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Mandia Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T12:40:03Z

Sarada22: created first article more to come.

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 22
| map_image = Mandia Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Mandia Assembly constituency
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = None
}}

'''Mandia Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. This constituency forms part of [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency]]. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Mandia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sherman Ali Ahmed ]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=113,480|percentage=43.07|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Khaleque |party=Asom Sonmilito Morcha |votes=85,919|percentage=32.61|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rafiqul Islam |party=All India United Democratic Front|votes=49,174 |percentage=18.66 |change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Badal Chandra Arya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,801 |percentage=3.72 |change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,225 |percentage=0.46 |change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,561 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes= 263,456 |percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=All India Trinamool Congress|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Barpeta district]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Wildlife Trust of India

2026-05-06T07:05:30Z

Sarada22: created new pg.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Wildlife Trust of India (WTI)
| logo = WTI LOGO Green small.jpg
| type = [[Charitable Trust]] under Government of India Act.
| foundation = 1998, [[New Delhi]], [[INDIA]]
| location = [[NOIDA]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[INDIA]]
| area_served = All India
| key_people = Vivek Menon (Founder)
| industry = [[Wildlife Conservation]]
| services = Emergency Rescue, Species Recovery, Conservation Action, Wildlife Rehabilitation, Enforcement and Law
| num_employees = 200+
| homepage = [http://www.wti.org.in/ www.wti.org.in]
}}

'''The Wildlife Trust of India (WTI)''' is one of India's wildlife conservation action institutions. It works closely with the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] under the [[Government of India]], as well as with the respective state government forest and wildlife departments.

== History ==
WTI was established in 1998 in response to the numerous crises confronting India’s wildlife and wild habitats. Its mission is to conserve nature, especially endangered species and threatened habitats, in partnership with communities and governments. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OUR STORY |url=https://www.wti.org.in/our-story/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Wildlife Trust of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

With more than 45 conservation projects spanning 23 states, WTI's initiatives range from the Pir Panjal mountains in Kashmir to the mangrove forests of Kannur in Kerala, and from the habitats of Himalayan black bears in Arunachal Pradesh to whale shark aggregation grounds off the coast of Gujarat.

==Wildlife Centres==
The CWRC is a wildlife care facility that is run by Wildlife Trust of India and [[Assam Forest Department]], with financial support from [[International Fund for Animal Welfare]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-29|title=CWRC celebrates 20th year of wildlife conservation service in Assam - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/cwrc-celebrates-20th-year-of-wildlife-conservation-service-in-assam-552387|access-date=2021-09-21|newspaper=The Sentinel |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WTI veterinarian removes fishing hook swallowed by endangered turtle in Assam|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/wti-fishing-hook-turtle-assam.html|access-date=2021-09-21|website=Northeast Now|date=2021-09-15 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-23|title=Rescue center becomes home for orphaned rhinos of Assam » News Live TV » Assam|url=https://newslivetv.com/rescue-center-becomes-home-for-orphaned-rhinos-of-assam/|access-date=2021-09-21|website=News Live TV|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Big ideas ==

=== Wild Aid ===
Wild Aid is the outreach arm of WTI. It strives to deliver assistance during emergencies and pressing conservation challenges, aiming to address issues promptly and introduce solutions to longstanding problems.

Wild Aid, is dedicated to offering short-term, focused aid, encompassing both financial and technical support, to address emergencies and emerging conservation issues. The organization responds to distressed animals, introduces pilot initiatives and creative concepts to bolster conservation efforts, and directs public attention to conservation crises. There are over 400 Wild Aid projects in India.

=== Wild Rescue ===
<blockquote>''“To increase the welfare of individual displaced animals while enhancing conservation and pioneering science-based rehabilitation and wildlife health across India, and in doing so to save at least 40,000 lives in the decade.”''</blockquote>Wildlife displacement, as conceptualized within the framework of the Wild Rescue division's "Big Idea," refers to the undesired dislodgment of wild animals, either spatially outside their natural habitat or functionally within their habitat.

To tackle these displacements, dedicated wildlife rehabilitation facilities play a crucial role. The Centre for Wildlife Rehabilitation and Conservation (CWRC) near Kaziranga Tiger Reserve in Assam and the Centre for Bear Rehabilitation and Conservation (CBRC) near Pakke Tiger Reserve in Pakke Kesang District of Arunachal Pradesh serve as key centres. Additionally, Mobile Veterinary Service (MVS) units are stationed in Protected Areas where such displacements are prevalent. WTI has also taken the lead in establishing a network of wildlife rehabilitators in India through the Emergency Relief Network (ERN) who contribute to the rehabilitation of distressed wildlife.

=== Species Recovery ===
<blockquote>''“Recover population/sub-populations of at least six threatened species by improving their recovery states (categories) and demonstrating recovery through improved recovery scores.”''</blockquote>This division uses improved techniques, intensive management, conservation breeding, reintroduction, and restocking to recover populations of threatened species.

WTI has helped the recovery of the last remaining wild buffalo sub-species in central India through cloning and conservation breeding. Notably, the organization contributed to the restoration of the Eastern swamp deer population in [[Manas National Park]] by relocating individuals from [[Kaziranga National Park]] in Assam. Additionally, habitats for cheer pheasants in Himachal Pradesh were restocked, and surveys in Jammu and Kashmir confirmed the presence of markhor in new areas.

=== Protected Area Recovery ===
<blockquote>''“To improve the existing functionality of six selected Protected Areas (PAs) and restore their ecological integrity.”''</blockquote>Focused on India’s Protected Area Recovery, the strategic approach of this division includes habitat improvement activities, restocking and/or monitoring of populations of endangered species, providing specialized training to frontline forest staff, sensitizing fringe communities (especially school children) about the importance of conservation, and legal and political interventions required to preserve or expand the territory of protected wildlife habitats.

Since 2003, WTI, in partnership with the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), the [[Bodoland Territorial Council]] (BTC), and the Assam Forest Department, has led conservation efforts to ‘Bring Back Manas, a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] whose flora and fauna were ravaged by militancy through the late 1980s and 1990s.

Another crucial intervention has been conducted in the Valmiki Tiger Reserve in Bihar.

WTI Protected Area Recovery also assisted in expanding India’s Protected Area network by getting new reserves demarcated in Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra.

=== Conflict Mitigation ===
<blockquote>''“Demonstrate seven innovative and replicable models of Human-Wildlife Conflict mitigation to catalyze appropriate changes in policy.”''</blockquote>Conflict between humans and large carnivores is an escalating problem across the country and WTI has been successfully implementing proactive approaches towards mitigating such conflicts. Under WTI’s holistic model, a team comprising a biologist, sociologist and veterinarian is constituted as a Rapid Response Team (RRT) in high human-wildlife conflict areas. The veterinarian responds to wildlife emergencies, the biologist determines why animals could be straying into human habitation areas in that particular landscape, while the sociologist works with local communities to sensitize and prepare them for possible conflict scenarios. The RRT works with the State Forest Department and the Primary Response Teams (PRTs) which comprise local volunteers and influential people.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

=== Enforcement and Law ===
Enforcement and Law aims to reduce wildlife crime by assisting enforcement agencies in

# Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) control
# Championing litigation against wildlife crime in trial courts and
# Strengthening frontline field staff through training, capacity building and morale boosting.

Trade control works through various projects across the country to assist enforcement agencies through field-level support. Information regarding IWT is shared with the state forest departments, Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) and other enforcement agencies for necessary action. The division has assisted in several raids and over 275 seizures of wildlife articles ranging from tiger bones and skins, ivory, shahtoosh shawls and wool, bear bile, hathajodi to mongoose hair and brushes.

Under Pan India Enforcement Assistance, the division assists in the prosecution of wildlife offenders by providing legal intervention and assistance at the District and High Court levels. This ensures that suspects who are involved in IWT face fair trials and legal procedures as per the laws of the country. The organization has assisted agencies in some high-profile cases in the past including the ones against Late [[Sansar Chand]], Salman Khan and MAK Pataudi.

=== Wild Lands ===
Wild Land securement is a strategy that aims to secure critical habitats outside the traditional protected area system. The secured lands include important habitat linkages, wetlands, mangroves, grasslands, Important Bird Areas (IBAs), sacred groves etc. The focus of this Big Idea is to secure critical habitats and restore degraded and fragmented ecosystems like coral reefs, wetlands and mangroves.

Presently, the division has five projects under it the Garo Green Spine Conservation Project, Meghalaya; Kannur Kandal Project, Kerala; Sarus Habitat Securement Project, Uttar Pradesh; Mithapur Coral Reef Recovery Project, Gujarat; and the Forgotten Cats of Shergaon in Arunachal Pradesh.

=== Natural Heritage Campaign ===
<blockquote>''“To create a positive and measurable change in people’s perceptions to improve the conservation and welfare of wildlife in India with at least six planned campaigns.”''</blockquote>The Natural Heritage Campaign (NHC) division is the voice of conservation action in WTI. As the name suggests the division aspires to create a positive and measurable change in people’s perceptions of wildlife conservation and Natural Heritage in India. NHC bridges the gap between conservation action and community participation.

=== Right of Passage ===
Within the Wild Lands Division, the Right of Passage big idea aims to secure connectivity and safe passage for large mammals like elephants and tigers across their identified corridors.

WTI along with Govt. of India and top scientists have identified and surveyed 101 such functional corridors across 11 states for the 29,000 odd Asian Elephants in India (60% of the species global population). The organization, in partnership with the Government of India's Project Elephant, the forest departments of elephant range states, and various non-governmental organizations, is dedicated to safeguarding and securing elephant corridors, while simultaneously strengthening human-elephant coexistence among communities in corridor areas.

==See also==

* [[Bombay Natural History Society]] (BNHS)
* [[Sanctuary Asia]]
* [[Protected areas of India]]
* [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII)
* [[Zoo Outreach Organisation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.wti.org.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wildlife conservation organizations]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Animal charities based in India]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:Environmental organizations established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Delhi]]

Majithia family

2026-05-06T01:23:03Z

Sarada22: created first pg w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Family of Shergill sadars}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

[[File:Dilapidated haveli of Dyal Singh Majithia.jpeg|thumb|Dilapidated [[haveli]] belonging to Majithia family in [[Majitha|Majithia]], [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]]]

The '''Majithia family''' are a family of [[Shergill]] [[Jat Sikh|Jat]] ''[[sardar]]s'' that derive their name from the village of [[Majitha]], in [[Amritsar District]], [[Indian Punjab|Punjab]].<ref name=":1" /> The Majithias were a prominent family in the court of the [[Sikh Empire]], serving as administrators and military generals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hasrat |first=B. J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2002 |isbn=8173801002 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |volume=1: A–D |pages=555–556}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Samra |first=Mandeep Kaur |date=1993 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Ganda |editor-link=Ganda Singh (historian) |title=Socio -Cultural Conditions of Early to Mid-Nineteenth Century Punjab as Described by Baba Prem Singh Hoti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzpuAAAAMAAJ |journal=The Panjab Past and Present |publisher=Punjabi University |volume=27 |issue=2 |page=63 |issn=0031-0786 |quote=Jats constituted the most important and powerful class among the Sikhs... Ranjeet Singh a Jat himself knew their potential for dash and courage and gave them important posts in the army. For example [[Desa Singh Majithia]]...}}</ref>

Some members of the family continue to play a role in [[Indian politics]], such as [[Bikram Singh Majithia]], who served as a cabinet minister in the Punjab government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Council of Ministers – Government of Punjab, India |url=http://punjab.gov.in/council-of-ministers/ |accessdate=15 October 2020 |work=punjab.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
The family is divided into three principle branches, the Dayal Singh branch, Surat Singh branch, and Mahtab Singh branch.<ref>{{cite book|title=Brahmo Samaj and Dyal Singh Majithia|year=1998|editor-first=Madan|editor-last=Gopal|publisher=Uppal Publishing House|location=New Delhi|page=3|isbn=8185565929}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rekhi |first=Gurnam Singh |url=https://gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/Sir.Sundar.Singh.Rekhi.by.Gurnam.Singh.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf |title=Sir Sundar Singh Majithia and His Relevance in Sikh Politics |publisher=Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=1999 |page=15 |quote=...the small village of Majithia (near Amritsar)—which the family of Sir Sundar Singh, of Shergill clan among the Jat Sikhs—had adopted as their surname, could also be proud of its illustrious Sardars.}}</ref> Dayal Singh and Matab Singh were fifth cousins, whilst Surat Singh was considerably more distantly related to them. One had to go back fourteen generations from their generation to find a common relation between Surat Singh and the other two branches.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNEwAQAAMAAJ |title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |year=1890 |page=267}}</ref> An early ancestor of the family was Madho, a [[Jats|Jat]] of the [[Gill (name)|Gill clan]], which the Sher-Gill clan is a derivative of.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Gurcharan Singh |title=Deeper Roots of the Gill, Bhatti, Sidhu, Brar, Tur, and Related Jat and Rajput Clans |publisher=Indian Family History Society |year=2008 |editor-last=Bunker |editor-first=Janice Gill |edition= |page=12 |chapter=CHAPTER 2: The Gill Clan - Section A. Indo-Scythian Origin |quote=The descendants of Gillpal use the family surname 'Gill'. There are many sub-castes such as Sher-Gill, Jhalli-Gill and so on.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Duleh |first1=Hoshiar Singh |title=Jatta da Itihas |last2=Singh |first2=Gurjant |publisher=Lahore Books Ludhiana |year=2001 |pages=106–112 |language=pa |translator-last=Preet |translator-first=Pritam Singh |script-title=pa:ਜੱਟਾਂ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ |trans-title=History of the Jats}}</ref> He founded the village of Madho-Jetha, later known as Majitha.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Majithia |first1=Satyajit Singh |last2=Sandhu |first2=Manleen |last3=Singh |first3=Sukhpal |date=28 May 2013 |title=Oral history with Satyajit Singh Majithia |url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/1947-partition/catalog/cy062hz9278 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=The 1947 Partition Archive, Survivors and their Memories - Spotlight at Stanford - Stanford Libraries - Stanford University |language=en |quote=Mado Jetha was the name that established Majitha, a place thirty odd miles from Amritsar.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Walia |first=Varinder |date=8 September 2005 |title=Special on the death anniversary of Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia, which falls on September 9 - Majithia's virasat knows no sarhad |work=The Tribune India |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050908/aplus.htm |quote=Majitha is situated 16 kilometre to the north east of Amritsar. The town is connected with Amritsar by train and road. The town was founded by one Madho, a Jat of the Gill clan. He was 'jetha' (the eldest son) of his father and hence the place was 'Madho-Jetha'. The 'Madho-Jetha' subsequently got contracted into Majitha. Madho was thus the ancestor of Majithia Sardars, some of whom held high positions during the Sikh rule. It is believed that the forefathers of legendary Maharaja Ranjit Singh were closely associated with the town.}}</ref> Lepel H. Griffin in his work, ''Panjab Chiefs'' (1865), states that the Majithia family is the progeny of a certain Rana Dhar, who was the son of Sher-Gil (founder of the clan).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel H. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6612/mode/2up |title=The Punjab Chiefs: historical and biographical notices of the principal families in the territories under the Punjab government. |publisher=T.C. McCarthy, Chronicle Press |year=1865 |page=353 |quote=Shergil had four sons. The two youngest died without issue, but from the eldest Rana Dhar has descended the great house of Majitha}}</ref>

== Notable Members ==
Below is a list of prominent members of the Majithia family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Dawinder Singh |title=Majithia (Bansawali) Gharane Da Itihaas |publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh Amritsar |language=Punjabi |trans-title=History of the House of Majithia (Genealogy)}}</ref>
[[File:Painting of Desa Singh Majithia receiving a deputation from a State court in the Punjab Hills, ca.1775.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Desa Singh Majithia]] receiving a deputation from a State court in the Punjab Hills, ca.1775]]

=== Dayal Singh branch ===
*[[Desa Singh Majithia|Desa Singh]] (1768–1832)<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadiem |first=Ihsan H. |title=Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia: As Seen by His Contemporaries |publisher=Dyal Singh Research & Cultural Forum |edition=2nd |pages=16–18 |chapter=A Glimpse of The Unsung Hero From Punjab, Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia}}</ref>
*[[Lehna Singh Majithia|Lehna Singh]] (d. 1854)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 19 December 2000|title=Desa Singh Majithia |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/sikh-political-figures/desa-singh-majithia/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |language=en-US |quote=Desa Singh died in 1832, and was succeeded in all his estates and honours by his eldest son, Lahina Singh Majithia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 19 December 2000|title=Lahina Singh Majithia |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/sikh-political-figures/lahina-singh-majithia/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Ranjodh Singh Majithia|Ranjodh Singh]] (d. 1872)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 19 December 2000|title=Ranjodh Singh Majithia |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/sikh-political-figures/ranjodh-singh-majithia/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Dyal Singh Majithia|Dyal Singh]] (1848–1898)<ref>{{Cite web |date= 19 December 2000|title=Dyal Singh Majithia |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/sikh-political-figures/dyal-singh-majithia/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Surat Singh branch ===
* [[Surat Singh]] (1810–1881),<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date= 19 December 2000|title=Surat Singh Majithia, Raja |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/sikh-political-figures/surat-singh-majithia-raja/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref> zamindar and military officer in the Khalsa Army<ref>{{cite web |title=Amrita Sher-Gil Portrait Comes to Market After 80 Years |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/amrita-sher-gil-portrait-comes-to-market-after-80-years |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[Sotheby's]] |date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424191837/https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/amrita-sher-gil-portrait-comes-to-market-after-80-years |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1877, he was awarded the title of [[Raja]] and made a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Star of India]].
* [[Sundar Singh Majithia]] (1872–1941),<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= 19 December 2000|title=Sundar Singh Majithia, Sardar Bahadur Sir |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/sikh-political-figures/sundar-singh-majithia-sardar-bahadur-sir/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref> landowner and politician. He was a member of Khalsa Nationalist Party and Revenue Member at the first and second legislative councils of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. The first president of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]]
*[[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil]] (1870–1954)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sher-Gil Sundaram Arts Foundation {{!}} Sher-Gil Sundaram Family |url=https://ssaf.in/sher-gil-sundaram-family/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> aristocrat and a scholar in Sanskrit and Persian and Father of [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
*[[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (1913–1941, through her father, Umrao Singh Sher-Gil),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Mulk Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fd7qAAAAMAAJ&q=amrita+sher-gil+majithia+family |title=Amrita Sher-Gil |publisher=National Gallery of Modern Art |year=1989 |pages=2, 7 |quote=Page 2: Amrita Sher-Gil, born of Marie Antoinette, a cultured Hungarian mother, and Sardar Umrao Singh Gil, an aristocrat from the Majithia family of Amritsar..." Page 7: "Amrita Sher-Gil was brought to India by her parents at the age of eight and lived on the slopes of Summer Hill at Simla, and in Saraya a village in the Gorakhpur district of U.P., which was the Majithia family estate.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Mulk Raj |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zY2gTcG6yIC&dq=amrita+sher-gil+majithia+family&pg=PA113 |title=Splendours of Himachal Heritage |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-7017-351-9 |editor-last=Anand |editor-first=Mulk Raj |page=113 |language=en |chapter=Conversation with Amrita Sher-Gil |quote=Mulk Raj Anand (speaking to Amrita Sher-Gil): 'You from Majithia family say so, you are more progressive than me!' Amrita replied: 'I hope so.'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nigam |first=Raj Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6geKAAAAMAAJ&q=amrita+sher-gil+majithia+family |title=Memoirs of Old Mandarins of India: The Administrative Change as the ICS Administrators Saw in India |publisher=Documentation Centre for Corporate & Business Policy Research |year=1985 |quote=From Dehra Dun, I came to Gorakhpur. After two more years at Gorakhpur, I was posted to Rae Bareli, perhaps, the most feudal district in the U.P. with Rajas, Ranas, and Sardars (Majithia family whom I had known from before through Amrita Sher-Gil, the painter who lived in Sardarnagar in Gorakhpur).}}</ref> Hungarian-Indian painter. Daughter of Umrao Singh
* Wing Commander [[Surjit Singh Majithia]] (1912–1995),<ref>{{Cite web |date= 19 December 2000|title=Surjit Singh Majitha |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/sikh-political-figures/surjit-singh-majlthia/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref> Indian politician, diplomat, and air force officer. Son of [[Sundar Singh Majithia]]
* [[Satyajit Singh Majithia]], educationist, industrialist, philanthropist, and Chancellor of Khalsa University. Son of Sardar Surjit Singh Majithia, former Deputy Defence Minister
* [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]], a former Union Cabinet Minister of Food Processing Industries. Daughter of Satyajit Singh Majithia
* [[Bikram Singh Majithia]], a former cabinet minister in the Punjab Government. Son of Satyajit Singh Majithia
*[[Jimmy Shergill]] (born Jasjit Singh Gill; 3 December 1970), also known as Jimmy Shergill, is an Indian actor and producer who primarily works in Hindi and Punjabi films

=== Mahtab Singh branch ===
{{Expand section|Need notable family members listed for this branch of Majithias|date=September 2022}}
*Mahtab Singh (1811–1865)<ref>{{Cite web |date= 19 December 2000|title=Mahtab Singh Majithia |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/sikh-political-figures/mahitab-singh-majithia/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=The Sikh Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Pedigrees ==
<gallery>
File:Majitha branch 1.jpg|Pedigree for Dayal Singh branch of Majithias
File:Majithia Sardars family pedigree.jpg|Pedigree for Surat Singh branch of Majithias
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Majithia family]]
[[Category:Jat clans]]
[[Category:Punjabi families]]

The Greatest of All Time

2026-05-05T00:31:05Z

Sarada22: created a details.

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Venkat Prabhu}}
{{Other uses|Greatest of All Time (disambiguation){{!}}Greatest of All Time}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = The Greatest of All Time.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Venkat Prabhu]]
| screenplay = Venkat Prabhu Ezhilarasu Gunasekaran K. Chandru
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Viji (screenwriter)|Viji]]
}}
| story = Venkat Prabhu<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2024 |title=Actor Cool Suresh Brings Goat To Watch Vijay's The Greatest of All Time; Watch |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/81732/actor-cool-suresh-brings-goat-to-watch-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-watch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908131346/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/81732/actor-cool-suresh-brings-goat-to-watch-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-watch |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[Mashable]] |language=en-in}}</ref>
| producer = {{ubl|Kalpathi S. Aghoram|Kalpathi S. Ganesh|Kalpathi S. Suresh}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
* [[Prashanth]]
* [[Prabhu Deva]]
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]
* [[Jayaram]]
* [[Ajmal Ameer]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Siddhartha Nuni]]
| editing = Venkat Raajen
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = [[AGS Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|9|5|df=y}}
| runtime = 183 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'GOAT' expected to break records with Rs 100 crore opening |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-venkat-prabhu-greatest-of-all-time-goat-expected-to-break-records-with-rs-100-crore-opening-2593895-2024-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906042356/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-venkat-prabhu-greatest-of-all-time-goat-expected-to-break-records-with-rs-100-crore-opening-2593895-2024-09-04 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR|380–400}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=GOAT box office collection Day 7: Thalapathy Vijay's GOAT inches toward Rs 200 cr mark at domestic box office |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/goat-box-office-collection-day-7-thalapathy-vijays-goat-inches-toward-rs-200-cr-mark-at-domestic-box-office-article-12820091.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921070400/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/goat-box-office-collection-day-7-thalapathy-vijays-goat-inches-toward-rs-200-cr-mark-at-domestic-box-office-article-12820091.html |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'GOAT' breaks three box office collection records |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/thalapathy-vijay-goat-greatest-of-all-time-breaks-three-box-office-collection-records/articleshow/113111566.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921070359/https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/thalapathy-vijay-goat-greatest-of-all-time-breaks-three-box-office-collection-records/amp_articleshow/113111566.cms#amp_ct=1726477023433&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17264768856376&referrer=https://www.google.com |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=m.economictimes.com | date=6 September 2024 }}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|440–460}} crore{{efn|name="GOAT"|''GOAT''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between
₹440 crore (''[[Box Office India]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Devara All India Box Office Collections - 260 Cr Nett Plus - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8754 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>; ''[[The Hans India]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=OTT update: Thalapathy Vijay's 'The GOAT' to Stream on Netflix from October 3rd |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/ott-update-thalapathy-vijays-the-goat-to-stream-on-netflix-from-october-3rd-911066 |website=www.thehansindia.com |access-date=22 August 2025 |language=en |date=1 October 2024}}</ref>) –
₹452 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=GOAT OTT release leaves some Vijay fans disappointed. Director Venkat Prabhu drops hint about extended cut |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/goat-ott-release-leaves-some-vijay-fans-disappointed-director-venkat-prabhu-drops-hint-about-extended-cut/articleshow/113931012.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=22 August 2025 |date=4 October 2024}}</ref>; ''[[NDTV]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Greatest of All Time to stream on Netflix from October 3 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-greatest-of-all-time-to-stream-on-netflix-from-october-3-6690112 |website=NDTV |access-date=22 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹460 crore (''[[Filmfare]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Thalapathy Vijay To Shoot for Venkat Prabhu's GOAT VS OG In 2027? {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/thalapathy-vijay-to-shoot-for-venkat-prabhus-goat-vs-og-in-2027_-72175.html |website=www.filmfare.com |access-date=22 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>)}}
}}

'''''The Greatest of All Time''''' (also marketed as '''''GOAT''''') is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film|action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's GOAT Leaked Online? What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijays-goat-leaked-online-what-we-know-9041421.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003133850/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/thalapathy-vijays-goat-leaked-online-what-we-know-9041421.html |url-status=live }}</ref> directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] and produced by [[AGS Entertainment]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in dual roles, alongside [[Prashanth]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Jayaram]], [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Laila (actress)|Laila]], [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] and Abyukta Manikandan. It is the twenty-fifth production of the studio and the penultimate film of Vijay before his political entry. The film follows Gandhi, the former leader of an [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|anti-terrorism squad]], who reunites with his squad members to address the problems that stemmed from their previous actions.

The film was officially announced in May 2023 under the tentative title ''Thalapathy 68'', as it is Vijay's 68th film as a leading actor, and the official title was announced that December. [[Principal photography]] commenced in October 2023 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by late June 2024. Filming locations included [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Thailand]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Russia]] and [[United States]]. The film has music composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematography handled by [[Siddhartha Nuni]] and editing by Venkat Raajen.

''The Greatest of All Time'' was released worldwide on 5 September 2024 in standard and [[IMAX]] formats to mixed reviews from critics, who praised Vijay's performance, action sequences and climax while the lack of character development and writing received criticism. The film grossed {{INR}}440–460 crore at the box office, against a budget of {{INR}}380–400 crore, which is AGS's highest expense and ranks among the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian films]] and is also one of the [[List of most expensive non-English-language films|priciest non-English-language films]] ever made, emerging as the [[List of Tamil films of 2024|highest-grossing Tamil film of 2024]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> the [[List of Indian films of 2024|fourth highest-grossing Indian film of 2024]], [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|eight highest-grossing Tamil film of all time]], [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|fifth highest-grossing Tamil film in overseas]], and the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films#Highest-grossing films within Tamil Nadu|third highest-grossing film in Tamil Nadu]].{{efn|name="GOAT"}}

== Plot ==
In 2008, in [[Kenya]], the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Special Anti-Terrorism Squad]] (SATS), consisting of M. S. Gandhi and his teammates Sunil Thiagarajan, Kalyan Sundaram and Ajay Govindharaj, intercept the terrorist Omar to extract [[uranium]] from him. Their former chief, Rajiv Menon, absconding after being charged with treason, is also on the same train. They retrieve the uranium from Menon and destroy the train he was on, believing everyone on board, including Menon, to have died. Back in [[Delhi]], the team lives undercover as employees of a tourism agency, hiding their real jobs from their families. Gandhi lives with his wife, Anuradha "Anu", who is pregnant, and their five-year-old son, Jeevan.

Gandhi takes his family along to alleviate Anu's suspicions of infidelity when he is assigned a new mission in [[Bangkok]]. After completing the mission, Gandhi and his family are attacked, leading to Anu experiencing labour and Jeevan mysteriously disappearing. The police find a charred body believed to be Jeevan's, leaving Gandhi devastated. Anu delivers a baby girl but stops speaking to Gandhi out of grief.

By 2024, Gandhi has left SATS and is working as an [[immigration officer]] at [[Chennai International Airport]]. He and Anu live separately, and their daughter, Jeevitha, lives with Anu. Upon Kalyan's suggestion, Gandhi's former boss, Nazeer, asks him to go to [[Moscow]] to train new officers at the reopened Indian Embassy. Though reluctant, Gandhi agrees, but during his time there, the embassy is attacked by a gang. Gandhi fights them off and is shocked to see one of the attackers, a young [[doppelgänger]]. He realizes it is Jeevan and confirms this when he helps him fend off the attackers. They return to [[Chennai]], and the family reunites, with Anu starting to speak to Gandhi again. Nazeer calls Gandhi for an urgent meeting at the [[Chennai Metro]] station, stating that the information is so confidential it cannot be told over the phone. A masked man attacks Nazeer. Gandhi arrives just in time to fight off the attacker, but the masked man kills Nazeer. The masked figure is later revealed to be Jeevan and Gandhi swears to find the killer and take revenge for Nazeer's death.

Gandhi returns to SATS to find who is trying to cause a threat to their agency. Nazeer's phone has all the information about Jeevan and his gang from Moscow. Jeevan's accomplice Sha took the phone from Nazeer in the Metro station when Nazeer dropped it. But Sha reveals to Jeevan that the phone went missing. It is revealed that Jeevan has been working for Menon all this time and has come to Gandhi's family for a reason.

It is also revealed that Menon survived the train explosion in 2008 but lost his family in the incident. Seeking revenge, he tracked Gandhi to Bangkok, kidnapped Jeevan, and placed him in a juvenile facility, instilling fear in him. He then "rescued" Jeevan by killing the members of the facility, earning his trust and renaming him Sanjay after his deceased son. Jeevan, manipulated by Menon, came to believe Gandhi was responsible for the deaths of his family. Fueled by this hatred, Jeevan dedicated his life to Menon and his revenge on Gandhi.

Diamond Babu, a thief, steals Nazeer's phone, containing key evidence. Gandhi tries to buy it, but Jeevan intervenes. Ajay tries to stop Jeevan but is murdered. Abdul and Menon's arrest prompts Jeevan to kidnap Srinidhi, blackmailing Sunil to secure their release. Kalyan requests Gandhi to free them. Sunil witnessing that Jeevan had slashed Srinidhi's throat requests Kalyan to release them and he does so. After they reach the spot Kalyan suffocates her to death prevent her from becoming a key witness, revealing that he had been working with Menon all along. Sunil devastated about his daughter’s death swears revenge once he finds out who was the killer. While tracking down Sha, Gandhi coincidentally finds Jeevan and arrests him. During interrogation, he seizes Sunil's gun, seemingly kills him and forces Gandhi to escort him out, allowing Jeevan to escape. However, Sunil is revealed to be alive and kills Kalyan. Menon kidnaps Anu and reveals a bombing plan, unaware it is Gandhi's ploy. Gandhi captures Menon and brings him to the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] to negotiate with Jeevan to prevent the bombing. Jeevan plans to detonate multiple bombs at the stadium and frame Gandhi for treason. Gandhi, with the help of his brother-in-law Seenu and Jeevitha, prevents the detonation. When Jeevan threatens Jeevitha's life, Gandhi kills him.

It is later revealed that "Jeevan" was a [[Human cloning|clone]] created by the real Jeevan, still known as Sanjay, who has since been creating more clones to target Gandhi.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as:
** M. S. Gandhi
** Jeevan Gandhi / Sanjay Menon
*** Akilan as child Jeevan
*** Ayaz Khan as teenage Jeevan ([[deepfake]])
** Three clones of Jeevan Gandhi
* [[Prashanth]] as Sunil Thiagarajan
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as Kalyan Sundaram
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Rajiv Menon
* [[Jayaram]] as Nazeer
* [[Ajmal Ameer]] as Ajay Govindharaj
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as Sha
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Diamond Babu
* [[Premgi Amaren]] as Seenu
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Anuradha "Anu" ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by [[Savitha Radhakrishnan]])
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] as Dr. Radhika Sunil (Voice dubbed by Savitha Radhakrishnan)
* [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] as Srinidhi Sunil (Voice dubbed by [[M. M. Manasi]])
* Abhyukta Manikandan as Jeevitha
* [[Yugendran]] as Abdul
* [[T. Siva]] as an [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian Embassy]] officer
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Rajendran
* [[Aravind Akash]] as Aravind, a SATS officer
* [[Ajay Raj]] as Ajay, a SATS officer
* [[Dileepan]] as Dhilip, a SATS officer
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Raghavan, [[security]] incharge of the [[Stadium]]
* [[Parvati Nair]] as a junior SATS officer (Voice dubbed by Prakruthee)
* Omar Lateef as Omar, the [[terrorist]]
* [[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]] as Menon's henchman
* [[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]] as a SATS officer
* [[Irfan Zaini]] as Johnson, an Indian Embassy officer
* Salem Parthiban as Traffic SI Elavarasu
}}

; Cameo appearances
{{cast listing|
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as a dancer in the song "Matta"
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] as himself
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as [[Research & Analysis Wing|RAW]] officer
* [[Kaniha]] as Abi Menon, Menon's wife
* [[Anjena Kirti]] as a Juvenile warden
* [[Komal Sharma]] as Nazeer's wife}}

Additionally, late actor [[Vijayakanth]] was featured in the film as a Nuclear Scientist as a tribute with the use of [[artificial intelligence]] in a short appearance as M. S. Gandhi in disguise; the voice was dubbed by [[K. Manikandan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-10 |title=Manikandan dubbed for Vijayakanth's AI appearance in Vijay's 'GOAT' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/manikandan-dubbed-for-vijayakanths-ai-appearance-in-vijays-goat/articleshow/113222380.cms |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912144124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/manikandan-dubbed-for-vijayakanths-ai-appearance-in-vijays-goat/articleshow/113222380.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[MS Dhoni]], [[Ravindra Jadeja]], [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]], [[Rohit Sharma]] and [[Ajinkya Rahane]] appear from [[archival footage|archived footages]] in an [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] game featuring [[Chennai Super Kings]] and [[Mumbai Indians]].

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{Multiple images
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Vijay At The Jilla 100 days celebrations event 1.jpg
| image2 = Venkat Prabhu at Damaal Dumeel Audio Launch.jpg
| footer = ''The Greatest of All Time'' is the first collaboration between [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Venkat Prabhu]].}}
In late November 2021, [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], who had collaborated with director [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] for three successful films, was reported to collaborate again with the latter for his 68th film as the lead actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2021 |title=Vijay and Atlee to join hands again for Thalapathy 68? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/Nov/30/vijay-and-atlee-to-join-hands-again-for-thalapathy-68-28123.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419091957/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/nov/30/vijay-and-atlee-to-join-hands-again-for-thalapathy-68-28123.html |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Marking their collaboration after [[Theri (film)|'' Theri'']] (2016), ''[[Mersal]]'' (2017), and ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019), the production process was set to begin after the director completed his commitments for his debut [[Hindi]] film, [[Jawan (film)|'' Jawan'']] (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2021 |title=Will Vijay and Atlee reunite for 'Thalapathy68'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-vijay-and-atlee-reunite-for-thalapathy68/articleshow/88000082.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322204725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-vijay-and-atlee-reunite-for-thalapathy68/articleshow/88000082.cms |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2021 |title=Thalapathy Vijay, Director Atlee Likely to Collaborate For Their 4th Project: Reports |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thalapathy-vijay-director-atlee-likely-to-collaborate-for-their-4th-project-reports-4506389.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907112336/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/thalapathy-vijay-director-atlee-likely-to-collaborate-for-their-4th-project-reports-4506389.html |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In the meantime, Vijay would work on two projects, ''[[Varisu]]'' and [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']] (both 2023).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=30 November 2021 |title=After Theri, Mersal and Bigil, Vijay and Atlee to join hands again for Thalapathy 68? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-theri-mersal-and-bigil-vijay-and-atlee-to-join-hands-again-for-thalapathy-68/1f6705d081600 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317120047/https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-theri-mersal-and-bigil-vijay-and-atlee-to-join-hands-again-for-thalapathy-68/1f6705d081600 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> On 24 December, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], through [[X (social network)|X]], posted a picture of himself and Vijay,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2021 |title=Will Yuvan Shankar Raja and Vijay team up after almost two decades? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-vijay-team-up-after-almost-two-decades/articleshow/88471671.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127150500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-vijay-team-up-after-almost-two-decades/articleshow/88471671.cms |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> which was speculated to hint a reunion in the near future after ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=24 December 2021 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja posts a picture of himself with Thalapathy Vijay; netizens wonder what's brewing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-posts-a-picture-of-himself-with-thalapathy-vijay-netizens-wonder-whats-brewing/09bac9e633574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114543/https://www.ottplay.com/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-posts-a-picture-of-himself-with-thalapathy-vijay-netizens-wonder-whats-brewing/09bac9e633574 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Reports of the collaboration between Vijay and Atlee continued throughout 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2022 |title=Atlee's latest tweet raises speculations about the director's reunion with Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/atlees-latest-tweet-raises-speculations-about-the-directors-reunion-with-vijay/articleshow/91782113.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/atlees-latest-tweet-raises-speculations-about-the-directors-reunion-with-vijay/articleshow/91782113.cms |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> That December, it was reported that filming was set to commence in June 2023, as Atlee by then had completed ''Jawan'', as the initial film's release date was 2 June 2023; but was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=21 December 2022 |title=Vijay and director Atlee's Thalapathy 68 to kickstart in June 2023. Details inside |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-and-director-atlees-thalapathy-68-to-kickstart-in-june-2023-details-inside-2311674-2022-12-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903062021/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-and-director-atlees-thalapathy-68-to-kickstart-in-june-2023-details-inside-2311674-2022-12-21 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

The following May, however, Atlee was confirmed not to direct the project, as he had signed another Hindi film, which became [[Baby John (film)|'' Baby John'']] (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2023 |title=As it's not 'Thalapathy 68' for Atlee, here's what he might do next! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/as-its-not-thalapathy-68-for-atlee-heres-what-he-might-do-next/articleshow/100529867.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907181207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/as-its-not-thalapathy-68-for-atlee-heres-what-he-might-do-next/amp_articleshow/100529867.cms |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Vijay had reportedly listened to multiple scripts, which included from directors [[Venkat Prabhu]] and [[Gopichand Malineni]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2023 |title=Will Venkat Prabhu direct Thalapathy Vijay's 68th? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-venkat-prabhu-direct-thalapathy-vijays-68th/articleshow/100293057.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-venkat-prabhu-direct-thalapathy-vijays-68th/articleshow/100293057.cms |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> On 21 May, Vijay, through his social media pages, announced that his 68th film would be helmed by Prabhu, tentatively titled ''Thalapathy 68''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2023 |title='Thalapathy 68': Vijay, Venkat Prabhu team up for their next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhu-team-up-for-their-next/article66877089.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522021946/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhu-team-up-for-their-next/article66877089.ece |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[AGS Entertainment]] would produce the film, while Archana Kalpathi and Aishwarya Kalapathi served as creative producers.<ref name=" cast and crew">{{Cite news |date=24 October 2023 |title=Cast and crew of Vijay – Venkat Prabhu's 'Thalapathy 68' revealed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cast-and-crew-of-vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-revealed/article67453076.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024082139/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cast-and-crew-of-vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-revealed/article67453076.ece |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> It is the production house's most expensive and 25th film production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=3 September 2024 |title=Vijay's 'GOAT' Roars: AGS Entertainment's Archana Kalpathi on Its Biggest Venture Yet, 'A Proper Action Entertainer' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/vijay-goat-ags-entertainment-1236127161/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904015857/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/vijay-goat-ags-entertainment-1236127161/ |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was made on a budget of {{INR}}400 crore,<ref name="budget">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2024 |title=Archana Kalpathi on spending Rs 400 crore for Vijay-Venkat Prabhu's GOAT: 'Star salary is proportionate to box office revenue' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/archana-kalpathi-on-spending-rs-400-crore-for-vijay-venkat-prabhus-goat-9544491/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904125653/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/archana-kalpathi-on-spending-rs-400-crore-for-vijay-venkat-prabhus-goat-9544491/ |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> with Vijay having received a remuneration of {{INRConvert|200|c}} making him the highest-paid actor in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2024 |title=Official! Thalapathy Vijay got Rs 200 remuneration for 'GOAT' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-thalapathy-vijay-got-rs-200-remuneration-for-goat/articleshow/112965388.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901134559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-thalapathy-vijay-got-rs-200-remuneration-for-goat/articleshow/112965388.cms |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In August 2023, the team left for Los Angeles to use visual effects scanning to create the look of one of Vijay's characters; this technique was previously used for ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=26 August 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 team takes off to LA for 3D VFX scan |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/thalapathy-68-team-takes-off-to-la-for-3d-vfx-scan-732207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826031718/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/thalapathy-68-team-takes-off-to-la-for-3d-vfx-scan-732207 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's official title, ''The Greatest of All Time'', was announced on 31 December 2023.<ref name="title">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: Vijay's next is titled The Greatest of All Time, actor stuns in double role |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-68-vijays-next-is-titled-the-greatest-of-all-time-actor-stuns-in-double-role-101704025032028.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231130434/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-68-vijays-next-is-titled-the-greatest-of-all-time-actor-stuns-in-double-role-101704025032028.html |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Prabhu later revealed that he wanted to title the film ''Gandhi'', which remained the lead character's name.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-31 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'GOAT' had a different name earlier. Movie sees strong global pre-bookings |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/thalapathy-vijays-goat-had-a-different-name-earlier-movie-sees-strong-global-pre-bookings/articleshow/112952268.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250805052748/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/thalapathy-vijays-goat-had-a-different-name-earlier-movie-sees-strong-global-pre-bookings/articleshow/112952268.cms |archive-date=2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-08-05 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
Prabhu had met Vijay ten months prior to the announcement and narrated a one-liner, which the latter requested to develop.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2023 |title=How Vijay landed on Venkat Prabhu for 'Thalapathy 68'; producer Dhananjay reveals! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/how-vijay-landed-on-venkat-prabhu-for-thalapathy-68-producer-dhananjay-reveals/articleshow/101197627.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011124542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/how-vijay-landed-on-venkat-prabhu-for-thalapathy-68-producer-dhananjay-reveals/articleshow/101197627.cms |archive-date=11 October 2023 |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> After completing the development in early-May 2023, Prabhu met Vijay again later that month and narrated the script. Vijay then approved of the script and finalised him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2023 |title=Here's when Venkat Prabhu okayed 'Thalapathy 68' with Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-when-venkat-prabhu-okayed-thalapathy-68-with-vijay/articleshow/100418383.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522145950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-when-venkat-prabhu-okayed-thalapathy-68-with-vijay/articleshow/100418383.cms |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Prabhu co-wrote the film's script dialogues with [[Viji (screenwriter)|Viji]], with additional screenplay written by K. Chandru and Ezhilarasu Gunasekaran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 First Look: Thalapathy Vijay's next film titled The Greatest of All Time: A Venkat Prabhu Hero |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-68-first-look-thalapathy-vijays-next-film-titled-the-greatest-of-all-time-a-venkat-prabhu-hero-1268666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101015534/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-68-first-look-thalapathy-vijays-next-film-titled-the-greatest-of-all-time-a-venkat-prabhu-hero-1268666 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held on 2 October 2023 at [[Prasad Labs]] in [[Chennai]] with the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: Vijay & Venkat Prabhu's new film begins with a pooja in Chennai |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhus-new-film-begins-with-a-pooja-in-chennai-2708976 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002140325/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhus-new-film-begins-with-a-pooja-in-chennai-2708976 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Goutham |date=23 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: Makers of Vijay starrer drop exciting update; details inside |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-68-makers-of-vijay-starrer-drop-exciting-update-details-inside-1253321 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075928/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-68-makers-of-vijay-starrer-drop-exciting-update-details-inside-1253321 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>

The same month, [[Siddhartha Nuni]] was announced as cinematographer, in his third Tamil film after ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]'' (2022) and ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' (2024), marking his first film with Vijay and Prabhu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay-Venkat Prabhu's Thalapathy 68 cast and crew revealed in official launch video |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-cast-and-crew-revealed-in-official-launch-video/36e5c6fba6452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921070401/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-cast-and-crew-revealed-in-official-launch-video/36e5c6fba6452 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> Yuvan Shankar Raja was confirmed to score the music, in his third consecutive film with the director after they had done a total of ten films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay and Venkat Prabhu to join forces for actor's 68th film. Yuvan Shankar Raja to score music |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu-to-join-forces-for-actors-68th-film-yuvan-shankar-raja-to-score-music-2382197-2023-05-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522145626/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu-to-join-forces-for-actors-68th-film-yuvan-shankar-raja-to-score-music-2382197-2023-05-21 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 2023 |title='Thalapathy 68': Vijay to sing a song under Yuvan Shankar Raja's composition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-68-vijay-to-sing-a-song-under-yuvan-shankar-rajas-composition/articleshow/104748613.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214032104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-68-vijay-to-sing-a-song-under-yuvan-shankar-rajas-composition/articleshow/104748613.cms |archive-date=14 December 2023 |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The technical crew includes cinematographer [[Siddhartha Nuni]], editor Venkat Raajen, production designer Rajeevan Nanbiyar, stunt choreographer [[Dhilip Subbarayan]], art directors Sekar and Surya Rajeevan, costume designers [[Vasuki Bhaskar]] and Pallavi Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title='The Greatest of All Time' new poster: Thalapathy Vijay promises great action |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/the-greatest-of-all-time-new-poster-thalapathy-vijay-promises-great-action-2482909-2024-01-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118035250/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/the-greatest-of-all-time-new-poster-thalapathy-vijay-promises-great-action-2482909-2024-01-01 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cast and crew" /> S. M. Venkat Manickam was appointed as the executive producer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Thalapathy 68: Vijay, Venkat Prabhu's film titled 'The Greatest Of All Time' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhus-film-titled-the-greatest-of-all-time-2831109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323103143/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhus-film-titled-the-greatest-of-all-time-2831109 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Vijay plays dual roles as an elderly and younger character. [[De-aging in film and television|De-aging]] technology was utilised to portray the younger version. Initially, Prabhu's choices for the roles included [[Rajinikanth]] as the older character and [[Dhanush]] as the younger one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2024 |title=Not Vijay, But Rajinikanth And Dhanush Were The First Choices For GOAT! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/rajinikanth-and-dhanush-were-the-first-choice-for-goat-article-112983156 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902092833/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/rajinikanth-and-dhanush-were-the-first-choice-for-goat-article-112983156 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] was cast as female leads, with Chaudhary paired opposite the younger Vijay,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=Meenakshi Chaudhary roped in for Vijay's 'Thalapathy 68'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meenakshi-chaudhary-roped-in-for-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/104099271.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003060812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meenakshi-chaudhary-roped-in-for-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/104099271.cms |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: Vijay Welcomes Meenakshi Chaudhary, Prabhu Deva And Other Cast Members. WATCH Pada Poojai Video |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-68-vijay-welcomes-meenakshi-chaudhary-prabhu-deva-and-other-cast-members-watch-pada-poojai-video-article-104665768 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024072003/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-68-vijay-welcomes-meenakshi-chaudhary-prabhu-deva-and-other-cast-members-watch-pada-poojai-video-article-104665768 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> while Sneha reunited with Vijay after working with him in ''[[Vaseegara]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2024 |title=After Jyotika and Simran, THIS former co-star of Thalapathy Vijay approached for Thalapathy 68; Reports |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/after-jyotika-and-simran-this-former-co-star-of-thalapathy-vijay-approached-for-thalapathy-68-reports-1243146 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103144125/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/after-jyotika-and-simran-this-former-co-star-of-thalapathy-vijay-approached-for-thalapathy-68-reports-1243146 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2024 |title=Sneha elated to play Thalapathy Vijay's pair in 'GOAT' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneha-elated-to-play-thalapathy-vijays-pair-in-goat/articleshow/106505999.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103144125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneha-elated-to-play-thalapathy-vijays-pair-in-goat/articleshow/106505999.cms |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Prabhu Deva]] joined the cast in a significant role, marking his first acting collaboration with Vijay after directing him in two films,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=24 August 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: Vijay and Prabhu Deva to share screen space after a long time. Details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-vijay-and-prabhu-deva-to-share-screen-space-after-a-long-time-details-inside/9891dd770e319 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328044812/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-vijay-and-prabhu-deva-to-share-screen-space-after-a-long-time-details-inside/9891dd770e319 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> whilst [[Prashanth]] was cast further in an important role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: Prashanth, the '90s top star to play a crucial role in Vijay's next? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-prashanth-the-90s-top-star-to-play-a-crucial-role-in-vijays-next/70ada37754696 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908035302/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-prashanth-the-90s-top-star-to-play-a-crucial-role-in-vijays-next/70ada37754696 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[Laila (actress)|Laila]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 25, 2023 |title=Laila calls Vijay's Thalapathy 68 a 'special birthday gift' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/laila-calls-vijays-thalapathy-68-a-special-birthday-gift/130f1326c6790 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908130610/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/laila-calls-vijays-thalapathy-68-a-special-birthday-gift/130f1326c6790 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2023 |title=Not Vijay, THIS actor to sport a versatile look in 'Thalapathy 68' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-vijay-this-actor-to-sport-a-versatile-look-in-thalapathy-68/articleshow/105896389.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217102958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-vijay-this-actor-to-sport-a-versatile-look-in-thalapathy-68/articleshow/105896389.cms |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manu |first=Hridyambika A |date=20 October 2023 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 68: Mic Mohan to play antagonist in the Venkat Prabhu directorial? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vijays-thalapathy-68-mic-mohan-to-play-antagonist-in-the-venkat-prabhu-directorial/afecd4eec7667 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207001741/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vijays-thalapathy-68-mic-mohan-to-play-antagonist-in-the-venkat-prabhu-directorial/afecd4eec7667 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> [[Jayaram]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: Jayaram roped in for the Vijay starrer? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-jayaram-roped-in-for-the-vijay-starrer/c58b20d877468 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323033242/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-jayaram-roped-in-for-the-vijay-starrer/c58b20d877468 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> and [[Ajmal Ameer]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalapathy 68: Ajmal Ameer in Vijay-Venkat Prabhu film, shares photo from set |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-ajmal-ameer-in-vijay-venkat-prabhu-film-shares-photo-from-set/5b90b0247b487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208133719/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-ajmal-ameer-in-vijay-venkat-prabhu-film-shares-photo-from-set/5b90b0247b487 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Yogi Babu]],<ref>{{Cite news |title='GOAT' was initially written for Dhanush and Rajinikanth and was to be titled 'Gandhi', reveals Venkat Prabhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-was-initially-written-for-dhanush-and-rajinikanth-and-was-to-be-titled-gandhi-reveals-venkat-prabhu/articleshow/112993489.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907190850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-was-initially-written-for-dhanush-and-rajinikanth-and-was-to-be-titled-gandhi-reveals-venkat-prabhu/amp_articleshow/112993489.cms |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[VTV Ganesh]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2023 |title=Is 'Thalapathy 68' to be titled 'GOAT'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-thalapathy-68-to-be-titled-goat/articleshow/106264459.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104074953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-thalapathy-68-to-be-titled-goat/articleshow/106264459.cms |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Prabhu's frequent collaborators [[Premgi Amaren]],<ref name="cast and crew" /> [[Aravind Akash]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 cast and crew details out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/24/thalapathy-68-cast-and-crew-details-out-48891.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419021545/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/24/thalapathy-68-cast-and-crew-details-out-48891.html |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Ajay Raj]] were announced to play prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=3 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 launched; AI-based song to be filmed today |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/thalapathy-68-launched-ai-based-song-to-be-filmed-today-739626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003131744/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/thalapathy-68-launched-ai-based-song-to-be-filmed-today-739626 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> With Babu and Ganesh making their first collaboration with Prabhu, all of their inclusion was confirmed during their presence at the muhurat puja.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2023 |title=Jayaram, Mohan and Meenakshi to join the cast of Vijay's 'Thalapathy 68' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayaram-mohan-and-meenakshi-to-join-cast-of-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/104121664.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004014509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayaram-mohan-and-meenakshi-to-join-cast-of-vijays-thalapathy-68/articleshow/104121664.cms |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2023 |title=Confirmed! Ajmal in 'Thalapathy 68', the actor shares a picture with 'Leo' star Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/confirmed-ajmal-in-thalapathy-68-the-actor-shares-a-picture-with-leo-star-vijay/articleshow/104573795.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022135925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/confirmed-ajmal-in-thalapathy-68-the-actor-shares-a-picture-with-leo-star-vijay/articleshow/104573795.cms |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Arvind Swamy]] were the original choices for Mohan's role, and [[Nayanthara]] for Sneha's.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=அந்த கேரக்டரா? நோ வே.. கோட் பட மைக் மோகன் கதாபாத்திரம் - ரிஜெக்ட் செய்த இரு டாப் ஹீரோஸ்! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/two-heroes-rejected-mic-mohan-character-in-goat-venkat-prabhu-opens-up-ans-sjnr2z |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911235657/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/two-heroes-rejected-mic-mohan-character-in-goat-venkat-prabhu-opens-up-ans-sjnr2z |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Parvati Nair]] revealed that she was a part of the cast in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hussain |first=M A Fahad |date=4 January 2024 |title=Parvati Nair to play a 'bold', 'interesting' character in Vijay's GOAT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parvati-nair-to-play-a-bold-interesting-character-in-vijays-goat/articleshow/106532951.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104052003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parvati-nair-to-play-a-bold-interesting-character-in-vijays-goat/articleshow/106532951.cms |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=It's official! Parvati Nair confirmed for Thalapathy Vijay's The Greatest Of All Time: 'Dreams do come true' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/its-official-parvati-nair-confirmed-for-thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-dreams-do-come-true/a0e3a619df806 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323103146/https://www.ottplay.com/news/its-official-parvati-nair-confirmed-for-thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-dreams-do-come-true/a0e3a619df806 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> [[Yugendran]] was present at the film's preliminary shooting, confirming his presence; he would act with Vijay after ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2024 |title=Yugendran to act with Vijay in GOAT after 18 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yugendran-to-act-with-vijay-in-goat-after-18-years/articleshow/109133155.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409050155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yugendran-to-act-with-vijay-in-goat-after-18-years/articleshow/109133155.cms |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Premalatha Vijayakanth|Premalatha]], the wife of late [[Vijayakanth]], confirmed that the latter would be featured in a scene for the film with the use of [[artificial intelligence]] (AI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2024 |title=Premalatha Vijayakanth confirms Vijayakanth's appearance through AI in Vijay's 'GOAT' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/premalatha-vijayakanth-confirms-vijayakanths-appearance-through-ai-in-vijays-goat/articleshow/109336636.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416081114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/premalatha-vijayakanth-confirms-vijayakanths-appearance-through-ai-in-vijays-goat/articleshow/109336636.cms |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Y. G. Mahendran]] stated that he would also make a cameo appearance, during an interview with ''[[Filmibeat]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's The Greatest of All Time will be as brilliant as Thuppakki, says YG Mahendra |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-will-be-as-brilliant-as-thuppakki-says-yg-mahendra/5f95b98114733 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417135653/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-will-be-as-brilliant-as-thuppakki-says-yg-mahendra/5f95b98114733 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Ayaz Khan portrayed the teenage version of Vijay's younger character Jeevan, with his face [[Deepfake|digitally morphed]] to resemble Vijay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-08 |title=Not Thalapathy Vijay but THIS young actor played his younger character in The GOAT; can you guess? |url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/celebrities/not-thalapathy-vijay-but-this-young-actor-played-his-younger-character-in-the-goat-can-you-guess/66855d2f5b430/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910153814/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/celebrities/not-thalapathy-vijay-but-this-young-actor-played-his-younger-character-in-the-goat-can-you-guess/66855d2f5b430/ |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=[[Desimartini]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
{{Multiple images
| image1 = Bangkok Night Wikimedia Commons.jpg
| footer = One of the schedules was filmed in [[Bangkok]].
| total_width = 300}}
[[Principal photography]] began with the first schedule on 3 October 2023 at Prasad Labs in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2023 |title=Vijay, Venkat Prabhu's 'Thalapathy 68' shoot begins. Mohan, Prashanth to join cast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-shoot-begins-mohan-prashanth-to-join-cast-2443566-2023-10-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003074934/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-shoot-begins-mohan-prashanth-to-join-cast-2443566-2023-10-03 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> A song sequence, choreographed by [[Raju Sundaram]] and picturised on Vijay, Prashanth, Deva and Ajmal, was firstly filmed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: Venkat Prabhu organises special screening of Vijay's Leo trailer for the crew |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-venkat-prabhu-organises-special-screening-of-vijays-leo-trailer-for-the-crew/46d9f7107f620 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325095609/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-venkat-prabhu-organises-special-screening-of-vijays-leo-trailer-for-the-crew/46d9f7107f620 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Reportedly, the makers used AI for the sequence which concluded by 9 October.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title='Thalapathy 68' song shoot wrapped up; choreographer revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-68-song-shoot-wrapped-up-choreographer-revealed/articleshow/104282126.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010072255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-68-song-shoot-wrapped-up-choreographer-revealed/articleshow/104282126.cms |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second schedule commenced in [[Thailand]] on 30 October,<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title=Vijay's 'Thalapathy 68' team head to Bangkok for next schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-thalapathy-68-team-head-to-bangkok-for-next-schedule/articleshow/104848380.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325095609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-thalapathy-68-team-head-to-bangkok-for-next-schedule/articleshow/104848380.cms |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with Vijay joining them on 3 November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2023 |title=Vijay heads to Bangkok for 'Thalapathy 68' shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-heads-to-bangkok-for-thalapathy-68-shooting/articleshow/104937865.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104125026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-heads-to-bangkok-for-thalapathy-68-shooting/articleshow/104937865.cms |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team shot mostly at [[Bangkok]] in this schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68: Vijay wraps up Bangkok schedule, back in Chennai |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-vijay-wraps-up-bangkok-schedule-back-in-chennai/18cd881602921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113082352/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-vijay-wraps-up-bangkok-schedule-back-in-chennai/18cd881602921 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Within ten days of filming, Vijay completed filming his portions for the schedule and returned to Chennai; the makers stayed in Thailand and filmed portions not involving the actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2023 |title=Vijay returns to Chennai as he completes the Thailand schedule of 'Thalapathy 68' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-returns-to-chennai-as-he-completes-the-thailand-schedule-of-thalapathy-68/articleshow/105180226.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126101136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-returns-to-chennai-as-he-completes-the-thailand-schedule-of-thalapathy-68/articleshow/105180226.cms |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A minor portion was shot soon after at Prasad Labs in late November, before they moved to a film city in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2023 |title=Vijay and Venkat Prabhu's 'Thalapathy 68' to shoot in Turkey next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-and-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-to-shoot-in-turkey-next/articleshow/105530834.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230045016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-and-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-to-shoot-in-turkey-next/articleshow/105530834.cms |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Prabhu had reportedly united a major cast to film important sequences before the schedule ended by 27 December.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title=It's a schedule wrap for Vijay and Venkat Prabhu's 'Thalapathy 68' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-a-schedule-wrap-for-vijay-and-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68/articleshow/106316583.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228081047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-a-schedule-wrap-for-vijay-and-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68/articleshow/106316583.cms |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Filming resumed in [[Sri Lanka]] on 7 January 2024, following a hiatus for the New Year's.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'GOAT' new schedule begins in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=96144 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318063019/https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=96144 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=[[Ada Derana]]}}</ref> On 2 February, Vijay announced his retirement from films after completing one more film and his entry into politics, making this his penultimate film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2024 |title=Vijay's confirms his final film will be 'Thalapathy 69' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-confirms-his-final-film-will-be-thalapathy-69/articleshow/107351699.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204101632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-confirms-his-final-film-will-be-thalapathy-69/articleshow/107351699.cms |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> By then, filming was halfway complete. Siddhartha Nuni had used three cameras to shoot a significant sequence; something he had never done before.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2024 |title='GOAT' cinematographer Siddhartha Nuni opens up the challenges in Vijay's film; says '50% shoot completed' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-cinematographer-siddhartha-nuni-opens-up-the-challenges-in-vijays-film-says-50-shoot-completed/articleshow/107352773.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203062803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-cinematographer-siddhartha-nuni-opens-up-the-challenges-in-vijays-film-says-50-shoot-completed/articleshow/107352773.cms |archive-date=3 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A minor schedule began in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] on 5 February.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2024 |title=Vijay's selfie video; 'GOAT' actor continues to prove his mass in Pondicherry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-selfie-video-goat-actor-continues-to-prove-his-mass-in-pondicherry/articleshow/107446796.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207054115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-selfie-video-goat-actor-continues-to-prove-his-mass-in-pondicherry/articleshow/107446796.cms |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=7 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A footage of Vijay, Prashanth and Deva was leaked during this schedule and went viral on social media platforms. This led the film's official technology security partner to warn social media users from sharing the leaked content and that the leaks would be deleted.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1754176922467307852 |user=Massbunk_Anti |title=Refrain from sharing the leaked videos from the shooting spot of #Thalapathy @actorvijay's #GOAT #Thalapathy68. The infringing links will be removed immediately without any further warning! Note: The fans greet and meet/ celebration videos won't be striked :) |author=MassBunk Antipiracy |access-date=4 February 2024}}</ref>

In early March, it was reported that an item number featuring [[Sreeleela]] was decided, however, she declined the offer.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-trisha-but-sreeleela-was-initially-offered-to-appear-in-matta-track-from-goat/articleshow/113283381.cms | title=Not Trisha, but Sreeleela was initially offered to appear in 'Matta' track from 'GOAT' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=12 September 2024 }}</ref> Later [[Trisha Krishnan]] has replaced her and her portion of Matta song was shot in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2024 |title=Will Trisha Krishnan make a surprise appearance in Thalapathy Vijay's 'The GOAT'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-trisha-krishnan-make-a-surprise-appearance-in-thalapathy-vijays-the-goat/articleshow/108482655.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908131302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-trisha-krishnan-make-a-surprise-appearance-in-thalapathy-vijays-the-goat/articleshow/108482655.cms |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The makers had initially decided to shoot the following schedule in [[Morocco]]; however, the filming locations were instead finalised in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2024 |title='GOAT' climax shoot shifts to Kerala from foreign locations! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-climax-shoot-shifts-to-kerala-from-foreign-locations/articleshow/108318766.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326083108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-climax-shoot-shifts-to-kerala-from-foreign-locations/articleshow/108318766.cms |archive-date=26 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The schedule there was intended to begin on 16 March,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2024 |title=Kerala fans are eager to meet Vijay after 14 years! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kerala-fans-are-eager-to-meet-vijay-after-14-years/articleshow/108516392.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326083107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kerala-fans-are-eager-to-meet-vijay-after-14-years/articleshow/108516392.cms |archive-date=26 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but commenced two days later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2024 |title=Vijay meets eager fans outside Thiruvananthapuram hotel, gets adorned by a garland. Watch videos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-meets-fans-outside-thiruvananthapuram-hotel-gets-adorned-garland-watch-videos-9225048/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320163602/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-meets-fans-outside-thiruvananthapuram-hotel-gets-adorned-garland-watch-videos-9225048/ |archive-date=20 March 2024 |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> After ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011), Vijay would make his return to Kerala for filming with this film. Therefore, his fans gathered in front of the airport where the actor would land. A crowd was gathered from 11am to 5pm.<ref name="frenzy">{{Cite news |date=20 March 2024 |title=Vijay stirs up fan frenzy in Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijay-stirs-up-fan-frenzy-in-kerala/articleshow/108655698.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325224812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijay-stirs-up-fan-frenzy-in-kerala/articleshow/108655698.cms |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The schedule began filming in [[Greenfield International Stadium]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Vijay shares selfie video featuring a sea of fans at Kerala stadium; pens post in Malayalam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thiruvananthapuram-stadium-frenzy-for-vijay-refuses-to-die-down-9228801/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908130610/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thiruvananthapuram-stadium-frenzy-for-vijay-refuses-to-die-down-9228801/lite/ |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> A sequence featuring at least 3000 background artists was reportedly filmed inside of the stadium.<ref name="frenzy" /> Because of the presence of his fans outside the stadium at midnight during filming on 21 March, Vijay paused the shooting, met and greeted them.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2024 |title=Fans stand all through the night at the 'GOAT' shooting spot to meet Thalapathy Vijay; check out the actor's reaction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fans-stand-all-through-the-night-at-the-goat-shooting-spot-to-meet-thalapathy-vijay-check-out-the-actors-reaction/articleshow/108696804.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326083109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fans-stand-all-through-the-night-at-the-goat-shooting-spot-to-meet-thalapathy-vijay-check-out-the-actors-reaction/articleshow/108696804.cms |archive-date=26 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On the day after, the actor arranged an outside gathering there with his fans. As his usual trademark, he took a video and posted it on his social media pages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Vijay shares selfie video featuring a sea of fans at Kerala stadium; pens post in Malayalam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thiruvananthapuram-stadium-frenzy-for-vijay-refuses-to-die-down-9228801/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322135201/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thiruvananthapuram-stadium-frenzy-for-vijay-refuses-to-die-down-9228801/ |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Filming for the scheduled portions was completed by 23 March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay expresses gratitude to people of Kerala as GOAT shoot comes to an end |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijay-speaks-to-fans-in-kerala-as-goat-shoot-comes-to-an-end-says-tamil-nadu-and-kerala-are-like-my-two-eyes-1288889 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323073820/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijay-speaks-to-fans-in-kerala-as-goat-shoot-comes-to-an-end-says-tamil-nadu-and-kerala-are-like-my-two-eyes-1288889 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

On 7 April, the makers flew to [[Moscow]] in [[Russia]] for the following schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2024 |title=Archana Kalpathi shares an update on Vijay's GOAT |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/07/archana-kalpathi-shares-an-update-on-vijays-goat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409193435/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/07/archana-kalpathi-shares-an-update-on-vijays-goat |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The sequence filmed at the beginning of the schedule was reported to be filmed at a school campus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=9 April 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay takes a spin on a kick scooter on The Greatest of All Time sets. See video |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-vijay-takes-a-spin-on-a-kick-scooter-on-the-greatest-of-all-time-sets-see-video/b91ce2eb7c318 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409194715/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-vijay-takes-a-spin-on-a-kick-scooter-on-the-greatest-of-all-time-sets-see-video/b91ce2eb7c318 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> A chase sequence was filmed in the schedule. Vijay returned to Chennai on 18 April to cast his vote in the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 Lok Sabha elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay to return from Russia to cast his vote in Lok Sabha elections |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijay-to-take-a-break-from-goats-russia-schedule-to-cast-his-vote-in-2024-lok-sabha-elections-1296771 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418153438/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijay-to-take-a-break-from-goats-russia-schedule-to-cast-his-vote-in-2024-lok-sabha-elections-1296771 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> The actor received an injury during filming before flying back.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Hand Injury Photos From Ghilli Success Bash Sparks Concern Among Fans |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijays-hand-injury-photos-from-ghilli-success-bash-sparks-concern-among-fans-8867446.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426082545/https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijays-hand-injury-photos-from-ghilli-success-bash-sparks-concern-among-fans-8867446.html |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> In mid-May, the makers were reportedly spotted on their way to the United States to resume the filming.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's GOAT: What are makers of The Greatest of All Time up to? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijays-goat-what-are-makers-of-the-greatest-of-all-time-up-to-1305427 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518023528/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-vijays-goat-what-are-makers-of-the-greatest-of-all-time-up-to-1305427 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> In late May, some sequences involving explosives were filmed in and around [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], including [[Promenade Beach|Beach Road]] and Old Port.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=27 May 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'GOAT' action sequence causes panic in Puducherry. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-goat-puducherry-action-sequence-locals-panic-2544447-2024-05-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527202843/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-goat-puducherry-action-sequence-locals-panic-2544447-2024-05-27 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, Prabhu returned to [[Sri Lanka]] for additional shoots, albeit without Vijay,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Venkat Prabhu leaves for Sri Lanka for 'GOAT' shoot; sans Vijay and other stars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-leaves-for-sri-lanka-for-goat-shoot-sans-vijay-and-other-stars/articleshow/110596385.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602102720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-leaves-for-sri-lanka-for-goat-shoot-sans-vijay-and-other-stars/articleshow/110596385.cms |archive-date=2 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> that schedule was completed in early June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=Greatest Of All Time Will Be A Treat For Thalapathy Vijay Fans, Says Actor Mohan |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/greatest-of-all-time-will-be-a-treat-for-thalapathy-vijay-fans-says-actor-mohan-8924481.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608014923/https://www.news18.com/movies/greatest-of-all-time-will-be-a-treat-for-thalapathy-vijay-fans-says-actor-mohan-8924481.html |archive-date=8 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by late-June. The makers, including Vijay, then shortly after reunited to shoot a few pending patchworks. Patchworks continued to be shot at Sree Gokulam Studios in Chennai for two days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2024 |title=Vijay resumes 'GOAT' shoot to complete the pending patchwork |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-resumes-goat-shoot-to-complete-the-pending-patchwork/articleshow/111304547.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628014827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-resumes-goat-shoot-to-complete-the-pending-patchwork/articleshow/111304547.cms |archive-date=28 June 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
In March 2024, Venkat Prabhu confirmed that VFX and CGI works had begun, simultaneously with filming, in [[Chennai]] and [[Los Angeles]]. He further added that five companies would do the effects works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=4 March 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time – Venkat Prabhu opens up about the Thalapathy Vijay starrer; drops major updates |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-venkat-prabhu-opens-up-about-the-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-drops-major-updates/61bafc4ee940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304204902/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-venkat-prabhu-opens-up-about-the-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-drops-major-updates/61bafc4ee940 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title='Just A Few Portions Left': Filmmaker Venkat Prabhu On GOAT's VFX And First Single |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/just-a-few-portions-left-filmmaker-venkat-prabhu-on-goats-vfx-and-first-single-8805596.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322014319/https://www.news18.com/movies/just-a-few-portions-left-filmmaker-venkat-prabhu-on-goats-vfx-and-first-single-8805596.html |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Vijay began dubbing his portions in mid May and completed 50% by 14 May.<ref name="auto" /> Harihara Suthan is the film's [[visual effects supervisor]], under SuthanVFX, along with B2H Studios which will be handling the [[digital intermediate]]. ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that {{INRConvert|6|c}} was used on advanced de-ageing technology for a ten-minute sequence featuring the younger character of Vijay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2023 |title=Buzz: Vijay to appear with a vintage look in Thalapathy 68 for 10 minutes! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-vijay-to-appear-with-a-vintage-look-in-thalapathy-68-for-10-minutes/articleshow/105861011.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325111429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-vijay-to-appear-with-a-vintage-look-in-thalapathy-68-for-10-minutes/articleshow/105861011.cms |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The de-aging works would be mostly handled by [[Lola Visual Effects]]. The company began their works on 16 May, which were completed within two days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=BTS PHOTO: Thalapathy Vijay goes through transformation for GOAT film's VFX; director shares pic |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bts-photo-thalapathy-vijay-goes-through-transformation-for-goat-films-vfx-director-shares-pic-1307037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518073720/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bts-photo-thalapathy-vijay-goes-through-transformation-for-goat-films-vfx-director-shares-pic-1307037 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> Initially, the film was planned to be released in June, coinciding with Vijay's 50th birthday; however, it was delayed due to the extensive post-production and VFX works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=5 January 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time release update – Thalapathy Vijay and Venkat Prabhu's film to hit the theatres in June? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-release-update-thalapathy-vijay-and-venkat-prabhus-film-to-hit-the-theatres-in-june/f6d67f21d7884 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416210526/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-release-update-thalapathy-vijay-and-venkat-prabhus-film-to-hit-the-theatres-in-june/f6d67f21d7884 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=13 April 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time First Single Promo – Thalapathy Vijay turns playback singer yet again for Venkat Prabhu's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-first-single-promo-thalapathy-vijay-turns-playback-singer-yet-again-for-venkat-prabhus-film/e229cd3da2412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416055635/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-first-single-promo-thalapathy-vijay-turns-playback-singer-yet-again-for-venkat-prabhus-film/e229cd3da2412 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|The Greatest of All Time (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack is composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, in his second collaboration with Vijay after ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' (2003) and tenth with Prabhu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 composer Yuvan Shankar Raja's last album for Vijay was in 2003! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-when-yuvan-shankar-raja-last-composed-for-thalapathy-vijay-in-2003/8d49c60551359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609051808/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thalapathy-68-when-yuvan-shankar-raja-last-composed-for-thalapathy-vijay-in-2003/8d49c60551359 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> An audio launch was intended to be held, but was later cancelled due to reasons unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=4 August 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time: No audio launch for Thalapathy Vijay and Venkat Prabhu's film? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-no-audio-launch-for-thalapathy-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu-film/507680b60a999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903160913/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-no-audio-launch-for-thalapathy-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu-film/507680b60a999 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> The album featuring four songs, "Whistle Podu", "Chinna Chinna Kangal", "Spark" and "Matta" {{em dash}} was released on 3 September 2024, two days before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2024 |title='Matta' song: Fourth track from Vijay Thalapathy's 'GOAT' will get you grooving |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-greatest-of-all-time-goat-matta-song-2591498-2024-08-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908130610/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-greatest-of-all-time-goat-matta-song-2591498-2024-08-31 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The film's first look poster was released on 31 December 2023, revealing the film's title.<ref name="title" /> The [[Teaser trailer]] was released on 22 June, coinciding with the occasion of Vijay's 50th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2024 |title=Actor Vijay turns 50: 'GOAT' makers celebrate with action-packed teaser. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-vijay-turns-50-goat-makers-celebrate-with-action-packed-teaser-watch-2556529-2024-06-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622071557/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-vijay-turns-50-goat-makers-celebrate-with-action-packed-teaser-watch-2556529-2024-06-22 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The official merchandise of the film was launched by Filmydice, Meesakar, ColourCrafts and Namma Tribe on 25 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Harshal |date=6 September 2024 |title=GOAT's marketing efforts rely on Vijay's popularity and the genre's mass-y appeal |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/indian-social-media-case-studies/movie-marketing/goat-marketing-vijay-popularity-6954053 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907011729/https://www.socialsamosa.com/indian-social-media-case-studies/movie-marketing/goat-marketing-vijay-popularity-6954053 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=Social Samosa |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 July 2024, the film's creative producer, Archana Kalpathi, announced that updates for the film would be released from the following month.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Official! The next update from Vijay's 'GOAT' will arrive on August 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-the-next-update-from-vijays-goat-will-arrive-on-august-1/articleshow/112099306.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731065833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-the-next-update-from-vijays-goat-will-arrive-on-august-1/amp_articleshow/112099306.cms |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Official announcement posters for the third single, which released on 1 and 2 August, both received criticism from fans and general audience for Vijay's de-aged looks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Disaster Posters: What Is Vijay Doing? |url=https://www.m9.news/movienews/the-greatest-of-all-time-disaster-posters-what-is-vijay-doing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817045650/https://www.m9.news/movienews/the-greatest-of-all-time-disaster-posters-what-is-vijay-doing/amp/ |archive-date=17 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=M9.news |language=en}}</ref> A promotional [[IMAX]] poster, which was released on 8 August 2024, confirmed the film's status of being released in the format.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2024 |title='GOAT' makers share an impressive poster, confirms the IMAX release of Vijay's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-makers-share-an-impressive-poster-confirms-the-imax-release-of-vijays-film/articleshow/112393870.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810143924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-makers-share-an-impressive-poster-confirms-the-imax-release-of-vijays-film/articleshow/112393870.cms |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The Singapore Book of Records awarded the members of the Singapore Thalapathy Vijay Fans Club, for having the largest human figure standee (of Vijay) in front of [[Carnival Cinemas]], with a height of 5.1 meter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest Human Figure Standee |url=https://singaporerecords.com/largest-human-figure-standee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909124335/https://singaporerecords.com/largest-human-figure-standee/ |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Singapore Book Of Records |language=en}}</ref> The film's posters were showcased on the [[Leicester Square]] Screen in the UK, becoming the first South Indian film to have ever done so.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

The film's final trailer was released in August 2024. Vijay's de-aged looks in the trailer were positively received, being regarded as an improvement over his de-aged looks in previous promotional material. Venkat Prabhu confirmed this was in response to past criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2024 |title=Venkat Prabhu Responds To Criticism Surrounding Vijay's De-Aged Look In GOAT Visuals |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/venkat-prabhu-addresses-criticism-over-vijays-de-aged-look-in-goat-article-112621875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830074813/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/venkat-prabhu-addresses-criticism-over-vijays-de-aged-look-in-goat-article-112621875 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''The Greatest of All Time'' was theatrically released on 5 September 2024 in standard and [[IMAX]] formats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's The Greatest Of All Time To Have A Mega Imax Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-to-have-a-mega-imax-release-9010239.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809104053/https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-to-have-a-mega-imax-release-9010239.html |archive-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=9 August 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Apart from the original Tamil language, it was also released with dubbed versions in Telugu and Hindi, respectively under the film's official title and ''Thalapathy is the G.O.A.T''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title=Vijay's The Greatest of All Time gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/11/vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411115953/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/11/vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=11 April 2024 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the film released on the same day, with a [[15 (British Board of Film Classification)|15]] rating by the [[British Board of Film Classification]] for strong violence, threat, injury details and disturbing scenes, followed by no cuts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2024 |title='GOAT' first review out from UK censor; A blockbuster status loading for Vijay and Venkat Prabhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-first-review-out-from-uk-censor-a-blockbuster-status-loading-for-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu/articleshow/112942746.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901134551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-first-review-out-from-uk-censor-a-blockbuster-status-loading-for-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu/articleshow/112942746.cms |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film was initially granted a [[U/A certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) after several instances of profanity were muted, resulting in an official runtime of 179 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time: CBFC mutes 'f**k', removes reaction shot of woman, modifies violent scene in Thalapathy Vijay-starrer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/greatest-time-cbfc-mutes-fk-removes-reaction-shot-woman-modifies-violent-scene-thalapathy-vijay-starrer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824085203/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/greatest-time-cbfc-mutes-fk-removes-reaction-shot-woman-modifies-violent-scene-thalapathy-vijay-starrer/ |archive-date=24 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> However, just a few days later, the film underwent an additional censorship by the CBFC, leading to a revised version with a final runtime of 183 minutes; the revision included additional footages of four minutes while still maintaining the U/A certificate, becoming Vijay's second longest film after [[Nanban (2012 film)|''Nanban'']] (2012).<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2024 |title='GOAT' recensored! Venkat Prabhu's directorial is now Vijay second longest film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-recensored-venkat-prabhus-directorial-is-now-vijay-second-longest-film/articleshow/112856465.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901134615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-recensored-venkat-prabhus-directorial-is-now-vijay-second-longest-film/articleshow/112856465.cms |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2024 |title=Here's the revised runtime of GOAT: Is the Vijay-Venkat Prabhu film going the Mankatha way? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/heres-the-revised-runtime-of-goat-is-the-vijay-venkat-prabhu-film-going-the-mankatha-way-9536369/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828043611/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/heres-the-revised-runtime-of-goat-is-the-vijay-venkat-prabhu-film-going-the-mankatha-way-9536369/lite/ |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

''The Greatest of All Time'' was Vijay's second film to be released in the IMAX format in the UK, after [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|'' Leo'']] (2023).<ref name="IMAX-UK">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024 |title=Vijay's 'GOAT' to have an IMAX release; UK bookings open now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-goat-to-have-an-imax-release-uk-bookings-open-now/articleshow/112312287.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806113645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-goat-to-have-an-imax-release-uk-bookings-open-now/articleshow/112312287.cms |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It also became the first film to be released simultaneously in every theatres across Tamil Nadu at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=9 August 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time: Thalapathy Vijay's film to have a record release? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-thalapathy-vijays-film-to-have-a-record-release/4b446f0c74921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810091830/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-thalapathy-vijays-film-to-have-a-record-release/4b446f0c74921 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> It was reported that more than 702 screens in Kerala would screen the film, making it the highest for a non-native language film, beating ''Leo''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=27 August 2024 |title=The GOAT release: Thalapathy Vijay's film sets a new record in Kerala with its show count |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-goat-release-thalapathy-vijay-film-sets-a-new-record-in-kerala/574dd9cc2a411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828043614/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/the-goat-release-thalapathy-vijay-film-sets-a-new-record-in-kerala/574dd9cc2a411 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
Romeo Pictures brought the film's distribution rights for [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2024 |title=Tamil Rights For Thalapathy Vijay's The GOAT Sold For A Huge Price |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-rights-for-thalapathy-vijays-the-goat-sold-for-a-huge-price-8956647.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909092748/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/tamil-rights-for-thalapathy-vijays-the-goat-sold-for-a-huge-price-8956647.html |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Sree Gokulam Movies did so for [[Kerala]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=Vijay-starrer GOAT's Kerala distribution rights picked up by Sree Gokulam Movies |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/05/vijay-starrer-goats-kerala-distribution-rights-picked-up-by-sree-gokulam-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729013159/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/05/vijay-starrer-goats-kerala-distribution-rights-picked-up-by-sree-gokulam-movies |archive-date=29 July 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Mythri Movie Makers]] for [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulluri |first=Suhas Sistu & Uday |date=4 September 2024 |title=Meenakshi Chaudhary shares her excitement for 'The GOAT' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/meenakshi-chaudhary-shares-her-excitement-for-the-goat-904508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906021342/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/meenakshi-chaudhary-shares-her-excitement-for-the-goat-904508 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref> and [[Zee Studios]] for [[North India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2024 |title=Vijay starrer The Greatest of All Time to be distributed in North India by Zee Studios |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/vijay-starrer-greatest-time-distributed-north-india-zee-studios/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808170208/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/vijay-starrer-greatest-time-distributed-north-india-zee-studios/ |archive-date=8 August 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> Ahimsa Entertainment and Hamsini Entertainment acquired the distribution rights for the UK and Europe,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=GOAT pre-release sales: Vijay's film sets new record by earning ₹425 crore |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/tamil/goat-pre-release-sales-vijays-film-sets-new-record-by-earning-rs-425-crore/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144013/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/tamil/goat-pre-release-sales-vijays-film-sets-new-record-by-earning-rs-425-crore/ |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref> and Hamsini Entertainment for over 40 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |title='GOAT' box office weekend 1: Thalapathy Vijay's action thriller becomes highest grossing Tamil film of 2024, crosses Rs 200 crore worldwide |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/goat-box-office-weekend-1-thalapathy-vijays-action-thriller-becomes-highest-grossing-tamil-film-of-2024-crosses-rs-200-crore-worldwide-444990-2024-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909085324/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/goat-box-office-weekend-1-thalapathy-vijays-action-thriller-becomes-highest-grossing-tamil-film-of-2024-crosses-rs-200-crore-worldwide-444990-2024-09-09 |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pre-bookings ===
Pre-bookings started in the UK on 6 August 2024, four weeks before the film's release.<ref name="IMAX-UK" /> Over 1,000 tickets were sold within six days of pre-bookings with a collection of {{GBPConvert|8|k}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thalapathy Vijay's The Greatest of All Time (GOAT) sells over 1000 tickets in UK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-goat-sells-over-1000-tickets-in-uk/articleshow/112337824.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-goat-sells-over-1000-tickets-in-uk/amp_articleshow/112337824.cms |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Pre-bookings started in the United States on 15 August 2024, three weeks before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Advance booking for Thalapathy Vijay's The Greatest of All Time to begin in USA from August 15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/advance-booking-for-thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-to-begin-in-usa-from-august-15/articleshow/112444108.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811134349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/advance-booking-for-thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-to-begin-in-usa-from-august-15/amp_articleshow/112444108.cms |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After the trailer was released, the premiere bookings for the film in the US crossed over US{{Dollar sign}}32K.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thalpathy Vijay's The Greatest of All Time (GOAT) jumps by over 850 % in USA for premiere shows |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/thalpathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-goat-jumps-by-over-850-in-usa-for-premiere-shows/articleshow/112671764.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/thalpathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-goat-jumps-by-over-850-in-usa-for-premiere-shows/amp_articleshow/112671764.cms |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Pre-release business ===
According to some Indian trade sources, ''The Greatest of All Time'' was set to become the first Tamil film to achieve a pre-release recovery of {{INRconvert|425|c}} with the sale of satellite, digital, music, and theatrical rights, beating ''Leo'' which reportedly achieved {{INRconvert|423|c}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title='GOAT' budget and pre-release business: Vijay's film collects Rs 50 crore higher than its budget |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-budget-and-pre-release-business-vijays-film-collects-rs-50-crore-higher-than-its-budget/articleshow/113057391.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904132428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-budget-and-pre-release-business-vijays-film-collects-rs-50-crore-higher-than-its-budget/amp_articleshow/113057391.cms |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'G.O.A.T' digital rights are locked for a record price |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijays-goat-digital-rights-sold-for-a-recordbreaking-price/articleshow/107399315.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204130559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijays-goat-digital-rights-sold-for-a-recordbreaking-price/articleshow/107399315.cms |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film began streaming on Netflix from 3 October 2024 in Tamil, [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 2024-10-01 |title=Vijay's GOAT gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Oct/01/vijays-goat-gets-ott-release-date |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=2024-10-01 |archive-date=2024-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001053503/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Oct/01/vijays-goat-gets-ott-release-date |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=GOAT OTT: ఓటీటీలోకి దళపతి విజయ్ యాక్షన్ థ్రిల్లర్ సినిమా.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ డేట్ ఫిక్స్.. ఎక్కడంటే.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-greatest-of-all-time-ott-release-date-thalapathy-vijay-action-thriller-to-stream-on-netflix-ott-121727759363773.html |access-date=1 October 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times Telugu |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001070625/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-greatest-of-all-time-ott-release-date-thalapathy-vijay-action-thriller-to-stream-on-netflix-ott-121727759363773.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Venkat Prabhu, during the promotions of the film, stated that a [[director's cut]], which would feature around 20 minutes of deleted sequences, would be released on Netflix post-theatrical release;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=1 September 2024 |title=The GOAT extended cut: Thalapathy Vijay, Venkat Prabhu's film will have a longer runtime on OTT |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-goat-extended-cut-thalapathy-vijay-venkat-prabhu-film-ott/249fbd80d0293 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903115501/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/the-goat-extended-cut-thalapathy-vijay-venkat-prabhu-film-ott/249fbd80d0293 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> after the theatrical version's streaming debut, he doubted a director's cut would be made as it would require extensive visual effects and editing work, but was hopeful the producers would allow it to be made.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Will Thalapathy Vijay's GOAT have an extended cut on OTT? Director answers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-goat-extended-cut-venkat-prabhu-answer-2610475-2024-10-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003084157/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-goat-extended-cut-venkat-prabhu-answer-2610475-2024-10-03 |archive-date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''The Greatest of All Time'' received mixed reviews from critics who praised Vijay's performance and action sequences while the lack of character development and writing received criticism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'GOAT' box office success streak continues despite major dip in earnings. Check collections |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-goat-two-day-record-box-office-success-streak-continues-despite-major-dip-in-earnings-check-collections/articleshow/113142407.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907043555/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/thalapathy-vijays-the-greatest-of-all-time-goat-two-day-record-box-office-success-streak-continues-despite-major-dip-in-earnings-check-collections/articleshow/113142407.cms |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2024 |title=GOAT movie review: Thalapathy Vijay's star power, de-aging magic and explosive climax steal the show |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/goat-movie-review-thalapathy-vijays-star-power-de-aging-magic-and-explosive-climax-steal-the-show/articleshow/113078839.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908130610/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/goat-movie-review-thalapathy-vijays-star-power-de-aging-magic-and-explosive-climax-steal-the-show/articleshow/113078839.cms |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|40|4.3|10|ref=yes|access-date=18 September 2024}}

Kaushik Ramachandran of ''[[DT Next]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "[...] Despite these minor issues, ''The Greatest Of All Time'' is undoubtedly worth watching and delivers the much-needed hit that Tamil cinema has been anticipating."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=5 September 2024 |title=The GOAT review: Vijay, Venkat Prabhu deliver a whistle-worthy film |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/the-goat-review-vijay-venkat-prabhu-deliver-a-whistle-worthy-film-802498 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908131121/https://www.dtnext.in/amp/entertainment/cinema/the-goat-review-vijay-venkat-prabhu-deliver-a-whistle-worthy-film-802498 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Endless fan moments, all mass and no solid substance makes ''GOAT'' an average watch for the film lovers, and a celebrated watch for his hard-core fans. In his 32-year-odd career and 68 films, ''GOAT'' is good, but definitely not Greatest Of All Times!"<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Sridevi S |date=5 September 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time Movie Review: Good, not great-est! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/the-greatest-of-all-time/movie-review/113083928.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906005604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/the-greatest-of-all-time/movie-review/113083928.cms |archive-date=6 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 September 2024 }}</ref> Goutham S of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Thalapathy Vijay’s The ''GOAT'' is undoubtedly a full-fledged action flick that is catered to his fans. If you love watching him in a swash-buckling avatar or if you want to catch him in a totally new element, then this film is surely meant for you."<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Goutham |date=5 September 2024 |title=The GOAT Movie Review: Thalapathy Vijay starrer is a commercially twisted action flick that suffers from dull screenplay |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/the-goat-movie-review-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-is-a-commercially-twisted-action-flick-that-suffers-from-dull-screenplay-1345911?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906050455/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/the-goat-movie-review-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-is-a-commercially-twisted-action-flick-that-suffers-from-dull-screenplay-1345911?amp |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>

Simon Abrams of ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' gave 3.5/4 stars and wrote "Here he [Vijay] delivers the best of his recent movies’ dance numbers as well as the most polished fight and action scenes, as well as more crowd-pleasing tangents and dramatic build-up than even in “''Master'',” his best recent movie. “''The Greatest of All Time''” still makes a lusty grab for that distinction simply by going for broke harder than most."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Simon |title=The Greatest of All Time |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-greatest-of-all-time-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907141550/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-greatest-of-all-time-movie-review |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "'''GOAT''<nowiki/>' is inconsistent and comes together in the pre-climax and climax sequence. Wait for the brilliant cameos and references that will make up for the shortcomings."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=5 September 2024 |title=GOAT Review: Brilliant Vijay shoulders Venkat Prabhu's film with wafer-thin plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/goat-movie-review-brilliant-vijay-shoulders-venkat-prabhu-film-wafter-thin-plot-mohan-2594249-2024-09-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906005603/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/reviews/story/goat-movie-review-brilliant-vijay-shoulders-venkat-prabhu-film-wafter-thin-plot-mohan-2594249-2024-09-05 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "There is no doubt that ''GOAT'' is indeed a celebration of all things Vijay. His dancing, action sequences, comic timing, vulnerability, romantic charm, and effortless superstardom are all stuff of dreams. A dream that is slowly moving away from the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=5 September 2024 |title=GOAT Movie Review: Venkat Prabhu film wonderfully champions Vijay, but misses on other fronts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/goat-movie-review-venkat-prabhu-film-wonderfully-champions-vijay-misses-other-fronts-9551268/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905072649/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/goat-movie-review-venkat-prabhu-film-wonderfully-champions-vijay-misses-other-fronts-9551268/ |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "There is no denial that ''The GOAT'' is a film that warrants a theatre watch given you go in as a fan, expecting less to chew and more to celebrate. Vijay pulls off his yet another acting stint following up with ''Leo''. However, there is so much only Vijay and all the fan tributes can do, when the film lacks enough material to soak in".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=5 September 2024 |title=The GOAT movie review: Vijay and Venkat Prabhu's film is a tribute of all sorts but lacks cohesive storytelling |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-goat-movie-review-vijay-and-venkat-prabhus-film-is-a-tribute-of-all-sorts-but-lacks-cohesive-storytelling/88b36f6bb5336 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906005605/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/the-goat-movie-review-vijay-and-venkat-prabhus-film-is-a-tribute-of-all-sorts-but-lacks-cohesive-storytelling/88b36f6bb5336 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of [[News18 India|''News18'']] gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "The actual mission here is of director Venkat Prabhu, and his objective is to keep bringing out those cheers and hoots every few minutes with some callbacks, easter eggs, and cameos. The hurdle in the mission is that he has to achieve it without having a lot going on in the film. In a way, the operation is a success, but ''GOAT'' as a film… not so much."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=5 September 2024 |title=The Greatest of All Time Review: Thalapathy Vijay Is GOAT in a Film That Is Not So Great |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/the-greatest-of-all-time-review-thalapathy-vijay-is-goat-in-a-film-that-is-not-so-great-9039999.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905102621/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/the-greatest-of-all-time-review-thalapathy-vijay-is-goat-in-a-film-that-is-not-so-great-9039999.html |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "recommends that non-Vijay fans save their money and wait for ''GOAT'' to drop on Netflix. At least you can fast forward and get to the climax faster."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Divya |date=6 September 2024 |title=GOAT Review: No Logic Here |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/goat-review/20240906.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908131123/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/goat-review/20240906.htm |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Arun Antony of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "''The Greatest of All Time''’aka Vijay’s The ''GOAT'' is nothing but passable and boring. Venkat Prabhu who has consistently entertained the audience with funny storylines and quirky twists in his previous films, hits the wrong balls in this pointlessly [[cricket]]-based movie."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antony |first=Arun |date=7 September 2024 |title='The Greatest of All Time' movie review: An overdose of Vijay and nothing else |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-greatest-of-all-time-movie-review-an-overdose-of-vijay-and-nothing-else-3180505 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907065125/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-greatest-of-all-time-movie-review-an-overdose-of-vijay-and-nothing-else-3180505 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[Desimartini]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Instead of focusing on crafting a tight and compelling story, Venkat Prabhu chooses to piggyback on Vijay’s star power, assuming that the actor’s charming screen presence can mask the film’s flaws. When even Vijay’s superstardom isn’t enough to salvage the movie, Venkat turns to nostalgia and references to other stars like [[Dhoni]], Rajinikanth, and [[Ajith Kumar|Ajith]]."<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=5 September 2024 |title=The Greatest of All Time review: Venkat Prabhu's big swing with Thalapathy Vijay fizzles |url=https://www.desimartini.com/reviews/movies/the-greatest-of-all-time-review-venkat-prabhus-big-swing-with-thalapathy-vijay-fizzles/886081f79d924/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905075612/https://www.desimartini.com/reviews/movies/the-greatest-of-all-time-review-venkat-prabhus-big-swing-with-thalapathy-vijay-fizzles/886081f79d924/ |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[Desimartini]]}}</ref> Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated 2/5 stars and wrote "While the film delivers on star power, it falls short in delivering a gripping, fresh narrative."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=5 September 2024 |title='The GOAT' review: Vijay shines, but predictable storyline drags |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/the-goat-review-vijay-shines-but-predictable-storyline-drags-80395 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908131123/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/the-goat-review-vijay-shines-but-predictable-storyline-drags-80395 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

A critic of ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated 2/5 stars and wrote "Because of its weak action scenes and mediocre villain, "''GOAT''" may appear to audiences from other states as an ordinary to above-average entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's GOAT: Review and rating! |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/thalapathy-vijays-goat-review-and-rating-329528 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905060849/https://m.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/thalapathy-vijays-goat-review-and-rating-329528 |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "''GOAT'' is a Venkat Prabhu treat for Thalapathy Vijay fans and the audience. This Vijay film is an action-packed, fun, wholesome entertainer!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=5 September 2024 |title=GOAT movie review: This Thalapathy Vijay-Venkat Prabhu film is an action-packed, wholesome entertainer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/goat-review-this-thalapathy-vijay-venkat-prabhu-film-is-an-action-packed-wholesome-entertainer-101725506510203.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905034442/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/goat-review-this-thalapathy-vijay-venkat-prabhu-film-is-an-action-packed-wholesome-entertainer-101725506510203.html |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''GOAT'' might let you down if you’re expecting a globe-trotting espionage thriller, or just a genre-specific entertainer along the lines of Venkat Prabhu’s ''Maanaadu''. But if you want to catch the celebration of one of our most popular stars doing everything we love in his penultimate outing, then ''The Greatest of All Time'' is worth the entry fee."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2024-09-05 |title=GOAT movie review: Vijay, Venkat Prabhu's 'The Greatest of All Time' chooses theatrical fan service over a compelling story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-greatest-of-all-time-movie-review-vijay-venkat-prabhus-goat-chooses-theatrical-fan-service-over-a-compelling-story/article68609437.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925124133/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-greatest-of-all-time-movie-review-vijay-venkat-prabhus-goat-chooses-theatrical-fan-service-over-a-compelling-story/article68609437.ece |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

Upon release, many viewers noted the film's similarities to ''[[Rajadurai (film)|Rajadurai]]'', a 1993 Tamil film. Prabhu acknowledged the similarities but alleged it was all coincidental as he had not seen the older film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=2024-10-17 |title=Venkat Prabhu admits plot similarity between The GOAT and Rajadurai, expresses regret |url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/venkat-prabhu-admits-plot-similarity-between-the-goat-and-rajadurai-expresses-regret/4df08c746f156/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308012748/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/venkat-prabhu-admits-plot-similarity-between-the-goat-and-rajadurai-expresses-regret/4df08c746f156/ |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Desimartini]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''The Greatest of All Time'' grossed {{INRConvert|100.5|c}} worldwide on its opening day,<ref name="Day1BO">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2024 |title=The GOAT Box Office Collections: Thalapathy Vijay starrer hits USD 5M+ overseas for 100cr worldwide first day haul |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-box-office-collections-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-hits-usd-5m-overseas-approaching-100cr-worldwide-first-day-1346158 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906155547/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-box-office-collections-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-hits-usd-5m-overseas-approaching-100cr-worldwide-first-day-1346158 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title='GOAT' box office collection day 1: Vijay starrer earns Rs 43 crore in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/goat-box-office-collection-day-1-vijay-starrer-earns-rs-43-crore-in-india/articleshow/113099904.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with over {{INRConvert|54|c}} from India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2024 |title=The GOAT Box Office Collections: Scores third highest first day in India for Thalapathy Vijay |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-box-office-collections-scores-third-highest-first-day-in-india-for-thalapathy-vijay-1346138 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906065835/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-box-office-collections-scores-third-highest-first-day-in-india-for-thalapathy-vijay-1346138 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> The film became Vijay's second film to reach {{INR}}100 crore on opening day after ''Leo'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2024 |title='GOAT' box-office collection day 1: Thalapathy Vijay proves his star power as movie off to a strong start |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/goat-box-office-collection/articleshow/113081739.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906182506/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/goat-box-office-collection/articleshow/113081739.cms |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The film crossed {{INRConvert|200|c}} within four days, making the actor the first Tamil actor to have eight consecutive films that has crossed the milestone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |title=Vijay's last 8 films grossed Rs 200 crore each. Why is he truly the GOAT? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-8-films-rs-200-crore-grossers-goat-leo-bigil-mersal-2596432-2024-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909183949/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-8-films-rs-200-crore-grossers-goat-leo-bigil-mersal-2596432-2024-09-09 |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

''The Greatest of All Time'' debuted at the second place at the worldwide box office, behind ''[[Beetlejuice Beetlejuice]]'' on its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rahul |date=11 September 2024 |title=India's 'GOAT' Dips Drastically After Blockbuster Global Box Office Debut |url=https://collider.com/greatest-of-all-time-goat-global-box-office-36-million/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144012/https://collider.com/greatest-of-all-time-goat-global-box-office-36-million/ |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=10 September 2024 |title='Beetlejuice Beetlejuice' Dominates U.K., Ireland Box Office, Vijay's 'GOAT' Follows |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-vijay-goat-uk-ireland-box-office-1236139362/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911063140/https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-vijay-goat-uk-ireland-box-office-1236139362/ |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> It grossed an estimated {{INRconvert|288|c}} worldwide from its opening weekend of four days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2024 |title='GOAT' Box Office Collection Day 5: Vijay's film drops 58% on Monday but joins the Rs 300 crore club globally |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-goat-box-office-collection-day-5-vijays-film-drops-58-on-monday-but-joins-the-rs-300-crore-club-globally-3606677/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911063157/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-goat-box-office-collection-day-5-vijays-film-drops-58-on-monday-but-joins-the-rs-300-crore-club-globally-3606677/ |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film reached the {{INRConvert|100|c}} mark in Tamil Nadu on its opening weekend, becoming the second fastest film to reach so after ''Leo'', beating ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |title=The Greatest of All Time Box Office: Thalapathy Vijay starrer posts an outstanding weekend |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-greatest-of-all-time-box-office-collections-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-posts-an-outstanding-weekend-in-india-1346685?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913144013/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-greatest-of-all-time-box-office-collections-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-posts-an-outstanding-weekend-in-india-1346685?amp |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> It also became the second Tamil film to enter the global weekend chart of [[Comscore]], the other being ''Leo'', emerging as the number nine film of the global box-office weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=8 September 2024 |title='¡Casa Bonita Mi Amor!' Rocks Alamo Denver & 'The Greatest Of All Time' Latest Indian Breakout – Specialty Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/indie-film-box-office-casa-bonita-mi-amor-trey-parker-matt-stone-1236081661/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909202408/https://deadline.com/2024/09/indie-film-box-office-casa-bonita-mi-amor-trey-parker-matt-stone-1236081661/ |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On its first Monday, it grossed {{INRConvert|13.50|c}} in Tamil Nadu only, beating [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']] (2022) which previously held the record of highest-grossing on its first Monday in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2024 |title=The Greatest of All Time Box Office Collections: Vijay starrer tops 300cr worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-greatest-of-all-time-box-office-collections-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-tops-300cr-worldwide-with-record-monday-in-tamil-nadu-1347002?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910130706/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-greatest-of-all-time-box-office-collections-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-tops-300cr-worldwide-with-record-monday-in-tamil-nadu-1347002?amp |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film crossed the {{INRConvert|300|c}} mark at the worldwide box office collection within five days.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title='GOAT' box office collection day 6: Thalapathy Vijay-led action thriller mints Rs 162 crore, eyes Rs 200 crore mark in India |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/goat-box-office-collection-day-6-thalapathy-vijay-led-action-thriller-mints-rs-162-crore-eyes-rs-200-crore-mark-445357-2024-09-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911063136/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/goat-box-office-collection-day-6-thalapathy-vijay-led-action-thriller-mints-rs-162-crore-eyes-rs-200-crore-mark-445357-2024-09-11 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}}</ref> It became the sixth Tamil film to reach the {{INRConvert|400|c}} mark. It crossed the mark within 11 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=The GOAT Box Office Collections 2nd Sunday: Thalapathy Vijay starrer breaks into Rs 400 crore worldwide club courtesy record-smashing Tamil Nadu run |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-box-office-collections-2nd-sunday-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-breaks-into-rs-400-crore-worldwide-club-courtesy-record-smashing-tamil-nadu-run-1348198 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917060758/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-box-office-collections-2nd-sunday-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-breaks-into-rs-400-crore-worldwide-club-courtesy-record-smashing-tamil-nadu-run-1348198 |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> It made {{INRConvert|191.75|c}} in Tamil Nadu in 12 days, beating [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|'' Jailer'']] (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=The Greatest Of All Time Box Office Collection: Thalapathy Vijay starrer BEATS Jailer to emerge as 3rd highest-grossing movie in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-greatest-of-all-time-box-office-collection-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-beats-jailer-to-emerge-as-3rd-highest-grossing-movie-in-tamil-nadu-1348727?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921070505/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-greatest-of-all-time-box-office-collection-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-beats-jailer-to-emerge-as-3rd-highest-grossing-movie-in-tamil-nadu-1348727?amp |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> The film crossed {{INRconvert|200|c}} in its third Friday, becoming the third film to reach so and emerging as [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films#Highest-grossing films within Tamil Nadu|third highest-grossing film in Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title=The GOAT Box Office Collections Update: Thalapathy Vijay starrer enters the Rs 200 CRORE CLUB in Tamil Nadu; Stays in contention to top Leo |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-box-office-collections-update-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-enters-the-rs-200-crore-club-in-tamil-nadu-stays-in-contention-to-top-leo-1349353?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921090205/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/the-goat-box-office-collections-update-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-enters-the-rs-200-crore-club-in-tamil-nadu-stays-in-contention-to-top-leo-1349353?amp |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> The film ended its box office run by earning around ₹440−460 crore worldwide.{{efn|name="GOAT"}} It became the tenth highest-grossing film, the third highest-grossing Indian film, and the highest-grossing Tamil film in IMAX in India in 2024, grossing over {{INRConvert|3|c}} from the format alone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=#2024Recap: Top 10 films of IMAX in India - Prabhas-starrer Kalki 2898 AD OUTSHINES Allu Arjun-starrer Pushpa 2 but both bow down to Dune: Part Two |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2024recap-top-10-films-imax-india-prabhas-starrer-kalki-2898-ad-outshines-allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-bow-dune-part-two/ |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

''The Greatest of All Time'' emerged as the [[List of Tamil films of 2024|highest-grossing Tamil film of 2024]] and the [[List of Indian films of 2024|fourth highest-grossing Indian film of 2024]]. It became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|top highest-grossing Tamil film in overseas]], one of the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|top highest-grossing Tamil film of all time]], one of the [[List of highest-grossing South Indian films|highest-grossing South Indian film of all time]] and one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film of all time]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-14 |title='The Greatest of All Time': Makers of Vijay – Venkat Prabhu's 'GOAT' call it the highest-grossing Tamil film of the year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-greatest-of-all-time-makers-of-vijay-venkat-prabhus-goat-call-it-the-highest-grossing-tamil-film-of-the-year/article68641834.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914165230/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-greatest-of-all-time-makers-of-vijay-venkat-prabhus-goat-call-it-the-highest-grossing-tamil-film-of-the-year/article68641834.ece/amp/ |archive-date=14 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-19 |title=Vijay's 'GOAT' dethrones Rajinikanth's 'Jailer' to set a new record for a Tamil film in Malaysia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-goat-dethrones-rajinikanths-jailer-to-set-a-new-record-for-a-tamil-film-in-malaysia/articleshow/113487380.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921070359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-goat-dethrones-rajinikanths-jailer-to-set-a-new-record-for-a-tamil-film-in-malaysia/articleshow/113487380.cms |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Box office performance in Telugu states ===
The movie underperformed in the Telugu-speaking regions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The film’s Telugu dubbing rights were reportedly sold for over ₹16 crore; however, its theatrical performance in these regions fell short of expectations.<ref name="TeluguLoss">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Telugu distributors to face losses of Rs 13 crore as Vijay's 'GOAT' falls flat in Andhra and Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-distributors-to-face-losses-of-rs-13-crore-as-vijays-goat-falls-flat-in-andhra-and-telangana/articleshow/113284430.cms |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=GOAT buyers to lose Rs 13 crores in AP/TG |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/goat-buyers-to-lose-rs-13-crores-in-aptg-1822748 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

According to reports, the film collected only around ₹2.5 crore in its initial run in these markets, leading to a sharp decline in earnings thereafter. As a result, distributors in the Telugu states were estimated to incur losses of approximately ₹13 crore.<ref name="TeluguLoss" />

== Controversies ==
After the announcement of the film's title, [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] director Naresh Kuppili reportedly raised objections against the title, stating that he was already working on a project with the same title, and demanded a stall on the Tamil film's release until the issues were cleared.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2024 |title=Why Telugu Director Naresh Kuppili Objects To Thalapathy Vijay's Film GOAT |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/why-telugu-director-naresh-kuppili-objects-to-thalapathy-vijays-film-goat-8726780.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901135051/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/why-telugu-director-naresh-kuppili-objects-to-thalapathy-vijays-film-goat-8726780.html |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

Following the release of "Whistle Podu", a social activist filed a police complaint at [[Mylapore]] Police Station in Chennai to [[Director general of police|DGP Office]], stating that the lyrical video did not feature any disclaimer on drinking or smoking and promotes drug addiction and rowdyism to the youth, demanding an action towards Vijay and a ban on the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2024 |title=Vijay's 'Whistle Podu' from 'GOAT' in trouble; petition filed to ban the song- deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-whistle-podu-from-goat-in-trouble-petition-filed-to-ban-the-song-deets-inside/articleshow/109335859.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416140705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-whistle-podu-from-goat-in-trouble-petition-filed-to-ban-the-song-deets-inside/articleshow/109335859.cms |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

After the reservations for the film began in Tamil Nadu, Rohini Silver Screens, a multiplex in [[Koyambedu]] received complaints on social media platforms for charging high prices of {{INR}}390 per ticket, with the food options being mandatory for the audiences, despite government restrictions. This was followed by a social activist filing a formal complaint at the [[Chennai Police Commissionerate]] office demanding action against theatres which were charging above the government-stipulated for the film and crackdown on theatres running unauthorised shows outside of permitted hours.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2024 |title=A theater in Chennai charges around Rs 400 for Vijay's 'GOAT', faces trolls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-theater-in-chennai-charges-around-rs-400-for-vijays-goat-faces-trolls/articleshow/112919253.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901135017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-theater-in-chennai-charges-around-rs-400-for-vijays-goat-faces-trolls/articleshow/112919253.cms |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Ticket booking for Vijay's 'GOAT' begins from 30 August 2024 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/ticket-booking-for-vijays-goat-begins-from-30082024-801674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920051009/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/ticket-booking-for-vijays-goat-begins-from-30082024-801674 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Future ==
In the film's mid-credits scene, it was announced that a sequel, seemingly titled ''GOAT vs OG'', was in development.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2024 |title='GOAT vs OG': Makers of Thalapathy Vijay's film hint at sequel in end credits |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/goat-vs-og-makers-of-thalapathy-vijay-film-hint-at-sequel-in-end-credits-will-ajith-join-2594375-2024-09-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911055833/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/goat-vs-og-makers-of-thalapathy-vijay-film-hint-at-sequel-in-end-credits-will-ajith-join-2594375-2024-09-05 |archive-date=2024-09-11 |access-date=2025-08-05 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the project's viability was questioned by the media due to Vijay's shift to politics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2024-09-06 |title=GOAT movie ending explained: Venkat Prabhu hints at a sequel to Vijay film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/goat-movie-ending-explained-venkat-prabhu-hints-at-a-sequel-to-vijay-film-9553489/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921070502/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/goat-movie-ending-explained-venkat-prabhu-hints-at-a-sequel-to-vijay-film-9553489/ |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2025, Prabhu said the next update on the sequel would be made after 2026, the year Vijay would contest in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=2025-03-13 |title=GOAT vs OG: Will Thalapathy Vijay Say Yes To Venkat Prabhu In 2026? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/venkat-prabhu-drops-major-hints-about-vijays-goat-sequel-article-118955816 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316091855/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/venkat-prabhu-drops-major-hints-about-vijays-goat-sequel-article-118955816 |archive-date=2025-03-16 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Venkat Prabhu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greatest of All Time, The}}
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Manthan

2026-05-04T00:31:08Z

Sarada22: created basic article w/ refs

{{Other uses|Manthan (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manthan
| image = Manthan poster.jpg
| director = [[Shyam Benegal]]
| studio = [[Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.]]
| writer = [[Kaifi Azmi]] (dialogue)
| story = {{ubl|[[Verghese Kurien]]|Shyam Benegal}}
| screenplay = [[Vijay Tendulkar]]
| starring = [[Girish Karnad]] [[Smita Patil]] [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| music = [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cinematography = [[Govind Nihalani]]
| editing = Bhanudas Divakar
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1976|||[[India]]}}
| budget =
| runtime = 134 minutes
| language = Hindi
| country = India
}}
'''''Manthan''''', also released under the translated title '''''The Churning''''', is a 1976 [[Hindi]] film directed by [[Shyam Benegal]], inspired by the pioneering milk cooperative movement of [[Verghese Kurien]], and written jointly by him and [[Vijay Tendulkar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/In-the-News-2012/UNDP_India_in_the_news_1009201203.pdf |title=How a farmers' servant painted the nation white |work=UNDP quoting Hindustan Times |date=9 September 2012 |access-date=27 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205105839/http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/In-the-News-2012/UNDP_India_in_the_news_1009201203.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is set amidst the backdrop of the [[White Revolution (India)|White Revolution of India]]. Aside from the great measurable success that this project was, it also demonstrated the power of "collective might" as it was entirely [[crowdfunded]] by 500,000 farmers who donated Rs. 2 each.<ref name=hin/><ref name=sscnet/><ref>{{cite news|title=Milkmen turned producers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/milkmen-turned-producers/article6181411.ece|work=The Hindu|date=5 July 2014|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124200408/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/milkmen-turned-producers/article6181411.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Manthan'' is the first crowdfunded Indian film.<ref name="mid">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/did-you-know-shyam-benegals-manthan-was-indias-first-crowdfunded-film/20203176 |title=Did you know Shyam Benegal's Manthan was India's first crowdfunded film? |date=2019-06-01 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=2019-06-16 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616070514/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/did-you-know-shyam-benegals-manthan-was-indias-first-crowdfunded-film/20203176 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film won the 1977 [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]] and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] for Vijay Tendulkar, and was also [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] in 1976.<ref>Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</ref> A restored version was released in the ''Cannes Classics'' section of the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=27 April 2024 |title=Restored version of Shyam Benegal’s Manthan to be screened at Cannes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/manthan-screening-at-cannes-shyam-benegal-cannes-fil-festival-9292887/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

The title song ("Mero Gaam Katha Parey") was sung by [[Preeti Sagar]]. She won the [[Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Best Female Playback Award|Best Female Playback Singer]] for that year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/manthan-1976/article3892670.ece|title=Manthan (1976)|last=Us Salam|first=Ziya|date=12 September 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en|archive-date=26 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226152308/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/manthan-1976/article3892670.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was later used as the soundtrack for the television commercial for [[Amul]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kaur|first=Chehneet|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/when-amul-made-manthan-reach-every-home/96806603|title=When Amul made ‘Manthan’ reach every home - ET BrandEquity|website=ETBrandEquity.com|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=7 January 2023|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606061051/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/when-amul-made-manthan-reach-every-home/96806603|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/prateik-babbar-on-mom-smita-patils-1976-film-manthan-screening-at-cannes-2024-a-symbolic-moment-for-me|title=Prateik Babbar On Mom Smita Patil's 1976 Film 'Manthan' Screening At Cannes 2024: A Symbolic Moment For Me|publisher=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-69014789|title=Manthan: The Indian film at Cannes made by half a million farmers|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dr. Manohar Rao, a young veterinary doctor with his team of Deshmukh, Chandravarkar, and others comes to a village in [[Kheda district]], Gujarat. The village is inhabited by poor people whose chief occupation seems to be cattle-rearing and producing milk, which they sell to a local dairy owner Mishra. Mishra pays them excessively low amounts for their milk. Dr. Rao and his team have arrived to set up a [[Cooperative]] society dairy which will be owned collectively and managed by the villagers themselves. As Dr. Rao and his team grapple with village politics, rigid casteism, and general distrust of the village folk, they face planned hostility from the local [[Dalit]] community's leader Bhola who harbours deep anger and resentment against the upper-caste [[Sarpanch]] (Panchayat Head). Local village women are led by a feisty young woman Bindu, mother of a young child whose husband has supposedly left her.

Dr. Rao wins the trust of Bindu and other villagers by testing their milk and paying them fair amounts for their high fat-content milk and this irks Mishra. Deshmukh is worried by the caste politics and divide between the upper-castes and Dalits in the village and repeatedly warns Rao against getting involved in it. Chandravarkar gets attracted to a local Dalit girl and has a rendezvous with her in secret. The Dalits don't want to join the cooperative as they feel that the upper-caste Sarpanch and his cronies will usurp the society as well. Rao and his associates talk sense into them and organise an election for the post of the head of the cooperative. Bhola begins to trust and believe in Rao's ideals when Rao fires Chandravarkar for cheating the Dalit girl on the pretext of marrying her and bails Bhola out of jail when Sarpanch gets him arrested for rowdy behaviour.

Meanwhile, a mutual admiration and liking develops between Rao and Bindu, which is cut short when Bindu's husband returns home suddenly, and Rao's wife comes to visit him in the village. In the election, the Dalit representative Moti (nominated by Bhola) defeats the Sarpanch in a tiebreaker and the Dalits erupt in joy. The Sarpanch takes the loss terribly on his ego and joins Mishra, also aided by Bindu's husband. Together, they manipulate Bindu into putting her thumb impression on legal papers that claim Dr. Rao has raped her. Dr. Rao is extremely agitated when the allegations are brought against him and starts to wonder if he has bitten off more than he can chew. His wife also falls sick with [[Typhoid fever|Typhoid]]. Dr. Rao finishes the setting up of the board and leaves with his wife, greatly troubling Bhola. Bhola, however, continues to carry on the work of the cooperative with support from a few villagers and notably, Bindu. Both of them have been inspired and churned as new, brave individuals by the work of Dr. Rao.

==Cast==
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Dr. Rao
* [[Smita Patil]] as Bindu
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Bhola
* [[Sadhu Meher]] as Mahapatra (Special Appearance)
* [[Anant Nag]] as Chandavarkar
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Mishraji
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as The Sarpanch
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Deshmukh
* Abha Dhulia as Shanta, Dr. Rao's wife
* [[Anjali Paigankar]]
* Rajendra Jaspal as Bindu's husband

==Development and production==
The word ''manthan'' literally means "churning", and other meanings may be deep contemplation, the churning of facts, analysis aimed at a solution, or conclusion. The film traces a small set of poor farmers of [[Kheda district]] in Gujarat who had the vision and foresight to act in a way that was good for the society and not for the self alone. Under leaders like local social worker [[Tribhovandas Patel]], who took up the cause of the farmers, lead to the formation of [[Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union]]. Soon the pattern was repeated in each district of Gujarat, which in turn led to the formation of [[Amul]], a dairy cooperative in [[Anand, Gujarat]] in 1946, which is today, jointly owned by some 2.6 million milk producers in [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etgmr.com/GMRjan-mar04/art7.html|title=The Amul Story – General Management Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204084731/http://www.etgmr.com/GMRjan-mar04/art7.html |archive-date=4 December 2005 }}</ref> Amul is the acronym for Anand Milk Union Limited<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anand Milk Union Limited |url=https://unacademy.com/content/railway-exam/study-material/general-awareness/anand-milk-union-limited/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=Unacademy |language=en-US}}</ref>.

Eventually, this led to the initiation of [[Operation Flood|White Revolution]] of India in 1970, by creating a "Nationwide Milk Grid", and the setting up of [[Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.]] (GCMMF) in 1973, whose 500,000 members jointly financed the film, by donating Rs. 2 each.<ref name=hin/><ref name=sscnet>{{cite web |author= |date=5 August 2012 |title=Shyam Benegal |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Cinema/Benegal.html |website=ucla.net |publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805163057/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Cinema/Benegal.html |archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> Upon its release, truckloads of farmers came to see "their" film, thus making it a box office success.<ref name=hin>{{cite news |author= |date=17 January 2003 |title=What makes Shyam special... |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112210119/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |archive-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=8 August 2007 |title=Phalke Award for Benegal |url=http://www.ndtvmovies.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=ENTEN20070021927 |work=NDTV Movies |location=New Delhi |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929093909/http://www.ndtvmovies.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=ENTEN20070021927 |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>
==Release==
The film was released on [[Blu-ray]] by the UK-based distributor Second Run on 27 October 2025, based on the 4K restoration by Film Heritage Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gonet |first1=Adam |title=Second Run to Release New 4K Restoration of Shyam Benegal’s 'Manthan' on Special Edition Blu-ray |url=https://theartsshelf.com/2025/08/31/second-run-to-release-new-4k-restoration-of-shyam-benegals-manthan-on-special-edition-blu-ray/ |website=The Arts Shelf |access-date=2 December 2025 |date=31 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Second Run - Manthan |url=https://www.secondrundvd.com/release_manthan.html |website=www.secondrundvd.com |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref>

==Restoration==
The film was restored by [[Film Heritage Foundation]] at Prasad Studios, Chennai and L’Immagine Ritrovata Laboratory, in association with Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. ([[Amul]]), cinematographer [[Govind Nihalani]], and director [[Shyam Benegal]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Manthan': Remaking a classic |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/manthan-remaking-a-classic-627020 |website=TribuneIndia}}</ref> The film was shot on [[Gevacolor]], Eastman, and [[Kodak]] in the 1970s. Due to this, Govind Nihalani was unhappy with the final outcome at the time. After seeing the restored print, he was happy<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Manthan’: Remaking a classic |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/manthan-remaking-a-classic-627020/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>. The original camera negative from the NFAI and a 35 mm print preserved at the Film Heritage Foundation archive were used for the restoration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nobody believed in Manthan when we made it: Shyam Benegal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nobody-believed-in-manthan-when-we-made-it-shyam-benegal/articleshow/110825569.cms |website=The Times of India |date=8 June 2024}}</ref>

The film was repaired by FHF conservators. Prasad Lab in [[Chennai]] performed scanning and digital clean-up under the supervision of the [[Bologna]]-based L'Immagine Ritrovata lab. The restored version was selected for a world premiere at the [[Cannes Film Festival 2024]]‘s Cannes Classics strand.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Cannes Classics Title 'The Churning': Inside the Restoration of 1976 Indian Masterpiece |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/cannes-classics-the-churning-manthan-restoration-1236006256/ |website=Variety |date=18 May 2024}}</ref> A special premiere of the restored film was held on World Milk Day - June 1, 2024 - at [[Eros Cinema]] in Mumbai that was attended by Shyam Benegal and the cast and crew of the film. The film was released in 51 cities and 101 cinemas across India on June 1 and 2, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film Heritage Foundation returns to the Cannes Film Festival for a third year in a row for the world premiere of the 4K restoration of Shyam Benegal's milestone film "Manthan" (1976) - India's first crowd funded film produced by 500,000 farmers |url=https://filmheritagefoundation.co.in/film-heritage-foundation-restores-shyam-benegals-acclaimed-hindi-film-manthan-1976/ |website=Film Heritage Foundation |date=17 February 2024}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Playback
| total_length =

| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music = [[Vanraj Bhatia]]

| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Mero Gaam Katha Parey
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[Preeti Sagar]]
| length1 =
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Award
!scope=col|Category
!scope=col|Nominee(s)
!scope=col|Result
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[24th National Film Awards|1976]]
| rowspan="2"|[[National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| [[Vijay Tendulkar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[25th Filmfare Awards|1978]]
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Preeti Sagar]] {{small|(For ''Mero Gaam Katha Parey'')}}
| {{won}}
|}

==Further reading==
* ''Shyam Benegal's the Churning (Manthan): Screenplay'', by, Vijay Tendulkar, Shyam Benegal, Samik Banerjee. Seagull Books, 1984. {{ISBN|0-86132-070-0}}.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0074858|title=Manthan}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{succession box
| title=[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
| years=1977
| before=''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]''
| after=''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]''
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Shyam Benegal}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shyam Benegal]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Crowdfunded films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vijay Tendulkar]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]

Yogi Da

2026-05-02T17:40:13Z

Sarada22:

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Short description|2026 Tamil film by Goutham Krishna}}{{Infobox film
| image = Yogi Da.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Goutham Krishna
| writer = Goutham Krishna
| producer = V. Senthil Kumar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sai Dhanshika]]
*[[Kabir Duhan Singh]]
*[[Sayaji Shinde]]
}}
| cinematography = S KA Boopathi
| editing = [[G. Sasikumar]]
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| studio = Sri Monica Cine Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|6}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Yogi Da''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] film written and directed by debutant Goutham Krishna starring [[Sai Dhanshika]] in the lead role alongside [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], [[Sayaji Shinde]] and others in important roles. The film is produced by V. Senthil Kumar under his Sri Monica Cine Films banner, has cinematography handled by S KA Boopathi, editing done by [[G. Sasikumar]], and music composed by [[Deepak Dev]]. It was released in theatres on 6 February 2026.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=February 2026}}

== Cast ==
* [[Sai Dhanshika]] as K. Yogeshwari
* [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] as Jawahar Babu
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Arivazhagan
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Muthu
* [[Pujita Ponnada]] as Mallika

== Production ==
After the release of ''[[Kaalakkoothu]]'' (2018), Sai Dhanshika was announced to collaborate with director Goutham Krishna for her next starring herself in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=11 December 2018 |title=Sai Dhanshika’s next titled Yogi Da |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil/2018/Dec/11/sai-dhanshikas-next-titled-yogi-da-1909798.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213084413/https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil/2018/Dec/11/sai-dhanshikas-next-titled-yogi-da-1909798.html |archive-date=13 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film marks Goutham's debut as the director; he earlier worked as an assistant to [[Sibi Malayil]] and [[Chakri Toleti]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=11 December 2018 |title=Kabali's Yogi' returns in new avatar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/101218/kabalis-yogi-returns-in-new-avatar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215031437/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/101218/kabalis-yogi-returns-in-new-avatar.html |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 10 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2018 |title=It’s action time for Sai Dhanshika with 'Yogi Da' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-action-time-for-sai-dhanshika-with-yogi-da/articleshow/67024859.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003000108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-action-time-for-sai-dhanshika-with-yogi-da/articleshow/67024859.cms |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=6 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], who plays an important role, revealed that Dhanshika learned stunts for her role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2019 |title=The film industry here made me what I am today: Kabir Duhan Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-film-industry-here-made-me-what-i-am-today-kabir-duhan-singh/articleshow/68021275.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517011511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-film-industry-here-made-me-what-i-am-today-kabir-duhan-singh/articleshow/68021275.cms |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=6 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Sangeetha|first=P|language=en}}</ref> Produced by V. Senthil Kumar under his Sri Monica Cine Films banner, the film has cinematography handled by S KA Boopathi, editing done by [[G. Sasikumar]], and action choreography by G. Ganesh Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=24 May 2025 |title=Yogi Da Trailer: Sai Dhanshika fights goons with a football in this actioner |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/24/yogi-da-trailer-sai-dhanshika-fights-goons-with-a-football-in-this-actioner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612211245/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/24/yogi-da-trailer-sai-dhanshika-fights-goons-with-a-football-in-this-actioner |archive-date=12 June 2025 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's trailer was released by [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] on 24 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2025 |title=Vishal cheers soon-to-be wife Sai Dhanshika, drops first trailer of ‘Yogi Da’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-cheers-soon-to-be-wife-sai-dhanshika-drops-first-trailer-of-yogi-da/articleshow/121389433.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821044607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-cheers-soon-to-be-wife-sai-dhanshika-drops-first-trailer-of-yogi-da/articleshow/121389433.cms |archive-date=21 August 2025 |access-date=6 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film has music composed by [[Deepak Dev]], marking his return to Tamil after ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2019 |title=Music director Deepak Dev returns to Tamil cinema after a decade with Yogi Da |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Apr/21/music-director-deepak-dev-returns-to-tamil-cinema-after-a-decade-with-yogi-da-11154.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603025241/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Apr/21/music-director-deepak-dev-returns-to-tamil-cinema-after-a-decade-with-yogi-da-11154.html |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The pre-release audio launch event took place in mid-May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2025 |title=Vishal and Sai Dhanshika announce their official marriage date at 'Yogi Da' audio launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-and-sai-dhanshika-announce-their-official-marriage-date-at-yogi-da-audio-launch/articleshow/121273743.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112051812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-and-sai-dhanshika-announce-their-official-marriage-date-at-yogi-da-audio-launch/articleshow/121273743.cms |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=6 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''Yogi Da'' released in theatres on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2026 |title=Sai Dhanshika's long-delayed Yogi Da gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/26/sai-dhanshikas-long-delayed-yogi-da-gets-new-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213084023/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/26/sai-dhanshikas-long-delayed-yogi-da-gets-new-release-date |archive-date=13 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "With its cloying commitment, Yogi Da reduces women’s equality to caricature, turning the protagonist into a performative symbol rather than a fully lived character."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=6 February 2026 |title=Yogi Da Movie Review: A toothless women empowerment film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Feb/06/yogi-da-movie-review-a-toothless-women-empowerment-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206220843/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Feb/06/yogi-da-movie-review-a-toothless-women-empowerment-film |archive-date=6 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Dinamalar]]'' rated the film with 2 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=யோகிடா |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/2735/Yogida/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212035105/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/2735/Yogida/ |archive-date=12 February 2026 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020s police films]]
[[Category:2026 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deepak Dev]]
[[Category:Films set in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Janardan Shinkre

2026-04-25T03:08:39Z

Sarada22: starting a details needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician (1916–unknown)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Janardan Jagannath Shinkre
| birth_date = 24 June 1916
| birth_place = [[Siolim]], [[Bardez taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date = Unknown
| image = Janardan Shinkre.jpeg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1971
| constituency = [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|Panjim]]
| predecessor = [[Peter Alvares]]
| successor = [[Purushottam Kakodkar]]<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24">{{Cite book |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |title=Double Engine: History of Goa Lok Sabha Elections |date=March 2024 |publisher=goanews.com |isbn=9-789358-985627 |pages=17–20}}</ref>
}}

'''Janardan Jagannath Shinkre''' (24 June 1916 – unknown) was an Indian [[freedom fighter]], journalist, and politician from [[Goa]]. He served as a Member of Parliament in the [[4th Lok Sabha]], representing the [[Panaji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panaji constituency]], and was a founding member and the first General Secretary of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]].

== Early life and education ==
Shinkre was born on 24 June 1916 in the village of [[Siolim]], [[Bardez]] taluka, in what was then [[Portuguese Goa]]. He completed his Marathi secondary education, followed by three years at the [[Liceu de Goa]] and the ''Curso da Escola Normal'' teacher training program.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=321–322}}</ref><ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/739 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=739 |volume=4 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

== Goa liberation movement (1933–1961) ==
Shinkre's activism began in 1933 at the age of 17, when he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] as a student and participated in a clandestine flag-hoisting ceremony at Campal, [[Panaji]]. Between August 1939 and January 1948, he worked as a government primary school teacher in [[Silvassa]], Colem, and Chodan. His nationalist activities led to his dismissal from government service in 1948.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

He was a prominent figure in the National Congress (Goa) (NCG) from 1948 to 1956, eventually serving as the Joint Secretary of its [[Bombay]] branch. During the [[Quit India Movement]], he operated in [[South Bombay]] and Maharashtra, facilitating the supply of funds and ammunition to revolutionaries. Following the [[satyagraha]] led by [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], he worked under Dr. Rama Hegde for the NCG and established an underground propaganda unit, the ''Comité da Secção da Propaganda'' (CSP).<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In 1948, Shinkre established a branch of the [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] at [[Dodamarg]]. In 1952, along with associates Gilbert Rebello, Frank Andrades, Pandurang Cuncolienkar, and Madhukar Dhargalkar, he founded the "Quit Goa Organisation" (QGO). He also served as the Secretary of the Goan National Conference until 1956. For his role in the liberation struggle, Shinkre was twice sentenced in absentia by Portuguese authorities and also served a period of imprisonment.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== Journalistic career and publications ==
Shinkre utilized the press to mobilize public opinion against colonial rule. After liberation, he continued his journalistic pursuits to contribute to Goan public discourse.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Publication !! Type !! Period !! Language(s) !! Description
|-
| '''''Jwala''''' || Underground Bulletin || Pre-Liberation || Portuguese, English, Marathi, and Gujarati || A widely circulated clandestine bulletin for nationalist propaganda.
|-
| '''''Dipagriha''''' || Weekly Newspaper || Pre-Liberation || Marathi || Published from Bombay; dedicated to the Goan freedom struggle.
|-
| '''''Pradeep''''' || Fortnightly/Bi-weekly || Post-Liberation || Marathi || Established after 1961 to engage with post-liberation issues.
|-
| '''NCG Materials''' || Pamphlets & Booklets || Pre-Liberation || Various || Underground distribution of wall posters and works by [[T. B. Cunha]].
|}

== Post-Liberation and political career ==
Following the [[Liberation of Goa]] in 1961, Shinkre became a founding member of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP) and served as its first General Secretary in 1962.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

=== The Shinkre Controversy (1963) ===
In the lead-up to the first assembly elections in 1963, Shinkre became the center of a major internal rebellion within the MGP. He strongly opposed a proposed alliance with the [[Praja Socialist Party]] (PSP), which would have seen the MGP cede certain seats to PSP leaders like [[Peter Alvares]]. Shinkre was further aggrieved by the party's refusal to field his preferred candidates in constituencies like [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]].<ref name="PDAjeeb23">{{Cite book |last=Prabhudesai |first=Sandesh |author-link=Sandesh Prabhudesai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjoF0AEACAAJ |title=Ajeeb Goa's Gajab Politics |date=April 2023 |publisher=Qurate Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-94600-69-0 |pages=254–255}}</ref>

In protest, Shinkre filed his nomination for the North Goa Lok Sabha seat as a "dummy" candidate to prevent the official MGP candidate from running unopposed if the party withdrew its support. In response, MGP leader [[Dayanand Bandodkar]] stripped Shinkre of his authority to issue party symbols (B Forms) and formally snapped ties with him on 18 November 1963. Shinkre subsequently contested the election as an independent candidate using the "Two Leaves" symbol—a symbol later associated with anti-merger sentiments. He ultimately forfeited his deposit, polling only 3,226 votes in that election.<ref name="PDAjeeb23" />

=== Later career ===
Despite the earlier rift, Shinkre remained active in Goan politics. In the [[1967 Indian general election]], he was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] representing the [[Panaji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panaji]] constituency<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> on an independent ticket, with the support of the MGP. He continued contesting as an independent candidate in both seats, North Goa and South Goa, till the 1987 elections, but never crossed beyond 2000 votes and thus lost every election.<ref name="PDDoubleEngine24" /> He later served as the vice-president of the [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] Municipal Council in 1972.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /><ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinkre, Janardan}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Goa]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Biswajit Kalai

2026-04-25T02:41:46Z

Sarada22: started initial info from scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian politician from Tripura}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Biswajit Kalai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| status =
| term_start = 2023
| subterm =
| suboffice =
| alongside =
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| co-leader =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| succeeding =
| constituency = [[Takarjala Assembly constituency|Takarjala]]
| majority =
| predecessor = [[Narendra Chandra Debbarma]]
| successor =
| prior_term =
| order2 =
| office2 =
| subterm2 =
| suboffice2 =
| alongside2 =
| monarch2 =
| president2 =
| governor_general2 =
| chancellor2 =
| taoiseach2 =
| governor2 =
| co-leader2 =
| deputy2 =
| lieutenant2 =
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| majority2 =
| prior_term2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|1|1}}
| party = [[Tipra Motha Party]]
}}
'''Biswajit Kalai''' is a Tipra Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of [[Tipra Motha Party]] from [[Takarjala Assembly constituency]] in the record margin of 32,455 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2023 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2023-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biswajit Kalai Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Tripura Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tripura-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/biswajit-kalai-23012-4 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2312.htm?ac=12 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Sagarneel |title=Tripura Election Results: TIPRA Motha Emerges As Second Largest Party But Sustaining The Momentum A Challenge |url=https://news.abplive.com/blog/tripura-election-results-tipra-motha-emerges-as-second-largest-party-but-sustaining-the-momentum-a-challenge-1586042 |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>

==Political career==
Kalai started his political career as a leader of [[Twipra Students' Federation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TSF gears up to sign MoU for free higher education |url=http://tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/7457/tsf-gears-up-to-sign-mou-for-free-higher-education.html |website=tripurainfoway.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands Join Anti-CAA Rally In Tripura Led By Royal Scion |url=https://www.time8.in/watch-thousands-join-anti-caa-rally-in-tripura-led-by-royal-scion/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalai, Biswajit}}
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Sipahijala district]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]

{{TMP-politician-stub}}
{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Sardul Singh

2026-04-21T00:33:26Z

Sarada22: created a bio

{{short description|Maharaja of Kishangarh (1879 - 1900)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = Umdai Rajhai Buland Makan
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| reign = 25 December 1879 – {{awrap|18 August 1900}}
| predecessor = [[Prithwi Singh|Prithvi Singh]]
| successor = [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1857|12|10|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1900|08|18|1857|12|10|df=yes}}
| issue = [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]]
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kishangarh.svg}} [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| father = [[Prithwi Singh|Prithvi Singh]]
}}
[[Sir]] '''Sardul Singh''' ('''Shardul Singh''' or '''Sadul Singh''') was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] from 1879 until his death in 1900.

== Early life and family ==
He was born on 10 December 1857 to [[Prithwi Singh|Prithvi Singh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=http://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=20–21}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire; with an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston limited |pages=146 |language=en}}</ref> He married Jas Kanwar, the daughter of [[Umaid Singh II|Umaid Singh]], the [[Maharao]] of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]], in 1870.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lala |first=Sitaram |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112413 |title=History Of Sirohi Raj From The Earliest Times To The Present Day |date=1920 |pages=363}}</ref> By her, he had two sons and a daughter. The elder son died at the age of five.<ref name=":0" /> The younger son was [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> The daughter married [[Jai Singh Prabhakar]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Alwar state|Alwar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manager Of Publications Delhi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1935 |pages=198–199}}</ref>

He was a [[Rajput]] of the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] clan.<ref name=":1" />

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his father, he succeeded to his rank, title, and dignity as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] on 25 December 1879.<ref name=":0" /> He introduced many valuable reforms in almost every department.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He administered his state with considerable success and brought it to a prosperous condition.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He introduced a systematic reorganisation of the courts of law and the police.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=346 |language=en}}</ref> He improved and simplified the systems of accounting and audit, and instituted the court of wards.<ref name=":4" /> He organised the forest department and established a more effective central distillery system within the abkari arrangements.<ref name=":4" /> He reformed the customs and revenue departments, adopted improved methods for preparing revenue returns, and introduced liberal rules to encourage the expansion of cultivation.<ref name=":4" />

== Death ==
He died on 18 August 1900.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ajmer-Merwara (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfo4AQAAMAAJ |title=Report on the Administration of Ajmer-Merwara |date=1902 |pages=23–24 |language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]] as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=110 |language=en}}</ref>

== Titles, styles, and honours ==

=== Titles and styles ===
His full style was: "[[His Highness]] Umdai Rajahai Buland Makan [[Maharaja]] [[Shri]] Sardul Singh, [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=255 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Honours ===
He was appointed [[Knight Grand Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] by the [[British government of India|Government of India]] in 1892.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oVDAAAAYAAJ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India: Karāchi to Kotāyam |date=1908 |publisher=Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers [1972 |pages=312 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Kishangarh]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]

Ramesh Chand Bind

2026-04-20T09:33:03Z

Sarada22: starting entry

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramesh Chand Bind
| image = Ramesh bind mp.jpg
| birth_name = Ramesh Chand Bind
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|3|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mirzapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member]] of the [[India Parliament]] for [[Bhadohi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadohi]]
| term_start = 24 May 2019
| term_end = June 2024
| constituency = [[Bhadohi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadohi]]
| term =
| occupation =
| predecessor = [[Virendra Singh Mast]]
| successor = [[Vinod Kumar Bind]]
| party = [[File:Samajwadi Party.png|20px]] [[Samajwadi Party]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (till 2024) 
[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|B. A. M. S.]]
| spouse = Samudra Bind
| parents =
| children = 3
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| image_size = 187px
}}

'''Ramesh Chand Bind''' (born 7 March 1974) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP). He was elected to the [[17th Lok Sabha]] in the [[2019 Indian general election]], representing the [[Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Ramesh Chand Bind |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/dr-ramesh-chand-bind |website=National Portal of India |access-date=November 18, 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bind was born on 7 March 1974 to Ram Chander and Chhabiya Devi in [[Mirzapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> He is married to Samudra Bind, with whom he has two daughters and a son.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Affidavit - Ramesh Chand |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> He lives in Itwa village in [[Mirzapur district]] of Uttar Pradesh. As per his election affidavit, he is qualified up to [[High School]] from S.A.B.H.S. School, Chandaipur, Mirzapur in 1988.<ref name=":1" /> However, his official profile states that he has the educational qualification of [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery]] degree.<ref name=":0" />

== Controversies ==
During the 2019 Indian general election, an alleged video went viral on social media in which Bind is being heard delivering a provocative speech against the [[Upper-caste|upper caste]] [[Brahmin]] community.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ब्राह्मणों पर आपत्तिजनक टिप्पणी करने वाले बीजेपी प्रत्याशी के खिलाफ मुकदमा दर्ज |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/news/case-against-bjp-candidate-ramesh-bind-in-bhadohi-of-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/69119039.cms |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Bind was also being heard of selectively thrashing [[Brahmin]] community members wearing [[janeu]] and burning down a [[police station]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=भदोही में बोले भाजपा उम्मीदवार रमेश चंद्र बिंद, जनेऊ देखकर ब्राह्मणों को पीटता हूं, थाने को फूंकवा देता हूं |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/mirzapur/bjp-candidate-ramesh-chandra-bind-controversial-statement-video-viral-503898.html |work=Oneindia}}</ref> A case of hurting religious sentiment and promoting enmity between different groups was registered against him.<ref name=":2" /> Bind, however, stated that the video was fake.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-23 |title=BJP कैंडिडेट को ब्राह्मण विरोधी न होने की क्यों देनी पड़ रही है सफाई, सबूत देने पर राजनीति छोड़ने का ऐलान {{!}} BJP Candidate Clarification on Anti Brahmin Campaign against Him |url=https://www.patrika.com/bhadohi-news/bjp-candidate-clarification-on-anti-brahmin-campaign-against-him-4470878 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bind, Ramesh Chand}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Mirzapur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Visakhapatnam East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:18Z

Sarada22: created post

{{short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Visakhapatnam East
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (21-Visakhapatnam East highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Visakhapatnam East Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 272,215
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 21
}}

'''Visakhapatnam East Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Visakhapatnam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=17, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2024 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 271,215 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==
The mandal and wards that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Visakhapatnam (Urban) Mandal (Part) Visakhapatnam (M.Corp) Ward No. 1 to 11 and 53 to 55
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Visakhapatnam East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu]]
|votes = 44,233
|percentage = 32.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Chennuboina Srinivasa Rao|votes=40,202|percentage=29.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Appa Rao Vurukuti|votes=38,098|percentage=27.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Satta Party|candidate=Jhansi Lakshmi Ravala|votes=10,022|percentage=7.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Rajakumari|votes=2,218|percentage=1.62|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,031|percentage=2.92|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=138,104|percentage=68.22|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Visakhapatnam East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu]]
|votes = 100,624
|percentage = 60.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Chennuboina Srinivasa Rao|votes=52,741|percentage=31.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=47,883|percentage=28.76|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=166,453|percentage=64.88|change=-3.34}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Visakhapatnam East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu]]
|votes = 87,073
|percentage = 50.10
|change = -10.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Akaramani Vijaya Nirmala|votes=60,599|percentage=34.87|change=+3.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Tatarao Kona|votes=17,873|percentage=10.28|change=+10.28}}
{{Election box majority||votes=26,474|percentage=15.23|change=-13.53}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=173,804|percentage=64.73|change=-0.15}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing = -10.35
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Visakhapatnam East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu]]
|votes = 1,32,047
|percentage = 64.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[M. V. V. Satyanarayana]]|votes= 61,170|percentage= 30.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Guthula Srinivas Rao|votes= 3,430|percentage= 1.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes= 1,508|percentage= 0.74|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 70,877|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 203,494|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|17.70|83.30|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment Management

2026-04-19T16:36:39Z

Sarada22: starting initial post more to come

{{refimprove|date=December 2023}}
{{Short description|Training institute in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment Management
| image = File:Main_Gate_of_Institute_of_Petroleum_Safety,_Health_and_Environment_Management_(2018).jpeg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Main Gate of Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment Management (2018)
| latin_name =
| motto =
| founder =
| established = 1989
| mission =
| focus =
| president =
| chairman =
| head_label =
| head = Sanjeev Singhal
| faculty =
| adjunct_faculty =
| staff =
| key_people =
| budget =
| endowment =
| debt =
| num_members =
| subsidiaries =
| owner = [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
| non-profit_slogan =
| former_name =
| location =
| city = [[Betul, Goa|Betul]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15.135871|N|73.947746|E|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment Management (IPSHEM)''' is a training institute of the [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment Management, ONGC {{!}} India Science, Technology & Innovation - ISTI Portal |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/allstinstitutions/institute-petroleum-safety-health-and-environment-management-ongc |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in}}</ref> that provides technical education in the fields of [[industrial safety]], [[occupational health]] and [[environmental science]].

== History ==

The institute's inception was conceived by ONGC during its 230th Executive Committee meeting on November 28, 1984, emphasizing [[Health, Safety and Environment]] within the petroleum industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=45th Report on Committee on Petitions (7th Lok Sabha) |url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/lsscommittee/Petitions/17_Petitions_45.pdf |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=[[Lok Sabha Secretariat]] |page=3}}</ref>

At first, the institute was founded in 1989;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukerjee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqh_MFksvvgC&dq=Institute+of+Petroleum+Safety,+Health+and+Environment+Management&pg=PA222 |title=Industrial Marketing |date=2009 |publisher=Excel Books India |isbn=978-81-7446-700-3 |pages=222 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Albach |first1=Horst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LPLBQAAQBAJ&dq=Institute+of+Petroleum+Safety,+Health+and+Environment+Management&pg=PA208 |title=Management of Permanent Change |last2=Meffert |first2=Heribert |last3=Pinkwart |first3=Andreas |last4=Reichwald |first4=Ralf |date=2014-12-09 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-658-05014-6 |pages=208 |language=en}}</ref> however, it commenced operations from its own campus in [[Betul, Goa|Betul]] in [[South Goa district|South Goa]], starting in 1997.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYkcxb35VQcC&q=Institute+of+Petroleum+Safety,+Health+and+Environment+Management+betul |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=29 November 2007 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref> It was set up following a feasibility study and master plan developed by Norwegian consultants SikteC A/S, supported by the [[Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation]], as part of a bilateral agreement between India and [[Norway]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sastry |first=Anil |date=2004-12-16 |title=Safety first |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30225874.ece |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

As of December 2023, ONCG is planning to upgrade this institute with a budget of {{INRConvert|250|c|year=2023}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-23 |title=ONGC set to invest Rs 250 crore to upgrade training facility at Betul |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ongc-set-to-invest-rs-250-crore-to-upgrade-training-facility-at-betul/articleshow/106220963.cms |access-date=2023-12-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Programs ==
It organizes training programs which are categorized into ''Basic'', ''Advanced'', and ''Accredited'' levels. Also, it conducts safety audits, develops emergency response plans, and creates disaster management strategies for different petroleum and petrochemical installations across India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQQNAQAAMAAJ&dq=Institute+of+Petroleum+Safety,+Health+and+Environment+Management&pg=PA155 |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=2006 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |pages=155 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}
{{India-edu-stub}}
[[Category:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Goa]]

Babita Chauhan

2026-04-18T23:00:12Z

Sarada22: added new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babita Chauhan
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Dr .Babita Singh.png
| caption = Chauhan in 2024
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].
| office = Chairperson [[Uttar Pradesh State Women Commission]]
| term_start = 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| parents =
| spouse =
| profession = Politician
| children =
}}
'''Babita Chauhan''' (also known as Dr. Babita Singh Chauhan) is a prominent Indian politician currently serving as the chairperson of the [[Uttar Pradesh State Women Commission|Uttar Pradesh State Women's Commission]] as of late 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=कौन हैं बबिता चौहान, जिन्हें बनाया गया यूपी महिला आयोग का अध्यक्ष, ताजनगरी से क्या है कनेक्शन? |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/who-is-babita-chauhan-became-new-president-of-up-women-commission-aprna-yadav/3556811/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं बबिता चौहान, जिन्हें मिली उत्तर प्रदेश महिला आयोग की जिम्मेदारी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/who-is-babita-chauhan-state-women-commission-chairperson/articleshow/113047988.cms |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं बबीता चौहान जो अपर्णा यादव को पीछे छोड़ राज्य महिला आयोग की अध्यक्ष बनीं, पढ़िए उनके बारे में - Babita Chauhan became the president of the State Women Commission Head On Aprna Yadav |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-babita-chauhan-became-the-president-of-the-state-women-commission-head-on-aprna-yadav-23790705.html |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-08 |title=No male tailors, trainers, barbers for women in UP? New safety proposals underway |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/no-male-tailors-trainers-for-women-in-up-new-safety-proposals-underway/articleshow/115074987.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Political career==
*Chairperson, UP Women's Commission
Appointed in September 2024 for a one-year term, she notably superseded others for the top post, with Aparna Yadav appointed as vice-chairperson.<ref>{{Cite web |editor-first=Radha |editor-last=Basnet |date=2024-11-08 |title=Men shouldn't cut women's hair, tailor their clothes: UP body's proposal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-women-commission-men-tailor-women-clothes-gym-trainers-2630243-2024-11-08 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
*Local Governance
She is a member of the Zila Panchayat from Kheragarh, Agra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delhi |first=Ravivar |date=2024-09-07 |title=राज्य महिला आयोग की नव निर्वाचित अध्यक्ष बबिता चौहान ने पदभार ग्रहण किया |url=https://ravivardelhi.com/newly-elected-chairperson-of-state-womens-commission-babita-chauhan-took-charge/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Ravivar Delhi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Babita}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Women in Uttar Pradesh politics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ritu (season)

2026-04-18T15:02:15Z

Sarada22: Made A Entry

{{short description|Traditional seasons of the Indian calendar}}
{{other uses|Ritu (disambiguation){{!}}Ritu}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2014}}

'''Ritu''' ({{langx|sa|ऋतु}}) means "[[season]]" in different ancient Indian calendars used in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. There are six '''ritus''' (also transliterated '''ritu''') or '''seasons'''. Seasons are different times of the year and there are 12 months in the year. Every month has its own special season. The word is derived from the [[Vedic Sanskrit]] word [[Ṛtú]], a fixed or appointed time, especially the proper time for sacrifice ([[yajna]]) or ritual in [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]]; this in turn comes from the word [[Ṛta]] (ऋत), as used in [[Vedic Sanskrit]] literally means the "order or course of things". This word is used in nearly all Indian languages.

== Nepalese and Indian calendars ==
Nepal and India observes six [[Seasons|ecological seasons]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mypanchang.com/ritus.php|title = Ritus, Seasons and Vedic Calendar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/seasons/season-tropical-timings.html|title = Indian Seasons, Indian Ritus Start Date and Timings for New Delhi, NCT, India}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:; border;1px"ritu
!No.
!Ritu
![[Season]]
![[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunar months]]
![[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian month]]
!Characteristics
!Seasonal festivals
|-
|1
|[[Vasanta (season)|Vasanta]] वसन्त
|[[Spring (season)|Spring]]
|[[Chaitra]] and [[Vaishakha]]
| March & April
|Temperature around 20-30 degrees celsius; [[March equinox|vernal equinox]] occurs in the middle of this season. First spring harvest along with harvest festivals.
|[[Ugadi]], [[Gudi Padwa]], [[Holi]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Puthandu]], [[Vishu]], [[Rongali Bihu]], [[Baisakhi]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]]
|-
|2
|[[Grishma|Grīṣma]] ग्रीष्म
|[[Summer]]/Hot Season
|[[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]] and [[Ashadha]]
|~ May & June
|Very hot, temperatures up to 45-50 degrees celsius; [[summer solstice]] occurs. This is one of the two typical Indian/ Hindu Marriage Seasons.
|[[Vat Pournima|Vat Purnima]], [[Rath Yatra|Ratha Yatra]], [[Guru Purnima]]
|-
|3
|[[Varsha (season)|Varṣā]] वर्षा
|[[Monsoon]]/Rainy Season
|[[Shravana]] and [[Bhadrapada]]
|~ July & August
|Very hot, very humid and heavy monsoon rains; begins with the lunar month after the [[summer solstice]].
|[[Raksha Bandhan]], [[Krishna Janmaashtami|Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Nuakhai]], [[Onam]], Gurujonar Tithi, [[Mahalaya]] [[Amavasya]]
|-
|4
|[[Sharad (season)|Sharada]] शरत्
|[[Autumn]]
|[[Ashwin|Ashvin]]a or Ashvayuja and [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]
|~ Late- September, October & mid-November
|Mild temperatures; 19-25 degrees celsius; [[September equinox|autumnal equinox]] occurs in the middle of this season. First autumn harvest occurs along with harvest festivals. Some trees in the Himalayas or upper elevations change colors much like in northern latitudes across the world.
|[[Navaratri]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Bihu|Kati Bihu]], [[Diwali|Deepavali]], [[Dhanatrayodashi]], [[Kartik Purnima]]
|-
|5
|[[Hemanta (season)|Hemanta]]
हेमन्त
|Pre-[[Winter]]/Cool Season
|[[Margashirsha]] ([[Agrahayana]]) and [[Pausha]]
|~ Late November & December
|Very pleasant temperatures; generally, 19-25 degrees celsius; ends with the [[winter solstice]]. Some trees in the Himalayas and other hills completely shed their leaves much like in northern latitudes across the world.
| (mid-winter celebration)
Margashira Mahotsavam. Music Season with a number of Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical music and dance concerts. [[Thai Pongal]], [[Sankranthi|Sankranti]] are celebrated during the month of Pausha.
|-
|6
|[[Shishira (season)|Shishira]] शिशिर
|[[Winter]]/Cold Season
|[[Magha (month)|Magha]] and [[Phalguna]]
|~ January & February
|Moderately cold, but pleasant during occasional sunshine; temperatures may decrease below 10 degrees celsius. This season is typical to tropical and subtropical regions because trees actually shed their leaves in this season in tropical areas; starts with the [[winter solstice]].
|[[Shivaratri]], [[Magh Bihu]] [[Shigmo]]
|-
|}

==East Indian calendars==
East Indian calendars (Bengali, Assamese, Odia and Mithila) start their new year on Mesh Sankranti. The season names corresponds to the Sanskrit Vasanta, Grishma, Varsha, Sharada, Hemanta, Shishira order.
The [[Bengali Calendar]] is similar to the Sanskrit calendar above, but differs in start and end times which moves certain dates/days around (i.e., Vasant Panchami occurs here in Vasant ritu but in the calendar above, it occurs in Shishir as that is the Magha Shukla Panchami). The East Indian Calendar has the following seasons or ritus:

===Assamese Calendar===
Seasons in the [[Assamese Calendar]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Assamese season
! Start
! End
! Assamese months
! English
|-
| Grishmo
(গ্রীষ্মকাল)
| Mid-April
| Mid-June
| [[Bohag]], [[Jeth (Assamese calendar)|Jeth]]
| [[Summer]]
|-
| Borkha
(বর্ষাকাল)
| Mid-June
| Mid-August
| [[Ahaar]], [[Xaaun]]
| [[Monsoon]]
|-
| Xorot
(শৰৎকাল)
| Mid-August
| Mid-October
| [[Bhado (Assamese calendar)|Bhado]], [[Ahin (Assamese calendar)|Ahin]]
| [[Autumn|Early Autumn]]
|-
| Hemanta
(হেমন্তকাল)
| Mid-October
| Mid-December
| [[Kati (Assamese calendar)|Kati]], [[Aghun (Assamese calendar)|Aghun]]
| [[Autumn|Late Autumn]]
|-
| Heat
(শীতকাল)
| Mid-December
| Mid-February
| [[Pooh (Assamese calendar)|Pooh]], [[Magh (Assamese calendar)|Magh]]
| [[Winter]]
|-
| Boxonto
(বসন্তকাল)
| Mid-February
| Mid-April
| [[Phagun]], [[Sot (Assamese calendar)|Sot]]
| [[Spring (Season)|Spring]]
|}

=== Bengali Calendar ===
Seasons in the [[Bengali Calendar]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bangla Ritu
! Bengali Months
! English Equivalent
! Gregorian Months
|-
|গ্রীষ্ম
(Grishsho)
|বৈশাখ-জ্যৈষ্ঠ
(Boishakh-Joishtho)
|[[Summer]]
|Mid April - Mid June
|-
|বর্ষা
(Borsha)
|আষাঢ়-শ্রাবণ
(Aasharh-Shrabon)
|[[Monsoon]]
|Mid June - Mid August
|-
|শরৎ
(Shorot)
|ভাদ্র-আশ্বিন
(Bhadro-Aashshin)
|[[Autumn]]
|Mid August - Mid October
|-
|হেমন্ত
(Hemonto)
|কার্তিক-অগ্রহায়ণ
(Kartick-Ogrohayon)
|[[Early Winter]]
|Mid October - Mid December
|-
|শীত
(Śīta)
|পৌষ-মাঘ
(Poush-Maagh)
|[[Winter]]
|Mid December - Mid February
|-
|বসন্ত
(Bosonto)
|ফাল্গুন-চৈত্র
(Falgun-Choitro)
|[[Spring (season)|Spring]]
|Mid February - Mid April
|}

===Maithili Calendar===
Seasons in the [[Tirhuta Panchang|Maithili Calendar]]:

{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Maithili Ritu
! English Equivalent
! Maithili Months
! Gregorian Months
|-
| ग्रीष्म
(Grishma)
| [[Summer]]
| [[Baisakha]]-[[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]]
| Mid-April to mid-June
|-
| वर्षा
(Barkha)
| [[Monsoon]]
| [[Ashadha]], [[Shravana]]
| Mid-June to mid-August
|-
| शरद
(Sharad)
| [[Autumn]]
| [[Bhādrapada]], [[Āshvina]]
| Mid-August to mid-October
|-
| हेमन्त
Hemanta
| [[Late-Autumn]]
| [[Kārtika (month)|Kārtika]], [[Mārgashīrsha]]/[[Agrahayana]]
| Mid-October to mid-December
|-
| शिशिर
(Shishir)
| [[Winter]]
| [[Pausha]], [[Māgha|Magh]]
| Mid-December to mid-February
|-
| वसन्त
(Basanta)
| [[Spring (season)|Spring]]
| [[Phalgun]], [[Chaitra]]
| Mid-February to mid-April
|}

===Odia Calendar===
Seasons in the [[Odia calendar]]:

{| class="wikitable"
! Odia Ritu
! Season
! Odia months
! Gregorian
|-
| ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ Grisma
| [[Summer]]
| Baiśākha–Jyeṣṭha
| April–June
|-
| ବର୍ଷା Barsā
| [[Monsoon]]
| Āṣāṛha–Śrābaṇa
| June–August
|-
| ଶରତ Sarata
| [[Autumn]]
| Bhādraba–Āświna
| August–October
|-
| ହେମନ୍ତ Hemanta
| Pre-[[Winter]]
| Kārttika–Mārgaśira
| October–December
|-
| ଶୀତ Sita
| [[Winter]]
| Pauṣa–Māgha
| December–February
|-
| ବସନ୍ତ Basanta
| [[Spring (season)|Spring]]
| Phālguna–Chaitra
| February–April
|-
|}

==South Indian calendars==
===Malayalam Kannada Telugu Calendar ===
The [[Malayalam calendar]] or Kollam Era, a [[Solar calendar|solar]] and [[Sidereal time|sidereal]] [[Hindu calendar]] used in [[Kerala]], and in Karnataka they follows a pattern of six seasons slightly different from North Indian Calendars.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:; border;1px"ritu
!
!Ritu
![[Season]]
![[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam solar months]]
![[Hindu calendar|Sanskrit solar months]]
![[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian months]]
!Seasonal festivals
|-
|1
|Vasantam വസന്തം వసంతం ವಸಂತ ಋತು
|[[Spring (season)|Spring]]
|Makaram (second half)-Kumbham-Meenam (first half)
|[[Makara (month)|Makara]] (second half)-[[Kumbha (month)|Kumbha]]-[[Mīna]] (first half)
|February & March
|[[Vasant Panchami|Vasantha Panchami]], [[Holi]]
|-
|2
|Grishmam ഗ്രീഷ്മം గ్రీష్మం
ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮಋತು
|[[Summer]]
|Meenam (second half)-Medam-Idavam (first half)
|[[Mīna]] (second half)-[[Meṣa]]-[[Vṛṣabha]] (first half)
|April & May
|[[Vishu]]
|-
|3
|[[Monsoon of India|Varsham]] വർഷം వర్షాకాలం ವರ್ಷ ಋತು
|[[Monsoon]] or Rain
|Idavam (second half)-Mithunam-Karkatakam (first half)
|[[Vṛṣabha]] (second half)-[[Mithuna (month)|Mithuna]]-[[Karkaṭa]]ka (first half)
|June & July
|[[Karkataka Vavu]] (marks the beginning of Sharad season)
|-
|4
|Sarath ശരത്ത് శరదృతువు ಶರದ್ಋತು
|Early [[Autumn]]
|Karkitakam (second half)-Chingam-Kanni (first half)
|[[Karkaṭa]]ka (second half)-[[Siṃha]]-[[Kanyā]] (first half)
|August & September
|[[Raksha Bandhan|Rakshabandhanam]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]] (Sri Krishna Jayanti), [[Onam]]
|-
|5
|Hemantham ഹേമന്തം హేమంతం ಹೇಮಂತ ಋತು
|Late Autumn
|Kanni (second half)-Thulam-Vrischikam (first half)
|[[Kanyā]] (second half)-[[Tulā]]-[[Vṛścika]]m (first half)
|October & November
|
|-
|6
|Sisiram ശിശിരം శిశిరం
ಶಿಶಿರ ಋತು
|[[Winter]]
|Vrischikam (second half)-Dhanu-Makaram (first half)
|[[Vṛścika]]m (second half)-[[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]]-[[Makara (month)|Makara]] (first half)
|December & January
|
|-
|}

===Tamil calendar===
The [[Tamil Calendar]] follows a similar pattern of six seasons as described in the Hindu calendar.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Tamil season Names
!English Meaning
!Gregorian Months
!Tamil Months
|-
|Ilavenil (Mild Summer) [[:ta:இளவேனிற்காலம்|இளவேனிற்காலம்]]
|Tender heat / warmth
|April 15 to June 14
|Chittirai and Vaikāsi
|-
|Muthuvenil (Hot Summer) [[:ta:கோடைகாலம்|முதுவேனிற்காலம்]]
|Matured heat / warmth
|June 15 to August 14
|Āni and Ādi
|-
|Kar (Monsoon) கார்காலம்
|Dark Clouds
|August 15 to October 14
|Āvaṇi and Puraṭṭāsi
|-
|Kutir (Autumn) [[:ta:குளிர்காலம்|கூதிர் காலம்]]
|Cold / Chill
|October 15 to December 14
|Aippasi and Kārtikai
|-
|Munpani (Pre-winter) முன்பனிக் காலம்
|Early (Frontal) Dew / Mist
|December 15 to February 14
|Mārgaḻi and Tai
|-
|Pinpani (Prevernal / Early Spring) பின்பனிக் காலம்
|Late (Rear) Dew / Mist
|February 15 to April 14
|Māsi and Panguni
|}

==In culture==
The seasons are described in literature such as the [[Sanskrit]] poem ''[[Ṛtusaṃhāra]]'' written by the legendary Sanskrit poet [[Kālidāsa]].

Names of the ritu are commonly used for persons: typically, Vasant, Sharad, Hemant, Shishir and Varsh are "male" names; "female" names include Vasanti, Sharada, Hemanti, Grishma and Varsha.

Similar naming conventions are also used in Tamil: For female Ilavenil. For male Kar(Vannan).

== See also ==
*[[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar|Astronomical basis of the Hindu Calendar]]
*[[Vedic timekeeping]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

*Feller, Danielle. ''The Seasons in Mahākāvya Literature'', Eastern Book Linkers, Delhi, 1995, {{ISBN|8186339248}}
*Raghavan, V. ''Ṛtu in Sanskrit literature'', Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Delhi, 1972
*Renou, Louis. ''Sanskrit et culture'', Payot, 1950
*Selby, Martha Ann (translator). ''The Circle of Six Seasons'', Penguin, New Delhi, 2003, {{ISBN|0-14-100772-9}}

[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Seasons]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Template:Hindu calendar}}

{{hindu-stub}}

[[hi:ऋतु]]
[[ru:Риту]]

Pargi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:35Z

Sarada22: starting new stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pargi
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (54-Pargi highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Pargi Assembly constituency within Telangana
| latest_election_year = 2023
| mla = [[T. Ram Mohan Reddy|Tammannagari Ram Mohan Reddy]]
| party = {{party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| electors = 2,11,810
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 54
| loksabha_cons = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
}}

'''Pargi Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of the constituencies in [[Ranga Reddy district]]. It is part of [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[T Ram Mohan Reddy]] of [[Indian National Congress]] represents the constituency from 2014 to 2018.
In the recent elections, Koppula Mahesh Reddy of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] won the elections and represents the constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Parigi, Ranga Reddy district|Pargi]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
|-
| [[Domah]]
|-
| [[Kulkacharla]]
|-
| [[Pudur, Ranga Reddy|Pudur]]
|-
|Chowdapur
|- [[chawdapur, vikarabad]]
|Mahmoodabad
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|-
|[[Gandeed]]
|}

==List of Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member Name
! colspan=2|Political Party
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[T. Ram Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Koppula Mahesh Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[T. Ram Mohan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4"| Koppula Harsihwar Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Kamatam Ram Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Koppula Harsihwar Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan="2"|Ahmed Shareef
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kamatam Ram Reddy
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| R. Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| M. Rama Deva Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Jagan Mohan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Shah Jehan Begum
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Pargi (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[T. Ram Mohan Reddy]]
| votes = 98,536
| percentage = 48.93
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Koppula Mahesh Reddy|votes=74,523|percentage=37.01|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Booneti Maruthi Kiran|votes=16,653|percentage=8.27|change=}}{{Election box candidate|party=Alliance of Democratic Reforms Party|candidate=Mahesh Reddy Bareddy|votes=2,182|percentage=1.08|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=E Anandam|votes=2,151|percentage=1.07|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Mukunda Nageshwar|votes=1,396|percentage=0.69|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,124|percentage=0.56|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=24,013|percentage=17.92|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=2,01,380|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pargi<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34781/239 Pargi Results]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Koppula Mahesh Reddy
| votes = 83,471
| percentage = 47.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[T. Ram Mohan Reddy]]|votes=67,631|percentage=38.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Forward Bloc|candidate=K Mallesham|votes=8,694|percentage=4.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K Prahalad Rao|votes=6,743|percentage=3.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,381|percentage=0.79|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=15,840|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,75,371|percentage=76.44|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Pargi (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34781/239 Pargi Results]</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[T. Ram Mohan Reddy]]|votes=68,098|percentage=45.7%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Koppula Harishwar Reddy|votes=62,935|percentage=42.3%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kamatham Ram Reddy|votes=13,355|percentage=9.0%|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=5,163|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,50,178|percentage=70.9%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Parigi, Ranga Reddy district|Pargi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.17|77.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]

Parapaar

2026-04-11T08:46:19Z

Sarada22: starting a pg

{{Excessive citations|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parapaar
| image = Parapaar film poster.jpg
| director = [[Sanjoy Nag]]
| writer = [[Moti Nandi]]
| starring = [[Ahmed Rubel]] [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Paoli Dam]] [[Bratya Basu]]
| producer = Purti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor =
| cinematography = Indranil Mukherjee
| editing = Sanjib Datta
| music = Sourendra and Soumyojit
| released = {{Film date|2014|11|14|df=y}}
| language = Bengali
| country = India
}}
'''''Parapaar''''' ({{langx|bn| পারাপার }}) is a 2014 film<ref>{{cite news| date=2013-10-17 |title= Movie after Memories to star Bratya and Rituparna |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMy8xMC8xNyNBcjAyMTAw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218035535/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMy8xMC8xNyNBcjAyMTAw |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2015 |accessdate=17 January 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| date=2013-10-17 |title= Movie after Memories to star Bratya and Rituparna |url=http://photogallery.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/parties/kolkata/parapar-shoot-wrap-up-party/articleshow/28833759.cms |accessdate=17 January 2014 |newspaper=नवभारत टाइम्स}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2014-01-12|title='Parapar' retains the sensibility of 'Memories in March' maker|url=http://echoofindia.com/kolkata-parapar-retains-sensibility-memories-march-maker-46183|accessdate=17 January 2014|newspaper=The Echo of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310065514/http://echoofindia.com/kolkata-parapar-retains-sensibility-memories-march-maker-46183|archive-date=10 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Parapar shoot wrap up party |author= Jessica Cauffiel |url=http://jessicacauffiel.blogspot.in/2014/01/parapar-shoot-wrap-up-party.html|accessdate=16 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title='Memories in March' Director returns with 'Parapaar'|author= New Kerala |url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/story/111391/memories-in-march-director-returns-with-parapar.html#.Ux1FhenNvIU|accessdate=16 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=It's party time for team 'Parapar'|url=http://tollywoodhamaka.com/news/its-party-time-for-team-parapar.html|accessdate=16 February 2014}}</ref> directed by [[Sanjoy Nag]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Shooting of Sanjoy Nag's 'Parapar'|url=http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Shooting-of-Sanjoy-Nags-Parapar-55103.html|accessdate=16 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| date=2014-01-16 |title= পারাপার| url=http://bartamanpatrika.com/content/cinema.htm| accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper= Bartaman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Parapar' retains the sensibility of 'Memories in March' maker|url=http://echoofindia.com/kolkata-parapar-retains-sensibility-memories-march-maker-46183|accessdate=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310065514/http://echoofindia.com/kolkata-parapar-retains-sensibility-memories-march-maker-46183|archive-date=10 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| date=2014-01-19 |title= Tolly trove of '14 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140119/jsp/t2/story_17839025.jsp#.UwCu_unkmUm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140216155642/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140119/jsp/t2/story_17839025.jsp%23.UwCu_unkmUm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2014|accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph t2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| date=2014-02-07 |title= Acting workshops aren't my thing |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/38294--acting-workshops-aren-t-my-thing.html|accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Statesman}}</ref> is based on the Moti Nandy novel. A convict, Rudra ([[Ahmed Rubel]]),<ref>{{cite news| date=2014-02-16 |title= Ahmed Rubel in Sanjay Nag's next film | url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/grape-vine-11191|accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| date=2013-12-22 |title= Ahmed Rubel- Rituparna pair up for Parapar | url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/entertainment/2013/dec/21/ahmed-rubel-rituparna-pair-parapar|accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper= Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date=2014-01-30 | title=এপারের রুবেল ওপারে | url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/135100/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87 | accessdate=16 February 2014 | newspaper=Prothom Alo | archive-date=19 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219070258/http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/135100/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date=2014-01-22 | title=ঋতুপর্ণা ও পাওলির সঙ্গে একই ছবিতে রুবেল | url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/128386 | accessdate=16 February 2014 | newspaper=Prothom Alo }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date=2014-01-22 | title=পাওলির রুবেল স্তুতি! | url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/128989 | accessdate=16 February 2014 | newspaper=Prothom Alo | archive-date=22 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180716/http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/128989 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| date=2014-01-17 |title= মার্চে কলকাতায় আহমেদ রুবেলের 'পারাপার'| url=http://www.samakal.net/2014/01/17/33152| accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper= সমকাল }}</ref> returns home to his wife ([[Rituparna Sengupta]])<ref>{{cite news| date=2013-12-08 |title= Paoli Dam and Rituparna Sengupta to share screen for the first time|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news-interviews/Paoli-Dam-and-Rituparna-Sengupta-to-share-screen-for-the-first-time/articleshow/27074500.cms|accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| date=2013-12-20 |title= Rituparna shoots where Satyajit Ray shot for Chiriyakhana |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news-interviews/Rituparna-shoots-where-Satyajit-Ray-shot-for-Chiriyakhana/articleshow/27680108.cms|accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| date=2013-12-07 |title= New Kolkata Bangla Movie Parapar starring Rituparna Sengupta and Bangladeshi Actor Rubel being Shot in Kolkata
|url=http://sholoanabangaliana.in/blog/2014/01/07/new-kolkata-bangla-movie-parapar-starring-rituparna-sengupta-and-bangladeshi-actor-rubel-being-shot-in-kolkata/|accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper= Sholoana Bangaliana}}</ref> and two kids after serving a 14-year jail term. He comes back to find his home-maker wife transformed into a woman who had grown stronger over the years while fending for herself and her kids. The film also stars [[Paoli Dam]]<ref>{{cite news| date=2014-01-10 |title= What's cooking with paoli?| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140110/jsp/t2/story_17770117.jsp#.UwAz0enkmUk | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140216035334/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140110/jsp/t2/story_17770117.jsp%23.UwAz0enkmUk | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 February 2014 | accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| date=2014-01-17 |title= পারাপার | url=http://epratidin.in/Details.aspx?id=16880&boxid=11183246 | accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper= Sangbad Pratidin}}</ref> and [[Bratya Basu]].<ref>{{cite news| date=2014-01-17 |title= Parapar the most complex character in my life: Minister-actor|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/parapar-the-most-complex-character-in-my-life-minister-actor-114011701298_1.html|accessdate=16 February 2014|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref>
A 'tribute promo' was launched on 31 August 2014 to commemorate the birth anniversary of [[Rituparno Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite news| date=2014-08-31 |title= SANJOY'S TRIBUTE TO RITU |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=SANJOYS-TRIBUTE-TO-RITU-31082014107005|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140904025631/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=SANJOYS-TRIBUTE-TO-RITU-31082014107005|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2014|accessdate=31 August 2014|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Ahmed Rubel]] as Rudra
*[[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Damini
*[[Paoli Dam]] as Urmila
*[[Bratya Basu]] as Gopal

==Crew==
*Cinematography - [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1903458/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Indranil Mukherjee]
*Editor - [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0244903/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Sanjib Datta]
*Sound Recordist - [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4945916/?ref_=fn_al_nm_2 Gautam Nag]
*Sound Re-recordist - [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3274258/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Anirban Sengupta] Dipankar Jojo Chaki
*Production Designer - [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1897658/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cr5 Sushanta Paul]
*Assistant Directors - [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6279311/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Subroto Ghosh], [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3575005/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Mrityunjay Pramanik], [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5022756/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Monalisa Giri], [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4968586/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Debanjana Roy]

==Music==
*Composers - Sourendra and Soumyojit<ref>{{cite news| date=2014-03-07 |title= পঞ্চমের হারমোনিয়াম আশার গলা| url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2-1.8055|accessdate=7 March 2014 |newspaper= Ananda Bazar Patrika}}</ref>
*Lyricist - [[Srijato]]
*Singers - [[Asha Bhonsle]] ,<ref>{{cite news| date=2014-03-07 |title= সঞ্জয়ের আশা পারাপার | url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=9959&boxid=223723500 |accessdate=7 March 2014 |newspaper=Ei Samay}}</ref> [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]] Subhomita [[Kaushiki Chakrabarty]] Ashtam Mandal

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3514016|Parapaar}}
*{{Facebook|parapaar|Parapaar}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=parapaar|title=Parapaar}}
*{{Official website}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]

Delta Express (India)

2026-04-01T22:46:47Z

Sarada22: started the pg and citations - done

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| image = RAL - SC Pass. (26991053152).jpg
| caption = Delta Express
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Vikarabad}}/{{stnlnk|Repalle}}
| stops = 19/17
| end = {{stnlnk|Repalle}}/{{stnlnk|Vikarabad Junction}}
| distance = {{convert|347|km|abbr=on}} (approx.)
| journeytime = 8 hours (approx.)
| frequency = Daily
| class = 2-Tier AC,3-Tier AC, Sleeper Class, General
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On boarding
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| stock =
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = WAP-7/WAP-4
| trainnumber = 17625 / 17626
| speed = {{convert|40|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts
| map = [[File:Delta Passenger (Kacheguda - Repalle) route map.png|300px|Delta Passenger (Kacheguda–Repalle) route map]]
| map_state = uncollapsed
}}

'''Delta Express''' is an [[Express train|Express]] Train in India which runs between [[Vikarabad]] of [[Telangana]] and [[Repalle]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The [[South Central Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] administers this train. Train number 17625 runs from Vikarabad to Repalle<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/delta-fast-passenger-57620-sc-to-ral/2071/835/3517|title=17625/Kacheguda - Repalle (Delta) Express (PT) - Vikarabad to Repalle SCR/South Central Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref> while 17626 runs from Repalle to Vikarabad Junction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/delta-fast-passenger-57619-ral-to-sc/2152/3517/835|title=17626/Repalle - Kacheguda (Delta) Express (PT) - Repalle to Kacheguda SCR/South Central Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>

The train was one of the oldest passenger trains of SCR and the most popular service in the route which used to cater many middle class people reaching the Hyderabad with a very less price, Initially this used to run as a fast passenger service and used to always run highly occupancy throughout the year, from 19 October 2017 the train was upgraded to an express service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zones & Division|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=9077&did=1498047893349853C9D41B5A6D1030D7B1C42BE28B7B3.web91|website=SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAY |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

==Features==

The Kacheguda–Repalle Express is usually hauled by a [[WDM-2]]/[[WDM-3A]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/delta-fast-passenger-57620-sc-to-ral/2071/835/3517|title=17625/Kacheguda - Repalle (Delta) Express (PT) - Kacheguda to Repalle SCR/South Central Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>

== RSA ==
This Train shares its rake with [[Secunderabad–Manuguru Express]] and Repalle Secunderabad exp with PM at KCG
RSA Pattern
17625->17646->12745->12746->17645->17626->07592

==Coach composition==

The train usually consists of 20 standard LHB Coaches:
* 1 AC Two Tier
* 3 AC Three Tier
* 9 Sleeper classes
* 5 General (unreserved)
* 1 SLR
* 1 Generator Car
As is customary with most other train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways, depending on demand.

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!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 22
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||GEN||GEN||GEN||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||S11||B1||A1||GEN||GEN||GEN||GEN||SLR
|}

==See also==

* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railways]]
* [[Valigonda train wreck]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Delta Fast Passenger}}

{{South Central Railway zone|state=expanded}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kacheguda-Repalle Express}}

Padma Devi

2026-04-01T21:55:06Z

Sarada22:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Padma Devi
|image=Padmadevi in Kisan Kanya.jpg
|caption=Padma Devi in the Film Kisan Kanya (1937)
|birth_name=Nilima
|birth_date=1917
|birth_place= [[Faridpur,]] present day [[Madaripur]], [[Bangladesh]]
|death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1983|2|1|1917}}
|death_place=[[Calcutta]], [[India]]
|death_cause=
|resting_place=
|relatives=
|spouse=
|occupation={{hlist |Actress |singer (in some of her early films)}}
|other_names=
|years_active=1931–1979
|known_for=[[Bollywood]] films and music
|notable_works=* ''[[Kisan Kanya]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Bou Thakuranir Haat]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Bari Theke Paliye]]'' (1958)
|native_name=শ্রীমতি পদ্মা দেবী
|native_name_lang=BN
}}
'''Padma Devi''' (1917–1983) was a popular [[Indian Bengali]] Hindi/Hindustani [[Film actress|Film Actress]] and playback singer of [[Indian cinema]], in the [[silent era]] and the early [[talkies]]. Starting her career with the main role in ''Sea Goddess'' (1931), directed by Dhirubhai Desai and produced by Saroj Film Company, Padma went on to act in over one hundred films in her career.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=1999-06-26|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early years ==

Padma Devi was born on 1917 in [[Bengal]], [[British India]]. Her ancestral home was [[Madaripur District|Madaripur]]. Her real name was Nilima.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==

Padma Devi was one of the earliest action heroines of the Indian Cinema. She started her career with ''Sea Goddess'', filmed in 1931, and was often cast with "dare-devil" [[Boman Shroff]] in a stream of successful stunt films such as ''The Amazon'', directed and produced by [[JBH Wadia]], released in 1933.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In his unpublished autobiography, Jamshed Boman Homi Wadia wrote:<blockquote>“I made my last silent thriller '<nowiki/>'''The Amazon'<nowiki/>''' or '<nowiki/>'''Dilruba Daku'<nowiki/>''' [w]ith Padma in the stellar role. The [s]tory was the reverse of '<nowiki/>'''Thunderbolt'<nowiki/>''', with Padma as the masked woman and saviour of the people. Of course, I had to avail of a duplicate in female garb to enact her stunts. Even so, Padma had become an adept in fight sequences and her youth and beauty added glamour to the film. It was the box office success of '<nowiki/>'''The Amazon'<nowiki/>''' which had induced me to sign Fearless Nadia in my talkies to come, with whom I was to make that super-stunt film '<nowiki/>'''Hunterwali'''' and take the Indian film world by storm. (Wadia 1978: ch. 43).”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cineplot.com/padma/|title=Padma Devi – Cineplot.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref></blockquote>''[[Kisan Kanya]]'' starring Padma Devi is the first indigenously made color movie which was released in 1937. Her work was appreciated in movies like ''[[Chalti Duniya]]'', ''[[Hindustan Hamara (1940 film)|Hindustan Hamara]]'', ''Jini Ram Tini Krishno Ek-i Dehe Ramkrishna'', ''Sree Sree Ramkrishna Kathamrita'', ''Maa Bhabani Maa Amar'' and many more.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

She has also sung in several films; ''Sati Mahananda'' (1933)'', Maharani'' (1934)'', Bahen Ka Prem'' (1935)'', Sangdil Samaj'' (1936), ''[[Kisan Kanya]]'' (1937) and ''Zamana'' (1938) are notable among them.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Parallel to her Bollywood career, Padma has also worked in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Kannada]] language cinema.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

== Filmography ==

Padma Devi acted in over one hundred films in her career. A partial list:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cineplot.com/padma-devi-filmography/|title=Padma Devi – Filmography – Cineplot.com|last=says|first=Vidur Sury|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=149656&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP|title=PADMA DEBI: Film / Movie Information|website=www.citwf.com|access-date=2019-07-26}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Cast
!Director
!Studio/Producer
|-
|1931
|''Sea Goddess''
|Padma Devi, Zebunissa, Chandra Rao Kadam, Pawar, Ata Mohammed
|Dhirubhai Desai
|Saroj Film Company
|-
|1932
|''Hind Kesari''
|Padma, Sultan Alam, Inamdar
|[[Homi Master]]
|Jayant Pictures
|-
|1932
|''Vanersena''
|Padma, Vasantrao Pahelwan, Inamdar
|[[Homi Master]]
|Jayant Pictures
|-
|1932
|''Parwana''
|Padma, Nure Watan, Kamla Kumari, Ram Kunwar, Rahim, Allavally, Shubi, A. Isaq, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Kesari Singh
|H. E. Khateeb
|New Western India Film Company
|-
|1932
|''Toofan Mail''
|Yashwant Dave, Padma, Narayan Pai, Adi Patel, Manchi Thuthi, [[J. B. H. Wadia|JBH Wadia]]
|[[J. B. H. Wadia|JBH Wadia]]
|Wadia Brothers
|-
|1932
|''Vanraj Kesari''
|Navinchandra, Padma, Vasant Bhandari, Baburao Apte, Bhim, Bhagwandas, Lobo
|Harshadrai Mehta
|Mehta Luhar Productions
|-
|1933
|''Jagat Mohini''
|Padma, Sultan Alam, Inamdar
|[[Homi Master]]
|Jayant Pictures
|-
|1933
|''Kurukshetra''
|Balasaheb Yadav, Madhavrao Joshi, Padma, Nandrekar, Shlini, Sharda, Ansuya, Hansa
|Sardar Balasaheb Yadav
|Chhatrapati Cine
|-
|1933
|''[[Lal-e-Yaman|Lal-E-Yaman]]''
|Padma, Mohini, [[Boman Shroff]], [[Firoz Dastur|Firoze Dastur]], Master Mohammed, Sayani Aatish, Jal Khambata
|[[J. B. H. Wadia|JBH Wadia]]
|[[Wadia Movietone]]
|-
|1933
|''Prithviraj Sanyogita''
|Padma Devi, Navinchandra, [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]], Kishori, Altekar, Datar
|Narayanrao Sarpotdar
|Maharashtra Cine
|-
|1933
|''Sati Mahananda''
|Padma Devi, Mubarak, Madhukar Gupte, Shirin Banu, [[V. Shantaram|Shantaram]], Raja Pandit, Kamlavati
|[[Baburao Patel]]
|Gandharva Cinetone
|-
|1933
|''The Amazon''
|Sayani, Padma, Allavally, Abul Haq, [[Boman Shroff]], Manchi Toothy
|A. H. Essa
|Wadia Brothers
|-
|1933
|''Whirlwind''
|Sayani, [[Boman Shroff]], Padma, Adi Patel, Lovji Lavangia, Josi Mehta
|HBH Wadia
|Wadia Brothers
|-
|1934
|''Baag E Misar''
|Padma Devi, S. Nazir, [[Boman Shroff]], Jamna, Jal Khambatta, Firoze Dastur, Sayani Atish, Master Mohammed, Munchi Thuthi, Minoo Cooper
|[[J. B. H. Wadia|JBH Wadia]]
|[[Wadia Movietone]]
|-
|1934
|''Bala Joban''
|Mubarak, Padma Devi, Shrin Banu, M. Gupte, Badri Prasad, Gulab, Madhukar Gupte, Nandu Khote, Maruti Pahelwan, Raja Pandit, Ghulam Hussain, Master Kamlakar
|[[Baburao Patel]]
|Gandharva Cinetone
|-
|1934
|''Maharani''
|Mubarak, Padma Devi, Shirin Banu, N. Chhapekar, Surve, Raja Pandit
|[[Baburao Patel]]
|Gandharva Cinetone
|-
|1935
|''Bahen Ka Prem''
|Padma Devi, [[Rafiq Ghaznavi|Rafiqe Ghaznavi]], Zohrabai, Lakshmi Narayan, Sultana, [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]], Azurie
|J. K. Nanda
|Prosperity Films
|-
|1935
|''Pardesi Saiyan''
|Mubarak, Padma Devi, Shirin, [[Madame Azurie|Azurie]], Nandu Khote, Raja Pandit, Yasmin, Surve, Sophia, Bhaskar,
|[[Baburao Patel]]
|Gandharva Cinetone
|-
|1936
|''Chalak Chor''
|[[Ishwarlal (actor)|Ishwarlal]], Padma, Dixit, Ghory, Kesari, [[Noor Mohammed Charlie|Charlie]], Rewashankar, Khatoon, Ram Apte, Shanta, Raja Sandow
|[[P. K. Raja Sandow|Raja Sandow]]
|[[Ranjit Film Company]]
|-
|1936
|''Jwalamukhi''
|Padma Devi, [[Ishwarlal (actor)|Ishwarlal]], Khatoon, Shanta Devi, Ghory, Bhupatrai, [[Noor Mohammed Charlie|Charlie]]
|[[D. N. Madhok]]
|[[Ranjit Film Company]]
|-
|1936
|''Passing Show''
|[[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], Padma Devi, Umakant, Shirin, Jahangir, Ismail, M. Luhar, Lallubhai
|Dwarka Khosla
|Prakash Pictures
|-
|1936
|''Sangdil Samaj''
|[[Nazir Ahmed Khan|Nazir]], [[Sardar Akhtar]], Padma Devi, Gope, Kamlakar, Omkar, Kamla Varekar, Sadiq Ali, [[Hari Shivdasani]]
|Ram Daryani
|Daryani Production
|-
|1937
|''[[Kisan Kanya]]''
|Padma Devi, Ghulam Md., Sayed Ahmed, [[Jilloo|Zilloo]], Nissar, Gani
|Moti Gidwani
|[[Ardeshir Irani]] of Imperial Pictures
|-
|1937
|''Do Auratein (Two Women)''
|Padma Devi, Rose, Rafique Ghaznavi, Ghulam Mohammed, Baba Vyas, Sayed Ahmed, Laxmi
|Moti Gidwani
|Imperial Pictures
|-
|1938
|''Kis Liye''
|Mohini, Ghulam Mohammed, Padma Devi, Ghulam Rasool, Rafiqe Ghaznavi, Asuji
|J. K. Mehta
|Imperial Films
|-
|1938
|''Sharif Daku''
|Navinchandra, Padma Devi, [[Noor Jehan]], Ghulam Hussain, F. M. Butt, Mukhtar, Baburao
|G. R. Sethi
|Jaybharat Movies
|-
|1938
|''Zamana''
|[[Nazir Ahmed Khan|Nazir]], Padma Devi, [[Hansa Wadkar]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Dar]], Majeed, Vasant, Ameena, Bansi Karnataki, [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Gulab
|Ram Daryani
|Krishna Movies
|-
|1939
|''Actress Kyon Bani''
|[[Usharani|Usha Rani]], Ashiq Hussain, Padma Devi, [[Rafiq Ghaznavi|Rafiqe Ghaznavi]], W. M. Khan, Abdul, Mukhtar
|G. R. Sethi
|Federal Film Exchange
|-
|1939
|''Kaun Kisi Ka''
|[[Shobhna Samarth|Shobhana Samarth]], [[Khursheed Bano|Khursheed]], Padma Devi, [[Nazir Ahmed Khan|Nazir]], Mubarak, [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], [[K. N. Singh]], Maruti Rao, Bibijan
|C. Luhar
|Hindustan
|-
|1940
|''[[Chalti Duniya]]''
|Padma Devi, [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]], Lakshmi, Ghulam Rasool, Leelavati,
|Gunjal, B. Marzban
|Mansukh Pictures
|-
|1940
|''[[Hindustan Hamara (1940 film)|Hindustan Hamara]] (Our India)''
|[[Jamuna Barua]], Nandrekar, Padma Devi, [[Hari Shivdasani]]
|Ram Daryani
|Film Corporation of India
|-
|1941
|[[Vasantasena (1941 film)|''Vasantasena'']]
|Lakshmi Bai, [[Subbaiah Naidu]], [[R. Nagendra Rao]], Padma Devi, Chandramma, Sarojamma, Sundaramma, Baby Vinoda, G. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao, G. R. Sandow
|Ramaier Shirur
|Meyappa Chettiar

[[R. Nagendra Rao]]

[[Subbaiah Naidu]]
|-
|1942
|''[[Bhakta Kabir]]''
|[[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]], [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]], Ramesh Sinha, Padma Devi, Vanmali Das, Gyani, Rai Mohan
|Rameshwar Sharma
|Unity Productions
|-
|1942
|''[[Mamta (1942 film)|Mamta]]''
|Prince Dara, Pushpa Rani, Kalawati, Padma Devi, Akbar, N. Mohammed, Puttan
|I.A. Hafizji
|Indrapuri Studio
|-
|1942
|''[[Mahakavi Kalidas (1942 film)|Mahakavi Kalidas]]''
|[[Karuna Banerjee|Karunu Bannerjee]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], Ulhas, Menaka Devi, Padma Devi
|[[Niren Lahiri]]
|Motimal Theaters
|-
|1944
|''Sesh Raksha''
|[[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Deepankar De|Dipankar Dey]], [[Sumitra Mukherjee]], [[Santu Mukhopadhyay]], Mahua Raychowdhury, [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], Satya Banerjee, Bimal Deb, [[Santosh Dutta]], Amit Dey, Debnath Chatterjee, Mihir Pal, Bharati Devi, Padma Devi, Aloka Ganguly, Indulekha Devi
|Shankar Bhattacharya
|Dilip Sarkar
|-
|1946
|''[[Khush Naseeb]]''
|[[Rukmani Devi|Rukmini Devi]], Padma Devi, Vithaldas Panchotia, Indira, Gulab, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]]
|Vithaldas Panchotia
|Indrapuri Studio
|-
|1947
|''Pagdandi''
|Akhtar, [[Om Prakash]], Padma, Asha Posley, Durga Mota, Kalavat, Shyamlal
|Ram Narayan Dave
|Pancholi Art
|-
|1953
|''[[Bou Thakuranir Haat]]''
|[[Uttam Kumar]], [[Pahari Sanyal]], [[Sambhu Mitra]], [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay|Bhanu Bandyopadhyay]], [[Manju Dey]], [[Naresh Mitra]], Padma Devi, Nitish Mukherjee, Rama Devi
|[[Naresh Mitra]]
|Emar Productions
|-
|1953
|''[[Sharey Chuattor]]''
|[[Tulsi Chakraborty|Tulsi Chakrabarti]], [[Molina Devi]], [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay|Bhanu Bannerjee]], [[Jahor Roy]], [[Nabadwip Haldar]], Gurudas Bannerjee, Padma Devi, [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]], [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]], [[Dwijen Mukherjee]]
|Nirmal Dey
|
|-
|1954
|''Maa O Chhele''
|[[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Anubha Gupta]], [[Molina Devi]], Padma Devi, [[Sadhana Bose|Sadhona Bose]]
|Gunamoy Bandyopadhyay
|Sree Bharatlakshmi Pictures
|-
|1955
|''Amar Saigal''
|[[Pahari Sanyal]], Tandon, G Mungeri, Akhtar Jahan, Padma Devi
|[[Nitin Bose]]
|Sircar Productions
|-
|1956
|[[Saheb Bibi Golam (film)|''Saheb Bibi Golam'']]
|[[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]], [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], Nitish Mukherjee, [[Chhaya Devi]], Padma Devi, [[Pahari Sanyal]], Anubha Gupta, [[Jahar Ganguly]], [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay|Bhanu Banerjee]], [[Kanu Banerjee]], Haridhan Banerjee, [[Nabadwip Haldar]]
|Kartik Chatterjee
|Sarkar Productions
|-
|1957
|''[[Nilachaley Mahaprabhu]]''
|Asim Kumar, Dipti Roy, [[Ahindra Choudhury]], [[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], Nitish Mukhapadhyay, [[Kanu Banerjee]], [[Gurudas Bandyopadhyay]], [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]], Padma Devi, [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]], [[Molina Devi]]
|Kartik Chattopadhyay
|Udoy Chitra Pratisthan
|-
|1958
|''[[Bari Theke Paliye]]'' ''(Runaway)''
|[[Kali Banerjee]], Satindra Bhattacharya, Nripati Chatterjee, Shriman Deepak, Shailen Ghosh, Krishna Jaya, Param Bharak Lahiri, Gyanesh Mukherjee, [[Keshto Mukherjee]], Padma Devi, Niti Pandit, [[Jahor Roy|Jahar Roy]]
|[[Ritwik Ghatak]]
|Chitrakalpa
|-
|1958
|''[[Jalsaghar]]'' ''(The Music Room)''
|[[Chhabi Biswas]], Padma Devi, Pinaki Sen Gupta, Gangapada Bose, Tulsi Lahari, Kali Sarkar, [[Ustad Waheed Khan]], [[Roshan Kumari]], [[Begum Akhtar]]
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|-
|1960
|''[[Kshudhita Pashan]]''
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Arundhati Devi]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]], Padma Devi, [[Robin Banerjee]]
|[[Tapan Sinha]]
|Hemen Ganguly
|-
|1963
|''[[Uttar Falguni]]''
|[[Suchitra Sen]], [[Bikash Roy]], [[Chhaya Devi]], Dilip Mukherjee, Padma Devi, Kalipada Chakraborty, [[Pahari Sanyal]], Jahar Ganguli, Sita Mukherjee, [[Ajit Bandyopadhyay (actor)|Ajit Bandyopadhyay]]
|[[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]]
|[[Uttam Kumar]]
|-
|1964
|''[[Sanjh Aur Savera]]''
|[[Meena Kumari]], [[Guru Dutt]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Shubha Khote]], [[Manmohan Krishna]], Padma Devi, Jagdev, [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]], Brahm Bhardwaj, [[Kanu Roy]], [[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]]
|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
|Sevantilal Shah
|-
|1964
|''[[Kashmir Ki Kali]]''
|[[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], Padma Devi, [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]], [[Anoop Kumar]], [[Madan Puri]], Bir Sakuja, [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], Mridula Rani, [[Tun Tun]], [[Padma Chavan]], Sujata
|[[Shakti Samanta]]
|[[Shakti Samanta]]
|-
|1966
|''Netaji Subhashchandra Bose''
|[[Abhi Bhattacharya]], [[Jayamala (actress)|Jayamala]], [[Bipin Gupta]], Padma Devi, Niranjan Sharma, [[Leela Mishra|Leela Misra]], R. Dayal, Sudarshan Sethi
|[[Hemen Gupta]]
|Adarshlok
|-
|1976
|''[[Jana Aranya]]''
|[[Pradip Mukherjee]], Kalyan Sen, Satya Bandyopadhyay, Padma Devi, [[Deepankar De]], Arati Bhattacharya, Gautam Chakraborty, [[Lily Chakravarty]], Bimal Chatterjee, Bimal Deb, [[Santosh Dutta]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Aparna Sen]]
|[[Satyajit Ray]]
|Indus Films (Subir Guha)
|-
|1979
|''[[Arun Barun O Kiranmala]]''
|[[Tarun Kumar]], [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Ray]], Master Partho, Master Supratim, Tapati Manna, Padma Devi, Nimu Bhowmik, [[Satya Bandyopadhyay]], Alpana Goswami, [[Chhaya Devi]]
|Barun Kabasi
|Dolphin Films
|-
|}

== Last Days ==

Padma Devi died on 1 February 1983.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0222471|Padma Devi}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]

Lok Bhavan, Pachmarhi

2026-03-22T02:25:01Z

Sarada22: created some post basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lok Bhavan (Pachmarhi)
|image =
|caption =
|building_type = Summer residence
|coordinates = {{coord|22|28|10|N|78|25|14|E|display=inline,title}}
|construction_start_date = 1887
|completion_date =
|number_of_rooms =
|elevator_count =
|cost = {{INRConvert|91344|lk=yes|year=1887}}
|floor_area =
|architect =
|engineer =
|main_contractor =
|current_tenants = [[Mangubhai Patel]]
|owner = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
|operator =
|references = [http://governor.mp.gov.in/Pachmarhi.aspx Website]
}}
''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') of [[Pachmarhi]] is the Summer [[official residence|residence]] of the [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]] Mangubhai Patel, It is located in the city of [[Pachmarhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==History==

[[Pachmarhi]] used to be the summer capital of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In 1967 it served as the summer capital for the last time.

Having obtained the status of the summer capital, [[Pachmarhi]] has bungalows for the Chief Minister and other ministers too. As a logical extension, it also has a Raj Bhavan for the stay of the Governor.

==Building==

The Raj Bhavan was built in 1887, with total area {{convert|22.84|acre|m2}}, with initial cost INR 91,344 and modification and renovation between 1933 and 1958; it cost Rs. 64,551. The Dance Hall was constructed in 1910–1911; it cost INR 20,770. Council Chamber was constructed in 1912 (now the Durbar Hall); it cost INR 14,392.

Apart from this, quarters for the Secretary, ADC and other staff members have been constructed in the Raj Bhavan campus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=About Us |url=https://onlinebettingexpress.com/about/ |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire| Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://governor.mp.gov.in/Pachmarhi.aspx Official Web Site of Raj Bhavan]

{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Pachmarhi]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist)

2026-03-21T04:16:29Z

Sarada22: starting some stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian epigraphist (1935-2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person|
| name = Dr. Koluvail Vyasaraya Ramesh
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|6|08}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], Kerala
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|7|10|1935|6|8}}
| death_place = [[Mysore]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Archaeologist|Epigraphist}}
| spouse = Prema
}}

'''Dr. Koluvail Vyasaraya Ramesh''' (8 June 1935 – 10 July 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inmysore.com/eminent-epigraphist-dr-k-v-ramesh-passes-away |title=Eminent Epigraphist Dr. K.V. Ramesh passes away |publisher=Inmysore.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-02}}</ref> was an Indian [[epigraphist]] and [[Sanskrit]] scholar who served as the Chief Epigraphist and Joint Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).

== Early life and education ==
Born in Palakkad, Kerala on 8 June 1935 into a [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking [[Mangaloreans|Mangalorean]] family, Ramesh obtained a master's degrees in Sanskrit and literature from the [[University of Madras]] and a doctorate from the [[Karnatak University]], [[Dharwad]].

== Career at the ASI ==
In 1956, Ramesh joined the Archaeological Survey of India as an epigraphical assistant and was posted to [[Ootacamund]]. He became the Deputy Superintending Epigraphist of the [[Chennai]] circle in 1966, Superintending Epigraphist in 1976 and Chief Epigraphist in 1984. As Superintending epigraphist, Ramesh succeeded [[G. S. Gai]] as the editor of ASI's bulletin ''[[Epigraphia Indica]]'' and edited the last two volumes in 1975-76 and 1977-78.

Ramesh became the Joint Director General of the ASI in May 1992 and served until his retirement in June 1993. Post-retirement, Ramesh served as the Honorary Director of the [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore|Oriental Research Institute]], Mysore from 1998 to 2006.

He was the first one to have deciphered a 12th century [[Vishnu Hari inscription|Sanskrit inscription]] at the [[Ram Mandir]] site in [[Ayodhya]], which proved the existence of a temple at the site before the [[Babri Masjid]] was built over it.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNxtAAAAMAAJ |title=Purātattva |date=2003 |publisher=Indian Archaeological Society |pages=98–104 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-20 |title=Ayodhya case: Archeological proof refers to existence of 12th century temple, Hindu body tells SC |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-case-archeological-proof-refers-to-existence-of-12th-century-temple-hindu-body-tells-sc/articleshow/70759690.cms |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=Ayodhya hearing: Writings on recovered slab point to Vishnu temple at Babri site, SC told |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-hearing-writings-on-recovered-slab-point-to-vishnu-temple-at-babri-site-sc-told-5921828/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Views on Tamil-Brahmi ==
Ramesh believed that the [[Tamil-Brahmi]] script was pre-[[Ashoka|Asokan]] and that it originated as a South Indian script which was later adapted to write an [[Indo-Iranian language]].<ref name="thehindu_20110829">{{cite news|title=Palani excavation triggers fresh debate|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palani-excavation-triggers-fresh-debate/article2408091.ece|work=The Hindu|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian|date=29 August 2011}}</ref> When pottery bearing Tamil-Brahmi script found at [[Porunthal]] was radiocarbon dated to 490 BC, Ramesh cited the discovery in support of his claim.<ref name="thehindu_20110829" />

== Personal life ==
Dr. K.V. Ramesh was fluent in Kannada, Sanskrit, English, Hindi, Tulu, Malayalam, Telugu and Tamil. Dr. K.V. Ramesh married his wife Prema in 1963 and had three daughters. He retired as a Joint Director General of ASI in New Delhi. Throughout Dr. Ramesh's career, he traveled extensively throughout India and around the world to countries in Europe, Asia and the U.S, consulting as an expert epigraphist.

== Death ==
Dr. K.V. Ramesh died at his home in [[Mysore]] on 10 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-07-18 |title=Eminent Epigraphist DR. K.V. Ramesh passes away |url=https://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=5909 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Bangalore First |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Honours ==
He was awarded the "Karnataka Purathathva Ratna" award in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/oct/29/awards-for-six-archaeologists-199011.html|title=Awards for six archaeologists |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=29 October 2010 |access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The end of an era in epigraphy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/the-end-of-an-era-in-epigraphy/article4911146.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 July 2013}}</ref>

== Works ==
He published four books in Kannada and nine books in English.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh, K. V.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian epigraphers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]

Sora people

2026-03-17T16:15:54Z

Sarada22: page fix

{{Short description|Munda ethnic group from Southern Odisha}}
{{Distinguish|Sabar people}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sora
| image = Lanjia Saura woman in traditional jewelry.jpg
| image_caption = Lanjia Sora woman in traditional jewellery in Rayagada district, Odisha, India.
| region1 = [[Odisha]]
| pop1 = 709,349
| ref1 = <ref name="Cen2011">{{cite web|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html|website=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India|accessdate=15 October 2017}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| pop2 = 139,424
| languages = [[Sora language|Sora]]
| Script =
| religions = [[Shamanism]]{{*}}[[Hinduism]]{{*}}[[Christianity]] ([[Baptists|Baptism]] and other [[Protestant]] denominations)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11909/download/15022/ST-21-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS "ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Odisha]". census.gov.in. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref>
| related = [[Munda peoples|Mundas]], [[Ho people|Ho]], [[Santhal people|Santhal]] and other [[Munda peoples]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| regions = {{IND}}
}}

The '''Sora''' (alternative names and spellings include '''Saora''', '''Saura''', '''Savara''' and '''Sabara'''; [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] spelling: [soːra] or [soʔoːra]) are a [[Munda peoples|Munda]] ethnic group from eastern India. They live in southern [[Odisha]] and north coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]].

The Soras mainly live in [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]] and [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]] districts of Odisha.<ref>{{cite book | last=Reedy | first=P. Adinarayana| year=2004| title=Education of Tribal Women: A Comparative Study | publisher=Anmol Publications | isbn=81-261-1831-8}}</ref> They are also present in [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] and [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] districts. In the census, however, some Soras are classified under Shabar or [[Lodha people|Lodha]], the name for another very different Munda tribe. They inhabit blocks of [[Gunupur]], [[Padmapur, Rayagada|Padmapur]] and [[Gudari, Rayagada|Gudari]]. Their highest concentration is found in the Puttasingi area, approximately 25 km away from Gunupur NAC. Although, they are close to the assimilation process, yet some interior GPs like Rejingtal, Sagada and Puttasingi have Soras who still retain their traditional tribal customs and traditions.

They are known by various names such as ''Savara'', ''Sabara'', ''Sora'', and ''Soura''. They are concentrated in parts of [[Gunupur]] adjoining to the blocks of Gumma, Serango of Gajapati district. The Soras speak [[Sora language|Sora]], a [[Sora language|Munda language]]. However, written language in Sora is not followed by all. They practice sedentary rice farming on [[Terrace (earthworks)|terraced paddy fields]] in Southern Odisha [[Eastern Ghat]] hills overlooking the seaside.<ref>Vitebsky (2017:12)</ref><ref>Vitebsky (2017:32)</ref>

They are of medium or short stature. The Savara villages consist of houses with mud walls and sedge grass roofs, usually situated in foothills. The adult men dress in a gavancha and the women in [[sari]]s. They are also sometimes called ''Lanjia Souras'' due to their dress pattern of wearing a loin cloth hanging from behind and which could be mistakenly identified as a tail by a stranger.

They are [[endogamous]] and the clan, although absent, is related to ''Birinda'', which is [[exogamous]]. Families are nuclear although joint or extended families are also found. Marriages are made by bride capture, elopement, and by negotiations.

The Sora people are a dwindling jungle tribe with a distinctive shamanic culture. According to an article in Natural History, "a shaman, usually a woman, serves as an intermediary between the two worlds [of the living and the dead]. During a trance, her soul is said to climb down terrifying precipices to the underworld, leaving her body for the dead to use as their vehicle for communication. One by one the spirits speak through her mouth. Mourners crowd around the shaman, arguing vehemently with the dead, laughing at their jokes, or weeping at their accusations."<ref>Piers Vitebsky. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_n2_v106/ai_19360546 Dialogues with the dead]. Natural History Magazine, Inc. March 1997</ref>

==History==
The Soras were already mentioned under the name of {{transliteration|sa|Savara}}s in [[Brahmana|{{transliteration|sa|Brāhmaṇa}}]]s, who associate them with the Indo-Aryan [[Vidarbha (kingdom)|Vaidarbha]]s and non-Indo-Aryan [[Pulinda]]s.
<ref name="Raychaudhuri">{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |pages=44–45 |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}</ref>

[[Greco-Roman world|Graeco-Roman]] authors later mentioned the Soras, with [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] calling them the "Suari" and [[Ptolemy]] calling them the "Sabarae."<ref name="Raychaudhuri"/>

==Culture==
[[File:A Lanjia Saura couple.jpg|thumb|A Lanjia Saora couple]]
[[File:OpenSpeaks-srb-Idital-Opino Gomango-Namad Dalbehera-Intro.webm|thumb|Indian [[Idital]] artist Namad Dalbehera speaking about the Idital painting in [[:w:Sora language|Sora language]]]]

Instead of clan organisation they have their extended families called Birinda, which consists of descendants from a common ancestors of four to five generations. The Soras' religion is very elaborate and deep rooted. They are animist and believe in large number of deities and ancestral spirits. Dance and music constitute part and parcel of their rich aesthetic life.

The Sora family is [[polygamous]]. The total household economy revolves around the woman member who is hardworking and who helps her husband in ploughing and harvesting crops in addition to attending household chores exclusively.

The Sora people are the most prevalent practitioners of the [[podu (agriculture)|podu cultivation system]] in [[Srikakulam district]]. Living high in the hills, they have little level land available and so cannot usually plough. They [[slash-and-burn]] forested land, planting millet and pulses between the tree stumps that are left and which limit the effects of erosion. After a couple of years of use, they allow the land to recover by cultivating a different area; in due course, they return to the original plot. In addition to podu, the Sora also construct irrigated terraces where it is feasible and upon those, they grow rice.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival |first=Christoph |last=von Fürer-Haimendorf |publisher=University of California Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-52004-315-2 |pages=77–78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bq6VDF9gB4gC&pg=PA77 |authorlink=Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf}}</ref>

==Religion==
The Soras are highly religious with each and every natural phenomenon attributed to the works of some Gods, deities or spirits of traditional belief. Therefore, the customary law, values, norms are highly respected by all members of the society for the fear of inviting personal or communal harms.

Sora traditional belief is a form of [[shamanism]] (Vitebsky 2017). It involves reverences of supernatural entities called the ''kittung'', who are believed to inhabit both natural and human landscapes including forests, mountains, villages, rivers and particular locations. The Sora shamans or the ''kuran'' are female priests whose tasks are to fulfill the ''kittung'' by performing annual rituals, cattle sacrifices, dances, and offerings.<ref name=Vitebsky/>

However, in the last many decades many of the traditional Sora beliefs have been superseded by Christianity that was introduced by missionaries.<ref name="Vitebsky">[[Piers Vitebsky]], ''Living Without the Dead: Loss and Redemption in a Jungle Cosmos'', The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2017 and Delhi: HarperCollins 2018.[https://books.google.com/books?id=WlM3DwAAQBAJ&dq=SOURA+BAPTIST&pg=PA147]</ref> In many areas the shamanic and animist beliefs are distant memories, and in some areas, particularly around Puttasingh the graveyards of the ancestors have been destroyed.

Canadian and American Baptist missionaries introduced Christianity to the Sora in the early 1900s with the first Sora converts were baptised in 1905. The [[KJV]]-derived Sora Bible was published in the 1960s using Latin-based Sora alphabet. The Sora bible is held by some Christian villagers who see it as a prized household possession but not regularly spend to read it.

In [[Gajapati district]], some up to 39 per cent of Lanjia and Jadu Sora are Christian. Sora Christians were affected by the [[2008 Kandhamal violence]] during which a Sora church was burned down by rioters and its pastor was physically assaulted.<ref>Vitebsky (2017:267)</ref>

==Social life==
[[File:Lanjia_Saura_House_at_'State_Tribal_Fair-2020'_,_Bhubaneswar,India.jpg|thumb|Lanjia Sora house at Odisha State Tribal fair, [[Bhubaneswar]]]]
The Sora have a traditional political organisation at each village and region, having hereditary post of Gomango (or Gamong; secular head), Buyya (or Buya; religious head), Mondal, Raito, and Barik (messenger). The Soras have made history in pre-British and British period and post independence as a community known for their economic and political integrity.

They practice [[shifting cultivation]] and the men hunt. A weekly market, called shandies, is an important role in the society, in the economy and in culture exchanges with other tribes and [[Western culture]].

==Notable people==


*[[Padala Bhudevi]], [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] recipient<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/926958-padala-bhudevi-receives-nari-shakti-puraskar|title=Padala Bhudevi receives Nari Shakti Puraskar|website=Devdiscourse|language=en|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pal Lahara State]]
*[[Ranpur State]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://www.pbs.org/thelinguists/The-Speakers/ PBS documentary with info on sora language]

{{Scheduled tribes in Orissa}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sora People}}
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh]]

SRMB Steel

2026-03-17T13:29:54Z

Sarada22: starting info

{{Short description|Steel manufacturer in Asia}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{more refs|date=April 2024}}

{{Infobox company
| name = SRMB Steel Pvt. Ltd.
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type = [[Pivate Limited company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| key_people =
| location_city = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| industry = [[Building material]]s
| products =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1554.54|c}} (2021)<ref name=2021FY>{{cite web|url=https://www.acuite.in/documents/ratings/revised/28662-RR-20220107.pdf|title=SRMB Srijan Private Limited Financial Statements |website=acuite.in|accessdate=25 May 2023}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|75.08|c}} (2021)<ref name=2021FY />
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| website = {{url|https://www.srmbsteel.com/}}
}}

The '''SRMB Steel Pvt. Ltd.''' is one of the leading steel manufacturers in Asia. It was established in 1951 in [[Kolkata]], [[India]].It was founded by Radha Kishan Beriwala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2018-12-03 |title=SRMB's steel-testing centre to help consumers check steel quality |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/business/srmbs-steel-testing-centre-to-help-consumers-check-steel-quality-1502713382.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2024}}

SRMB Group has been witnessing continuous growth with a turnover of over Rs.1500 crores in financial year 2020-21. In addition to a wide project base, the SRMB group has a pan India presence in retail market at present. The group has more than 700 distributors, dealers and C&F agents. With 19 working branches across India, SRMB Group has a list of clients which include DLF, Hindalco, Indian Railways, Larsen A& Toubro, NTPC, Reliance, Simplex, Shapoorji Paloonji, Unitech and Wipro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRMB Steel launches its new TVC with brand ambassador MS Dhoni |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/advertising-news/srmb-steel-launches-its-new-tvc-with-brand-ambassador-ms-dhoni-94554.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2024}}

==Overview==
The SRMB group has been promoted by the late Radha Kishan Beriwala, the father of SRMB Group's chairman Shri Brij Mohan Beriwala. The SRMB Group, as the group is popularly known today, manufactures Fe:500&550 D TMT Bars which are seismic resistant. The group is the first to introduce "X" pattern Ribs on Fe 500, IS :1786 grade steel bars. Additionally, SRMB Group is one of the manufacturers who is a TEMPCORE Licensee from CRM Belgium, in India, with the grade certification of Fe 550 grade.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=SRMB Srijan Private Limited Financial Statements |url=https://www.acuite.in/documents/ratings/revised/28662-RR-20220107.pdf |accessdate=25 May 2023 |website=acuite.in}}</ref>

The Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Metro Railway projects in Kolkata and Mumbai, Vidyasagar Setu and Nivedita Setu in Kolkata, Haldia Petrochemicals, NPCIL Kudankulam and Kota are some important projects which have been undertaken by the SRMB Group.<ref name=":0" />

==Sponsorships==

===Clubs===
* [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] (2015–20)
* [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] (2020–present)
* [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (2016)

===Players===
* [[Kapil Dev]]
* [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]

==See also==
*{{C|Steel companies of India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.srmbsteel.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Steel companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Retail companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{Manufacturing-company-stub}}
{{India-company-stub}}

South Western Railway zone

2026-03-07T16:52:24Z

Sarada22: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{short description|One among eighteen administrative zones of Indian Railways}}
{{Update|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name = South Western Railway
| logo_filename = File:South Western Railway Zone.svg
| logo_size = 80px
| system_map = Indianrailwayzones-numbered.png
| map_caption = 10-South Western Railway
| map_size =
| marks =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| locale = [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Maharashtra]]
| start_year = {{start date and age|2003}}
| end_year =
| predecessor_line = [[Southern Railway zone]] [[South Central Railway zone]] [[Central Railway zone]]
| gauge = Broad gauge (1676mm, 5'6")
| old_gauge = Meter gauge
| electrification = {{convert|1233|km}}
| length = {{convert|3566|km}}
| hq_city = Rail Soudha, Gadag Road [[Hubballi]] [[Karnataka]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in}} SWR Official Website
}}

The '''South Western Railway''' (abbreviated '''SWR''') is one of the 19 [[Indian Railways|railway zones]] of [[Indian Railways]], headquartered at [[Hubballi]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> SWR was created from carving out the routes from [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]], [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railways]] and [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]] in 2003.

== History ==
The South Western Railway zone came into existence on 3 April 2003 by bifurcating Mysuru and Bengaluru divisions from Southern Railway along with Hubballi division from South Central Railway. It is headquartered at [[Hubballi]] and comprises three divisions namely [[Hubballi]], [[Mysuru]], and [[Bengaluru]]. The fourth division at [[Kalaburagi]] was slated to be the fourth division which was supposed to be carved out from Hubballi, Secunderabad, Guntkal and Solapur divisions. Currently the divisional office at Kalaburagi is on hold due to operational constraints.<ref>{{Cite news|title = New railway division in Kalaburagi to be under SWR but they are not setting up as it is formed in Congress time|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/new-railway-division-in-gulbarga-to-be-under-swr/article5754127.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2014-03-06|access-date = 2015-12-25|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref>

==Jurisdiction==
[[File:SWR railway map.png|thumb|260px|Map of South Western Railway zone (in Cyan)]]
South Western Railway covers most of the railway lines in the state of [[Karnataka]] and [[Goa]] except the [[Konkan Railway]] line, parts of [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] and [[Chittoor district]] in Andhra Pradesh, [[Krishnagiri district]], parts of [[Dharmapuri district]] and [[Tirupathur district]] of Tamil Nadu and parts of [[Sangli district]] and [[Solapur district]] of Maharashtra. SWR also operates and maintains [[Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line]] railway track.

==Divisions==
* [[Bangalore railway division|Bengaluru railway division]]
* [[Mysore railway division|Mysuru railway division]]
* [[Hubli railway division|Hubballi railway division]]
* Kalaburagi railway division [Proposed]*

[[File:Rail Soudha.jpg|thumb|Rail Soudha, SWR Headquarters Office, Hubballi|348x348px]]

==Modernization==
The Mysuru Division of South Western Railways will be designated as "Digital Division" after fully adopting its current technology harnessing programme. The government of India had asked Railways divisions to cut red tape and reduce paperwork in offices. All the officials will adopt technologies like WhatsApp and Google Drive to share reports and other documents. This will save a lot of papers being used for circulating reports as done currently. Two web-based helplines have been launched so that digitised information can be shared among different officials. The inspection reports regarding maintenance, passenger amenities, cleanliness, electronics, and communication, etc. will be managed by a new software which is under construction now. These measures will cut down redundant works, reduce number of registers and reports maintained by officials, reduce paper consumption and improve the efficiency and celerity of operations.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/on-course-to-becoming-a-digital-division/article6421304.ece |title=On course to becoming a 'digital division' - Today's Paper |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-01}}</ref>

In 2025 '''SWR''' has enhanced speed on 835 kilometers of track, which saves up to an hour in traveling time for both people and goods. This has resulted in better logistics, more punctuality, and economic growth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.P |first=Darshan Devaiah |date=2025-07-26 |title=South Western Railway upgrades 835 km track; saves over an hour in travel time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/south-western-railway-upgrades-835-km-track-saves-over-an-hour-in-travel-time/article69859066.ece |access-date=2025-08-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Loco sheds==
* [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram]]
* [[Shree Siddharoodha Swamiji Hubballi Junction railway station#Diesel Loco Shed, Hubballi|Diesel Loco Shed, Hubballi]]

==See also==
* [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways]]
* [[All India Station Masters' Association (AISMA)]]
* [[Konkan Railway Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1657258747080-A1%20SYSTEM%20MAP%202022.pdf South Western Railway System Map]
*[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/ South Western Railway]
*[http://www.indianrail.gov.in Indian Railways reservations]

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Zones of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:South Western Railway zone| ]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in India]]

Thai Sollai Thattathe

2026-03-05T18:16:48Z

Sarada22:

{{short description|1961 film by M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thai Sollai Thattathe
| image = Thai Sollai Thattathe poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| writer = [[Aaroor Dass]]
| producer = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = C. V. Murthy
| editing = [[M. A. Thirumugam]] M. G. Balu Rao M. A. Mariappan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = [[Thevar Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1961|11|07|ref1=}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thai Sollai Thattathe''''' ({{translation|Don't Reject Mother's Words}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with [[M. R. Radha]], [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal|V. R. Rajagopal]], and [[P. Kannamba]] in supporting roles. It revolves around a police officer who is tasked with apprehending his brother, a criminal.

''Thai Sollai Thattathe'' was produced by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]], and written by [[Aaroor Dass]]. The film was released on [[Diwali]], on 7 November 1961, and was a commercial success, running for 20 weeks in theatres.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2021}}
Raju is an honest police inspector working hard to apprehend a group of thieves. After completing a successful mission, he is transferred to [[Chennai|Madras]] to investigate a train robbery and a murder that occurred near the seashore. He crosses paths with Vijaya, the daughter of a banker named Pandithurai, and they both fall in love. What happens after Raju realizes that the criminal he is hunting is none other than his brother, forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Raju
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Vijaya
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Pandithurai alias Parangusam
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Mohan
* [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal|V. R. Rajagopal]] as Pandithurai's sidekick
* [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] as Pandithurai's henchman
* [[P. Kannamba]] as mother of Raju and Mohan
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Inspector of police
* Gemini Chandra as Rajathi

== Production ==
''Thaai Sollai Thattathe'' was edited and directed by M. A. Thirumugam and produced by M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar under [[Thevar Films]].<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> The script was written by [[Aaroor Dass]] and the cinematography was handled by C. V. Murthi.<ref name="thehindu" /> The film saw Ramachandran and Thevar collaborating again after a brief misunderstanding.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=112}} Production was completed in one month.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=113}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 1961 |title=Thaai Sollai Thattathey (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/thaai-sollai-thattathey-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1437411233 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809064750/https://music.apple.com/ca/album/thaai-sollai-thattathey-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1437411233 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thai Sollai Thattathe Parisu Tamil FIlm Audio CD by K V Mahadevan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thai-sollai-thattathe-parisu-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-k-v-mahadevan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418043730/https://mossymart.com/product/thai-sollai-thattathe-parisu-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-k-v-mahadevan/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Kaattukulle Thiruvizha" attained popularity.<ref name="thehindu" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Kaatukkulle Thiruvizha" || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:04
|-
| "Kaaturani Kottaiyile" || P. Susheela || 03:20
|-
| "Oruthi Maganai" || P. Susheela || 03:14
|-
| "Paattu Oru Paattu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela || 03:46
|-
| "Pattu Selai Kaathaada" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 03:04
|-
| "Poo Uranguthu" || P. Susheela || 03:24
|-
| "Poyum Poyum" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:14
|-
| "Siriththu Siriththu" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 03:30
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Thai Sollai Thattathe'' was released on 7 November 1961,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Chronological List of MGR's Movies released between 1960 and 1967 |url=http://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616112435/http://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=26 March 2018 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> and ran for 20 weeks in theatres.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> According to R. Kannan, the author of the biography ''MGR: A Life'', the film helped rehabilitate Ramachandran's "image as a dutiful actor".{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=116}} Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the story and some of the cast performances but criticised the music and felt the film should have been faster paced.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=19 November 1961 |title=தாய் சொல்லைத் தட்டாதே |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1961/nov/19-11-1961/p26.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726055352/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1961/nov/19-11-1961/p26.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=18 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=26 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 May 2016 |title=Thaai Sollai Thattathe(1961) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-thaai-sollai-thattathe1961/article8659814.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423100856/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mgr-and-saroja-devi-in-thaai-sollai-thattathe1961/article8659814.ece |archive-date=23 April 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1961 – தாய்சொல்லைத் தட்டாதே – தேவர் பிலிம்ஸ். |trans-title=1961 – Thai Sollai Thattathe – Thevar Films. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1961-cinedetails10.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210809063846/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1961-cinedetails10.asp |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=3 April 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |title=MGR: A Life |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-14-342934-0 |location=India}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}

[[Category:1960s action drama films]]
[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:1961 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]

Baby (2023 film)

2026-03-05T15:11:09Z

Sarada22:

{{short description|2023 Indian film directed by Sai Rajesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baby
| image = Baby theatrical poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Sai Rajesh]]
| writer = Sai Rajesh
| based_on =
| producer = Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu (SKN)
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]]|[[Anand Deverakonda]]|[[Viraj Ashwin]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = M. N. Balreddy
| editing = Viplav Nyshadam
| music = [[Vijai Bulganin]]
| studio = Mass Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|7|13}}
| runtime = 175 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baby Runtime|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/baby-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde0nzuz|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717023543/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/baby-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde0nzuz|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|10 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Anand Deverakonda-starrer Baby Performs Well At Box-Office In Its 2nd Week|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/anand-deverakonda-starrer-baby-performs-well-at-box-office-in-its-2nd-week-8455819.html|website=[[News 18]]|access-date=2 September 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902041623/https://www.news18.com/movies/anand-deverakonda-starrer-baby-performs-well-at-box-office-in-its-2nd-week-8455819.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|100 crore}}<ref name="bo">{{cite web|title=Telugu Film Baby Closes Theatrical Run, Check Worldwide Box Office Collection |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-film-baby-closes-theatrical-run-check-worldwide-box-office-collection-8560923.html| date=2 September 2023| website=News 18| language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Baby''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[coming of age]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Sai Rajesh]] and produced by Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu under Mass Movie Makers. The film features [[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]], [[Anand Deverakonda]], and [[Viraj Ashwin]] in the lead roles and the music is composed by [[Vijai Bulganin]].

''Baby'' was released on 13 July 2023 to positive reviews from critics and audiences and emerged as a major success at the box office grossing over {{INRConvert|80|c|year=2023}} becoming the [[List of Telugu films of 2023|tenth highest-grossing Telugu film of the year]].<ref name="bo"/>

== Plot ==
Vaishnavi and Anand are neighours and high school students, who live in a slum in [[Hyderabad]]. Anand has a troubled relationship with his mother as she is mute and deaf, although she loves him dearly. Vaishnavi has a crush on Anand, but he does not acknowledge her until one day when she stands up to their teacher. Anand reciprocates her feelings, and they eventually start a relationship. Three years later, Vaishnavi goes on to join a prestigious Engineering college while Anand drops out of college due to bad grades. He takes to driving an [[auto rickshaw|auto]] for a living.

Anand mortgages his auto to buy a smartphone for Vaishnavi. However, he has a hard time repaying the loan. Vaishnavi, meanwhile, has a hard time fitting in with the wealthier, modern students of her college. She befriends classmates Viraj and Seetha, and tries her best to integrate into their social circle. Viraj is attracted to Vaishnavi, who hides the fact that she is in a relationship with Anand. Enamoured by the glitzy and glamorous life of her new friends and angered by Anand's increasingly abusive and controlling attitude, Vaishnavi starts to grow emotionally distant from Anand and closer to Viraj. Viraj gifts Vaishnavi a new [[iPhone]], causing her and Anand to have an argument when she discards and belittles the smartphone Anand got for her, unaware he was slapped by the loan shark in front of his mother.

Seetha becomes envious of Vaishnavi as she believes that Vaishnavi is from the lower class and does not deserve Viraj's attention. At Viraj's birthday party, Vaishnavi becomes conflicted when Anand leaves several voicemails apologising to her and Viraj professes his love for her. In an inebriated state and angry at Anand, she texts Anand that she loves him before kissing Viraj, which is captured on the premises' CCTV. She realises her mistake, but Viraj continues to pursue her and asks her to marry him. When she angrily rejects him, he threatens to reveal their kissing video. Using these situations to her advantage, Seetha manipulates Vaishnavi and Viraj against each other. In an attempt to get rid of Viraj, Vaishnavi has a [[One-night stand|one-night stand]] with him. Later, she drinks to forget her infidelity and confesses the same to Seetha, which is secretly recorded by Anand's friend, Harsha. Seetha shares the kissing video as well with Harsha, who in turn, shares Vaishnavi's confession and the recording of Vaishnavi and Viraj kissing with Anand.

Anand discovers everything that has been going on between Vaishnavi and Viraj and in a fit of rage tries to murder Vaishnavi in her sleep but fails and breaks down in tears. Meanwhile, Seetha informs Viraj that Vaishnavi has had a boyfriend since tenth grade. When confronted publicly by both men, a guilt-ridden Vaishnavi attempts suicide. Anand and Viraj are both arrested, but are released on bail. Vaishnavi is hospitalised and recovers. Anand realises the harsh way he treated his mother and decides to apologise to her, but she passes away that night, causing him to slip into depression. On her father's advice, Vaishnavi finds an emotionally disturbed Anand sleeping at a bridge near a train station. She tries to apologise to him but Anand is unable to forgive her and begs Vaishnavi to leave him alone. Heartbroken, she obliges for his sake.

In the epilogue, Anand comes up on Vaishnavi's wedding procession while picking up a passenger. As Vaishnavi and her husband are about to leave her home, she and Anand exchange a glance before he drives away in tears. The film ends with Anand's emotional state and a photo of a younger Vaishnavi in his auto, showing that they loved each other but circumstances and destiny had something else in store for them.

== Cast ==
*[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] as Vaishnavi "Vaishu"
*[[Anand Deverakonda]] as Anand
*[[Viraj Ashwin]] as Viraj
*[[Nagendra Babu]] as Vaishnavi's father
*Lirisha Kunapareddy as Vaishnavi's mother
*Prabhavati Varma as Anand's mother
*Kirrak Seetha as Seetha
*[[Harsha Chemudu]] as Harsha
*Kusuma Degalamarri as Kusuma
*Sathvik Anand Bandela as Sathvik

== Production ==
''Baby'' is the third directorial venture of [[Sai Rajesh]], previously known for directing the [[Parody film|parody films]] ''[[Hrudaya Kaleyam]]'' (2014) and ''[[Kobbari Matta]]'' (2019). Rajesh initially [[Pitch (filmmaking)|pitched]] the idea of the story after he saw an incident happened in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]], where a girl was murdered by the two boys whom he had dating.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |title=Baby movie: స్క్రిప్ట్‌ లేకుండా తీసిన సినిమా ఇది |trans-title=Baby movie: this is a film made without a script |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/director-sai-rajesh-interview-about-baby-movie/0206/123127639 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816091136/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/director-sai-rajesh-interview-about-baby-movie/0206/123127639 |archive-date=2023-08-16 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> Considering the idea he had in mind, he discussed some of the situations related to his friends living in [[United States]] and [[Canada]], and how they would react for the incidents. Rajesh then began the project without having a bounded script and had the characters in mind.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-07-19 |title=Director Sai Rajesh: ‘Baby’ has been a learning experience; henceforth I will be more cautious in my writing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sai-rajesh-talks-about-telugu-movie-baby-starring-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya-and-viraj-ashwin/article67097402.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206200314/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sai-rajesh-talks-about-telugu-movie-baby-starring-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya-and-viraj-ashwin/article67097402.ece |archive-date=2026-02-06 |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Anand Deverakonda]], [[Viraj Ashwin]] and [[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] were selected for the lead roles.<ref name=":0" /> Before Anand was chosen as one of the leads, Rajesh narrated the script to three other actors, but recalled that they were skeptic on accepting the offer owing to the director's previous works.<ref name=":0" />
{{Quote box
| quote = "The biggest mental pressure I was experiencing for the past three years was that apart from the time I was sleeping, my mind would only think about Anand, Vaishnavi and Viraj. That’s all I was thinking about. I would get tired of thinking about their thoughts and perspectives. In the morning, after going to the shooting spot, I would write dialogues [...] It would keep evolving in my head nonstop. And when the shooting day arrives, I would finally write the dialogues because it had to be done."
| source = — Sai Rajesh on filming ''Baby'' without a bound script<ref name="dialogues" />
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}

Rajesh considered ''Baby'' to be a "tough film" to be written and executed as the film began without a bound script.<ref name=":1" /> He wrote the dialogues at the shooting spot before filming would begin. He would also discuss with the associates regarding on specific scenes to be filmed and before that he would contact them to send a revised version of the scene, before they would proceed with the shoot. Much of the scenes were improvised even before filming began, with Rajesh stated "while filming Viraj’s scene that counters Anand’s dialogue about the value he gives to Vaishnavi, I looked back at the original scene and write the new scene accordingly".<ref name="dialogues">{{Cite web |last=Srikar |first=Ram |date=2023-07-24 |title=I Wrote The Dialogues On The Set: Baby Director Sai Rajesh |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/i-wrote-the-dialogues-on-the-set-baby-director-sai-rajesh-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya-viraj-ashwin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010171359/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/i-wrote-the-dialogues-on-the-set-baby-director-sai-rajesh-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya-viraj-ashwin |archive-date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Film Companion South]] |language=en}}</ref> The film which began production for two years was completed by June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=It's A Wrap For Sai Rajesh's Baby |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/its-a-wrap-for-sai-rajeshs-baby-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618223307/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/its-a-wrap-for-sai-rajeshs-baby-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Film Companion South]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
Sai Rajesh noted that he was confused on how to build the three lead characters.<ref name=":1" /> He was influenced by the works of [[K. Balachander]] and [[Balu Mahendra]] on presenting flawed but strong female characters. This served as the reference of Vaishnavi's character, a girl living in the [[slum]] trying to adapt after and fit in with the wealthy friends' circle.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The song "Ribapappa" was a tribute to the "Raja Raja Cholan" from ''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]'' (1987).<ref name=":1" /> Rajesh admitted that ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' (2017) and ''[[RX 100 (film)|RX100]]'' (2018) were not his reference points, even though the lead male protagonists were flawed.<ref name=":1" /> Being aware of the gender issues in ''Arjun Reddy'', he included a dialogue where Vaishnavi calling out Anand's controlling and aggressive behavior as a reference to the titular protagonist in the film, played by Anand's elder brother [[Vijay Deverakonda]].<ref name=":1" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Baby (2023 soundtrack)}}
The music was composed by [[Vijai Bulganin]] with lyrics written by [[Anantha Sriram]], Kalyan Chakravarthy and Suresh Banisetti. Bulganin considered the album to be an homage to [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and used live instrumentation for recording the songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-12-21 |title=Director Sai Rajesh: ‘Baby’s music by Vijai Bulganin aims at evoking nostalgia |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sai-rajesh-telugu-movie-babys-music-aims-at-evoking-nostalgia/article66284207.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221081737/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sai-rajesh-telugu-movie-babys-music-aims-at-evoking-nostalgia/article66284207.ece |archive-date=2022-12-21 |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-07-12 |title='Baby’s music is a homage to the Ilaiyaraaja genre' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2023/Jul/12/babys-music-is-a-homage-to-the-ilaiyaraaja-genre-45540.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906155455/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2023/Jul/12/babys-music-is-a-homage-to-the-ilaiyaraaja-genre-45540.html |archive-date=2025-09-06 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The album was released through [[Sony Music India]] on 6 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=Baby (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/baby-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1696563083 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130120416/https://music.apple.com/in/album/baby-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1696563083 |archive-date=2026-01-30 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Baby'' was released theatrically on 13 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-06-13 |title=Baby to release on July 14 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Jun/13/baby-to-release-on-july-14-44558.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215094345/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Jun/13/baby-to-release-on-july-14-44558.html |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=Sai Rajesh's Baby Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/sai-rajeshs-baby-gets-a-release-date-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya-viraj-ashwin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130194837/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/sai-rajeshs-baby-gets-a-release-date-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya-viraj-ashwin |archive-date=2023-11-30 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Film Companion South]] |language=en}}</ref> The post-theatrical streaming rights were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and was premiered on 24 August 2023.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ltd |first=Arha Media & Broadcasting Pvt |title=Watch Baby (Telugu) Full Movie Online - Download Now |date=2018-04-30 |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/baby |access-date=2023-11-21 |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121141705/https://www.aha.video/movie/baby |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title=Anand Deverakonda-starrer Baby To Stream On Aha From August 24: Reports |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/anand-deverakonda-starrer-baby-to-stream-on-aha-from-september-8-reports-8409829.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724124822/https://www.news18.com/movies/anand-deverakonda-starrer-baby-to-stream-on-aha-from-september-8-reports-8409829.html |archive-date=24 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Television satellite premiere rights were acquired by [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=రూటు మార్చిన ఈటీవీ - ఫ్యాన్సీ రేటుకి కల్ట్ బొమ్మ 'బేబీ' శాటిలైట్ హక్కులు? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/baby-movie-satellite-rights-bagged-by-etv-world-television-premier-details-here-111167 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908113310/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/baby-movie-satellite-rights-bagged-by-etv-world-television-premier-details-here-111167 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=[[ABP News|ABP Desam]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Raghu Bandi of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated that "Looking at the slapstick comedy films Sai Rajesh did earlier, Baby is a shockingly deep and emotional writing that asks viewers many questions [...] This film will be as divisive as ''Arjun Reddy''. There will be lengthy discussions on the moral ambiguities, the characters and the ending. Talking about the commercial success of the film would be too soon, but this film is sure to be mentioned in the list of cult classics like ''[[7G Brindavan Colony|7/G Brindavan Colony]]'', ''Premiste'', ''RX 100'' and ''Arjun Reddy''."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandi |first=Raghu |date=14 July 2023 |title=Baby movie review: Anand Deverakonda film is impressive, divisive |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baby-movie-review-anand-deverakonda-film-is-impressive-divisive-8836053/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714165619/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baby-movie-review-anand-deverakonda-film-is-impressive-divisive-8836053/ |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=13 July 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Baby might leave you with mixed feelings, but it's also the kind of film that'll incite conversations – for better or worse. And maybe that's the point of it all!"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=14 July 2023 |title=Baby Movie Review : A pathos-laden love story that'll leave you with mixed feelings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/baby/movie-review/101739286.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714191838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/baby/movie-review/101739286.cms |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Tamma Moksha of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Eventually, ''Baby'' runs like a moral story with the protagonist actually spelling out the moral three-fourths into the movie."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moksha |first=Tamma |date=14 July 2023 |title='Baby' movie review: Anand Deverakonda, Vaishnavi Chaitanya star in an exceptionally long, silly romantic feature |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baby-movie-review-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya-star-in-an-exceptionally-long-silly-romantic-feature/article67079900.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714165619/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baby-movie-review-anand-deverakonda-vaishnavi-chaitanya-star-in-an-exceptionally-long-silly-romantic-feature/article67079900.ece |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

B. V. S. Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "[Sai Rajesh] takes the clichéd template of two heroes and one girl triangular romance and adds pubs, students and cuss words to give it a modern tweak. But the second half turns judgemental and defines how a woman should be, which is as old as hills and smacks of chauvinism. [Rajesh] wanted to engage the audience riding on confusions in youngsters in dealing with relationships, but falls flat barring some moments."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=14 July 2023 |title=Baby Movie Review: Vaishnavi Shines in Male-chauvinism-laden Triangular Love |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140723/baby-movie-review-vaishnavi-shines-in-male-chauvinism-laden-triangula.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714171121/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140723/baby-movie-review-vaishnavi-shines-in-male-chauvinism-laden-triangula.html |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Abhilasha Cherukuri of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote "For a film that deals with something so intimate and humble in scale — first love, growing up, infidelity, heartbreak and regrets — Director Sai Rajesh mounts it with an assured grandeur [...] What gives '''''Baby''''' its edge is the way it presents two varying arguments about the film’s central love story at the same time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-07-14 |title=Baby Movie Review: An odious, operatic tragedy of errors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/Jul/14/baby-movie-review-an-odious-operatic-tragedy-of-errors-45647.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716173809/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/Jul/14/baby-movie-review-an-odious-operatic-tragedy-of-errors-45647.html |archive-date=2023-07-16 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Ram Venkat Srikar of ''[[Film Companion South]]'' wrote "Like with every film, your response to ''Baby'' is going to be heavily dependent on your worldview and personal experience. With ''Baby'', these factors might matter a little bit more while evaluating it because such is the nature of the story. And that's exactly why ''Baby'' earns the title of being the most interesting, ambiguous, and debatable Telugu film of the year so far."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srikar |first=Ram Venkat |date=2023-07-14 |title=Baby Movie Review: A Morally Ambiguous Drama That Thrives In The Flaws Of Its Characters |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/baby-movie-review-a-solid-morally-ambiguous-drama-that-thrives-in-the-flaws-of-its-characters-anand-deverakonda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929113118/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/baby-movie-review-a-solid-morally-ambiguous-drama-that-thrives-in-the-flaws-of-its-characters-anand-deverakonda |archive-date=2023-09-29 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Film Companion South]] |language=en}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "At 2 hours and 40 minutes, the film was way too long and should have been edited better. There are lags in the film and it tests your patience. But Vaishnavi's performance keeps you engaged even though the story is full of cliches."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=2023-07-14 |title=Baby Review: This Anand Deverakonda film teaches you a lesson about stupidity in love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/baby-review-this-anand-deverakonda-film-teaches-you-a-lesson-about-stupidity-in-love-2406689-2023-07-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714080801/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/baby-review-this-anand-deverakonda-film-teaches-you-a-lesson-about-stupidity-in-love-2406689-2023-07-14 |archive-date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> However, ''[[The News Minute]]''-based critic had summarized that, "At best, ''Baby'' is a story of sugar-coated patriarchy and at worst, it is an ‘advisory’ against the havoc apparently wreaked when a woman aspires to live outside the boundaries drawn by those who dictate her life."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Sai Rajesh’s Telugu film Baby is a story of sugar-coated patriarchy |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/sai-rajesh-s-telugu-film-baby-story-sugar-coated-patriarchy-179909 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812053714/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/sai-rajesh-s-telugu-film-baby-story-sugar-coated-patriarchy-179909 |archive-date=2025-08-12 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Baby'' concluded its run with the worldwide gross estimated to be ₹80 crore.<ref name="bo"/>

== Remake ==
In July 2024, it was announced that the film will be remade in Hindi with producers [[Madhu Mantena]] and [[Allu Aravind]] backing the project.<ref>{{cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=17 July 2024 |title=Madhu Mantena Joins Hands with Allu Aravind for Hindi Remake of Anand Deverakonda's Baby |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/phantom-films-joins-hands-with-allu-aravind-for-hindi-remake-of-anand-deverakonda-baby-article-111806828 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201051828/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/phantom-films-joins-hands-with-allu-aravind-for-hindi-remake-of-anand-deverakonda-baby-article-111806828 |archive-date=2026-02-01 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> Initially [[Babil Khan]] and Yashvardhan Ahuja—son of veteran actor [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], in his supposed film debut—were chosen to play the lead male roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-18 |title=Babil Khan exits Sai Rajesh’s ‘Baby’ remake after online spat: ‘Things didn’t go as planned’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/babil-khan-exits-sai-rajeshs-baby-remake-after-online-spat-things-didnt-go-as-planned/article69589748.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723012853/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/babil-khan-exits-sai-rajeshs-baby-remake-after-online-spat-things-didnt-go-as-planned/article69589748.ece |archive-date=2025-07-23 |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> But Khan left the project due to an online argument between him and Rajesh, though the former claimed that things did not go as planned.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-05-18 |title=Babil Khan Hints At Exit From Sai Rajesh’s Hindi Remake Of Baby |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/babil-khan-hints-at-exit-from-sai-rajeshs-hindi-remake-of-baby-1879662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518112117/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/babil-khan-hints-at-exit-from-sai-rajeshs-hindi-remake-of-baby-1879662 |archive-date=2025-05-18 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=Babil Khan drops out of Sai Rajesh’s film: ‘Things didn’t go as planned, will be taking some time off’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/babil-khan-drops-out-of-sai-rajeshs-film-things-didnt-go-as-planned-10013347/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527003352/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/babil-khan-drops-out-of-sai-rajeshs-film-things-didnt-go-as-planned-10013347/ |archive-date=2025-05-27 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The project was eventually put on hold a week later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=After Babil Khan's exit from Baby remake, film marking debut of Govinda's son Yashvardhan Ahuja's on hold: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/after-babil-khans-exit-from-baby-remake-film-marking-debut-of-govindas-son-yashvardhan-ahujas-on-hold-report-101748235708570.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605180858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/after-babil-khans-exit-from-baby-remake-film-marking-debut-of-govindas-son-yashvardhan-ahujas-on-hold-report-101748235708570.html |archive-date=2025-06-05 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=Yashvardhan Ahuja’s Debut Stalled After Babil Khan Steps Away From Baby Remake |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/yashvardhan-ahujas-debut-stalled-after-babil-khan-steps-away-from-baby-remake-74138.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723014743/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/yashvardhan-ahujas-debut-stalled-after-babil-khan-steps-away-from-baby-remake-74138.html |archive-date=2025-07-23 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> Later, it was reported that Aaishvary Thackeray would replace Babil as one of the leads.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=Aaishvary Thackeray replaces Babil Khan in Hindi remake of Telugu blockbuster Baby |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aaishvary-thackeray-replaces-babil-khan-hindi-remake-telugu-blockbuster-baby/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228050821/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aaishvary-thackeray-replaces-babil-khan-hindi-remake-telugu-blockbuster-baby/ |archive-date=2025-12-28 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-06 |title=Exclusive! Aaishvary Thackeray replaces Babil in Sai Rajesh's Baby? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aaishvary-thackeray-joins-baby-remake-babil-exits-amid-controversy/articleshow/123133283.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210124638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aaishvary-thackeray-joins-baby-remake-babil-exits-amid-controversy/articleshow/123133283.cms |archive-date=2026-02-10 |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plagiarism allegations ==
On 11 February 2024, director Shirin Sriram lodged a complaint with Raidurgam police in [[Hyderabad]] claiming that the ''Baby'' film closely resembled his script ''Kanna Please'' (later titled ''[[Preminchoddu]]''). Sriram mentioned in the complaint that Rajesh had initially shown interest in producing the project but later abandoned it. Police acknowledged the complaint and initiated an investigation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Valaboju |first=Geetha |date=11 February 2024 |title='Baby' Film Director Accused of Copying Story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/baby-film-director-accused-of-copying-story-881824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212061929/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/baby-film-director-accused-of-copying-story-881824 |archive-date=12 February 2024 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2024 |title=Case against makers of the movie Baby in Telangana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/case-against-makers-of-the-movie-baby-in-telangana/article67835719.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160348/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/case-against-makers-of-the-movie-baby-in-telangana/article67835719.ece |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="10" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="10" |[[69th Filmfare Awards South|3 August 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu
|{{nominated}}
| rowspan="10" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards Telugu 2024 are out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-telugu-2024-are-out-67264.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716152337/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-telugu-2024-are-out-67264.html |archive-date=2024-07-16 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2024">{{cite news |last1= |date=4 August 2024 |title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804051630/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |archivedate=4 August 2024 |accessdate=4 August 2024 |work=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024: Check out the winners">{{cite news |date=4 August 2024 |title=69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024: Check out the winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804052211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Telugu Film|Best Film (Critics) – Telugu]]
|Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Anand Deverakonda]]
|{{nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress (Critics) – Telugu]]
|[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Vijai Bulganin]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Anantha Sriram]] ("O Rendu Prema Meghaalila")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[P V N S Rohit]] ("Premisthunna")
|{{nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Sreerama Chandra]] ("O Rendu Prema Meghaalila")
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|[[Sai Rajesh]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[71st National Film Awards|1 August 2025]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|[[Sai Rajesh]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards 2025 Live Updates: Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukerji win first National Awards; Vikrant Massey and 12th Fail bag trophies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-live-updates-winners-list-10160873/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814132250/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-live-updates-winners-list-10160873/ |archive-date=2025-08-14 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=1 August 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Vikrant Massey and Rani Mukerji Win Acting Honors as '12th Fail' Named Best Film at India's National Awards |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/shah-rukh-khan-vikrant-massey-rani-mukerji-india-national-film-awards-1236476508/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802065759/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/shah-rukh-khan-vikrant-massey-rani-mukerji-india-national-film-awards-1236476508/ |archive-date=2 August 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards: Baby and Hanuman score big |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/01/71st-national-film-awards-baby-and-hanuman-score-big |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114155757/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/01/71st-national-film-awards-baby-and-hanuman-score-big |archive-date=2026-01-14 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[P V N S Rohit]] ("Premisthunna")
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Santosham Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[22nd Santosham Film Awards|2 December 2023]]
|[[Santosham Best Producer Award|Best Producer]]
|Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nill |first1=Saketh |date=2023-11-08 |title=22వ సంతోషం సౌత్ ఇండియన్ ఫిల్మ్ అవార్డ్స్.. ఈసారి ఘనంగా గోవాలో.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/suresh-kondeti-santosham-awards-will-held-in-goa-this-time-735660.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113152507/https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/suresh-kondeti-santosham-awards-will-held-in-goa-this-time-735660.html |archive-date=2025-11-13 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=[[10TV|10TV Telugu]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>
|-
|[[Santosham Best Director Award|Best Director]]
|[[Sai Rajesh]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]
|[[Anand Deverakonda]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Debut Actress
|[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="8" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|14 September 2024]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="8" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Rajinikanth's Jailer and Nani's Dasara bag 11 nominations each, Mrunal Thakur's Hi Nanna follows |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-awards-2024-full-list-nominations-rajinikanth-jailer-nani-dasara-mrunal-thakur-hi-nanna-9460441/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906044115/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-awards-2024-full-list-nominations-rajinikanth-jailer-nani-dasara-mrunal-thakur-hi-nanna-9460441/ |archive-date=2025-09-06 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Dasara, Hi Nanna, Kaatera and Sapta Sagaradaache Ello win big on Day 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312072119/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024 winners: Nani, Mrunal Thakur, Shruti Haasan, Rakshit Shetty and others |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/siima-awards-2024-winners-nani-mrunal-thakur-shruti-haasan-rakshit-shetty-and-others-101726377747271-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916050730/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/siima-awards-2024-winners-nani-mrunal-thakur-shruti-haasan-rakshit-shetty-and-others-101726377747271-amp.html |archive-date=2024-09-16 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|[[Sai Rajesh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Viraj Ashwin]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
|[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Vijai Bulganin]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Anantha Sriram]] ("O Rendu Prema Meghaalila")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Anand Deverakonda]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Critics Best Director – Telugu
|[[Sai Rajesh]]
|{{won}}
|}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|16118524|Baby}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2020s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijai Bulganin]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]

Eeram

2026-03-04T18:54:04Z

Sarada22:

{{Short description|2009 Indian horror-thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Eeram.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arivazhagan Venkatachalam|Arivazhagan]]
| producer = [[S. Shankar]]
| writer = Arivazhagan
| starring = [[Aadhi Pinisetty|Aadhi]] [[Nandaa]] [[Sindhu Menon]]
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[Manoj Paramahamsa]]
| studio = [[S Pictures]]
| editing = [[Kishore Te]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|9|11}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| budget = 
}}
'''''Eeram''''' ({{translation|Moisture}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror thriller film]]<ref name=RED /> written and directed by [[Arivazhagan Venkatachalam|Arivazhagan]] in his directorial debut and produced by [[S. Shankar]]. The film stars [[Aadhi Pinisetty|Aadhi]], [[Nandaa]] and [[Sindhu Menon]]. [[Saranya Mohan]], [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]], [[Lakshmi Ramakrishnan]], and [[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=9 September 2009 |title='Eeram has all the emotions from my life' |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/09/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-arivazhagan-venkatachalam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212140851/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/09/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-arivazhagan-venkatachalam.htm |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The music was composed by [[S. Thaman]] in his debut Tamil film with cinematography by [[Manoj Paramahamsa]] and editing by [[Kishore Te]].

''Eeram'' was mostly shot in [[Chennai]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2009 |title=Eeram Preview |url=https://www.tamilnow.com/magazine/eeram-preview-273.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221180808/https://www.tamilnow.com/magazine/eeram-preview-273.html |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Tamilnow.com}}</ref> [[Srirangam]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narahari |first=Prasanth G. |date=14 April 2010 |title=Camera Art |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/Camera-Art/article16366406.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023044954/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/Camera-Art/article16366406.ece |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name=":0" /> The film was released on 11 September 2009 and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2010 |title=Telugu version of 'Eeram' to hit the screens |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2010/Nov/24/telugu-version-of-eeram-to-hit-the-screens-205506.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222115400/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2010/Nov/24/telugu-version-of-eeram-to-hit-the-screens-205506.html |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film received critical acclaim for its theme, narrative, cast performance, cinematography, musical score, and direction. Over the years it has attained cult status.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Aadhi's 'Eeram' completes 15 years!: Decoding the supernatural thriller's cult status |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aadhis-eeram-completes-15-years-decoding-the-supernatural-thrillers-cult-status/amp_etphotostory/113254384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222115746/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aadhis-eeram-completes-15-years-decoding-the-supernatural-thrillers-cult-status/amp_etphotostory/113254384.cms |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version of the film titled ''Vaishali'' released on 27 May 2011,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2011 |title=Vaishali gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/vaishali-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/8048475.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/vaishali-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/8048475.cms |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Telugu Movie review – Vaishali |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vaishali.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529172508/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vaishali.html |archive-date=29 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> and was commercially successful as well.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=20 June 2015 |title='Fame is fleeting' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fame-is-fleeting/article7336739.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809104510/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fame-is-fleeting/article7336739.ece |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-}}</ref>

==Plot==
The plot opens with water overflowing from an apartment at around 2:00 AM in Block E, which is seen by the apartment watchman. When he goes to inspect the source of the water, he witnesses a woman Ramya in the bathtub dead from asphyxiation. An investigation of her death is done by Assistant Commissioner of Police Vasudevan, an honest and upright police officer who is also Ramya's former boyfriend. Although circumstantial evidence points it was a suicide, Vasu doubts its reliability and restarts the investigation of the events leading to her death.

The investigation reveals that Ramya was having an extramarital affair with an unknown person, and his frequent visits to her flat are confirmed by her neighbours in the building. However, Vasu is not convinced and sure that there is someone behind Ramya's death and names him Mr. X. He also remembers his love life with Ramya during their college years. Vasu was refused Ramya's hand in marriage by her father Shriraman as he was not willing to get his daughter married to a police officer. When Vasu asked her to elope and marry him, she refused, and they parted ways. Later, Ramya married wealthy businessman Balakrishnan.

Meanwhile, strange mishaps begin to take place in the apartment where Ramya died. Kalyani Subramanyam, who resides in the flat opposite Ramya's, dies by electric shock. An army veteran, Thiyagarajan, on his visit to Pondicherry, dies when an umbrella tip pierces his neck. The apartment watchman also dies a mysterious death. Vasu connects these deaths to Ramya but does not know how exactly. He finds that water is the common element in all the deaths. He appoints a few assistants to live in various flats of the apartment and inform him if there is any suspicious activity. The assistants point out a young man coming there to meet his girlfriend Deepa. Vasu identifies him as Mr. X and follows him to a theatre, but before he can catch him, he sees Mr. X banging his head into the restroom mirror. Vasu tries to stop him from killing himself, but an eerie spirit stops him from saving the young man. Vasu then sees human footprints walking on water and understands that it is the work of a supernatural entity.

The colour red and water keep appearing together as signals to Vasu that a murder is about to take place. He is unable to convince his superiors that the deaths are not accidental. Vasu investigates from a supernatural standpoint of life after death, and finds that a spirit can contact this world in any medium after the death and that it may also be through water. Vasu realises that Ramya's spirit killed everyone. One night, when Ramya's sister Divya visits Vasu in his house to console him over Ramya's death, the latter's spirit possesses her and reveals the truth of her life after her break-up from Vasu.

Ramya lived happily with Bala but only for a short time. Bala disliked anything secondhand in his life. He could not digest his wife's past relation with Vasu and started to harass her. Ramya's maid complained of Thiyagarajan in another flat as he had been sexually harassing her. Ramya warned Thiyagarajan that if he repeated this, she would inform his wife. Ramya also advised Deepa to stop having a boyfriend (Mr. X) as it would ruin her life, and this earned her Deepa's dislike. Ramya's neighbour Kalyani wanted the flat where Ramya lived, for her daughter. Mr. X created an impression that he had come to visit Ramya to Kalyani. She had spun a false story against Ramya, and Thiyagarajan also confirmed it to Bala as revenge. Therefore, Bala killed Ramya and drowned her in the water to make it look like a suicide.

Hence, Ramya's soul killed Kalyani by electric shock; Thiyagarajan by the umbrella tip; the watchman who supported the false statement against Ramya; Mr. X by bashing him against the mirror; and continues to traumatise Deepa, which leaves the girl mentally unstable, yet she survives. Vasu informs Bala that he will soon avenge Ramya's death by bringing the truth of her murder by Bala to light. Bala's friend Vignesh misguides him right from the beginning about the women's promiscuity. Vicky later gets killed by Bala himself as he threatened to reveal the truth. Bala is confident that he can be caught only if he confesses to the crime. One night, Bala kidnaps Divya and holds her captive in a car showroom. Vasu comes to save her and gets into a face-to-face combat with Bala. In the fight, Bala initially gains the upper hand, hits Vasu mercilessly with an iron rod on his head, and then stabs Vasu in his stomach with his own machete. Vasu then loses consciousness, but Ramya's spirit possesses him and gives him the upper hand to knock out Bala. Vasu succeeds in saving Divya, and then Ramya's spirit leaves him.

The following day, Bala suddenly confesses to his wife's murder, giving Vasu a reason to arrest him. In reality, Ramya's spirit had possessed Bala and made him confess the truth. After the press conference, while Bala is being taken to court, the sky's colour changes. It begins to rain, and petrol is shown to be leaking from the police jeep in which Bala is seated. Vasu sees a red umbrella with water dripping from it. The screen fades to black and the sound of a jeep crashing can be heard, implying that Bala was killed.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty|Aadhi]] as ACP Vasudevan IPS (Vasu)
* [[Nandaa]] as Balakrishnan (Bala)
* [[Sindhu Menon]] as Ramya Balakrishnan
* [[Saranya Mohan]] as Divya Shriraman
* [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] as Vignesh (Vicky)
* [[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]] as Mr. X
* [[Lakshmi Ramakrishnan]] as Kalyani Subramanyam
* Boys Rajan as Col. Thiyagarajan
* Rajashekar as Shriraman, Divya and Ramya's father
* Eeram Ram as Vasu's collegemate
}}

==Production==
''Eeram'' marked the directorial debut of Arivazhagan who was Shankar's associate director. Shankar himself produced the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2009 |title=September– Month of thrillers in Kollywood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Aug/29/september–-month-of-thrillers-in-kollywood-81716.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222143839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/tamil/2009/Aug/29/september%E2%80%93-month-of-thrillers-in-kollywood-81716.html |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Eeram
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 August 2009 (Tamil) 2011 (Telugu)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:42 (Tamil) 12:29 (Telugu)
| label = [[Sony Music India]] [[Think Music]] (Tamil) Aditya Music (Telugu)
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| next_title = [[Sankham]]
| next_year = 2009
}}

The music was composed by debutant [[S. Thaman]]. The audio rights were bought by [[Think Music]] and [[Sony Music India]]. The songs were released on 9 August 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2009 |title=Rajnikanth to Release Audio of Shankar's 'Eeram' |url=https://daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=63710 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221174309/https://daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=63710 |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> All lyrics were penned by [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eeram (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://gaana.com/album/eeram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232232/https://gaana.com/album/eeram |archive-date=21 October 2018 |accessdate=9 August 2022 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

The Telugu-dubbed soundtrack was released in 2011 by [[Aditya Music]].

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:42
| title1 = Mazhaiye Mazhaiye
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length1 = 4:09
| title2 = Tharai Erangiya
| extra2 = [[Suchitra Karthik|Suchitra]]
| length2 = 3:42
| title3 = Saaral En
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length3 = 2:12
| title4 = Theme of Eeram
| extra4 = [[Instrumental]]
| length4 = 2:39
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:29
| title1 = Kurisey Kurisey
| extra1 = Ranjith
| length1 = 4:07
| title2 = Kurivippina
| extra2 = Suchitra
| length2 = 3:38
| title3 = Jalley
| extra3 = Ranjith
| length3 = 2:12
| title4 = Vaishali – Theme Music
| extra4 = Instrumental
| length4 = 2:37
}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Debutant director Arivazhagan, who has written and directed the film, has turned out a horror/suspense film that strives to score points on logic, novelty and raciness. The best part is that he actually makes you cling to the edge of the seat most of the time. No mean feat, considering the limitations on mainstream Tamil cinema".<ref name="RED">{{cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=11 September 2009 |title=Eeram is brilliant |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/11/review-eeram.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619195530/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/11/review-eeram.htm |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=14 March 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Arivazhagan must have polished his screenplay over and over again to come up with such a lucid narrative that strongly impacts the viewer. Only wish the attempt doesn't prove to be a flash in the pan. Because ''Eeram'' shows that this young director is worth looking out for".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 September 2009 |title=Not a damp squib -- Eeram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/not-a-damp-squib-eeram/article3021917.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116051111/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/not-a-damp-squib-eeram/article3021917.ece |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=14 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sify wrote, "''Eeram'' is cool and chilling, but would have been better if it was trimmed by atleast 15 minutes. Anyway Shankar can be proud of his new discovery- Arivazhagan, the film is worth a look".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Eeram |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14909711&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115091950/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14909711&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=2011-11-15 |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film released in 120 screens worldwide and was considered a [[sleeper hit]] by trade analysts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2009 |title=Chennai Box Office – October 2 to 4 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14913695&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211093039/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14913695&cid=13525926 |archive-date=11 February 2011 |access-date=30 October 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Dropped sequel==
After the success of ''Eeram'', Arivazhagan wanted to make a sequel as he had the story ready for it, but soon dropped the idea to avoid getting typecast. Later, he chose to go with a different genre which was not related to ''Eeram'', as he did not want to limit himself to only horror films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=9 December 2023 |title='Sabdham was supposed to be part of Eeram franchise': Filmmaker Arivazhagan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Dec/25/sabdham-was-supposed-to-be-part-of-eeram-franchise-filmmaker-arivazhagan-2644583.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518095800/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Dec/25/sabdham-was-supposed-to-be-part-of-eeram-franchise-filmmaker-arivazhagan-2644583.html |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Film|Speculative fiction/Horror|India}}
* [[List of ghost films]]
* [[List of horror films of 2009]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Arivazhagan}}
{{S. Shankar}}

[[Category:2000s ghost films]]
[[Category:2000s horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:2000s supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:2009 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about uxoricide]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arivazhagan Venkatachalam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]
[[Category:Films set in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian crime horror films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian haunted house films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Jorugaa Husharugaa

2026-03-03T09:18:39Z

Sarada22: starting a info first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jorugaa Husharugaa
| image = Jorugaa Husharugaa poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Anu Prasad
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Nireesh Thiruveedula
| starring = [[Viraj Ashwin]] [[Pujita Ponnada]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mahi Reddy Pandugula
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = Praneeth Muzic
| studio = Shikhara & Akshara Arts LLP
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|15|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jorugaa Husharugaa''''' ({{Translation|Loud and smart}}) is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Anu Prasad and starring [[Viraj Ashwin]] and [[Pujita Ponnada]]. The film was released to average reviews.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=May 2024}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Viraj Ashwin]] as Santhosh
*[[Pujita Ponnada]] as Nitya
*Sonu Thakur
* Siri Hanumanthu
*[[Madhunandan]] as Anand
*[[P. Sai Kumar]] as Santhosh's father
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Santhosh's mother
*[[Brahmaji]] as Church father
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{empty section|date=May 2024}}

== Reception ==
Bhargav Chaganti of ''[[NTV Telugu]]'' gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/joruga-husharuga-movie-review-and-rating-in-telugu-503617.html |title=Joruga Husharuga Review: బేబీ ఫేమ్ విరాజ్‌ అశ్విన్‌ 'జోరుగా హుషారుగా' రివ్యూ |date=15 December 2023 |website=NTV Telugu |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312013858/https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/joruga-husharuga-movie-review-and-rating-in-telugu-503617.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Eenadu]]'' found the storyline lacking novelty, with a draggy first half, while the second half was engaging.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/viraj-ashwin-jorugaa-husharugaa-movie-review/0203/123232567 |title=Jorugaa Husharugaa Review: రివ్యూ: జోరుగా హుషారుగా.. 'బేబీ' ఫేమ్‌ విరాజ్‌ నటించిన చిత్రం ఎలా ఉందంటే..? |website=EENADU}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars, suggesting that a better-written script could have made the film more engaging.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/joruga-husharuga-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1883201 |title='జోరుగా హుషారుగా' సినిమా రివ్యూ |date=15 December 2023 |website=Sakshi}}</ref>

Sunil Boddula of ''[[News18 Telugu]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars, raising criticism similar to the ''Eenadu'' critic's regarding the film's screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/joruga-husharuga-movie-review-and-rating-slb-2328652.html |title=జోరుగా హుషారుగా రివ్యూ: అమ్మా నాన్న.. ట్విస్టులతో కూడిన ట్రైయాంగిల్ లవ్ స్టోరీ..! |date=15 December 2023 |website=News18 తెలుగు}}</ref> A critic from ''[[ABP Desam]]'' also gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars, criticizing the story for lacking freshness.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/joruga-husharuga-movie-review-starring-viraj-ashwin-poojitha-ponnada-love-drama-rating-in-telugu-133655 |title='జోరుగా హుషారుగా' రివ్యూ: 'బేబీ' హీరో విరాజ్ అశ్విన్ కొత్త సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |date=15 December 2023 |website=telugu.abplive.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|29572792}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]

Guardian (2024 film)

2026-03-03T02:26:50Z

Sarada22: started initial post added tags - done

{{for|the South Korean–Philippine film|The Guardian (2024 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guardian
| image = Guardian (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Guru Saravanan Sabari
| producer = [[Vijay Chandar]]
| writer = Guru Saravanan
| starring = [[Hansika Motwani]] [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]
| cinematography = [[Shakthi (cinematographer)|K. A. Sakthivel]]
| editing = M. Thiyagarajan
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| studio = Film Works
| distributor = Blockbuster Production
| released = {{Film date|2024|3|8|df=y|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Guardian''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror film]] directed by Sabari and Guru Saravanan, starring [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] and [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-25 |title=Hansika's Guardian first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Oct/25/hansikas-guardian-first-look-out-35954.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102180339/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/25/hansikas-guardian-first-look-out-35954.html |archive-date=2022-11-02 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 8 March 2024.

== Cast==
*[[Hansika Motwani]] as Aparna<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-01 |title=Hansika's Guardian to release in February |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/01/hansikas-guardian-to-release-in-february-50854.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312091256/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/01/hansikas-guardian-to-release-in-february-50854.html |archive-date=2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Suresh Chandra Menon]] as Gowtham
*[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Thyagu
*Baby Krishita as Yaazhini
*[[Rajendran]] as Azhagu's brother-in-law
*Pradeep Benetto Rayan as Prabha
*[[Thangadurai (actor)|Tigergarden Thangadurai]] as Azhagu
*[[Abhishek Vinod]]
*[[M. J. Shriram]] as Dr. Rudhran

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Sam C. S.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2024 |title=Guardian (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/guardian-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1733796971 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240326115634/https://music.apple.com/us/album/guardian-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1733796971 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mayakitta
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], Sam CS, Umadevi
| extra1 = Srinisha Jayaseelan, Sam CS
| length1 = 3:34
| title2 = Unlucky
| extra2 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length2 = 3:11
| title3 = Thiraikadal
| extra3 = [[Saindhavi]]
| length3 = 4:10
| title4 = Guardian - Theme Song
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 1:08
| total_length = 11:53
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film one star out of five and stated, "Like countless horror films, the ghost in ''Guardian'' too is gripped with revenge. Even with a familiar story, the makers could have still made an engaging film with focused storytelling or at least they could have leveraged the thrills of the genre. However, the jumpscares are as bland as the story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devan |first=Aswin |date=2024-03-08 |title=Guardian Movie Review: Haunted by cliches of the genre |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/08/guardian-movie-review-haunted-by-cliches-of-the-genre |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310012707/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/08/guardian-movie-review-haunted-by-cliches-of-the-genre |archive-date=2024-03-10 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' had a similar assessment, calling it "An insipid film with threadbare antagonists and unintentionally comical scares".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=8 March 2024 |title=Guardian Movie Review : An insipid film with threadbare antagonists and unintentionally comical scares |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/guardian/movie-review/108318106.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308095329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/guardian/movie-review/108318106.cms |archive-date=2024-03-08 |access-date=2024-03-10 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated three out of five and wrote "In all, ''Guardian'' is a reasonably good horror thriller that is worth watching once."<ref>{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=2024-03-07 |title=Guardian Review: A Horror Thriller That Works in Parts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/guardian-review-a-horror-thriller-that-works-in-parts-review-108303841 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312091000/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/guardian-review-a-horror-thriller-that-works-in-parts-review-108303841 |archive-date=2024-03-12 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|29687453}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 horror films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam

2026-02-27T09:15:03Z

Sarada22: basic fixed section to improve readability and improved wording

{{Short description|Mughal-Ahom war (1662-1663)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Invasion of the [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| place = [[Brahmaputra Valley]], Ahom Kingdom
| image = File:Charaideo Maidam of Ahom Kings at Charaideo in Sivasagar, Assam 1.jpg
| caption = According to [[Oral History|spoken accounts]], approximately 10 [[Moidam]]s were damaged by [[Mir Jumla II]]'s army.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam's Charaideo Moidams are sacred. Now Unesco bid moves it to India's political centre|website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/feature/assams-charaideo-moidams-are-sacred-now-unesco-bid-moves-it-to-indias-political-centre/1377974/?amp}}</ref>
| result = See {{slink|#Aftermath}}
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}
*[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]][[Mughal Empire]]
**[[Bengal Subah]]
**[[Oudh State|Awadh Subah]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|22px]] [[Ahom kingdom]]
| territory =
| commander1 = [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]] [[Diler Khan]]
| date = {{start and end dates|1662|1|4|1663|1|23|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=04|year1=1662|month2=01|day2=23|year2=1663}})}}
| commander2 = [[File:Ahom insignia plain.svg|22px]] [[Sutamla]]
| partof = the [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]]
| strength1 = 30,000 cavalry 12,000 infantry 323 war boats
| strength2 = --
}}
{{Assam History}}
'''Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam''', between 4 January 1662 and January 1663,<ref name=":0">{{harvcol|Nath|2019|pp=68–69}}</ref> was the most intrusive of all Mughal invasions of the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom Kingdom]] in the 17th century. Led by [[Mir Jumla II]], the [[subahdar]] of [[Bengal]] during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]],{{Sfn|Sarkar|1979|p=286}} the Mughals managed to occupy the Ahom capital of Garhgaon. Nevertheless, the distressed Mughal forces barely managed to return with a face-saving treaty.<ref>"The exhausted army barely managed to struggle its way out of the region and conclude a treaty that somehow saved their face." {{harvcol|Nath|2019|pp=68–69}}</ref> The Ahoms agreed to a vassal status with a tributary arrangement akin to the ones the Mughal Empire had with the Rajputs; but Mir Jumla died en route to Dhaka, and the Ahoms pushed the Mughal garrisons out of Assam within four years<ref>"But torrential rains and poor communication with Dhaka, followed by famine and disease in the imperial camp, forced the Mughals to reach a tributary arrangement with the Ahom raja, similar to those that had been concluded with Rajput chieftains since the days of Akbar. In early 1663 the expeditionary force began its return to Dhaka, but Mir Jumla died en route. Within four years the Ahom kings had renewed the war, pushing Mughal garrisons out of Assam." {{harvcol|Eaton|2019|p=310}}</ref>—when Ahom forces took control up to the Manas river in December 1667.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=207–208}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Kamata kingdom]] under the [[Koch dynasty]] split in 1581 into [[Koch Bihar]], which lay to the west of the [[Sankosh River]] and [[Koch Hajo]], which lay between the Sankosh in the west and the [[Kameng River]] in the east<ref>Note: Raghudev's domain, Koch Hajo, consisted primarily the [[Undivided Goalpara district]], the [[Undivided Kamrup district]], the region east of [[Bornadi River]] up to the [[Bharali River]] ([[Kameng River]]) in addition to the region between the old Brahmaputra channel and the Garo hills, which is effectively eastern [[Mymensingh Division]] in present-day [[Bangladesh]]. {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=95}}</ref>—starting a bitter rivalry between two branches of the dynasty.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992a|pp=94–95}}</ref> Meanwhile, the Mughals were able to bring Bengal under some semblance of authority by 1583, though it was still being challenged by the [[Baro-Bhuyan]] of Bengal<ref>{{harvcol|Eaton|2019|pp=227–228}}</ref> led by [[Isa Khan]]. The rivalry and conflicts between the two Koch domains continued to be hot driving Koch Bihar into Mughal vassalage and Koch Hajo to align first with Isa Khan, and when that disappeared, with the Ahoms. Eventually the Mughals under [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan]] marched against Koch Hajo, removed Parikshit Narayan, the then ruler, and took control of his territory in 1613, bringing them into direct confrontation with the Ahoms.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992a|pp=99–103}}</ref> At this point the Koch Hajo region (or called Kamrup) ended up not with the Koch Bihar ruler but with the Mughals—and nearly took over complete control of Koch Bihar itself.

The Mughals called the newly acquired territory ''Villayat Koch Hajo'' and established four ''[[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]s'':<ref>{{harvcol|Misra|2011|p=43f}}</ref> (1) Kamrup, (2) Dhekuri, (3) Dakhinkul, and (4) Bangalbhum. The local peasants, till then under the [[Paik system]] and now without a local ruler, revolted against the Mughal system imposed on them, and gained some recognition under a peasant leader called Sanatan.<ref>{{harvcol|Eaton|1993|pp=190–191}}</ref>

===Struggle for Kamrup===
The Mughals now cast its imperial eye on the riches of the entire Brahmaputra valley and planned to take over the Ahom kingdom next.<ref>"Soon after the conquest of Kamrup a direct Ahom-Mughal clash became inevitable. The predominant factor was the political issue. The Bengal viceroy, Qasim Khan, cherished the political ambition of continuing the imperialistic policy of his brother, Islam Khan, in the north-east to its grand final. It had proved eminently successful against Koch Bihar and Kamrup. It was expected to be equally promising with regard to the third'i.e. Assam." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=149}}</ref> But the first expedition under the command of Aba Baqr in 1615 was unsuccessful, with the Ahoms routing the Mughals at the [[Battle of Samdhara]] (1616).<ref>"Though initially successful, the (first) maiden Mughal offensive in Assam was disastrous ... The losses in men and materials were colossal : about 1700 killed on the spot and 3400 died of wounds later after escape; 900 captives; about 3000 half-dead concealed. ... True, the Ahom king had not intervened in Kamrup-Mughal war, he now checked the Mughal aggression, which raised his morale, strengthened his position and added to his resources by capture of Mughal spoils - elephants, horses, war-boats, guns, swords and munition. Pratap Simha constructed a fort at Samdhara and had his exploits inscribed on rock (1616), as ''visama samara vijayana''." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=152}}</ref>

The Ahoms then started a proxy war (1616–1620) against the Mughals in Kamrup<ref>"The Ahom king incited insurrections, gave political asylum to anti-Mughal elements and supplied men, money and war materials to all appeals of help from disaffected chieftains and hill-rajas of Kamrup. In brief, the Ahom king attempted to pull the strings or attack from behind without coming out in the open. Such was the nature of Raja Pratap Simha's (160-41) unofficial war for the period 1616 to 1620." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=153}}</ref> but when it failed to drive them out<ref> "So long Assam, pursued a policy of unofficial war, of indirect hostility, aiding and fighting with the Mughals on behalf of all anti-Mughal elements in Kamrup till 1620. This policy, as we have seen, was not very successful." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=153}}</ref> they changed course to prepare for a more direct campaign.<ref>"The integrity of Kamrup would be [the Ahom king's] imperative and efficient door-bar against the Mughals. So he changed his policy again combining open war with the Mughals needed greater strength, greater resources and greater organization. So he reorganised the structure of Ahom society, administration and army." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=153}}</ref> The campaign, which began in March 1636 primarily under Bali Narayan, a scion of the Koch dynasty and the ruler of Darrang under the Ahoms, ended in December of the same year with the Ahoms gaining possession of most of Kamrup.<ref>"These ten months of continuous war (March-December) were highly favourable to the Ahoms and the rebels of Kamrup. Notwithstanding a few minor defeats near Pandu and Srighat, they had come to occupy all the principal fortified outposts on both sides of the Brahmaputra, including Hajo, Pandu and Srighat. The Assamese established their sovereignty in most parts of Kamrup." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=158}}</ref> This was followed immediately by a Mughal counter-campaign in December 1637 under Mir Zeiuddin and Allah Yar Khan—and by April 1638 they defeated Bali Narayan at Barpeta, recovered Hajo, defeated the Ahoms at Kajali and then began planning to take the Ahom kingdom itself.<ref>"Instead of consolidating their hold and conserving their material and moral position, [the Mughals] indulged in ambitious expansionist plans at the cost of Assam." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=162}}</ref> In this second attempt into the Ahom kingdom, the Mughals were aided by the ruler of Koch Bihar, Pran Narayan, but in the final battle at Duimunisila, the combined Mughal and Koch forces were defeated and this ended with the [[Treaty of Asurar Ali]], signed between Allah Yar Khan and [[Momai Tamuli Borborua]], which fixed the Ahom-Mughal border at the Bornadi River, the original eastern boundary of Koch Hajo. Allah Yar Khan was appointed the ''faujdar'' at Hajo, and though there were disputes, they were settled diplomatically by Allah Yar Khan on the Mughal side and Momai Tamuli Borborua on the Ahom side.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=167}}</ref>

===Ahoms take ''old'' Koch Hajo===
After [[Shah Jahan]] fell sick in 1657 [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], the Bengal Subahdar and a claimant to the Mughal throne, left Bengal with his entire army and naval forces to participate in the [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)|war of succession]] leaving ''Sarkar Kamrup'' exposed.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=168}}</ref> Pran Narayan, the ruler of Koch Bihar and a Mughal vassal, declared independence and moved to occupy Kamrup. His minister-general, Bhavnath Karji, came from the west and encamped at Hajo oppressing [[Ryot|ryots]] and Muslim women.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1979|p=286}} The Ahoms, led by [[Borbarua]] Tangsu Handikoi advanced from the east. Squeezed between the two advancing forces, the Koch from the west and the Ahoms from the east, Mir Lutfullah Shiraji, the then ''faujdar'' at Guwahati, fled to [[Old Dhaka|Jahangirnagar]] in early 1659,<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=168}}</ref> bringing the Koch and the Ahoms face to face. The Koch proposed a division of Kamrup but the Ahoms refused. The Ahoms then advanced against the Koch under the command of three Phukans up to the Sankosh in the west and south up to Hatshila,<ref>"The Ahoms advanced under three Phukans (Baduli, Lapeti and Phul Barua unopposed beyond Baritala and established an outpost at Hatisala only 5 stages from Dacca), prevented the Mughals from frequenting the local market, plundered Mughal Kamrup and carried away Mughal prisoners to Assam (April-May, 1660)." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=169}}</ref> thus occupying the old Koch Hajo territory of Parikshit Narayan.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=397}}</ref>

The Ahoms then evacuated the Mughal population in the newly occupied region to the Ahom kingdom,<ref>"[T]he Ahoms occupied the entire territory from the Barnadi to the Sankosh. Under the Ahom King's order the Barphukan and Picksai Chetia carried out a mass evacuation of the entire people (dhekeri) of Kamrup or Lower Assam up to the Saru Sankosh, its tributary, and their transportation to Assam, which resulted in depopulation and growth of jungles in the whole area for a year and a half.{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=169}}</ref> and installed a scion of the Koch dynasty who promised to bring a rapprochement between the Ahoms and the Koch powers as the king of the newly acquired territories.<ref>"[T]he Ahom king took under his protection Jaynarayan (a loyal Koch prince) and declared him king of Kamrup with his capital at Ghila Vijaypur (July-August, 1659)." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=169}}</ref>

==Prelude to invasion==
Aurangzeb rewarded Mir Jumla for his service in the [[Battle of Khajwa]], which Aurangzeb won against Shuja; and when Shuja began his retreat to Bengal Aurangzeb charged Mir Jumla with his pursuit.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=207}}</ref> At [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]] Shuja took his last stand and then escaped to the [[Rakhine State|Arakan]]—when Aurangzeb received this news he appointed Mir Jumla the ''Subahdar'' of Bengal in June 1660—in his ''[[Firman|farman]]'' Aurangzeb wanted Mir Jumla to conquer Assam and Arakan after settling the administration in Bengal.<ref>"After the conquest of Bengal from Shuja, Aurangzeb appointed his General, Mir Jumla, Governor of Bengal (June, 1660). In his farman he wanted the Mir to conquer Assam and Arakan after settling the affairs of Bengal." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=269}}</ref> Mir Jumla is said to have persuaded Aurangzeb to conquer Assam first to use as a base in future campaigns against Burma (Myanmar) and China.<ref>"But it was the Mir who took the Emperor's permission to postpone the Arakan expedition and to invade Koch Bihar and Assam. ... If we believe European travellers, the Mir wanted to use Assam as a base for conquering Burma and China. {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=169–170}}</ref> According to Sarkar, Mir Jumla was motivated both by imperialist design as well as Islamic zeal.<ref>"Mir Jumla was actuated not only by imperialistic designs, but,—as his trusted ''Waq i 'a-navis'' tells us —also by a desire for 'a holy war with the infidels of Assam,' and 'an ardent passion for releasing Mussalmans (prisoners of war), rooting out idolaters, lifting up the banner of Islam and destruction of the customs of unbelief and error.'" {{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|pp=286-287}}</ref>

The Koch and Ahom rulers immediately sought peace<ref>"The two offending rulers, hearing of Aurangzeb's victory and the Mir's preparations, hastened to profess peace." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=170}}</ref>—but Mir Jumla understood that it was a ruse to buy time to prepare for war.<ref>"Realising, however, that these peace overtures of the two rulers were mere ruses to gain time for preparations, Mir Jumla determined to strike himself first against Koch Bihar and then, if necessary, against Assam,after making suitable administrative arrangements in Bengal during his absence." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=171}}</ref> In 1661 Mir Jumla sent Raja Sujan Singh against the Koch and Rashind Khan against the Ahoms; but neither of them could move far. Sujan Singh's advance stopped at Ekduar due to the rainy season.<ref>" Mir deputed Raja Sujan Singh, later reinforced by Mirza Beg Shuja against the vassal Koch ruler, Pran Narayan, now seeking pardon. But Sujan singh could not proceed beyond Ek duar at the entrance to Koch Bihar (May-June, 1661) when the rains suspended all operations." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=170}}</ref>

When Rashid Khan advanced against the Ahoms their forward commanders abandoned Hatishala and Baritala and retreated to the Manas river. Rashid Khan, fearing a snare, halted at Rangamati for reinforcements from Mir Jumla.<ref>"Rashid recovered the western end of Mughal Kamrup up to Rangamati from the Ahoms, but suspecting a snare, halted there for reinforcements from Mir Jumla before advancing further." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=293}}</ref> At his camp he received an Ahom envoy inquiring him why he is attacking the Ahoms, which he sent to Mir Jumla. Mir Jumla let the envoys know that he would not invade the Ahom kingdom if the Ahom king handed over Kamrup, a daughter with a suitable tribute, and if it refrained from further aggression.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=171}}</ref> Though Mir Jumla did not receive a reply then, he did receive the Ahom position after he had started his campaign—the Ahom king was not obligated to hand over the territory to the Mughals since he had acquired it from the Koch and not from the Mughals.<ref>"From [Rangamati] [Mir Jumla] sent two messengers, Lal Beg and Hariram Raikh (Lalua and Horam), to Jayadhwaj for surrender of the captured imperial territories i.e. from Guwahati to Hatisala. But the latter refused as Kamrup had been occupied by God's grace from the Koches and not from the Mughals, and directed his Phukans not to surrender the territories concerned." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=172}}</ref>

Mir Jumla, who had arrived in Golconda from Persia seeking fortune,<ref>"Mir Muhammad Said, tormented by growing economic wants, ... left the land of his birth, like many other Persian Shiahs, in search of fortune." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=2}}</ref> and who rose through the ranks to become a general, now amassed an army to invade Assam himself. His party was accompanied by [[Dilir Khan]], as is the Mughal custom of sending two generals in campaigns, and a force 12,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry, powerful artillery, a flotilla of 323 warships, Europeans consisting of Dutch gunners manning [[ghurab]]s with mounted guns, Portuguese naval officers, English fighters, Muscovites and Armenian horsemen.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=171}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|pp=287–288}}</ref><ref name="History of Bengal: The reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib; Abdul Karim">{{cite book |author1=Abdul Karim |title=History of Bengal: The reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib |date=1992 |publisher=Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi |page=446; 449 |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/history-of-bengal-mughal-period/oclc/28183749 |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

== Invasion of Koch Bihar ==
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Mir Jumla and the Mughal force left Khizrpur on 1 November, 1661.<ref>"Accompanied by Dilir Khan, the Mir left Khizrpur on November 1, 1661" {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=171}}</ref> From Baritala, instead of taking the well-guarded Ekduar route or the narrow jungle-lined Khuntaghat path, Mir Jumla chose a little-known unguarded route along a low embankment, discovered by his scouts even as his fleet secured the waterway from [[Ghoraghat Upazila|Ghoraghat]] to the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]. On 13 December the Koch guards fled as Mir Jumla and Sujan Singh neared the border. Pran Narayan escaped to Kathalbari at the foot of the hills of [[Bhutan]] while the minister fled to Maurang. Mir Jumla entered the capital without resistance on 19 December 1661 and annexed Koch Bihar—he established a ''faujdar'' with 1,400 cavalry and 2,000 musketeers, the revenue was fixed, and the name of Koch Bihar was changed to ‘Alamgirnagar’. The Raja's son embraced Islam and offered to arrest his father. His minister-general Bhavnath, who had marched into Kamrup, was imprisoned. But Mir Jumla couldn't capture the Raja who was protected by the [[Je Khenpo|Dharmaraja]] of Bhutan. Mir Jumla didn't pursue any further—on 4 January 1662, he left for Assam leaving behind Isfandyar Khan as the acting ''Faujdar'' to defend Alamgirnagar with troops and weapons.<ref>"... leaving Isfandiyar as its faujdar with 10,000 horse, he continued his difficult march towards Assam on 4 January, 1662" {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=172}}</ref>

===Pran Narayan's recovery of Koch Bihar===
The people of the Koch capital resented the Mughal revenue system.<ref>"The people, however did not like the introduction of Mughal land revenue administrative methods." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=172}}</ref> Within a few months during the rainy season Pran Narayan killed Mohammed Salih, the ''mansabdar'' who had opposed him at Kathalbari, cut off the supplies to Isfandyar Khan who escaped to Ghoraghat, and when the permanent ''Faujdar'', Askar Khan, tried to, he was unable to recover it.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1979|p=290}} The invasion of the Koch Bihar country thus ended without any gain for the Mughals.

==Invasion of Kamrup==
Mir Jumla left a part of troops with Isfandiyar Khan at Koch Bihar and began his march into Assam on 4 January 1662—he reached Rashid Khan's camp at Rangamati via Khuntaghat<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=172}}</ref>—he now added Rashid Khan's troops to his own. Unfamiliar with the terrain, Mir Jumla let the Brahmaputra river guide him; as his fleet moved along the Brahmaputra, led by Ibn Hussain, his army moved along the northbank, with Dilir Khan in the vanguard. Dilir Khan and Mir Murtaza were responsible for building the road across the forests, reeds, marshes, and rivers along which the rest of the army followed. Progress was slow—four or five miles a day.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=173}}</ref>

===Ahom strategic fortifications===
The Brahmaputra valley is narrow with the river running east to west and hills and mountains on north and south quite close to the river except in central Assam. The Ahoms, thus created a chain of twin forts straddling the river at strategic places so that invaders would have to face a chain of forts along the river.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=173}}</ref><ref>"[A] characteristic feature of the defences was the system of having twin fortifications on opposite sides of the Brahmaputra." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=174}}</ref> There were three such major twin forts: (1) [[Jogighopa]] and Pancharatan just west of Manas; (2) Saraighat and Pandu just west of Barnadi, and (3) Samdhara and Simalugarh just east of the river Bharali.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=174}}</ref> Each of these forts generally were placed on higher strategic grounds with a natural defense—river, forest, or hills—surrounding it partly. Man-made barriers were walls and ramparts on higher ground, or mud on lower ground. The approaches were usually had holes in the ground with pointed bamboo stakes (''panjis'') for horses to fall into, ditches with water, and ditches with bamboo stakes. The walls of these forts were generally made of mud, and had cannons mounted on them.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=401}}</ref> The first two pairs were newly built.

The Jogighopa fort was commanded by Baduli Phukan and its southern counterpart by the Phul Barua Phukan and Lahan Phukan, Saraighat by Pikchai Chetia and Pandu by Rajasahur Borphukan, Samdhara by Banrukia Borgohain and Simalugarh by Ghora Konwar Phukan, and helped by the Buragohian, Borpatrogohain, Namanial Rajasahur Borchetia, Charing Raja (the future king), and Rup Handikoi.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|pp=401–402}}</ref>

===Ahom troubles===
Even as the Ahoms were arrayed to defend against Mir Jumla's invasion, trouble arose for the Ahoms. Dissatisfied with the Tangsu Handikoi Borbarua's appropriating the spoils of capturing Koch Hajo, the Ahom king Sutamla deputed Manthir Bharali Barua inquire and mete out punishments with powers higher than the Borphukan's, who was then the commander of Pandu. The Bharali Barua's actions caused dissent within the ranks of the forward commanders, especially the Borphukan; and forward commanders from Manas river abandoned their posts.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=402}}</ref>

===Fall of Manas river forts===
Mir Jumla reached Jogighopa on 17 January 1662 and occupied it without a fight on 20 January 1662 since the Baduli Phukan, the Ahom commander, abandoned it.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=174}}</ref> [[Buranji]]s give multiple reasons why Baduli Phukan abandoned the fort—one version suggests that this was because of the disaffection of the forward commanders arising out of Manthir Bharali Barua's activities, whereas another suggests an outbreak of cholera.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|pp=403–404}}</ref> The southbank fort, Pancharatan, under the commands of Phul Barua and Ahatguria Lahan Phukan gave fight but it was overcome;<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=175}}</ref> and both these forces retreated to Samdhara.

===Fall of Bornadi river forts===
Leaving Ataullah in command of the Jogighopa fort, Mir Jumla crossed the Manas river and then advanced east in three formations—Mir Jumla and the main Mughal force along the north bank, the fleet along the river, and a section of the troops under Sayyid Nasiruddin Khan along the south bank. The Ahom king sent reinforcements to the Bornadi forts, but they did not reach their destination in time. Soon after taking Hajo Mir Jumla reached Guwahati on 4 February 1662 where he instructed Rashid Khan to go around and encircle the Saraighat fort and the Ahom forces could barely evacuate in the middle of the night. The fort on the south bank, Pandu under the Rajasahur Borphukan, too evacuated and both the Bornadi river forts were lost to the Ahoms without offering any resistance to the Mughals<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=174–175}}</ref> and Mir Jumla occupied Guwahati, the capital of Kamrup, after 5 February 1662.<ref>"After the demolition of the palisades of Srighat with elephants (5 February), Mir Jumla occupied Guwahati, the capital of Kamrup, then on the north bank." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=174–175}}</ref>

Mughal forces then took Beltola in a night attack, massacred the soldiers, and accepted the submission of the Koch ruler of Darrang, an Ahom vassal. Mir Jumla established a ''thanadar'' at Guwahati and began his march into the heart of the Ahom kingdom on 7 February 1662. At this point the Ahom forces were in disarray.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=404}}</ref>

== Invasion of Ahom kingdom ==
{{See also|Battle of Kaliabor}}
Sutamla tried to regroup his forces under a new [[order of battle]]: he placed the north bank army under the command of the Banrukia Borgohain and assisted by Kenduguria Borpatrogohain, Baduli Phukan, Tipam Raja, and Dihingia Rajkhowa; the south bank army under the command of Ghora-konwar Nyaysodha Phukan to be assisted by Banhgarhia Burhagohain, Namanial Rajasahur Borchetia, Rup Handikoi, Sadiyakhowa Gohain, Charing Raja, and others; he dismiised his father-in-law Garhgaiya Rajasahur from the Borphukan-ship because of his failure to resist the Mughals at Pandu and replaced him with another father-in-law, the Namanial Rajasahur, but asked him to help in the south bank.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=404}}</ref> He also designated some other commanders at various forts.

Mir Jumla advanced east with the main army along the north bank, but then suddenly, in a two-day operation (15 and 16 February 16162), moved his entire army to the south bank at Borsola midway between Guwahati and Samdhara.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=298}}</ref> This caused great confusion in the Ahom camps—the Ghora Konwar Phukan in command at Simalugarh asked for reinforcements from the Banrukia Borgohain commanding the Samdhara on the northern bank, but the Borgohain, suspecting a stratagem, refused to lower the strength of his forces. The Mir, now in the plains of Nagaon, was shown around by the agents of the Banhgarhia Rajasahur, smarting at losing the Borphukanship. Here, the ruler of Dimarua, an Ahom vassal, submitted to the Mughals. Mir Jumla reached within striking of Simalugarh on 20 February 1662.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=299}}</ref>

===Battle of Simalugarh and Ahom retreat from Samdhara===
Mir Jumla reached Simalugarh on 20 February 1662 and observing the strength of the fort decided on a siege instead of storming. The Mughals were subjected to around the clock artillery fire. Dilir Khan and some of Mir Jumla's men were able to put up stockades close to the fort and fend of sallies, and there was a stalemate. On the midnight of 25 February Dilir Khan, guided by an Assamese went around the fort with a section of the artillery and 1,500 horsemen even as Mir Murtaza and Miana Khan's men continued to pound the front. Dilir Khan was discovered, and attacked from the fort by a rain of arrows, but he and his men were able to scale the wall, upon which the under-manned Ahoms scattered and the fort fell to the Mughals.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|pp=299–300}}</ref>

The fall of Simalugarh so disheartened the Samdhara fort that Banrukia Borgohain, who was in command, destroyed his munitions and abandoned it. Mir Jumla occupied the fort without a fight and placed a garrison there under Kishen Singh.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=406}}</ref> Atan Burhugohain, who was at Simalugarh, moved back to the capital for consultation. The Mughals now have ventured past the Bharali river for the first time in history.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=300}}</ref> Mir Jumla then took Kaliabor, the seat of the [[Borbarua]] at the time of [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]], easily before 2 March;<ref>"After easily occupying Kaliabar, Mir Jumla left it on 2 March." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992a|p=176}}</ref> and having placed Sayyid Nasiruddin Khan as the ''faujdar'', pressed further east.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=406}}</ref>

===Naval battle at Kukurakata===
Mir Jumla left Kaliabor on 2 March 1662 marching upstream. At a certain point the banks of the river Brahmaputra becomes hilly, and the land forces had to turn away from the river. On the night of 3 March the land forces were about six miles away from the Mughal ships, numbered around 100, moored at Kukurakata. The Ahoms, under the Borgohain, attacked the Mughal ships, hoping to cut off the Mughal land forces from their supply lines. The Mughal ships were primarily with European sailors, which were then under Munawwar Khan with the commander Ibn Hussain away. The Ahom ships, numbering in the 700-800's started firing at the small number of Mughal forces, but the larger Ahom ships were less maneuverable and were swept downstream by the strong Brahmaputra currents. The European sailors were experts and desperate and their leaders worked well with the Mughal admirals to effectively stand off the initial attack. Mir Jumla, hearing the cannonade, sent in a small contingent under Muhammad Mumin Beg Ekkataz Khan, who sounded the war horn upon his arrival at Kukurakata. The Ahoms, on hearing the horn, thought reinforcements had arrived and began to scatter. As they tried to escape, on foot as well as by ship, they were captured—about 21,000 men, 300 ships, and 400 big guns. The Ahom attack ended disastrously, and the Ahom naval forces were unable to recover from this loss.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=176}}</ref>

With the defeat of the Borgohain's forces, the primary defensive responsibilities fell on the Burhagohain, with the assistance of Baghchowal Khamon Rajmantri, the Naobaicha Phukan and the Chengmun Phukan.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=176–177}}</ref>

===Fall of Lakhau===
Mir Jumla then reached Salagrah, which too was abandoned;<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward A |title=A History of Assam |year=1926 |location=Calcutta |pages=133–139}}</ref> and here Mir Jumal received a peace offer, which he refused to entertain.<ref>"The undeterred Mughal General advanced inexorably into the heart of Assam. The Ahoms evacutated Solagarh (c. Chaitra, 1583) above Kaliabar and sent peace offers, which he refused." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=177}}</ref> The Ahom king then sent his envoy, Sanatan Kataki, to his commanders—the Borgohain of the northern army and the Nyaysodha Phukan of the southern army—to converge on Lakhau and defend it. Sanatan Kataki was captured by the Mir Jumla's forces but the Ahom commanders did get the message. The Borgohain moved his army to the southern bank in a single night and provided a joint defense, but the Ahom armies were not able to withstand the Mughal attack and Mir Jumla, guided by Ahom deserters, took Lakhau on 8 March.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|pp=303–304}}</ref>

===Sutamla's flight from Garhgaon===
With the fall of Lakhau, the Ahom kingdom's last of its conventional defense ended and Sutamla's only option was flight.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=409}}</ref> He gathered whatever goods he could carry with him in a thousand boats and fled, accompanied by the Borbarua and the Borphukan, first to Charaideo and then to Taraisat.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=177}}</ref> The three ''dangarias'' then removed from Garhgaon what the king could not remove, though not all could be removed.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=410}}</ref> Sutamla then consulted with his high officers at Taraishat and determining that the situation was impossible he retreated further inland into Tipam, which is about a 14-days journey away from his capital Garhgaon.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=304}}</ref>

===Mir Jumal's march into the Ahom capital===
Mir Jumla left Lakhau on 12 March 1662, taking along with him a number of Assamese deserters. He left his naval fleet behind since the Dihing river was too narrow.<ref>Note: The Brahmaputra's main channel then was along the north of the Majuli island and the Dihing river emptied into it at what is currently Lohitmukh. In the 18th century a major flood made the Brahmaputra flow along the Dihing, and the confluence moved further upstream. {{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=408ff}}</ref> Mir Jumla's route included Dergaon<ref>Note: Dergaon is also referred to as Dewalgaon {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=178}}</ref> (13/14 March), Gajpur (15 March), and Trimohani (16 March). From Trimohani, he marched along the Dikhau and entered the abandoned [[Garhgaon]] palace of the Ahom king Sutamla on 17 March 1662.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=304}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref name="mumtaza-2.6">"Mir Jumla marched along the bank of the Dikhau with no resistance and reached Garhgaon next day (17 March)." {{harvcol|Mumtaza|1994|p=372}}</ref>

==Ahom war council==
At Raishat (Taraishat), Sutamla held a war council that was attended by most high officers and military commanders. Here, the king decided to first send out a peace proposal to Mir Jumla, and then the council drew up a plan on strategy, the divisions of forces, tactics, methods of attack, and the management and governance of the civil population.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=412}}</ref>

===Ahom guerrilla warfare: ''daga-juddha''===
Atan Burhagohain, who was appointed the Burhagohain in January of that same year after the natural death of the previous Buragohain, then developed a set of unique defensive methods that came to be called ''daga-juddha'' locally, which were akin to modern-day guerrilla tactics used in asymmetric warfare. He instructed his men to kill but not to get themselves killed. Thus, his soldiers would not openly confront Mughal forces but rely on surprise attack, night raids, ambushes, targeting supply lines, ammunition depots and preventing Ahom provisions from falling into Mughal hands. Against Mughal personnel they wantonly killed isolated smaller groups or they impaled captured Mughal soldiers with a small spiked iron implement that could not be retracted and released them, only for the soldiers to die a slow and horrible death back in their camps. These methods, used eventually by all other Ahom commanders, caused the Mughals to become fearful and though these methods did not directly cause the Mughals to leave Assam, they wore the Mughal soldiers down.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=177}}</ref>

==Mughal occupation of the Ahom capital==
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===War spoils and pillage===
Mir Jumla gained an enormous amount of war spoils. He gained possession of 82 elephants, the most valuable item, 300,000 rupees and articles from the palace, 675 big guns, 1343 ''[[zamburak]]''s, 1,200 ''ramchangis'', 6,570 [[matchlock]]s, about 12 tons of gunpowder, and other powders, 7,828 iron shields, and immeasurable amounts of [[saltpetre]], iron, sulphur, and lead, Mir Jumla also trawled tanks for ''zamburak''s, matchlocks, and other weapons. At Lakhau and Trimohani, two Ahom dockyards, he took possession of 100 ''bachari''s and 1000 sea-going warships. Furthermore, food grains in reserve for the king and his officials, enough for a few years, also fell into Mir Jumla's hands that became crucial later during the rainy season. He also pillaged some temples ([[Kamakhya temple]], Luna Chamari, Jogi Ismail, and Dergaon) and the burial mounds ([[Moidam]]s) of past Ahom kings, recovering goods worth about 90,000 rupees.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=179}}</ref> He considered the spoils and pillages as imperial property and entrusted Mir Murtaza with their safeguard.<ref>"Mir Jumla had all war spoils collected, listed and guarded by Mir Murtaza and his men" {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=179}}</ref> The riches were transported to Dhaka, the capital of the Bengal Subah, as reported by contemporary sources.<ref>"'Glanius testified to the wealth secured from the graves, while Manucci saw at Dacca the Mir's huge boats loaded with booty." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=179}}</ref>

===Mughal military governance===
Mir Jumla established military commands at the strategic locations swiftly. He established two ''faujdars'': Guwahati (Muhammed Beg) and Kaliabor (Sayyid Nasiruddin Khan) and a number of ''thanadars'': Jogighopa (Ataullah), Kajali (Hasan Beg Zanganah), Samdhara (Sayyid Mirza), Dergaon (Ali Reza Beg), Gajpur (Anwar Beg), Trimohani (Mir Nurallah), and Namdang (Muhammad Muqim). Lakhau became a naval and primary military base, under Ibn Hussain. A number of other military officers and ''zamindars'' from Bengal were attached to Lakhau to help control the Ahoms in Majuli.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=178}}</ref>

In addition to these garrisons Mir Jumla placed Garhgaon, with the Ahom palace and captured riches, under Mir Murtaza and he moved to Mathurapur after just three days at Garhgaon to plot the capture of more territory the Ahom king.<ref>"He left Garhgaon after three days keeping a strong army under Mir Murtaza in the capital complex and Jalal Khan on the opposite bank (West bank) of the Dikhau (not Dihing as referred to by Talish). He based himself at Mathurapur to finalize his strategy of capturing the land and the king." {{harvcol|Mumtaza|1994|p=372}}</ref> Both Garhgaon and Mathurapur were protected by out outposts: Salpani (Miara Khan), Deopani (Ghazi Khan), bank of the Dihing northeast of Garhgaon (Jalal Khan Dariabadi), and Abhoypur (Adam Khan).<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=179}}</ref>

Though these garrisons were created, their lines of communication were precarious, and susceptible to Ahom surprise attacks,<ref>"Despite the establishment of ''thanas'' the line of Mughal communications could not be fully safeguarded against surprise attacks of roving bands of Ahoms soldiers." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=?}}{{page needed|date=January 2026}}</ref> and the Ahoms did attack these lines till the advent of the rains, which arrived earlier than usual in 1662.

Mir Jumla used severe methods on captured Assamese to induce them to switch sides and join him. He offered his Dutch soldiers fifty rupees for every dead and a hundred rupees for each captured. Recalcitrant prisoners were whipped and then beheaded but those who either helped him or remained neutral were treated kindly.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|pp=312–312}}</ref>

===Mughal civil governance===
Though Mir Jumla was able to establish military command centers he failed to remove or capture the Ahom king, he failed to win over the local population, or establish a settled and stable government.<ref>"[Mir Jumla] could neither win the people's hearts nor enjoy their unstinted allegiance nor yet exercise complete authority. The establishment of a settled stable government was out of the question. The utmost that he could do was to set up a military rule." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=178}}</ref> The peasants of the Ahom kingdom too deserted their homes and moved to the hills as the Mughal forces advanced and the [[Naga people]]s, who controlled the hills, accommodated them. During the rainy season, when the Mughals were confined to the their camps and under attack from the Ahom forces, the peasants came down from the hills to harvest their ''ahu'' crop, and then returned to the hills.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=419}}</ref>

Mir Jumla tried to negotiate with high Ahom officers and lure them to his side. He sent feelers first to the Borgohain, and then to Manthir Bharali Baruah, promising to leave the kingdom in their hands, but he did not succeed.<ref>{{harvcol|Mumtaza|1994|p=372}}</ref>

While initially militarily successful winning the Battle of Kalibor and occupying the Ahom capital, the invasion bogged down the Mughal army placing strain on supplies and limiting movement.<ref name=":0" /> Mir Jumla faced threats desertion from of portions of his army in Assam since the monsoon season interrupted supplies, but the army survived.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jagadish Narayan |title=The life of Mir Jumla, the general of Aurangzeb |publisher=Midland Press |year=1951 |edition=1 |location=Kolkata |pages=269–275}}</ref>

== Ahom counter offensive ==
When the rains started the Ahoms, who were in retreat, began their offensive moves. They divided themselves into five groups: one group went to Majuli to attack Lakhau; the second group remained in the Gajpur-Tromohani area; the third group moved to Kalia hills, south of Chinatali; the fourth group to Dimau-Salaguri area northeast of present-day Sibsagar district; and the fifth group to Taukak-Barhat at the Naga foothills.<ref>{{harvcol|Mumtaza|1994|p=372}}</ref>

===Ahoms take Gajpur and break Mughal supply lines===
The rains flooded the plains, some of it aided by the Ahoms building trenches and embankments rendering the Mughal cavalry, which the Ahoms had no answer for, ineffective in the muddy and marshy land. The Ahoms avoided pitched battles; instead they focused on cutting off communication and disrupting supply lines. Communication between even Garhgaon and Mathurapur became impossible without military escorts because of Ahom guerrilla attacks. On 10 May the Bhitarual Phukan killed the ''thanadar'' Anwar Beg and overran Gajpur, an important ''thana'' protecting the supply between Lakhau and Garhgaon/Mathurapur. Another concerted effort on Dergaon, yet another ''thana'' between Lakhau and Garhgaon, failed when the commander, the nephew of the Bargohain, fell in battle.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|pp=315–316}}</ref>

The Mughal admiral Ibn Hussain sent a flotilla under Ali Beg to reinforce Gajpur, but it was overwhelmed by the Ahoms before it could reach Gajpur and it had to retreat to Bansbari, between Dergaon and Gajpur. An attack on Lakhau by the Bhitarual Phukan failed, and Ibn Hussain was able to secure Mughal positions eventually.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=323–327}}</ref>

===Mir Jumla's failure to reestablish lines===
Mir Jumla appointed Sarandaz Khan Uzbeg the new ''thanadar'' for Gajpur, and tasked him with restoring communication with Lakhau, but he could not advance beyond Teok (between Trimohani in the east and Gajpur on the west) on account of the floods. Mir Jumla sent ships under Mohammad Murad to aid Uzbeg, but his flotilla was captured by the Ahoms on 23 May and he fled to Tromohani by land. Mir Jumla then sent Farhad Khan on 27 May, but he too could not advance further than Teok. Farad Khan and Sarandaz Khan Uzbeg then decided to retreat to Trimohani, but the Ahoms had built trenches and ditches and flooded them by joining them to the Dihing river and blocked their path to Trimohani. The Bhitarual Phukan encircled the retreating Mughal group with small boats; the contingent was trapped but survived on slaughtered cavalry horses and oxen. A relief party from Mir Jumla, under Muhammad Mumin Beg Ekkataz Khan, could not advance beyond Trimohani and another planned relief under Dilir Khan using elephants had to be given up. The trapped Mughal contingent under Farhad eventually broke free following a stratagem worked by the Bundela Raja Sujan Singh and reached Trimohani on 6 June.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|pp=317–318}}</ref>

===Mir Jumla isolated in Garhgaon and Mathurapur===
Farhad Khan's failure to go beyond Teok and reach Gajpur, leave alone Dergaon or Lakhau, meant that now the Ahoms controlled all roads, and waterways between Trimohani and Lakhau.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=416}}</ref> Mir Jumal withdrew all ''thanadar''s and outposts—Adam Khan barely managed to reach Mathurapur, and all others withdrew to Garhgaon—and the Ahoms recovered their territories east of Lakhau except for Garhgaon and Mathurapur.<ref>"So Mir Jumla withdrew all thanas. Adam Khan returned with difficulty from Abhoypur to Mathurapur; other thanadars retired to Garhgaon; the Dikhu was to be guarded on the east by Sarandaz Khan and Miana Khan, and on the west by Jalal Khan Dariabadi, Ghazi Khan and Muhammad Muqim acting under the command of Mir Murtaza. The Ahoms recovered the entire country east of Lakhau except Garhgaon and Mathurapur." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=318}}</ref> The Ahom control of the supply route was so complete that Delhi, receiving no news from Mir Jumla, gave up all hopes and assumed that the entire Army had perished.<ref>"So close was the isolation of [Garhgaon and Mathurapur] that no help, no grain or necessaries could come from outside. The Mughals lost all hopes of return. Interception of news was so complete that their relations in Hindustan, hearing nothing of them, performed their funeral rites." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=181}}</ref>

With Mir Jumla's army now trapped, Sutamla came away from Namrup and camped at Solaguri, which was about four-days away from Garhgaon, to better direct his commanders. He appointed Baduli Phukan as the Neog Phukan (commander of all Ahom forces). He created a six-mile long embankment along the Dilli river between the southern hills and the Dihing river. He attacked Mathurapur repeatedly at night, but after a crushing defeat from Diler Khan, the attacks stopped. The Ahoms under Chakra Gohain, the Charing Raja, attacked Garhgaon but he failed to take it, thwarted by Sujan Singh.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=319}}</ref>

===Siege of Garhgaon===
Baduli Phukan, and new Neog Phukan, then focused on a siege of Garhgaon. Mir Jumla deputed Farhad Khan to join Mir Murtaza in its defense. The Ahoms attacking at night, were able to wound Farhad Khan on 8 July and take over half the fortifications, but were unable to hold on to the gains and fell back. The Ahoms made repeated attempts on 12, 15, 17, and 18 July without success. Mir Jumal then sent Rashid Khan to replace Farhad Khan who was able to disperse the entrenched Ahoms on 23 July and vanquish the siege.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|pp=319–321}}</ref>

===Epidemic and Mughals under siege===
The garrisons of the Mughal forces entrapped in Garhgaon and Mathurapur faced severe discomfitures. Of the 173 paddy heaps the Mughal army had control over at the beginning of the rainy season, only 16 could be saved from flood and the Ahoms and as a result the Mughal soldiers had to survive on coarse rice. Essential luxuries guaranteed to the soldiers—wheat, dal, ghee, salt, sweetmeats, etc.—became scarce. Initially boiled beef was available, and when that became unavailable the soldiers had to slaughter horses, camels, and elephants. Other goods, such as opium and tobacco, which the soldiers were depended on, became scare too causing general distress in the ranks.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=322}}</ref>

A [[cholera]] epidemic<ref>Note: {{harvtxt|Mumtaza|1994}} calls it cholera while {{harvtxt|Sarkar|1979}} calls it pestilence.</ref> broke out in August that affected both the Ahoms and the Mughal garrison in the Mathurapur area initially. Hundreds were dying daily and since the dead could not be given proper burial the corpses floated down the rivers and contaminated drinking water as far away as Lakhau. Diler Khan's troops lost two-third of its strength to this epidemic. Finding it unbearable, Mir Jumal moved those able-bodied to Garhgaon on 17 August, leaving the infirm behind. The Mathurapur contingent then infected the Garhgaon contingent. In this epidemic the Ahoms too lost a large section of the population, estimated to be about 2,300,000.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|pp=321–323}}</ref> The famine-like situation and the epidemic was so desperate that those in Garhgaon ate leaves and grass.<ref>"People died of diseases of voiding excrement and dropsy, ague and purging. Famine, too, became acute. All food stuffs disappeared except coarse red rice (ahu) and the ripe and raw lemons Nobles died of hectic fever for eating coarse rice. Poor men ate leaves of trees, grass, and herbs. Mir Jumla shared the woes of his dependents." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=183}}</ref> These conditions had a strong demoralizing effect on the ranks, though Mir Jumla stood firm in his resolve to capture the Ahom king.<ref>"These conditions did demoralise the Mughal rank but Mir Jumla stood firm to capture the Ahom king." {{harvcol|Mumtaza|1994|p=372}}</ref>

==Final stalemate==
By 20 September 1662 the floods had receded and the fearsome Mughal cavalry, though depleted, was mobile again.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=327}}</ref> Ibn Hussain, the admiral at Lakhau, reoccupied Dergaon on 5 September after Bhitarual Phukan had abandoned it;<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1979|p=325}}</ref> and Mir Jumla dispatched Abul Hassan to reconnect with the Mughal navy; Abul Hassan occupied Gajpur first and then reached Dergaon. And with the logistic chain re-established with Lakhau, Abul Hassan was able to deliver news and letters from Mir Jumla to Aurangzeb; and in return provisions eventually reached the Mughal army at Garhgaon—the first on 24 October and the second on 31 October accompanied by Abul Hassan. With the Mughal situation much improved and ready to move the Ahom king retreated to the Namrup hills.<ref>{{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|pp=183–184}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
{{Main|Treaty of Ghilajharighat}}
With the end of the monsoon conditions would once more enable the imperial army to effectively campaign. Ahom was further weakened by the defection of several nobles and releasing that they could not endure another season of campaigning Ahom sued for peace.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{harvcol|Richards|1993|p=167}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Ghilajharighat]] was concluded, with the following terms:<ref name=":3" />

# [[Jayadhwaj Singha|Jayadhwaj Singh]] to send his six-year-old daughter named [[Ramani Gabharu]] to the Imperial harem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lahkar |first=Dr Bina Medhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkPzEAAAQBAJ |title=Souvenir: 69th ILA International Conference on Building the Future: Transforming Libraries for Sustainability through Capacity Building |date=2024-02-01 |publisher=Department of Library and Information Science, Gauhati University |isbn=978-81-956082-7-0 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=Anjali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOqEsStmcQQC |title=Among the Luminaries in Assam: A Study of Assamese Biography |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-207-3 |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref>
# Twenty thousand tolas of gold, six times this quantity of silver and forty elephants to be made over at once.
# Three hundred thousand tolas of silver and ninety elephants to be supplied within twelve months.
# Six sons of the chief nobles to be made over as hostages pending compliance with the last mentioned condition.
# Twenty elephants to be supplied annually.
# The country west of the Bharasi river on the north bank of Brahmaputra, and of the Kallang on the south, to be ceded to the Emperor of Delhi.
# All prisoners and the family of the Baduli Phukan to be given up.

Sarkar's analysis is that Mir Jumla achieved peace with honour, indeed being rewarded by the emperor.<ref name=":3" /> Pratyay analyses that the treaty terms were enough to save the face of Mir Jumla.<ref name=":1">{{harvcol|Nath|2019|p=74}}</ref>

Hostages and gold were exchanged on 5 January 1663. There were further rounds of negotiations as a proposed hostages had died from smallpox in since the treaty had been negotiated. Mir Jumla settled for the hostages that he had received, as well as the gold and elephants and announced to his army that they would leave Assam on 10 January.<ref name=":3" />

The march out of Ahom was meticulously planned, with the treasures both secured by treaty and those plundered from Garhgaon secured. Road construction enabled the army to move at good pace through the jungle, with it wide enough to allow passage by six horsemen together.

Upon reaching [[Lakhau, Assam|Lakhau]], dispute arose with the Ahoms wishing that the border followed the 1638 treaty, while Mir Jumla insisted that the newly concluded treaty was followed. After the border demarcated according to the 1663 treaty, the army continued on to Pandu arriving on the 11th of February where arrangements were made to administer the re-captured territory of [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], where despite a worsening illness Mir Jumla appointed Rashid Khan its [[faujdar]] and Muhammad Khalil [[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|Bakhshi]], and placed the hostages in charge of the former. Five hundred men and forty warships were left with Rashid Khan to defend the reconquered territory.<ref name=":3" />

During the return march Mir Jumla's fever worsened, and he delegated much active command to Diler Khan, before he died on 30 March.<ref name=":3" />

Mir Jumla's Ahomese adversary - the King Sutamla died soon after in 1663. The territorial acquisitions of Mir Jumla were short-lived, the subsequent Ahomese King [[Chakradhwaj Singha]], used the peace to strengthen Ahom militarily and economically given the destruction it had suffered during the invasion of Mir Jumla before hostilities resumed in [[Ahom–Mughal wars|1667]] during which the Ahomese would successful reverse many of the dissatisfactory border changes imposed by the treaty of Ghilajharighat.<ref name=":3" />

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |year=2019 |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-97423-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |year=1993 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |url= |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-08077-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Padmeshwar |title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms: With a Fuller Account of the Tai-Ahom Kingdom of the Brahmaputra Valley |publisher=Gauhati University |year=1968}}
* {{cite book |last1=Misra |first1=Sanghamitra |title=Becoming a Borderland: The Politics of Space and Identity in Colonial Northeastern India |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-61253-1}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Mumtaza|first=I S|title=Mir Jumla's Assam Invasion as depicted in the Buranjis |date=1994|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=55|pages=368–374|jstor=44143375}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Pratyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmGRxgEACAAJ |title=Climate of Conquest: War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-949555-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511584060/type/book |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993-03-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25119-8 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511584060}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter VIII Assam-Mughal Relations |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=148–256 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter V Koch Bihar, Kamrup and the Mughals, 1576–1613 |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=92–103 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992a}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jagadish Narayan |title=The Life of Mir Jumla, the General of Aurangzab |date=1979 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=17 May 2025 |archive-url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Life_of_Mir_Jumla_the_General_of_Aur.html?id=YHkBAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-10-08 |edition=2nd |language=En}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1662]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1663]]
[[Category:1662 in India]]
[[Category:17th century in the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:1663 in India]]

List of India Twenty20 International cricketers

2026-02-26T13:31:30Z

Sarada22:

{{Short description|List of Cricket players}}
{{about|the men's cricketers|the women's cricketers|List of India women Twenty20 International cricketers}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
[[File:The Wanderers 2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], where India played their first ever Twenty20 International|alt=Wanderers Stadium]]

A [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) is a form of [[cricket]] match between two representative teams, each having T20I status as determined by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), and is played under the rules of [[Twenty20]] cricket.<ref>{{cite journal|title=ICC Classification of Official Cricket|url=https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2017/09/24/4510678a-e031-4a9b-a402-397d4868adb6/ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket-Effective-1st-October-2017.pdf|page=[https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2017/09/24/4510678a-e031-4a9b-a402-397d4868adb6/ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket-Effective-1st-October-2017.pdf#page=3 3]|website=[[International Cricket Council]]|date=1 October 2017|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118001939/https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2017/09/24/4510678a-e031-4a9b-a402-397d4868adb6/ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket-Effective-1st-October-2017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The first such match was played between [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] and [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] on 17 February 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponting leads as Kasprowicz follows |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/144628.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |first=Peter |last=English |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-date=3 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903122656/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/144628.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian cricket team]] played its first T20I match—under the captaincy of [[Virender Sehwag]]—during the [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2006–07|2006–07 series in South Africa]];<ref>{{cite web |title=2006 – India–Records–Twenty20 Internationals–Match results |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=2006;team=6;type=year |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=17 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917230703/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3%3Bid%3D2006%3Bteam%3D6%3Btype%3Dyear |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=debut>{{cite web |title=India tour of South Africa, 2006/07–Scorecard |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/engine/match/255954.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311073815/http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/engine/match/255954.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India defeated the hosts by six [[wicket]]s in the one-off match and claimed the series.<ref name="debut" />

As of January 2025, 119 players have represented India in T20Is. India won the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|inaugural edition of the ICC World Twenty20]], defeating [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the final by five [[Run (cricket)|runs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC World Twenty20, 2007/08–Scorecard |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/engine/match/287879.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411083352/http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/engine/match/287879.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Key ==

{|
| valign="top" style="width:26%" |
'''General'''
* {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
* {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]
* '''First''' – Year of debut
* '''Last''' – Year of latest game
* '''Mat''' – Number of matches played

'''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]'''
* '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken
* '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken
| valign="top" style="width:25%" |
'''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]'''
* '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career
* '''HS''' – Highest score
* '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Average runs scored per dismissal]]
* '''50s''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]]
* '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored
* '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]]
| valign="top" style="width:25%" |
'''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]'''
* '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career
* '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career
* '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]]
* '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs conceded per wicket]]
| valign="top" style="width:24%" |
'''[[Captain (cricket)|Captains]]'''
* '''Won''' – Number of games won
* '''Lost''' – Number of games lost
* '''Tied''' – Number of games [[The result in cricket#Tie|tied]]<ref group=notes name=tied>Tied matches that were decided by [[Super Over]] or bowlout are recorded as ties.</ref>
* '''NR''' – Number of games with [[The result in cricket#No result|no result]]
* '''Win%''' – Ratio of games won to those captained<ref group=notes>The games that did not have a result are not included in calculating the win ratio.</ref>
|}

== Players ==
*''The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his first [[cap (sport)|cap]]. To sort this table by any statistic, click on the [[File:Sort both.gif]] icon on the column title.''
*''Last updated 31 January 2026.''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/team/india-6/caps/twenty20-internationals-3 |title=List of India T20I Cricketers by Cap Number |access-date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728144244/https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/team/india-6/caps/twenty20-internationals-3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |title=India – T20I Batting Averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907172637/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3%3Bid%3D6%3Btype%3Dteam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |title=India – T20I Bowling Averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907172649/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3%3Bid%3D6%3Btype%3Dteam |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ India T20I cricketers
|-
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | [[cap (sport)|Cap]]
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Name
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | First
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Last
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Mat
! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]
! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]
! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|- align="center"
! scope="col" |[[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! scope="col" data-sort-type/"number" |HS
! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]]
! scope="col" |50s
! scope="col" |100s
! scope="col" |[[Cricket ball|Balls]]
! scope="col" data-sort-type/"number"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]]
! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]]
! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]]
! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]]
! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]]
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajit|Agarkar}}
|| 2006 || 2007 || 4 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{nts|7.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0063|63}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2090|2/10}} || {{nts|28.33}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ajit Agarkar |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26184.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207020120/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26184.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mahendra Singh|Dhoni}}{{double-dagger}} {{dagger}}
|| 2006 || 2019 || 98 || {{sort|1617|1,617}} || {{sort|0560|56}} || {{nts|37.60}}|| {{nts|2}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 57 || 34 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahendra Singh Dhoni |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28081.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=31 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231084424/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28081.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}}
|| 2006 || 2016 || 28 || {{sort|0108|108}} || {{sort|0210|21}} || {{nts|13.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0612|612}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|4088|4/12}} || {{nts|25.32}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Harbhajan Singh |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29264.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=18 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218160204/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29264.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}}{{dagger}} {{#tag:ref|Dinesh Karthik has also played Twenty20 International cricket for the ICC World XI. Only his record for India is given above.|group=notes}}
|| 2006 || 2022 || 59 || {{sort|0686|686}}||{{sort|0550|55}} || {{nts|27.44}}|| {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 30 || 8 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Dinesh Karthik |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30045.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=17 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217095215/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30045.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}}
|| 2006 || 2012 || 17 || {{sort|0013|13}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{nts|6.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0352|352}} || {{sort|017|17}} || {{sort|4081|4/19}} || {{nts|26.35}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Zaheer Khan |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30102.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=6 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106024121/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30102.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dinesh|Mongia}}
|| 2006 || 2006 || 1 || {{sort|0038|38}} || {{sort|0380|38}} || {{nts|38.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Dinesh Mongia |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31034.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=10 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210214644/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31034.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Irfan|Pathan}}
|| 2006 || 2012 || 24 || {{sort|0172|172}} || {{sort|0335|33*}} || {{nts|24.57}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0462|462}} || {{sort|028|28}} || {{sort|3084|3/16}} || {{nts|22.07}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Irfan Pathan |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32685.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213064320/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32685.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}}{{double-dagger}}
|| 2006 || 2018 || 78 || {{sort|1605|1,605}} || {{sort|1010|101}} || {{nts|29.18}} || {{nts|5}} || {{nts|1}} || {{sort|0349|349}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|2094|2/6}} || {{nts|34.00}} || 42 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Suresh Raina |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33335.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=19 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219215535/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33335.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}}{{double-dagger}}
|| 2006 || 2012 || 19 || {{sort|0394|394}} || {{sort|0680|68}} || {{nts|21.88}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Virender Sehwag |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35263.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105073555/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35263.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S.|Sreesanth}}
|| 20069.1 || 2008 || 10 || {{sort|0020|20}} || {{sort|0195|19*}} || {{nts|20.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0204|204}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2088|2/12}} || {{nts|41.14}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sreesanth |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34274.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=22 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222225249/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34274.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 11
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}}
|| 20069.2 || 2006 || 1 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0101|10}} || {{nts|10.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1088|1/12}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sachin Tendulkar |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35320.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=31 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231090501/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35320.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gautam|Gambhir}}
|| 2007 || 2012 || 37 || {{sort|0932|932}} || {{sort|0750|75}} || {{nts|27.41}} || {{nts|7}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Gautam Gambhir |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28763.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=10 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210101543/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28763.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 13
! scope="row" | {{sortname|R. P.|Singh}}
|| 2007 || 2009 || 10 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0198|198}} || {{sort|015|15}} || {{sort|4087|4/13}} || {{nts|15.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=RP Singh |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35280.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230045331/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35280.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 14
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Robin|Uthappa}}{{dagger}}
|| 2007 || 2015 || 13 || {{sort|0249|249}} || {{sort|0500|50}} || {{nts|24.90}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Robin Uthappa |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35582.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=22 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222070122/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35582.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 15
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yuvraj|Singh}}
|| 2007 || 2017 || 58 || {{sort|1177|1,177}} || {{sort|0775|77*}} || {{nts|28.02}} || {{nts|8}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0424|424}} || {{sort|028|28}} || {{sort|3083|3/17}} || {{nts|17.82}} || 12 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Yuvraj Singh |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/36084.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229074705/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/36084.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 16
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joginder|Sharma}}
|| 2007 || 2007 || 4 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0087|87}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2080|2/20}} || {{nts|34.50}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Joginder Sharma |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29976.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=17 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217104844/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29976.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 17
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{double-dagger}}
|| 2007 || 2024 || 159 || {{sort|4231|4,231}} ||{{sort|1215|121*}} || {{nts|32.05}}|| {{nts|32}} || {{nts|5}} || {{sort|0068|68}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1078|1/22}} || {{nts|113.00}} || 65 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Rohit Sharma |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34102.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229065629/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34102.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 18
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yusuf|Pathan}}
|| 2007 || 2011 || 22 || {{sort|0236|236}} || {{sort|0375|37*}} || {{nts|18.15}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0305|305}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|2078|2/22}} || {{nts|33.69}} || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Yusuf Pathan |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32498.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027191727/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/32498.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 19
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Murali|Kartik}}
|| 2007 || 2007 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Murali Kartik |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30049.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=10 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210033641/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30049.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 20
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Praveen|Kumar|dab=cricketer}}
|| 2008 || 2012 || 10 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{nts|2.33}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|2086|2/14}} || {{nts|24.12}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Praveen Kumar |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30732.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230195843/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30732.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 21
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ishant|Sharma}}
|| 2008 || 2013 || 14 || {{sort|0008|8}} || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{nts|8.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0278|278}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|2066|2/34}} || {{nts|50.00}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ishant Sharma |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/236779.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227020007/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/236779.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 22
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravindra|Jadeja}}
|| 2009 || 2024 || 74 || {{sort|0515|515}} || {{sort|0465|46*}} || {{nts|21.45}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1356|1,356}} || {{sort|054|54}} || {{sort|3085|3/15}} || {{nts|29.45}} || 28 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ravindra Jadeja |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/234675.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229065203/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/234675.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 23
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pragyan|Ojha}}
|| 2009 || 2010 || 6 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0105|10*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0126|126}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|4079|4/21}} || {{nts|13.20}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Pragyan Ojha |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32130.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=22 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222071719/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32130.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 24
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok|Dinda}}
|| 2009 || 2010 || 9 || {{sort|0022|22}} || {{sort|0195|19*}} || {{nts|22.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0180|180}} || {{sort|017|17}} || {{sort|4081|4/19}} || {{nts|14.41}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ashok Dinda |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/227712.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=19 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219140350/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/227712.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 25
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashish|Nehra}}
|| 2009 || 2017 || 27 || {{sort|0028|28}} || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{nts|5.60}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0588|588}} || {{sort|034|34}} || {{sort|3081|3/19}} || {{nts|22.29}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ashish Nehra |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31820.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=19 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219000105/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31820.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 26
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sudeep|Tyagi}}
|| 2009 || 2009 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sudeep Tyagi |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/317784.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=8 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208035306/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/317784.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 27
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Murali|Vijay}}
|| 2010 || 2015 || 9 || {{sort|0169|169}} || {{sort|0480|48}} || {{nts|18.77}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Murali Vijay |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/237095.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227025309/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/237095.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 28
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Piyush|Chawla}}
|| 2010 || 2012 || 7 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0001|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2087|2/13}} || {{nts|37.75}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Piyush Chawla |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32966.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=10 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210083031/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32966.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 29
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vinay|Kumar}}
|| 2010 || 2012 || 9 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0189|189}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|3076|3/24}} || {{nts|24.70}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Vinay Kumar |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35731.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=25 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225175137/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35731.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 30
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}}
|| 2010 || 2022 || 65 || {{sort|0184|184}} || {{sort|0315|31*}} || {{nts|26.28}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1452|1,452}} || {{sort|072|72}} || {{sort|4092|4/8}} || {{nts|23.22}} || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ravichandran Ashwin |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26421.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203184130/http://m.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26421.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 31
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}}{{double-dagger}}
|| 2010 || 2024 || 125 || {{sort|4188|4,188}} || {{sort|1225|122*}} || {{nts|48.69}} || {{nts|38}} || {{nts|1}} || {{sort|0152|152}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|1087|1/13}} || {{nts|51.00}} || 54 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Virat Kohli |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/253802.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=23 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223013527/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/253802.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 32
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Naman|Ojha}}{{dagger}}
|| 2010 || 2010 || 2 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{nts|6.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Naman Ojha |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32102.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=8 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208024011/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32102.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 33
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}}
|| 2010 || 2017 || 10 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0228|228}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|3076|3/24}} || {{nts|15.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Amit Mishra |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31107.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230083627/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31107.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 34
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Munaf|Patel}}
|| 2011 || 2011 || 3 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2075|2/25}} || {{nts|21.50}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Munaf Patel |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32965.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=22 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222221514/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32965.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 35
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subramaniam|Badrinath}}
|| 2011 || 2011 || 1 || {{sort|0043|43}} || {{sort|0430|43}} || {{nts|43.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Subramaniam Badrinath |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26806.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207025043/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26806.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 36
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}}{{double-dagger}}
|| 2011 || 2021 || 68 ||{{sort|1759|1,759}}||{{sort|0920|92}} || {{nts|27.92}} || {{nts|11}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 19 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Shikhar Dhawan |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28235.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225202412/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28235.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 37
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parthiv|Patel}}{{dagger}}
|| 2011 || 2011 || 2 || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{nts|18.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Parthiv Patel |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32242.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229041610/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32242.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 38
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Dravid}}
|| 2011 || 2011 || 1 || {{sort|0031|31}} || {{sort|0311|31}} || {{nts|31.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Rahul Dravid |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28114.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=31 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231211258/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28114.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 39
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajinkya|Rahane}}{{double-dagger}}
|| 2011 || 2016 || 20 || {{sort|0375|375}} || {{sort|0610|61}} || {{nts|20.83}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 16 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ajinkya Rahane |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/277916.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=21 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221154334/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/277916.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 40
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manoj|Tiwari|Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)}}
|| 2011 || 2015 || 3 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{nts|15.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Manoj Tiwary |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35565.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=12 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212012320/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35565.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 41
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Sharma|dab=cricketer, born 1986}}
|| 2012 || 2012 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0044|44}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2071|2/29}} || {{nts|18.66}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Rahul Sharma |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/272994.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117214256/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/272994.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 42
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Umesh|Yadav}}
|| 2012 || 2022 || 9 || {{sort|0022|22}} || {{sort|0205|20*}} || {{nts|22.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0180|180}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|2081|2/19}} || {{nts|23.33}}|| 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Umesh Yadav |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/376116.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202172554/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/376116.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 43
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lakshmipathy|Balaji}}
|| 2012 || 2012 || 5 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0096|96}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|3081|3/19}} || {{nts|12.10}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Lakshmipathy Balaji |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26829.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701205658/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26829.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 44
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parvinder|Awana}}
|| 2012 || 2012 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Parvinder Awana |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/323131.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127064134/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/323131.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 45
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}}
|| 2012 || 2022 || 87 || {{sort|0067|67}} || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{nts|8.37}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1791|1,791}} || {{sort|090|90}} || {{sort|5096|5/4}} || {{nts|23.10}} || 15 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bhuvneshwar Kumar |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326016.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828120754/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326016.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 46
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammed|Shami}}
|| 2014 || 2025 || 25 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{nts|3.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0510|510}} || {{sort|027|27}} || {{sort|3085|3/15}} || {{nts|28.18}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammed Shami |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/481896.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116092640/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/481896.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 47
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohit|Sharma}}
|| 2014 || 2015 || 8 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0035|3*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|2072|2/28}} || {{nts|30.83}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Mohit Sharma |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/537119.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203004206/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/537119.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 48
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ambati|Rayudu}}
|| 2014 || 2016 || 6 || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|0205|20*}} || {{nts|10.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ambati Rayudu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33141.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203004725/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33141.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 49
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karn|Sharma}}
|| 2014 || 2014 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1072|1/28}} || {{nts|28.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Karn Sharma |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30288.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203004902/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30288.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 50
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stuart|Binny}}
|| 2015 || 2016 || 3 || {{sort|0035|35}} || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{nts|17.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1086|1/14}} || {{nts|54.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27223.html |title=Stuart Binny |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226115701/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27223.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 51
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kedar|Jadhav}}
|| 2015 || 2017 || 9 || {{sort|0122|122}} || {{sort|0580|58}} || {{nts|20.33}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290716.html |title=Kedar Jadhav |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202153714/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290716.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 52
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manish|Pandey}}
|| 2015 || 2020 || 39 || {{sort|0709|709}} || {{sort|0795|79*}} || {{nts|44.31}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290630.html |title=Manish Pandey |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828045055/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290630.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 53
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Axar|Patel}}
|| 2015 || 2026 || 87 || {{sort|0686|686}} || {{sort|0650|65}} || {{nts|19.60}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1534|1,534}} || {{sort|086|86}} || {{sort|3091|3/9}} || {{nts|21.77}} || 32 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/554691.html |title=Axar Patel |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225004153/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/554691.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 54
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep|Sharma}}
|| 2015 || 2015 || 2 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1061|1/39}} || {{nts|73.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/438362.html |title=Sandeep Sharma |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202123220/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/438362.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 55
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}}{{dagger}}
|| 2015 || 2026 || 57 ||{{sort|1078|1,078}}||{{sort|1110|111}} || {{nts|23.95}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|3}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 37 || 7 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/425943.html |title=Sanju Samson |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202194646/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/425943.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 56
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sreenath|Aravind}}
|| 2015 || 2015 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0022|22}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1056|1/44}} || {{nts|44.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290632.html |title=Sreenath Aravind |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203003246/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290632.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 57
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}{{double-dagger}}
|| 2016 || 2026 || 87 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{nts|2.40}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1846|1,846}} || {{sort|107|107}} || {{sort|3093|3/7}} || {{nts|18.82}}|| 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/625383.html |title=Jasprit Bumrah |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202105205/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/625383.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 58
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}{{double-dagger}}
|| 2016 || 2026 || 129 || {{sort|2071|2,071}} || {{sort|0715|71*}} || {{nts|28.36}} || {{nts|7}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|2027|2,027}} || {{sort|105|105}} || {{sort|4084|4/16}} || {{nts|26.68}}|| 62 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/625371.html |title=Hardik Pandya |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=26 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626222945/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/625371.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 59
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pawan|Negi}}
|| 2016 || 2016 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1084|1/16}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/530773.html |title=Pawan Negi |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315170451/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/530773.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 60
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yuzvendra|Chahal}}
|| 2016 || 2023 || 80 || {{sort|0006|6}}||{{sort|0035|3*}} || {{nts|3.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1764|1,764}} || {{sort|096|96}} || {{sort|6075|6/25}} || {{nts|25.09}}|| 14 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/430246.html |title=Yuzvendra Chahal |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828043043/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/430246.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 61
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rishi|Dhawan}}
|| 2016 || 2016 || 1 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1058|1/42}} || {{nts|42.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290727.html |title=Rishi Dhawan |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627051620/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290727.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 62
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mandeep|Singh}}
|| 2016 || 2016 || 3 || {{sort|0087|87}} || {{sort|0525|52*}} || {{nts|43.50}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/398506.html |title=Mandeep Singh |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126125547/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/398506.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 63
! scope="row" | {{sortname|KL|Rahul}}{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}}
|| 2016 || 2022 || 72 || {{sort|2265|2,265}} || {{sort|1105|110*}} || {{nts|37.75}} || {{nts|22}} || {{nts|2}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 23 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/422108.html |title=Lokesh Rahul |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828043014/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/422108.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 64
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jaydev|Unadkat}}
|| 2016 || 2018 || 10 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0208|208}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|3062|3/38}} || {{nts|21.50}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/390484.html |title=Jaydev Unadkat |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202124249/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/390484.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 65
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dhawal|Kulkarni}}
|| 2016 || 2016 || 2 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2077|2/23}} || {{nts|18.33}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/277955.html |title=Dhawal Kulkarni |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=22 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622045359/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/277955.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 66
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Barinder|Sran}}
|| 2016 || 2016 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|4090|4/10}} || {{nts|6.83}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/537126.html |title=Barinder Sran |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211035233/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/537126.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 67
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parvez|Rasool}}
|| 2017 || 2017 || 1 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|5.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1065|1/32}} || {{nts|32.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/378496.html |title=Parvez Rasool |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202153717/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/378496.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 68
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}}
|| 2017 || 2024 || 76 || {{sort|1209|1,209}} || {{sort|0655|65*}} || {{nts|23.25}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 40 || 11 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/931581.html |title=Rishabh Pant |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112075241/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/931581.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 69
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}}
|| 2017 || 2026 || 53 || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|0235|23*}} || {{nts|8.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1109|1,109}} || {{sort|094|94}} ||{{sort|5083|5/17}} || {{nts|13.74}} || 14 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/559235.html |title=Kuldeep Yadav |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 July 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709065950/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/559235.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 70
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}}
|| 2017 || 2023 || 51 || {{sort|1104|1,104}} || {{sort|0740|74*}} || {{nts|30.66}} || {{nts|8}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 16 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/642519.html |title=Shreyas Iyer |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828044636/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/642519.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 71
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammed|Siraj}}
|| 2017 || 2024 || 16 || {{sort|0014|14}} || {{sort|0075|7*}} || {{nts|7.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0348|348}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|4083|4/17}} || {{nts|32.28}} || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/940973.html |title=Mohammed Siraj |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726143059/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/940973.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 72
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Washington|Sundar}}
|| 2017 || 2025 || 58 || {{sort|0254|254}} || {{sort|0500|50}} || {{nts|16.93}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1007|1,007}} || {{sort|051|51}} || {{sort|3097|3/3}} || {{nts|22.76}} || 21 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/719715.html|title=Washington Sundar|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 73
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shardul|Thakur}}
|| 2018 || 2022 || 25 || {{sort|0069|69}} || {{sort|0225|22*}} || {{nts|23.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0506|506}} || {{sort|033|33}} || {{sort|4073|4/27}} || {{nts|23.39}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/475281.html|title=Shardul Thakur|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 74
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vijay|Shankar|dab=cricketer}}
|| 2018 || 2019 || 9 || {{sort|0101|101}} || {{sort|0430|43}} || {{nts|25.25}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0126|126}} || {{sort|005|5}} ||{{sort|2068|2/32}} || {{nts|38.20}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/477021.html|title=Vijay Shankar|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 75
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Siddarth|Kaul}}
|| 2018 || 2019 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0058|58}} || {{sort|004|4}} ||{{sort|2065|2/35}} || {{nts|21.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/326017.html|title=Shardul Thakur|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 76
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepak|Chahar}}
|| 2018 || 2023 || 25 || {{sort|0053|53}} || {{sort|0310|31}} || {{nts|26.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0540|540}} || {{sort|031|31}} || {{sort|6093|6/7}} || {{nts|24.09}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/447261.html|title=Deepak Chahar|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 77
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Khaleel|Ahmed}}
|| 2018 || 2024 || 18 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0396|396}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|2073|2/27}} || {{nts|35.12}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/942645.html|title=Khaleel Ahmed|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 78
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krunal|Pandya}}
|| 2018 || 2021 || 19 || {{sort|0124|124}} || {{sort|0265|26*}} || {{nts|24.80}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0410|410}} || {{sort|015|15}} ||{{sort|4064|4/36}} || {{nts|36.93}} || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/471432.html|title=Krunal Pandya|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2019}}{{dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|79
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mayank|Markande}}
|| 2019 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/1081442.html|title=Mayank Markande|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|80
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Navdeep|Saini}}
|| 2019 || 2021 || 11 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0115|11*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0197|197}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|3083|3/17}} || {{nts|18.07}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/700167.html|title=Navdeep Saini|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|81
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Chahar}}
|| 2019 || 2021 || 6 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|5.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0132|132}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|3085|3/15}} || {{nts|23.85}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/1064812.html|title=Rahul Chahar|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 82
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shivam|Dube}}
|| 2019 || 2026 || 55 || {{sort|0756|756}} || {{sort|0650|65}} || {{nts|29.07}} || {{nts|5}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0462|462}} || {{sort|026|26}} || {{sort|3096|3/4}} || {{nts|27.23}} || 18 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/714451.html|title=Shivam Dube|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 83
! scope="row" | {{sortname|T.|Natarajan}}
|| 2020 || 2021 || 4 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0096|96}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|3070|3/30}} || {{nts|17.42}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/802575.html|title=T Natarajan|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 84
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}}{{dagger}}
|| 2021 || 2026 || 36 || {{sort|1011|1,011}} || {{sort|1030|103}} || {{nts|28.88}} || {{nts|7}} || {{nts|1}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 16 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/720471.html|title=Ishan Kishan|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314020415/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/720471.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 85
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{double-dagger}}
|| 2021 || 2026 || 104 || {{sort|3030|3,030}} || {{sort|1170|117}} || {{nts|36.95}} || {{nts|24}} || {{nts|4}} || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2095|2/5}} || {{nts|2.50}} || 57 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/446507.html|title=Suryakumar Yadav|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314020402/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/446507.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|86
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prithvi|Shaw}}
|| 2021 || 2021 || 1 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1070168.html|title=Prithvi Shaw|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331110604/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1070168.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|87
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}}
|| 2021 || 2026 || 36 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{nts|0.66}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0777|777}} || {{sort|059|59}} || {{sort|5083|5/17}} || {{nts|15.69}} || 7 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1108375.html|title=Varun Chakravarthy|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318135437/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1108375.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|88
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ruturaj|Gaikwad}}{{double-dagger}}
|| 2021 || 2024 || 23 || {{sort|0633|633}} || {{sort|1235|123*}} || {{nts|39.56}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|1}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 11 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1060380.html|title=Ruturaj Gaikwad|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316021320/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1060380.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|89
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Devdutt|Padikkal}}
|| 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort|0038|38}} || {{sort|0290|29}} || {{nts|19.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1119026.html|title=Devdutt Padikkal|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319090917/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1119026.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|90
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nitish|Rana}}
|| 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{nts|7.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/604527.html|title=Nitish Rana|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 July 2021|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316021607/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/604527.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|91
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chetan|Sakariya}}
|| 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0022|22}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1066|1/34}} || {{nts|34.00}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1131754.html|title=Chetan Sakariya|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 July 2021|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309192513/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1131754.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|92
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep|Warrier}}
|| 2021 || 2021 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1131754.html|title=Sandeep Warrier|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309192513/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1131754.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|93
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Venkatesh|Iyer}}
|| 2021 || 2022 || 9 || {{sort|0133|133}} || {{sort|0355|35*}} || {{nts|33.25}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0055|55}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|2077|2/23}} || {{nts|15.00}} || 4 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/851403.html|title=Venkatesh Iyer|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228091402/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/851403.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|94
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harshal|Patel}}
|| 2021 || 2023 || 25 || {{sort|0077|77}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{nts|12.83}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0503|503}} || {{sort|029|29}} || {{sort|4075|4/25}} || {{nts|26.55}} || 5 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/390481.html|title=Harshal Patel|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316021438/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/390481.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|95
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravi|Bishnoi}}
|| 2022 || 2026 || 44 || {{sort|0065|65}} || {{sort|0105|10*}} || {{nts|9.28}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1012|1,012}} || {{sort|064|64}} || {{sort|4087|4/13}} || {{nts|19.51}} || 16 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1175441.html|title=Ravi Bishnoi|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316021900/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1175441.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|96
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Avesh|Khan}}
|| 2022 || 2024 || 25 || {{sort|0027|27}} || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{nts|13.50}} ||{{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0499|499}} || {{sort|027|27}} || {{sort|4082|4/18}} || {{nts|27.85}} || 11 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/694211.html|title=Avesh Khan|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201194913/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/694211.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|97
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepak|Hooda}}
|| 2022 || 2023 || 21 || {{sort|0368|368}} || {{sort|0104|104}} || {{nts|30.66}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|1}} || {{sort|0095|95}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|4090|4/10}} || {{nts|12.66}} || 12 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/497121.html|title=Deepak Hooda|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 February 2022|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316021848/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/497121.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|98
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Umran|Malik}}
|| 2022 || 2023 || 8 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0139|139}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|3052|3/48}} || {{nts|22.09}} || 2 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1246528.html|title=Umran Malik|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128182954/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1246528.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|99
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arshdeep|Singh|dab=cricketer}}
|| 2022 || 2026 || 76 || {{sort|0082|82}} || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{nts|7.45}} ||{{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1532|1,532}} || {{sort|111|111}} || {{sort|409|4/9}} || {{nts|19.49}} || 18 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/arshdeep-singh-1125976|title=Arshdeep Singh|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 July 2022|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708105202/https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/arshdeep-singh-1125976|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|100
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shivam|Mavi}}
|| 2023 || 2023 || 6 || {{sort|0028|28}} || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{nts|14.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0084|84}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|4078|4/22}} || {{nts|17.53}} || 3 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1079848.html|title=Shivam Mavi|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=15 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315022827/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1079848.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|101
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shubman|Gill}}
|| 2023 || 2025 || 36 || {{sort|0869|869}} || {{sort|1265|126*}} || {{nts|28.03}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|1}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 9 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1070173.html|title=Shubman Gill|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828045050/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1070173.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|102
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Tripathi}}
|| 2023 || 2023 || 5 || {{sort|0097|97}} || {{sort|0440|44}} || {{nts|19.40}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/446763.html|title=Rahul Tripathi|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016074654/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/446763.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|103
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mukesh|Kumar|Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)}}
|| 2023 || 2024 || 17 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{nts|5.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0324|324}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|4078|4/22}} || {{nts|24.35}} || 2 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/926851.html|title=Mukesh Kumar|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 August 2023|archive-date=4 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104000414/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/926851.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|104
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tilak|Varma}}
|| 2023 || 2025 || 40 || {{sort|1183|1,183}} || {{sort|1205|120*}} || {{nts|49.29}} || {{nts|6}} || {{nts|2}} || {{sort|0045|45}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|1099|1/1}} || {{nts|14.66}} || 27 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1170265.html|title=Tilak Varma|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 August 2023|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422140410/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/tilak-varma-1170265|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|105
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yashasvi|Jaiswal}}
|| 2023 || 2024 || 23 || {{sort|0723|723}} || {{sort|1000|100}} || {{nts|36.15}} || {{nts|5}} || {{nts|1}} || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 15 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1151278.html|title=Yashasvi Jaiswal|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810223015/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1151278.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|106
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prasidh|Krishna}}
|| 2023 || 2023 || 5 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|3059|3/41}} || {{nts|27.50}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/917159.html|title=Prasidh Krishna|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=21 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104839/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/917159.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|107
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rinku|Singh|dab=cricketer}}
|| 2023 || 2026 || 40 || {{sort|0641|641}} || {{sort|0695|69*}} || {{nts|45.78}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2097|2/3}} || {{nts|3.33}} || 32 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/723105.html|title=Rinku Singh|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2023|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703092809/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/723105.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|108
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravisrinivasan Sai|Kishore}}
|| 2023 || 2023 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|3088|3/12}} || {{nts|15.75}} || 3 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1048739.html|title=Sai Kishore|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2023|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805205816/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1048739.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|109
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jitesh|Sharma}}{{dagger}}
|| 2023 || 2025 || 16 || {{sort|0162|162}} || {{sort|0350|35}} || {{nts|18.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 9 || 2 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/721867.html|title=Jitesh Sharma|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2023|archive-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811165227/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/721867.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|110
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shahbaz|Ahmed|dab=cricketer}}
|| 2023 || 2023 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0032|32}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1087|1/13}} || {{nts|20.50}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159711.html|title=Shahbaz Ahmed |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|111
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abhishek|Sharma}}
|| 2024 || 2026 || 38 || {{sort|1297|1,297}} || {{sort|1350|135}} || {{nts|37.05}} || {{nts|8}} || {{nts|2}} || {{sort|0153|153}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|2097|2/3}} || {{nts|37.33}} || 18 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1070183.html|title=Abhishek Sharma |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|112
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dhruv|Jurel}} {{dagger}}
|| 2024 || 2025 || 4 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{nts|4.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 4 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175488.html|title=Dhruv Jurel |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|113
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Riyan|Parag}}
|| 2024 || 2024 || 9 || {{sort|0106|106}} || {{sort|0340|34}} || {{nts|17.66}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0074|74}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|3095|3/5}} || {{nts|20.75}} || 6 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1079434.html|title=Riyan Parag |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|114
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sai|Sudharsan}}
|| 2024 || 2024 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/sai-sudharsan-1151288|title=Sai Sudharsan |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|115
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tushar|Deshpande}}
|| 2024 || 2024 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1075|1/25}} || {{nts|27.50}} || 2 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/tushar-deshpande-822553|title=Tushar Deshpande |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|116
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nitish Kumar|Reddy}}
|| 2024 || 2025 || 4 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|0074|74}} || {{nts|45.00}} || {{sort|1|1}} || {{sort|0|0}} || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2077|2/23}} || {{nts|23.66}} || 2 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/nitish-kumar-reddy-1175496|title=Nitish Kumar Reddy|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|117
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mayank |Yadav}}
|| 2024 || 2024 || 3 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0|0}} || {{sort|0|0}} || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2068|2/32}} || {{nts|20.75}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayank Yadav |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/mayank-yadav-1292563 |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|118
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Ramandeep Singh|dab=cricketer}}
|| 2024 || 2024 || 2 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{nts|15.00}} || {{sort|0|0}} || {{sort|0|0}} || {{sort|0020|20}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1058|1/42}} || {{nts|42.00}} || 1 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramandeep Singh |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ramandeep-singh-1079470 |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|119
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Harshit Rana}}
| 2025 || 2026 || 9 || {{sort|0057|57}} || {{sort|0350|35}} || {{nts|28.50}} || {{sort|0|0}} || {{sort|0|0}} || {{sort|0168|168}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|3067|3/33}} || {{nts|33.00}} || 2 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Harshit Rana |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/harshit-rana-1312645 |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

==Captain==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+India T20I captains<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |title=India – T20I List of Captains |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218192822/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- align="center"
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | First
! scope="col" | Last
! scope="col" | Mat
! scope="col" | Won
! scope="col" | Lost
! scope="col" | Tied
! scope="col" | NR
! scope="col" | Win%
|- align=center
|1
! scope="row" | [[Virender Sehwag]]
|| 2006 || 2006 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|- align=center
|2
! scope="row" | [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]
|| 2007 || 2016 || 72 || 41 || 28 || 1 || 2 || 59.28
|- align=center
|3
! scope="row" | [[Suresh Raina]]
|| 2010 || 2011 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|- align=center
|4
! scope="row" | [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
|| 2015 || 2015 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|- align=center
|5
! scope="row" | [[Virat Kohli]]
|| 2017 || 2021 || 50 || 30 || 16 || 2 || 2 || 60.00
|- align=center
|6
! scope="row" | [[Rohit Sharma]]
|| 2017 || 2024 || 62 || 50 || 12 || 0 || 0 || 80.64
|- align=center
|7
! scope="row" | [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
|| 2021 || 2021 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 33.33
|- align=center
|8
! scope="row" | [[Rishabh Pant]]
|| 2022 || 2022 || 5 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 50.00
|- align=center
|9
! scope="row" | [[Hardik Pandya]]
|| 2022 || 2023 || 16 || 10 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 65.62
|- align=center
|10
! scope="row" | [[KL Rahul]]
|| 2022 || 2022 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
|- align=center
|11
! scope="row" | [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
|| 2023 || 2023 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
|- align=center
|12
! scope="row" | [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
|| 2023 || 2023 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 100.00
|-
|- align=center
|13
! scope="row" | [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|| 2023 || 2025 || 22 || 18 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 80.76
|-
|- align=center
|14
! scope="row" | [[Shubman Gill]]
|| 2024 || 2024 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 90.00
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Featured list}}

{{International cricketers}}

[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian international cricketers|T20]]
[[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers|India]]

Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin

2026-02-13T11:37:07Z

Sarada22: small refined page based on references and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Malaysian politician (born 1957)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Malay name|Mohammad Nizar|Jamaluddin|note=on}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| native_name = نزار جمال الدين
| image = Datuk Seri Ir Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin.jpg
| imagesize =
| honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary style|Yang Berhormat]] [[Malay styles and titles#Dato' Seri|Dato' Seri]]
| name = Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100%|SPMP (Perak)|MLA (Perak)}}
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Perak State Executive Council]]
| term_start = 22 November 2022 {{small|(Infrastructure, Energy, Water & Public Transport : since 23 November 2022)}}<ref group=note>Assumed portfolios a day after taking office.</ref>
| term_end =
| monarch = [[Nazrin Shah of Perak|Nazrin Shah]]
| 1blankname = Menteri Besar
| 1namedata = [[Saarani Mohamad]]
| predecessor = [[Mohd Zolkafly Harun]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Sungai Rapat (state constituency)|Sungai Rapat]]

| term_start1 = 19 May 2018
| term_end1 = 10 March 2020 {{small|(Investment & Corridor Development)}}
| monarch1 = Nazrin Shah
| 1blankname1 = Menteri Besar
| 1namedata1 = [[Ahmad Faizal Azumu]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mohd Zahir Abdul Khalid]]
| successor1 = [[Shahrul Zaman Yahya]]
| constituency1 = Sungai Rapat

| office2 = 10th [[Menteri Besar of Perak]]
| monarch2 = [[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]]
| term_start2 = 17 March 2008
| term_end2 = 12 May 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Tajol Rosli Mohd Ghazali]]
| successor2 = [[Zambry Abdul Kadir]]
| constituency2 = [[Pasir Panjang (state constituency)|Pasir Panjang]]

| constituency_AM3 = [[Sungai Rapat (state constituency)|Sungai Rapat]]
| assembly3 = Perak State Legislative
| term_start3 = 9 May 2018
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = [[Radzi Zainon]] ([[Pakatan Rakyat|PR]]–[[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
| successor3 =
| majority3 = 3,614 ([[2018 Perak state election|2018]]) 3,494 ([[2022 Perak state election|2022]])

| constituency_AM4 = [[Changkat Jering (state constituency)|Changkat Jering]]
| assembly4 = Perak State Legislative
| term_start4 = 5 May 2013
| term_end4 = 9 May 2018
| predecessor4 = [[Mohd Osman Mohd Jailu]] (PR–[[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]])
| successor4 = [[Ahmad Saidi Mohamad Daud]] ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]–[[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| majority4 = 1,170 ([[2013 Perak state election|2013]])

| constituency_AM5 = [[Pasir Panjang (state constituency)|Pasir Panjang]]
| assembly5 = Perak State Legislative
| term_start5 = 8 March 2008
| term_end5 = 5 May 2013
| predecessor5 = [[M. Ramachandran]] (BN–[[Malaysian Indian Congress|MIC]])
| successor5 = [[Rashidi Ibrahim]] (BN–UMNO)
| majority5 = 4,474 ([[2008 Perak state election|2008]])

| constituency_MP6 = [[Bukit Gantang (federal constituency)|Bukit Gantang]]
| parliament6 = Malaysian
| term_start6 = 7 April 2009
| term_end6 = 5 May 2013
| predecessor6 = [[Roslan Shaharum]] (PR–PAS)
| successor6 = [[Idris Ahmad (Perak politician)|Idris Ahmad]] (PR–PAS)
| majority6 = 2,789 ([[2009 Bukit Gantang by-election|2009]])

| office7 = Faction represented in [[Perak State Legislative Assembly]]
| subterm7 = 2008–2015
| suboffice7 = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]]
| subterm8 = 2015–2018
| suboffice8 = [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]]
| subterm9 = 2018–
| suboffice9 = [[Pakatan Harapan]]
| office10 = Faction represented in [[Dewan Rakyat]]
| subterm10 = 2009–2013
| suboffice10 = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]]
| birth_name = Mohammad Nizar bin Jamaluddin
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|3|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kampar, Perak]], [[Federation of Malaya]] (now [[Malaysia]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = {{flagicon image|PAS logo.svg}} [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) (1995–2015) {{flagicon image|Parti Amanah Negara Flag.svg}} [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (AMANAH) (since 2015)
| otherparty = [[Barisan Alternatif]] (BA) (1999–2004) [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) (2008–2015) {{flagicon image|Pakatan-harapan-logo.svg}} [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) (since 2015)
| citizenship = [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]]
| residence = [[Sungai Rokam]], Perak
| alma_mater = [[Aston University]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Engineer
| children = 8
| spouse = Fatimah Taat
| website =
}}

'''Mohammad Nizar bin Jamaluddin''' (born 17 March 1957) is a [[Malaysian people|Malaysian]] [[politician]] and [[engineer]] who has served as a member of the [[Perak State Executive Council]] since November 2022 under [[Saarani Mohamad]] and from May 2018 to March 2020 under [[Ahmad Faizal Azumu]], and as a member of the [[Perak State Legislative Assembly]] for [[Sungai Rapat (state constituency)|Sungai Rapat]] since May 2018. He previously served as the 10th [[Menteri Besar of Perak]] from March 2008 to the collapse of his administration in February 2009, represented [[Changkat Jering (state constituency)|Changkat Jering]] from May 2013 to May 2018 and [[Pasir Panjang (state constituency)|Pasir Panjang]] from March 2008 to May 2013 in the legislative assembly, and represented [[Bukit Gantang (federal constituency)|Bukit Gantang]] in the [[Dewan Rakyat]] from April 2009 to May 2013.

He is a member of the [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (AMANAH), a component party of the [[Pakatan Harapan]] coalition, and was a member of the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS). He is presently the sole member in the legislative assembly from AMANAH.

== Personal life ==
Nizar is the son of a [[Malay people|Malay]] father and a [[Chinese Malaysian|Chinese]] mother, and was raised in a Malay-[[Muslim]] household.<ref>Hah Foong Lian, [http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/news_features/perak_mb_takes_challenges_in_his_stride.html Perak MB takes challenges in his stride], 4 April 2008, [[Malaysian Bar|The Malaysian Bar]] (original article from [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]])</ref> Nizar is married to Datin Seri Fatimah Taat with whom he has eight children. Since 2009 he has resided in Sungai Rokam, [[Perak]]. Prior to his current residence, he resided at the official residence for the Menteri Besar at Jalan Raja DiHilir.<ref>{{cite web|work=New Straits Times |title=Nizar moves out of MB's residence |url=http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Monday/Frontpage/2487208/Article/index_html |date=23 February 2009 |accessdate=23 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224103838/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Monday/Frontpage/2487208/Article/index_html |archive-date=24 February 2009 }}</ref>

Nizar is an engineering graduate from [[Aston University]] in Birmingham, United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://malaysiakini.com/news/79710|publisher=Malaysiakini|date=12 March 2008|accessdate=13 March 2008|title=Nizar is new Perak MB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313093551/http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/79710|archive-date=13 March 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Political career==
Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin joined the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] in 1995 and served as the Kampar district committee member of the Malaysian Islamic Party from 1999 to 2001, and then became the Kampar district chairman (2001 to ?). On the State Joint Committee, he served as treasurer from 2001 to 2006 and then as secretary. During the 2004 general election, Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin ran for the Kuala Kangsar parliamentary constituency, but was defeated by his opponent Rafidah Aziz.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sina.com/int/kwongwah/105-103-102-101/2008-03-17/04252741440.html|title=莫哈末尼查宣誓就任霹大臣_新聞頁_北美新浪網|website=news.sina.com|accessdate=2017-10-16|archive-date=2017-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016174538/http://news.sina.com/int/kwongwah/105-103-102-101/2008-03-17/04252741440.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 8 March 2008, the [[Pakatan Rakyat]] coalition in [[Perak]] won 31 seats of the 59 seat [[Perak State Legislative Assembly]], which enabled it to form a majority state government.<ref>[http://www.undi.info/state/pr/2008/states.html Election Information, Perak State Assembly 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207051354/http://undi.info/state/pr/2008/states.html |date=7 February 2009 }} www.undi.info</ref> The [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] (DAP) commanded the most seats out of the 31 seats held by Pakatan Rakyat and were the claimants to the post of [[Menteri Besar]] or the head of the state government. However, the Perak State Constitution stipulated that the Menteri Besar must be of Malay descent, and a non-[[Ethnic Malays|Malay]] could only be appointed through royal waiver by the [[Sultan of Perak|Perak Palace]]. To resolve this, all three parties sent their nominations for the position to the Regent of Perak, [[Raja Nazrin Shah]]. Nizar was chosen over [[Ngeh Koo Ham]] of the DAP and Jamaluddin Mohd Radzi of [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]] (PKR) on 12 March 2008 by Raja Nazrin,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=12 March 2008 |accessdate=13 March 2008 |url=http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Wednesday/Frontpage/20080312191523/Article/index_html |title=Nizar is new Perak MB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317162406/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Wednesday/Frontpage/20080312191523/Article/index_html |archive-date=17 March 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> and sworn in on 17 March 2008 at [[Istana Iskandariah]], [[Kuala Kangsar]]. Nizar was the first person not part of the [[Barisan National]] coalition to be Menteri Besar in [[Perak]].

The appointment of Nizar created a minor stir within the opposition coalition after the [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]]'s central executive committee, under the advice of former national chairman [[Lim Kit Siang]], ordered DAP state assemblymen to boycott the swearing-in ceremony to be held on 13 March 2008. Raja Nazrin then ordered a delay of the swearing in ceremony and asked all 31 of [[Pakatan Rakyat]]'s assemblymen to pledge their support for Nizar's appointment, as anything otherwise would mean Nizar lacked the confidence of a majority of the state assembly and could not be appointed Menteri Besar. Lim later apologised and said he did not mean to disrespect the decision of the Sultan and the regent of Perak.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[New Straits Times]] |url=http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Thursday/Frontpage/20080313114905/Article |title=DAP apologises for statement on appointment of Perak MB |date=13 March 2008 |accessdate=13 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314033148/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Thursday/Frontpage/20080313114905/Article |archive-date=14 March 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> Following the resolution of this matter, all the state assemblymen from PKR, PAS and DAP (including Lim Kit Siang) attended the [[Menteri Besar]] swearing-in ceremony in support of Nizar.

Nizar's administration's decision to grant freehold titles to ethnic Chinese landholders in [[new village]] settlements garnered controversy and then-[[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia|deputy prime minister]] [[Najib Razak]] disputed the act's legality, claiming the jurisdiction lied federally.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 December 2008 |title=States must refer land issues to national council |url=http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Wednesday/Frontpage/2435875/Article/index_html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122075809/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Wednesday/Frontpage/2435875/Article/index_html |archive-date=22 January 2009 |accessdate=10 February 2009 |work=New Straits Times}}</ref> His administration was heavily criticised on various issues by the Malaysian mainstream press, especially by [[Utusan Malaysia]] and [[Berita Harian]], Malay-nationalist newspapers owned by the [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO), a component party of Barisan Nasional<ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2009 |title=Utusan accuses Nizar of neglecting Malays |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/15222-utusan-accuses-nizar-of-neglecting-malays |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308205226/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/15222-utusan-accuses-nizar-of-neglecting-malays |archive-date=8 March 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2009 |publisher=Malaysian Insider |df=dmy}}</ref> and Nizar faced accusations of being a proxy for the DAP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizar denies being a puppet of DAP cousins |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/20292-nizar-denies-being-a-puppet-of-dap-cousins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315231226/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/20292-nizar-denies-being-a-puppet-of-dap-cousins |archive-date=15 March 2009 |access-date=12 May 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===2009 Perak constitutional crisis===
{{main|2009 Perak constitutional crisis}}

In July 2008, former Menteri Besari [[Tajol Rosli Mohd Ghazali]] claimed that the [[Pakatan Rakyat]] state government in [[Perak]] would fall on 31 August 2008, [[Merdeka|Malaysia's Independence day]], through defections to [[Barisan Nasional]] from the Pakatan Rakyat.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 July 2008 |title=Perak gov't to fall 31 Aug 2008 – Tajol Rosli |url=http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Sunday/Frontpage/2286654/Article/index_html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822094050/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Sunday/Frontpage/2286654/Article/index_html |archive-date=22 August 2008 |accessdate=10 February 2009 |work=New Straits Times |df=dmy}}</ref> Nizar dismissed Tajol's claims and remarked "Who is he (Tajol) to predict the future?".

On 25 January 2009, a Barisan Nasional assemblyman [[Nasarudin Hashim]] announced his defection PKR from UMNO, the second largest party in the state's Pakatan Rakyat coalition.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2009 |title=Bota rep defects to PKR |url=http://www.nst.com.my/Monday/World/2463560/Article/pppull_index_html |accessdate=11 February 2009 |work=New Straits Times}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Pakatan's leader and federal leader of the opposition [[Anwar Ibrahim]] claimed more would defect,<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2008 |title=Anwar claims more BN reps to defect |url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20090127-117374.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129220904/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20090127-117374.html |archive-date=29 January 2009 |accessdate=11 February 2009 |publisher=asiaone news}}</ref> a statement reaffirmed by Nizar who claimed that three more members from UMNO would defect.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 January 2009 |title=Pakatan Rakyat Perak: PR wooing three UMNO assemblymen to defect |url=https://pakatanrakyat-perak.blogspot.com/2009/01/pr-wooing-three-umno-assemblymen-to.html |accessdate=11 February 2009 |work=New Straits Times}}</ref>

However, the defection of three Pakatan assemblymen, including Nasarudin, to UMNO led to the fall of the Pakatan state government. A new state administration was sworn in with Zambry Abdul Kadir serving as the new Menteri Besar, but Nizar rejected the appointment and continued to conduct official duties. The speaker of the state assembly V. Sivakumar then suspended all Barisan executive councillors for "contempt of assembly" after a complaint was lodged by an assemblyman.

On 11 May 2009, the [[Dato' Seri Ir Hj. Mohammad Nizar Bin Jamaluddin v. Dato' Dr. Zambry Bin Abd. Kadir|Kuala Lumpur High Court ruled]] that the Sultan could not constitutionally remove Nizar from office, and that Nizar had always been the rightful Menteri Besar. Nizar announced his intention to immediately meet with the Sultan to request dissolution of the state assembly, while Zambry Abdul Kadir, the intended Barisan Menteri Besar, stating he would vacate the state secretariat as soon as possible.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yatim |first=Hafiz |date=11 May 2009 |title=Court rules Nizar is legitimate MB |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/103996 |accessdate=11 May 2009 |work=Malaysiakini}}</ref> However, in February 2010, the Federal Court reversed the High Court's decision and ruled Zambry to be the lawful Menteri Besar.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 February 2010 |title=5-0 for BN's Zambry |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/2/10/nation/5649677&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212080647/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F2%2F10%2Fnation%2F5649677&sec=nation |archive-date=12 February 2010 |accessdate=4 February 2011 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Legal proceedings==
===2014 criminal defamation charge===
Nizar was charged in [[2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet|a nationwide dragnet]] in August 2014 for [[criminal defamation]] for allegedly making a speech in 2012 prior to the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 general election]] saying "I was informed that Najib will call all the army generals to do something if BN lost in the general election."<ref name="theedge">{{cite web|url=http://www.theedgemalaysia.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=304263&Itemid=77 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140909052211/http://www.theedgemalaysia.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=304263&Itemid=77 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2014 |title=Former Perak MB charged with defaming Najib two years ago |date=25 August 2014 |publisher=The Edge |accessdate=9 September 2014 }}</ref> The defamation case was settled on 26 July 2016, after Najib accepts Nizar's apology.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malaysia-today.net/2015/10/28/defamation-case-settled-pm-accepts-nizars-apology/|title=Defamation Case Settled, PM Accepts Nizar's Apology|date=26 July 2016 |publisher=[[Malaysia Today]]|work=[[Bernama]]|accessdate=25 January 2019}}</ref>

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+[[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]<ref name="election results"/><ref name="undiinfo"/>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]
|P067 [[Kuala Kangsar (federal constituency)|Kuala Kangsar]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |6,747
|33.43%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|'''[[Rafidah Aziz]]'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''12,938'''
|'''64.10%'''
|20,184
|6,191
|71.09%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2009 Bukit Gantang by-election|2009]]
| rowspan=2|'''P059 [[Bukit Gantang (federal constituency)|Bukit Gantang]]'''
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
| rowspan=2|{{nowrap|'''Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin'''}} ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
| rowspan=2 align="right" |'''21,860'''
| rowspan=2|'''52.50%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Ismail Safian ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |19,071
|45.80%
| rowspan=2|41,626
| rowspan=2|2,789
| rowspan=2|75.00%
|-
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |
|Kamarul Ramizu Idris ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|align="right" |62
|align=right|0.10%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+[[Perak State Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Malaysia Decides 2008
|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]
|url=http://thestar.com.my/election/
|accessdate=2 January 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111075207/http://thestar.com.my/election/
|archive-date=11 January 2010
|df=dmy
}}</ref><ref name="election results">{{cite web|url=http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php|title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|accessdate=11 July 2010}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="undiinfo">{{Cite web
| title = Malaysia General Election
| work = undiinfo Malaysian Election Data
| publisher = [[Malaysiakini]]
| url = http://undi.info/#
| accessdate = 4 February 2017}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]].</ref><ref name="GE13 results">{{cite web|url=http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|title=KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13|work=Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|accessdate=5 May 2013|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314141057/http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|url-status=dead}} Results only available for the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 election]].</ref><ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|accessdate=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[2008 Perak state election|2008]]
|'''N51 [[Pasir Panjang (state constituency)|Pasir Panjang]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin'''}} ([[Parti Islam Se-Malaysia|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''11,994'''
|'''62.81%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Vasan Sinnadurai ([[Malaysian Indian Congress|MIC]])
|align="right" |7,520
|39.38%
|19,097
|4,474
|76.02%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2013 Perak state election|2013]]
| rowspan=2|'''N14 [[Changkat Jering (state constituency)|Changkat Jering]]'''
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
| rowspan=2|'''Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin''' ([[Parti Islam Se-Malaysia|'''PAS''']])
| rowspan=2 align="right" |'''14,495'''
| rowspan=2|'''51.28%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Rosli Husin ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |13,325
|47.14%
| rowspan=2|28,264
| rowspan=2|1,170
| rowspan=2|85.40%
|-
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |
|Zulkifli Ibrahim ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|align="right" |84
|0.30%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2018 Perak state election|2018]]
| rowspan="5" |'''N44 [[Sungai Rapat (state constituency)|Sungai Rapat]]'''
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
| rowspan=2|'''Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin''' ([[Parti Amanah Negara|'''AMANAH''']])
| rowspan=2 align="right"|'''12,425'''
| rowspan=2|'''47.16%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
| Hamzah Mohd Kasim ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |8,811
|33.44%
| rowspan=2|26,346
| rowspan=2|3,614
| rowspan=2|82.60%
|-
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
| Radzi Zainon ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |4,627
|17.56%
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2022 Perak state election|2022]]
| rowspan="3" {{Party shading/PH}} |
| rowspan="3" |'''Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin''' ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|'''AMANAH''']])
| rowspan="3" align=right|'''15,065'''
| rowspan="3" |'''41.91%'''
| bgcolor={{party color|Perikatan Nasional}} |
|Mohader Ahmad Mohammad Ayob ([[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]])
| align=right|11,571
|32.19%
| rowspan="3" |35,942
| rowspan="3" |3,494
| rowspan="3" |74.99%
|-
| {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Hang Tuah Din ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right"|9,152
|25.46%
|-
| {{Party shading/Sabah Heritage Party}} |
|Roshanita Mohamad Basir ([[Heritage Party (Malaysia)|WARISAN]])
|align="right" |154
| align=right|0.43%
|}

==Honours==
* {{Flag|Perak}}
** [[File:MY-PERA Order of the Perak State Crown - Kn Grd Commander - SPMP.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Perak State Crown]] (SPMP) – '''Dato' Seri''' (2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/forum/kebijaksanaan-sultan-perak-1.784898|title=Kebijaksanaan Sultan Perak|date=11 November 2018|language=ms|work=[[Utusan Malaysia]]|author=AHMAD, Hulu Bernam|accessdate=25 January 2019}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cci}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tajol Rosli Mohd Ghazali]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Menteri Besar of Perak]]|years=2008–2009}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Zambry Abdul Kadir]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Pakatan Harapan}}
{{Authority control}}
{{portal|Malaysia}}

[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kampar, Perak]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian engineers]]
[[Category:Former Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:National Trust Party (Malaysia) politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Perak State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Perak state executive councillors]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Perak]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Perak State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Alumni of Aston University]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2008–2013]]

Qamaruzzaman Allahabadi

2026-02-10T21:18:43Z

Sarada22: starting details

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and Sufi (born 1933)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Qamaruzzaman Allahabadi
| birth_date = {{Birth month and age|df=y|1933|12}}
| birth_place = Karisath, [[Mau district]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| nationality = Indian
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Chishti Order|Chishti]], [[Naqshbandi Order|Naqshbandi]], [[Qadiri Order|Qadiri]], [[Suhrawardi order|Suhrawardi]]
| main_interests = Islamic studies, Hadith, Fiqh, Sufism
| disciple_of = [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri]] [[Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi]]
| notable_works = ''Aqwāl-e-Salaf'', ''Riyāḍ al-Sālikīn'', ''Taṭhīr al-Qulūb''
}}
'''Qamaruzzaman Allahabadi''' (born December 1933) is an Indian Islamic scholar and Sufi spiritual guide based in [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh. He received spiritual authorization ([[ijazah]]) from [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri]], is associated with the [[Chishti Order|Chishti]], [[Naqshbandi Order|Naqshbandi]], [[Qadiri Order|Qadiri]], and [[Suhrawardi order|Suhrawardi]] Sufi orders, founded Madrasa Arabiyya Baytul Ma'arif in Allahabad, and authored several works on Islamic studies.

== Early life and education ==
Qamaruzzaman Allahabadi was born in December 1933 (Sha'ban 1352 AH) in Karisath, [[Mau district]] (formerly [[Azamgarh district]]). His father, Sultan Ahmad Khan, was associated with [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri]], and during his childhood Allahabadi would accompany him on visits to Fatehpuri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fatehpuri|first=Mohammad Ahsan |chapter=Mukhtasr Ahwāl-e-Zindagi|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/urdubookscollection_202004/Al-Ifaadaawtu-l%20Ihsaaniyyah%201/page/n16/mode/1up |title=Al-Ifādāt al-Ihsāniyyah|volume=1|publisher=Maktaba Darul Ma'ārif; Idāra Faidān-e-Ma'rifat|date=July 2006 |pages=13–14|location=[[Allahabad]]; [[Valsad]] |language=ur}}</ref>

He received his early education up to the second grade at an Islamic maktab in his village, which later developed into a madrasa. He then continued his studies up to the middle level (equivalent at the time to the seventh grade) in the town of [[Ghosi]].{{Sfn|Fatehpuri|2006|p=13}}

After completing his general education, he enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Mau]], where he studied Persian and religious texts up to ''Nur al-Idah''. In Sha'ban 1370 AH (1950), he joined the khanqah of [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri|Fatehpuri]]. There, alongside spiritual training and moral reform, he completed the remaining [[Dars-e-Nizami]] curriculum up to ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' under Fatehpuri and also studied several works on [[Sufism]] with him.{{Sfn|Fatehpuri|2006|pp=14–16}}

Fatehpuri placed full trust in Allahabadi and granted him authorization ([[ijazah]]) to transmit ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' and other Hadith collections. Between Shawwal 1387 AH and Sha'ban 1388 AH, Allahabadi studied ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' at Madrasa Wasiyatul Uloom under Fatehpuri, ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' under Abdur Rahman Jami, and ''[[Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]'' under Muhammad Hanif Jaunpuri.{{Sfn|Fatehpuri|2006|p=17}}

He also received authorization ([[ijazah]]) to transmit Hadith from [[Habibur Rahman Azami]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al-Jāmiʿ al-Muʿīn fī Ṭabaqāt al-Shuyūkh al-Mutqinīn wa’l-Mujīzīn al-Musnidīn|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rvUHEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT247|publisher=[[Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah]]|date=1 January 2023|language=ar|first=Akram|last=Nadwi|isbn=978-614-496-249-7|edition=1st|location=[[Beirut, Lebanon]]|author-link=Akram Nadwi|page=247}}</ref> and [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaikhul Mashaikh Peer-e-Tarīqat Maulana Shah Qamaruzzaman Allahabadi|url=https://deobandonline.com/ur/archives/3246|date=2023-04-09|access-date=2026-02-01|language=ur|website=Deoband Online|last=Anbahtawi|first=Najmuddin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217141537/https://deobandonline.com/ur/archives/3246|archive-date=2025-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
During his period of residence in [[Gorakhpur]], Fatehpuri entrusted Allahabadi with formal teaching responsibilities, along with a stipend, while he was still a student. He later appointed him as head teacher at Madrasa Wasiyatul Uloom, Allahabad, where Allahabadi taught texts including ''Tawdih wa Talwih'', ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]'', ''[[Tafsir al-Jalalayn]]'', and ''[[al-Hidayah]]''.{{Sfn|Fatehpuri|2006|pp=16–17}}

On 28 Dhu al-Hijjah 1395 AH (1 January 1976), Allahabadi founded Madrasa Arabiyya Baytul Ma'arif in Bakhshi Bazaar, Allahabad. He remained associated with the institution in a teaching capacity, and his khanqah is also located there.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tadhkira-e-Akābir|url=https://archive.org/details/tazkira-e-akabir/page/304/mode/1up |last=Qasmi|first=Nizamuddin|publisher=[[Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom]]|location=[[Akkalkuwa]], Nandobar, Maharashtra |page=305|edition=2nd|date=September 2012|language=ur}}</ref>

In July 2004, during a visit to New Delhi, Allahabadi addressed meetings at the central office of the All India Talimi Wa Milli Foundation and at Batla House Jama Masjid, where he spoke to members of the Muslim community on moderation in religious and social conduct.<ref>{{Cite news|title="Be Moderate in Every Walk of Life"|work=[[The Milli Gazette]]|date=1 August 2004|url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Aug04-Print-Edition/011508200438b.htm|language=en|access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>

== Spiritual life ==
Allahabadi established a relationship of [[bay'ah]] (initiation) and spiritual training with [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri]], under whom he studied several works on [[Sufism]] and from whom he received authorization for spiritual instruction (tadhkīr and talqīn). After Fatehpuri's death, Allahabadi turned to [[Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi]], who granted him authorization for spiritual instruction as well as permission for initiation and spiritual succession (bay'ah and [[Caliphate#Sufi caliphates|khilafah]]) in the four Sufi orders: [[Chishti Order|Chishti]], [[Naqshbandi Order|Naqshbandi]], [[Qadiri Order|Qadiri]], and [[Suhrawardi order|Suhrawardi]].{{Sfn|Fatehpuri|2006|pp=18–19}}

== Personal life ==
Allahabadi entered into two marriages. His first marriage took place in June 1959 (Rajab 1370 AH) with 'Aqīlah Khatoon, the second daughter of [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jami |first=Abdur Rahman |url=https://archive.org/details/halat-e-muslih-ul-ummah-vol.-1 |title=Ḥālāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah (Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri (Azami) ke ḥālāt-e-zindagī) |publisher=Dairat-ul-Ishā'at |year=1995 |edition=First |volume=1 |location=[[Allahabad]] |language=ur |trans-title=Ḥālāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah: A Biographical Study of Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri (Azami)|page=168}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nadvi Allahabadi|Fatehpuri|2003|pp=164–165}} From this marriage, he had four sons: Maqbool Ahmad Qasmi, Saeed Ahmad Qasmi Nadwi, Aziz Ahmad Qasmi, and Mahboob Ahmad Nadwi. After the death of 'Aqīlah Khatoon on 3 Shawwal 1379 AH, he married Taqribun Nisa, daughter of Noorul Hasan of his native town, on 22 Jumad al-Ukhra 1381 AH. From this marriage, he had two sons, Muhammad Abdullah Qasmi and Ubaidullah Nadwi, as well as four daughters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadvi Allahabadi|first=Mahboob Ahmad|last2=Fatehpuri|first2=Mohammad Ahsan|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tazkira-mashaikh-naqshbandiya-mujaddidiya-ebooks#179 |title=Tadhkira Mashāikh-e-Naqshbandiya Mujaddidiya|publisher=Maktaba Darul Ma'ārif|year=2003 |pages=164–165|location=[[Allahabad]] |language=ur}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Allahabadi authored several books comprising thousands of pages. His works include:{{Sfn|Qasmi|2012|p=307}}
* ''Aqwāl-e-Salaf'' (six volumes)
* ''Tarbiyat-e-Aulād kā Islāmī Niẓām''
* ''Riyāḍ al-Sālikīn min Aḥādīth Sayyid al-Mursalīn'' (also known as ''Guldasta-e-Adhkār'')
* ''Tadhkirah-e-Muṣliḥ al-Ummat''
* ''Fayḍān-e-Muḥabbat''
* ''Waṣiyyatul Ādāb''
* ''Ma'ārif-e-Ṣūfiyah''
* ''Nuqūsh-o-Āthār-e-Mufakkir-e-Islām''
* ''Nikāḥ kī Shar‘ī Ḥaythiyyat''
* ''Ḥaqīqī Ḥajj''
* ''Dars-e-Qur'ān''
* ''Taṭhīr al-Qulūb'' (also known as ''Ṭahārat-e-Qalb'')
* ''Gunāhon kā Wabāl aur Us kā 'Ilāj''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allahabadi, Qamaruzzaman}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:People from Mau district]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]

Francisco Sardinha

2026-02-10T18:42:51Z

Sarada22: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1946)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{About|the Indian politician|the fish from San Francisco|San Francisco|and|sardine}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_suffix =
| name = Francisco Sardinha
| image = Francisco Sardinha.jpg
| caption = Sardinha in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|04|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Curtorim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| residence = Curtorim, Goa
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office4 = 7th [[List of Chief Ministers of Goa|Chief Minister of Goa]]
| term_start4 = 24 November 1999
| term_end4 = 23 October 2000
| predecessor4 = [[Luizinho Faleiro]]
| successor4 = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Narendra Keshav Sawaikar]]
| successor1 = [[Viriato Fernandes]]
| term_start2 = 2007
| term_end2 = 2014
| constituency2 = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| predecessor2 = [[Churchill Alemao]]
| successor2 = [[Narendra Keshav Sawaikar]]
| constituency3 = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| term_start3 = 10 March 1998
| term_end3 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor3 = [[Churchill Alemao]]
| successor3 = [[Ramakant Angle]]
| office7 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly#List of speakers|Speaker of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart7 = 28 February 2005
| deputy7 = [[Victoria Fernandes]]
| termend7 = 11 June 2007
| predecessor7 = [[Vishwas Satarkar]]
| successor7 = [[Pratapsingh Rane]]
| office5 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Curtorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curtorim (Goa)]]
| termstart5 = 1999
| term_end5 = 2007
| predecessor5 = Gaonkar Antonio Damiao
| successor5 = [[Aleixo Lourenco]]
| constituency5 =
| termstart6 = 1977
| term_end6 = 1994
| predecessor6 = [[Eduardo Faleiro]]
| successor6 = Gaonkar Antonio Damiao
| constituency6 =
| religion =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Maria Columba Sardinha|1976}}
| website =
| children = 3
| date =
| year =
| source =
| alma_mater = [[Parvatibai Chowgule College]] Nirmala Institute of Education
}}

'''Francisco Cosme Sardinha''' (born 15 April 1946) is an Indian politician who served as the seventh [[Chief Minister of Goa]] from 1999 to 2000. He also served as the [[17th Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (MP), representing [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3914|access-date=2021-07-11|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> Sardinha was the Speaker of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] from February 2005 to June 2007. He is a senior leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, having won 6 times as MLA from [[Curtorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curtorim]] assembly and 4 times as Lok Sabha MP from [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]] constituency.

==Personal life==
Francisco Sardinha was born on 15 April 1946 in [[Curtorim]], [[South Goa district]] to Caetano Sardinha and Rosa Maria Sardinha. He is married to Maria Columba Sardinha since 23 May 1976. The couple have three sons.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==Political career==

Sardinha was a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] from 1977–1994.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goa Legislative Assembly|url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_profile.php?mem_id=91&flag_spk=SPK|access-date=2021-07-11|website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref> He held many portfolios in the Government of Goa under the Chief Ministership of [[Pratapsingh Rane|Pratapsing Rane]]. He was elected to the [[12th Lok Sabha]] in 1998 from [[Mormugao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mormugao constituency]] in [[Goa]].

He again became a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] in 1999 and remained in office till 2007.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

In 1999, he broke away from the [[Indian National Congress]] and formed a new political party, the [[Goa People's Congress]], and became Chief minister of a coalition government in the state. He remained in office till 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ruvina Khan|date=Apr 21, 2019|title=Mormugao's support vital for Sawaikar to retain seat - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/goa/news/mormugaos-support-vital-for-sawaikar-to-retain-seat/articleshow/68972372.cms|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Later, Sardinha's GPC merged with Indian National Congress on 5 April 2001. He became Speaker of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] in 2005.

He was elected to the [[14th Lok Sabha]] in a by-election in November, 2007 from Mormugao. He was re-elected to the [[15th Lok Sabha]] in 2009 from [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]] constituency.<ref name="ip">{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Francisco Sardinha|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3914|publisher=india.gov.in website|accessdate=30 March 2010}}</ref>

Sardinha is credited with many pioneering contributions in Goa's development especially in education, agriculture, and sports. In his term as Member of Parliament (2009–2014), he was appointed Chairman of the Estimates Committee, the most prestigious committee{{Attribution needed|date=October 2025}} of Lok Sabha. He was the 25th Chairman of the Committee since 1950 and one of the five longest-serving Chairmen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Congress leaders called to Delhi for consultations|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Senior-Congress-leaders-called-to-Delhi-for-consultations/176522|access-date=2021-07-11|website=oHeraldo |date=25 May 2019 }}</ref>

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 1. || 1977 || 1980 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (1st term) from [[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]
|-
| 2. || 1980 || 1984 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (2nd term) from [[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]
|-
| 3. || 1984 || 1989 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (3rd term) from [[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]
|-
| 4. || 1989 || 1994 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (4th term) from [[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]
|-
| 5. || 1998 || 1999 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in [[12th Lok Sabha]] from [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]]
|-
| 6. || 1999 || 2002 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (5th term) from [[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]; Chief Minister of Goa (Nov 1999-Oct 2000)
|-
| 7. || 2002 || 2007 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (6th term) from [[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]; Speaker of Goa Assembly (Feb 2005-Jun 2007)
|-
| 8. || 2007 || 2009 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]] (by-poll)
|-
| 9. || 2009 || 2014 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in [[15th Lok Sabha]] from [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]]
|-
| 10. || 2019 || 2024 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (4th term) in [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chief Ministers of Goa}}
{{17th LS members from Goa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardinha, Francisco}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Goa]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Goa]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1999–2002]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Presidents of Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Pattachitra

2026-02-10T12:58:11Z

Sarada22: rework structure also and added references

{{Short description|Traditional art work of West Bengal and Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Pattachitra
|image= {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Odisha Pattachitara Depicting Unconditional Love between Radha Krushna.jpg|thumb|Odisha Pattachitara Depicting Unconditional Love between Radha Krushna (Krishna)
| photo2b = Extrait de Chandi Mangal de Hazra Chitrakar (Naya Bengale) (1439702942).jpg
| position = centre
| size = 250
| foot_montage = [[Odisha]] Pattachitra (top) depicting [[Radha Krishna]]. [[Bengal|Bengali]] Patachitra (bottom) depicting [[Durga]].
}}
| alt =
| alternative names = Patachitra
| description =Patachitra (or Pattachitra in Odisha) is an old traditional art of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]
| area = * [[Raghurajpur]], [[Puri]], Danda Sahi, [[Parlakhemundi]], [[Chikiti]], [[Digapahandi]], [[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]], [[Dharakote]] (Odisha)<ref name="odisha.gov.in">{{Cite web | url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/November/engpdf/46-48.pdf | title=Registration of Geographical Indications and Orissa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110190425/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/November/engpdf/46-48.pdf | archive-date=10 January 2017 }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |title=Orissa Pattachitra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> 
* [[Birbhum]], [[West Midnapore]], Nayagram of [[Pingla]] block in [[Jhargram]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Murshidabad]] district and [[Kalighat]] region (West Bengal)<ref>Bose, Nirmal Kumar. 1953. ''Folk religion of Bengal, part I number I (A study of the Vrata rites).''C. Kar, Benoy Bose Road, Calcutta, India</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mediaindia.eu/art-culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|date=26 April 2017|work=Media India Group|access-date=18 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519120435/https://mediaindia.eu/art-culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| registered =*[[Odisha]] Pattachitra: 10 July 2008
*[[West Bengal|Bengal]] Patachitra: 28 March 2018
| material = Cloth, Silk, Palm leaf, Paper, Color, Theme
| official website ={{URL|http://www.ipindia.nic.in/registered-gls.htm|ipindiaservices.gov.in}}}}

'''Patachitra''' or '''Pattachitra''' is a general term for traditional, cloth-based [[scroll]] painting,<ref>SenGupta, pp. 13.</ref> based in the eastern Indian [[States and territories of India|states]] of [[Odisha]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|title=:::::: Daricha Foundation ::::::|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Patta Chitra|url=http://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=2 March 2014|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521003914/http://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rahaman|first1=Md Motiur|last2=Hom Choudhury|first2=Mahuya|last3=Sengupta|first3=Sangita|date=29 February 2016|title=VALIDATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION (G.I) REGISTRATION OF PATACHITRA OF WEST BENGAL- ISSUES AND CHALLENGES|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320172069}}</ref> as well as parts of [[Bangladesh]]. Patachitra art form is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. Pattachitra is one of the ancient artworks of [[Odisha]], originally created for ritual use and as souvenirs for pilgrims to [[Puri]], as well as other temples in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gadon|first=Elinor W.|date=February 2000|title=Indian Art Worlds in Contention: Local, Regional and National Discourses on Orissan Patta Paintings. By Helle Bundgaard. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series, No. 80. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 1999. 247 pp. $45.00 (cloth).|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/indian-art-worlds-in-contention-local-regional-and-national-discourses-on-orissan-patta-paintings-by-helle-bundgaard-nordic-institute-of-asian-studies-monograph-series-no-80-richmond-surrey-curzon-1999-247-pp-4500-cloth/F46E8FB8E5D42BF037AA4A8178BDFB75|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=192–194|doi=10.2307/2658630|jstor=2658630|s2cid=201436927|issn=1752-0401|access-date=29 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829190142/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/indian-art-worlds-in-contention-local-regional-and-national-discourses-on-orissan-patta-paintings-by-helle-bundgaard-nordic-institute-of-asian-studies-monograph-series-no-80-richmond-surrey-curzon-1999-247-pp-4500-cloth/F46E8FB8E5D42BF037AA4A8178BDFB75|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Patachitras are a component of an ancient [[Bengalis|Bengali]] narrative art, originally serving as a visual device during the performance of a song.<ref name="chitrolekha.com">{{Cite news|url=http://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity - The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|date=2 August 2015|work=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|access-date=18 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519054832/http://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
In [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], the word ''paṭṭa'' means "cloth" and ''chitra'' means "picture". Most of these paintings depict stories of Hindu deities.<ref>SenGupta, pp. 12.</ref>

==Early history==
''Charanachitras'', ''Mankhas'', ''Yamapatas'' were ancient forms of paintings executed on textile-scrolls and dealt with themes of a narrative-didactic nature of storytelling, which finds mentions in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts. According to historian [[Niharranjan Ray|N.R Ray]], these textile-scroll paintings were ancestors of the Pattachitra art form.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balakrishna |first1=Sandeep |title=Mankhas as the Extinct Inheritors of a Profound Cultural Treasure |url=https://www.dharmadispatch.in/culture/mankhas-as-the-extinct-inheritors-of-a-profound-cultural-treasure |website=The Dharma Dispatch |language=en |date=5 September 2022 |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624153303/https://www.dharmadispatch.in/culture/mankhas-as-the-extinct-inheritors-of-a-profound-cultural-treasure |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Bengal Patachitra==
The Bengal Patachitra refers to the painting of [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. It is a traditional and mythological heritage of [[West Bengal]]. The Bengal Patachitra is divided into some different aspects like ''Durga Pat'', ''[[Chalchitra]]'', ''Tribal Patachitra'', ''Medinipur Patachitra'', and ''[[Kalighat painting|Kalighat Patachitra]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/portrait-art-s-demand-at-nabadwip-1.700221|title=পটচিত্রের চাহিদা বাড়ছে নবদ্বীপের রাসে|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=দেবাশিস|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=11 May 2018|language=bn|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413125204/http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/portrait-art-s-demand-at-nabadwip-1.700221|url-status=live}}</ref> The subject matter of Bengal Patachitra is mostly mythological, religious stories, folk lore and social. The Kalighat Patachitra, the last tradition of Bengal Patachitra is developed by [[Jamini Roy]]. The artist of the Bengal Patachitra is called [[Patua]].<ref name="Giusti, M 2014">Giusti, M. and Chakraborty, U. (ed.). ''Immagini Storie Parole. Dialoghi di formazione coi dipinti cantati delle donne Chitrakar del West Bengal''. Mantova: Universitas Studiorum, 2014, {{ISBN|978-88-97683-39-1}}</ref>

Patachitra of Naya village in [[West Bengal]] is now collected in [[National Museum of Ethnology (Portugal)|National Museum of Ethnology]] (henceforth MNE) in [[Lisbon]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ponte|first=Inês|date=13 May 2015|title=Cosmopolitan impressions from a contemporary Bengali patachitra painting museum collection in Portugal|journal=Ateliers d'Anthropologie|volume=41 |language=en|issue=41|doi=10.4000/ateliers.9771|issn=1245-1436|doi-access=free}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="The Bengal Patachitra">
File:Extrait de Chandi Mangal de Meena Chitrakar (Naya Bengale) (1439706046).jpg|Patachitra of Naya village
File:Extrait de Ramayana de Hazra Chitrakar (Naya Bengale) (1438842569).jpg|Patachitra of Naya village
File:Medinipur Patachitra - durga.jpg|Goddess [[Durga]] and her family in [[Midnapore|Medinipur]] Patachitra
File:Kalighat Patachitra of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar.jpg|[[Maharaja]] Virendra Mohan Dar of Dar, Akhnoor ([[Kalighat painting|Kalighat Pattachitrra]]). {{Circa|1929}}
</gallery>
===Origin===
[[File:Pattachitra - Archaeological Activities Exhibition - Directorate of Archaeology & Museums - West Bengal - Kolkata 2014-09-14 7907.JPG|thumb|[[Patua]] scroll on display at Archaeological activities exhibition of [[West Bengal|Bengal]] Patachitra]]
Patachitra is known for its excellent play of colour. It is a traditional folk art form of rural Bengal. There are some controversial opinions about the dates of ancient Patas. But it has been suggested based on historical themes connected with the accompanied songs like [[Patua Sangeet]]. It dates back to the Pre- Pala period which is still tucked away with small villages of [[Midnapore]], [[Bankura]], [[Purulia]], [[Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[24 Parganas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen Gupta |first1=Sankar |title=The Patas and the Patuas of Bengal |date=1973 |publisher=Indian Publications |location=Calcutta |pages=54–55 |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1808881 |archive-date=25 July 2023 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725111114/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1808881 |url-status=live }}</ref>
There are some Jadu-Patuas painting of mural style in the temples of [[Bankura district|Bankura District]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mookerjee |first1=Ajitcoomar |title=Folk Art of Bengal |date=1939 |publisher=University of Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/BdfolkArt}}</ref>
[[File:Jadupatua painting.jpg|thumb|Jadupatua painting]]

===Theme and style===
[[File:Swarna Chitrakar - Kolkata 2014-02-14 3080.JPG|left|thumb|Performing the Patua Sangeet by a [[Patua]] during an international conference in [[Kolkata]]|278x278px]]
There are many types of Pots like religious, secular. Religious pots encompass the story of Hindu epics like, mythology, Ramayana, Mahabharata narrating stories of Hindu gods and goddesses like [[Radha Krishna]], [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]], [[Kali]], Shiba and the indigenous Bengali folklore of Manasha and Chandi, Behula and Lakshinder being the most popular. Secular pots depicts important news events, scandals accidents etc. such as bus accidents at Narayangarh, rural elections, the rationing system, family planning, evils of the dowry system etc. Every Patachitra has a song related to it, which the artists sing while unfurling the Patachitra. Singing pot in Bengal is called [[Patua Sangeet]]. Patua Sangeet or Poter Gan is a cultural tradition of the singing Bengal Patachitra. It is performed by [[Patua]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bangiyo Loko-Sangeet Ratnakosh|last=Sri Ashutosh Bhattacharya|publisher=Paschimbanga Loko Sanskriti Gobeshona Kendra|location=Kolkata|pages=1041}}</ref> It is famous in the village part of [[West Bengal]] like [[Birbhum]], [[Jhargram]], [[Bardhaman]] and [[Murshidabad]] as a folk song of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="chitrolekha.com"/>

===Aspects of painting===
Bengal Patachitra painting has a different type of motive and aspects that unrolled the Bengali culture. Using the mythological epic and the natural color it is one of the individual characteristics of the Bengal Patachitra.

====Chalchitra====
[[File:Chalchitra Kumartuli, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|[[Chalchitra]], a part of Bengal Patachitra, referred to the background Patachitra of the [[Durga]] Pratima]]
[[Chalchitra]] is a part of ''Bengal Patachitra'', It referred to the ''Debi Chal'' or ''Durga chala'', the background of the [[Durga]] Pratima or idol.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paschimbanger lokoshilpa o lokosamaj|last=tarapada santra|publisher=Kolkata: lokosanskriti o adibasi sanskriti kendra|year=2000|location=Kolkata|pages=12}}</ref> [[Patua]], the artists of Chalchitra called it as '''Pata Lekha''', means the writing of Patachitra.<ref name="Giusti, M 2014"/> 300–400 years old idols of [[Shakta Rash|Nabadwip Shakta Rash]] used Chalchitra as a part of Pratima. At a time, the use of Chalchitra became fade, but now it has a great popularity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/portrait-art-s-demand-at-nabadwip-1.700221|title=পটচিত্রের চাহিদা বাড়ছে নবদ্বীপের রাসে|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=দেবাশিস|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=14 April 2018|language=bn|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413125204/http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/portrait-art-s-demand-at-nabadwip-1.700221|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Durga sara====
[[File:Durga sara Bengal Patachitra.jpg|thumb|Durga sara, an aspect of Bengal Patachitra]]
Durga sara is a variant of the patachitra. Instead of a cloth, the backside of a clay tray or dish called sara (সরা) in Bengali is used as the canvas, where an image of the Hindu goddess [[Durga]] is painted. Poor Bengali Hindu families in regions of West Bengal like [[Nadia district|Nadiya]] & [[24 Parganas]] use it as an alternative of [[Murti|idols]] for worship.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%9D-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-1.74260|title=অবক্ষয় আর অবলুপ্তির মাঝে বাংলার চালচিত্র - Anandabazar|last=ভট্টাচার্য|first=বিভূতিসুন্দর|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=14 April 2018|language=bn|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234040/http://www.anandabazar.com/state/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%9D-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-1.74260|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=বাংলার লোকশিল্পে দুর্গা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/patrika/review-of-a-pot-art-exhibition-regarding-bengalis-famous-durga-puja/cid/1465372 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=29 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000703/https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/patrika/review-of-a-pot-art-exhibition-regarding-bengalis-famous-durga-puja/cid/1465372 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Lakshmi sara ====
[[File:Lakkhi sara.jpg|thumb|Lakshmi sara in West Bengal]]

Lakshmi sara is similar in style to the Durga sara. It depicts the Hindu goddess [[Lakshmi]] & was used as an alternative to idols by poorer Bengali Hindu families during the [[Sharada Purnima|Kojagori Lakshmi Puja]] festivities. Initially confined to regions of East Bengal (in what is now [[Bangladesh]]), specifically [[Greater Faridpur|Faridpur]] & [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]] regions, the art style came to West Bengal through the hands of Bengali Hindu artists fleeing [[Persecution of Hindus|religious persecution]] following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]], [[1950 East Pakistan riots]], [[1964 East Pakistan riots]] & [[Bangladesh genocide|1971 Bangladesh genocide]], with its sales being fuelled by demand from [[East Bengali refugees]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=ছবি-নকশার বৈচিত্রে রঙিন বাংলার লক্ষ্মীসরা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/laxmi-puja-2020-laxmi-sara-of-bengal-varies-in-painting-and-designs-of-local-flavour-dgtl-1.1221967}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=লক্ষ্মীপট - বাংলাপিডিয়া |url=https://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=bn.banglapedia.org |language=bn |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819165134/https://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Gazir Pat ====
[[File:Pir Gazi and his tiger in Sundarbans.jpg|thumb|An example of a Gazir pat]]

Gazir pat is a variation of the patachitra theme. Catering specifically to [[Bengali Muslims]], it depicts the exploits of [[Gazi Pir|Pir Boro Khan Gazi]], an Islamic preacher whose tomb lies in [[Ghutiari Sharif railway station|Ghutiari Sharif]], who combined the roles of a [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]] & a [[Ghazi (warrior)|ghazi]] & is renowned for having battled the Bengali Hindu [[Folk religion|folk god]] [[Dakshin Rai|Dakshin Ray]] as a part of his [[Dawah|missionary activities]]. He himself has been raised to the status of a folk god by [[Caste system among South Asian Muslims|Arzals]] & [[Dalit|Dalits]] living in the [[Sundarbans|Sunderbans]] alike, who seek his intercession in repelling [[Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans|attacks]] of the [[Bengal tiger]]. This art form is widespread in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=গাজীর পট - বাংলাপিডিয়া |url=https://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=bn.banglapedia.org |language=bn}}</ref>

===Technique===
The Patachitra of different districts of [[West Bengal]] are characterized by many peculiarities in colour and design. The patachitra of [[Manbhum]], now known as [[Purulia district|Purulia]] can easily be distinguished by their preference for one particular shade of burnt sienna relieved by white and yellow patches and densely packed composition. The seated figures of [[Dasaratha]] and [[Chand Sadagar]] of [[Medinipur]] crowning the [[Ramayana]] and Kamale-Kamini scrolls are impressive and monumental.<ref>Craft council of West Bengal-1985-86, The Jarana Patachitra of Bengal- Mahamaya, p-112</ref> In the scrolls of pot of [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Bankura district|Bankura]] and [[Burdwan district|Burdwan]] preference for Indian red background usually found, the scrolls of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] preferred a dark brown. The [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Manbhum]] 'pats' are peculiar and definitely modernistic with the abstract linear treatment.<ref>D. P. Ghosh, FOLK ART OF BENGAL, Visvabharati, p-4</ref>

===Colour===
Use of natural color is one of the individual characteristics of the Bengal Patachitra. In general, blue, [[yellow]], [[green]], [[red]], [[brown]], [[black]] and [[white]] are used in the Patachitra of [[West Bengal]]. Chalk dust is used for white color, pauri for yellow color, cultivated indigo for blue, bhushakali for black and mete sindur for red color.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/564/564%20-%20Statement%20of%20Case%20-%2017-08-2016.pdf | title=Report on Patachitra of West Bengal | access-date=11 May 2018 | archive-date=12 May 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043755/http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/564/564%20-%20Statement%20of%20Case%20-%2017-08-2016.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Artists ===
Bengal Patua artists carry the occupational surname of 'Chitrakar'. They are concentrated in the village of Naya in [[Medinipur]] district of [[West Bengal]]. Prominent artists include Khandu and Radha Chitrakar and their children Bapi, Samir, Prabir, Laltu, Tagar, Mamoni and Laila Chitrakar. [[Manimala Chitrakar|Monimala]] is known for her use of bold, primal colours and the development of her own iconographic style.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indigenius Artists India|last=Nair|first=Sunita|publisher=Sunita Nair|year=2018|isbn=978-93-5311-387-2|location=Mumbai|pages=135–137}}</ref>

== Odisha Pattachitra ==
Pattachitra is a traditional painting of Odisha, India.<ref name="odisha.gov.in"/> These paintings are based on [[Hinduism]] and specially inspired by [[Jagannath]] and [[Vaishnava]] traditions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Patta Chitra|url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL010&vchplinkid=PL060&vchslinkid=SL036|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923182155/http://www1.odisha.gov.in/portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL010&vchplinkid=PL060&vchslinkid=SL036|url-status=live}}</ref> All colours used in the Paintings are natural and paintings are made ancient traditional way by Chitrakaras that is Odiya Painter. Pattachitra style of painting is one of the oldest and most popular art forms of [[Odisha]]. The name Pattachitra has evolved from the Sanskrit words ''patta'', meaning canvas, and ''chitra'', meaning picture. Pattachitra is thus a painting done on canvas, and is manifested by rich colourful application, creative motifs, designs, and portrayal of simple themes, mostly mythological in depiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/pattachitra.php|title=National Portal of India|access-date=18 February 2010|archive-date=5 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205133406/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/pattachitra.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The traditions of ''pattachitra'' paintings are more than thousand years old.
<ref>[http://craftorissa.com/b2c/product_info.php?products_id=112 Unknown]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=106|title=Pattachitra Painting|publisher=archive.india.gov.in|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407063444/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=106|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Ostindischer Meister 001.jpg|center|thumb|382x382px|Study of a Pattachitra painting depicting the Gopis on the banks of the Yamuna, circa 1550. Odisha.]]

=== Origin ===
[[File:Two lovers, folio from a Ragamala album.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Pattachitra painting of ''Raga Kodaba'' of [[Odissi music]] depicted in the form of two lovers. Pigment on cloth, 16 x 12cm, Odisha, mid-nineteenth century. Private collection|left]][[File:Earthen pot with lid.jpg|thumb|Large earthen pot with the outer surface and the lid painted with Pattachitra, Odisha Museum, India.]]The paintings of [[Odisha]] can be divided into three categories from the point of view of medium, i.e. paintings on cloth or 'Patta Chitra', paintings on walls or 'Bhitti Chitra' and palm leaf engravings or "Tala Patra Chitra" or "Pothi, Chitra'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unnatisilks.com/patachitra-introduction-indian-crafts.html|title=Crafts of India -Patachitra - Introduction|website=Unnati Silks|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208135207/https://www.unnatisilks.com/patachitra-introduction-indian-crafts.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The style of all these remains more or less the same at a specific time because then the artists were commissioned to work in all these media, it is believed.{{According to whom|date=July 2020}}{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

The painting, the pattachitra, resembles the old murals of [[Odisha]], especially religious centres of [[Puri]], [[Konark]] and [[Bhubaneswar]] region, dating back to the 5th century BC. The best work is found in and around [[Puri]], especially in the village of [[Raghurajpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paramparik-karigar.org/bystates/pattachitra.html |title=Pattachitra Arts - Orissa {{!}} Handmade Crafts directly from Craftsmen |access-date=18 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227115716/http://www.paramparik-karigar.org/bystates/pattachitra.html |archive-date=27 February 2011 }}</ref>

[[File:Pattachitra Painting (16419923734).jpg|thumb|Pattachitra made on palm leaf, Odisha.]]This old tradition of Odia painting still survives in places like [[Puri]], [[Raghurajpur]], [[Paralakhemundi]], [[Chikiti]] and [[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]]. Lord [[Jagannath]] in the present form is being taken as the origin of the Patta style. The colour schemes of the deities of Puri are quite similar to those of the Patta style. The oldest record of Patta Paintings probably does not go beyond the establishment of the present shrine of Shri Jagannath at Puri. It may be since paintings do not survive like sculptures. The paints inside the shrines of Lord Jagannath at Puri make the date probable. The oldest classical marble paintings of Sitabanji at [[Keonjhar]] do not conform to the present style of Patta painting wholly. The wooden statues of the three deities are also covered with cloth and then overlaid with glue mixed with chalk, and then given paint only with four limited colours of [[red]], [[yellow]], [[white]] and [[black]]. The deities who are held in high esteem by the [[Odias]] and who inspire religion, life and activity of the people also carry with them a tradition of art and painting which is as old as the deities themselves. If the Savara origin of [[Jagannath]] is accepted, the date of the Patta paintings can be dated back to an earlier period. These paintings were originally substitutes for worship on days when the idols were kept away from the public after their ritual bath.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokashi |first=Akshata |date=2021-01-29 |title=Pattachitra: The Heritage Art of Odisha |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/living-culture/pattachitra |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.livehistoryindia.com |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231090802/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/living-culture/pattachitra |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Theme and style ===
[[File:Easy Pattachitra of Lord Jagarnath.jpg|thumb|Pattachitra of Lord Jagarnath]]The theme of Odia painting centres round the [[Jagannath]] and the [[Vaishnava]] sect. Since the beginning of Pattachitra culture, Lord [[Jagannath]] who was an incarnation of Lord [[Krishna]] has been the major source of inspiration. The subject matter of Pattachitra is mostly mythological, religious stories and [[folk lore]]. Themes are chiefly on Lord Jagannath and [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]], different "Vesas" of Shri Jagannath, [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]], temple activities, the ten incarnations of [[Vishnu]] basing on the '[[Gita Govinda]]' of [[Jayadeva|Jayadev]], Kama Kujara [[Navagunjara]], [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianart.in/indian-art-journey/patta-chitra-paintings.html|title=Indian Art » Blog Archive » Patta Chitra Paintings|publisher=indianart.in|access-date=19 March 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162339/http://www.indianart.in/indian-art-journey/patta-chitra-paintings.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The individual paintings of gods and goddesses are also being painted.

The Pattachitra style is a mix of both folk and classical elements, but leans more towards folk forms. The dress style has [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] influences. All of the poses have been confined to a few well-defined postures. These are not free from monotonous repetitions, though at times this is necessary to accentuate the narrative character of the style. The lines are bold and clean and angular and sharp. Generally, there are no landscapes, perspectives, or distant views. All the incidents are seen in close juxtaposition. The background on which the figures are represented is delineated with decorations of flowers and foliage, and is mostly painted in red colour. All the paintings are given decorative borders. The whole painting is conceived in the form of a design on a given canvas.

The themes may be classified into following categories<ref>[http://www.rabindraart.com/how-to-do-pattachitra.html categories of Pattachitra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729235958/http://www.rabindraart.com/how-to-do-pattachitra.html |date=29 July 2010 }}</ref>
* Jagannath paintings
* Vaishnav Paintings
* Bhagabat paintings
* Ramayana paintings
* Saiva paintings
* Shakta paintings
* Paintings as legends
* Ragachitras
* Bandhachitra
* Yamapati and yatripatas – (sketches of puri temple) [[Ganjapa]] playing card paintings and other social themes on paintings.
* Navagunjara<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devotionalstore.com/blogs/devotional-blog/traditional-arts-of-odisha-pattachitra-painting|title=Traditional Art of Odisha : Pattachitra Painting|work=DevotionalStore |date=2 January 2017|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141345/https://www.devotionalstore.com/blogs/devotional-blog/traditional-arts-of-odisha-pattachitra-painting|url-status=live |author1=Devotionalstore }}</ref>

=== Technique ===
[[File:Patta Chitra 01.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|Modern-day Pattachitra depicting Kanchi Bijaya. Pattachitras were inspired by [[Jagannath]] [[culture]] in Odisha]]
[[File:Balarama, Subhadra and Jagannath in the temple at Puri, with Wellcome V0017732.jpg|thumb|220x220px|''Sankhanabhi Pata'', Pattachitra map of the Puri temple, with many human and sacred figures, buildings and animals. By a painter of Puri, Odisha, ca. 1880/1910.]]Traditionally, the painters are known as ''chitrakars''. A patta painter's home with all the members of the family is his studio. Woman members prepare the glue, the canvas and apply colours which we call the fill-in, and give the final lacquer coating. The master hand, mostly the male member, draws the initial line and gives the final finishing touch.
Patta paintings are done on small strips of [[cotton]] cloth. The [[canvas]] is prepared by coating the clothing with a mixture of chalk and gum made from [[Guar gum|Guar]] or [[tamarind]] seeds. Then it is rubbed by taking the help of two different stones, and then the cloth is dried. The mixture of gum and [[chalk]] gives the cloth's surface a leathery finish on which the artists paint with vegetable, earth and stone colours.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mumbaipluses.com/thaneplus/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=201001302010020115560358832bd438&sectxslt=&comments=true&pageno=1 |title=The meticulous process of Pattachitra paintings |access-date=22 March 2010 |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302222641/http://www.mumbaipluses.com/thaneplus/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=201001302010020115560358832bd438&sectxslt=&comments=true&pageno=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The painters do not use pencil or [[charcoal]] for the preliminary drawings. They are so expert in the line that they simply draw directly with the brush, either in light red or yellow. Then the colours are filled in. The final lines are drawn, and the patta is given a lacquer coating to protect it from the weather, thus making the painting glossy. This process of glazing or [[varnishing]] is quite interesting. The painting is held over a fireplace so that the back of the painting is exposed to heat. On the surface of the painting, fine lacquer is applied.
=== Colour ===
Pattachitras are painted in five natural colours - Hingula, Haritala, Kala, Sankha and Geru, which are: Vermilion, Green, Black, Pearl White and Brick Orange respectively. There are typical scenes and figures, like Krishna, Gopis, elephants, trees, and other creatures are seen in these paintings. Krishna is always painted in blue and the Gopis in light pink, purple or brown colours.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mumbaipluses.com/thaneplus/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=201001302010020115560358832bd438&sectxslt=&comments=true&pageno=1 |title=Radha, Krishna and Gopis in Pattachitra |access-date=22 March 2010 |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302222641/http://www.mumbaipluses.com/thaneplus/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=201001302010020115560358832bd438&sectxslt=&comments=true&pageno=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The painters use vegetable and mineral colours without going for factory-made poster colours. They prepare their own colours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabindraart.com/how-to-do-pattachitra.html |title=How to do Pattachitra |access-date=22 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729235958/http://www.rabindraart.com/how-to-do-pattachitra.html |archive-date=29 July 2010 }}</ref> White colour is made from the [[conch]]-shells by powdering, [[boiling]] and [[filter (chemistry)|filtering]] in a very hazardous process. It requires a lot of patience. But this process gives brilliance and prominence to the [[hue]]. 'Hingula', a mineral colour, is used for red. 'Haritala', king of stone ingredients for yellow, 'Ramaraja', a sort of indigo for blue, are being used. Pure [[Oil lamp|lamp]]-[[black]] or black prepared from the burning of [[coconut]] shells are used.<ref>[http://www.rabindraart.com/how-to-do-pattachitra.html natural colours used in Pattachitra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729235958/http://www.rabindraart.com/how-to-do-pattachitra.html |date=29 July 2010 }}</ref> There was no blue, either cobalt or ultramarine, in the earlier colour schemes. The colours used in the Patta paintings are primarily bright colours, limited to red, yellow, indigo, black and white. The brushes that are used by these 'Chitrakaras' are also indigenous and are made of hair of domestic animals. A bunch of hair tied to the end of a [[bamboo]] stick makes the brush.<ref>[http://www.rabindraart.com/how-to-do-pattachitra.html colour brushes used in Pattachitra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729235958/http://www.rabindraart.com/how-to-do-pattachitra.html |date=29 July 2010 }}</ref>

=== Palm leaf Pattachitra ===

Palm leaf ''pattachitra'', which is in the [[Odia language|Odia]] language known as ''Tala Pattachitra'' drawn on a palm leaf. First of all, palm leaves are left to harden after being taken from the tree. Then these are sewn together to form like a canvas. The images are traced by using black or white ink to fill grooves etched on rows of equal-sized panels of palm leaf that are sewn together. These panels can also be easily folded like a fan and packed in a compact pile for better conservation. Often, palm-leaf illustrations are more elaborate, obtained by superimposing layers that are glued together for most of the surface, but in some areas can open like small windows to reveal a second image under the first layer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jagannatha.net/painting.html |title=Patta paintings |access-date=26 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106124430/http://www.jagannatha.net/painting.html |archive-date=6 January 2009 }} Palm leaf pattachitra</ref>[[File:Left detail, India, Orissa, late 18th century - The Monkeys and Bears Fight Ravana and His Demons (verso) - 1979.21.b - Cleveland Museum of Art (cropped).jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|''Tala-pattachitra'', palm leaf manuscript illustrating [[Labanyabati]] of Kabi Samrata [[Upendra Bhanja]]. Left detail, India, Odisha, late 18th century - Hanuman and Bharata at Nandigrama (verso) - 1979.21.b - [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].]]

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="220">
File:Papier-mâché mask at Odisha Crafts Museum, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 01.jpg|Papier-mâché mask of Goddess Kali painted in the Pattachitra idiom, Kala Bhoomi Odisha Crafts Museum, Bhubaneswar.
File:Exhibits at the Odisha Crafts Museum 17.jpg|Wooden Ramalila masks painted in the Pattachitra style, Kala Bhoomi Odisha Crafts Museum, Bhubaneswar.
File:Konark palm leaf manuscript.jpg|Tala Pattachitra, palm leaf painting showing the architectural plan of the [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple of Konark]], Odisha.
File:Wooden toys of women at Odisha Crafts Museum, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.jpg|Wooden statuettes painted in the Pattachitra style, Kala Bhoomi Odisha Crafts Museum, Bhubaneswar.
File:Wooden torana at Odisha Crafts Museum, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 04.jpg|Prabha of Devi Subhadra's [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha]], Puri, Odisha.
File:Narasimha Mural Puri.jpg|Modern wall mural of [[Narasimha]] in a street of Puri, Odisha.
</gallery>

== References ==
''' Citations '''
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title= ''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=0-87099-783-1 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74}} (see index: p. 148-152)

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pattachitra}}
* [http://www.midnapore.in/festival/potmaya/pot-maya-naya-pingla.html Patachitra of Medinipur (Midnapore)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410050953/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/dec2005/engpdf/patta_chitra_its_past_and_present.pdf Past of Pattachitra]
* [http://www.orissagateway.com/features/Arts_and_Architecture/Art/Handicrafts/Pattachitra/ Essential Ideas on Pattachita] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716093741/http://www.orissagateway.com/features/Arts_and_Architecture/Art/Handicrafts/Pattachitra/ |date=16 July 2011 }}
* [http://india.gov.in/knowindia/pattachitra.php Pattachitra Painting]
* [http://www.orissa.gov.in/photogallery/pattachitra.htm Pattachitra Photogallery]
* Pattachithra – the amazing folk art of Odisha - [https://in.openart.community/general-topics/pattachithra-amazing-folk-art-odisha/ OpenArt India]

{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}
{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Odia culture}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Arts of Odisha]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi painting]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Odisha]]
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]
[[Category:Arts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian folk art]]

Gondwana (India)

2026-02-09T02:29:23Z

Sarada22:

{{Short description|Region in India}}

{{About|the region in India|the supercontinent|Gondwana}}
{{other uses|Gondwana (disambiguation)}}

{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gondwana
| official_name =
| type = [[Proposed states and union territories of India|Proposed state]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|81|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Central India]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Language
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
| seat_type = Proposed [[Capital (political)|capital]]
| seat = [[Nagpur]]
| parts_type = Proposed Divisions
| parts_style = list
| p1 = [[Vidarbha]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| p2 = Parts of [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]]
| p3 = West of [[Chhattisgarh]]
| p4 = Northern [[Telangana]]
| p5 = western [[Odisha]] and
| p6 = southern [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = India in 1525 Joppen.jpg
| map_caption = Gondwana kingdom 1525, as depicted in central India, on a map drawn in 1907
}}
'''Gondwana''', also known as '''Gondaranya''', is a region of India named after the [[Gondi people]]. The supercontinent [[Gondwanaland]] was named after the Gondwana region, because it contained some ancient fossil-bearing rock formations.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Pratik |last=Chakrabarti|title=Gondwana and the Politics of Deep Past|journal=Past & Present|issue=242|year=2019|pages=119–153|doi=10.1093/pastj/gty016 |url= https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gty016|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Since Gondi people are spread widely across central India, the region has no unambiguous boundary. However, the core region can be considered to be the eastern part of the [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]], the parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] immediately to the north of it, and parts of the west of [[Chhattisgarh]]. The wider region extends into parts of northern [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], western [[Odisha]] and southern [[Uttar Pradesh]].

The region is part of the northern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]], with an average height of about 600–700 metres. Geologically, it is mostly [[Precambrian]] rock, with some areas of [[Permian]] and [[Triassic]] age. In places, these older rocks are overlain with alluvium, while in the west, it is overlain by the igneous rocks of the [[Deccan Traps]]. The landscape is generally rugged and hilly.

The climate is hot and semi-arid. Large sections are forest, specifically dry monsoon forest and monsoon scrub forest. Gondwana contains several national parks with tiger populations.

Gondwana has a relatively high proportion of people from the "scheduled tribes" of India, including the Gonds. The scheduled tribes are recognised as economically and socially disadvantaged. Gonds are followers of religion based on [[Gondi people|Gondi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2gpF5bsAjUC&pg=PA155|title = Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands|last1 = Mehta|first1 = Behram H.|year = 1984}}</ref>

==History==
A number of old kingdoms were established by ruling families of the Gondis and other scheduled tribes in this region. The first of these was mentioned in 1398, when [[Narsingh Rai]], King of Kherla, Madhya Pradesh, is said to have ruled all the hills of Gondwana. He was overthrown and killed by [[Hoshang Shah]], king of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]. From the 14th to the 18th centuries, three main Gond kingdoms existed: [[Garha]]-[[Mandla]] occupied the upper [[Narmada River]] Valley, [[Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh|Deogarh]]-[[Nagpur]] occupied the [[Kanhan River]] and upper [[Wainganga River]] valleys, and Chandra-Sirpur occupied present-day [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]], [[Gadchiroli District|Gadchiroli]], and eastern [[Adilabad District|Adilabad]] districts.

The three Gondi principalities of [[Garha Kingdom|Garha-Mandla]], [[Gonds of Deogarh|Deogarh]], and [[Kingdom of Chanda|Chanda-Sirpur]] were nominally subject to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperors. After the annexation of [[Berar Subah|Berar]] in 1595, the Mughals established governors at Paunar in [[Wardha District]] and Kherla in [[Betul District]]. However, the Mughals could not assert sovereignty over them, and the Gond kings enjoyed independence within their dominions and hence, Gondwana wasn't under the Mughal imperial administration. <ref>{{citation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C1vz5ioOMwC
|last=Gommans |first=Jos |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |page=35|quote = Part of the sub-continent, however, remained outside the Mughal part because it was beyond the natural terrain of Mughal armies. Without exception, these natural outer frontiers consisted of the humid, malaria infested, dense forests and swamps of Gondwana, eastern Bengal and Assam, and along the foothills of the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.|isbn=9780415239899}}</ref> After the fall of the Mughals, Gondwana came under the rule of the [[Bundela]] and [[Maratha]] empires.

In the 17th century [[Chhatar Sal]], the Bundela deprived the [[Garha Kingdom|Mandla principality]] of part of the [[Vindhya|Vindhyan Plateau]] and the Narmada Valley. In 1733 the Maratha [[Peshwa]] won [[Bundelkhand]]; and in 1735 the Marathas had [[Marathas of Saugor|established their power in Saugor]]. In 1742 the Peshwa advanced to Mandla, and from this time until 1781, when Gond dynasty of Garha-Mandla was finally overthrown, Garha-Mandla was practically a Maratha dependency. Meanwhile, the other independent principalities of Gondwana had in turn fallen. In 1743 [[Raghoji Bhonsle]] of Berar established himself at Nagpur and by 1751 had conquered the territories of Deogarh, Chanda, and [[Chhattisgarh]].

The [[Maratha]] conquest of the region in the 18th century was followed by the [[British East India Company|British]] imposition of permanent settlement in the 19th century. A number of rebellions against British rule took place throughout the 19th century, some of which focused on the protection of forests against commercial logging.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

==Emblem of Gondwana State==
{{South Asia in 1525 CE|right|Gondwana circa 1525, with neighbouring polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (a) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003445/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
The emblem of Gondwana is of a lion, triumphing over an elephant. This visual trope, of a triumphant lion vanquishing one or more elephants, is common in architectural sculpture. There are many minor variations on this motif, including the use of leonine creatures variously described as vyālas or yālīs, and the incorporation of other fantastic creatures such as makaras. Many [[Gondwana Kingdom]] forts constructed between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries carried this representation on their barbicans and gateways.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

== Gondwana Express ==

The [[Raigarh–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gondwana Express|Gondwana express]] train runs between [[Raigarh]] and [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] in India. It is a 5-day service. It operates as train number 12409 from Raigarh to Hazrat Nizamuddin and as train number 12410 in the reverse direction after the name of Gondwana kingdom.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

==Popular movements==

Political and communal movements against the dominant political structure still occur in the region, including the Gondwana Praja Party, founded in 2014 in [[Maharashtra]] state. This party was founded to demand the new formation of the old Gondwana State for the tribal people of central India. There is also the [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]], founded by Heera Singh Markam.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* McEldowney, Philip F. (1980) [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/intro.html ''Colonial Administration and Social Developments in middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305230224/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/intro.html |date=5 March 2007 }}. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Gondwana}}

{{Proposed states and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Regions of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Regions of Odisha]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Regions of Maharashtra]]

Tirupati–Machilipatnam Link Express

2026-02-02T10:27:08Z

Sarada22: created details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Tirupati–Machilipatnam Link Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} (TPTY)
| stops = 19
| end = {{stnlnk|Machilipatnam}} (MTM)
| distance = {{convert|467|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9h 50m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 17401/17402
| speed = {{convert|48|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Machilipatnam - Tirupathi) Link (Narsapur - Tirupathi) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Tirupati–Machilipatnam Link Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} and {{stnlnk|Machilipatnam}} in India. It is currently being operated with 17401/17402 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=7226&id=0,5,268 Seats Provided by Attaching Additional Coaches to Several Express Trains]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=7000&did=14531990229237675DCBA05334C548BA534441EEEFB41.web103 Seats Provided by Attaching Additional Coaches to Several Express Trains]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/more-trains-cancelled-diverted-or-partially-cancelled/article7887085.ece More trains cancelled, diverted or partially cancelled]</ref>

== Service==

The 17401/Tirupati–Machilipatnam Link Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and covers 467 km in 9h 50m. The 17402/Machilipatanam-Tirupati Link Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and covers 467 km in 9h 50m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Tirupati}}
* {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Venkatagiri}}
* {{stnlnk|Gudur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nellore}}
* {{stnlnk|Ongole}}
* {{stnlnk|Tenali Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gudivada Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gudivada Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Machilipatnam}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 19 coaches:

* 2 AC III Tier
* 9 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 4 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada Loco Shed]] based [[WAM-4P]] electric locomotive from Tirupati to [[Vijayawada]]. From Vijayawada train is hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Guntakal|Guntakal Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive uptil Machilipatnam and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Tirupati railway station]]
* [[Machilipatnam railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1649 17401/Tirupati–Machilipatnam Link Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1643 17402/Machilipatnam–Tirupati Link Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirupati-Machilipatnam Link Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Yesvantpur–Vasco da Gama Express

2026-01-25T05:12:22Z

Sarada22: created article.

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Yesvantpur–Vasco da Gama Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2001|07|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} (YPR)
| stops = 18
| end = {{stnlnk|Vasco da Gama}} (VSG)
| distance = {{convert|664|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 13hrs 40mins
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 17309 / 17310
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 17309 / 17310 '''Yesvantpur–Vasco da Gama Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Vasco da Gama}} in India. It is currently being operated with 17309/17310 train numbers on Daily basis.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/temporary-halts-for-several-trains/article5392126.ece | title=Temporary halts for several trains | date=26 November 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=3 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=379&did=1385037338256827DAE1D9AC70818E6432B4A7B686619.web103 |title=PR177-SOUTHERN RAILWAY(SR) PROVIDES ONE MINUTE TEMPORARY STOPPAGE AT UNJALUR STATION FOR 03 PAIRS OF TRAINS- SWR |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731235946/http://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=379&did=1385037338256827DAE1D9AC70818E6432B4A7B686619.web103 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=379&did=1385037338256827DAE1D9AC70818E6432B4A7B686619.web103 SOUTHERN RAILWAY(SR) PROVIDES ONE MINUTE TEMPORARY STOPPAGE AT UNJALUR STATION FOR 03 PAIRS OF TRAINS]</ref>

== Service==

The 17309/Yesvantpur–Vasco da Gama Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 664 km in 14hr 15m. The 17310/Vasco da Gama–Yesvantpur Express has an average speed of 49 km/h and covers 664 km in 13hr 40m. If you know that from Bangalore via Yesvantpur Junction to Goa only 5 (rail) trains were survival between these two cities.<ref name="Bangalore Today">{{cite web|url=https://bangaloretoday.in/bangalore-to-goa-train-timings/ |title= Bangalore to Goa Train Service – If you know that from Bangalore Railway station(Yeshwanthpur) to Goa (Madgaon) Junction, they're served by only 5 trains daily, and are related to South Western Railway Zone |work=Bangalore Today |access-date=24 July 2019}}</ref>

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 17309 || YPR || Yesvantpur (Bangalore) || 3:00 PM || Daily || Vasco (Goa) || 5:15 AM || Daily
|-
| 17310 || VSG || Vasco (Goa) || 10:55PM || Daily || Yesvantpur (Bangalore) || 12:35 PM || Daily
|}

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}}
* [[Tumkur]]
* [[Tiptur]]
* {{stnlnk|Arsikere Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kadur Junction }}
* {{stnlnk|Chikajajur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Birur Junction }}
* {{stnlnk|Davangere}}
* {{stnlnk|Harihara}}
* {{stnlnk|Ranibennur}}
* {{stnlnk|SSM Haveri}}
* {{stnlnk|SSS Hubballi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dharwad}}
* {{stnlnk|Alnavar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Londa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Castle Rock}}
* {{stnlnk|Kulem}}
* {{stnlnk|Kudchade}}
* {{stnlnk|Madgaon Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vasco da Gama}}

==Coach composite==

The train has two dedicated LHB rakes of 20 coaches each :

* 1 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 10 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 1 Generator Car cum Luggage Rake.

== Traction==

The train is hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]]-based [[WDP-4D]] diesel locomotive from Yesvantpur to Vasco da Gama and vice versa.

== Rake sharing ==

The train is having two dedicated rakes of its own.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[Vasco da Gama railway station]]
* [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Vasco da Gama–Patna Superfast Express]]
* [[Vasco da Gama–Velankanni Weekly Express]]
* [[Chennai Central–Vasco da Gama Weekly Express]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1731 17309/Yesvantpur-Vasco da Gama Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1776 17310/Vasco da Gama-Yesvantpur Express]

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yesvantpur-Vasco da Gama Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2001]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Sachin B. Ravi

2026-01-10T13:05:24Z

Sarada22: created article

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2026}}
{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sachin B. Ravi
| image = 
| caption = Sachin B. Ravi
| occupation = Film director, film editor, visual effects artist
| years_active = 2013–present
| notable_works = ''Avane Srimannarayana'' (2019)
}}

'''Sachin B. Ravi''' is an Indian [[film director]], [[editor]] and visual effects [[artist]] working in the [[Kannada film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=I am proud of the VFX in Avane Srimannarayana: Director Sachin Ravi|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Dec/20/i-am-proud-of-the-vfx-in-avane-srimannarayana-director-sachin-ravi-16154.html|website=Cinema Express|date=2019-12-20|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa}}</ref> He is known for his 2019 Kannada film ''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]'', for which he was director and editor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bollywood beckons Sachin Ravi|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Oct/14/bollywood-beckonssachin-ravi-2623642.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=2023-10-14|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en|first=Express News|last=Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Overwhelmed by the response for Avane Srimannarayana: Director Sachin Ravi|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/Jan/05/overwhelmed-by-response-for-avane-srimannarayana--director-sachin-ravi-16382.html|website=Cinema Express|date=2020-01-06|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en|first=C. E.|last=Features}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ravi began his career as a film editor and colour-grade artist in Kannada films. His early work includes editing, visual effects and post-production contributions to several Kannada movies during the 2010s, including ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'' and ''[[Kirik Party]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! After Avane Srimannarayana, I Was Only Offered Remakes But I Was Determined To Make Ashwatthama, Says Director Sachin|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/exclusive-after-avane-srimannarayana-i-was-only-offered-remakes-but-i-was-determined-to-make-ashwatthama-says-director-sachin-article-109701099|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=2024-04-29|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='ಅಶ್ವತ್ಥಾಮ'ನಾದ ನಟ ಶಾಹೀದ್ ಕಪೂರ್; ಆಕ್ಷನ್ ಕಟ್ ಹೇಳಲಿರುವ ಕನ್ನಡ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕ ಸಚಿನ್ ರವಿ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-actor-shahid-kapoor-ashwathama-movie-director-is-sachin-ravi/articleshow/108626818.cms|website=Vijay Karnataka|access-date=2025-12-02|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=This 2016 Kannada Movie, Made On A Budget of Rs 4 Crore, Minted Rs 50 Crore - News18|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/this-2016-kannada-movie-made-on-a-budget-of-rs-4-crore-minted-rs-50-crore-8859647.html|website=www.news18.com|access-date=2025-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422103416/https://www.news18.com/movies/this-2016-kannada-movie-made-on-a-budget-of-rs-4-crore-minted-rs-50-crore-8859647.html|archive-date=2024-04-22|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

He made his directorial debut in 2019 with the Kannada film ''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]'', a period-fantasy adventure film starring [[Rakshit Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avane Srimannarayana movie review: The Rakshit Shetty-starrer is an important Kannada film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/avane-srimannarayana-movie-review-6186404/|website=The Indian Express|date=2019-12-28|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en}}</ref> He was also editor for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Director Sachin Ravi proud of 'Avane Srimannarayana' VFX|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/Dec/21/director-sachin-ravi-proud-of-avane-srimannarayana-vfx-2078867.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=2019-12-21|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa}}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Simple Agi Ondh Love Story]]'' || Editor
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]'' || Editor / Colourist
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'' || Editor / Colourist
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kirik Party]]'' || Editor / Colourist
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]'' || Director / Editor
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=9624407}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:B. Ravi, Sachin}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Indian visual effects artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom

2026-01-04T16:06:31Z

Sarada22: starting the stub basic info

{{Short description|Educational institution in Nandurbar, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom
| native_name =
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Babe Siddique.jpg
| photo1b = Masjid Maimani.jpg | position = centre
| spacing = 2
| color_border = black
| color = black
| size = 290
}}
| caption = ''Bab-e-Siddique'' (left) and ''Masjid-e-Maimani'' (right) at Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom, Akkalkuwa.
| established = {{Start date and age|1979}}
| founder = [[Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi]]
| chairman = [[Huzaifa Vastanvi]]
| head_label =
| head =
| location = [[Akkalkuwa]], Nandurbar District, Maharashtra, India
| campus = Rural, 90 acres
| type = Islamic and Contemporary Educational and Welfare Institution
| students = 15,000
| total_staff = 900
| affiliations = Welfare Commission
| website = [https://jamiaakkalkuwa.com/ jamiaakkalkuwa.com]
|coordinates = {{coord|21|33|37|N|74|01|8|E|display=title|region:IN}}
}}

'''Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom''' ({{langx|ur|جامعہ اسلامیہ اشاعت العلوم}}) is an educational institution located in [[Akkalkuwa]], [[Nandurbar District]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Established in 1979 by [[Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi]], the institution provides a combination of traditional Islamic education and contemporary academic disciplines, including engineering, medicine, and pharmacy.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 March 2011|title=Mullah in Debate of Tradition vs. Modern Schooling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/21/world/asia/21cleric.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214052343/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/21/world/asia/21cleric.html|archive-date=14 February 2024|access-date=19 December 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Ayisha |date=31 January 2011 |title=Why Akkalkuwa,its students rooting for 'Bade Hazrat' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/why-akkalkuwa-its-students-rooting-for-bade-hazrat/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219183808/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/why-akkalkuwa-its-students-rooting-for-bade-hazrat/lite/ |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2023 |title=Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom Jamia Polytechnic Courses: Degree, Diploma, Fees Details & Certificate |url=https://education.indianexpress.com/college/jamia-islamia-ishaatul-uloom-jamia-polytechnic-courses |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=IE Education |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom was established in 1979 in [[Akkalkuwa]], Maharashtra, as a seminary with six students and one teacher. It was founded by [[Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi]] with the objective of providing Islamic education to the local community. Over time, the institution expanded its scope to include contemporary academic programs alongside traditional religious studies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2011 |title=Vastanvi a success story in Maharashtra town|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vastanvi-a-success-story-in-maharashtra-town/articleshow/7383224.cms |access-date=19 December 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=16 August 2016 |title=15000 students salute national flag during Independence Day celebration at Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom, Akkalkuwa|url=https://twocircles.net/2016aug16/1471330750.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819214632/https://twocircles.net/2016aug16/1471330750.html#.V7d-PXbgpKU |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=19 December 2024|website=[[Two Circles]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bastawi |first=Iftikhar Ahmad Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/39-saala-khidmat-e-jamia-akkalkuwa |title=39 Saalah Khidmaat-e-Jamia|trans-title=39 Years of Services to the Jamia|date=March 2018 |publisher=Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom|edition=1st |location=Akkalkuwa, Nandurbar|pages=60, 263|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="DBD">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2024|title=Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom: A Renowned Educational and Welfare Institution |url=https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/12/19/jamia-islamia-ishaatul-uloom-a-renowned-educational-and-welfare-institution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219165815/https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/12/19/jamia-islamia-ishaatul-uloom-a-renowned-educational-and-welfare-institution/ |archive-date=19 December 2024|access-date=19 December 2024|website=Deoband Online|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Airel view of Jamia Akkalkuwa.jpg|thumb|Aerial View of Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom, Akkalkuwa]]

== Educational approach ==
The institution integrates traditional Islamic studies, such as [[Quran memorization]] and Arabic, with modern academic disciplines, including science and technology. The institution provides education from [[kindergarten]] to [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] levels, aiming to prepare students for both religious and contemporary professional contexts. This balanced approach reflects its commitment to blending traditional values with modern educational practices.<ref name="diplomat">{{Cite web |last=Qazi |first=Moin |date=16 March 2017 |title=India's Emerging Modern Madrasas |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/indias-emerging-modern-madrasas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316011156/https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/indias-emerging-modern-madrasas/ |archive-date=16 March 2017 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-12 |title=For Modi 'Dilli door hai', Maulana Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi says |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/for-modi-dilli-door-hai-maulana-ghulam-mohammad-vastanvi-says/articleshow/23999511.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[File:Deeniyat building of Jamia Akkalkuwa.jpg|thumb|The Deeniyat Building housing the primary section of Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom, Akkalkuwa]]
[[File:Ariel view of Darul Quran.jpg|thumb|Aerial View of Darul Quran (The House of Memorization of the Quran), Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom, Akkalkuwa]]

By promoting a combination of religious and modern education, the institution seeks to address societal needs and encourage personal and professional development. It emphasizes the importance of producing individuals equipped with the knowledge and skills to contribute to community welfare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Qutbuddin |date=9 August 2022|title=Asri Uloom ke saath hi Deeni Uloom ka Husool bhi Zaroori hai|trans-title=Along with modern education, acquiring religious knowledge is also essential.|url=https://www.inquilab.com/lifestyle/articles/acquiring-religious-studies-is-also-important-along-with-contemporary-studies-38176 |website=[[The Inquilab]]|access-date=19 December 2024|language=ur}}</ref>

== Academic programs ==
The institution offers a blend of Islamic and contemporary education, catering to students from primary to postgraduate levels. The Islamic education curriculum includes Quran memorization (Hifz), [[Tajwid|Tajweed]] and [[Qira'at]], and advanced Islamic studies such as [[Aalim|Aalimiyat]] and Fazilat, alongside specializations in Islamic jurisprudence ([[Fiqh]]), [[Hadith]] studies, [[Dawah]] and guidance, and Arabic and English language programs. These programs aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of Islamic teachings while addressing their practical application in modern contexts.<ref name="diplomat"/>

[[File:G M Vastanvi University Main building.jpg|thumb|Aerial View of Jamia Institute of Engineering and Management Studies, Akkalkuwa]]

In addition to Islamic studies, the institution emphasizes contemporary education, which began with the establishment of an [[Industrial training institute|Industrial Training Institute]] (ITI) in 1993. Over time, this initiative expanded to include Urdu- and English-medium schools, [[engineering]] and [[pharmacy]] programs, [[Bachelor of Education]] (B.Ed.) and Diploma in Education (D.Ed.), and medical education, including an MBBS college and General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) programs. Vocational training courses in office automation, tailoring, bookbinding, and software development further enhance the institution's offerings. This integrated educational approach aims to prepare students for both religious and professional roles, enabling them to contribute effectively to society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazmi |first=SMA |date=31 January 2011 |title=It's all about control of Deoband seminary |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110131/main7.htm|website =[[The Tribune (India)]]|access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-24 |title=Darul-Uloom Deoband pressurises Vastanvi to quit over pro-Modi Narendra remarks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/darul-uloom-deoband-vastanvi-modi-remarks-138152-2011-07-23 |access-date=2024-12-19|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Social services ==
The institution has been involved in various social welfare activities alongside its educational initiatives. It has contributed to the establishment of madrasas, schools, colleges, and healthcare facilities in several regions, aiming to support community development and address local needs. Additionally, vocational training programs have been introduced to enhance skill development in underserved communities.<ref name="diplomat"/><ref name="DBD"/>

The institution manages several healthcare initiatives, including the [[Indian Institute of Medical Science and Research, Jalna|Indian Institute of Medical Science and Research]] (IIMSR) and Noor Hospital in Jalna district, recognized by the [[Medical Council of India]] (now [[National Medical Commission]]) . These facilities provide healthcare services to diverse communities. In addition, Ahmad Gharib Unani Medical College in Akkalkuwa and Maharashtra's 26th Darul Qaza, established under the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]], reflect Jamia's engagement in education, healthcare, and legal support.<ref name="Milli">{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra's first minority medical college recognised by MCI |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/8944-maharashtra-first-minority-medical-college-recognised-by-mci/ |website=[[The Milli Gazette]]|date=1 August 2013 |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Zafar |date=11 September 2021 |title=Inauguration of Darul Qaza at Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom Akkalkuwa under AIMPLB |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/74810 |website=[[Millat Times]]|access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

These contributions underscore Jamia’s role in addressing community needs through a combination of educational, healthcare, and legal initiatives.<ref name="DBD"/>

== Controversies ==
In February 2025, Maharashtra minister and BJP leader [[Nitesh Rane]] alleged that Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom in Akkalkuwa had illegally sheltered a Yemeni national without a valid visa. According to Rane, the institute provided the individual with accommodation and various official documents, including an Aadhaar card, PAN card, birth certificate, and a bank account. An FIR was filed by the Akkalkuwa police against the Yemeni national, his family members, and officials of the institute under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yemen national illegally sheltered in institute; set up SIT, says Maharashtra minister |url=https://theprint.in/india/yemen-national-illegally-sheltered-in-institute-set-up-sit-says-maharashtra-minister/2491535/ |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=12 February 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

Rane also urged the Maharashtra government to conduct a state-wide investigation into all madrasas, questioning whether they were genuinely educational or involved in promoting terrorism. In comments to IANS reported by Muslim Mirror, he warned of potential links to extremist groups such as the Taliban and rhetorically asked whether students were being made into scholars or into "Osama Bin Laden." He further suggested shutting down all madrasas if such activities continued.<ref>{{cite web |title=Defame, abuse Muslims: MLA Abu Azmi slams Rane’s remarks on madrasas |url=https://muslimmirror.com/defame-abuse-muslims-mla-abu-azmi-slams-ranes-remarks-on-madrasas/ |website=[[Muslim Mirror]] |date=13 February 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

These remarks were met with strong criticism. The Maharashtra unit of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind condemned Rane's statements, calling them baseless, divisive, and a threat to communal harmony. Maulana Ilyas Khan Falahi, president of JIH Maharashtra, stated that Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom has been recognized by the government since 1997 and serves over 15,000 students, including 1,250 Hindu students and 25 Hindu teachers. He accused Rane of attempting to malign madrasa education and intimidate minorities for political gain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Jamaat Condemns Nitesh Rane’s Incendiary Remarks on Madrassas |url=https://clarionindia.net/maharashtra-jamaat-condemns-nitesh-ranes-incendiary-remarks-on-madrassas/ |website=Clarion India |date=19 February 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Abdur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fueIDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ishaatul+Uloom+Akkalkuwa&pg=PT66 |title=Denial and Deprivation: Indian Muslims after the Sachar Committee and Rangnath Mishra Commission Reports |date=2019-02-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-60336-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |editor-last=Nadvi |editor-first=Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi |editor-link=Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi |title=زيارة جامعة إشاعة العلوم بـ " أكل كوا " ومدرسة فلاح الدارين ب" تركيسر " |trans-title=A Visit to Jamia Ishaatul Uloom in "Akkalkuwa" and the Madrasa Falah al-Darain in "Tarkeshwar" |url=https://search.mandumah.com/Record/147559 |year=1994|journal=[[Al-Baas El-Islami]] |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=94–99 |via=Dar al Mandumah}}

[[Category:Islamic schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nandurbar district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Deobandi madrasas]]

Vaju Kotak

2025-12-31T07:59:28Z

Sarada22: created new info

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Infobox writer
| name= Vaju Kotak
| image = File:Vaju Kotak 2011 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Vaju Kotak on the postage stamp of India. (2011)
| birth_name = Vaju Lakhamshi Kotak
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1915|1|30}}
| birth_place = [[Rajkot]],[[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1959|11|29|1915|1|30}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = writer, publisher, journalist, film director and screenwriter
| language = [[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Alfred High School (Rajkot)|Alfred High School]], [[Rajkot]]
| notableworks = {{plainlist| 
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Madhuribahen|1946}}
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
}}
'''Vaju Kotak''' (30 January 1915 – 29 November 1959) was a Gujarati writer, publisher, journalist,<ref name=chitralekha.com>{{Cite web|url=https://chitralekha.com/vajukotak/bio.php|title=Biography|website=chitralekha.com|access-date=2019-12-20|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424100533/http://chitralekha.com/vajukotak/bio.php|url-status=live}}</ref> an Indian film screenwriter and most known to be Founder of famous Gujarati weekly magazine ''[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]]'', published in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name=Pandya2008/>

==Early life==
Kotak was born on 30 January 1915 in [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]]. He studied up to the first year of [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]. In 1937, he came to Ahmedabad for a job and from 1939, settled in [[Bombay]].<ref name=Pandya2008>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pandya |first=Rajnikumar |author-link=Rajnikumar Pandya |editor-link= |encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |title=Kotak, Vaju |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/કોટક-વજુ/ |language=gu |date=January 2008 |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh Trust |access-date=2022-07-11 |archive-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609133825/https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%e0%aa%95%e0%ab%8b%e0%aa%9f%e0%aa%95-%e0%aa%b5%e0%aa%9c%e0%ab%81/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kotak married Madhuribahen in 1946. He died on 29 November 1959 in [[Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital|Hurkisondas Hospital]], [[Bombay]] following a heart attack.<ref name=Pandya2008/>

==Career==

===Movies===
He started his film career as an assistant director and screenwriter for ''Kasauti'' (1941).<ref name=chitralekha.com/> In 1944, he wrote the screenplay for ''Paristan'', directed by [[Mahesh Kaul]]. In the film he worked as an assistant director. he had also worked as a screenwriter. He wrote screenplay and dialogues for ''Parivartan'', ''Bhalai'', ''Mangalfera'', ''Nanandbhojai'', ''Gorakhdhandha'', ''Lagnmandap'' etc.<ref name=Pandya2008/>

===Writing===
In 1941, Kotak published his first book ''Ruparani'', a translation of the autobiography of [[Isadora Duncan]].<ref name=chitralekha.com/> He started writing a column in ''Jay Saurasthra'' magazine published from Rajkot. In 1946, he became the editor of ''Chitrapat''. His Novel ''Juvan Haiya'' (Young Hearts) was partially published in serialized form in ''Chitrapat'' and later chapters were published in ''Chhaya'' magazine. In 1950, he started his independent weekly news magazine [[Chitralekha (weekly)|''Chitralekha'']].<ref name=chitralekha.com/> He started monthly magazines ''Bij'' (1951) and ''Light'' (1953) in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[English language|English]] respectively. In 1958, he started ''Jee Cinema magazine''.<ref name=Pandya2008/>

''Ramkada Vahu'', ''Juvan Haiya'', ''Gharni Shobha'', ''Chundadi ane Chokha'', ''Ha ke Na'', ''Aansuna Toran'', ''Manavatano Maheraman'', ''Aansuni Aatashbaji ane Doctor Roshanlal'', ''Prabhatna Pushpo'', ''Buddhina Brahmchari'', ''Kadavna Thapa'', ''Galgota'', ''Puran ane Vighnan'', ''Chandarvo'', ''Dhondu ane Pandu'', ''Shaherma Farata Farata'' and ''Badapanna Vanarveda'' are his literary works.<ref name=chitralekha.com/>

Kotak wrote 9 novels. His incomplete novel ''Dr. Roshanlal'' was completed by [[Harkisan Mehta]], then editor of ''Chitralekha''. On Silver Jubilee of Chitralekha, his novel ''Dr. Roshanlal'' was adapted into a Gujarati play, ''Him Angara''. The play was well received and had more than 100 performances. ''Shaherma farta farta'' and ''Prabhatna Pushpo'' are his collections of essays.<ref name=Pandya2008/>

== Filmography ==
; Hindi
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Cast !! Notes
|-
| 1944 || ''Paristan'' || [[Hindi]] || [[Mahesh Kaul]] || [[Pahari Sanyal]], Anjali Devi, Ranjit Kumari, Moni Chatterjee || Assistant Director and Writer
|-
| 1946 || ''Shatranj''<ref>{{cite web |title=Shatranj (1946) |url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/ao578160 |website=muvyz.com |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711094322/http://muvyz.com/moviepage/ao578160 |url-status=live }}</ref>|| [[Hindi]] || Vaju Kotak and G.S. Potdar || Krishnkant, [[Leela Chitnis]] || Writing credits: H. Advani, Vaju Kotak, G.S. Potdar, Tara Singh
|-
| 1948 || ''Jalsa'' || [[Hindi]] || Kamlakar ||[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Geeta Bali]] || Writing credits: Pandit Indra, Vaju Kotak
|-
|}
; Gujarati
* ''Parivartan''
* ''Bhalai''
* ''[[Mangalfera]]'' (1949)
* ''Nanandbhojai''
* ''Gorakhdhandha''
* ''Lagnmandap''

== Recognition ==
In 1973, a road in Bombay was named Vaju Kotak Marg.<ref name="marg">{{Cite news|last=Chacko|first=Benita|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-vaju-kotak-marg-named-after-journalist-was-once-notorious-for-crime-4678414/|title=Mumbai's Vaju Kotak Marg: Named after journalist, was once notorious for crime|date=2017-05-29|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2019-12-20|archive-date=2019-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220044049/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-vaju-kotak-marg-named-after-journalist-was-once-notorious-for-crime-4678414/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 June 1993, spiritual leader [[Morari Bapu]] inaugurated Vaju Kotak Marg in [[Rajkot]]. On 7 September 2002, Takhteshwar Temple road in [[Bhavnagar]] was named as Vaju Kotak Marg. On 20 April 2011, the [[India Post|Indian Postal Department]] issued a postage stamp on the ''Chitralekha'' magazine depicting the image of Vaju Kotak.<ref name="marg" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Phila India Guide Book|author=Jain, Manik|publisher=Philatelia|year=2008|pages=231}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3121196}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kotak, Vaju}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Journalists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian magazine founders]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]

Achumla Jingrü

2025-12-11T19:29:22Z

Sarada22: added stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Achumla Jingrü
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Kiphire]], [[Nagaland]], India
| genre = [[Gospel music|gospel]], folk fusion
| occupation = Singer-songwriter, entrepreneur
| years_active = 2020–present
| label = Independent
}}

'''Achumla Jingrü''' is a [[Naga people|Naga]] singer-songwriter from [[Kiphire]], [[Nagaland]], known for her contributions to [[Gospel music|gospel]] and [[Folk music|folk-fusion music]] in the [[Sangtam language]]. At the [[MG Music Awards]], she won an award for the Best Gospel Song in 2021, followed by two awards in 2022.

== Early life and education ==
Achumla was born in Kiphire, Nagaland, into a family deeply rooted in music. Her mother was a vocalist in a high school girl band. Achumla's siblings are also interested in music. They collectively influenced her passion for music.<ref name=":0" />

Achumla attended Loyola Higher Secondary School in Kiphire, followed by Eastern Academy Higher Secondary School and Greenwood Higher Secondary School in [[Dimapur]]. She later graduated from [[Patkai Christian College]] in [[Chümoukedima]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|first = Kitoka |last =Sangtam |date=2023-09-02 |title=Achumla Jingrü: Rising singer and songwriter from the far east land of Kiphire |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/achumla-jingru-rising-singer-and-songwriter-from-the-far-east-land-of-kiphire/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Janetius |first=S. T. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356787028_Naga_traditional_folk_and_fusion_music_and_the_younger_generation |title=North-East India: People, Culture & Environment |last2=Throngtiba |first2=S. |last3=Libonthung |first3=E. |last4=Tsachongli |first4=S. |date=2021 |publisher=St. John's College |editor-last=Toshinungla |editor-first=A. |page=122-137 |chapter=Naga traditional folk and fusion music and the younger generation |editor-last2=Malakar |editor-first2=S.}}</ref>

== Musical career ==
Jingrü's musical journey commenced with performances in [[Sunday school]] competitions during her childhood. Her genuine passion for music blossomed after college, when she became active in church youth services. Her debut original song, "Holo Hele," co-written with her mother, marked the beginning of her songwriting career. She has since been recognized for her work in gospel and folk-fusion genres, particularly songs written in her native Sangtam dialect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2022 |title=Musicians Guild Music Awards 2022 |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/musicians-guild-music-awards-2022 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>

== Awards ==
At the 2021 MG Music Awards, Jingrü won the Best Gospel Song award for "Holo Hele." The following year, at the 2022 MG Music Awards, she received two awards: Best Gospel Artist for her song "Nü Khüdoi Atsa" and Best Folk Fusion Artist for "Oh Mungmung," a collaboration with Albert Jingrü.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-06-23 |title=Nominees & Winners: MG Nagaland Music Awards 2021 |url=https://www.nagasconnect.com/entertainment/17264/nominees-winners-mg-nagaland-music-awards-2021 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Nagaland News and Info - NagasConnect.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangtam |first=Kitoko |date=2023-09-02 |title=Achumla Jingrü: Rising singer and songwriter from the far east land of Kiphire |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/achumla-jingru-rising-singer-and-songwriter-from-the-far-east-land-of-kiphire/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Naga singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Indian Christian music]]

Mahara (surname)

2025-12-05T02:50:40Z

Sarada22: brief expanded details based on references and fixed typos

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
'''Mahara''' or '''Mahra''' (महरा) is a surname in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]], and in [[Nepal]].

==Notable people==
Notable people with the surname include:
*[[Kalu Singh Mahara]], Indian Kumaoni freedom fighter
*[[Krishna Bahadur Mahara]] (born 1958), Nepalese politician and minister
*[[Karan Mahara]] (born 1972), Indian politician
*[[Mahendra Singh Mahra]], Indian politician and MP of Rajya Sabha for Uttarakhand
*[[Ummed Singh Mahra]] (21 January 1942 – 6 July 1971), Indian Kumaoni posthumous recipient of the Ashoka Chakra

{{surname|Mahara}}

[[Category:Nepali-language surnames]]

Musical instruments of Rajasthan

2025-12-02T17:50:10Z

Sarada22: created a post more to come.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{multiple issues|{{notability|Music|date=March 2017}}
{{original research|date=March 2017}}
{{unreliable sources|date=March 2017}}}}
[[File:Nagphani.jpg|thumb|A nagphani]]
The '''musical instruments of Rajasthan''' include:<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajasthantravelguide.com/rajasthan-tourism/music-dance.html|title=Rajasthan Music & Dance, Rajasthan Musical Instruments, Rajasthan Travel Guide|author=Cyberpark Team|work=rajasthantravelguide.com|access-date=2015-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811174504/http://www.rajasthantravelguide.com/rajasthan-tourism/music-dance.html|archive-date=2014-08-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajtourism.com/html/raj_tour/instuments.htm|title=instruments - rajasthan|work=rajtourism.com}}</ref> [[ravanahatha]], kamayacha, [[Sarangi|Sindhi sarangi]], [[Morsing|morchang]], [[algoze]], [[Mashak|bin]], nagphani,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagphani {{!}} Nepal or India |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/500781 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref> [[Bankia (instrument)|bankia]], tarpi, chautara, [[ghara]], jantar, [[Chikara (instrument)|chikara]], [[ektara]], [[Bansuri|murali]], [[Pungi|murli]], gujari sarangi,<ref>{{Citation |title=RAJASTHANI FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENT - GUJARI or SARANGI | date=29 June 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9t9LanZ_CRA |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en}}</ref> deru, bapang, bhapang and [[khartal]].

==List of Rajasthani musical instruments==
===Algoza===
[[Alghoza]], also known as Algoza is a traditional double-flute woodwind instrument prominent in the folk music of Sindhi, Kutchi, Saraiki, Punjabi, Rajasthani, and Baloch cultures. It consists of two beak flutes—one producing the melody and the other providing a continuous drone. These flutes are either bound together or held side by side while playing. The instrument requires a constant stream of air, as both flutes are blown simultaneously to create a rhythmic and melodic soundscape.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-13 |title=Punjab: Witness of partition, Algoza exponent Chuhar Khan, having faced abject penury, laid to rest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-witness-of-partition-algoza-exponent-chuhar-khan-having-faced-abject-penury-laid-to-rest/articleshow/93546501.cms |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Bin===
Bin is the [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] word for [[mashak]], which means bagpipes in Hindi. They are a type of bagpipe native to Rajasthan, and are similar to the [[Alghoza|algoza]]. Its name also means water bag, as the bag was originally used to carry water. The bin is also heavily used in Kumaon, Garhwal, and parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSFJsZyrOsM |title=Shyopat Julia {{!}} The Tale of a Rajasthani Bagpiper {{!}} Mashak {{!}} I Believe Art Matters: Folk Edition |date=2022-08-26 |last=Teamwork Arts |access-date=2024-08-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mashak |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/mashak/agHvyMPWnbm32g |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>

===Bhapang===
Bhapang is an instrument that looks like a drum, but uses string. They are made from gourd shells, and use a flexible cloth to cover the gourd, like goat skin. Then strings hang from the skin and are tied at the middle of the 2 shells. A bamboo stick is then used to produce pitches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhapang The Musical Instrument |url=https://aathun.com/instruments/bhapang-the-musical-instrument/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=आथुन {{!}} Aathun |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The bhapang - a variable tension string instrument from Rajasthan | date=8 November 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxsUjW1ku2c |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en}}</ref>

===Chautara===
[[File:Chautara 01.jpg|thumb|An image of a decorated chautara along with a human figure.]]
The Chautara, as shown from its name, has four strings and is similar to the tanpura in its use. It is made of light wood and used as an accompaniment in singing.

===Deru===
A corn hand percussion instrument that is like the bhapang. The drum is made from mango wood, and the drum's sides have skin covering them. Strings are attached, and the player uses these to change pitch.<ref>{{Citation |title=RAJASTHANI FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENT - DERU | date=19 September 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHzEHowMC7E |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en}}</ref>

===Jantar===
A type of [[veena]], with 2 resonators. These resonators are made of gourd or wood. The rest of the jantar uses wood, steel, and horsehair, traditionally. It is considered an early form of veena, and is closest to the Rudra veena and Saraswati veena.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jantar The Musical Instrument |url=https://aathun.com/instruments/jantar-the-musical-instrument/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=आथुन {{!}} Aathun |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Kamayacha===
The seventeen-string [[Kamancheh|kamayacha]], or khamaycha, is a string instrument constructed out of a piece of [[mango]] wood, featuring a round resonator covered in [[goat]] leather. It is also related to the [[sarangi]] and chikara, but has its own unique sound.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajasthani Manganiars to play 700-year-old instrument Kamaycha at Goa music fest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rajasthani-manganiars-to-play-700-year-old-instrument-kamaycha-at-monte-music-fest/articleshow/117466387.cms |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
[[File:Sound of desert.jpg|thumb|The man on the left is playing the sarangi. The man on the right is playing the kamayacha.]]
Three of its strings are made of goat [[intestine]], while the other fourteen are made of steel.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Tribes of Rajasthan
|url=https://saxonianfolkways.wordpress.com/tag/tribes-of-rajasthan/
|website=A World’s Heritage Of Native Music
|accessdate=2025-04-21
|author=RAM Chandrakausika
|date=2013-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aathun.com/kamayacha-the-musical-instrument/
|title=Kamayacha: The Musical Instrument
|website=Aathun
|access-date=2025-04-21}}</ref> It is a key presence in [[Rajasthani folk music]], and is heard in [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Barmer district|Barmer]]. [[Sakar Khan]], who received [[Padma Shri]] for his work with kamayacha, and [[Dapu Khan]] are some of its most well-known players.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakar Khan |url=https://folkways.si.edu/sakar-khan/india-world/music/album/smithsonian |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Smithsonian Folkways Recordings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=Dapu Khan – the khamaicha legend |url=https://melvenblog.wordpress.com/2021/07/29/dapu-khan-the-khamaicha-legend/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=melven |language=en}}</ref>

===Khartal===
[[Khartal]] also known as Kartals are a traditional percussion instrument used in Rajasthan, consisting of a pair of thin, hard wooden pieces. They are similar in function to percussion bones and are commonly used in folk music and devotional performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Sanket |date=2024-09-08 |title='This is what makes me happy' |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/culture/this-is-what-makes-me-happy-says-one-of-rajasthans-last-khartal-makers |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

===Pungi===
Murali is also known as bansuri, and Murli is known as [[Pungi]]. The [[bansuri]] is the Indian flute made of [[bamboo]]. The pungi is the instrument that was once used by snake charmers, but still used by musicians today. It is made out of bamboo with a gourd at its top.<ref>{{Citation |title=RAJASTHANI FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENT- MURALI | date=21 August 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmK7APN0OBo |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=The Bansuri: the humble bamboo reed of cowherds |url=https://www.darbar.org/article/the-bansuri-the-humble-bamboo-reed-of-cowherds |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Darbar Arts Culture and Heritage Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=What is a bansuri? | date=2 June 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Md4y8wpo-sY |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en}}</ref>

===Nagphani===
Nagphani is a traditional wind instrument belonging to the [[Kumaon region]] in Uttarakhand. This is also played in Gujarat and Rajasthan. It is shaped like a serpent (Nag means serpent in [[Sanskrit]], thus giving it the name) with a metal tongue painted with bright colours. This instrument resembles a snake with a round and open mouth, is made of copper and bronze and is smaller in size than other wind instruments.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Nagphani |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/nagphani/4QG3FXrlZfW6AQ?hl=en&avm=4
|website=Google Arts & Culture
|access-date=20 April 2025
}}</ref> It is used by tantrik ritual performers. Nagphani was also played during battles to boost the morale of the troops and is occasional during weddings and gatherings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagphani {{!}} Nepal or India |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/500781 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref>

===Raavanhatha===
[[File:Ravanhatha cmdt.jpg|thumb|Indian Ravanhatha at the Casa Museo Del Timple, Lanzarote, Spain]]
[[Ravanahatha|Raavan hatha]], or 'Raavan's hand' is a [[string instrument]] modelled from a legend telling the story of Raavan came upon his death by Lord [[Rama]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. Fifteen metallic pegs run along the stem of the instrument representing Raavan's fifteen fingers. The two wooden pegs behind the stem represent his thumbs. The coconut base represents the shoulder and the strings represent the nerves.

===Sarangi===
[[File:Mashak, Indian Bagpipe.jpg|thumb|An image of mashak, the traditional Indian bagpipe.]]
There are two instruments which are known as [[sarangi]] in Rajasthan. The first is Sindhi sarangi. It is the real sarangi with many strings, pegs, and the sound of a human voice. It resembles a Western violin. The Gujari sarangi is shaped like a smaller Ravanahatha, but is called a sarangi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarangi {{!}} Indian |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/503204 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=RAJASTHANI FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENT- SINDHI SARANGI | date=24 August 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9Ml90o7PY8 |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=RAJASTHANI FOLK MUSICAL INSTRUMENT - GUJARI or SARANGI | date=29 June 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9t9LanZ_CRA |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en}}</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Culture of Rajasthan]]

Kerala State Television Award for Best Actor

2025-11-25T16:31:29Z

Sarada22: starting the details initial version

{{Short description|Annual Indian television award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name =
| image = M. R. Gopakumar.jpg
| caption = M. R. Gopakumar, Most Wins (3 times)
| image_size =
| alt =
| subheader = State award for contributions to Malayalam television
| awarded_for = Best performance by an actor in a leading role
| sponsor = [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]
| firstawarded =
| lastawarded = 2020
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Frist Winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner =
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = Shivaji Guruvayoor
| website = {{URL|www.keralafilm.com}}
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Kerala State Television Award for Best Actor''' is an honour presented annually at the '''Kerala State Television Awards''' of India to an actor for the best performance in a leading role in a Malayalam telefilm or serial. Until 1997, the awards were managed directly by the Department of Cultural Affairs, [[Government of Kerala]]. Since 1998, the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], an autonomous non-profit organisation functioning under the Department of Cultural Affairs, has been exercising control over the awards.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/state-tv-awards-declared/article23662389.ece|title=State TV awards declared|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! Superlative
! Actor
! Record
|-
|Actor with most awards
|[[M. R. Gopakumar]]
|3
|}

==Winners==
The 2008 recipient [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] for ''Aranazhikaneram'' and 2013 recipient [[Salim Kumar]] for ''Parethante Paribhavangal'' are the only 2 actors to win the [[National Film Award|National Film Award for Best Actor]], [[Kerala State Film Award|Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] and Kerala State Television Award under the category of Best Actor
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Photo of Winners
! Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |Tele film / serial(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;" |{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row"|2023
|
|[[Anoop Krishnan]]
|kanmashi
|-
! scope="row"|2022
|
|Shivaji Guruvayoor|| Bharthavinte Snehithan||
|-
! scope="row"|2021
|
|Ishaq||''Pira''||
|-
! scope="row"|2020
|
|[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]]
|''Kathayariyathe''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/state-television-award-2020-winners-list-552535|title=State Television Award: Best Actress Ashwathy, Actor Shivaji Guruvayoor}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2019
|
| Madhu Vibhakar
| Kunjiraman
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-television-awards-announced/article32648904.ece |title=State Television Awards Announced|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2018
|[[File:RAGHAVAN.jpg|border|center|180x180px]]
|[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
|Dehantharam
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malayalam-tv-actors-felicitated-at-state-television-awards/articleshow/71876761.cms|title=Malayalam TV actors felicitated at State Television Awards}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2017
|
| Krishnan Balakrishnan
| Kaligandaki
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/state-tv-awards-declared/article23662389.ece|title=State TV Awards declared}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2016
|
| Gireesh Kumar K.
| ''Ooriyattam''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2017/10/winners-kerala-state-television-awards-2017.html|title=Winners of Kerala State Television Awards 2016 announced - Pokkuveyil best tele serial}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2015
|
| Munshi Baiju
| ''Nadakanthyam''
| rowspan=2 | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Television-awards-announced/article14383929.ece|title=Television Awards Announced}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
|
| Murukan
| ''Unmadham''
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
|[[File:Salim kumar.jpg|border|center|180x180px]]
| [[Salim Kumar]]
| ''Parethante Paribhavangal''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/04/kerala-state-television-awards-2013.html|title=Kerala State Television Awards 2013 announced : Winners list}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2012
|
| [[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]]
| ''Sandhya Ragam''
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
|[[File:Babu annur.jpg|border|center|180x180px]]
| [[Babu Annur]]
| ''Daivatinte Swantham Devooty''
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2010
|
| Ashok Kumar
| ''Planning''
|
|-
|
| Achuthanandan
| ''Planning''
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2009
|
| [[Manikandan Pattambi]]
| Unaru
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
|
| [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
| ''Aranazhikaneram''
|<ref>{{cite news|title=State television awards announced|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/State-television-awards-announced/article15969875.ece|access-date=29 November 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2007
| [[File:Ganeshkumar.k.b.JPG|border|center|180x180px]]
| [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| ''Madavam''
|<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/15/stories/2008111554400400.htm | location=Chennai, India | title='Daya' and 'Typewriter' bag State TV awards | date=15 November 2008 | access-date=31 March 2012 | archive-date=7 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707183752/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/15/stories/2008111554400400.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2006
|[[File:T.G._Ravi.jpg|border|center|180x180px]]
| [[T. G. Ravi]]
| ''Nizhalroopam''
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Amrita TV tops list in television awards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Amrita-TV-tops-list-in-television-awards/article14774291.ece|access-date=29 November 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 June 2007}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2005
| [[File:Siddiquee.JPG|border|center|180x180px]]
| [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
| ''Samasya'' ''Annum Mazhayayirunnu''
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Siddique, Ambili Devi adjudged best TV actors|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/siddique-ambili-devi-adjudged-best-tv-actors/article3129832.ece|access-date=29 November 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 May 2006}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2004
|
| [[Prem Prakash]]
| ''Avicharitham''
|<ref>{{cite news|title='Avicharitham' wins five State television awards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/04/stories/2005110411240400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501235847/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/04/stories/2005110411240400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2009|access-date=29 November 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 November 2005}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2003
|
| [[Ravi Vallathol]]
| ''American Dreams''
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2002
|
| [[Ratheesh]]
| ''Anna''
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2001
|
| [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| ''Avasthantharangal''
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2000
|
| [[Sreenath]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1999
|[[File:M. R. Gopakumar.jpg|border|center|180x180px]]
| [[M. R. Gopakumar]]
| ''Pulari'' ''Balyakalasmaranakal''
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1998
|[[File:M. R. Gopakumar.jpg|border|center|180x180px]]
| [[M. R. Gopakumar]]
| ''Pattolaponnu''
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1996
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1995
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1994
|[[File:M. R. Gopakumar.jpg|border|center|180x180px]]
| [[M. R. Gopakumar]]
| ''Koodaram''
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1993
|
| [[Jose Prakash]]
| ''Mikhayelinte Santhathikal''
|
|}

== See also==

* [[List of Asian television awards]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.keralafilm.com}}

{{Kerala State Television Award for Best Actor}}

[[Category:1993 establishments in Kerala|Television Award for Best Actor]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1993]]
[[Category:Indian television awards]]
[[Category:Television awards for Best Actor]]
[[Category:Kerala awards|Television Award for Best Actor]]

Shobhanasundari Mukhopadhyay

2025-11-13T07:15:55Z

Sarada22: created new info.

{{short description|Indian folktale writer (1877–1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shobhanasundari Mukhopadhyay
| image = Shovona Devi Tagore.jpg
| alt = Young woman looking to the right, wearing a high-necked dark dress, a gemstone necklace, and a light-colored sash. Her name, Shovona Tagore, is signed in the lower right.
| caption = Shovona Devi, 1915
| other_names = Shovona Devi, Shovona Tagore, Shovana Devi, Shovana Tagore
|birth_place= [[Calcutta]], British India
|birth_date = 1877
|death_date = 1937
|death_place = [[Howrah]], British India
| father = [[Hemendranath Tagore]]
| relatives = Niece of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
}}

'''Shobhanasundari Mukhopadhyay''' (born '''Shovona Devi Tagore''' in 1877 in Calcutta; died 26 May 1937, in [[Howrah]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=10 June 1937|title=Deaths|page=2|work=The Times of India|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref>) was an Indian writer, known for her collections of [[Folklore of India|folktales]]. She was the daughter of [[Hemendranath Tagore]] and the [[Niece and nephew|niece]] of writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]].

== Biography ==
The fifth daughter of Hemendranath Tagore, Shovona Devi Tagore was raised in an [[Upper class|upper-class]], English-educated [[Hindus|Hindu]] family in [[Kolkata|Calcutta (Kolkata)]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Leela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxfMDwAAQBAJ&q=shovona+devi&pg=PA7|title=The Audacious Raconteur: Sovereignty and Storytelling in Colonial India|year=2020|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-5228-5|pages=7|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Deb|first=Chitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvU6CwAAQBAJ&dq=Shobhana+tagore&pg=PT138|title=Women of The Tagore Household|year=2010|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5214-187-6|language=en}}</ref> She married Nagendranath Mukhopadhyay, who was an English professor in [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":2" />

She died in 1937 at age sixty of complications relating to high [[blood pressure]].<ref name=":0" />

== Writing ==
One of Mukhopadhyay's first projects was an English translation of her aunt [[Swarnakumari Devi|Swarnakumari Devi's]] Bengali novel ''Kahake?''<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Rani|first=K. Suneetha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shobhana+tagore&pg=PT55|title=Influence of English on Indian Women Writers: Voices from Regional Languages|year=2017|publisher=Sage Publishing India|isbn=978-93-81345-34-4|language=en}}</ref> After this, Mukhopadhyay became interested in recording local oral traditions and folktales.

=== ''The Orient Pearls'' (1915) ===
''The Orient Pearls: Indian Folklore'' contains twenty-eight folktales, gathered by Mukhopadhyay herself, some from family servants.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Leela|date=October 2015|title=Cordelia's Salt: Interspatial Reading of Indic Filial-Love Stories|url=https://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/29ii/volume-29-issue-2-transmissions-and-transitions-in-indian-oral-traditions/|journal=Oral Histories|volume=29|issue=2|pages=253|eissn=1542-4308}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Her prefatory note to the book describes her inspiration and process:<blockquote>The idea of writing these tales occurred to me while reading a volume of short stories by my uncle, Sir Rabindranath Tagore; but as I have none of his inventive genius, I set about collecting folk-tales and putting them into an English garb; and the tales contained in the following pages were told to me by various illiterate village folks, and not a few by a blind man still in my service, with a retentive memory, and a great capacity for telling a story.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Shobhanasundari|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Orient_Pearls|title=The Orient Pearls|publisher=MacMillan and Co., Ltd.|year=1915|location=New York|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>''The Orient Pearls'' was reviewed in publications such as ''[[The Dial]]'' and ''[[The Spectator]]'' and appeared in libraries around the world shortly after its publication.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VFGAQAAMAAJ&q=shovona&pg=PA124|title=Bulletin of the Public Library of the City of Boston|publisher=The Trustees of the Boston Public Library|year=1916|location=Boston|page=123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 13, 1916|title=New Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12U6AQAAMAAJ&q=shovona+devi&pg=RA1-PA394|journal=The Dial|volume=LX|issue=716|pages=394|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 18, 1915|title=''The Orient Pearls'' by Shovona Devi (book review).|journal=[[The Spectator]]|volume=115|issue=4564|pages=885|quote=This is a collection of fairy-stories, fables, and folklore which may take a good place among the numerous books of this kind that now come to us from India. If the English is the unaided work of Sir Rabindranath Tagore's niece, it is a remarkable achievement; little ''naïvetés'' of expression and unexpected terms add piquancy rather than detract from the effect.|id={{ProQuest|}} }}</ref> The book brought Bengali folktales to the attention of English-speaking folklorists around the world, who used it as a source in their comparative work, including new forms of computer-aided study.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=W. N.|date=1921|title=Vyaghramari, or the Lady Tiger-Killer: A Study of the Motif of Bluff in Hindu Fiction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oXPAAAAMAAJ&dq=shovona+devi&pg=PA139|journal=American Journal of Philology|volume=XLII|issue=166|pages=139|via=GoogleBooks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bruce|first=James Douglas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqpOAAAAYAAJ&dq=shovona+devi&pg=PA22|title=The Evolution of Arthurian Romance from the Beginnings Down to the Year 1300|date=1923|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|location=Baltimore|pages=22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=Hilda Ellis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJhOzLLVT24C&dq=shovona+devi&pg=PA245|title=A Companion to the Fairy Tale|last2=Davidson|first2=Hilda Roderick Ellis|last3=Chaudhri|first3=Anna|date=2006|publisher=DS Brewer|isbn=978-1-84384-081-7|pages=245|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Colby|first1=B. N.|last2=Collier|first2=George A.|last3=Postal|first3=Susan K.|date=1963|title=Comparison of Themes in Folktales by the General Inquirer System|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/537928|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|volume=76|issue=302|pages=318–323|doi=10.2307/537928|jstor=537928|issn=0021-8715|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Her stories have been republished in recent academic collections of the writings of Indian women.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Souza|first1=Eunice de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEUrAQAAIAAJ&q=shovona+devi|title=Women's Voices: Selections from Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Indian Writing in English|last2=Pereira|first2=Lindsay|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press India|isbn=978-0-19-566785-1|pages=380|language=en}}</ref>

Some scholars have positioned Mukhopadhyay's work as similar in method and tone to British colonial [[ethnography]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Leela|date=2003|title=The Authorial Other in Folktale Collections in Colonial India: Tracing Narration and its Dis/Continuities|url=https://www.academia.edu/9738454|journal=Cultural Dynamics|volume=15|issue=1|pages=7|doi=10.1177/a033107|s2cid=219962230}}</ref> Others describe its similarity to other [[Victorian literature|Victorian]] short story collections produced in India and elsewhere, filled with subtle ideas about [[Reformism (political theory)|social reform]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=K.|first=Naik, M.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/17208758|title=Studies in Indian English literature|date=1987|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=81-207-0657-9|chapter=Chapter 3: The Winds of Change: 1857 to 1920|oclc=17208758}}</ref> or as demonstrative of the complex sociopolitical circumstances of translating folktales into the colonizer's language.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Others view her interest in local culture as a precursor to Indian [[nationalism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Islam|first=Mazharul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFG3NjdeBMoC&dq=shovona+devi&pg=PA117|title=Folklore, the Pulse of the People: In the Context of Indic Folklore|date=1985|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=117|language=en}}</ref> Another scholar argues that Tagore's preface acknowledges the constrained position of a female author.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=Sarani|date=2021-07-31|title=Defining the Rupkatha: Tracing the Generic Tradition of the Bengali Fairy Tale|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10583-021-09457-6|journal=Children's Literature in Education|volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=488–506 |doi=10.1007/s10583-021-09457-6|s2cid=238761580|issn=0045-6713|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Later works ===
Mukhopadhyay published four books on Indian folklore, religion, culture, and myths for the London-based publishing firm [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] between 1915 and 1920. In ''Indian Fables and Folk-lore'' (1919) and ''The Tales of the Gods of India'' (1920), she includes information on her source material for the stories, something she had not previously done.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shovona|first=Devi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RA9FAQAAMAAJ&dq=shovona+devi&pg=PP11|title=Indian Fables and Folk-lore|date=1919|publisher=Macmillan|language=en}}</ref>{{Wikisource|Author:Shobhanasundari Mukhopadhyay|Shobhanasundari Mukhopadhyay}}

== Works ==
* ''To Whom? An Indian Love Story'' (translation of ''Kahake?'' by [[Swarnakumari Devi]], her aunt) (1898<ref name=":3" /> or 1910<ref name=":2" />)
* ''The Orient Pearls: Indian Folktales'' (1915) (At [[s:The Orient Pearls|Wikisource]]; [https://archive.org/details/cu31924089998144/page/n8/mode/1up at Archive.org])
* ''Indian Nature Myths'' (1919) ([[iarchive:indiannaturemyth00devi|open access at Internet Archive]])
* ''Indian Fables and Folk-lore'' (1919) ([[s:Index:Indian Fables and Folk-lore - Shobhanasundari Mukhopadhyay.pdf|transcription project]]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c100532900 open access on HathiTrust]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=RA9FAQAAMAAJ&dq=shovona+devi&pg=PP11 open access on GoogleBooks])
* ''The Tales of the Gods of India'' (1920)

==Family tree==
{{main|Tagore_family#Family_tree}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Shobhanasundari}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Tagore family]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Indian women folklorists]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Collectors of fairy tales]]

Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai

2025-10-19T06:05:23Z

Sarada22: created article.

{{Short description|Indian Hindi language Comedy show}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai.jpg
| caption = 
| genre = Comedy
| writer = Anukalp Goswami
| director = Rajan Waghdhare
| creative_director = Deep Chanda
| starring = ''[[#Cast|See below]]''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 60
| producer = Ranjit Thakur Hemant Ruprell
| editor = Mandar Khanvilkar Sunil Dahifale
| runtime = 24-26 minutes
| company = [[Frames Production|Frames Producation Company]]
| network = [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|07|07|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2014}}
}}

'''Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai''' is a live audience comedy show that premiered on [[Sony SAB]] on 7 July 2014<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-07 |title=Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai launches tonight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tu-mere-agal-bagal-hai-launches-tonight/articleshow/37903659.cms |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and concluded on 26 September 2014.It Stars [[Alok Nath]], [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]], [[Shweta Gulati]] and [[Sugandha Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-30 |title=Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai actors give part of income for charity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tu-mere-agal-bagal-hai-actors-give-part-of-income-for-charity/articleshow/39298147.cms |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The show depicts the shared living arrangement within a single dwelling, Bungalow No. 5. The narrative focuses on the interactions between two distinct groups of residents: the owners of the property Laal Singh his wife Kesari and their tenants. Laal Singh is a man who has not achieved success till now and hence he has a house filled with the tenants. He has no source of income as he is unemployed and unsuccessful and thus he has to manage himself with the rent he gets from the tenants. His wife Kesari talks too much and she is also a fighter who fights for Justice for women. Laal Singh's father Jagat Bapuji has instilled good values in his son and he loves his children. He loves the tenants and Ganga Mausi, too.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-06-26 |title=SAB TV Launches New Serial “Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai” — Indian Fashion |url=https://www.glamcheck.com/bollywood/2014/06/26/sab-tv-launches-new-serial-tu-mere-agal-bagal-hai/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Among the tenants, there is Pillavakandi who is an actress and she has a secret husband who is named Pillu. Pillavakandi kept her husband in her closet as her top secret. She does not disclose it to anyone as she fears she will not get good roles if it is discovered that she is married. Another tenant is named Khakhra who has a business of Food and lives there with his wife named Khandvi. Sometimes her mother Basundi visits them. And the only pair remaining is Anu and Mallik who sing poorly. They also reside with them. The guard of the house is Sher Singh and the maid is named Varsha / Victoria Bai. The show goes on with these people having their daily problems.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=SAB TV launches fictional comedy 'Tu mere agal bagal hai' |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/41223_sab-tv-launches-fictional-comedy-tu-mere-agal-bagal-hai |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

=== Main ===
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Laal Singh<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-31 |title=TV serial 'Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai' cast spreads cheers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-serial-tu-mere-agal-bagal-hai-cast-spreads-cheers/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shweta Gulati]] as Kesari
* [[Sugandha Mishra]] as Pillavakandi
* Dhaval as Pillu
* [[Manoj Goyal]] as Anu
* [[Abhishek Avasthi|Abhishek Awasthi]] as Mallik
* [[Alok Nath]] as Jagat Bapuji<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-11 |title=Babuji Forever: Alok Nath feels it’s an opportunity of a lifetime |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/babuji-forever/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Supriya Pathak]] as Ganga Mausi
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Basundi<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2014-07-04 |title=Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai characters named after Gujarati delicacies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tu-mere-agal-bagal-hai-characters-named-after-gujarati-delicacies/articleshow/37708981.cms |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Ami Trivedi]] as Khandvi<ref name=":1" />
* [[Sameer Shah]] as Khakhra<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=2014-09-10 |title=Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai: Samir Shah undergoes role reversal |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/tu-mere-agal-bagal-hai-tv-show-news-16947.html |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Monica Castelino]] as Victoria Bai / Varsha
* Sukesh Anand as Sher Singh

=== Cameo appearances ===

* [[Saanand Verma]] as Pyscho
* [[Jaywant Wadkar]]
* [[Ashiesh Roy]]
* [[Sushmita Mukherjee|Sushmita Mukhejee]]
* Saleem Zaidi

== See also ==

* [[List of Hindi comedy shows]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{imdb title|20195498|Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6Rtnh6YJK7b2muvcevpLS7-knBJ1NjSO Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai Playlist] on [[YouTube]]

{{SAB TV Programmes}}

[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Workplace comedy television series]]

National Highway 224 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-08T14:32:02Z

Sarada22: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 57 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Gaudi Prakrit

2025-10-02T23:12:42Z

Sarada22: started new entry v1 - done

{{Short description|Prakrit language of ancient Bengal}}
{{infobox language
| name = Gaudi Prakrit
| altname =
| nativename =
| pronunciation = Gauṛí Prākrit
| region = [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] (or ancient Bengal)
| coordinates =
| era = First millennium
| ethnicity =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| ancestor = Old Eastern Indo-Aryan
| script =
| isoexception = historical
| glotto = none
| image =
| imagesize =
}}
'''Gaudi Prakrit''' is the Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrit language used in [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] or ancient [[Bengal]]. The language originates from the Old Eastern Indo-Aryan and is the historical ancestor of Bengali. It was originally considered as Prakrit until 400 AD, later its [[Apabhraṃśa]] appeared which is known as Gaudi Apabhransha. Although not sufficiently proven, the existence of the language that predated the [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Vanga-Kamarupi]] and Bengali is believed to be descended from it.{{sfn|Shahidullah|1998|pp=30–31}}

Evidence of the presence of Gaudi Prakrit is found in [[Daṇḍin]]'s ''[[Kavyadarsha|Kavyadarsa]]''. A reference to the Gaudí Prakrit exists in this text, written in about the 6th century.{{sfn|Shahidullah|1998|p=30}}

== Etymology ==
The term 'Gaudi Prakrit' is related to a [[janapada]] or region and the language spoken in that region. The word Gaudi refers to the [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] region, while the word Prakrit refers to a spoken form of the Middle Indo-Aryan language. This Prakrit was spoken in Gauda, that is why it is called Gaudi Prakrit.{{sfn|Shahidullah|1998|p=30}}

== Characteristics ==
Most linguists support the view that the Magadhi Prakrit was used in the [[Bengal region]] in ancient times and the Bengali language originated from its Apabhraṃśa. However, on the basis of phonological features, there are opposite or opposing views. Bengali has many features that Magadhi Prakrit does not have; which gives a clear indication of the presence of some other Prakrit instead of Magadhi Prakrit.{{sfn|Shahidullah|1998|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2012|pp=171–172}}

# At the first letter of word, য় (অন্তঃস্থ অ ôntôsthô ô) was not used, instead জ (বর্গীয় জ bôrgiyô jô) was used. Similarly জ্জ was used instead of দ্য, র্জ and র্য্য.
# The ব (বর্গীয় ব bôrgiyô bô) was used as the first letter of the word, and the ôntôsthô bô was the bôrgiyô bô form.

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=Shahidullah |first1=Dr. Muhammad |title=Bangla Vasar Itibritto |date=1998 |publisher=Mowla Brothers |location=Dhaka |url=https://archive.org/details/BanglaBanglaVasarItibrittoDr.MdShahidullah/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=8 October 2024 |language=bn}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Niharranjan |title=বাঙ্গালীর ইতিহাস: আদি পর্ব |script-title=bn:Bāṅgālīra itihāsa: Ādiparba |trans-title=History of Bengalis: Early Phases |date=1993 |publisher=Dey's Publishing |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-7079-270-3 |edition=Dey's [3rd] |url=https://ia801203.us.archive.org/8/items/BangalirItihasAdiparbaByNiharranjanRoy/Bangalir%20Itihas%20Adiparba%20by%20Niharranjan%20Roy.pdf |access-date=26 November 2023 |language=bn}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Niharranjan |title=বাঙ্গালীর ইতিহাস: আদি পর্ব |script-title=bn:Bāṅgālīra itihāsa: Ādiparba |trans-title=History of Bengalis: Early Phases |date=2022 |publisher=Dey's Publishing |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-295-1977-1 |edition=Dey's [17th] |language=bn}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Dr. Rameswar |title=সাধারণ ভাষাবিজ্ঞান ও বাংলা ভাষা |date=21 February 1984 |publisher=Pustak Bipani |location=[[Kolkata]] |isbn=81-85471-12-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/sadharon-bhasabiggyan-o-bangla-bhasa |access-date=6 October 2024 |language=bn}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Subhash |title=ভাষার তত্ত্ব ও বাংলা ভাষা |date=2012 |publisher=Bangiya Sahitya Samsad |location=[[Kolkata]] |isbn=978-93-82012-12-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0018/page/n2/mode/1up |access-date=7 October 2024 |language=bn}}

{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Prakrit languages]]

Jayanta Kumar Sarangi

2025-09-30T00:10:46Z

Sarada22: starting some biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Maheswar Mohanty]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| image =
}}
'''Jayanta Kumar Sarangi''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Puri Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puri Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Puri Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/puri-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Puri Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/puri-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917569.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarangi, Jayanta Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Konya (TV series)

2025-09-02T03:15:19Z

Sarada22: starting the data and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Konya TV series.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director = [[Arindam Ganguly]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 144
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 Minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| channel = [[Zee Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|2|28}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2011|8|27}}
| related = 
}}

'''Konya''' (English:Girl) is an Indian Bengali soap opera produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under her banner [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/balaji-telefilms-to-launch-10-regional-shows-eyes-tie-ups_133433.html | title=Balaji Telefilms to launch 10 regional shows, eyes tie-ups | publisher=Zee News | agency=PTI | date=9 August 2015 | accessdate=7 June 2022}}</ref> The series premiered on 28 February 2011 on [[Zee Bangla]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/bengali/Ekta-Kapoor-enters-Bengali-small-screen-industry/articleshow/45639964.cms Ekta Kapoor enters Bengali Entertainment industry, produces 'Konya' for Zee Bangla]</ref>

==Plot==
Kanya is the story of an eight-year-old girl born into a family of thieves who struggles to find acceptance in her own community. In spite of being blessed by divine powers she finds herself being labeled witch and ostracized by her own family.

The series is the story of her sensitive and kind nature that wins the hearts of strangers but her powers remain a curse for her in more ways than one.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190706095433/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-bangla-launches-kanya-new-mega-fiction.html Balaji Telefilms launches new Bangla show titled 'Konya']}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Sumanta Mukherjee
* [[Subhankar Saha]]
* Shreyasee Samanta
* Arindam Chatterjee
* Shahana Sen

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/channels/details/zee-bangla/0-9-zeebangla Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konya}}
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]