: {{jct|NH|53|country=IND}} Terminal near Khamgaon.<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/6856277 NH 753E on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH53 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

West Bengal Administrative Tribunal

2025-01-20T22:22:02Z

Satarupa: Enhanced article with new information

{{short description|Tribunal in India}}
'''West Bengal Administrative Tribunal''' (WBAT) popularly known as '''SAT'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cal-hc-directs-wb-govt-to-release-10-per-cent-mbbs-docs-for-pg-courses-118081000919_1.html|title=Cal HC directs WB govt to release 10 per cent MBBS docs|website=business-standard.com|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref> (State Administrative Tribunal, [[West Bengal]]) is a [[tribunal]] for the disposal of cases relating to service matter of the employees of the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbat.gov.in|title=West Bengal Administrative Tribunal|access-date=November 5, 2018}}</ref>

==Functions==
West Bengal Administrative Tribunal was established on 16 January 1995 at Bikas Bhavan, [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]], [[Kolkata]] in the [[India]]<nowiki/>n state of West Bengal. The Tribunal was set up under the Administrative Tribunal Act, 1985<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dopt.gov.in/administrative-tribunals-act-1985|title=Administrative Tribunals Act 1985|access-date=November 5, 2018}}</ref> for speedy disposal of cases relating to service matter of the employees and officers of the West Bengal Government. It comprises with Judicial and administrative members headed by a Chairman having qualification specified under Administrative Tribunal Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/documents/10180/0/Appointment_of_Administrative_Member_in_WBAT.pdf/9553431b-33a2-4261-a40b-43f2d921e5cf;jsessionid=raey8UqIJEB-8wpk9lyhgW4S?version=1.0|title=Brief particulars regarding Selection of Administrative Member, W.B.A.T.|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_TAY2dVYkgC&q=West+Bengal+Administrative+Tribunal&pg=PA535|title=Good Governance: An Integral Approach|last=S. L. Goel|year=2007|isbn=9788184500011|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref> [[Calcutta High Court]] is the appellate authority of this Tribunal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/272466/|title=State Of West Bengal & Ors vs Samar Kumar Sarkar|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=November 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/stall-to-spare-39-collapse-39/cid/1421616|title=Stall to spare 'collapse'|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Quasi-judicial bodies of India}}

[[Category:Indian tribunals]]
[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in West Bengal]]

Subir Das

2024-08-25T19:07:11Z

Satarupa: started article

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
'''Subir Das''' is a Professor of [[Theoretical Physics]] at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] in [[Bangalore]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subir K. Das - Profile|url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/das/index.php?menu_id=12&user_id=483&page_id=415|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.jncasr.ac.in}}</ref> His primary area of research is statistical mechanics of systems close to [[phase transition]]s.

Das received his PhD from Jawaharlal Nehru University in 2002. Subsequently, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the [[University of Mainz]], [[Germany]], with [[Kurt Binder]] and Juergen Horbach (2002-2005), and at the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]], USA, with [[Michael Fisher]] (2005-2007). Since 2007 he is a faculty member at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] in Bangalore, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subir K. Das - Home|url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/das/index.php?menu_id=1&user_id=483&page_id=404|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.jncasr.ac.in}}</ref>

His research interests<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramanujan Fellowship|first=Subir Das|date=|title=Ramanujan Fellowship Subir Das|url=http://164.100.60.177/pdfs/research1/Subir_Kumar_Das.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Indian Physics Association Buti Foundation Award|first=Subir Das|date=|title=Indian Physics Association Buti Foundation Award, Subir K. Das|url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/newsview.php?id=151|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Subir K Das|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=xfB5pckAAAAJ&hl=en|access-date=2020-10-19|website=scholar.google.co.in}}</ref> are in phase transition and critical phenomena.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Most cited peer reviewed papers==
*Block BJ, Das SK, Oettel M, Virnau P, Binder K. Curvature dependence of surface free energy of liquid drops and bubbles: A simulation study. ''[[The Journal of Chemical Physics]]''. 2010 Oct 21;133(15):154702. According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited 143 times<ref name=GS>[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C33&q=subir+das&btnG=] Google Scholar Author page, Accessed 27 April 2021</ref>
*Horbach J, Das SK, Griesche A, Macht MP, Frohberg G, Meyer A. Self-diffusion and interdiffusion in Al 80 Ni 20 melts: Simulation and experiment. ''[[Physical Review B]]''. 2007 May 22;75(17):174304. According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited 137 times<ref name=GS />

== References ==

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[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Chauhan (clan)

2024-08-20T13:28:46Z

Satarupa: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Chauhan#Clans]]

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